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Tin hiu trc va sau khi cn bng
3. B cn b ng thich nghi (Adaptive Equalizer):
Do hin tng fading cua knh la ngu nhin va thay i theo thi gian,
cac b cn bng cn khao sat tinh cht cua knh v tuyn theo thi gian, hay
noi cach khac, no phai co tinh thich nghi.
Ch hoat ng thng thng cua b cn bng thich nghi bao gm
qua trinh hun luyn (Training) va t hiu chinh (Tracking).
o Qua trinh hun luyn (Training): Trong qua trinh na y, phia phat
gi i mt chui luyn tp (u
k
) a bit. Chui na y thng la
chui nhi phn gia ngu nhin hoc la mt chui bit xac inh,
giup cu hinh phu hp cho b cn bng. Thng tin co ich c
gi i ngay sau chui hun luyn na y, va b cn bng thich
nghi se tinh toan cac h s cua b loc bu cho knh. Chui
hun luyn c thit k b cn bng co cac h s phu hp
trong tinh hung knh lam vic iu kin xu nht.
o Qua trinh t hiu chinh (Tracking): Sau khi nhn c thng tin
co ich, b toan hoc thich nghi cua b cn bng se phat hin
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nhng thay i cua knh theo thi gian, t o thay i cac h s
cho phu hp.
B cn bng cn luyn tp theo chu ky giam nhiu ISI mt cach
hiu qua.
Qua trinh cn bng knh thng c thc hin bng tn c s hoc
trung tn (Intermediate Frequency IF) phia thu.
4. B cn bng thch nghi thng thng
S khi ca h thng vin thng c b cn bng knh thch ng t
phia thu
x(t) : Tin hiu gc bng tn c s.
f(t) : Tng hp ap ng xung bng tn c s cua may phat, knh va
phn cao tn/trung tn cua may thu.
f*(t) : lin hp phc cua f(t).
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n
b
(t) : nhiu bng tn c s u vao b cn bng.
h
eq
(t) : ap ng cua b cn bng
Biu thc cua tin hiu vao b cn bng:
( ) ( ) *( ) ( )
b
y t x t f t n t +
Tin hiu sau khi cn bng:
^
( ) ( ) *( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
eq b eq
b eq
t x t f t h t n t h t
x t g t n t h t
d
+
+
Trong o g(t) la ap ng xung tng hp cua may phat, knh, phn cao
tn/trung tn cua may thu, va b cn bng
( ) *( ) ( )
eq
g t f t h t
Mt khac co:
( ) ( )
eq n
n
h t c t nT
vi c
n
la h s b loc cua b cn bng.
Ta mun u ra cua b cn bng la tin hiu ban u x(t). Gia s n
b
(t)=0.
Khi o
^
( ) ( ) t x t
d
thi
( ) *( ) ( ) ( )
eq
g t f t h t t
Trong min tn s, biu thc trn c vit lai thanh:
( ) *( ) 1
eq
H f F f
Phng trinh trn chi ra rng, b cn bng thc cht la b loc ao cua
knh. Khi knh thay i tinh cht theo thi gian, b cn bng thich nghi
c thit k sao cho phng trinh trn c thoa man.
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B cn bng thich nghi thng thng:
k: chi s thi gian ri rac hoa.
z
-1
: b tr.
nk
: B nhn c th iu chnh c (trng s).
Adaptive Alogorithm: B s hc thich nghi.
B cn bng thich nghi co cu truc nh trn c goi la b loc ngang.
B s hoc thich ng lin tuc cp nht gia tri cac trong s. Khi s hoc c
iu khin bi tin hiu li e
k
, tin hiu nay c sinh ra bng cach so sanh tin
hiu ra cua b cn bng vi tin hiu y
k
(thng thng ta chon y
k
= x
k
). B
cn bng thich ng da vao e
k
cp nht cac trong s ti thiu ham chi
phi.
Theo ly thuyt cn bng knh, ham chi phi thng dung nht la ham
trung binh binh phng li MSE (Mean Square Error) gia tin hiu mong
mun va tin hiu ra b cn bng. Ham MSE c biu thi bng E[e(k)e*(k)].
Khi co yu cu tin hiu so sanh (tin hiu gc), phia phat se phat i chui
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luyn tp. Khi phat hin chui luyn tp, b toan hoc thich ng tinh toan va
ti thiu ham chi phi bng cach iu chinh trong s sao cho phu hp.
Gn y, pht trin b s hc thch ng khng cn s dng chui
hun luyn, gi l b s hc m.
tim hiu thm v b s hoc thich ng, ta s dung cng cu vector va
ma trn. inh nghia tin hiu vao b cn bng y
k
nh sau:
y
k
= [y
k
y
k-1
y
k-2
...
y
k-N
]
T
Tin hiu ra cua b cn bng thich ng:
^
0
N
nk k n
k
n
y
d
Vector trong s:
k
= [
0k
1k
2k
...
Nk
]
T
Tin hiu ra cua b cn bng vi th co th vit lai thanh:
^
T T
k k k k
k
y y
d
Tin hiu li:
^ ^
k k k
e d x
k k
d d
Suy ra:
T T
k k k k k k k
e x y x y
Binh phng 2 v ta co:
2 2
| | 2
T T T
k k k k k k k k k
e x y y x y +
L y ky vong 2 v:
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2 2
[| | ] [ ] [ ] 2 [ ]
T T T
k k k k k k k k k
E e E x E y y E x y +
Nu x
k
va y
k
la c lp, phng trinh trn co th n gian hoa hn na,
tuy nhin ta khng th lam v y vi thng thng vector tin hiu vao x
k
co
tng quan vi tin hiu ra mong mun y
k
cua b cn bng. Vi th, ta s dung
vector tng quan p chi ra mi tng quan gia chung.
1 2
[ ] [ ... ]
T
k k k k k k k k k k N
p E x y E x y x y x y x y
Ma trn tng quan u vao R c inh nghia la ma trn vung c
(N+1)x(N+1)
2
1 2
2
* 1 1 1 2 1
2
1 2
[ ]
k k k k k k k N
k k k k k k k N
k k
k N k k N k k N k k N
y y y y y y y
y y y y y y y
R E y y E
y y y y y y y
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
K
K
K K K K K
K
Nu x
k
va y
k
la c inh thi MSE co th vit thanh:
2
2
T T
k
MeanSquareError E x R p 1 +
]
Ti thiu ha MSE ta s c gi tr
k
ti u.
5. Cac ky thu t cn bng knh:
Co th chia ky thut cn bng knh thanh 2 nhom chinh, o la cn bng
tuyn tinh va cn bng phi tuyn. 2 nhom nay c xac inh t cach s dung
u ra cua b cn bng thich nghi cho tin hiu phan hi. Tin hiu sau cn
bng se c x ly b quyt inh tim lai tin hiu ban u. Nu nh tin
hiu sau b quyt inh c phan hi v thay i tin hiu ra b cn bng
thi ky thut cn bng knh o goi la cn bng phi tuyn. Ngc lai ta goi ky
thut o la cn bng tuyn tinh.
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Phn loai cac b cn bng
Bang so sanh 2 ky thut cn bng knh
Cn bng tuyn tnh Cn bng phi tuyn
Tn hiu ra b cn
bng khng quay tr
li u vo (khng
hi tip)
n gin, d thc
hin.
Tng nhiu.
C hi tip.
Kh phc tp.
Nhiu t hn so vi
cn bng tuyn tnh
Do tinh n gian d thc hin nn chung ta se chi nghin cu ky thut
cn bng tuyn tinh, ma cu th la 2 phng phap ZFF va MMSE.
B. Phng php cn bng knh ZFF v
MMSE
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1. B cn bng knh ZF
Gii thiu
B cn bng knh ZF (Zero Forcing Equalizer) l dng cn bng knh
tuyn tnh s dng trong h thng vin thng chuyn i p ng ca
knh truyn. Dng cn bng ny c xut bi Robert Lucky.
B cn bng knh ZF hay cn gi l b lc o c rt nhiu ng dng.
V d trong chun IEEE 802.11n . Tn gi Zero Forcing tng ng vi
vic p nhiu ISI xung mc 0. iu ny c ngha khi nhiu ISI ln so
vi tp m.
c trng b lc
S b cn bng knh
Khi khng c b cn bng knh ta c:y(t)=x(t)*h(t)
Trong min tn s: Y(j)=X(j)H(j).
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Nu c b cn bng knh: y(t)=x(t)*h(t)*g(t).
Trong min tn s: Y(j)=X(j).H(j).G(j).
B cn bng knh l tng :h(t)*g(t)=(t).
Trong min tn s: G(j)H(j)=1.
G(j)=1/ H(j).
Hay b lc ZF cn gi l b lc o.
Nu c nhiu trng AGWN:
Y(j)=[X(j).H(j)+N(j)]G(j).
=X(j)+N(j)/H(j).
Nu H(j) b, nhiu N(j) s c khuch i, gy nh hng n cht
lng tn hiu thu c.
Tnh ton thng s b lc
Gi T=1/f
s
l chu k ly mu tn hiu sau khi i qua b lc
( ) ( )
N
n
n N
g t c t nT
c
n
l h s b lc.
( ) ( ) '( ) '( )
N
n
n N
p t g t h t c h t nT
Bin i ta c ma trn:
0
[ ] '[0] '[ 1] '[ 2 ]
[0] '[ ] '[ 1] '[ ]
[ ] '[2 ] '[2 1] '[0]
N
N
c P N h h h N
c P h N h N h N
c P N h N h N h
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
K
M M M M M M
K
M M M M M M
K
1
'.
' .
p h c
c h p
T T T T ... ...
c
-N
c
-N+1
c
0
c
N
d(t)
(chun)
z(t)
e(t)
y(t)
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C
n
l h s b lc.
=>
2
{[z(t)-d(t)] } =Min e E
l hm ca c
n
,
, n N N
. Ta c:
{ }
{ } { }
0
( )
2 [ ( ) - ( )] 0
[ ( ) - ( )] ( ) 0
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
n
n
e
c
z t
E z t d t
c
E z t d t y t nT
E z t y t nT E d t y t nT
' ;
t =nT. Suy ra:
{ } { }
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
zy dy
E z t y t E d t y t
R R
Tng t nh ZFF ta c phng trnh ma trn cho trng hp
MMSE:
0
1
[0] [-2 ] [ ]
[ ] [- ] [0]
[2 ] [0] [ ]
.
.
yy yy yd N
yy yy yd
yy yy yd N
yy yd
yy yd
R R NT R NT c
R NT R NT R c
R NT R R NT c
R c R
c R R
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
] ] ]
M M
M M
r
r
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Bn cnh cn bng knh, MMSE cn hn ch nhiu.
MMSE khng cho php tp m v hn nh ZF vi knh c ph
khng.
Khi nhiu khng ng k=> N
0
tin n 0: MMSE v ZF l
ging nhau.
Kt qu m phng phng php cn bng MMSE trn matlab:
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Ti liu tham kho
Wireless Communications Principles and Practice T.S. Rappaport.
J. Proakis, Digital Communications, McGraw Hill, Fourth Edition,
2001.
Digital Radio System Design, Grigorios Kalivas.
Nguyn Vn c, V Vn Ym, o Ngc Chin, Nguyn Quc
Khng, Nguyn Trung Kin B sch K thut Thng tin s, tp 4
Thng tin v tuyn, NXB Khoa hc v K thut.
http://wikipedia.org/
http://www.dsplog.com
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