i chiu nguyn m n trong ting Anh v ting Vit trch on A

I. t vn
Trong thi k hi nhp kinh t ang pht trin mnh m trn khp th gii th ting Anh l ngn ng giao tip ph bin mi lnh vc. Qu trnh giao tip, pht m l mt trong nhng k thut kh nht i hi ngi hc hay ngi s dng ting cn phi am hiu, thng tho trnh s hiu nhm. V vy, i chiu hai ngn ng Anh Vit cho kh nng xc nh khng ch cc d kin v hin tng c cc chc nng tng t trong hai ngn ng c i chiu, m cn v tr ca chng trong cc h thng ngn ng theo chc nng. Chnh s so snh ny gip ngi dy v ngi hc c ci nhn tng qut hai ngn ng v tm ra c nhng nt c trng ring ca tng ngn ng m vn dng trit trnh vp phi nhng li c bn trong khi dng. Do , ti chn ti i chiu nguyn m n trong ting Anh v ting Vit da trn mt trch on A c th hin bng c hai ngn ng ny.

II. C s l lun
Ng m ging vi cc m thanh khc do con ngi pht ra (nh ting ngy, ting ho) ch ng m l mt lung hi c to ra khi i qua mt s c quan cu m (articulators) hoc b my pht m ca con ngi (organs of speech) nhng khc ch cc m thanh ngn ng c tnh cht phn chit (articulated) thnh tng nhng c trng cu m tch bit (discrete) truyn n tai ngi nghe theo tun t thi gian m thanh ny trc m thanh khc, sau nhm gip con ngi nhn din v kt hp thnh cc tp hp c ngha. II.1. Ng m hc Ng m hc m t nhng c im cu m, thnh m, m hc, x hi, a phng ca m thanh ngn ng (ng m) ca con ngi. II.1.1. Ng m hc cu m (Articulatory Phonetics) nghin cu cch thc cu to ng m qua cc c quan cu m (mi, rng, li) ca ngi ni. II.1.2. Ng m hc thnh m (Auditory Phonetics) nghin cu ng m theo quan im ca ngi nghe, tc l quan st ci n tng m mt m ca ngn ng gy ra ngi nghe mt cch gin tip nh tai, thn kinh th gic v b c; nghin cu nhng kh khn trong vic phn din v o c nhng phn ng v tm l hc v thn kinh hc i vi cc m ca ngn ng. II.1.3. Ng m hc m hc (Acoustic Phonetics) nghin cu nhng c im vt l ca ng m khi chng c truyn t ming n tai qua ghi dao ng (oscillography), my quan ph (spectrograph). II.2. m hc (Acoustic aspect) Ng m ging nh m thanh trong th gii t nhin, c cc c trng nh: - Cao : do tn s dao ng ca vt th quyt nh (trong nguyn m, thanh iu, trng m, ng iu). - Cng (hay mnh ca m thanh): do bin dao ng ca vt th quyt nh (trong nguyn m v trng m).
Trang 1

- m sc: l sc thi ca m thanh (m trm m c bn, m cao ha m) mi tng quan gia m c bn v cc ha m v cao v cng to nn m sc khc nhau t cc s khc nhau ca cc hp cng hng (khoan mi, khoang hng, khoang ming) trong nguyn m. - Trng : l di ca m thanh (trong nguyn m v trng m). II.3. C quan cu m Ng m c to ra khi lung hi i qua cc c quan cu m hay cn gi l b my pht m (articulators/ organs of speech). Gm c cc b phn chnh nh sau: - Ci to ra lung hi: phi, hng, thanh qun - Dy thanh (m v thanh, m hu thanh) - Khoang cng hng: + Khoang hng (m hng) + Khoang mi (m mi) + Khoang ming: mi, rng, li, u li, ra li,mt li, ngc cng, ngc mm, li con, gc li (m mi, m rng)

Hnh 1: C quan cu m (the articulators) II.4. C s xc nh nguyn m v mt ng m hc miu t nguyn m cn xc nh hp cng hng ming (khoang ming- H1), tc cng ng thi xc nh hp cng hng yt hu (khoang yt hu H1). y l ngun gc thay i m sc (timbre) ca ting thanh (voice) do dy thanh to nn. S khc nhau gia nguyn m ny vi nguyn m khc l s khc bit v m sc ca cng mt ting thanh. (L Quang Thim/ trang 75- Nghin cu i chiu cc ngn ng ). Mi nguyn m c nhng c im ring v mi tng quang gia m c bn vi cc ha m, tc l m c bn vi m sc. Khi phn tch cc m cn tm cch xc nh hp cng hng (khoang) ming v cng hng (khoang) yt hu. V vy, c s xc nh nguyn m l: (1) V mt m hc: nguyn m ch do dy thanh cu to nn, n c ng cong biu din tun hon.
Trang 2

(2) V mt cu m: lung hi ra t do, c cu m vi s cng thng ton th kh qun pht m, vn cn thit to ra mt m sc nht nh. (3) Bn tiu chun chnh xc nh m sc ca nguyn m l: a> nng ca li tc cng l m ca ming: Li cao hay thp hoc ming m hay khp ta c m thp/m nh [a],[e]; m hp/cao nh [i],[u] b> V tr ca li: li trc hay sau th ta c m trc nh [i],[e];m gia [] nh trong t t ting Vit v bird ting Anh; m sau nh [u],[o] c> Hnh dng ca mi: mi trn hay dt cho ta m trn mi nh [u],[o] hay m khng trn mi nh [a],[i],[e] d> Trng : m di nh [i:] hay m ngn [I] (4) Mt s nguyn m b mi ha III. M t, i chiu v nhn xt nguyn m n trong ting Anh v ting Vit

Hnh 2: Bng h thng nguyn m ting Anh

Trang 3

Ting Vit c 13 nguyn m n v 3 nguyn m i lm m chnh: /i, e, , , , a, , , u, o, , , , ie, , uo/

Hnh 3: Bng h thng nguyn m ting Vit III.1 M t h thng nguyn m n trong ting Anh v ting Vit Quan st hnh 2 v 3 trn, ta thy nguyn m n trong ting Anh v ting Vit c phn loi nh sau: Nguyn m n Ting Anh 1. V tr ca li - 6 nguyn m trc nhng ch c 4 nguyn m ng mt mnh - 2-3 nguyn m gia - 5 nguyn m sau 2. cao/thp ca li v m/ng ca ming - 4 nguyn m ng/cao - 2 nguyn m na ng/cao - 4 nguyn m na m/thp - 4 nguyn m m/thp 3. Hnh dng ca mi - 4 nguyn m trn mi - 3 nguyn m khng trn mi - 6 nguyn m trung ha 4. di ca nguyn m - 5 cp nguyn m di-ngn 5. Bin m B mi ha khi nguyn m ng trc, sau, gia cc ph m mi. V d: /man/ Nguyn m n ting Vit 1. V tr ca li - 4 nguyn m trc - 5 nguyn m gia - 4 nguyn m sau 2. cao/thp ca li v m/ng ca ming - 3 nguyn m ng/cao - 4 nguyn m na ng/cao - 6 nguyn m m/thp 3. Hnh dng ca mi - 4 nguyn m trn mi - 5 nguyn m khng trn mi - 4 nguyn m trung ha 4. di ca nguyn m - 4 cp nguyn m di-ngn 5. Bin m B mi ha khi nguyn m ng trc, sau, gia cc ph m mi.

III.2. i chiu nguyn m n trong ting Anh v ting Vit

Trang 4

Nguyn m n ca ting Anh v ting Vit c nhng im ging nhau nhng chng vn c nhng im khc nhau nh sau: III.2.1. Ging nhau Nguyn m n ting Anh v ting Vit u c m t v phn chia theo 4 tiu ch: 1. V tr ca li (nguyn m trc, gia, sau) 2. cao/thp ca li v m/ng ca ming 3. Hnh dng ca mi (trn mi, khng trn mi, trung ha) 4. di ca nguyn m 5. C bin th a phng 6. C b bin m khi ng vi cc ph m III.2.2. Khc nhau Nguyn m n Ting Anh 1. V tr ca li - 6 nguyn m trc nhng ch c 4 nguyn m ng mt mnh - 2-3 nguyn m gia - 5 nguyn m sau 2. cao/thp ca li v m/ng ca ming - 4 nguyn m ng/cao - 2 nguyn m na ng/cao - 4 nguyn m na m/thp - 4 nguyn m m/thp 3. Hnh dng ca mi - 4 nguyn m trn mi nhng khng c nguyn m /o/ - 3 nguyn m khng trn mi - 6 nguyn m trung ha 4. di ca nguyn m - 5 cp nguyn m di-ngn - C gi tr khu bit ngha v vy khng th ca vng c v ngm th Nguyn m n ting Vit 1. V tr ca li - 4 nguyn m trc - 5 nguyn m gia - 4 nguyn m sau 2. cao/thp ca li v m/ng ca ming - 3 nguyn m ng/cao - 4 nguyn m na ng/cao - 6 nguyn m m/thp

3. Hnh dng ca mi - 4 nguyn m trn mi nhng khng c nguyn m /u/ ngn - 5 nguyn m khng trn mi - 4 nguyn m trung ha 4. di ca nguyn m - 4 cp nguyn m di-ngn - Khng c gi tr khu bit ngha v vy c th ca vng c v ngm th 5. Bin m 5. Bin m C nhng bin th pht m ting Anh ti - C nhng bin th pht m a a phng v ti M, ti c. phng ti min Bc, min Trung v min Nam nh /i/, /a/, /e/. - C nhng kt hp m c tnh khu bit ngha nh /u/, /a/, /o/,

Trang 5

IV. i chiu nguyn m n ting Anh v ting Vit trong trch on A IV.1. Miu t, thng k s lng nguyn m n ting Anh trong trch on A IV.2. Miu t, thng k s lng nguyn m n ting Vit trong trch on A

Ti liu tham kho

1.

2.
3.

L Quang Thim (2004), Nghin cu i chiu cc ngn ng, NXB i hc Quc Gia H Ni. Nguyn Quang Hng (), Roach, Peter (2000), English Phonetics and Phonology: a Practical Course, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521786134

4.

on trch A
Khi c mt cn bo bt thnh lnh thi ngoi khi, mt thiu n ang ta lan can tu mt thng bng v b ht ra khi tu. Tc th c mt ngi phng xung nhng t sng cnh nng v nng ln cho n khi thuyn cp cu ti. Ai cng ngc nhin v ngi anh hng l mt ng gi nht trong chuyn hnh trnh- mt c 80 tui. Chiu ngi ta m tic biu dng s can m ca c. Xin c din vn. Xin c din vn! Cc hnh khch khc la ln. C gi chm ri ng ln nhn quanh m ng ang ho hc. Ch c mt iu ti cn bit, c chua cht ni, Ai y ti? Bi ging ngn ng hc i chiu PGS.TS. Trn Vn Phc

When a sudden storm blew up at the sea, a young woman leaning against the ships rail lost her balance and was thrown overboard. Immediately another figure plunged into the waves beside her and held her up until a life boat rescued them. To everyones astonishment, the hero was the oldest man on the voyage, an octogenerian. That evening he was given a party in honor of his bravery. Speech! Speech! the oldest gentleman rose slowly and looked around at the enthusiastic gathering. There is just one thing Id like to know, he said testily, who pushed me? Bi ging ngn ng hc i chiu PGS.TS. Trn Vn Phc

Trang 6