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0985052510
2 FeO 2 Fe2O3
Fe3O4
Fe + 4 HNO3
y l nhm cc phng php gii ton Ha hc da trn vic t n v biu din cc quan h Ha hc trong bi ton bng cc biu thc i s. t x, y, z, t ln lt l s mol ca Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3: Phng trnh cho : mhh = 56x + 72y + 232z + 160t = 12
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(1)
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0985052510
(2) (3)
m = 56(x + y + 3z + 2t )
Trong bi tp ny, s n cn tm l 4 trong khi ch c 2 phng trnh bit, do , bi ton khng th gii bng phng php i s thng thng (t n gii h) tm ra gi tr ca mi n m ch c th bng cch ghp n s, i t phng trnh cho n biu thc cn tm. Qu trnh bin i (i t phng trnh cho n biu thc cn tm), c th tin hnh theo 3 hng: bin i ngu hng, ng nht h s hoc ghp n gii h. A. Bin i ngu hng: C rt nhiu phng php bin i ngu hng trong trng hp ny, ty thuc vo s thng minh, kho lo v nhng nhn xt tinh t ca mi ngi. y, ti ch xin gii thiu mt s cch bin i n gin v logic nht : Cch 1.1: Nhn thy n t ch xut hin trong phng trnh (1) v biu thc (3), trong h s ca t phng trnh (1) gp 80 h s ca t biu thc (3). Ta c cch bin i di y: Nhn phng trnh (2) vi 8 ri cng vi phng trnh (1), ta c:
( 2 ) 8 + (1) = 80 ( x + y + 3z + 2t ) = 14, 4
Chia phng trnh mi ny cho 80 ri nhn vi 56, ta d dng c c kt qu cn tm:
m = 56 ( x + y + 3 z + 2t ) =
Cch 1.2:
14, 4 56 = 10, 08 g 80
Nhn thy cc h s ca phng trnh (1) u chia ht cho 8. Ta c cch bin i di y: Chia phng trnh (1) cho 8 ri cng vi phng trnh (2), ta c:
( 2) +
(1) = 10
8
( x + y + 3z + 2t ) = 1,8
1,8 56 = 10, 08 g 10
m = 56 ( x + y + 3 z + 2t ) =
Cch 1.3:
Nhn thy nu bin i t phng trnh (1) v (2) v ton b biu thc (3) th cc h s ca x, y, z, t u phi chia ht cho 56, ta c thm cch bin i sau: Nhn phng trnh (1) vi 7 (v cc h s ca phng trnh (1) chia ht cho 8) v nhn phng trnh (2) vi 56 ri cng li, ta c:
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0985052510
Chia phng trnh mi ny cho 10, ta thu c kt qu m = 10, 08 g B. ng nht h s: Cch 1.4: Gi A v B l h s ca cc phng trnh (1) v (2) sao cho:
A (1) + B ( 2 ) = ( 3)
x y z t
A = 0, 7 B = 5, 6
V do , m = 0, 7 (1) + 5, 6 ( 2 ) = 10, 08 g Cch 1.5: Nhn thy n t ch xut hin trong phng trnh (1) v biu thc (3), do nu bin i t (1) v (2) ra (3) th h s ca t ch ph thuc vo (1).
H s ca (1) l A =
56 2 = 0, 7 160
Vy: 0, 7 (1) + B ( 2 ) = ( 3) ng nht cc h s ca x, y, z, t 2 v ca phng trnh mi ny, ta d dng tm ra B = 5, 6 Do , m = 0, 7 (1) + 5, 6 ( 2 ) = 10, 08 g C. Ghp n gii h: Cch 1.6: Trong bi tp ny, phng php ghp n gii h c thc hin vi 2 biu thc sau : nFe = x + y + 3z + 2t nO = y + 4z + 3t Vi 2 biu thc cho v d kin bi, ta c : (4) (5)
0985052510
x + y + 3 z + 2t = 0,18 y + 4 z + 3t = 0,12
T , c kt qu m = 56 ( x + y + 3z + 2t ) = 10, 08 g Cc phng php i s c nhc im l "ton hc ha" bi ton Ha hc kh nhiu, tuy nhin nn tng ca n vn l nhng hiu bit Ha hc. Hn na, vic rn luyn cc k nng tnh ton v bin i biu thc i s cng gp mt vi tr khng nh trong vic pht trin t duy sng tao cho hc sinh. c bit, y l phng php ph hp vi cc em hc sinh THCS, vn cha c nhng kin thc su sc v Ha hc v cha c hng dn nhiu c th vn dng tt cc phng php khc nh Bo ton electron hay Quy i. II. Nhm cc phng php bo ton: Cch 2.1: Phng php bo ton khi lng Cho hn hp A tc dng vi dung dch HNO3, theo nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:
(6)
m 56
56
12 + (0,1 +
Gii ra, ta c m = 10, 08 g
NO + 2H 2O
Ta thy c th gii li bi ton theo phng php bo ton nguyn t v khi lng i vi Oxi nh sau:
(12 m )
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+ 3 16 0,1 = 0,1 16 +
3 16 0,1 2
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0985052510
Gii phng trnh trn, ta d dng c m = 10, 08 g Cch 2.3: Phng php bo ton in tch kt hp vi phng php trung bnh Gi cng thc chung ca c hn hp A l Fex Oy , phng trnh ion ca phn ng l:
Fex Oy +
(4 + 2 y) H
+ NO3 xFe3+ + NO +
(2 + y) H O
2
Bo ton in tch 2 v phn ng, ta c: 4 + 2 y 1 = 3 x 3 x 2 y = 3 V theo phn ng th nFexOy = nNO = 0,1 mol =
(7) (8)
12 56 x + 16 y
56 x + 16 y = 120
Gii h 2 phng trnh (7) v (8), ta c: x = 1,8 v y = 1, 2 . Do , khi lng Fe ban u l: m = 56 1,8 0,1 = 10, 08 g Cch 2.4: Phng php bo ton electron bi ton ny, cht nhng e l Fe, cht thu e l O2 v N+5 trong HNO3.
Fe 3e Fe3+ O2 + 4e 2O 2 N +5 + 3e N +2
Ta c phng trnh:
m 12 m 2, 24 3 = 4+ 3 m = 10, 08 g 56 32 22, 4
Bo ton vt cht l mt trong nhng nguyn l c bn ca khoa hc t nhin, rt nhiu nh lut bo ton c mt trong c Vt l, Sinh hc, Ha hc v c ngha trit hc. Do , vic tch cc s dng cc phng php bo ton s gip cho hc sinh hnh thnh c mt nguyn l t duy quan trng trong hc tp v cng vic sau ny. Trong s cc cch lm trn th bo ton khi lng l mt phng php ph hp vi c hc sinh THCS, nu c hng dn tt th cc em hon ton ton c th p dng c. III. Nhm cc phng php trung bnh: Cch 3.1: Ha tr trung bnh kt hp vi bo ton electron Gi ha tr trung bnh ca Fe trong c hn hp A l n , khi , cng thc ca A l Fe2On p dng nh lut bo ton electron cho phn ng ca A vi HNO3, ta c :
Fe + n Fe +3 + 3 n e N +5 + 3e N +2
Ta c phng trnh:
12 2 3 n 56 2 + 16n
= 0,1 3
n=
4 3
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0985052510
12 4 56 2 + 16 3
Cch 3.2: Cng thc phn t trung bnh kt hp vi bo ton electron Gi cng thc phn t trung bnh c hn hp A l Fex Oy p dng nh lut bo ton electron cho phn ng ca A vi HNO3, ta c:
xFe
+2 y
xFe +3 +
( 2 y 3x ) e
x 3 = y 2
N +5 + 3e N +2
Ta c phng trnh:
12 2 y 3x 56 x + 16 y
= 0,1 3
Thc ra, cc cng thc Fe3O2 hay Fe2O4 u l nhng cng thc gi nh, mang tnh cht quy i. Trong
cch lm 3.1, ta hon ton c th chn CTPT trung bnh ca A dng Fe3On , Fe4On , hoc Fen O2 , Fen O3 , m khng nh hng n kt qu ca bi ton. y, ti chn gi tr ha tr trung bnh m thi.
IV. Nhm cc phng php quy i: Cch 4.1: Quy i CTPT C rt nhiu cch quy i CTPT cc oxit ca Fe, v thc ra, kt qu quy i no cng ch l mt gi nh v khng nh hng n kt qu bi ton. Do khi hn hp A phn ng vi HNO3 th ch c Fe cho nhiu electron nht v Fe2O3 khng cho electron, nn cch n gin nht l quy i hn hp A thnh Fe v Fe2O3 (do 3FeO Fe.Fe2O3 ). p dng nh lut bo ton electron cho phn ng ca A vi HNO3, ta c:
Fe0 Fe +3 + 3e N +5 + 3e N +2
Do , nFe = nNO = 0,1 mol v nFe2O 3 =
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0985052510
nO 3 = nFe 2
mO 12 5, 6 16 3 3 = = = m = 10, 08 g mFe m 5, 6 56 2 7
Thc t, y l mt cch lm t gi tr v rm r so vi cch lm trnh by trn, tuy nhin, rt nhiu ngi li cho rng n l kt qu ca ng cho di y :
m 5,6 12
0,7 0,3
y, gi tr 5,6 khng phi l mt gi tr trung bnh nn ng cho trn l p t v khng thuc v phng php ng cho.
Cch 4.2: Phng php quy i nguyn t Hn hp A gm Fe v cc oxit ca n c th quy i thnh mt hn hp ch gm nguyn t Fe v O c s mol tng ng l x v y. p dng nh lut bo ton electron cho phn ng ca A vi HNO3, ta c:
Fe 0 Fe +3 + 3e O 0 + 2e O 2 N +5 + 3e N +2
Do , ta c h phng trnh :
56 x + 16 y = 12 3 x = 2 y + 0,3
*
x = 0,12 y = 0,18
Fe0 +O2
+O2 A
Fe3+ +HNO3
V kt qu oxi ha Fe theo 2 con ng u nh nhau, do , ta c th quy i 2 bc oxi ha trong bi ton thnh mt qu trnh oxi ha duy nht bng O2. 0,3 mol electron m N+5 nhn tr thnh do O2 nhn, v do sn phm phn ng cui cng l Fe2O3 c khi lng:
mFe2O3 = 12 +
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0,3 16 = 14, 4 g 2
m = 2
0985052510
Phng php quy i l phng php rt hay v ph hp gii quyt nhanh nhng bi ton loi ny, tuy nhin, y cng l mt phng php cn kh mi m thm ch i vi mt s gio vin, do vic p dng cho a s hc sinh vn cn nhiu kh khn. Khi vn dng phng php ny cn lu l vic vn dng c th rt linh hot nhng nguyn tc chung phi c m bo, l s bo ton nguyn t, bo ton electron, . ca hn hp mi so vi hn hp c quy i.
Ch l phng php quy i l mt gi nh hnh thc c p t, do , ta hon ton c th thay i cc phng n quy i m khng nh hng n kt qu bi ton. i vi cch lm 4.1, ta c th quy i hn hp A l hn hp ca ( Fe, Fe3O4 ), ( Fe, FeO ), ( FeO, Fe2O3 ),... hay nh vi cch lm 4.2, ta cng c th quy i hn hp A l hn hp ca ( Fe, O2 ) , (O, FeO), (O, Fe3O4 ) cng c (l tt nhin l khng th quy i thnh
*
V. Dng cng thc tnh nhanh: Cch 5.1: Tng kt mt s cch lm trn c th gip ta thu c kt qu l mt cng thc tnh nhanh rt th v:
mFe =
Cng thc tnh trn hon ton ph hp vi cc kt qu thu c t cch 1.1, 1.2,1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.4, Trong qu trnh hc, vic hc thuc my mc cc cng thc tnh m khng hiu r phng php dn n cng thc l iu rt khng nn, tuy nhin, nu c hng dn c th, t m th vic nh mt cng thc tnh quan trng, p dng c cho nhiu bi tp, nhiu thi, cng l mt la chn khn ngoan ca th sinh. VI. Mt s cch lm khc: Cch 6.1: Phng php s hc Gi s lng Fe phn ng vi O2 ch to ra Fe2O3 T s mol O2 phn ng ta tnh c s mol Fe:
4 Fe + 3O2 2 Fe2O3
nFe =
4 12 m 3 32
m 4 12 m = + 0,1 56 3 32
m = 10, 08 g
0985052510
m 10m 160 = 56 2 7
Tng kt chung: Gii mt bi ton bng mt vi cch l iu ht sc bnh thng trong Ha hc, nhng vi 18 cch th qu l c bit, c l v th m bi ton ny tng nhiu ln c la chn vo cc thi i hc trong khong 20 nm tr li y. Mc d vy, 18 cch gii c gii thiu y ch l nhng cch lm tiu biu nht c la chn, phn loi v sp xp cho hp l, logic v d hiu. Nu c trin khai th s cch lm hon ton c th cn nhiu hn th (nh ch thch phn cc phng php trung bnh v quy i). Trong s cc cch lm trn, ta thy c s ph hp kh r gia nhiu cch khc nhau v c th la chn ra mt s phng php gii nhanh nht l: s dng cng thc tnh nhanh, cc phng php quy i, phng php bo ton electron, . Vic la chn s dng phng php no l hon ton ph thuc vo nng lc t duy ca tng ngi, cng nh ph hp vi trnh hiu bit v la tui ca hc sinh. Hy vng bi vit ny phn no cung cp c mt ci nhn tng i y , ton din v hp l cho dng ton ny. Chc cc bn v cc em dy tt v hc tt! Mt s bi tp tng t: 1, Cho m(g) hn hp gm A gm 1,08 Al v hn hp FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Fe. Tin hnh nhit nhm c hn hp B. Nghin nh sau chia B lm 3 phn bng nhau Phn 1 cho vo HNO3 c nng, d c dung dch C v 0,448lt kh NO (ktc) Phn 2 cho tc dng vi lng d NaOH thu c 0,224 lt H2 (ktc) Phn 3 cho kh CO vo thu c 1,472g cht rn D . Tnh m.? 2, Ha tan hon ton mt oxit FexOy bng dung dch H2SO4 c, nng thu c 2,24 lt SO2 (ktc), phn dung dch c cn c 120 gam mui khan. Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. vukhacngoc@gmail.com http://360.yahoo.com/vkngoc49cns
0985052510
3, Nung x mol Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian thu c 16,08 gam hn hp H gm 4 cht rn, l Fe v 3 oxit ca n. Ha tan ht lng hn hp H trn bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c 672 ml kh NO duy nht (ktc). Tr s ca x l? 4, 44,08 gam mt oxit st FexOy c ha tan ht bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A, thu c kt ta. em nung lng kt ta ny nhit cao cho n khi lng khng i, thu c mt oxit kim loi. Dng H2 kh ht lng oxit ny th thu c 31,92 gam cht rn l mt kim loi. Tm cng thc oxit? 5, m gam bt kim loi st ngoi khng kh mt thi gian, thu c 2,792 gam hn hp A gm st kim loi v ba oxit ca n. Ha tan tan ht hn hp A bng dung dch HNO3 long, thu c mt mui st (III) duy nht v c to 380,8 ml kh NO duy nht thot ra (ktc). Tr s ca m l? 6, Hn hp A gm Fe v ba oxit ca n. Ha tan ht m gam hn hp A bang dung dch HNO3 long, c 672 ml NO thot ra (ktc) v dung dch D. em c cn dung dch D, thu c 50,82 gam mt mui khan. Tr s ca m l? 7, Mt lng bt kim loi st khng bo qun tt b oxi ha to cc oxit. Hn hp A gm bt st b oxi ha gm Fe, FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3. ti to st, ngi ta dng hidro kh nhit cao. kh ht 15,84 gam hn hp A nhm to kim loi st th cn dng 0,22 mol H2. Nu cho 15,84 gam hn hp A ha tan ht trong dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng, th s thu c bao nhiu th tch kh SO2 iu kin tiu chun ? 8, Ho tan m(g) hn hp gm Fe v cc oxit ca Fe trong HNO3 d thu c 4,48l NO2 v 145,2 g mui khan . Tnh m? 9, m gam phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp rn (B) c khi lng 13,6 gam. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi dung dch axit sunphuric c nng thy gii phng ra 3,36 lt kh duy nht SO2 (dktc). Tnh khi lng m ca A? 10, Cho 20 gam hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 ha tan va ht trong 700 ml HCl 1M, thu c 3,36 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch D. Cho D tc dng vi NaOH d, lc kt ta to thnh v nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l? Cc bi ging ca Sao bng lnh gi V Khc Ngc c th c s dng, sao chp, in n, phc v cho mc ch hc tp v ging dy, nhng cn phi c ch thch r rng v tc gi. Tn trng s sng to ca ngi khc cng l mt cch pht trin, nng cao kh nng sng to ca bn thn mnh ^^ Lin h tc gi: V Khc Ngc - in thoi: 098.50.52.510 a ch: P308, t 33, TT242B Minh Khai, Hai B Trng, H Ni Hoc: Phng Ha sinh Protein Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam
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