Vbs Chuong2 Xlthbg-viba số

MOÂN HOÏC: VI BA SOÁ
Lôùp Kyõ thuaät vieãn

thoâng
Chöông 2:
XÖÛ LYÙ TÍN HIEÄU BAÊNG GOÁC
DH GTVT – BM KTVT 1 03/13/09

NOÄI DUNG CHÖÔNG 2
 Ñieàu cheá soá laø gì?

 Caùc loaïi ñieàu cheá soá:
 ASK
 FSK
 PSK
 QAM
 Chuyeån ñoåi maõ
 Ngaãu nhieân hoaù
 Maõ hoaù vi sai
 Taïo khung voâ tuyeán
ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 2 03/13/09

Ñieàu cheá soá
 Ñeå coù theå truyeàn daãn caùc thoâng tin soá

baèng soùng ñieän töø, caàn phaûi tieán haønh
ñieàu cheá soá.
 Ñieàu cheá soá laø kyõ thuaät gaén thoâng tin
soá vaøo dao ñoäng hình sine (soùng mang),
laøm cho soùng mang coù theå mang thoâng tin
caàn truyeàn ñi.
 Ta cuõng coù theå hieåu: ñieàu cheá soá laø söû
duïng thoâng tin soá taùc ñoäng leâ caùc thoâng
soá cuûa soùng mang, laøm cho caùc thoâng soá
cuûa soùng mang bieán thieân theo quy luaät
cuûa thoâng tin.
Ñieàu cheá soá

Ñieàu cheá soá
 Soùng mang hình sine coù daïng:

x(t) = A cos(2πfct + þ)
 Coù ba thoâng soá cuûa soùng mang coù theå
mang tin:laø bieân ñoä (A), taàn soá (fc) vaø goùc
pha (þ).
 Do ñoù, ta coù theå taùc ñoäng leân moät trong
3 thoâng soá cuûa soùng mang ñeå coù caùc
phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá töông öùng.
 Ngoaøi ra, ta cuõng coù theå taùc ñoäng leân
moät luùc 2 thoâng soá cuûa soùng mang ñeå
coù phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá keát hôïp.
Caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu
cheá soá
Coù caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu cheá sau:
 Amplitude-shift keying (ASK): ñieàu cheá khoaù – dòch
bieân ñoä.
 Frequency-shift keying (FSK) : ñieàu cheá khoaù – dòch
taàn soá.
 Phase-shift keying (PSK) : ñieàu cheá khoaù – dòch pha.
 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM): Ñieàu cheá
bieân ñoä caàu phöông. Ñaây laø phöông phaùp keát
hôïp giöõa ASK vaø PSK.

Caùc phöông phaùp ñieàu
cheá soá

Note:
Bit rate is the number of bits per

second. Baud rate is the number of
signal units per second. Baud rate is
less than or equal to the bit rate.

Example 1
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000
signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the
bit rate

Example 1
An analog signal carries 4 bits in each signal unit. If 1000
signal units are sent per second, find the baud rate and the
bit rate
Solution
Baud rate = 1000 bauds per second (baud/s)
Bit rate = 1000 x 4 = 4000 bps

Example 2
The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries
6 bits, what is the baud rate?

Example 2
The bit rate of a signal is 3000. If each signal unit carries
6 bits, what is the baud rate?
Solution
Baud rate = 3000 / 6 = 500 baud/s

Ñieàu cheá ASK (2 ASK)
 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø ASK hai möùc (2 ASK)

 Bit 1 nhò phaân ñöôïc bieåu dieãn baèng moät
soùng mang coù bieân ñoä laø haèng soá.
 Bit 0 nhò phaân: khoâng xuaát hieän soùng
mang.
 A cos( 2πf c t )
 bit 1
s (t ) = 

 0 bit 0
 Vôùi tín hieäu soùng mang laø Acos(2πfct)

Daïng tín hieäu 2-ASK
Tín hieäu ASK hai möùc
Ta coù theå taïo ra ñöôïc 4ASK, 16 ASK… Tuy

nhieân caùc loaïi ñieàu cheá naøy coù khaù naêng
choáng nhieãu keùm.
Figure 5.3 ASK

Figure 5.4 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in ASK

Example 3
Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half
duplex.

Example 3
Find the minimum bandwidth for an ASK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. The transmission mode is half
duplex.
Solution
In ASK the baud rate and bit rate are the same. The baud
rate is therefore 2000. An ASK signal requires a
minimum bandwidth equal to its baud rate. Therefore,
the minimum bandwidth is 2000 Hz.

Example 4
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what
are the baud rate and bit rate?

Example 4
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an ASK signal, what
Solution
In ASK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But because the baud
rate and the bit rate are also the same for ASK, the bit
rate is 5000 bps.

Example 5
Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),
draw the fullduplex ASK diagram of the system. Find
the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction. Assume
there is no gap between the bands in the two directions.

Example 5
Given a bandwidth of 10,000 Hz (1000 to 11,000 Hz),
draw the fullduplex ASK diagram of the system. Find
the carriers and the bandwidths in each direction. Assume
there is no gap between the bands in the two directions.
Solution
For full-duplex ASK, the bandwidth for each direction is
BW = 10000 / 2 = 5000 Hz
The carrier frequencies can be chosen at the middle of
each band (see Fig. 5.5).
fc (forward) = 1000 + 5000/2 = 3500 Hz
fc (backward) = 11000 – 5000/2 = 8500 Hz
Figure 5.5 Solution to Example 5

Ñieàu cheá FSK (FSK hai möùc)
 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø FSK hai möùc (2 FSK,

BFSK)
 Caû hai bit nhò phaân 0 vaø 1 ñöôïc bieåu dieãn
ôû hai taàn soá soùng mang khaùc nhau:
 A cos( 2πf1t )
 bit 1
s (t ) = 
 A cos( 2πf 2t )
 bit 0

Daïng tín hieäu 2-FSK
Tín hieäu FSK hai möùc

Figure 5.6 FSK

Figure 5.7 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in FSK

Example 6
Find the minimum bandwidth for an FSK signal
transmitting at 2000 bps. Transmission is in halfduplex
mode, and the carriers are separated by 3000 Hz.
Solution
For FSK
BW = baud rate + fc1 − fc0
BW = bit rate + fc1 − fc0 = 2000 + 3000 = 5000 Hz

Example 7
Find the maximum bit rates for an FSK signal if the
bandwidth of the medium is 12,000 Hz and the difference
between the two carriers is 2000 Hz. Transmission is in
fullduplex mode.
Solution
Because the transmission is full duplex, only 6000 Hz is
allocated for each direction.
BW = baud rate + fc1 − fc0
Baud rate = BW − (fc1 − fc0 ) = 6000 − 2000 = 4000
But because the baud rate is the same as the bit rate, the
bit rate is 4000 bps.
MFSK – FSK M möùc
 Söû duïng M taàn soá soùng mang

 Hieäu quaû hôn veà söû duïng baêng thoâng
nhöng loãi nhieàu hôn.
si (t ) = A cos 2πf i t 1 ≤i ≤ M
 f i = f c + (2i – 1 – M)f d
 f c = Taàn soá soùng mang

 f d = ñoä dôøi taàn soá
 M = Soá traïng thaùi ñieàu cheá = 2 L
 L = Soá bít trong moãi traïng thaùi ñieàu cheá

Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)
 Ñeå töông thích vôùi toác ñoä döõ lieäu cuûa

luoàng bit vaøo, moãi moät phaàn töû tín hieäu
ñaàu ra coù khoaûng thôøi gian laø:
Ts=LT seconds
 Trong ñoù T chu kyø bit (toác ñoä döõ lieäu = 1/T)
 Vì vaäy, moãi phaàn töû tín hieäu ñieàu cheá
mang löôïng tin laø L bits

Multiple Frequency-Shift Keying
(MFSK)

PSK
 PSK hai möùc (BPSK)

 Söû duïng hai goùc pha bieåu dieãn cho 2 bit nhò phaân
A cos( 2πf c t )
 bit 1
s (t ) = 
A cos( 2πf c t + π )
 bit 0
A cos( 2πf c t )
 bit 1
=
− A cos( 2πf c t )
 bit 0

Tín hieäu PSK 2 möùc
Tín hieäu PSK hai möùc

2PSK
NRZ vaøo 2PSK ra

2PSK
b(t) y(t) 0 1
Soùng
mang
c(t)
Sô ñoà nguyeân Caùc vò trí

lyù pha

Figure 5.8 PSK

Figure 5.9 PSK constellation

Phase-Shift Keying (PSK)
 PSK vi sai (DPSK)

 Söï dòch phase cuûa traïng thaùi hieän taïi
giöïa treân söï tham khaûo pha cuûa traïng
thaùi tröôùc ñoù.
 Bit 0 – cuïm tín hieäu hieän taïi ñoàng phase
vôùi cuïm tín hieäu tröôùc ñoù.
 Bit 1 – cuïm tín hieäu hieän taïi ngöôïc pha
vôùi cuïm tín hieäu tröôùc ñoù.

 PSK 4 möùc (QPSK)

 Moãi traïng thaùi soùng mang mang thoâng tin 2 bit
 π
A cos 2πf c t + 
  4
11
 
A cos 2πf c t +
3π 

s( t ) = 
01
 4 
 3π 
A cos 2πf c t −  00
  4 
 
A cos 2πf c t − 
π 10
 4
4PSK – Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù
ñieàu cheá
b1(t) I
2PSK
NRZ vaøo S c(t)

4PSK ra
∑
b(t)
P 90o y(t)
2PSK
b2(t) Q

4PSK - Caùc traïng thaùi phase
Q
0 1 1
1 1
0 1 I
0 0 1
0 0

4PSK – Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù giaûi
ñieàu cheá
I LPF
c(t)
4 PSK
vaøo
So pha ∑ Luoàng bit ra
900 b(t)
LPF
Boä chia Q
coâng
suaát

Figure 5.10 The 4-PSK method

Figure 5.11 The 4-PSK characteristics

Figure 5.12 The 8PSK characteristics

Figure 5.13 Relationship between baud rate and bandwidth in PSK

Example 8
Find the bandwidth for a 2PSK signal transmitting at
2000 bps. Transmission is in halfduplex mode.

Example 8
Find the bandwidth for a 2PSK signal transmitting at
2000 bps. Transmission is in halfduplex mode.
Solution
For 2-PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 2000.

Example 9
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8PSK signal, what

Example 9
Given a bandwidth of 5000 Hz for an 8PSK signal, what
Solution
For 2PSK the baud rate is the same as the bandwidth,
which means the baud rate is 5000. But in 8-PSK the bit
rate is 3 times the baud rate, so the bit rate is 15,000 bps.

 Multilevel PSK
 Using multiple phase angles with each angle having more
than one amplitude, multiple signals elements can be
achieved
R R
D= =
L log 2 M
 D = modulation rate, baud
 R = data rate, bps
 M = number of different signal elements = 2L
 L = number of bits per signal element

Performance
 Bandwidth of modulated signal (BT)

 ASK, PSK BT=(1+r)R
 FSK BT=2DF+(1+r)R
 R = bit rate
 0 < r < 1; related to how signal is filtered
 DF = f2-fc=fc-f1

Performance
 Bandwidth of modulated signal (BT)

 1+ r   1+ r 
 MPSK
BT =   R =   R
 L   log 2 M 
 (1 + r ) M 
 MFSK BT =   R
 log 2 M 
 L = number of bits encoded per signal element
 M = number of different signal elements

Baêng thoâng cuûa tín hieäu
ñieàu cheá
 Ví duï: Tìm baêng thoâng cuûa tín hieäu ñieàu
cheá PSK 2 möùc, 4 möùc, 8 möùc, 16 möùc cho
1 luoàng E1, E3, E4.

So saùnh ba loaïi ñieàu cheá

QAM
 QAM laø söï keát hôïp cuûa ASK vaø PSK

 Veà baûn chaát ñaây laø 2 tín hieäu ñöôïc phaùt ñi
treân cuøng moät taàn soá soùng mang.
s( t ) = d1 ( t ) cos 2πf c t + d 2 ( t ) sin 2πf c t

Note:
Quadrature amplitude modulation is a

combination of ASK and PSK so that a
maximum contrast between each
signal unit (bit, dibit, tribit, and so on)
is achieved.

Caùc traïng thaùi cuûa 4-QAM & 8
QAM

Daïng tín hieäu 8-QAM

16-QAM
SÖÛ DUÏNG
PHOÅ BIEÁN
NHAÁT

16QAM – Sô ñoà nguyeân lyù
ñieàu cheá
b1(t) I
4PAM
b2(t)
NRZ vaøo S c(t)

16QAM ra
∑
b(t)
P 90o y(t)
b3(t)
4PAM
b4(t) Q

16QAM - Caùc traïng thaùi
phase
Q
10 1
010
11 1
011
I
00 01 11 10
01 1
001
00 1
000

Figure 5.17 Bit and baud

Table 5.1 Bit and baud rate comparison
Modulation Units Bits/Baud Baud rate Bit Rate
ASK, FSK, 2-PSK Bit 1 N N
4-PSK, 4-QAM Dibit 2 N 2N
8-PSK, 8-QAM Tribit 3 N 3N
16-QAM Quadbit 4 N 4N
32-QAM Pentabit 5 N 5N
64-QAM Hexabit 6 N 6N
128-QAM Septabit 7 N 7N
256-QAM Octabit 8 N 8N

Example 10
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced
points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the
baud rate?

Example 10
A constellation diagram consists of eight equally spaced
points on a circle. If the bit rate is 4800 bps, what is the
baud rate?
Solution
The constellation indicates 8-PSK with the points 45
degrees apart. Since 23 = 8, 3 bits are transmitted with
each signal unit. Therefore, the baud rate is
4800 / 3 = 1600 baud

Example 11
Compute the bit rate for a 1000baud 16QAM signal.

Example 11
Compute the bit rate for a 1000baud 16QAM signal.
Solution
A 16-QAM signal has 4 bits per signal unit since
log216 = 4.
Thus,
(1000)(4) = 4000 bps

Example 12
Compute the baud rate for a 72,000bps 64QAM signal.

Example 12
Compute the baud rate for a 72,000bps 64QAM signal.
Solution
A 64-QAM signal has 6 bits per signal unit since
log2 64 = 6.
Thus,
72000 / 6 = 12,000 baud

Chuyeån ñoåi maõ
HDB3 NRZ
/CMI
M M
M M Tx O U
U O Tx D X
X D
D D
D D E E
E E Rx M M
M M O U
Rx
U O D X
X D

HDB3 to NRZ
+V
R1
OP-Amp 1
X1 Y1
+
L1 a d
HDB- c f
RZ NRZ
3 e
- L2 b OR1 OR2
Treã ½ T
X2 Y2
R2 OP-Amp 2

CMI to NRZ
CMI EX-OR
a
D D Q RNZ
Treã ½ b C Q
CLK
bit

Ngaãu nhieân hoùa (Scrambler)
 Trong truyeàn daãn vi ba soá, khoái giaûi ñieàu

cheá coù ñöôïc söï ñoàng boä ñoàng hoà vôùi
khoái ñieàu cheá nhôø vaøo vieäc khoâi phuï
ñoàng hoà töø tín hieäu thu ñöôïc.
 Neáu tín hieäu truyeàn daãn coù tính ngaãu

nhieân thì phoå naêng löôïng cuûa tín hieäu taäp
trung taïi taàn soá baèng toác ñoä bit (Rb) do
ñoù ñoàng hoà khoâi phuïc ñöôïc laø Rb.

Ngaãu nhieân hoùa (Scrambler)
 Neáu tín hieäu truyeàn daãn khoâng coù tính

ngaãu nhieân, ví duï tín hieäu:
 1010101010101010101010101010
 110110110110110110110110110110
 11001100110011001100110011001100
thì phoå naêng löôïng cuûa tín hieäu taäp trung
taïi taàn soá laëp laïi cuûa töøng nhoùm bit
(Rb/2, Rb/3, Rb/4) do ñoù ñoàng hoà khoâi phuïc
ñöôïc laø Rb/2, Rb/3, Rb/4.
 Vì vaäy ñaàu thu khoâng coù ñöôïc ñoàng boä
vôùi ñaàu phaùt.
 Ngaãu nhieân hoaù nhaèm muïc ñích bieán ñoài
luoàng tín hieäu tröôùc khi phaùt ñi mang tính
Nguyeân lyù ngaãu nhieân hoùa
EX-OR EX-OR
Döõ lieäu vaøo a b y
b Moâi
Döõ lieäu
Döõ lieäu nhò phaân c tröôøng
c
ra
2 truyeàn
daãn
Maïch maõ hoaù Maïch giaûi maõ

hoaù
a c b c y
0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0 1
1 1 0 1 1

Taïo tín hieäu ngaãu nhieân
 Caùc boä taïo tín hieäu ngaãu nhieân (xem taïi

lieäu, trang 228,229, 230)

Maõ hoaù vi sai
 Ñöôïc söû duïng ñeå phuïc vuï cho ñieàu cheá vi

sai.
 Xem taøi lieäu, trang 231, 232, 233, 234, 235.

Taïo khung voâ tuyeán
 Heä thoáng truyeàn daãn voâ tuyeán caàn coù

theâm caùc loaïi thoâng tin khaùc nhau ñeå
phuïc vuï cho giaùm saùt, quaûn lyù vaø baûo
döôõng heä thoáng (goïi laø caùc bit nghieäp
vuï).
 Caùc thoâng tin naøy ñöôïc gheùp vaøo luoàng
soá tröôùc ñieàu cheá vaø laáy ra sau khi giaûi
ñieàu cheá.
 Ñeå coù theå gheùp vaø taùch caùc bít nghieäp
vuï chính xaùc caàn phaûi taïo moät caáu truùc
khung môùi, ñöôïc goïi laø khung voâ tuyeán.

Caáu truùc khung voâ tuyeán
 Moät khung voâ tuyeán goàm coù caùc thaønh

phaàn sau:
 Caùc bit döõ lieäu cuûa luoàng soá caàn truyeàn
 Caùc bit nghieäp vuï
 Caùc bit kieåm tra loãi
 Caùc bit ñoàng boä khung.
 Moãi heä thoáng truyeàn daãn khaùc nhau ñònh

nghóa caáu truùc khung voâ tuyeán khaùc nhau.

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MOÂN HOÏC: VI BA SOÁ

Lôùp Kyõ thuaät vieãn

DH GTVT – BM KTVT 1 03/13/09

 Ñieàu cheá soá laø gì?

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 2 03/13/09

 Ñeå coù theå truyeàn daãn caùc thoâng tin soá

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 4 03/13/09

 Soùng mang hình sine coù daïng:

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 6 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 7 03/13/09

Bit rate is the number of bits per

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 8 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 9 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 10 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 11 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 12 03/13/09

 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø ASK hai möùc (2 ASK)

 Vôùi tín hieäu soùng mang laø Acos(2πfct)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 13 03/13/09

Tín hieäu ASK hai möùc

Ta coù theå taïo ra ñöôïc 4ASK, 16 ASK… Tuy

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 15 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 16 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 17 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 18 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 19 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 20 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 21 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 23 03/13/09

 Möùc thaáp nhaát laø FSK hai möùc (2 FSK,

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 24 03/13/09

Tín hieäu FSK hai möùc

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 25 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 26 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 27 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 28 03/13/09

 Söû duïng M taàn soá soùng mang

 f c = Taàn soá soùng mang

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 30 03/13/09

 Ñeå töông thích vôùi toác ñoä döõ lieäu cuûa

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 31 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 32 03/13/09

 PSK hai möùc (BPSK)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 33 03/13/09

Tín hieäu PSK hai möùc

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 34 03/13/09

NRZ vaøo 2PSK ra

Sô ñoà nguyeân Caùc vò trí

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 35 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 36 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 37 03/13/09

 PSK vi sai (DPSK)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 38 03/13/09

 PSK 4 möùc (QPSK)

NRZ vaøo S c(t)

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 40 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 41 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 42 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 43 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 44 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 45 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 46 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 47 03/13/09

ThS.Voõ Tröôøng Sôn 48 03/13/09