CHNG 3.

PHN TCH, LA CHN PHNG PHP, DNG V CH

SY
3.1. Cc yu cu t ra ca vic thit k
3.1.1. Lng m cn bay hi tnh theo gi
Vi nguyn liu l qu chui a vo h thng sy c m W
1
= 80% v yu cu
ca sn phm sy u ra c m l W
2
= 12%.
Vi thi lng lm vic ca mt ngy l 20 ting (bao gm tt c cc vic nh
(tho v cht ti). Do trong 1h th lng nguyn liu a vo l:

tn/20h
Do vy nng sut sn phm (VLK) tnh theo gi l:

Lng m cn bay hi trong gi l:

3.1.2. La chn phng php sy
Do sn phm sy l chui qu v c dng lm thc phm cho con ngi nn phi
m bo yu cu v sinh. Do ta s dng phng php sy dng khng kh lm tc
nhn sy. Vi yu cu v c tnh ca loi vt liu sy l chui v nng sut sy khng
qu ln ch dng mc trung bnh nn ta la chn cng ngh sy hm kiu i lu
cng bc dng qut thi.
Khng kh ngoi tri c lc s b ri qua Calorifer kh hi. Khng kh c gia
nhit ln n nhit thch hp v c m tng i thp c qut thi vo hm sy.
Trong khng gian hm sy khng kh kh c thc hin vic trao nhit - m vi vt liu
sy l qu chui lm cho m tng i ca khng kh tng ln, ng thi lm hi
nc trong vt liu sy c rt ra ngoi. Khng kh ny sau c thi ra ngoi mi
trng.
3.2. Chn ch sy
Vi h thng sy l hm v vt liu sy l Chui qu. Ta s gia nhit cho khng kh
ln n nhit t
1
= 80
o
C (la chn theo yu cu cng ngh). Nhit ca khng kh ra
khi hm sy ta la chn l t
2
= 50
o
C (la chn khng c qu thp trnh hin tng
ng sng bn trong bung sy khi khng kh b qu bo ha).
Do yu cu nhit sy khng qu thp (sy nng) nn ta s dng s sy khng
c t nng trung gian.
Trong h thng sy i lu, tn tht nhit do tc nhn sy mang i l rt ln. ng
thi, sn phm sau khi sy c dng lm thc phm cho con ngi nn yu cu cht
lng kh cao. Do vy, khng kh s dng lm tc nhn sy yu cu phi sch, trnh s
dng lng khng kh ti ngoi tri qu ln va gy tng chi ph vn hnh v lc bi
ca h thng cc phin lc, ta s dng ch sy hi lu mt phn tc nhn sy. Tc l
cho mt phn tc nhn sy sau khi ra khi thit b sy quay tr li trc hoc sau
Calorifer tn dng nhit vt l ca tc nhn sy nhit t
2
. Vi ch sy ny gip
gim bt chi ph v nng lng v trnh lm mt hng v ca chui chn.
3.3. S cng ngh ca h thng sy
Tng hp cc yu cu trn v h thng, ta a ra c s h thng p ng c cc
yu cu trn sau:

Hi nc bo ha Vt liu m
(VL G
1
-W
1
)
khng kh Qut cp
(t
1
;
1
)
thi
ngoi tri (t
0
;
0
) (t
M
;
M
) (t
1
;
1
)
ra ngoi
t
0
=27
o
C; (L)

0
=79%
Vt liu
Bung
ha trn
Hm
sy
(L
0
) Calorifer
kh
Lc bi (t
2
;
2
) Kh-hi (VLK G
2
-W
2
)
(L
0
) Nc ngng
Qut hi



Hnh 3.1. S cng ngh ca h thng


CHNG 4: TNH TON CN BNG NHIT M CA H THNG SY
A Qu trnh sy l thuyt
4.1 Cc thng s ca khng kh trong h thng sy
4.1.1 Thng s ca khng kh ngoi tri
Vi cc thng s ca khng kh ngoi tri cho l t
0
=27
0
C,
0
=79% ta xc nh
c cc thng s cn li ca khng kh nh sau:
- Phn p sut bo ca hi nc nhit t
0
=27
0
C l p
bh0
= 0,0361 bar (tra
bng V.II, trang 100, [10])
- cha hi ca khng kh:

kg_m/kg_kkk
- Entanpi ca khng kh:
I
0
= 1,004t
0
+ d
0
(2500 + 1,842t
0
) = 1,004.27 + 0,042(2500 + 1,842.27)
= 74,27 kJ/kg_kkk
Nh vy khng kh ngoi tri (0) c:
t
0
=27
0
C,
0
=79%, d
0
= 0,0185 kg_m/kg_kkk, I
0
= 74,27 kJ/kg_kkk
4.1.2 Thng s ca khng kh sau thit b sy (thng s ca khng kh thi ra
ngoi cng nh khng kh hi lu ti bung ha trn)
Vi nhit ca khng kh kh khi c thi vo bung sy l: t
1
=80
0
C, nhit
ca khng kh khi ra khi bung sy l t
2
=50
0
C.
Lng khng kh lu chuyn trong thit b sy l: L= L
H
+ L
0
.
Cn bng m cho ton b h thng sy c: L
0.
d
0
+ G
1
.W
1
= L
0
.d
2
+ G
2
.W
2

L
0
.(d
2
d
0
) = G
1
.W G
2
.W
2
= W (Lng m cn ly i ca vt liu sy).

(cng thc 5.7, trang 57, [8])

Cn bng m cho ring thit b sy c: L.d
M
+ G
1
.W
1
= L.d
2
+ G
2
.W
2
(cng thc
5.28, trang 64, [8])
Cn bng m cho ring thit b sy c: L
.
d
M
+ G
1
.W
1
= L.d
2
+ G
2
.W
2

L.(d
2
d
M
) = G
1
.W G
2
.W
2
= W => L =W.

Ta c h s hi lu:
n =
L
H
L
0

L-

(cng thc 5.27, trang 64, [8])

n=
W
d
2
d
M
W
d
2
d
0
1

Cn bng nng lng cho bung ha trn c:
I
0
.L
0
= I
2
.L
H
= (L
0
+ L
H
).I
M

(cng thc 5.32, trang 65, [8])
Nh vy ti im ha trn M c:

Qu trnh sy l thuyt xy ra trong thit b sy l qu trnh ng Entanpi nn c:
I
1
= I
2
C
pk
.t
1
+ d
1
.(r + C
pa
.t
2
) = C
pk
.t
2
+ d
2
.(r + C
pa
.t
2
)
Do d
1
= d
M
(Qu trnh gia nhit ng dung m xy ra trong Calorifer). Thay vo c:

)
Ta rt ra c:

)
(

Thay vo vi:
t
1
= 80
o
C, t
2
= 50
o
C, d
0
= 0,0185 kg_m/kg_kkk, r = 2500 kJ/kg,
C
pk
= 1,004 kJ/kg., C
pa
= 1,842 kJ/kg., n = 1.
Ta c:
- cha hi ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy l:

=0,043 kg_m/kg_kkk.
- Entanpi ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy l:
I
2
= 1,004.t
2
+ d
2
.(2500 + 1,842.t
2
)
= 1,004.50 + 0,043.(2500 + 1,842.50)
= 161,66 kJ/kg_kkk
- Phn p sut bo ha ca hi nc nhit t
2
= 50
o
C l p
bh
2=0,12335 bar
(tra bng 3, trang 192, [1])
- m tng i ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy:

2.

kq

bh2

2

Nh vy khng kh ra khi thit b sy (2) c:
t
2
= 50
o
C,
2
= 51,5%, d2 = 0,043 kg_m/kg_kkk, I
2
= 161,66 kJ/kg_kkk.
4.1.3 Thng s ca khng kh sau bung ha trn
Khng kh sau bung ha trn l trng thi im (M) c:
- cha hi ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:
d
M

- Entanpi ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:
I
M

- Nhit ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:
t
M

- Phn p sut bo ha ca hi nc nhit t
2
= 38,7
o
C l p
bh
2=0,068 bar
(tra bng 3, trang 192, [1])
- m tng i ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:

2.

kq

bh2

M

Nh vy khng kh sau bung trn (M) c:
t
2
= 38,7
o
C,

= 68,07%; d
M
= 0,03075 kg_m/kg_kkk, I
M
= 117,965 kJ/kg_kkk.
4.1.4 Thng s ca khng kh sau Calorifer (i vo thit b sy)
Khng kh sau Calorifer hay khng kh i vo thit b sy l trng thi im (1) c:
- cha hi ca khng kh sau Calorifer l:
d
1
= d
M
= 0,03075 kg_m/kg_kkk
- Entanpi ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:
I
1
= 1,004.t
1
+ d
1
.(2500 + 1,842.t
1
)
= 1,004.80 + 0,03075.(2500 + 1,842.80)
= 161,72 kJ/kg_kkk
- Phn p sut bo ha ca hi nc nhit t
1
= 80
o
C l p
bh
2=0,473 bar
(tra bng 3, trang 192, [1])
- m tng i ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:

1.

kq

bh1

1

Nh vy khng kh i vo thit b sy (1) c:
t
1
= 80
o
C,

= 9,7%; d
1
= 0,03075 kg_m/kg_kkk,
I
1
= 161,72 kJ/kg_kkk.
4.2 Lu lng khng kh kh l thuyt
4.2.1 Lng khng kh kh l thuyt lu chuyn trong thit b sy

(cng thc 5.18, trang 61, [8])
Lu lng khng kh kh l thuyt lu chuyn trong thit b sy l:

Vi nhit trung bnh ca dng kh lu chuyn trong thit b sy l:
t
tb
= 0,5.(80 + 50) = 65
o
C =
tb
= 1,044 kg_kkk/m
3
_kkk
Do , lu lng th tch khng kh lu chuyn qua thit b sy l:

4.2.2 Lu lng khng kh kh ngoi tri l thuyt cp vo thit b sy

Lu lng khng kh kh ngoi tri l thuyt cp vo cn thit l:

Vi nhit ca khng kh ngoi tri l

Do lu lng th tch khng kh cp vo cn thit l:

4.3. Cc thng s trng thi ca tc nhn sy


Vt liu m

Hi nc bo ha
(200kg/h-80%)
(t
M
=38,7
o
C;
M
=68,07%) (t
1
=80
o
C;
1
=9,7%)
(t
1
=80
o
C;
1
=9,7%)

khng kh Qut cp

ngoi tri (M)
thi ra
t
0
=27
o
C; (L)
ngoi

0
=79%
Vt liu

Calorifer
kh
Lc bi Kh-hi (45,45%-
12%)
Nc ngng
Qut hi




4.4 Xc nh kch thc ca thit b sy (khay sy, xe gong, hm sy)
p ng yu cu v nng sut. Thit b sy ca ta la chn l hm sy. Vt liu
sy l chui ti c cht ln cc khay v cc khay c cht ln cc xe gong y
vo hm sy. Sau khi sy xong th m ca hm v a xe gong ra ngoi.
Bung
ha trn
Hm
sy
4.4.1 Kch thc ca khay sy
Khay sy dng xp vt liu sy (chui ti ct lt dy khong 50mm). Khay sy
c ch to t nhm, to hnh bng phng php dp nhm tm bng c chiu dy
1mm, kch thc ca khay sy l 1200x800, nh hnh v, to g mp ngoi khong
30mm thun tin trong vic cm nm. Khi lng ca mi khay sy tnh ra khong
3,5kg/khay.
Din tch phn khay cho php cht ti ln l:
50x1050=0,65(m)x1,05(m)=0,7

.
Vi kch thc nh vy khi ta cht vt liu sy (chui ti) thnh mt lp ln trn
b mt li thp th trn mi khay cho php cht ln t 20-25 lt ti, vi trng lng
mi ming chui ti l t 450g tr ln th trn mi khay cho php cha t 9-11,5kg.
tnh trung bnh ta la chn trn mi kh cho php cht ln l 10kg.
Do vy vi yu cu nng sut sy l

trn tng thi gian lm vic l 20h

trn mi ngy nn s khay cn c ch to l:




4.4.2 Kch thc ca xe gong
Xe gong c ch to t khung Inox khng g, cc thanh Inox rng c tit din
25x25, dy 1,5mm c hn li vi nhau. Trn mi xe t 12 khay, mi khay cha c
10kg vt liu sy, cc khy c xp trn mi tng khay t cch nhau vi khong cch
l 100mm m bo lu thng ca tc nhn sy (khng kh nng) c d dng, di
cc chn ca xe c b tr cc bnh xe c th trt c trn 2 thanh ray lp bn trong
hm sy.
Xe gong c ch to c kch thc:
LxWxH(Leng x Width x High)=850x1250x1660mm. Kch thc xe gong nh vy
l ph hp vi iu kin gia cng cng nh ch lm vic ca cng nhn. Vi kt cu
nh vy khi lng ca mi xe vo khong 28kg.
Trn mi xe gong cho php t 12 khay sy, mi khay cha c 10kg. Do
khi lng VLS trn mi xe l:

Vi thi gian lm vic trn mi ngy l t = 20h, thi gian sy l . Do
sy ht c

th s xe gong cn thit l:

)

.
Ta ch to d ra 2 xe, do vy tng s xe gong cn ch to l 12 xe.
4.4.3 Kch thc ca hm sy
Hm sy c xy dng theo kch thc m bo thun li vic di chuyn ca cc
xe gong, thun tin cho vic y xe vo cng nh ko xe ra khi hm sy. Hm sy
c xy dng theo cc kch thc s b sau:
a) Chiu rng ca hm sy

Chiu rng ca hm ph thuc vo chiu rng ca xe gong. Ta ly d ra 2 pha
mp tri v mp phi ca xe l 100mm xe di chuyn dc theo hm sy c d dng:

b) Chiu cao ca hm sy

Chiu cao ca hm ph thuc vo chiu cao ca xe goong. Ta ly d ra pha mp
trn ca xe l 150mm xe di chuyn dc theo hm sy c d dng:

c) Chiu di ca hm sy

:
Chiu di ca hm ph thuc vo chiu di v s lng ca xe gong lm vic
trong hm. Ta ly d ra pha ca vo v ca ra mi pha l 1000mm gip cho vic y xe
goong cng nh ko ra khi hm c thun li:

Trong h thng sy ca ta b tr mt knh dn gi nng(nhit

), mt knh
dn gi thi v mt knh dn gi hi. Cc knh c xy dng vi chiu rng hp l
gip cho vic lp t thit b, vn hnh v bo dng c thun tin. Ta c c bng
v mt bng xy dng hm sy nh sau:
Vi kt cu xy dng nh trn, tc ca tc nhn sy nng i trong knh dn vo
khong 2,5m/s. Tc ny l hp l gim tn tht p sut cho qut.
Trn nn ca hm c lp 2 thanh ray xe gong c th di chuyn t do dc theo
hm sy.
B QU TRNH SY THC
4.5 Tng cc tn tht nhit trong h thng sy
Khi vn hnh lm vic hm sy tn tht ca HST bao gm cc tn tht sau:
- Tn tht do vt liu sy mang i:
Q
v
[kJ/h]; qv [kJ/kg_m].
- Tn tht do thit b truyn ti (khay sy, xe gong):
Q
TBTT
[kJ/h]; q
TBTT
[kJ/kg_m].
- Tn tht do mi trng ca kt cu bao che:
Q
MT
[kJ/h]; q
MT
[kJ/kg_m].
Ta ln lt xc nh cc tn tht ny nh sau:
4.5.1 Tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang i qv[kJ/kg_m]
Theo kinh nghim vn hnh h thng vi sn phm sy l nng sn thc phm th
sn phm sy (SPS) i ra khi thit b sy (TBS) c nhit thp hn nhit ca TNS
i vo t 510
o
C. Do , VLS i ra c nhit l t
v2
=70
o
C 10
o
C =60
o
C.
Nhit VLS i vo ng bng nhit mi trng t
v1
=27
o
C.
Nhit dung ring ca Chui l C
VL
=1,0269 kJ/kg.K, nhit dung ring ca nc l
4,18 kJ/kg.K vi sn phm u ra l Chui kh c m W
2
=12%, do nhit dung
ring ca Chui i ra khi hm sy l:
C
V2
= C
VL
.(1W
2
)+C
n
.W
2
=1,0269(1-0,12)+4,18.0,121,4 kJ/kg.K
Do vy, tn tht nhit do sn phm sy mang i l:
Q
VL
=G
2
.C
V2
.(t
v2
t
v1
)=45,45.1,4.(7027) = 2736,09 kJ/h

3.5.2 Tn tht nhit do thit b truyn ti q
TBTT
[kJ/kg_m]
Ta c: Q
TBTT
= Q
kh
+ Q
x
. Vi Q
kh
v Q
x
ln lt l tn tht do khay sy v xe
gong mang i.
Nhit ca khay sy v xe gong khi i vo hm sy ly bng nhit mi
trng l: t
kh1
= t
x1
= t
o
= 27.
Nhit ca khay sy khay sy v xe gong khi i ra khi khay sy ly bng nhit
sy : t
kh2
= t
x2
= t
1
= 80.
Khay sy v xe gong c khi lng ln lt l:
G
kh
= 4kg; G
x
= 28kg.
Nhit dung ring ca vt liu ch to xe v khay (Inox v Nhm) l:
C
kh
= 0,86 kJ/kg.K ; C
x
= 0,42 kJ/kg.K.
- Tn tht nhit do khay sy mang i l:
Vi s lng khay l N
kh
=160 khay; Thi gian sy l

kh

kh

kh

- Tn tht nhit do xe gong mang i l:
Vi s lng xe l N
x
= 10 xe. Thi gian sy l Ta c:

x

x

x

x2

x1

Do vy tng tn tht nhit do thit b truyn ti mang i l:
Q
TBTT =
Q
kh
+ Q
x =
+ 779,1= 4425,5kJ/h
q
TBTT
=

TTT

4.5.3 Tn tht nhit qua kt cu bao che q
MT
[kJ/kg_m]
Vi kt cu xy dng ca hm sy nh thit k ta c:
Tit din t do ca tc nhn sy nng i trong hm l: F
td
= F
H
+ F
X
.
Vi F
X
: l tit din ca xe gong (4thanh thng ng 25 1740), 12 thanh nm
ngang 251200), do F
X
= 4.(0,025 1,74) + 16.(0,025 1,2) = 0,654m
2
.
F
H
: l tit din ca hm sy (1870 1890), do F
H
= 1,87 1,89 3,5343 m
2
.
V vy tit din t do l: F
td
= 3,5343 0,654 = 2,8803 m
2
. Sau khi tnh ton qu trnh sy
l thuyt ta xc inh c lu lng tc nhn sy i qua hm l: V
lt
= 11380,5 m
3
/h =
3,16 m
3
/s, tuy nhin trong qu trnh sy thc th lng TNS ny phi ln hn b li
cc tn tht. Do , tc TNS ti thiu i trong hm sy l:

ta s kim tra li gi thit ny.
Tn tht do kt cu bao che ph thuc vo kt cu xy dng ca hm sy v bao gm cc
thnh phn sau:
- Tn tht qua 2 tng bn: Q
T.

- Tn tht qua trn: Q
Tr.

- Tn tht qua nn: Q
n.

- Tn tht qua 2 ca vo v ra ca hm: Q
c
.
Do , Q
MT
= Q
T
+ Q
Tr
+ Q
n
+ Q
c

4.5.3.1 Tn tht qua 2 tng bn: Q
T

V lu lng tc nhn sy ti thiu trong qu trnh sy thc phi ln hn lu lng tc
nhn sy trong qu trnh sy l thuyt nn tc tc nhn sy gi thit tnh ton cc
tn tht cng phi ln hn v
lt.
Gi s ta ly v = 1,2 m/s.
Ta c:

1
= 6,15 + 4,17v = 6,15 + 4,17 1,2 = 11,154 W/m
2
.
Bng phng php lp gi thuyt trc nhit tng pha trong t
w1
v tnh c
dng nhit q truyn qua tng. T dng nhit ny ta tm c nhit mt truyn nhit
bng i lu gia tc nhn vi tng trong q v dng nhit truyn t mt ngoi ca
tng vo mi trng q sai khc nhau khng qu 10% th kt qu tnh ton l chp nhn
c.
Ta gi thit t
w1
= 59,5
o
C.
Ta c: q =
1
(t
TB
t
w1
) (cng thc 6.11, trang 74, [8]
Vi:

Vy q= 11,154(65 59,5) = 61,347 W/m
2
Nhit mt ngoi ca tng t
w2
, theo h qu ca nh lut Furier ta c:

y
1
l h s dn nhit ca gch,
1
= 0,77 W/m
2
. ( tra bng I.126, trang 128, [9]).

1
l b dy ca tng
1
= 0,2m.
V vy

Nh chnh lch nhit t = t
w2
t
o
= 43,56 27 = 16,56
o
C
Nhit tnh

w2

o

T nhit t
m
= 35,3 tra bng I.255, trang 318, [9], ta c:

1
= 2,73.10
-2
W/m.
= 16,48. 10
-6
m
2
/s
Pr= 0,7
Do , chun s Gratkov (cng thc V.39, trang 13, [10]):

Vi h s gin n th tch:

g l gia tc trng trng g = 9,81m/s
l = H

l chiu cao ph b, H


Tr

bng
= 1,89 + 0,15 + 0,1= 2,14m

Chun s Nuyxen (cng thc V.68, trang 23, [10]):
Nu = C(Gr.Pr)
n

H s C v n ph thuc vo tch s Gr.Pr
Gr.Pr = 2,02.10
10
0,7 = 1,417.10
10
> 2. 10
7
(ch xoy)
Nn ta xc nh c C=0,135; n = 0,33
Nu = 0,135(Gr.Pr)
0,33
= 0,135(1,417.10
10
)
0,33
= 302,2
H s trao i nhit i lu

(cng thc trang 23, [10])
Dng nhit truyn t b mt ngoi ca tng vo mi trng:
q=
2
(t
w2
t
o
)

= 3,855(43,56-27)=63,84 W/m
2

Sai s gia q v q:

Vi q
max
=q=63,84
o
C.
Sai s ny nm trong phm vi cho php.
Tng bn c kch thc l:
F
t
=(H
h
.L
h
).2= (1,89.14).2=53m
2

Tng c xy bng gch dy
t
=200mm=0,2m, c h s dn nhit
t
=0,77 W/m.
(tra bng I.126, trang 128, [9]). Ta xc nh c:

Do tn tht qua 2 tng bn Q
t
bng:
Q
t
= F
t
.k
t
(t
tb
- t
o
) =53.1,79(65 - 27) = 3605,06W
4.5.3.2 Tn tht qua trn Q
Tr

Trn c kch thc F
Tr
= B
h
.L
h
= 1,87.14= 26,2m
2

Trn c bng b tng ct thp dy
2
= 150mm = 0,15m v bc thm 1 lp bng
thy tinh cch nhit c b dy
3
= 100mm = 0,1m. Tra bng I.126, trang 128, [9]) ta c
h s dn nhit ca b tng ct thp v bng thy tinh cch nhit lm lt l:
2
=1,55
W/m. v
3
=0,06 W/m.. Ta xc nh c:

Do tn tht qua trn Q
Tr
bng
Q
Tr
= F
tr
.k
tr
(t
tb
- t
o
) =26,2.0,5(65 - 27) = 495,7W
4.5.3.3 Tn tht qua nn: Q
n

Nn c kch thc F
n
= B
h
.L
h
= 1,87.14= 26,2m
2

Nhit trung bnh ca tc nhn sy bng 65
o
C v gi s phng cy cch tng bao che
phn xng 2 mt. Theo bng 6.1, trang 74, [8]), ta c:
q
n
= 40W/m.
Do tn tht qua nn bng:
Q
n
= F
n
.q
n
=26,2.40=1048W
4.5.3.4 Tn tht qua 2 ca vo v ra ca hm sy: Q
c

2 pha u vo v ra ca hm sy c lp ca vi kch thc: 13001850(mm). Nn
din tch ca ca l: F
c
= 2(1,87.1,89)=7,0686 m
2

Ca c lm bng thp dy
c
= 10mm = 0,01m. Tra bng I.126, trang 128, [9]), ta c
h s dn nhit ca ca l:
c
= 0,5 W/m..
Ta xc nh c:

Do Q
c
= F
c
.q
c
=7,0686.3,147.(65 27) = 845,31W
Nh vy tng cc tn tht nhit ca cc h thng sy qua kt cu bao che l:
Q
MT
= Q
T
+Q
Tr
+Q
n
+Q
c
= 3605,06+495,7+1048+845,31= 5723,9W
= 5994,073,6 kJ/h = 21578,65 kJ/h

MT

V vy tng cc tn tht ca h thng sy l:
= C
a
.t
o
q
vl
q
TBTT
q
MT
Vi C
a
.t
o
thnh phn nhit vt l do TNS a vo, thay vo ta c tng tn tht ca
h thng sy l:
= 4,18.27 60,2 30,43 148,26 = -126,03 kJ/kg_m
Vi t
vl
= t
o
= 27
o
C
4.6 Tnh ton qu trnh sy thc
Ta ln lt xc nh cc thng s ca tc nhn sy cc im nt trong qu trnh
sy thc nh sau:
4.6.1 Thng s ca khng kh sau thit b sy (thng s khng kh thi ra ngoi,
cng nh khng kh hi lu ti bung ha trn) (2t)
cha hi ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy l:
- cha hi sau qu trnh sy thc:

pk

1

2

1


2

1


2


(Cng thc 5.36, trang 65, [8])
Trc ht ta tnh:
i
1
= r + C
pa
.t
1
= 2500 + 1,842.80 = 2647,36 kJ/kg_kkk
i
2
= r + C
pa
.t
2
= 2500 + 1,842.50 = 2592,1 kJ/kg_kkk
Thay vo vi:
t
1
=80
o
C, t
2
=50
o
C, d
o
=0,0185kg_m/kg_kkk, n=1, = -119,34 kJ/kg_m
Ta c:

Entapi ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy l:
I
2t
= 1,004t
2
+ d
2t
(2500 + 1,842t
2
) = 1,004.50 + 0,041(2500 + 1,842.50)
= 156,476 kJ/kg_kkk
Phn p sut bo ha ca hi nc nhit t
2
=50
o
C tra bng 3, trang 192, [1]
ta c: p
bh2
=0,12335 bar
m tng i ca khng kh ra khi thit b sy:

2t.

kq

bh2

2t

So vi iu kin chn
2
= (51,55%) l hon ton tha mn. Nh vy, chn
t
2
=50
o
C l hp l.
Nh vy, khng kh ra khi thit b sy (2t) ta c:
t
2t
=50
o
C,
2
= 50,4%, d
2t
=0,041 kg_m/kg_kkk, I
2t
=156,476 kJ/kg_kkk.
4.6.2 Thng s ca khng kh sau bung trn (Mt)
Khng kh sau bung trn l trng thi im (Mt) c:
cha hi ca khng kh sau bung trn l:

o

2t

Entapi ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:

o

2t

(cng thc 5.32, trang 65, [8])
Nhit ca khng kh sau bung ha trn l:

Mt

Mt.

pk

Mt

pa

(cng thc 5.33, trang 65, [8]).
Phn p sut bo ha ca hi nc nhit t
Mt
=38,7
o
C l p
bhM
=0,0737
bar (tra bng 3, trang 192, [1]).
m tng i ca khng kh sau bung ha trn

Mt.

kq

bhM

Mt

Nh vy khng kh sau bung ha trn (M) c: t
Mt
=38,7
o
C,
Mt
= ,
d
Mt
=kg_m/kg_kkk, I
Mt
115,373 kJ/kg_kkk.
4.6.3 Thng s khng kh sau khi ra khi Calorifer (i vo thit b sy) (1t)
Khng kh sau khi ra khi Calorifer i vo thit b sy l trng thi im (1t) c:
cha hi ca khng kh sau khi ra khi Calorifer l:
d
1t
= d
Mt
= 0,02975 kg_m/kg_kkk
Entapi ca khng kh sau khi ra khi Calorifer l:
I
1t
= 1,004t
1t
+ d
1t
(2500 + 1,842 t
1t
)
= 1,004.80 + 0,02975(2500 + 1,842.80)= 159,08 kJ/kg_kkk
Phn p sut bo ha ca hi nc nhit t
1t
=80
o
C l p
bh1
=0,4736bar (tra
bng 3, trang 192, [1]).
m tng i ca khng kh sau khi ra khi Calorifer l:

1t.

kq

bh1

1t

Nh vy khng sau khi ra khi Calorifer i vo thit b sy (1t) c: t
1t
=80
o
C,
1t
=
, d
1t
=kg_m/kg_kkk, I
1t
159,08kJ/kg_kkk.
4.7 Lu lng khng kh kh thc t cn dng
4.7.1 Lng khng kh kh thc t lu chuyn trong thit b sy

2t

1t

(cng thc 5.17, trang 61, [8]).
Vi nhit trung bnh ca dng kh lu chuyn trong thit b sy l:
t
tb
= 0,5(t
1
+ t
2
) = 0,5(80+ 50)= 65
o
C

tb
= 1,044kg_kkk/m
3
_kkk (tra bng I.225, trang 318, [9]).
Do , lu lng th tch khng kh lu chuyn qua thit b sy l:

tb

Do , tc ca tc nhn sy trong bung sy trong qu trnh sy thc l:

td

Sai khc vi tc gi thit 1,2m/s khng nhiu (khong 1%) nn ta chp nhn
kt qu ny.
4.7.2 Lng khng kh kh ngoi tri thc t cp vo cn thit

2t

1t

Vi nhit ca khng kh ngoi tri l:
t
o
=27
o
C = =1,176 kg_kkk/m
3
_kkk (tra bng I.225, trang 318, [9]).
Do , lu lng th tch khng kh cp vo cn thit l:

4.8 Nhit lng cn cung cp cho tc nhn sy t Calorifer
Nhit lng cn cung cp cho h thng sy (cung cp qua calorifer kh hi) l:

1t

Mt

2t

Mt

Q= W.q= 145,55.3885,07= 565471,45 kJ/h 157kW
Nhit lng c ch q
1
:
q
1
= i
2
C
a
t
v1
= 2592,1 - 4,18.27= 2479,24 kJ/kg_m
Tn tht nhit do tc nhn sy mang i q
2
:

Vi C
dx
(d
0
)= C
pk
+ C
pa
d
0
=1,004 1,842.0,0186= 1,0383 kJ/kg.

Tng nhit lng c ch v cc tn tht q:
q= q
1
+ q
2
+ q
vl
+ q
TBTT
+ q
MT

= 2479,24 + 1043,27 + 18,81 + 30,43+ = 3720,01 kJ/kg_m
C th thy rng nhit lng tiu hao q , tng nhit lng c ch v cc tn tht q phi
bng nhau. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh tnh ton chng ta lm trn hoc sai s trong tnh
ton cc tn tht m chng ta phm phi mt sai s no . Chng ta kim tra sai s
ny. y sai s tuyt i:
q = q q = 3885,07 3720,01 = 165,06
Hay sai s:

Bng 5.1 cn bng nhit ca h thng sy:

S
TT
i lng
K

hiu
Gi tr
[kJ/kg_
m]
%
1 Nhit lng c ch
q
1
2479,24
66,
64
2 Tn tht do tc nhn sy q 1043,27 28,
2
04
3 Tn tht do vt liu sy
q
vl

18,81 0,5
4
Tn tht do thit b truyn
ti
q
TBTT

30,43
0,8
2
5 Tn tht ra mi trng
q
MT

148,26
3,9
8
6 Tng nhit lng tnh ton
q

3720,01 100
7 Tng nhit lng tiu hao q 3885,07 100
8 Sai s tuyt i 4,2

Nhn xt: Qua bng cn bng nhit ta nhn thy tn tht nhit do vt liu sy mang
i ch chim mt phn r nh (khong 0,5%), tn tht ra mi trng v thit b truyn ti
cng chim khng ng k so vi tng tn tht. Tn tht ch ch yu l do vt liu sy
mang i.








CHNG 5. TNH TON CC THIT B PH THIT K CALORIFER -
CHN QUT
5.1. Tnh ton thit k calorifer
Vi nng lng cung cp l hi nc bo ha do ta s thit k mt calorife kiu
kh hi ng cnh. Vi nc bo ha ngng trong ng v TNS l khng kh nng chuyn
ng bn ngoi ca cc chm ng nhn nhit t c nhit yu cu.
5.1.1 Cc thng s c bn yu cu thit k calorifer
Vi yu cu ca HTS cn nng nhit ca tc nhn sy sau im ha trn M t

ln n

, do vy m bo yu cu t ra ta chn nhit ca hi bo ha
l

Do nhit ngng t l:

p sut ngng t l:

Vi cng sut nhit ca calorifer yu cu trong qu trnh tnh ton sy thc trn ta
c

. Coi hiu sut ca calorifer l 90%(10% cn li l tn tht do

bm bi, vt liu ch to lu ngy b n mn ), do vy cng sut nhit m hi nc cn
truyn cho TNS l:

Nhit m ngng t ca hi nc nhit ngng

l r=2257kJ/kg
Lng hi vo calorifer yu cu l:

5.1.2 Tnh ton thit k calorifer:
a) Tnh din tch trao i nhit F ca calorifer:
Chn ng thp dn hi c

ng xp so le vi ng bc ngang.

, bc ng dc l

.
Chn cnh c lm t ng
Cnh c lm bng ng c h s dn nhit

.
Chiu dy cnh ly l

. ng knh cnh l

.c cnh l

Nhit lm vic cho php ti a ca cnh ng 250
o
C (phn 3, trang 36, [3]).
Do cnh c lm t ng nn ng sut cho php ca ng c tnh theo 2 cng
thc sau:
[]

(cng thc 1 4, trang 13, [4]).
[]

(cng thc 1 3, trang 13, [4]).
H s an ton l:

(bng 1-6, trang 15,

[4]).
H s hiu chnh kim tra bn l: []

(cng thc 1 9, trang 17, [4]).

Ly .
Gii hn nng chy l

(bng 2-17, trang 38, [4]).

Vy
[]

[]

H s mi hn ca cnh v ng l:
h
= 0,95 (bng 1-8, trang 19, [4]).
Ta cn xc nh din tch b mt ngoi cc ng c cnh l

Vi

.
Do t s :

V vy ta phi tnh chnh nhit trung bnh logarit nh sau:

.H s trao i nhit vi din tch mt ngoi c cnh

c tnh khi b qua nhit tr

dn nhit ca vch ng (

l:

Trong

l h s lm cnh, vi cnh trn th c xc nh qua biu thc:

l h s trao i nhit i lu ca hi ngng vi b mt trong ca ng c xc
nh qua biu thc sau:

Vi hi nc bo ha ngng nhit

. Ta c nhng thng s vt l
ca nc ngng bo ha nh sau:

r = 225kJ/kg,

:L chnh nhit gia hi ngng vi nhit vch trong ca
ng, do

rt ln nn

rt nh. Ta gi thit

(sau ta phi kim tra li

gi thit ny). C:

:H s ta nhit ca khng kh bn ngoi ng c tnh qua biu thc

. Vi

l h s ta nhit ca khng kh vi cnh, c xc nh qua

biu thc:

- Do ng b tr so le nn h s C ly bng C=0,45.
- Tiu chun Reynoild c xc nh qua:

Tc khng kh ti khe hp ca cnh c xc nh qua biu thc:

]

Tc ca TNS (khng kh) i vo calorifer l

Thay vo ta xc nh c:

]

Vi nhit trung bnh ca khng kh qua calorifer :

Ta tra ra c cc thng s vt l ca khng

kh nh sau:

Do vy:

: L din tch b mt ng trn khng cnh vi chiu di 0,6m:

S cnh trn chiu di 0,6m ng c l:

Din tch phn ng trn khng ph cnh l:

Din tch cnh:

Tng din tch b mt trao i nhit ca ng vi dng khng kh chuyn ng ct
ngang qua l:

.
V vy l h s ta nhit ca khng kh vi cnh

l:

L h s hiu qu lm cnh:

T s:

Hiu sut cnh

c tra trn th theo

v tch s vi:

Tra ra ta c

. Do vy:

Ta kim tra li gi thuyt v

do

phi tha mn

coi

nn ta c:

(sai lch so vi

khng nhiu nn ta chp nhn kt qu ny).

H s trao i nhit vi din tch mt ngoi c cnh

c tnh khi b qua nhit

tr dn nhit ca vch ng (

l:

Khi k ti bm bi bn cnh cng nh ng cn ca hi nc bn trong ng ta
c h s trao i nhit tnh vi h s bm bn l:

Do vy din tch trao i nhit b mt ngoi ca cnh l:

Din tch trao i nhit b mt trong ca cc ng l:

b) Tnh thit k kch thc hnh hc ca Calorifer:
Vi chiu cao ng hay chiu di ng chn trn l H = l = 0,6m ta c tng s
cc ng n l:

Vi s ng l 227 ng c sp xp trong thit b hnh tr trn nn c sp xp
trn v ng hnh ch nht vi chiu di l 16 ng chiu rng l 15 ng
Kch thc hnh hc ca v hnh ch nht
Di =D= 16.49=784 mm
Rng =R= 15.49=735 mm
Thn thit b hnh trn c tm nm trn giao 2 ng cho ca v hnh ch nht nn
tnh c ng knh hnh trn l 1060mm
Tnh chiu di thn thit b:
D
t
= 1060 mm; H
ng
= 600 mm.

ng sut cho php tiu chun ca thp CT3 c:
[]

(Hnh 1-1, trang 15,[4]).
ng sut cho php l: [] []

(cng thc 1 9,
trang 17, [4]).
[]

B dy ti thiu ca thn l:

[]

(cng thc 5-3, trang 96, [4]).
Chn h s b sung quy trn kch thc C
0
= 0,8mm. Tng h s b sung vi
C
c
= 0 l:

(cng thc 1-10, trang 20, [4]).
B dy thc ca thn thit b :

Kim tra iu kin:

(cng thc 5-12, trang 97, [4]).
Kim tra p sut cho php trong thn thit b:
[]
[]

(cng thc 5-11, trang 97, [4]).
Vy b dy thn l 2mm
Do thit b lm vic p sut kh quyn v iu kin lm vic bnh thng nn ta
ly b dy ca thn, np v y l bng nhau v bng 2mm
c) Tnh ton tn tht p sut (tr lc) ca dng khng kh(TNS) chuyn ng ct ngang
qua Calorifer:
Tr lc ca khng kh bao gm tr lc ma st v tr lc cc b c tnh gn ng
theo quan h sau:

Trong :
Z: S hng ng, y Z = 15
Tc ca dng khng kh qua khe hp ca Calorifer, y 7m/s.
Khi lng ring ca khng kh, y

.
H s tr lc, vi chm ng sole c xc nh gn ng qua biu thc sau:

(


)

Thay vo ta c:

5.2. Qut
Qut l b phn vn chuyn khng kh v to p sut cho dng kh i qua cc thit b:
calorifer, my sy, ng ng, cyclon. Nng lng do qut to ra cung cp cho dng kh
mt p sut ng hc di chuyn v mt phn khc phc tr lc trn ng ng vn
chuyn.
Nng sut ca qut c c trng bi th tch kh i vo hay i ra thit b sy.
5.2.1. Tnh tr lc:
5.2.1.1. Tr lc t ming qut n calorifer
Chn ng ni t qut n caloriphe c ng knh l 0,38 m, di 2m.
-Vn tc kh i trong ng l:

Ta c (kg/m
3
) t
M
= 38,7
0
C
F = 1134 , 0
4
38 , 0 14 , 3
4
2 2
=

=
d t
( m
2
)
L = 12937,78 (Kg/h)
Vy

Chun s Reynol l :

(cng thc II.4, trang 359, [9])

= khng kh i trong ng theo ch chy xoy[9].

-Chuyn ng chy xoy chia lm 3 khu vc:
+Vng 1: nhn thu lc hc; khu vc ny nhm khng nh hng n
h s ma st

(cng thc II.60, trang 378, [9])
c =10
4
: nhm tuyt i ca ng (bng II.15, trang 381, [9])
+Khu vc 2: khu vc nhm; khu vc ny h s ma st ph thuc vo
nhm m khng ph thuc vo chun s Reynol:

Vy R
egh
<R
e
<R
en

+Khu vc 3: khu vc nm gia khu vc nhn v khu vc nhm ng vi
Re
gh
< Re < Re
n


4
4
10 . 63 , 2
38 , 0
10

= =
d
c
thuc trong khong 8.10
5
1250.10
5

Vy h s ma st c tnh theo cng thc 11.64, trang 380, [9]:

25 , 0
Re
100
46 , 1 1 , 0 |
.
|

\
|
+ =
d
c


Vy tr lc trn ng t ming qut n caloriphe l :
186 , 36
38 , 0 2
92 , 27 176 , 1 2 015 , 0
2
2 2
1
=

=

= A
d
l
P
e
(N/m
2
)
5.2.1.2. Tr lc do calorifer
- Nhit trung ca khng kh nng trong calorifer l:
t
tb
= C
o
5 , 53
2
27 80
=
+

Ti nhit ny tra bng c: 0285 , 0 = (W/m), 081 , 1 = (kg/m
3
),
6
10 . 307 , 18

= v (m
2
/s) (bng 6, trang 207, [1]).
Vn tc ca khng kh trong calorifer l:
F
L
. . 3600
e =
Vi F = 1,87.1,07 =2 (m
2
)
66 , 1
2 081 , 1 3600
78 , 12937
=

=
kk
e (m/s)
-Chun s Reynol l:
Re =
34456
10 . 307 , 18
38 , 0 . 66 , 1
6
= =

v
e
td kk
d

Re >10
4
vy khng kh chuyn ng theo ch chy xoy
Do ng sp theo kiu bn c. V:

Trong : S
1
- khong cch gia cc trc ng theo phng ct ngang ca dng
chuyn ng (theo chiu rng ca dng), S
1
= 98 mm.
S
2
- khong cch gia cc trc ng dc theo phng chuyn ng ca dng
(theo su ca dng), S
2
= 46 mm.
d- ng knh ng d = 26 mm
Nn: = (5,4 3,4m)Re
-0,28
(cng thc II.71, trang 404, [9])
Vi m l s dy n chm theo phng chuyn ng, m = 38 dy ng
Suy ra = (5,4 + 3,4.38)34456
-0,28
= 7,22
Vy tr lc do caloriphe l:
75 , 10
2
92 , 27
081 , 1 22 , 7
2
2 2
2
= = = A
e
P (N/m
2
)
5.2.1.3. Tr lc do t m vo calorifer
-Din tch ca mt ct ngang ca ng y
F
o
=
2
2
113 , 0
2
38 . 0
m = |
.
|

\
|
t
-Din tch ct ngang ca caloriphe l :
F
t
= 1,07.1,87= 2 m
2

T s 0565 , 0
2
113 , 0
0
= =
t
F
F

Tra [2] (trang 387), ta c 905 , 0 =
Vy tr lc do t m vo caloriphe l:
3 , 381
2
92 , 27
081 , 1 905 , 0
2
2 2
3
= = = A
e
P (N/m
2
)
5.2.1.4. Tr lc do t thu t caloriphe ra ng dn khng kh nng
Khng kh nng c nhit t = 80
0
C c :
6
10 . 09 , 21

= v (m
2
/s), 1 = (kg/m
3
).
Din tch ct ngang ca khng kh nng
F
2
= 113 , 0
4
38 , 0
2
= t (m
2
)
Vn tc ca khng kh nng trong ng
89 , 31
113 , 0 . 1 . 3600
12937,78
. . 3600
2
= = =
F
L
kk

e (m/s)
-Chun s Reynol:
Re = 503063
10 * 09 , 21
38 , 0 92 , 27 .
6
=

=

v
e d
kk

Re>10
4
:Vy khng kh chuyn ng theo ch xoy
T s 0565 , 0
2
113 , 0
2
= =
t
F
F

Tra [9] (trang 388), ta c: 045 , 0 =
Vy tr lc do t thu calorifer l:
88 , 22
2
2
4
= = A
kk
P
e
(N/m
2
)
5.2.1.5. Tr lc ng ng dn khng kh t caloriphe n phng sy
Chn ng ng di 1,5(m)
ng knh ng d = 0,38 (m)
Tnh ton ging ng t ming qut n caloriphe ta c:
R
egh
<R
e
<R
en

Nn kh khu vc qu 016 , 0 =
Vy tr lc trn ng ng dn kh l:
72 , 34
38 , 0 2
89 , 31 081 , 1 5 , 1 016 , 0
. 2
. . .
2 2
5
=

= = A
d
l
P
e

5.2.1.6. Tr lc t m vo phng sy
-Din tch mt ngang ng F
o
= 0,113 m
2

-Din tch ngang ca phng sy F
1
= H.R =1,87 . 1,89 = 3,5343 m
2

032 , 0
F
1
=
o
F
; tra [9] (trang 387) c 94 , 0 =
Vy tr lc t m vo phng sy l:
396
2
92 , 27
081 , 1 94 , 0
2
2 2
6
= = = A
e
P (N/m
2
)
5.2.1.7. Tr lc do t thu ra khi phng sy
Nhit ra khi phng sy l t
2
= 50
0
C c: 093 , 1 = (Kg/m
3
),
6
10 . 95 , 17

= v
(m
2
/s)
Chun s Reynol : Re =
6
10 95 , 17
38 , 0 92 , 27

v
e d
= 591064
Re >10
4
khng kh theo ch chy xoy.
Tra [9] (trang 387), ta c 9 , 0 =
Vy tr lc 383
2
92 , 27
093 , 1 9 , 0
2
2 2
7
= = = A
e
P ( N/m
2
)
5.2.1.8. Tr lc ca phng sy:
Ta c th chn 1000
8
= AP (N/m
2
)
5.2.1.9. Tng tr lc ca c h thng:

8 1
. .......... P P H
p
A + + A =

p
H = 2201,836 (N/m
2
)
5.2.2. Tnh chn qut:
p sut lm vic ton phn: (cng thc II.238a, (trang 463, [9]):
H = H
p

k
t

+
760
760
293
273
0

H
p
: Tr lc tnh ton ca h thng (H
p
= 1541,49 N/m
2
)
t
0
: Nhit lm vic (= 27
0
C)
B = 760 mm Hg: p sut ti ni t qut
:Khi lng ring ca ca kh ktc 181 , 1 = (kg/m
3
)

k
: khi lng ring ca kh k lm vic 200 , 1 =
k
(kg/m
3
)
H = 2381,3 (N/m
2
)
T cc th c tuyn ca qut (trang 485, [9]), ta chn qut II 4.70N
o
16
, c nng
sut khong 7000 m
3
/h; hiu sut khong 0,65.