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HA NOI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

School of Electronics and Telecommunications


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BO CO BI TP LN
MN THNG TIN V TUYN
TI: CN BNG KNH BNG
PHNG PHP ZFF V MMSE
Gio vin hng dn : Ts. V Vn Ym
Sinh vin : o B Duy
Nguyn Thanh Tuyn
Lp : KSTN-TVT-K53


H Ni 11/2011
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Mc lc
M u
Trong thi i cng ngh thng tin pht trin, vai tr ca thng tin v
tuyn tr nn ngy cng quan trng. Vi s ra i lin tip ca cc cng
ngh mi nh 3G, 4G, ... trong mt khong thi gian ngn, thng tin v
tuyn cho thy s pht trin vt bc cng nh cc ng dng phong ph
ca n vo in t - vin thng. c th tip cn, v xa hn na l ng
dng cc cng ngh mi, trc ht cn phi nm c cc k thut c bn
ca thng tin v tuyn.
B loc
phat, P(f)
B quyt inh
phia thu
2
Nhn thy vai tr quan trng ca cn bng knh trong h thng thng
tin v tuyn, chng em chn ti cho bi tp ln ca mnh l Cn bng
knh bng phng php ZFF v MMSE. Mc ch ca bi tp ny l hiu
thm v k thut cn bng knh, c th l 2 phng php ZFF v MMSE v
vai tr ca chng.
Bi tp ln ca chng em khng trnh khi nhng sai st, v th chng
em knh mong thy gio gp th hon thin bi tp ca mnh. Qua y,
chng em xin cm n Thy gio, Ts V Vn Ym ch bo, ging gii v
gip trong thi gian qua. Nhng bi ging ca thy l ngun t liu qu
bu chng em tham kho. Chng em chc thy lun mnh khe v cng
tc tt.
A. Tng quan v cn bng knh
1. Khi nim, mc ch v vai tr ca cn bng knh:
Trong h thng thng tin v tuyn, tn hiu thu c my thu thng
thng b suy gim v mo do suy hao trn ng truyn c min tn s
v thi gian. Chnh v th, cc b thu tn hiu u cn c s cn bng knh
v lc nhiu. Cn bng knh v lc nhiu l qu trnh khi phc li tn hiu
thu sao cho n c xc sut li nh nht.
B loc
phat, P(f)
B quyt inh
phia thu
3
Nguyn nhn gy suy gim v mo ch yu l nhiu lin k hiu ISI
(InterSymbol Interference) sinh ra do truyn sng a ng, v vy mc ch
chnh ca b cn bng knh l gim nhiu ISI (Khai nim b cn bng vi th
con c hiu theo nghia rng la b x ly tin hiu lam ti thiu nhiu ISI).
Nhiu ISI gy meo va lam tng ti l li bit phia thu nn phai t b cn
bng knh phia thu. Do c tnh bin i theo thi gian ca knh, b cn
bng knh phi c kh nng thch nghi (adaptive) theo thi gian.
Vi tri b cn bng trong h thng v tuyn
2. Va i net v nhiu xuyn k t ISI:
ISI intersymbol interference, l hin tng nhiu lin k hiu. ISI xy ra
do hiu ng a ng, trong mt tn hiu ti sau s gy nh hng ln k
hiu trc . Trong mi trng truyn dn v tuyn, nhiu xuyn k t
(ISI) gy bi tn hiu phn x c thi gian tr khc nhau t cc hng khc
nhau t pht n thu l iu khng th trnh khi. nh hng ny s lm
bin dng hon ton mu tn hiu khin bn thu khng th khi phc li
c tn hiu gc ban u.
B loc
phat, P(f)
Knh
C(f)
+
B loc thu,
H(f)
B cn
bng, E(f)
Thng tin
n(t)
B quyt inh
phia thu
4
Trong cc h thng n sng mang, ISI l mt vn kh nan gii. L
do l rng bng tn t l nghch vi khong thi gian k hiu, do vy, nu
mun tng tc truyn d liu trong cc h thng ny, tc l gim khong
k hiu , v hnh chung lm tng mc tri tr tng i. Lc ny h thng
rt nhy vi tri tr. V vic thm khong bo v kh trit tiu ht ISI.
Ngoai nhiu ISI, tin hiu co ich con bi anh hng bi nhiu ng knh
(Co-Channel Interference CCI), nhiu knh ln cn (Adjacent Channel
Interference ACI), nhiu a truy nhp (Multiple Access Interference MAI),
nhiu a ngi s dung (Multi User Interference MUI), ... nhng nhiu ISI
la nguyn nhn chnh gy nh hng ti cht lng TTVT, vi v y cn phai
co b cn bng knh giam thiu anh hng nay. 2 ky thut cn bng knh
ph bin giam nhiu ISI la dung b loc ep khng ZFF va b loc binh
phng ti thiu MMSE.
S
1
S
2
S
3
t
T
X
S
1
S
2
S
3
S
1
S
2
S
3
Path 1
Path 2

2
5
Tin hiu trc va sau khi cn bng
3. B cn b ng thich nghi (Adaptive Equalizer):
Do hin tng fading cua knh la ngu nhin va thay i theo thi gian,
cac b cn bng cn khao sat tinh cht cua knh v tuyn theo thi gian, hay
noi cach khac, no phai co tinh thich nghi.
Ch hoat ng thng thng cua b cn bng thich nghi bao gm
qua trinh hun luyn (Training) va t hiu chinh (Tracking).
o Qua trinh hun luyn (Training): Trong qua trinh na y, phia phat
gi i mt chui luyn tp (u
k
) a bit. Chui na y thng la
chui nhi phn gia ngu nhin hoc la mt chui bit xac inh,
giup cu hinh phu hp cho b cn bng. Thng tin co ich c
gi i ngay sau chui hun luyn na y, va b cn bng thich
nghi se tinh toan cac h s cua b loc bu cho knh. Chui
hun luyn c thit k b cn bng co cac h s phu hp
trong tinh hung knh lam vic iu kin xu nht.
o Qua trinh t hiu chinh (Tracking): Sau khi nhn c thng tin
co ich, b toan hoc thich nghi cua b cn bng se phat hin
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nhng thay i cua knh theo thi gian, t o thay i cac h s
cho phu hp.
B cn bng cn luyn tp theo chu ky giam nhiu ISI mt cach
hiu qua.
Qua trinh cn bng knh thng c thc hin bng tn c s hoc
trung tn (Intermediate Frequency IF) phia thu.
4. B cn bng thch nghi thng thng
S khi ca h thng vin thng c b cn bng knh thch ng t
phia thu
x(t) : Tin hiu gc bng tn c s.
f(t) : Tng hp ap ng xung bng tn c s cua may phat, knh va
phn cao tn/trung tn cua may thu.
f*(t) : lin hp phc cua f(t).
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n
b
(t) : nhiu bng tn c s u vao b cn bng.
h
eq
(t) : ap ng cua b cn bng
Biu thc cua tin hiu vao b cn bng:
( ) ( ) *( ) ( )
b
y t x t f t n t +
Tin hiu sau khi cn bng:
^
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eq b eq
b eq
t x t f t h t n t h t
x t g t n t h t
d
+
+
Trong o g(t) la ap ng xung tng hp cua may phat, knh, phn cao
tn/trung tn cua may thu, va b cn bng
( ) *( ) ( )
eq
g t f t h t
Mt khac co:
( ) ( )
eq n
n
h t c t nT

vi c
n
la h s b loc cua b cn bng.
Ta mun u ra cua b cn bng la tin hiu ban u x(t). Gia s n
b
(t)=0.
Khi o
^
( ) ( ) t x t
d

thi
( ) *( ) ( ) ( )
eq
g t f t h t t
Trong min tn s, biu thc trn c vit lai thanh:
( ) *( ) 1
eq
H f F f
Phng trinh trn chi ra rng, b cn bng thc cht la b loc ao cua
knh. Khi knh thay i tinh cht theo thi gian, b cn bng thich nghi
c thit k sao cho phng trinh trn c thoa man.
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B cn bng thich nghi thng thng:
k: chi s thi gian ri rac hoa.
z
-1
: b tr.

nk
: B nhn c th iu chnh c (trng s).
Adaptive Alogorithm: B s hc thich nghi.
B cn bng thich nghi co cu truc nh trn c goi la b loc ngang.
B s hoc thich ng lin tuc cp nht gia tri cac trong s. Khi s hoc c
iu khin bi tin hiu li e
k
, tin hiu nay c sinh ra bng cach so sanh tin
hiu ra cua b cn bng vi tin hiu y
k
(thng thng ta chon y
k
= x
k
). B
cn bng thich ng da vao e
k
cp nht cac trong s ti thiu ham chi
phi.
Theo ly thuyt cn bng knh, ham chi phi thng dung nht la ham
trung binh binh phng li MSE (Mean Square Error) gia tin hiu mong
mun va tin hiu ra b cn bng. Ham MSE c biu thi bng E[e(k)e*(k)].
Khi co yu cu tin hiu so sanh (tin hiu gc), phia phat se phat i chui
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luyn tp. Khi phat hin chui luyn tp, b toan hoc thich ng tinh toan va
ti thiu ham chi phi bng cach iu chinh trong s sao cho phu hp.
Gn y, pht trin b s hc thch ng khng cn s dng chui
hun luyn, gi l b s hc m.
tim hiu thm v b s hoc thich ng, ta s dung cng cu vector va
ma trn. inh nghia tin hiu vao b cn bng y
k
nh sau:
y
k
= [y
k

y
k-1

y
k-2
...
y
k-N
]
T
Tin hiu ra cua b cn bng thich ng:
^
0
N
nk k n
k
n
y
d

Vector trong s:

k
= [
0k

1k

2k
...

Nk
]
T
Tin hiu ra cua b cn bng vi th co th vit lai thanh:
^
T T
k k k k
k
y y
d

Tin hiu li:
^ ^
k k k
e d x
k k
d d

Suy ra:
T T
k k k k k k k
e x y x y
Binh phng 2 v ta co:
2 2
| | 2
T T T
k k k k k k k k k
e x y y x y +
L y ky vong 2 v:
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2 2
[| | ] [ ] [ ] 2 [ ]
T T T
k k k k k k k k k
E e E x E y y E x y +
Nu x
k
va y
k
la c lp, phng trinh trn co th n gian hoa hn na,
tuy nhin ta khng th lam v y vi thng thng vector tin hiu vao x
k
co
tng quan vi tin hiu ra mong mun y
k
cua b cn bng. Vi th, ta s dung
vector tng quan p chi ra mi tng quan gia chung.
1 2
[ ] [ ... ]
T
k k k k k k k k k k N
p E x y E x y x y x y x y


Ma trn tng quan u vao R c inh nghia la ma trn vung c
(N+1)x(N+1)
2
1 2
2
* 1 1 1 2 1
2
1 2
[ ]
k k k k k k k N
k k k k k k k N
k k
k N k k N k k N k k N
y y y y y y y
y y y y y y y
R E y y E
y y y y y y y



1
1
1

1
1
1
]
K
K
K K K K K
K
Nu x
k
va y
k
la c inh thi MSE co th vit thanh:
2
2
T T
k
MeanSquareError E x R p 1 +
]
Ti thiu ha MSE ta s c gi tr
k
ti u.
5. Cac ky thu t cn bng knh:
Co th chia ky thut cn bng knh thanh 2 nhom chinh, o la cn bng
tuyn tinh va cn bng phi tuyn. 2 nhom nay c xac inh t cach s dung
u ra cua b cn bng thich nghi cho tin hiu phan hi. Tin hiu sau cn
bng se c x ly b quyt inh tim lai tin hiu ban u. Nu nh tin
hiu sau b quyt inh c phan hi v thay i tin hiu ra b cn bng
thi ky thut cn bng knh o goi la cn bng phi tuyn. Ngc lai ta goi ky
thut o la cn bng tuyn tinh.
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Phn loai cac b cn bng
Bang so sanh 2 ky thut cn bng knh
Cn bng tuyn tnh Cn bng phi tuyn
Tn hiu ra b cn
bng khng quay tr
li u vo (khng
hi tip)
n gin, d thc
hin.
Tng nhiu.
C hi tip.
Kh phc tp.
Nhiu t hn so vi
cn bng tuyn tnh
Do tinh n gian d thc hin nn chung ta se chi nghin cu ky thut
cn bng tuyn tinh, ma cu th la 2 phng phap ZFF va MMSE.
B. Phng php cn bng knh ZFF v
MMSE
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1. B cn bng knh ZF
Gii thiu
B cn bng knh ZF (Zero Forcing Equalizer) l dng cn bng knh
tuyn tnh s dng trong h thng vin thng chuyn i p ng ca
knh truyn. Dng cn bng ny c xut bi Robert Lucky.
B cn bng knh ZF hay cn gi l b lc o c rt nhiu ng dng.
V d trong chun IEEE 802.11n . Tn gi Zero Forcing tng ng vi
vic p nhiu ISI xung mc 0. iu ny c ngha khi nhiu ISI ln so
vi tp m.
c trng b lc
S b cn bng knh
Khi khng c b cn bng knh ta c:y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
Trong min tn s: Y(j)=X(j)H(j).
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Nu c b cn bng knh: y(t)=x(t)*h(t)*g(t).
Trong min tn s: Y(j)=X(j).H(j).G(j).
B cn bng knh l tng :h(t)*g(t)=(t).
Trong min tn s: G(j)H(j)=1.
G(j)=1/ H(j).
Hay b lc ZF cn gi l b lc o.
Nu c nhiu trng AGWN:
Y(j)=[X(j).H(j)+N(j)]G(j).
=X(j)+N(j)/H(j).
Nu H(j) b, nhiu N(j) s c khuch i, gy nh hng n cht
lng tn hiu thu c.
Tnh ton thng s b lc
Gi T=1/f
s
l chu k ly mu tn hiu sau khi i qua b lc
( ) ( )
N
n
n N
g t c t nT

c
n
l h s b lc.
( ) ( ) '( ) '( )
N
n
n N
p t g t h t c h t nT

Vi thi gian ly mu t=mT, h(t) l tn hiu trc cn bng knh.


Ta c:
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( ) '[(m-n)T]
N
n
n N
p mT c h


Bin i ta c ma trn:
0
[ ] '[0] '[ 1] '[ 2 ]
[0] '[ ] '[ 1] '[ ]
[ ] '[2 ] '[2 1] '[0]
N
N
c P N h h h N
c P h N h N h N
c P N h N h N h

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

] ] ]
K
M M M M M M
K
M M M M M M
K
1
'.
' .
p h c
c h p

iu kin l tng, p(t) l xung Dirac


p(t)=g(t) h'(t)= (t)
0
0
0
p(t)= 1
0
0
0

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
M
M
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Thc t, cn bng knh ZF khng hot ng trong a s cc ng dng
v:
Do C(z)=1/H(z), b lc o s khuych i tp m rt ln.Do b
lc ny t c s dng trong cc h thng cn SNR cao.
D cho p ng xung ca knh truyn c chiu di hu hn th p
ng xung ca b cn bng c chiu di v hn
Trong vi trng hp tn hiu nhn c nh, b p , tn hiu ra
ca b lc phi ln.
Kt qu m phng s dng phng php ZFF trn matlab:
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2. B lc MMSE
Gii thiu
L b cn bng knh tuyn tnh
Mc ch l ti thiu ha s khc bit gia d liu chui hun
luyn v tn hiu u ra b cn bng.
B cn bng MMSE yu cu hm t tng quan v tng quan
cho nh gi vic truyn dn tn hiu bit qua knh
truyn.
c trng b lc
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Xt b lc dng MMSE, trong
d(t) l tn hiu chun do bn thu v bn pht quy c vi nhau.
y(t) l chui u vo b cn bng.
z(t) l chui u ra b cn bng.
e(t) l chui li.
Mc ch ca phng php MMSE l ti thiu ha biu thc:
2
{[z(t)-d(t)] } =Min e E
Trong :
( ) ( )
N
n
n N
z t c y t nT

T T T T ... ...
c
-N
c
-N+1
c
0
c
N
d(t)
(chun)
z(t)
e(t)
y(t)
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C
n
l h s b lc.
=>
2
{[z(t)-d(t)] } =Min e E
l hm ca c
n
,
, n N N
. Ta c:
{ }
{ } { }
0
( )
2 [ ( ) - ( )] 0
[ ( ) - ( )] ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
e
c
z t
E z t d t
c
E z t d t y t nT
E z t y t nT E d t y t nT


' ;




t =nT. Suy ra:
{ } { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
zy dy
E z t y t E d t y t
R R




Tng t nh ZFF ta c phng trnh ma trn cho trng hp
MMSE:
0
1
[0] [-2 ] [ ]
[ ] [- ] [0]
[2 ] [0] [ ]
.
.
yy yy yd N
yy yy yd
yy yy yd N
yy yd
yy yd
R R NT R NT c
R NT R NT R c
R NT R R NT c
R c R
c R R


1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
1 1 1

] ] ]


M M
M M
r
r
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Bn cnh cn bng knh, MMSE cn hn ch nhiu.
MMSE khng cho php tp m v hn nh ZF vi knh c ph
khng.
Khi nhiu khng ng k=> N
0
tin n 0: MMSE v ZF l
ging nhau.
Kt qu m phng phng php cn bng MMSE trn matlab:
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Ti liu tham kho
Wireless Communications Principles and Practice T.S. Rappaport.
J. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, Fourth Edition,
2001.
Digital Radio System Design, Grigorios Kalivas.
Nguyn Vn c, V Vn Ym, o Ngc Chin, Nguyn Quc
Khng, Nguyn Trung Kin B sch K thut Thng tin s, tp 4
Thng tin v tuyn, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
http://wikipedia.org/
http://www.dsplog.com
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