a

.c
o

Bi Tun Khang

w
.v

ie
t

Hm Bin Phc
Phng Trnh Vt L - Ton

i hc nng 2004

Li ni u

.c
o

Gio trnh ny c bin son nhm trang b cc tri thc ton hc ct yu lm cng
c hc tp v nghin cu cc mn hc chuyn ngnh cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut
thuc i hc nng. Ni dung gio trnh gm c 8 chng vi thi lng 60 tit (4
n v hc trnh) c chia lm hai chuyn nh.

Chuyn Hm bin phc gm 5 chng

Chng 1 Cc khi nim c bn v s phc, dy tr phc, hm tr phc v cc tp
con ca tp s phc.
Chng 2 Cc khi nim c bn v hm tr phc, o hm phc, cc hm gii tch
s cp v php bin hnh bo gic.
Chng 3 Cc khi nim c bn v tch phn phc, nh l tch phn Cauchy v
cc h qu ca n.
Chng 4 Cc khi nim c bn v chui hm phc, khai trin Taylor, khai trin
Laurent, l thuyt thng d v cc ng dng ca n.
Chng 5 Cc khi nim c bn, cc tnh cht, cc phng php tm nh - gc v
cc ng dng ca bin i Fourier v bin i Laplace.

w
.v

ie
t

Chuyn Phng trnh vt l Ton gm c 3 chng

Chng 6 Cc khi nim c bn v l thuyt trng : Trng v hng, trng
vect, thng lng, hon lu v ton t vi phn cp 1.
Chng 7 Cc bi ton c bn ca phng trnh vt l - ton, bi ton Cauchy v
bi ton hn hp ca phng trnh truyn sng.
Chng 8 Bi ton Cauchy v bi ton hn hp ca phng trnh truyn nhit, bi
ton Dirichlet v bi ton Neumann ca phng trnh Laplace.

Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip GVC. Nguyn Trinh, GVC. L Ph

Ngha v GVC. TS. L Hong Tr dnh thi gian c bn tho v cho cc kin ng
gp hon thin gio trnh.
Gio trnh c bin son ln u chc cn c nhiu thiu st. Rt mong nhn c
kin ng gp ca bn c gn xa.
nng 2004
Tc gi

Chng 1

.c
o

1. Trng s phc

S phc

K hiu = 3 3 = { (x, y) : x, y 3 }. Trn tp nh ngha php ton cng v php

ton nhn nh sau
(x, y), (x, y)
(x, y) + (x, y) = (x + x, y + y)
(1.1.1)
(x, y) (x, y) = (xx - yy, xy + xy)

nh l (, +, ) l mt trng s.
Chng minh

V d (2, 1) + (-1, 1) = (1, 2) v (2, 1) (-1, 1) = (-3, 1)

w
.v

ie
t

Kim tra trc tip cc cng thc (1.1.1)

Php ton cng c tnh giao hon, tnh kt hp, c phn t khng l (0, 0)
(x, y) , (x, y) + (0, 0) = (x, y)
Mi phn t c phn t i l -(x, y) = (-x, -y)
(x, y) , (x, y) + (-x, -y) = (0, 0)
Php ton nhn c tnh giao hon, tnh kt hp, c phn t n v l (1, 0)
(x, y) , (x, y) (1, 0) = (x, y)
y
Mi phn t khc khng c phn t nghch o l (x, y)-1 = ( 2 x 2 , 2
)
x + y x + y2
(x, y) - {(0, 0)}, (x, y) (

y
x
, 2
) = (1, 0)
2
x + y x + y2
2

Ngoi ra php nhn l phn phi vi php cng

Trng (, +, ) gi l trng s phc, mi phn t ca gi l mt s phc.

Theo nh ngha trn mi s phc l mt cp hai s thc vi cc php ton thc hin
theo cng thc (1.1.1). Trn trng s phc php tr, php chia v php lu tha nh
ngha nh sau.
(n, z, z) * vi * = - { (0, 0) }
z
z - z = z + (- z),
= z (z)-1 v z0 = 1, z1 = z v zn = zn-1 z
(1.1.2)
z'
Bng cch ng nht s thc x vi s phc (x, 0)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 5

Chng 1. S Phc

.c
o

x (x, 0), 1 (1, 0) v 0 (0, 0)

tp s thc tr thnh tp con ca tp s phc. Php cng v php nhn cc s phc hn
ch ln tp s thc tr thnh php cng v php nhn cc s thc quen thuc.
x + x (x, 0) + (x, 0) = (x + x, 0) x + x, ...
Ngoi ra trong tp s phc cn c cc s khng phi l s thc. K hiu i = (0, 1) gi l
n v o. Ta c
i2 = (0, 1) (0, 1) = (-1, 0) -1

Suy ra phng trnh x2 + 1 = 0 c nghim phc l x = 1 3.

Nh vy trng s thc (3, +, ) l mt trng con thc s ca trng s phc (, +, ).

2. Dng i s ca s phc

ie
t

Vi mi s phc z = (x, y) phn tch

(x, y) = (x, 0) + (0, y) = x(1, 0) + y(0, 1)
ng nht n v thc (1, 0) 1 v n v o (0, 1) i, ta c
z = x + iy
(1.2.1)
Dng vit (1.2.1) gi l dng i s ca s phc. S thc x = Rez gi l phn thc, s
thc y = Imz gi l phn o v s phc z = x - iy gi l lin hp phc ca s phc z.
Kt hp cc cng thc (1.1.1) - (1.2.1) suy ra dng i s ca cc php ton s phc.

(1.2.2)

w
.v

(x + iy) + (x + iy) = (x + x) + i(y + y)

(x + iy) (x + iy) = (xx - yy) + i(xy + xy)
x + iy
xx + yy
x y xy
= 2
+i 2
, ...
2
x + iy
x + y
x + y 2
V d Cho z = 1 + 2i v z = 2 - i

z
1 + 2i
=
=i
z'
2i
z2 = (1 + 2i) (1 + 2i) = -3 + 5i, z3 = z2 z = (-3 + 5i) (1 + 2i) = -13 - i

z z = (2 + 2) + i(-1 + 4) = 4 + 3i,

T nh ngha suy ra

z =z z3
z = - z z i3
z=z
z + z = 2Rez
z - z = 2iImz
z z = Re2z + Im2z
Ngoi ra lin hp phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.

nh l (n, z, z)

Trang 6

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(1.2.3)

Chng 1. S Phc
z + z' = z + z '

2.

zz' = z z'

z n = (z ) n

3.

z 1 = ( z ) 1

z
z
=
z z

1.

Chng minh
2. Ta c

.c
o

1. Suy ra t nh ngha

zz' = (x + iy) (x + iy ) = (xx - yy) - i(xy + xy)

z z' = (x - iy) (x - iy) = (xx - yy) + i(-xy -xy)

Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
zz 1 = z z 1 = 1 z 1 = ( z )-1

Suy ra

z / z = z( z ) 1 = z z 1

x 2 + y 2 gi l module ca s phc z.

Vi mi s phc z = x + iy, s thc | z | =

3. Ta c

ie
t

Nu z = x 3 th | z | = | x |. Nh vy module ca s phc l m rng t nhin ca khi

nim tr tuyt i ca s thc. T nh ngha suy ra
z z = z z = | z |2
| Rez |, | Imz | | z |
| z | = | -z | = | z | = | - z |
z
1
z-1 = 1 2 z
= z(z)-1 =
z z'
(1.2.4)
z'
|z|
| z' | 2
Ngoi ra module ca s phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.

nh l (n, z, z)
|z|0
| z z | = | z || z |

3.

| z-1 | = | z |-1

4.

| z + z | | z | + | z |

Chng minh

w
.v

1.
2.

|z|=0z=0
| zn | = | z |n

|z|
z
=
z
| z |

|| z | - | z|| | z - z |

1. Suy ra t nh ngha

2. Ta c
| zz |2 = zz zz' = (z z )(z z ) = (| z || z| )2
Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
3. Ta c
| z z-1 | = | z || z-1| = 1 | z-1 | = 1 / | z |
Suy ra
| z / z | = | z (z)-1 | = | z | | (z)-1 |
z z + z z = 2Re(z z ) | z z = | z || z|

Suy ra

| z + z 2 = (z + z)( z + z' ) = z 2 + 2Re(z z ) + | z|2 (| z | + | z|)2

4. Ta c

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 7

Chng 1. S Phc

3. Dng lng gic ca s phc

Vi mi s phc z = x + iy * tn ti duy nht s thc (-, ] sao cho

x
y
v sin =
(1.3.1)
|z|
|z|
Tp s thc Argz = + k2, k 9 gi l argument, s thc argz = gi l argument
chnh ca s phc z. Chng ta qui c Arg(0) = 0.
K hiu r = | z | t cng thc (1.3.1) suy ra
x = rcos v y = rsin
Thay vo cng thc (1.2.1) nhn c
z = r(cos + isin)
(1.3.2)
Dng vit (1.3.2) gi l dng lng gic ca s phc.

.c
o

cos =

nh l (n, z, z)

arg(zn) = n argz [2]

arg(z / z) = argz - argz [2]

arg(zz) = argz + argz [2]

arg(z-1) = - argz [2]

ie
t

1.
2.

Chng minh

w
.v

1. Gi s z = r(cos + isin) v z = r(cos + isin)

Suy ra
zz = rr[(coscos - sinsin) + i(sincos + cossin)]
= rr[cos( + ) + isin( + )]
Qui np suy ra h thc th hai.
2. Ta c
arg(zz-1) = arg(z) + arg(z-1) = 0 [2] arg(z-1) = - arg(z) [2]
Suy ra
arg(z / z) = arg(zz-1) = argz + arg(z-1)
V d Cho z = 1 + i v z = 1 +

Trang 8

3i

zz = [ 2 (cos + isin )][2(cos + isin )] = 2 2 (cos 5 + isin 5 )

4
4
6
6
12
12
z100 = ( 2 )100[cos(100 ) + isin(100 )] = -250
4
4

Ta c

(1.3.3)

T nh ngha suy ra
argz = arg(-z) = - , arg z = - v arg(- z ) = -
x > 0, argx = 0
x < 0, argx =
y > 0, arg(iy) = /2
y < 0, arg(iy) = -/2 ...
Ngoi ra argument ca s phc cn c cc tnh cht sau y.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc
Vi mi s thc 3, k hiu
ei = cos + i sin
Theo cc kt qu trn chng ta c nh l sau y.

(1.3.4)

nh l (n, , ) 3 3
ei = 1 = k2
(ei)-1 = e-i

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (1.3.4) v cc kt qu trn

H qu (n, ) 3

e i = e-i
(ei)n = ein

.c
o

ei 0
ei(+) = eiei

1.
2.

(cos + isin)n = cosn + isinn

(1.3.5)
1
1
2.
cos = (ei + e-i)
sin = (ei - e-i)
(1.3.6)
2
2i
Cng thc (1.3.5) gi l cng thc Moivre, cng thc (1.3.6) gi l cng thc Euler.

cos k v S =
k =0

Ta c

C + iS =

ik

k =0

C=

k =0

1
e 1
i

1 cos(n + 1) cos n + cos 1

1 sin(n + 1) sin n sin
v S =
2
cos 1
2
cos 1

ie
t

Suy ra

i ( n +1)

sin k

V d Tnh tng C =

1.

w
.v

S phc w gi l cn bc n ca s phc z v k hiu l w = n z nu z = wn

Nu z = 0 th w = 0
Xt trng hp
z = rei 0 v w = ei
Theo nh ngha
wn = nein = rei
Suy ra
n = r v n = + m2

Hay
= n r v =
+ m 2 vi m 9
n
n
Phn tch m = nq + k vi 0 k < n v q 9. Ta c

+ m 2
+ k 2 [2]
n
n
n
n
T suy ra nh l sau y.

nh l Cn bc n ca s phc khc khng c ng n gi tr khc nhau

wk =

r [cos (

+ k 2 ) + isin( + k 2 )] vi k = 0 ... (n - 1)
n
n
n
n

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(1.3.7)

Trang 9

Chng 1. S Phc
V d

2 (cos + isin ) c cc cn bc 3 sau y

4
4
w0 = 6 2 (cos + isin ), w1 = 6 2 (cos 9 + isin 9 ), w2 = 6 2 (cos 17 + isin 17 )
12
12
12
12
12
12
2
2. Gii phng trnh x - x +1 = 0

2
n

, k = 0...(n - 1) l cc cn bc n ca n v.

k = n-k

2.

n 1

k = (1)k

3.

k =0

2
3

=0

= 1 . Suy ra 2 = j2 = j v 1 + j + j2 = 0

V d Vi n = 3, k hiu j = e

1.

ik

H qu K hiu k = e

1 i 3
2

.c
o

Ta c = -3 < 0 phng trnh c nghim phc x1,2 =

1. S phc z = 1 + i =

4. Cc ng dng hnh hc phng

ie
t

K hiu V l mt phng vect vi c s trc chun dng (i, j). Anh x

: V, z = x + iy v = xi + yj

(1.4.1)

w
.v

l mt song nh gi l biu din vect ca s phc. Vect v gi l nh ca s phc z,

cn s phc z gi l to v phc ca vect v v k hiu l v(z).
K hiu P l mt phng im vi h to trc giao (Oxy). Anh x
: P, z = x + iy M(x, y)

(1.4.2)

l mt song nh gi l biu din hnh hc ca s phc. im M gi l nh ca s phc z

cn s phc z gi l to v phc ca im M v k hiu l M(z).
Nh hnh bn, M(z) vi z = x + iy, M1(- z ), M2(-z) v M3( z ).
M
M1
Nu z = x 3 th im M(z) (Ox), cn nu z = iy th im
M(z) (Oy). Do vy mt phng (Oxy) cn gi l mt phng
0
phc, trc (Ox) l trc thc v trc (Oy) l trc o. Sau ny
M2
M3
chng ta s ng nht mi s phc vi mt vect hay mt im
trong mt phng v ngc li.

nh l Cho cc vect u(a), v(b) V, s thc 3 v im M(z) P

1.
|u|=|a|
(i, u) = arg(a)
(a + b) = u + v
2.

| OM | = | z |

Trang 10

(i, OM ) = arg(z)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc
Chng minh
Suy ra t cc cng thc (1.4.1) v (1.4.2)

2.

AB (b - a), AB = | b - a |, (i, AB ) = arg(b - a)

dc
( AB , CD ) = (i, CD ) - (i, AB ) = arg
ba

Chng minh
Suy ra t nh l

.c
o

1.

H qu 1 Trong mt phng cho cc im A(a), B(b), C(c) v D(d)

1
1
1
V d Cho z - {-1, 0, 1} v A(1), B(-1), M(z), N( ) v P( (z + )). Chng minh
z
2
z

rng ng thng (MN) l phn gic ca gc ( PA , PB ).

1
1
(z 1) 2
Ta c (i, AP ) = arg( (z + ) - 1) = arg
2
z
2z

P
B

A
N

(z 1) 2 (z + 1) 2
1
= 2arg(z - ) = 2(i, MN )
2z
2z
z

(i, AP ) + (i, BP ) = arg

1
1
(z + 1) 2
(i, BP ) = arg( (z + ) + 1) = arg
2
z
2z
Suy ra

ie
t

H qu 2 Vi cc k hiu nh trn
1. Hai ng thng (AB) // (CD)

w
.v

2. Hai ng thng (AB) (CD)

3. Ba im A, B, C thng hng

Chng minh

dc
dc
= 0 []
3
ba
ba

dc
dc
arg
=
[]
i3
ba
2
ba
ca
ca
arg
= 0 []
3
ba
ba
arg

Suy ra t cc h thc h qu 1

V d Trong mt phng tm im A(z) sao cho ba im A(z), B(iz) v C(i) thng hng
K hiu z = x + iy, ta c
iz i
A, B, C thng hng
= k 3 -y + i(x - 1) = (kx) + ik(y - 1)
zi
1 k
k ( k 1)
y = kx
x= 2
,y= 2
vi k 3
x

1
=
k
(
y

1
)

k +1
k +1

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 11

Chng 1. S Phc
nh x : P P, M N gi l mt php bin hnh
Php bin hnh M N = M + v gi l php tnh tin theo vect v

Php bin hnh M N = A + k AM (k > 0) gi l php vi t tm A, h s k

Php bin hnh M N sao cho ( AM , AN ) = gi l php quay tm A, gc

.c
o

Tch ca php tnh tin, php vi t v php quay gi l php ng dng.

nh l Cho php bin hnh : M N

z = z + b vi b
z = a + k(z - a) vi k 3+, a
z = a + ei(z - a) vi 3, a
z = az + b vi a, b

1. Php bin hnh l php tnh tin

2. Php bin hnh l php vi t
3. Php bin hnh l php quay
4. Php bin hnh l php ng dng

Suy ra t nh ngha cc php bin hnh v to vi phc.

Chng minh

V d Cho A(a), B(b) v C(c). Tm iu kin cn v ABC l tam gic u

A
+ 3

w
.v

ie
t

ABC l tam gic u thun (a - b) = e 3 (c - b)

(a - b) = - j2(c - b) a + jb + j2c = 0
Tng t, ACB l tam gic u nghch
B
(a - b) = - j(c - b) a + jc + j2b = 0
Suy ra ABC l tam gic u
(a + jb + j2c)(a + jc + j2b) = 0 a2 + b2 + c2 = ab + bc + ca

5. Dy tr phc

nh x

: , n zn = xn + iyn

(1.5.1)

gi l dy s phc v k hiu l (zn)n.

Dy s thc (xn)n gi l phn thc, dy s thc (yn)n l phn o, dy s thc dng
(| zn |)n l module, dy s phc ( z n )n l lin hp phc ca dy s phc.
Dy s phc (zn)n gi l dn n gii hn a v k hiu l lim zn = a nu
n +

> 0, N : n > N | zn - a | <

Dy s phc (zn)n gi l dn ra v hn v k hiu l lim zn = nu
n +

Trang 12

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc

nh l Cho dy s phc (zn = xn + iyn)n v a = + i

lim zn = a lim xn = v lim yn =

n +

n +

n +

Chng minh

(1.5.2)

.c
o

Gi s

M > 0, N : n > N | zn | > M

Dy c gii hn module hu hn gi l dy hi t. Dy khng hi t gi l dy phn k.

lim zn = a > 0, N : n > N | zn - a | <

n +

n > N | xn - | < v | yn - | <

lim xn = v lim yn =

n +

n +

Suy ra

n +

Ngc li
lim xn = v lim yn =
n +

Suy ra

> 0, N : n > N | xn - | < /2 v | yn - | < /2

n > N | zn - a | <
lim zn = a

H qu

n +

lim zn = a lim z n = a lim | zn | = | a |

1.

n +

n +

n +

lim (zn + zn) = lim zn + lim zn

n +

n +

n +

ie
t

2.

lim (zn zn) = lim zn lim zn v lim (zn / zn) = lim zn / lim zn

n +

n +

n +

n +

n +

n +

3. Cc tnh cht khc tng t gii hn dy s thc

w
.v

Cho dy s phc (zn = xn + iyn)n . Tng v hn

+

z
n =0

= z0 + z1 + .... + zn + ...

(1.5.3)

gi l chui s phc.
+

x n gi l phn thc, chui s thc

Chui s thc

n =0

dng

| z
n =0

| l module, chui s phc

z
n =0

y
n =0

l phn o, chui s thc

l lin hp phc ca chui s phc.

K hiu Sn =

z
k =0

gi l tng ring th n ca chui s phc. Nu dy tng ring Sn dn

n gii hn S c module hu hn th chui s phc gi l hi t n tng S v k hiu l

+

z
n =0

= S. Chui khng hi t gi l chui phn k.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 13

Chng 1. S Phc
+

V d Xt chui s phc

= 1 + z + ... + zn + ... ( | z | < 1)

n =0

z n +1 1
1

+
z 1
1 z

Sn = 1 + z + ... + zn =

Ta c

.c
o

Vy chui cho hi t.

T nh ngha chui s phc v cc tnh cht ca dy s phc, ca chui s thc suy ra

cc kt qu sau y.

n =0

z
n =0

=S

x
n =0

= x n + iy n ) v S = + i

= v

y
n =0

(z

nh l Cho chui s phc

Chng minh

H qu

| zn | = | S |
n =0

zn = S
n =0

z
n =0

Chui s phc

ie
t

2. Cc tnh cht khc tng t chui s thc

= S

1.

z n gi l hi t tuyt i nu chui module

n =0

Suy ra t cc nh ngha v cng thc (1.5.2)

(1.5.4)

| z
n =0

| hi t. R rng

w
.v

chui hi t tuyt i l chui hi t. Tuy nhin iu ngc li ni chung l khng

ng. Ngoi ra, c th chng minh rng ch khi chui s phc hi t tuyt i th tng
v hn (1.5.3) mi c cc tnh cht giao hon, kt hp, ... tng t nh tng hu hn.

6. Hm tr phc

Cho khong I 3, nh x

f : I , t f(t) = u(t) + iv(t)

(1.6.1)

gi l hm tr phc.
Hm u(t) = Ref(t) gi l phn thc, hm v(t) = Imf(t) l phn o, hm | f(t) | l module,
hm f ( t ) l lin hp phc ca hm tr phc.
Trn tp f(I, ) cc hm tr phc xc nh trn khong I, chng ta nh ngha cc php

Trang 14

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc

ton i s tng t nh trn tp f(I, 3) cc hm tr thc xc nh trn khongI.

Hm tr phc f(t) gi l b chn nu hm module | f(t) | b chn.
Cho hm f : I v I . Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi t dn n v k
hiu l lim f(t) = l nu
> 0, > 0 : t I, 0 < | t - | < | f(t) - L | <
Hm f gi l dn ra v hn khi t dn n v k hiu l lim f(t) = nu

.c
o

M > 0, > 0 : t I, 0 < | t - | < | f(t) | > M

Cc trng hp khc nh ngha tng t.

lim f(t) = L

lim u(t) = l v lim v(t) = k

t

(1.6.2)

nh l Cho hm f : I , t f(t) = u(t) + iv(t), I v L = l + ik

Chng minh

Lp lun tng t nh chng minh cng thc (1.5.2)

H qu
1.

lim f(t) = L lim f (t ) = L lim | f(t) | = | L |

2.

lim [f(t) + g(t)] = lim f(t) + lim g(t)

lim [f(t)g(t)] = lim f(t) lim g(t), lim [f(t) / g(t)] = lim f(t) / lim g(t)
t

ie
t

3. Cc tnh cht khc tng t gii hn hm tr thc

w
.v

T cc kt qu trn thy rng, cc tnh cht ca hm tr thc c m rng t nhin

thng qua phn thc, phn o cho hm tr phc.
Hm f(t) = u(t) + iv(t) gi l kh tch (lin tc, c o hm, thuc lp Ck, ...) nu cc
hm u(t) v v(t) l kh tch (lin tc, c o hm, thuc lp Ck, ... ) v ta c

f (t )dt = u(t )dt

I
(k)

(k)

+ i v (t )dt
I

(k)

f (t) = u (t) + iv (t) , ...

(1.6.3)

Hm f(t) gi l kh tch tuyt i nu hm module | f(t) | kh tch. Trn tp s phc

khng nh ngha quan h th t v do vy cc tnh cht lin quan n th t ca f(t)
c chuyn qua cho module | f(t) |.
V d Cho hm tr phc f(t) = cost + isint c phn thc x(t) = cost phn o y(t) = sint l
hm thuc lp C suy ra hm f(t) thuc lp C
f(t) = - sint + icost, f(t) = - cost - isint, ...

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 15

Chng 1. S Phc
/2

(cos t + i sin t)dt

/2

/2

cos tdt + i sin tdt

=1+i

nh x
: [, ] , t (t)

(1.6.4)

.c
o

gi l mt tham s cung. Tp im = ([, ]) gi l qu o ca tham s cung hay

cn gi l mt ng cong phng. Phng trnh
(t) = x(t) + iy(t), t [, ]
gi l phng trnh tham s ca ng cong phng .
Tham s cung gi l kn nu im u v im cui trng nhau. Tc l () = ()
Tham s cung gi l n nu nh x : (, ) l mt n nh.
Tham s cung gi l lin tc (trn tng khc, thuc lp Ck, ...) nu hm (t) l lin tc
(c o hm lin tc tng khc, thuc lp Ck, ...) trn [, ]. Sau ny chng ta ch xt
cc tham s cung t lin tc tr ln.

nh x
: [, ] [1, 1], t s = (t)

(1.6.5)

w
.v

ie
t

c o hm lin tc v khc khng gi l mt php i tham s. Nu vi mi t (, )

o hm (t) > 0 th php i tham s gi l bo ton hng, tri li gi l i hng.
Hai tham s cung : [, ] v 1 : [1, 1] gi l tng ng nu c php i
tham s : [, ] [1, 1] sao cho
t [, ], (t) = 1o(t)
Nu bo ton hng th v 1 gi l cng hng, tri li gi l ngc hng.
C th thy rng qua h cng hng l mt quan h tng ng theo ngha tng qut.
N phn chia tp cc tham s cung c cng qu o thnh hai lp tng ng. Mt
lp cng hng vi cn lp kia ngc hng vi . ng cong phng = ([, ])
cng vi lp cc tham s cung cng hng gi l mt ng cong nh hng. Cng cn
lu rng cng mt tp im c th l qu o ca nhiu ng cong nh hng khc
nhau. Sau ny khi ni n ng cong chng ta hiu l ng cong nh hng.

V d Tham s cung x(t) = Rcost, y(t) = Rsint, t [0, 2] l n, trn, kn v c qu o

l ng trn tm ti gc to , bn knh R v nh hng ngc chiu kim ng h.

ng cong gi l n (kn, lin tc, trn tng khc, lp Ck, ... ) nu tham s cung
l n (kn, lin tc, trn tng khc, lp Ck, ...). ng cong gi l o c nu tham
s cung c o hm kh tch tuyt i trn [, ]. Khi k hiu

Trang 16

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc

s() =

x 2 (t ) + y 2 (t )dt

(1.6.6)

.c
o

7. Tp con ca tp s phc

v gi l di ca ng cong . C th chng minh rng ng cong n, trn tng

khc l o c.

b
D

Cho a v > 0. Hnh trn B(a, ) = {z : | z - a | < } gi

l - ln cn ca im a. Cho tp D , im a gi l im trong
ca tp D nu > 0 sao cho B(a, ) D. im b gi l im bin
ca tp D nu > 0, B(b, ) D v B(b, ) ( - D) .
K hiu D0 l tp hp cc im trong, D l tp hp cc im bin

v D = D D l bao ng ca tp D. R rng ta c
D0 D D

(1.7.1)

Tp D gi l tp m nu D = D0, tp D gi l tp ng nu D = D . Tp A D gi l m
(ng) trong tp D nu tp A D l tp m (ng).

V d Hnh trn m B(a, ) = { z : | z - a | < } l tp m.

ie
t

Hnh trn ng B (a, ) = { z : | z - a | } l tp ng

Tp D = { z = x + iy : x > 0, y 0 } l tp khng ng v cng khng m.

nh l Tp m, tp ng c cc tnh cht sau y.

Chng minh

w
.v

1. Tp v l tp m
2. Tp D l tp m khi v ch khi a D, B(a, ) D
3. Nu cc tp D v E l tp m th cc tp D E v D E cng l tp m
4. Tp D l tp m khi v ch khi tp - D l tp ng
5. Tp D l tp ng khi v ch khi (zn)n D v lim zn = a th a D
n +

1. - 3. Suy ra t nh ngha tp m
4. Theo nh ngha im bin
D = ( - D)
Theo nh ngha tp m, tp ng
tp D m D D D - D tp - D ng
5. Gi s tp D l tp ng v dy s phc zn hi t trong D n im a. Khi
> 0, zn B(a, ) B(a, ) D a D = D
Ngc li, vi mi a D theo nh ngha im bin
= 1/n, zn B(a, ) D zn a
Theo gi thit a D suy ra D D.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 17

Chng 1. S Phc

.c
o

Tp D gi l gii ni nu R > 0 sao cho D B(O, R). Tp ng v gii ni gi l tp

compact. Cho cc tp D, E , k hiu
d(D, E) = Inf{ | a - b | : (a, b) D E }
(1.7.2)
gi l khong cch gia hai tp D v E.
nh l Cho cc tp D, E
1. Tp D l tp compact khi v ch khi (zn)n D, dy con z(n) a D
2. Nu tp D l tp compact v tp E D l ng trong D th tp E l tp compact
3. Nu cc tp D, E l tp compact v D E = th d(D, E) > 0
4. Nu tp D l tp compact v n , Dn D ng, Dn+1 Dn th

Dn = a D

n =0

Chng minh

1. Gi s tp D l tp compact. Do tp D b chn nn dy (zn)n l dy c module b

chn. Suy ra dy s thc (xn)n v (yn)n l dy b chn. Theo tnh cht ca dy s thc
x(n) v y(n) suy ra z(n) a = + i. Do tp D l tp ng nn a D.
Ngc li, do mi dy zn a D nn tp D l tp ng. Nu D khng b chn th c
dy zn khng c dy con hi t. V vy tp D l tp ng v b chn.
2. - 4. Bn c t chng minh

w
.v

ie
t

Cho a, b , tp [a, b] = {(1 - t)a + tb : t [0, 1]} l on thng ni hai im a v b.

Hp ca cc on thng [a0, a1], [a1, a2], ..., [an-1, an] gi l ng gp khc qua n +1 nh
v k hiu l < a0, a1, ..., an >.
Tp D gi l tp li nu (a, b) D2, [a, b] D. Tp D gi l tp lin thng ng nu
(a, b) D2, c ng cong ni im a vi im b v nm gn trong tp D. Tt nhin
tp li l tp lin thng ng nhng ngc li khng ng.
Tp D gi l tp lin thng nu phn tch D = A B vi A B = v cc tp A, B va
m v va ng trong D th hoc A = D hoc B = D. Tp D m (hoc ng) v lin
thng gi l mt min.

nh l Trong tp s phc cc tnh cht sau y l tng ng.

Chng minh

1. Tp D l lin thng
2. (a, b) D2, c ng gp khc < a0 = a, a1, ..., an = b > D
3. Tp D l lin thng ng

1. 2. a D, t A = {z D : ng gp khc <a, ..., z > D}. Tp A va l tp

m va l tp ng trong tp D v A nn A = D
2. 3. Theo nh ngha lin thng ng
3. 1. Gi s ngc li tp D khng lin thng. Khi D = A B vi A B = v
cc tp A, B va m va ng trong D. Chn (a, b) A B, theo gi thit c ng

Trang 18

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 1. S Phc

cong (a, b) nm gn trong D.

Chia i ng cong (a, b) bng im c. Nu c A xt ng cong (a1 = c, b1 = b), cn
nu c B xt ng cong (a1 = a, b1 = c). Tip tc chia i ng cong chng ta nhn
c dy tht li an , bn c A B. Tri vi gi thit A B = .

.c
o

Cho tp D bt k. Hai im a, b D gi l lin thng, k hiu l a ~ b nu c

ng cong ni a vi b v nm gn trong D. C th chng minh rng quan h lin thng
l mt quan h tng ng theo ngha tng qut. Do n chia tp D thnh hp cc
lp tng ng khng rng v ri nhau. Mi lp tng ng
[a] = { b D : b ~ a }
(1.7.3)
gi l mt thnh phn lin thng cha im a. Tp D l tp lin thng khi v ch khi n
c ng mt thnh phn lin thng.
Min D gi l n lin nu bin D gm mt thnh phn lin thng, trng hp tri li
gi l min a lin.
Bin D gi l nh hng dng nu khi i theo hng th
min D nm pha bn tri. Sau nay chng ta ch xt min n
hoc a lin c bin gm hu hn ng cong n, trn tng
khc v nh hng dng. Nh vy nu min D l min n
D
+
lin th hoc l D = hoc l D l ng cong kn nh
hng ngc chiu kim ng h.

w
.v

ie
t

Trong gio trnh ny chng ta thng xt mt s min n lin v a lin c bin nh

hng dng nh sau.

0 < arg z <

Im z > 0

a < Re z < b

a < Im z < b

|z|<R

Re z > 0

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

|z|>R

r<|z|<R

- [-1, 1]

Trang 19

Chng 1. S Phc

1. Vit dng i s ca cc s phc

2
a. (2 - i)(1 + 2i)
b.
4 3i

c.

4 + 5i
3 4i

b. ( 3 + i)10

z+i
z +i z +i
+1=0

+
+
zi
zi zi
(z + i)n = (z - i)n

5. Tnh cc tng sau y

h
t
d.

1+ i

b.
d.

z4 - (5 - 14i)z2 - 2(12 + 5i) = 0

z + z + j(z + 1) + 2 = 0

f.

|z|=

h.

1 + 2z + 2z2 + ... + 2zn-1 + zn = 0

1
=|1-z|
z

w
.v

g.

ie
t

4. Gii cc phng trnh

a.
z2 - (2 + 3i)z - 1 + 3i = 0
c.
(3z2 + z + 1)2 + (z2 + 2z + 2)2 = 0
e.

c.

3. Vit dng lng gic ca cc s phc

d. (1 + 2i)3

2. Cho cc s phc a, b . Chng minh rng

z + abz (a + b)
i3
a. | a | = | b | = 1 z ,
ab
a+b
b. | a | = | b | = 1 v 1 + ab 0
3
1 + ab

a. -1 + i 3

.c
o

Bi tp chng 1

a.

A = C 0n + C 3n + C 6n + ... , B = C 1n + C 4n + C 7n + ..., C = C 2n + C 5n + C 8n + ...

b.

C=

cos(a + kb) v S =

6. K hiu = e

2
n

sin(a + kb)
k =0

k =0

l cn bc n th k ca n v
n 1

a. Tnh cc tng

b. Chng minh rng

n 1

(k + 1) k

k =0

z ,

n 1

(z

k =0

n 1

) =

k =1

z
l =0

7. Trong mt phng phc cho tm im M(z) sao cho

Trang 20

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

k
n

k
n 1

Suy ra

sin
k =1

n
k
= n 1
n
2

Chng 1. S Phc
a. Cc im c to v l z, z2 v z3 lp nn tam gic c trc tm l gc O
b. Cc im c to v z, z2 v z3 thng hng
c. Cc im c to v z, z2 v z3 lp thnh tam gic vung

1 + un
1 un

u0 , n , un+1 =

.c
o

8. Kho st s hi t ca dy s phc

9. (n , zn) * v | argzn | . Chng minh rng chui

| z
n 0

| hi t

10. Cho tam gic ABC. K hiu M0 = A, M1 = B, M2 = C v n , Mn+3 l trng tm

ca tam gic MnMn+1Mn+2. Chng t rng dy im (Mn)n l dy hi t v tm gii
hn ca n?

11. Cho hm f : I sao cho f(t) 0. Chng minh rng hm | f | l n iu tng khi
v ch khi Re(f/ f) 0.

12. Cho f : 3+ lin tc v b chn. Tnh gii hn

f (t )
dt ( 1)

x t

x +0

a. lim x 1

ie
t

13. Kho st cc ng cong phng

a. z(t) = acost + ibsint
c. z(t) = (t - sint) + i(1 - cost)

b. lim

x +

f (t / x )

1+ t

dt

b. z(t) = acht + ibsht

ln t
d. z(t) = tlnt + i
t

w
.v

14. Biu din trn mt phng cc tp con ca tp s phc

a. | z - 3 + 4i | = 2
b. | z - 1 | + | z + 1 | = 3

c. arg(z - i) =
d. - < argz <
v | z | > 2
4
3
4
e. 0 < Imz < 1 v | z | < 2
f. | z - 1 | + | z + 1 | > 3
g. | z | < 2 v Rez > -1
h. | z - i | > 1 v | z | < 2

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 21

Chng 2

1. Hm bin phc

.c
o

Hm bin phc

(2.1.1)

min D v k hiu l w = f(z) vi z D.

Thay z = x + iy vo biu thc f(z) v thc hin cc php ton
f(x + iy) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) vi (x, y) D 32

Cho min D . nh x f : D , z w = f(z) gi l hm bin phc xc nh trn

Hm u(x, y) gi l phn thc, hm v(x, y) gi l phn o, hm | f(z) | =

u 2 + v 2 gi l

module, hm f (z) = u(x, y) - iv(x, y) gi l lin hp phc ca hm phc f(z).

ie
t

Ngc li, vi x = 1 (z + z ) v y = 1 (z - z ), ta c
2
2
u(x, y) + iv(x, y) = f(z, z ) vi z, z D
(2.1.2)
Nh vy hm phc mt mt xem nh l hm mt bin phc, mt khc c xem nh
hm hai bin thc. iu ny lm cho hm phc va c cc tnh cht ging v va c cc
tnh cht khc vi hm hai bin thc. Sau ny tu theo tng trng hp c th, chng ta
c th cho hm phc dng (2.1.1) hoc dng (2.1.2)
V d Xt w = z2 . Thay z = x + iy suy ra w = (x + iy)2 = (x2 - y2) + i(2xy) = u + iv

w
.v

biu din hnh hc hm phc, ta dng cp mt phng (z) = (Oxy) v (w) = (Ouv).

z0

z(t)

(z)

w0
w(t)

(w)

Qua nh x f
im
z0 = x0 + iy0
bin thnh im
w0 = u0 + iv0
ng cong
z(t) = x(t) + iy(t) bin thnh ng cong w(t) = u(t) + iv(t)
Min
D
bin thnh min
G
Chnh v vy mi hm phc xem nh l mt php bin hnh t mt phng (Oxy) vo mt
phng (Ouv). Nu nh x f l n nh th hm w = f(z) gi l n dip, tri li gi l a
dip. Hm a dip bin mt mt phng (z) thnh nhiu mt phng (w) trng ln nhau.
Nu nh x f l n tr th hm w = f(z) gi l hm n tr, tri li gi l a tr. Hm a

Trang 22

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
tr bin mt mt phng (z) thnh nhiu tp con ri nhau ca mt phng (w). Trong gio
trnh ny chng ta ch xt cc hm phc n tr xc nh trn min n dip ca n.

Trn tp F(D, ) cc hm phc xc nh trn min D, nh ngha cc php ton i s

tng t nh trn tp F(I, ) cc hm tr phc xc nh trn khong I.
Hm
h : D , z w = g[f(z)]
gi l hm hp ca hm f v hm g, k hiu l h = gof.
Hm

(2.1.3)

(2.1.4)

g : G , w z = g(w) sao cho f(z) = w

Cho hm f : D , z w = f(z) v G = f(D).

.c
o

Cho cc hm f : D , z = f(z) v g : G , w = g() sao cho f(D) G.

gi l hm ngc ca hm f, k hiu l g = f-1.

Hm ngc ca hm bin phc c th l hm a tr. Cc tnh cht php ton ca hm
phc tng t nh cc tnh cht ca hm thc.
w l hm a tr.

ie
t

V d Hm w = z2 l hm a dip trn v c hm ngc z =

2. Gii hn v lin tc

Cho hm f : D , a D v L . Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi z dn n a

v k hiu l lim f(z) = L nu

w
.v

z a

> 0, > 0 : z D, | z - a | < | f(z) - L | <

Hm f gi l dn n gii hn L khi z dn ra v hn v k hiu l lim f(z) = L nu
z

> 0, N > 0 : z D, | z | > N | f(z) - L | <

Hm f gi l dn ra v hn khi z dn n a v k hiu l lim f(z) = nu

z a

M > 0, > 0 : z D, | z - a | < | f(z) | > M

nh l Cho f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y), a = + i v L = l + ik

lim f(z) = L lim u(x, y) = l v lim v(x, y) = k
z a

( x , y ) ( , )

( x , y ) ( , )

(2.2.1)

Chng minh
Gi s
lim f(z) = L > 0, > 0 : z D, | z - a | < | f(z) - L | <
z a

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 23

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

( x , y ) ( , )

Ngc li
lim

( x , y ) ( , )

( x , y ) ( , )

u(x, y) = l v

lim

( x , y ) ( , )

lim

Suy ra

(x, y) D, | x - | < /2 v | y - | < /2

| u(x, y) - l | < v | v(x, y) - k | <
u(x, y) = l v lim v(x, y) = k

v(x, y) = k

.c
o

> 0, > 0 : (x, y) D, | x - | < v | y - | <

| u(x, y) - l | < /2 v | v(x, y) - k | < /2
z D, | z - a | < | f(z) - L | <
Suy ra lim f(z) = L

z a

1.

lim f(z) = L lim f (z ) = L lim | f(z) | = | L |

2.

lim [f(z) + g(z)] = lim f(z) + lim g(z)

z a

za

z a

z a

z a

z a

H qu

lim [f(z)g(z)] = lim f(z) lim g(z), lim [f(z)/ g(z)] = lim f(z)/ lim g(z)
z a

z a

z a

z a

z a

z a

3. Cc tnh cht khc tng t gii hn hm bin thc

Hm f gi l lin tc ti im a D nu lim f(z) = f(a). Hm f gi l lin tc trn min

z a

w
.v

ie
t

D nu n lin tc ti mi im z D.
Hm f gi l lin tc u trn min D nu
> 0, > 0 : z, z D, | z - z | < | f(z) - f(z)| <
R rng hm f lin tc u trn min D th n lin tc trn min D. Tuy nhin iu
ngc li ni chung l khng ng.

nh l Cho hm f lin tc trn min D compact.

Chng minh

1. Hm | f(z) | b chn trn min D v z1 , z2 D sao cho

z D, | f(z1) | | f(z) | | f(z2) |
2. Tp f(D) l min compact
3. Hm f lin tc u trn min D
4. Cc tnh cht khc tng t hm bin thc lin tc
u 2 (x, y) + v 2 (x, y) lin tc trn min compact nn b chn

1. Do hm tr thc | f(z) | =

v t tr ln nht, tr b nht trn min .

2. Theo chng minh trn tp f(D) l tp gii ni.
Xt dy wn = f(zn)
w0. Do min D compact nn c dy con z(n)
z0 D.
+
+
Do hm f lin tc nn f(z(n))
w0 = f(z0) f(D). Suy ra tp f(D) l tp ng.
+

Trang 24

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

Xt cp hai im w1 = f(z1), w2 = f(z2) f(D) tu . Do tp D lin thng nn c tham s

cung (t) ni z1 vi z2 v nm gn trong D. Khi tham s cung fo(t) ni w1 vi w2 v
nm gn trong f(D). Suy ra tp f(D) l tp lin thng ng.
3. Gi s ngc li, hm f khng lin tc u trn tp D. Khi
> 0, = 1/ n, zn , zn D : | zn - zn | < 1/ n v | f(zn) - f(zn) |
Do min D compact nn c cc dy con z(n)
a v z(n)
b.
+
+

.c
o

Theo gi thit trn

N1 > 0 : n > N1, | a - b | < | a - z(n) | + | z(n) - z(n) | + | z(n) - b | < 1/ n
Suy ra a = b. Do hm f lin tc nn
N2 : n > N2, | f(z(n)) - f(z(n)) | <
Tri vi gi thit phn chng.

3. o hm phc

Cho hm f : D , z f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y). Hm f gi l R - kh vi nu phn

1 f
f
1 f
f
f
f
(
- i )dz + (
+ i )d z =
dz +
dz
2 x
2 x
z
z
y
y

(2.3.1)

(2.3.2)

w
.v

ie
t

thc u = Ref v phn o v = Imf l cc hm kh vi. Khi i lng

df = du + idv
gi l vi phn ca hm phc f.
K hiu dz = dx + idy v d z = dx - idy. Bin i
u
v
u
v
f
f
df = (
+i
)dx + (
+ i )dy =
dx + i dy
x
x
x
y
y
y

Hm f gi l C - kh vi nu n l R - kh vi v c cc o hm ring tho mn iu kin

Cauchy - Riemann sau y
f
u
v
u
v
=0
=
v
=(C - R)
z
x
y
y
x

V d Cho w = z = x - iy
Ta c u = x v v = -y l cc hm kh vi nn hm w l R - kh vi
Tuy nhin u x = 1 v y = -1 nn hm w khng phi l C - kh vi
Cho hm f : D , a D v k hiu z = z - a, f = f(z) - f(a). Gii hn
f
= f(a)
(2.3.3)
lim
z 0 z
gi l o hm ca hm f ti im a.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 25

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

nh l Hm phc f c o hm khi v ch khi n l C - kh vi.

H qu Nu hm f l C - kh vi th

u
v
u
u
v
u
v
v
+i
=
-i
=
-i
=
+i
x
x
x
x
y
y
y
y

(2.3.5)

f(z) =

.c
o

Gi s hm f l R - kh vi v z = | z |ei , z = | z |e-i. Theo cng thc (2.3.2)

f
f
f =
z +
z + o(z)
z
z
Chia hai v cho z
f
f
f -2i
=
+
e + (z) vi (z) 0
(2.3.4)
z
z
z
Suy ra iu kin cn v gii hn (2.3.3) tn ti khng ph thuc vo z l
f
=0
z
Tc l hm f l C - kh vi. T suy ra nh l sau y.

Chng minh

ie
t

Gi s hm f l C - kh vi. Chuyn qua gii hn cng thc (2.3.4)

f
f(z) =
z
Kt hp vi cng thc (2.3.2) v iu kin (C - R) nhn c cng thc trn.

w
.v

Nhn xt
1. Nu cc hm u v v thuc lp C1 th hm f l R - kh vi v nu cc o hm ring tho
mn thm iu kin Cauchy - Riemann th n l C - kh vi. Tuy nhin iu ngc li ni
chung l khng ng.
2. T cng thc (2.3.5) suy ra cc qui tc tnh o hm phc tng t nh cc qui tc
tnh o hm thc.

V d Cho w = z2 = (x2 - y2) + i(2xy)

Ta c u = x2 - y2 v v = 2xy l cc hm kh vi v tho mn iu kin (C - R)
u x = 2x = v y v u y = - 2y = - v x

Suy ra hm w l C - kh vi v theo cng thc (2.3.5)

w = u x + i v x = 2x + i2y = 2z

Trang 26

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

4. Hm gii tch

nh l Hm phc gii tch c cc tnh cht sau y.

.c
o

Cho hm f : D v a D0. Hm f gi l gii tch (chnh hnh) ti im a nu c s

dng R sao cho hm f c o hm trong hnh trn B(a, R). Hm f gi l gii tch trong
min m D nu n gii tch ti mi im trong min D. Trng hp D khng phi min
m, hm f gi l gii tch trong min D nu n gii tch trong min m G v D G. K
hiu H(D, ) l tp cc hm gii tch trn min D.

1. Cho cc hm f, g H(D, ) v . Khi f + g, fg, f / g (g 0) H(D, )

[f(z) + g(z)] = f(z) + g(z)
[f(z)g(z)] = f(z)g(z) + f(z)g(z)

f (z)g(z) f (z)g (z )
f (z )
(2.4.1)
g( z ) =
g 2 (z)

2. Cho f H(D, ), g H(G, ) v f(D) G. Khi hm hp gof H(D, )

(gof)(z) = g()f(z) vi = f(z)
(2.4.2)
3. Cho f H(D, ) v f(z) 0. Khi hm ngc g H(G, ) vi G = f(D)
1
vi w = f(z)
(2.4.3)
g(w) =
f (z )

Chng minh

w
.v

ie
t

1. - 2. Lp lun tng t nh chng minh tnh cht ca o hm thc

3. Gi s f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y).
T gi thit suy ra cc hm u, v l kh vi v tho mn iu kin (C - R). Kt hp vi
cng thc (2.3.5) ta c
u x u y
J(x, y) =
= (ux )2 + (vx )2 = | f(z) |2 0
v x v y

Suy ra nh x f : (x, y) (u, v) l mt vi phi (song nh v kh vi a phng). Do

n c nh x ngc g : (u, v) (x, y) cng l mt vi phi. T suy ra
g
f
w = f 0 z = g 0 v lim
= lim ( )-1 = (f(z))-1


w 0 w
z 0 z

Gi s hm w = f(z) gii tch ti im a v c o hm f(a) 0.

Gi L : z = z(t) l ng cong trn i qua im a v : w = f[z(t)] = w(t) l nh ca n
qua nh x f. Khi dz(t) l vi phn cung trn ng cong L v dw(t) l vi phn cung
trn ng cong . Theo cng thc o hm hm hp trong ln cn im a, ta c
dw = f(a)z(t)dt = f(a)dz
Suy ra
| dw | = | f(a) || dz | v arg(dw) = arg(dz) + argf(a) [2]
(2.4.4)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 27

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

z(t)

w(t)

dz

dw
argdw

.c
o

argdz

(z)

Nh vy | f(a) | l h s co v argf(a) l gc quay ca ng cong L bt k trong ln

cn im a. Suy ra trong ln cn ca im a php bin hnh w = f(z) l php ng dng.

(w)

a
b
Php bin hnh bo ton gc gia hai ng cong gi l php bin hnh bo gic. Theo
kt qu trn th hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng l mt php bin hnh bo gic.
Ngc li gi s nh x f l R - kh vi v bo gic ti im a. Qua nh x f c s chnh

f f
tc ( ,
) bin thnh cp vect tip xc ( ,
).
x y
x y

Do tnh bo gic
f f

( ,
) = ( ,
)=
x y
x y
2

Suy ra

i
f
f
u
v
u
v
f
=
+i
=e2
= i(
+i
)
=0
x
x
x
z
y
y
y

ie
t

iu ny c ngha l hm R - kh vi v bin hnh bo gic l hm C - kh vi. Chng ta

s quay li vn bin hnh bo gic cui chng ny.

w
.v

5. Hm lu tha

Hm lu tha phc

Hm lu tha phc
w = zn , z
l hm gii tch trn ton tp s phc, c o hm
w(z) = nzn-1
v c cc tnh cht tng t hm lu tha thc.

(2.5.1)
(2.5.2)

Hm lu tha phc l hm a dip

zn = z 1n | z | = | z1 | v argz = argz1 [ 2 ]
n
Suy ra min n dip l hnh qut < argz < + 2 .
n

Trang 28

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.5.3)

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
K hiu z = rei suy ra w = rnein.
argz= 2n

argw=2
argz=0

Qua nh x lu tha phc

Tia
argz =

bin thnh tia

argw = n

bin thnh gc

0 < argw < 2

bin thnh

n - mt phng (w)

Hm cn phc

0 < argz < 2

n
Mt mt phng (z)

Gc

.c
o

argz=0

Hm cn phc

(2.5.4)
w = n z z = wn
l hm ngc ca hm lu tha phc. Do hm lu tha phc l n - dip nn hm cn
phc l hm n - tr. K hiu z = rei v w = ei , ta c

= n r , = + k 2 vi k = 0...(n-1)
(2.5.5)
n
n

ie
t

1
w1

z0

w0

w
.v

w2

Khi z chy trn ng cong L kn, khng bao gc to th w chy ng thi trn cc
ng cong k kn, khng bao gc to . Khi z chy trn ng cong L kn, bao gc
to th w chy ng thi trn cc cung wkwk+1 t im wk n im wk+1. Khi z chy
ht mt vng bao gc to th w nhy t nhnh n tr ny sang nhnh khc. Do vy
im gc gi l im r nhnh ca hm cn phc v tch cc nhnh n tr ngi ta
thng ct mt phng phc bng mt tia t 0 ra .

Min n tr ca hm cn phc l D = - (-, 0]. Vi k = 0, hm

i

w = n re n
l hm n dip, gii tch trn min D, c o hm
1
1
w(z) = 1 z n
n
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm cn thc.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.5.6)
(2.5.7)

Trang 29

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

6. Hm m
Hm m phc

.c
o

Hm m phc
w = ez = ex(cosy + isiny), z
(2.6.1)
x
x
c phn thc u = e cosy v phn o v = e siny tho iu kin (C - R) nn gii tch trn
ton tp s phc, c o hm
w(z) = ez
(2.6.2)
Hm m phc tun hon chu k T = 2i
ez+i2 = ez
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t nh hm m thc.

Imz=2

bin thnh tia

bin thnh gc
bin thnh

argw=0
argw=2

argw =
0 < argw < 2
- mt phng (w)

w
.v

Qua nh x m phc
ng thng
y=
Bng ngang
0 < Imz < 2
Mt mt phng (z)

ie
t

Imz=0

Hm logarit phc

(2.6.3)

e z = e z1 Rez = Rez1 v Imz = Imz1 [2]

Suy ra min n dip l bng ng < Imz < + 2.
K hiu z = x + iy suy ra | w | = ex v Argw = y + k2.

Hm m phc l hm a dip

Hm logarit phc
w = Ln z z = ew
(2.6.4)
l hm ngc ca hm m phc. Do hm m phc l hm a dip nn hm logarit phc
l hm a tr.
Gi s w = u + iv, ta c
eu = | z | v v = argz + k2 vi k 9
Suy ra
w = ln| z | + i(argz + k2) vi k 9
(2.6.5)
Lp lun tng t nh hm cn phc, im gc l im r nhnh ca hm logarit v
tch nhnh n tr cn phi ct mt phng phc bng mt tia t 0 ra .
Min n tr ca hm logarit phc l D = - (-, 0]. Vi k = 0, hm

Trang 30

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
w = ln| z | + iargz
l hm n tr, gii tch trn min D, c o hm
w(z) = 1
z
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm logarit thc.
ln i

ii = ei

(2.6.7)

.c
o

V d Ln(-1) = ln| -1 | + iarg(-1) = i,

(2.6.6)

= e2

7. Hm lng gic
Hm lng gic phc

K hiu

ie
t

cosz = 1 (e iz + e iz )
sinz = 1 (e iz e iz ) tgz = sin z
(2.7.1)
2
2i
cos z
Cc hm bin phc w = cosz, w = sinz v w = tgz gi l cc hm lng gic phc.
Hm lng gic phc n tr, tun hon, gii tch, c o hm
(cosz) = - sinz
(sinz) = cosz, ...
(2.7.2)
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm lng gic thc.
Ch Vi z = x 3, cosz =

K hiu

w
.v

Hm hyperbole phc

1 ix
1
(e + e-ix) cosx. Tuy nhin cos(i) = (e-1 + e) > 1
2
2

chz = 1 (e z + e z )
shz = 1 (e z e z )
thz = shz
(2.7.3)
2
2
chz
Cc hm bin phc w = chz, w = shz v w = thz gi l cc hm hyperbole phc.
Hm hyperbole phc n tr, tun hon, gii tch, c o hm
(chz) = shz
(shz) = chz, ...
(2.7.4)
v c cc tnh cht khc tng t hm hyperbole thc.

Ngoi ra, ta c cc lin h gia hm lng gic v hm hyperbole

chiz = cosz
cosiz = chz
shiz = isinz
siniz = ishz

(2.7.5)

V d Tm nh ca min - < Rez < qua nh x w = sinz

2
2
Ta c
w = sin(x + iy) = sinxcosiy + cosxsiniy = sinxchy + icosxshy

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 31

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

u = sinxchy v v = cosxshy

/2

-1

.c
o

/2
Qua nh x w = sin z

ng thng

- < Rez <

2
2

u = chy, v = 0

bin thnh hyperbole

u = sinchy, v = cosshy

bin thnh min

(w) - (-, -1] [1, +)

Min

bin thnh tia

x=
2
x=

ng thng

Suy ra

Lp lun tng t tm nh cc hm lng gic, hm hyperbole khc.

8. Bin hnh bo gic

ie
t

nh x f : D gi l bin hnh bo gic ti im a nu n bo ton gc nh hng

gia cc ng cong i qua im a. Anh x f gi l php bin hnh bo gic trn min D
nu n l n dip v bo gic ti mi im thuc D.

w
.v

a
b
Theo cc kt qu trn hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng ti im a l mt song
nh, R - kh vi v bo gic trong ln cn im a, gi l mt vi phi bo gic. Ngc li
mt vi phi bo gic ti im a l hm gii tch v c o hm khc khng ti im a.

Bi ton Tm php bin hnh bo gic f bin min n lin D thnh min n lin G.

gii bi ton trn ngi ta thng s dng cc kt qu di y, gi l cc nguyn

l bin hnh bo gic. Vic chng minh cc nguyn l bin hnh bo gic l rt phc tp
v phi s dng nhiu kt qu khc. y chng ta ch trnh by s lc cc tng
ca cc php chng minh. Bn c quan tm n cc php chng minh chi tit c th
tm xem phn ti liu tham kho.

Nguyn l tn ti Cho D v G l cc min n lin gii ni. Khi tn ti v s hm

Trang 32

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D thnh min G. Php bin hnh c xc
nh duy nht nu c thm mt trong hai iu kin sau y.
1. Cho bit w0 = f(z0) v w1 = f(z1) vi z0 D0 v z1 D
2. Cho bit w0 = f(z0) v arg f(z0) = vi z0 D0

Chng minh

.c
o

K hiu
U = { z : | z | < 1}, S = { g H(D, ) : z D, | g(z) | < 1} v a D
Ta cng nhn
fa S sao cho | fa(a) | = Max | g(a) |
gS

Khi hm gii tch fa l php bin hnh bo gic bin min D thnh min U.
C th tm c v s hm gii tch f : D U nh vy. Tuy nhin ta c lin h
za
f = fa o h vi h : U U, h(z) = ei
, h(a) = 0
1 az
T suy ra nu c thm cc iu kin b sung th c th xc nh duy nht hm f.
Gi s f : D U v g : G U l cc php bin hnh bo gic. Khi g-1of : D G l
php bin hnh bo gic bin min D thnh min G.

Nguyn l bo ton min Cho D l min n lin gii ni, hm f : D lin tc trn
D , gii tch trong D v khng phi l hm hng. Khi G = f(D) cng l min n lin.
Chng minh

ie
t

Do hm f lin tc nn bo ton ng cong suy ra bo ton tnh lin thng

Vi mi b = f(a) G, do min D m v f const nn c hnh trn B(a, R) D sao cho
vi mi z B(a, R), f(z) b.
K hiu
= Min | f(z) - b | vi = B

w
.v

NB[f(z) - b] l s khng im ca hm f(z) - b trong hnh trn B(a, R)

Vi w B(b, ) tu , ta c
f(z) - w = f(z) - b + b - w v | f(z) - b | > > | b - w| vi z B(a, R)
Theo nh l Rouch (8, chng 4)
NB[f(z) - w] = NB[f(z) - b] = 1
Do z B(a, R) sao cho w = f(z) G.
V im w tu nn B(b, ) G v suy ra tp G l tp m

Nguyn l tng ng bin Cho D, G l cc min n lin gii ni, hm f : D lin

tc trn D , gii tch trong D v bin hnh bo gic D+ thnh G+. Khi hm f bin
hnh bo gic min D thnh min G.

Chng minh
Vi mi b G, k hiu [f(z) - b] l s gia argument ca hm f(z) - b khi z chy trn

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 33

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

ng cong . Theo nguyn l argument (8, chng 4)

1
1
ND[f(z) - b] =
D[f(z) - b] =
G(w - b) = 1
2
2
Do a D sao cho b = f(a).

.c
o

Lp lun tng t vi b G
1
1
ND[f(z) - b] =
D[f(z) - b] =
G(w - b) = 0
2
2
Suy ra hm f bin hnh bo gic min D thnh min G.

Nguyn l i xng Cho cc min n lin gii ni D1 i xng vi D2 qua on thng

hoc cung trn L D1 D2 v hm f1 : D1 lin tc trn D 1 , gii tch trong D1,

bin hnh bo gic min D1 thnh min G1 sao cho cung L+ thnh cung + G1. Khi
c hm gii tch f : D1 D2 bin hnh bo gic min D1 D2 thnh min G1 G2
vi G2 l min i xng vi G1 qua cung .

Chng minh

Xt trng hp L v l cc on thng nm trn trc thc. Khi hm

f2 : D2 , z f2(z) = f1 ( z ) v f2(z) = f1(z), z L

w
.v

ie
t

l hm gii tch bin hnh bo gic min D2 thnh min G2. Hm f xc nh nh sau
f : D1 D2 , f(z) = f1(z), z D1 L v f(z) = f2(z), z D2
l hm gii tch bin hnh bo gic min D1 D2 thnh min G1 G2.
Trng hp tng qut, chng ta dng hm gii tch bin cc cung L v thnh cc


on thng nm trn trc thc.

9. Hm tuyn tnh v hm nghch o

Hm tuyn tnh

(2.9.1)

Hm tuyn tnh
w = az + b (a 0)
l hm gii tch, c o hm
w(z) = a 0
v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) ln mt phng (w).
K hiu = | a | v = arg(a). Phn tch
w = ei z + b
Suy ra php bin hnh tuyn tnh l tch ca cc php bin hnh sau y.

Trang 34

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.9.2)

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
z = eiz

2. Php vi t tm O h s

3. Php tnh tin vect b

w=+b

1. Php quay tm O gc

Vy php bin hnh tuyn tnh l php ng dng.

.c
o

Hm nghch o
Hm nghch o

(2.9.3)

w = 1 , z *
z
l hm gii tch, c o hm
1
w(z) = 2 0 vi z 0
z
v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {0} ln mt phng (w).

K hiu z = rei , ta c
1
1
=
v argw = - argz = -
(2.9.4)
|w|=
r
|z|
Suy ra php bin hnh nghch o l tch ca cc php bin hnh sau y.

w=

ie
t

2. Php i xng qua trc honh

1. Php i xng qua ng trn n v z = 1 e i

Vy php nghch o bo ton tnh i xng qua ng trn n v v qua trc honh.

w
.v

Phng trnh ng trn suy rng trong mt phng (z) c dng

A(x2 + y2) + Bx + Cy + D = 0
(2.9.5)
K hiu z = x + iy v w = u + iv. Suy ra
x + iy = 1
x = 2 u 2 v y = 2 v 2
u + iv
u +v
u +v
Thay vo phng trnh ng trn (2.9.5) nhn c
D(u2 + v2) + Bu - Cv + A = 0
Qua php bin hnh nghch o
1. ng thng
i qua gc
A=D=0
bin thnh ng thng qua gc
khng qua gc A = 0 v D 0 bin thnh ng trn qua gc
2. ng trn
i qua gc
A 0 v D = 0 bin thnh ng thng khng qua gc
khng qua gc A 0 v D 0 bin thnh ng trn khng qua gc
Vy php bin hnh nghch o bin ng trn suy rng thnh ng trn suy rng.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 35

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

10. Hm phn tuyn tnh v hm Jucop

Hm phn tuyn tnh

Hm phn tuyn tnh

w = az + b (c 0, ad - bc 0)
cz + d
l hm gii tch, c o hm
w(z) = ad bc2 0 vi z - d
c
(cz d )

.c
o

(2.10.1)

v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {- d } ln mt phng (w).

c
Phn tch

z = cz + d

2. Php nghch o

= 1

1. Php ng dng

(2.10.2)
w = bc ad 1 + a
c cz + d c
Suy ra php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh l tch ca cc php bin hnh sau y.

w = a1 + b1 vi a1 = bc ad v b1 = a
c
c
Vy php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh bo ton ng trn suy rng v tnh i xng qua
ng trn suy rng.
Bin i
a z + b1
a
b
d
vi a1 = , b1 =
w= 1
v d1 =
z + d1
c
c
c

w
.v

ie
t

3. Php ng dng

Hm Jucop
Hm Jucop

1
w = 1 (z + ), z *
z
2
l hm gii tch, c o hm
w(z) = 1 (1 - 12 ) 0 vi z 0, 1
2

Trang 36

(2.10.3)

Suy ra nu bit c nh ca ba im khc nhau

w1 = w(z1), w2 = w(z2), w3 = w(z3),
th c th xc nh c php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh.
w w1 w 2 w1
z z1 z 2 z1
=
w w3 w2 w3
z z3 z2 z3

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(2.10.4)

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc
v do bin hnh bo gic mt phng (z) - {0, 1} ln mt phng (w).
Hm Jucop l hm a dip
1
(z + 1 ) = 1 (z 1 + 1 ) (z - z1)(1 - zz1) = 0
2
z
2
z1

(2.10.5)

.c
o

Suy ra min n dip l bn trong hoc bn ngoi ng trn n v.

K hiu z = rei, ta c
1
1
1
1
w = (r + )cos + i (r - )sin
r
r
2
2

-1

-1

(z)

(2.10.6)

(w)

w
.v

ie
t

Qua php bin hnh Jucop

ng trn | z | = 1
bin thnh on thng u = cos, v = 0
1
1
1
1
|z|=r
bin thnh ellipse
u = (r + )cos, v = (r - )sin
r
r
2
2
Min
|z|>1
bin thnh
(w) - [-1, 1]
|z|<1
(w) - [-1, 1] ngc hng

11. Cc v d bin hnh bo gic

V d 1 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic na mt phng D = { Imz > 0 }

thnh phn trong hnh trn n v G = { | w | < 1 } sao cho f(a) = 0.

a
a

Do D v G u l ng trn nn chng ta chn php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh

az + b
w=
cz + d

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 37

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

z = x | w | = | k | x a = 1 v do x a = 1 nn | k | = 1
xa
xa

.c
o

K hiu k = ei vi 3 suy ra
za
w = ei
za
xc nh gc cn bit thm nh ca mt im th hai.

Do hm phn tuyn tnh bo ton tnh i xng qua bin v f(a) = 0 suy ra f( a ) =
za
w=k
vi k
za
Do tnh tng ng bin : z D w = f(z) G suy ra

(2.11.1)

V d 2 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { | z | < 1 } thnh min
G = { | w | < 1 } sao cho f(a) = 0.

1/ a
a
0

ie
t

Do D v G u l ng trn nn chng ta chn php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh

w = az + b
cz + d
Do hm phn tuyn tnh bo ton tnh i xng qua bin v f(a) = 0 suy ra f(1/ a ) =
za
w= k
= k z a vi k
az 1
z 1/ a

w
.v

Do tnh tng ng bin : z D w = f(z) G suy ra

| z | = 1 | w | = | k | z a = 1 v do z a = 1 vi | z | = 1 nn | k | = 1
az 1
az 1

(2.11.2)

K hiu k = ei vi 3 suy ra
za
w = ei
az 1
xc nh gc cn bit thm nh ca mt im th hai.

V d 3 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { 0 < argz < } thnh
3
i

min G = {| w | < 1} sao cho f( e 6 ) = 0 v f(0) = i.

Trc ht bin gc nhn thnh na mt phng trn bng php lu tha. Sau dng
php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh (2.11.1) bin na mt phng trn thnh phn trong ca
hnh trn n v.

Trang 38

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

i
6

i
0

0
= z3

w= k

(0) = 0, ( e ) = i

i
, w(0) = - k = i
+i

.c
o

i 6

3
Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = i z 3 i
z +i

= -i
(-1) = i, (i) = 1

-1

V d 4 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = { | z | < 1 v Imz > 0 }
thnh min G = { Imw > 0 }.
Trc ht bin na hnh trn thnh gc vung bng cch bin im -1 thnh v
im 1 thnh im 0 bng php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh. Sau quay v bin gc
vung thnh na mt phng trn.

-1

ie
t

= z 1
z +1
(0) = -1, (i) = i

Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = 2 = z 1

z +1

w
.v

V d 5 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = {| z | < 1, | z - i | > 1 }

2
2
thnh min G = { -1 < Rew < 1 }.

-i

= 1 , (i) =
zi
(0) = i, (-i) = i/2

i
i/2

-1

3
i) = 4 - 3i
4
(i) = i, (i/2) = -i

= 4( -

Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = i = 4i + 3

zi

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 39

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

Trc ht bin hai ng trn lng nhau hai ng thng song song bng cch bin
im i thnh im . Sau dng php tnh tin v php vi t iu chnh bng ngang
thnh bng ngang i xng v c rng thch hp. Cui cng dng php quay nhn
c bng ng.

-1

5/3

-1

= 3 ( 1 )
4
3

1
1
(z + )
2
z
(1) = 1, (1/3) = 5/3
=

1/3

.c
o

V d 6 Tm hm gii tch w = f(z) bin hnh bo gic min D = {| z | < 1} - [1/3, 1]

thnh min G = {| w | < 1}.
Trc ht bin hnh trn vi lt ct [1/3, 1] thnh mt phng vi lt ct [-1, 5/3] bng
php bin hnh Jucop. Sau thu gn lt ct thnh on [-1, 1] bng php tnh tin v
php vi t. Cui cng dng php bin hnh Jucop ngc.

= 1 (w + 1 )
2
w
(-1) = -1, (5/3) = 1

ie
t

Ly tch cc php bin hnh w = + 2 1 = 3 (z + 1 ) 1 + [ 3 (z + 1 ) 1 ]2 1

8
2 4
8
2 4

w
.v

Bi tp chng 2

1. Xc nh phn thc, phn o, module v argument ca cc hm sau y.

z+i
1
b. w = 3 z
c. w =
d. w = z a. w = z3
z 1
z

b. w = x2 + y2 + iy

a. w = x2 - 1

2. Biu din qua z v z cc hm sau y.

c. w =

2xy
x + y2
2

3. Kho st tnh lin tc, lin tc u ca cc hm sau y.

Re z
z +1
a. w =
b. w = lnx + iy
c. w =
z
z 1

Trang 40

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

8. w = x3 + iy3

d. w =

z
|z|

Chng 2. Hm BinPhc

d. w = z z

4. Kho st iu kin (C - R) v tnh gii tch ca cc hm sau y.

1
a. w = z3
b. w = zRez
c. w = 2
z +1

b. Chng t rng hm f(z) =

.c
o

5. iu kin Cauchy - Riemann

a. Tm a, b, c 3 hm f(z) = x + ay + i(bx + cy) gii tch trn

| xy | tho iu kin (C - R) nhng khng kh vi ti z = 0

c. Cho f(z) = u(r, ) + iv(r, ) vi z = rei. Vit dng lng gic ca iu kin (C - R)
w
v
u
th
=
d. Cho w = u(x, y) + i v(x, y). Chng minh rng nu lim Re
z 0
x
z
x

6. Tm gc quay v h s co ca php bin hnh w = f(z) ti im z D.

1
a. w = z2 vi z = 1 + i , z = -3 + 4i
b. w = 2
vi z = 1 - i, z = 1 + i
z +1

f. i

e. tg(2 - i)

1
i

7. Vit dng i s ca cc s phc sau y.

a. e1 + i
b. Ln(1 + i)

ie
t

8. Chng minh cc cng thc sau y.

a. cos(z + z) = coszcosz - sinzsinz
2tgz
c. tg(2z) =
1 + tg 2 z

c. cos(2 + i)

d. sin(2i)

g. (1 - i)3 - 3i

h. (1)

b. sin2z = 2sinzcosz
d. ch(2z) = ch2z - sh2z

w
.v

9. Tm nh ca min D qua php bin hnh w = f(z)

a. w = z2 v D = {-/2 < Imz < /2}
b. w = 2 + ez v D = {- < Rez < }
c. w = cosz v D = {-/2 < Imz < /2}
d. w = shz v D = {-/2 < Rez < /2}

10. Cho php bin hnh w = (1 + i)z - 1

a. Tm nh ca on thng ni hai im z1 = i v z2 = -i
b. Tm nh ca ng trn | z - (1 + i) | = 2
c. Tm nh ca tam gic c nh z0 = 0, z1 = 1 + i v z2 = 1 - i
1
z
d. (x - 1)2 + y2 = 1

11. Tm nh ca cc ng cong sau y qua cc php bin hnh w =

a. x2 + y2 = 4

b. x = 1

c. y = x

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 41

Chng 2. Hm Bin Phc

.c
o

12. Tm php bin hnh phn tuyn tnh

a. Bin tam gic c cc nh 0, 1, i thnh tam gic ng dng c cc nh 0, 2, 1+ i
b. Bin cc im -1, +, i tng ng thnh cc im i, 1, 1 + i
c. Bin im i thnh -i v c im bt ng l 1 + 2i
d. Bin hnh trn | z | < 1 thnh na mt phng Rew > 0 sao cho w(0) = 1, w(1) = /2
e. Bin hnh trn | z | < 1 thnh hnh trn | w - 1 | < 1 sao cho w(0) = 1/2, w(1) = 0

w
.v

ie
t

13. Tm php bin hnh bin cc min sau y thnh na mt phng trn Imw > 0
a. Imz > 0, | z | < 2
b. Imz > 0, | z | < 2
d. | z | < 2, 0 < argz < /3
e. | z | > 2, 0 < argz < /4
f. | z | < 1, | z - i | <1
g. | z | > 1, | z - i | < 1
h. | z | > 2, | z - 3 | > 1
i. 1 < Rez < 2
j. Rez > 0, 0 < Imz < 2
k. | z | < 1, 0 < argz < 2
l. Mi trong bn min gii hn bi cc ng trn | z | = 1 v | z + 1 | = 1
m. (z) - [-1, 1]
n. (z) - (-, 1] [1, +)
o. (z) - [1 + i, 2 + 2i]
p. (z) - { y = x, x 0 }
q. {| z | > 1} - [i, +i)
r. {| z | < 1} - [1/2, 1]

Trang 42

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3

.c
o

1. Tch phn phc

Cho min D , hm phc
f : D , z f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y)

v tham s cung trn tng khc

: [, ] D, t (t) = x(t) + iy(t)

Tch phn

f (z)dz = f[(t )] (t )dt

Tch Phn Phc

(3.1.1)

1 : [1, 1] D, s 1(s)

Gi s

gi l tch phn ca hm phc f(z) dc theo tham s cung .

l tham s cung cng hng vi . Tc l c php i tham s bo ton hng
Khi ta c

ie
t

: [, ] [1, 1] vi (t) > 0 v 1(s) = o(t)

f [(t )] (t )dt =

f[

(s)] 1 (s)ds

w
.v

Suy ra tch phn ca hm phc khng ph thuc vo lp cc tham s cung cng hng.
K hiu = ([, ]) l ng cong nh hng. Tch phn

f (z)dz = f (z)dz

(3.1.2)

gi l tch phn ca hm phc f(z) trn ng cong . Nu tch phn (3.1.1) tn ti hu

hn th hm f gi l kh tch trn ng cong .

nh l Hm phc f lin tc trn ng cong trn tng khc th kh tch.

Chng minh

Gi s f : D lin tc v = ([, ]) vi : [, ] D l tham s cung trn tng

khc. Khi hm fo(t)(t) lin tc tng khc nn kh tch trn on [, ].


tnh tch phn phc, thay
(t) = x(t) + iy(t) v fo(t) = u[x(t), y(t)] + iv[x(t), y(t)] = u(t) + iv(t)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 43

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

vo cng thc (3.1.1) ri tch phn thc, phn o suy ra cng thc sau y.

f (z)dz = [u(t )x (t) v(t )y(t)]dt + i [u(t )y(t ) + v(t )x (t )]dt

(3.1.3)

V d
1. Tnh tch phn I = z Re zdz vi l on thng [1, 2i]

.c
o

2i

Tham s ho on thng [1, 2i]

x = t, y = -2t + 2 vi t [1, 0]
Suy ra
(t) = 1 - 2i, fo (t) = t2 + i(-2t2 + 2t)
1

2. Tnh tch phn I =

i (1 n ) t

t
n =1
n 1

ie
t

dt = 2 i
0

ab

I = iR

Tham s ho ng trn = (ab)

(t) = Reit, t [0, 2]
Suy ra
(t) = iReit, fo(t) = R-ne-int
2

-3+ i
3

dz vi l ng trn | z | = R nh hng dng

n

1 n

I = [t 2 + i(-2t 2 + 2 t )](1 - 2i )dt = (3t 2 4 t )dt + i (4 t 2 2 t )dt =

w
.v

2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn phc

Trong mc ny n gin chng ta xem cc hm f, g, ... l lin tc trn min D, cn
= ([, ]) vi : [, ] D l ng cong nh hng, trn tng khc v nm gn
trong min D. Tch phn ca hm phc c cc tnh cht sau y.

1. Tuyn tnh Nu cc hm f v g kh tch trn ng cong th vi mi s phc hm

f + g kh tch trn ng cong .

Chng minh

[f (z) + g(z)]dz = f (z)dz + g(z)dz

T gi thit suy ra hm [fo(t) + go(t)](t) kh tch trn [, ]

Trang 44

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(3.2.1)

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

[f (z) + g(z)]dz = [fo(t ) + go(t )] (t )dt

= fo(t ) (t )dt +

go(t ) (t )dt = f (z)dz + g(z)dz

.c
o

2. nh hng Nu hm f kh tch trn ng cong + = (ab) th hm f cng kh tch

trn ng cong - = (ba).

f (z)dz

f (z)dz

=-

ba

ab

Chng minh

(3.2.2)

Tham s ho
+ = -([, ]) vi - : [, ] D, -(t) = (-t + + )
T gi thit suy ra hm fo-(t)-(t) kh tch trn [, ].

f (z)dz = - fo(-t + + ) (-t + + )dt = - fo(s) (s)ds

3. H thc Chasles Nu hm f kh tch trn ng cong = (ab) th vi mi c hm

f kh tch trn cc ng cong 1 = (ac) v 2 = (cb).

f (z)dz + f (z)dz = f (z)dz

ac

cb

ab

ie
t

Chng minh

(3.2.3)

w
.v

Gi s c = () vi [, ]. Tham s ho
1 = 1([, ]) vi 1 : [, ] D, 1(t) = (t)
2 = 2([, ]) vi 2 : [, ] D, 2(t) = (t)
T gi thit suy ra hm fo1(t)1(t) kh tch trn [, ] v fo1(t)1(t) kh tch trn [, ].

fo 1 (t) 1 (t)dt +

fo 2 (t ) 2 (t )dt =

fo(t) (t )dt

4. c lng tch phn K hiu s() l di ca ng cong . Nu hm f kh tch

trn ng cong th hm | f(z) | kh tch trn ng cong .

f (z)dz

f (z) ds sup | f(z) | s()

(3.2.4)

Chng minh

T gi thit suy ra hm fo(t)(t) kh tch trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc (3.1.3) vi

cng thc tch phn ng loi 1 suy ra

f (z)dz =

fo(t ) (t )dt

fo(t) (t ) dt = f (z) ds

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 45

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

5. Lin h tch phn ng Nu hm f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) kh tch trn ng cong

th cc hm u(x, y) v v(x, y) kh tch trn ng cong .

f (z)dz = u(x, y)dx v(x, y)dy + i v(x, y)dx + u(x, y)dy

(3.2.5)

.c
o

Chng minh

T gi thit suy ra cc hm u(t) v v(t) kh tch trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc (3.1.3) vi

cng thc tch phn ng loi 2 suy ra cng thc (3.2.5)

f (z)dz

f(z)
Cho hm f(z) c nguyn hm l F(z) v = (ab). Khi ta c

Cng thc NewtonNewton-Leibniz

Hm gii tch F(z) gi l nguyn hm ca hm f(z) trn min D nu z D, F(z) =

= F(b) - F(a)

(3.2.6)

ab

Chng minh

T gi thit suy ra hm Fo(t) l nguyn hm ca fo(t) trn [, ]. Kt hp cng thc

(3.1.1) v cng thc Newton - Leibniz ca tch phn xc nh.

f (z)dz = f[(t )] (t )dt = Fo() - Fo()

V d Tnh tch phn I =

ie
t

ab

dz vi l ng trn | z | = R nh hng dng

n

Ta c = (ab) vi a = Re , b = Rei2
Vi n 1 hm f(z) = 1n c nguyn hm F(z) = 1 z 1 n suy ra I = F(b) - F(a) = 0
1 n
z
Vi n = 1 hm f(z) = 1 c nguyn hm F(z) = Lnz. Tuy nhin hm logarit ch xc nh
z
n tr trn - (-, 0]. V vy I = Ln1(ei2) - Ln0(ei0) = 2i

w
.v

i0

3. nh l Cauchy

nh l Cho hm f gii tch trn min D n lin v ng cong n, kn, trn tng
khc, nh hng dng v nm gn trong min D. Khi ta c

f (z)dz = 0

Trang 46

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(3.3.1)

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Chng minh

f (z)dz = (udx vdy) + i (vdx + udy)

( x y )dxdy + i ( x y )dxdy = 0

.c
o

K hiu D D l min n lin c bin nh hng dng l ng cong . n

gin ta xem hm f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) vi cc hm u v v c o hm lin tc trn D.
p dng cng thc (3.2.5), cng thc Green v iu kin Cauchy-Riemann.

Ch Hm f gii tch khng cc hm u v v c o hm ring lin tc. Do vic

chng minh nh l Cauchy thc ra phc tp hn rt nhiu. Bn c quan tm n php
chng minh y c th tm c cc ti liu tham kho.

H qu 1 Cho min D n lin c bin nh hng dng l ng cong n, kn, trn

tng khc v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

(3.3.2)

f (z)dz = 0

Chng minh

ie
t

Theo nh ngha tch phn, ta c th xem tch phn trn D nh l gii hn ca tch phn
trn ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng, nm gn trong min D
v dn n D.

H qu 2 Cho min D a lin c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n,

kn, trn tng khc v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

f (z)dz

Chng minh

(3.3.3)

w
.v

Gi s min D a lin v chng ta ct min D bng

cc cung (ab) v (cd) nhn c min n lin D1 nh
c
hnh bn. Ta c
D1 = D + (ab) + (ba) + (cd) + (dc)
Kt hp h qu 2 v tnh nh hng, tnh cng tnh
ca tch phn
0=

f (z)dz = f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz = f (z)dz

D

ab

ba

cd

dc

D 1

H qu 3 Cho min D a lin c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n,

kn, trn tng khc D = L+0 + L1 + ... + Ln v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

f (z)dz =
L0

f (z)dz

(3.3.4)

k =1 L k

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 47

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.3.3) v tnh nh hng, tnh cng tnh ca tch phn.

f ()d

H qu 4 Cho hm f gii tch trong min D n lin. Khi tch phn

vi a, z D

(3.3.5)

az

Chng minh

f ()d = f ()d
amzna

amz

f ()d
zna

Chuyn v v s dng tnh nh hng suy ra

=

f ()d

f ()d

anz

amz

0=

Gi s (amb) v (anb) l hai ng cong n, trn tng

khc, ni a vi z v nm gn trong D. Khi (amzna) l
ng cong n, trn tng khc, kn v nm gn trong D.
T cng thc (3.3.1) v tnh cng tnh

.c
o

khng ph thuc ng cong n, trn tng khc, ni a vi z v nm gn trong min D.

H qu 5 Cho hm f gii tch trn min D n lin v a D. Khi hm

z

F(z) = f ( )d vi z D
a

(3.3.6)

Chng minh

ie
t

l nguyn hm ca hm f trong min D v F(a) = 0.

Theo cng thc (3.3.5) hm F xc nh n tr trn min D v F(a) = 0.

Ngoi ra vi mi (z, h) D sao cho [z, z + h] D
z+h

(f () f (z))d
z

sup{| f() - f(z) | : [z, z + h]}

w
.v

1
F (z + h ) F ( z )
f (z) =
h
h

0
h 0

Suy ra hm F gii tch trong D v F(z) = f(z).

4. Cng thc tch phn Cauchy

B Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v D = D.

Khi ta c

a - , Ind(a) =

Trang 48

1
dz
1
=

0
2i z a

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

aD
aD

(3.4.1)

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Hm Ind(a) gi l ch s ca im a i vi ng cong .

Chng minh
1
lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D. Theo cng thc (3.3.2)
za
tch phn ca hm f trn ng cong kn bng khng.
S
Vi a D, k hiu B = B(a, ) D, S = B+ l ng trn tm a,
a
bn knh , nh hng dng v D1 = D - B. Hm f(z) lin tc
D

trn D 1 , gii tch trong D1 theo cng thc (3.3.4) v cc v d

dz

z a

= 2i

trong 1.
dz
z a =

.c
o

Vi a D , hm f(z) =

nh l Cho hm f gii tch trong min D v ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc,

nh hng dng sao cho D D. Khi ta c

1
f (z)
a D - , Ind(a)f(a) =
dz

2i z a

(3.4.2)

Cng thc (3.4.2) gi l cng thc tch phn Cauchy.

Chng minh

f (z) f (a )
T gi thit suy ra hm g(z) = z a
f (a )

z a gii tch trong min D.

z =a

ie
t

S dng cng thc (3.3.1) ta c

f (z )
f (a )
0 = g(z)dz =
dz
dz

za
z a

w
.v

Kt hp vi cng thc (3.4.1) suy ra cng thc (3.4.2)

H qu 1 Cho min D c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n, kn,

trn tng khc v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
1
f ( )
z D, f(z) =
d

2i D z

Chng minh

(3.4.3)

Nu D l min n lin th bin D l ng cong nh hng dng, n, kn v trn

tng khc. Lp lun tng t nh trong chng minh nh l v s dng cng thc (3.3.2)
thay cho cng thc (3.3.1)
Nu D l min a lin bin i min D thnh min D1 n lin nh trong h qu 2, 3.
Sau s dng kt qu bit cho min n lin, tnh cng tnh v tnh nh hng ca
tch phn.


Nhn xt Theo cc kt qu trn th gi tr ca hm gii tch trong min D c xc nh

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 49

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

bng cc gi tr ca n trn bin D.

H qu 2 Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin

a D,

f (z)

z a dz

tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

= 2if(a)

(3.4.4)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.4.3)

1
z + 1 dz = I + I
1
2

z 1
z 1 =1

-1

hng dng | z | = 3.
Theo cng thc (3.3.4)
1
I = z 1 dz +
z +1
z +1 =1

dz
vi l ng trn nh
1

V d Tnh tch phn I =

.c
o

1
tho mn cng thc (3.4.4) trong ng trn | z + 1 | = 1 suy ra
z 1
I1 = 2if(-1) = -i
1
tho mn cng thc (3.4.4) trong ng trn | z - 1 | = 1 suy ra
Hm g(z) =
z +1
I2 = 2ig(1) = i
Vy I = -i + i = 0

w
.v

ie
t

Hm f(z) =

5. Tch phn Cauchy

Cho ng cong nh hng n, trn tng khc v hm f lin tc trn .

Tch phn
1
f ( )
F(z) =
d vi z D = -
(3.5.1)

2 i z

gi l tch phn Cauchy dc theo ng cong .

nh l Hm F(z) l gii tch v c o hm mi cp trn min D. Khi ta c

(n, z) D, F(n)(z) =

n!
f ( )
d

2 i ( z) n +1

Chng minh
Trang 50

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(3.5.2)

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Do hm f lin tc trn v z nn hm F xc nh n tr trn min D.

Vi mi a D tu
F(z ) F(a )
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
=

d
d
z a

za
2 i ( a )( z )
2i ( a ) 2

n =1

(z) F
za

( n 1)

(a )

( z) n 1 k

(n 1)!
f ( ) k = 0

2 i
( a ) n ( z ) n
n!
f ( )
d

2i ( a ) n +1

z a

( n 1)

( a )

.c
o

Suy ra hm F c o hm cp mt trong min D tnh theo cng thc (3.5.2) v do gii

tch trong min D.
Gi s hm F c o hm n cp n - 1 trong min D
Vi mi a D tu

Suy ra hm F c o hm cp n trong min D tnh theo cng thc (3.5.2)

H qu 1 Cho min D c bin nh hng dng gm hu hn ng cong n, kn v

trn tng khc. Nu hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D th c o hm mi cp

trong min D.
n!
f ( )
d
(n, z) D, f(n)(z) =
(3.5.3)

2i D ( z ) n +1

ie
t

Chng minh

Nu D l min n lin th bin D l ng cong nh hng dng, n, kn v trn

tng khc. Theo cng thc (3.4.3) ta c
1
f ( )
z D, f(z) =
d F(z)

2i D z

w
.v

Kt hp vi cng thc (3.5.2) suy ra cng thc (3.5.3)

Nu D l min a lin bin i min D thnh min D1 n lin nh trong h qu 2, 3.
Sau s dng kt qu bit cho min n lin, tnh cng tnh v tnh nh hng ca
tch phn.

H qu 2 Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin

tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

a D,

f (z)

(z a )

( n +1)

dz =

2i (n)
f (a)
n!

(3.5.4)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (3.5.3)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 51

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

V d Tnh tch phn I =

e z dz
(z + 1) 3 vi l ng trn | z | = 2 nh hng dng

.c
o

Hm f(z) = ez lin tc trn hnh trn | z | 2, gii tch trong hnh trn | z | < 2. Tho mn
cng thc (3.5.4) suy ra
2i
I=
f(-1) = ie-1
2!

H qu 3 (nh l Morera) Cho hm f lin tc trn min D v vi mi tam gic D

f (z)dz = 0

(3.5.5)

Khi hm f gii tch trn min D.

Chng minh

Vi a D tu , k hiu B = B(a, ) D. V hm f lin tc trn

B nn kh tch trn mi on thng [a, z] vi z B.
Do hm
z

f ()d

vi z B

F(z) =

z+h

z+h

(f () f (z))d
z

sup{| f() - f(z) | : [z, z + h]}

ie
t

F (z + h ) F ( z )
1
f (z) =
h
h

xc nh n tr trong hnh trn B v F(a) = 0.

Ngoi ra vi mi (z, h) D sao cho [z, z + h ] B

0
h

w
.v

Suy ra hm F gii tch trong B v F(z) = f(z).

T nh l trn suy ra hm f c o hm trong B v do gii tch trong B.

6. nh l tr trung bnh

nh l (V tr trung bnh) Cho hm f gii tch trn min D. Khi ta c

Chng minh

n!
2R n

n , R > 0 : B(a, R) D, f(n)(a) =

Tham s ho ng trn S = B+(a, R)

(t) = a + Reit, dz = iReitdt vi t [0, 2]
Ap dng cng thc (3.5.4)

Trang 52

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

f (a + Re
0

it

)e int dt

(3.6.1)

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

n!
f (z)
f (a) =
dz = n! n

n +1
2 i S (z a )
2R

(n)

f (a + Re

it

)e int dt

n , R > 0 : B(a, R) D, | f(n)(a) |

H qu 1 (Bt ng thc Cauchy) Cho hm f gii tch trn min D.

n! M
vi M = supB| f(z) |
Rn

.c
o

Chng minh
Suy ra t c lng tch phn (3.6.1)

n!
2

f (a + Re

it

n! M
Rn

)e int dt

| f(n)(a) |

(3.6.2)

H qu 2 (nh l Liouville) Hm gii tch v b chn trn tp s phc l hm hng.

Chng minh

Gi s hm f gii tch v b chn trn tp . Khi

(a, R) 3+ , B(a, R)
Theo cng thc (3.6.2) vi n = 1
| f(a) | M
0 vi M = sup| f(z) |
R +
R
Suy ra a , f(a) = 0. Vy hm f l hm hng.

H qu 3 (nh l DAlembert - Gauss) Mi a thc h s phc bc n c ng n khng

ie
t

im phc trong khng im bi k tnh l k khng im.

Chng minh

Pn(z) = a0 + a1z + ... + zn v z , Pn(z) 0

Gi s
Ta c

w
.v

a
a
a
a
| Pn(z) | = | z |n 1 + n 1 + ... + 0n | z |n 1 n 1 + ... + 0n
z
z
z
z

Suy ra

1
k

rn

| Pn(z) |
n +1

z : | z | r = Max (n + 1)a k
k = 0.. n 1

K hiu

n
mr = min{| Pn(z) | : | z | r}, m = min{mr , r } v g(z) = 1 , z
n +1
Pn (z)

Khi

z , | Pn(z) | m hay | g(z) | =

1
1

| Pn ( z ) |
m

Nh vy hm g(z) l gii tch v b chn trn , theo nh l Liouville n l hm hng.

Suy ra hm Pn(z) l hm hng! iu ny l mu thun.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 53

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Vy z1 sao cho Pn(z1) = 0.
Phn tch Pn(z) = (z - z1)Pn-1(z) vi degPn-1 = n - 1.
Lp lun tng t phn tch Pn-1(z) v tip tc phn tch cho n khi
Pn(z) = (z - z1)(z - z2) ... (z - zn)

H qu 4 (Nguyn l module cc i) Cho min D gii ni v hm f lin tc trn D ,

.c
o

gii tch trong D. Khi hoc hm f(z) l hm hng hoc hm | f(z) | ch t tr ln nht,
tr b nht trn D.

Chng minh

1
2

f (a + Re

it

) dt < | f(a) |

| f(a) |

Gi s hm f(z) khng phi l hm hng. Do hm | f(z) | lin tc trn min D ng v

gii ni nn t tr ln nht, tr b nht trn min D . Chng ta xt trng hp hm t tr
ln nht. Tc l
a D sao cho | f(a) | = MaxD | f(z) |
Nu a D0 th a l im cc i a phng v khi B(a, R) D sao cho
t [0, 2], | f(a) | > | f(a + Reit) |
c lng cng thc (3.6.1) vi n = 0

ie
t

iu ny l mu thun. Vy a D.
Lp lun tng t cho trng hp hm t tr b nht.

w
.v

7. Hm iu ho
Hm thc u(x, y) lin tc trn D , thuc lp C2 trong D gi l hm iu ho trong nu
n tho mn phng trnh Laplace. Tc l
2
2
(x, y) D, u = u2 + u2 = 0
x
y

(3.7.1)

nh l Phn thc, phn o ca hm gii tch l hm iu ho.

Chng minh

Cho hm f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) gii tch trn min D. Khi hm f(z) c o hm mi
cp suy ra cc hm u(x, y) v v(x, y) c cc o hm ring lin tc v tho mn iu
kin Cauchy - Riemann
u x = v y v u y = v x
Suy ra
+ u yy
= v yx
v xy
= 0 v v = v xx
+ v yy
= u yx
+ u xy = 0
u = u xx

Trang 54

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Chng minh

.c
o

Do hm u iu ho trong min D n lin nn dng vi phn

= u y dx + u x dy

Sau ny chng ta gi cp hm iu ho v tho mn iu kin Cauchy - Riemann l

cp hm iu ho lin hp.
nh l Cho hm thc u(x, y) iu ho trong min D n lin. Khi c hm phc f(z)
gii tch trong min D sao cho u = Ref hoc u = Imf.

l dng vi phn ng. Suy ra tch phn ca n khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn.
C nh a D vi mi z D, hm
z

v(x, y) = u y dx + u x dy
a

(3.7.2)

thuc lp C2 trong min D v tho mn iu kin Cauchy - Riemann

v x = - u y v v y = u x

Suy ra hm phc f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) l gii tch trong min D v u = Ref.
Lp lun tng t tm hm f(z) sao cho u = Imf.

V d Cho hm u = x2 - y2 tm hm w = f(z) gii tch sao cho u = Ref

Kim tra trc tip hm u l hm iu ho
+ u yy
=0
u x = 2x = v y , u y = - 2y = - v x v u = u xx

ie
t

Tm hm v iu ho lin hp vi hm u

v(x, y) = v x dx = 2 ydx = 2xy + (y)

o hm theo bin y
v y = 2x + (y) 2x (y) = 0 (y) = C

w
.v

Suy ra hm phc
f(z) = (x2 - y2) + i(2xy + C)
l hm gii tch cn tm.

H qu 1 Hm iu ho c o hm ring mi cp v cc o hm ring ca n cng l

hm iu ho.

Chng minh

Theo cc nh l trn u = Ref vi f l hm gii tch. Khi o hm cc cp ca hm f

cng l hm gii tch v c phn thc, phn o l cc o hm ring ca hm u.

H qu 2 Hm iu ho t tr trung bnh ti tm ca hnh trn nm gn trong min D.

R > 0 : B(a, R) D, u(a) =

1
u(a + Re it )dt
2 0

(3.7.3)

Chng minh

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 55

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

Tng t nh trn u = Ref vi f l hm gii tch. Theo cng thc (3.6.1) vi n = 0
2

u(a) = Ref(a) =

1
Re f (a + Re it )dt

2 0

H qu 3 Hm u iu ho t tr ln nht, tr b nht trn D.

Chng minh

.c
o

S dng cng thc (3.7.3) v lp lun tng t nh chng minh nguyn l cc i.

H qu 4 Hm iu ho v b chn trn ton tp s phc l hm hng.

Chng minh

Tng t nh trn u = Ref vi f l hm gii tch. T gi thit hm u b chn v cng thc

(3.7.4) di y suy ra hm f b chn. Theo nh l Liouville suy ra hm f l hm hng.


Suy ra hm u l hm hng.

i.t
1
+a
i.t Re
a B(0, R), f(a) =
u(Re
)
dt + iv(0)

i.t
2 0
Re a

Chng minh
Vi mi a B(0, R)

R2
B(0, R) suy ra
a

2
1
f(z)
1
Re i.t
i.t
dz
=
f(Re
)
dt v f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t )dt
2 0
2 i B z - a
2 0
Re i.t a

Do a B(0, R) nn a1 =
0=

(3.7.4)

ie
t

f(a) =

Cng thc Schwartz Cho f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) gii tch trn min D v B(0, R) D.

2
1
f(z)
1
ae i.t
i.t
dz
=
f(Re
)
dt
2 i B z - a 1
2 0
ae i.t R

w
.v

Bin i
2

1
ae i.t
i.t
f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t )dt f(Re
)
dt = 1 f(Re i.t ) i.t- R dt
i.t
2 0
2 0
2 0
ae R
ae R
2
i.t
1 2
-R
1
+R
i.t a e
0=
f(Re ) i.t
dt +
f(Re i.t ) i.t
dt

2 0
2 0
ae R
ae R

Suy ra

-i.t
i.t
f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t ) Re -i.t + a dt v f(0) = 1 f(Re i.t ) Re i.t + a dt
2 0
2 0
Re a
Re a
2

i.t
f(a) - iv(0) = f (a ) 1 [f (0) f (0)] = 1 u(Re i.t ) Re i.t + a dt
2
2 0
Re a

Hm

Trang 56

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

R 2 | a |2
2 R Im(ae it )
+
i
| Re it + a | 2
| Re it a | 2

.c
o

S(a, t) =

i.t
S(a, t) = Re i.t + a
Re a
gi l nhn Schwartz. Theo cng thc (3.7.4) nu bit gi tr trn bin ca phn thc u
v gi tr v(0) th suy ra c gi tr ca hm f bn trong hnh trn B(0, R).
Bin i

Hm

(3.7.5)

2
2
u(a) = Ref(a) = 1 u(Re it ) R it | a | 2 dt
2 0
| Re + a |

2
2
P(a, t) = ReS(a, t) = R it | a | 2
| Re + a |
gi l nhn Poisson. T cng thc (3.7.4) suy ra

gi l cng thc Poisson. Sau ny chng ta c th dng cng thc (3.7.5) tm nghim
ca bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn.

Bi tp chng 3
Tham s ho ng cong tnh cc tch phn sau y.

e dz
z

vi l cung parabole y = x3, 1 x 2

ie
t

1.

2.

tgzdz vi l cung parabole x = y , 0 y 1

z Im zdz vi l ng gp khc ni cc im 1, i, -1 v -i

4.

(z

5.

w
.v

3.

+ zz )dz vi l cung trn | z | = 1, 0 arg z

z 1 dz vi l ng ellipse

x2 + 4y2 = 4

6.

z sin zdz vi l ng cong bt k ni hai im 0 v i

7.

S dng nh l Cauchy tnh cc tch phn sau y.

(z 1) cos zdz vi l ng cong bt k ni hai im , i

8.

dz

z 1 vi l ng cong bt k ni hai im -1 v 1 + i

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 57

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

9.

| z | zdz vi l bin nh hng ca min D = { | z | = 1, Im z 0 }

10.

| z | dz vi l bin nh hng ca min D = {1 < | z | < 2, Im z 0 }

z

dz
vi l ng cong kn khng i qua im i
+1

.c
o

11.

S dng cng thc tch phn Cauchy tnh cc tch phn sau y.

12.

z 2 dz
z 2i vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1 v | z | = 3

13.

zshzdz
vi l ng cong kn khng i qua im i
2
+1

Tnh cc tch phn sau y.

cos zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 2
16. 2
z 1

sin zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 3
2
2z

ie
t

17.

15.

dz
vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1, | z - 2 | = 1 v | z | = 3
+ 2z

14.

dz
vi l cc ng trn | z | = 1, | z - 2i | = 1 v | z + 2i | = 1
+4

18.

ze z dz
(z + i) 3 vi l ng trn | z + i | = 1

19.

(z 1)

21.

ln( z + 3 ) dz
( z 2 1) 3

z sin z
dz vi l ng ellipse 4x2 + y2 - 2y = 0
2
3
+ 1)

(z

vi l ng trn | z | = 2

20.

w
.v

shzdz
vi l ng trn | z - 1 | = 1
2
(z + 3)

Tm hm gii tch bit phn thc, phn o.

22.

u(x, y) = x3 - 3xy2

24.

u(x, y) = arctg

26.

v(x, y) = 2xy + 3

Trang 58

x
y

23.

u(x, y) = x2 - y2 + 5x + y -

25.

u(x, y) =

27.

v(x, y) = 2x2 - 2y2 + x

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

x
- 2y
x + y2
2

y
x + y2
2

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc

v(x, y) = ln(x2 + y2) + x - 2y

29.

v(x, y) = 3 + x2 - y -

y
x(x + y 2 )
2

w
.v

ie
t

.c
o

28.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 59

Chng 4

CHUI hm PHC v Thng d

.c
o

1. Chui hm phc
Cho dy hm (un : D )n. Tng v hn
+

(z) = u0(z) + u1(z) + ... + un(z) + ...

(4.1.1)

n =0

gi l chui hm phc. S phc a gi l im hi t nu chui s phc

u
n =0

(a ) hi t.

Tp cc im hi t gi l min hi t v thng k hiu l D.

+

Trn min hi t hm S(z) = u n (z) gi l tng, hm Sn(z) = u k (z) gi l tng ring

n =0

k =0

th n v hm Rn(z) = S(z) - Sn(z) gi l phn d th n ca chui hm phc.

Chui hm phc gi l hi t u trn min D n hm S(z), k hiu

u
n =0

(z) = S (z) nu

ie
t

> 0, N > 0 sao cho z D, n N | S(z) - Sn(z) | <

Tiu chun Weierstrass Nu c chui s dng

a
n =0

hi t sao cho

w
.v

(n, z) D, | un(z) | an
(4.1.2)
th chui hm phc hi t u trn min D.

Sau ny chng ta xem cc chui hi t u cng tho mn tiu chun Weierstrass.

Chui hm phc hi t u c cc tnh cht sau y.

1. Tnh lin tc Nu n , un(z) lin tc trn min D v

u
n =0

(z) = S (z) th hm S(z)

Chng minh

cng lin tc trn min D.

Vi mi a D v > 0 b tu
Do tnh hi t u
N > 0 : n > N , z D | S(z) - Sn(z) | < / 3 v | S(a) - Sn(a) | < / 3
Do tnh lin tc
> 0 : n N , z D, | z - a | | un(z) - un(a) | < / 3N

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 60

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Suy ra
z D, | z - a |
| S(z) - S(a) | | S(z) - Sn(z) | +

| u

(z) u n (a ) | + | S(a) - Sn(a)| <

k =0

Vy hm S(z) lin tc trn min D.

gn trong min D v

u
n =0

.c
o

2. Tch phn tng t Nu n , un(z) lin tc trn ng cong trn tng khc, nm
D

(z ) = S(z ) th hm S(z) cng kh tch trn ng cong .

(4.1.3)

u
(
z
)
dz
=
u
(
z
)
dz

n
n

n=0

n =0

Chng minh
b

K hiu s() = | (t ) | dt . Do tnh hi t u

Theo tnh cht 1. hm S(z) lin tc v trn tng khc nn kh tch trn .

S(z ) S

(z ) dz <

ie
t

k =0

S(z)dz u n (z)dz

> 0, N > 0 : n > N , z | S(z) - Sn(z) | < / s()

Suy ra

3. o hm tng t Nu n , un(z) gii tch trong min D v

u
n =0

(z) = S (z) th

hm S(z) cng gii tch trong min D.

k ,

Chng minh

(z ) = S ( k ) ( z )

(4.1.4)

w
.v

n =0

(k)
n

Vi mi z D, B(z, R) D. K hiu = B+ v G = D - B(z, R/2) khi

+
u ( )
u ( ) G S ( )
n , n
gii tch trong G v n
=
z
z
n =0 z

S dng cng thc (3.4.3) v cng thc (4.1.3)

+
1 + u n ( )
1 S ( )
S(z) = u n (z ) =
d =
d

2 i n = 0 z
2i z
n =0

Theo nh l v tch phn Cauchy hm S(z) gii tch trong min D v do c o hm

mi cp trn min D. Kt hp cng thc (3.5.3) v cng thc (4.1.3)
+
+
u n ( )
k!
S ( )
k!
k , S(k)(z) =
d

=
d

=
u (nk ) (z )

k +1
2

i
2i ( z ) k +1
(

z
)
n =0
n =0

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 61

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

4. Xc nh trn bin Nu n , un(z) lin tc trn min D , gii tch trong min D
+

u
n =0

(z ) = S(z) th

u
n =0

(z ) = S (z) .

Chng minh
Theo nguyn l cc i
n

u
k =0

(z) | | S(a) -

k =0

(a ) | <

n =0

(z a ) n = c0 + c1(z - a) + ... + cn(z - a)n + ...

(4.2.1)

gi l chui lu tha tm ti im a.

Chui hm phc

2. Chui lu tha phc

.c
o

z D, a D : | S(z) -

trong mi hnh trn B(a, ) vi < | z0 - a |.

Chng minh

ie
t

nh l Abel Nu chui lu tha hi t ti im z0 a th n hi t tuyt i v u

Do chui s phc c n (z 0 a ) n hi t nn lim cn(z0 - a)n = 0. Suy ra

n +

n =0

M > 0 sao cho n , | cn(z0 - a)n | M

Vi mi z B(a, ) t q = | z - a | / | z0 - a | < 1 ta c

w
.v

za
n , z B(a, ), | cn(z - a) | = | cn(z0 - a) |
z0 a
n

Do chui s dng

q
n =0

Mqn

hi t, theo tiu chun Weierstrass suy ra chui lu tha hi t

tuyt i v u.

H qu 1 Nu chui lu tha phn k ti z1 th n phn k trn min | z - a | > | z1 - a |

Chng minh

Gi s tri li chui lu tha hi t ti z : | z - a | > | z1 - a |. T nh l suy ra chui lu

tha hi t ti z1. Mu thun vi gi thit.

H qu 2 Tn ti s R 0 sao cho chui lu tha hi t trong ng trn | z - a | = R v

phn k ngoi ng trn | z - a | = R.

Trang 62

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Chng minh

R rng chui lu tha lun hi t ti z = 0 v phn k ti z = . K hiu

R1 = Max{ 3+ : chui lu tha hi t trong | z - a | < }
R2 = Min{ 3+ : chui lu tha phn k ngoi | z - a | < }
Ta c R1 = R2 = R

.c
o

S R gi l bn knh hi t cn hnh trn B(a, R) gi l hnh trn hi t ca chui lu

tha. Nu D l min hi t ca chui lu tha th ta lun c

B(a, R) D B (a, R)

H qu 3 Bn knh hi t c tnh theo mt trong cc cng thc sau y

1
n

n +

cn
= lim
n +
c n +1

| cn |

R = lim

Chng minh

c
n =0

(z a ) n vi z B(a, R)

(4.2.3)

S(z) =

K hiu

Lp lun tng t chui lu tha thc.

(4.2.2)

ie
t

Kt hp cc tnh cht ca hm lu tha vi cc tnh cht ca chui hi t u ta c cc

h qu sau y.

H qu 4 Hm S(z) lin tc trong hnh trn B(a, R)

Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh lin tc ca hm lu tha v chui hi t u.

w
.v

H qu 5 Hm S(z) kh tch trn ng cong trn tng khc, nm gn trong B(a, R)

S(z)dz =

Chng minh

c (z a)
n =0

dz

(4.2.4)

Suy ra t tnh kh tch ca hm lu tha v cng thc tch phn tng t.

H qu 6 Hm S(z) gii tch trong hnh trn B(a, R)

k , S(k)(z) =

n(n 1)...(n k + 1)c

n=k

(z a ) n k

(4.2.5)

Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh gii tch ca hm lu tha v cng thc o hm tng t.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 63

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu 7 k , ck =

1 (k)
S (a)
k!

(4.2.6)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (4.2.5) vi z = a.
n

V d Chui lu tha

hi t u trong hnh trn B(0, 1) n hm S(z) =

.c
o

n =0

Suy ra

n d =
n =0 0

k ,

1 n +1
=
z

n =0 n + 1

n(n 1)...(n k + 1)z

nk

1
=

1 z

(k)

k!
, ...
(1 z ) k +1

3. Chui Taylor

n =k

1 = - ln(1 - z)

+ z

z B(0, 1),

1
.
1 z

c
n =0

(z a ) n vi cn =

1
f ( )
d , n

2i ( a ) n +1

(4.3.1)

ie
t

z D, f(z) =

nh l Cho D = B(a, R), = D+ v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.

Cng thc (4.3.1) gi l khai trin Taylor ca hm f ti im a.

Chng minh

w
.v

Vi mi z D c nh. Theo cng thc tch phn Cauchy

1
f ( )
f(z) =
d

2i z

(1)

Vi ta c q = | z - a | / | - a | < 1 suy ra khai trin

1
1
=
z
a

1
=
za
1
a

1 z a
f ( )

v
=

z
n =0 a a
+

f ( ) z a

(2)

n =0 a a
+

Do hm f lin tc nn c module b chn trn min D suy ra

f ( ) z a
M > 0 : ,

a a

M n
q
R

Theo tiu chun Weierstrass chui (2) hi t u trn , do c th tch phn tng t
dc theo ng cong . Tch phn tng t cng thc (1) suy ra cng thc (4.3.1)

Trang 64

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu Kt hp cng thc (4.2.6) v (4.3.1) ta c
1 (k)
f (a)
k!

(4.3.2)

k , ck =

V d
+

.c
o

Nhn xt Theo nh l Cauchy c th ly l ng cong bt k n, kn, trn tng

khc bao a v z, nh hng dng v nm gn trong B(a, R). Thng thng, chng ta
khai trin hm f(z) trong hnh trn B(0, R) chui nhn c gi l chui Maclorinh
tng t nh hm thc.

zn
n!

1. ez = 1 +

1
zn
z++
+ =
1!
n!

2. cos z =

1
i
(i)
1 iz
1
1
(e + e-iz) = ( +
)z n = 1 - z2 + z4 + ... =
2
2
n!
n!
2!
4!

zn
v e-z =

n
!
n =0

n =0

(1)

(1) n

(2n)! z

2n

n =0

w
.v

ie
t

Tng t khai trin

1
1
1
sin z = (eiz - e-iz), ch z = (ez + e-z), sh z = (ez - e-z)
2i
2
2
+
m ( m 1) 2
m( m 1)...( m n + 1) n
3. (1 + z)m = 1 + mz +
z + =
z
n!
2!
n =0
Vi m = 1
+
1
= 1 - z + z2 - = ( 1) n z n
1+ z
n =0
2
Thay z bng z
+
1
2
4
=
1
z
+
z

=
( 1) n z 2 n

1 + z2
n =0
Suy ra

d
0 1 + =
z

ln(1 + z) =

n =0

d =

(1) n

n + 1z

n +1

n =0

d
(1) n 2 n d =
0 1 + 2 =
n =0
0
z

(1) n 2 n +1
z

n =0 2n + 1
+

arctanz =

(1)

4. Khng im ca hm gii tch

nh l Cho hm f gii tch trong min D v dy s (zn)n hi t trn min D n im

a D. Nu n , f(zn) = 0 th R > 0 sao cho z B(a, R), f(z) = 0.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 65

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Chng minh
Khai trin Taylor hm f trong ln cn im a
n =0

(z a ) n vi c0 = f(a) = lim f(zn) = 0

+

K hiu
m(a) = min{n : cn 0} 0
Nu m(a) = m th
+

n=m

k =0

c n (z a ) n = (z - a)m c m + k (z a ) k = (z - a)mg(z)

vi hm g(z) gii tch trong ln cn im a v g(a) = cm 0.

Do
> 0 : z B(a, ), g(z) 0
Suy ra
zn B(a, ), f(zn) = (zn - a)mg(zn) 0!
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit.
Vy m(a) = + . Tc l z B(a, R), f(z) = 0

f(z) =

(4.4.1)

.c
o

z B(a, R), f(z) =

H qu 1 Cho hm f gii tch trn min D. K hiu Z(f) = {z D : f(z) = 0}.

ie
t

K hiu A l cc im t ca tp Z(f) ta c
A Z(f) D v tp A l tp ng
Theo nh ngha

Khi Z(f) = D hoc Z(f) c khng qu m c phn t.

Chng minh

w
.v

Z( f )
a A, dy zn
a v f(zn) = 0
Theo nh l trn
> 0 : z B(a, ), f(z) = 0 B(a, ) A tp A l tp m.
Do tp D lin thng v tp A D va ng v va m nn
Hoc A = suy ra Z(f) c khng qu m c phn t
Hoc A = D suy ra Z(f) = D

Nhn xt Theo kt qu trn th khng im ca hm gii tch khng ng nht bng

khng lun l khng im c lp. Tc l R > 0 : z B(a, R) - {a}, f(z) 0

H qu 2 Cho cc hm f, g gii tch trong min D v dy s (zn)n hi t trn min D

Chng minh

n im a D. Nu n , f(zn) = g(zn) th z D, f(z) = g(z).

t h(z) = f(z) - g(z), theo gi thit Z(h) c m c phn t, suy ra Z(h) = D
Tc l
z D, h(z) = f(z) - g(z) = 0

Trang 66

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu 3 Cho im a l khng im ca hm f gii tch v khng ng nht bng

khng trong min D. Khi

! m *, R > 0 : z B(a, R), f(z) = (z - a)m g(z)
(4.4.2)
vi g l hm gii tch trong hnh trn B(a, R) v g(a) 0. im a gi l khng im cp
m ca hm f.

Chng minh
+

f(z) =

c
n =0

.c
o

Khai trin Taylor hm f trong ln cn im a

(z a ) n vi c0 = f(a) = 0

n=m

k =0

c n (z a ) n = (z - a)m c m + k (z a) k = (z - a)mg(z)

f(z) =

Theo cc kt qu trn im a l khng im c lp nn

R > 0 : z B(a, R) - {a}, f(z) 0
Theo cng thc (4.4.1) nu m(a) = + th z B(a, R), f(z) = 0 tri vi gi thit.
Suy ra m(a) = m *. Tc l

vi g l hm gii tch trong hnh trn B(a, R) v g(a) = cm 0

ie
t

5. Chui Laurent
nh l Cho min D = { r < | z - a | < R} v hm f lin tc trn D , gii tch trong D.
Vi mi (r, R) k hiu B = B(a, ) D v = B+(a, ).
z B, f(z) =

f ( )
d , n 9 (4.5.1)
( z a ) n vi cn = 1
2 i ( a ) n +1

w
.v

Cng thc (4.5.1) gi l khai trin Laurent ca hm f ti im a.

Chng minh

Vi mi z B c nh. Theo cng thc tch phn Cauchy

1
f ( )
1
f ( )
1
f ( )
f(z) =
d =
d +
d

2i D z
2i 1 z
2i 2 z

(1)

Vi mi 1 : | - a | = r, ta c q = | - a | / | z - a | < 1
suy ra khai trin

1
1
=
z
za

f ( )
=
v
z

1
=
a
1
za

1 a

n =0 z a z a
+

f ( ) a

n =0 z a z a
+

z
2

(2)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 67

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Vi mi 2 : | - a | = R, ta c q = | z - a | / | - a | < 1 suy ra khai trin
1
=
za
1
a

1 za
f ( )

v
=

z
n =0 a a
+

f ( ) z a

n =0 a a
+

(3)

1
1
=
z
a

.c
o

Do hm f lin tc trn D nn c module b chn suy ra chui (2) hi t u trn 1 v

chui (3) hi t u trn 2. Ngoi ra theo nh l Cauchy
f ( )
f ( )
f ( )
( a ) n d = ( a ) n d = ( a) n d
1
2
Tch phn tng t cng thc (1) suy ra cng thc (4.5.1)

Ngi ta thng vit chui Laurent di dng

+
+
+
c n
+
c n (z a ) n =
c n (z a ) n

n
n =1 ( z a )

n =0

(4.5.2)

Phn lu tha dng gi l phn u, phn lu tha m gi l phn chnh. Nu hm f

gii tch trong c hnh trn B(a, R) th n 1, c-n = 0. Khi chui Laurent (4.5.1) tr
thnh chui Taylor (4.3.1)
V d

1
trn min D ={ 1 < | z | < 2}
(z 1)(z 2)

1. Khai trin hm f(z) =

z
1
2

1
z

w
.v

1
2

ie
t

1
1
1
1
= - (1 + ... + n zn + ...) - (1 + ... + n + ...)
1
2
z
z
2
1
z
2. Khai trin hm f(z) = sin z thnh chui tm ti a = 1
z 1
f(z) = sin1cos 1 + cos1sin 1
z 1
z 1
1 + ... v
1 + ...
sin 1 = 1 1
cos 1 = 1 1
3
z 1 z 1 3! ( z 1)
z 1
2! ( z 1) 2
f(z) = -

6. Phn loi im bt thng

im a gi l im bt thng nu hm f khng gii tch ti a. Nu > 0 sao cho

hm f gii tch trong B(a, ) - {a} th im a gi l im bt thng c lp. C th phn
loi cc im bt thng c lp nh sau. Nu lim f ( z ) = L th im a gi l bt thng
za

Trang 68

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

b qua c. Nu lim f (z ) = th im a gi l cc im. Nu lim f (z ) khng tn ti th
za

za

(4.6.1)

.c
o

im a gi l bt thng ct yu.
Gi s trong ln cn im a bt thng c lp, hm f c khai trin Laurent
+
+
c -n
f(z) =
+
c n (z a ) n

n
n =1 ( z a )
n =0

nh l K hiu m(a) = min{ n 9 : cn 0 }

1. im a l bt thng b qua c khi v ch khi m(a) 0

2. im a l cc im cp m khi v ch khi m(a) < 0
3. im a l bt thng ct yu khi v ch khi m(a) = -
+

c
n =0

c0 = L
( z a ) n
z a

1. m(a) = m 0 f(z) =

Chng minh

n =0

( z a ) n vi c0 = L m(a) 0

2. m(a) = -m < 0 f(z) =

c -n

(z a )

g(z) =

Ngc li, hm g(z) = f ( z) z 0 gii tch trong B(a, ). Khai trin Taylor ti im a
z =0
L

n =1

c
n =1

(z a ) n
z a

w
.v

ie
t

za
Ngc li, hm g(z) = f ( z)
gii tch trong B(a, ) v g(a) = 0.
0
z=a
Theo h qu 3, 4
g(z) = (z - a)mh(z) vi m * v h l hm gii tch trong B(a, ), h(a) 0
Suy ra
+
1
1
1
f(z) =
=
b n (z a ) n vi c-m = b0 0 m(a) = -m

m
m
( z a ) h( z )
(z a ) n =0

3. m(a) = - f(z) =

n =1

c n

(z a )

c
n =0

(z a ) n khng c gii hn khi z a

Ngc li, phn chng trn c s 1. v 2.

H qu 1 (nh l Sokhotsky) im a l im bt thng ct yu ca hm f khi v ch

khi vi mi s phc A c dy s phc (zn)n hi t n a sao cho dy s phc (f(zn))n

hi t n A. Tc l tp f(B(a, )) tr mt trong tp .
Hm f gii tch trn ton tp s phc gi l hm nguyn. Nh vy hm nguyn ch c
1
mt im bt thng duy nht l z = . i bin =
suy ra hm g() = f(z) c duy
z

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 69

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

nht im bt thng c lp l = 0. Khai trin Laurent hm g() trong ln cn = 0
+
+
+
+
c
c
(4.6.2)
g() = nn + c0 + c n n = c n z n + c0 + nn
n =1
n =1
n =1
n =1 z
f(z)

f(a) nn n 1, cn = 0
0

Do

.c
o

T suy ra kt qu sau y.

H qu 2 K hiu mf() = - mg(0)

1. Hm f l hm hng khi v chi khi m() = 0

2. Hm f l a thc bc n khi v chi khi m() = n
3. Hm f l hm siu vit khi v chi khi m() = +

Hm f(z) gi l hm phn hnh nu n ch c hu hn cc im trn tp

H qu 3 Hm f(z) l hm phn hnh khi v ch khi hm f(z) l phn thc hu t

Chng minh
P(z)
R rng hm hu t f(z) =
c hu hn cc im l cc khng im ca Q(z)
Q(z )

Ngc li, gi s hm f(z) c m cc im trn . Khi

h( z )
f(z) =
( z z 1 )..( z z m )

ie
t

vi hm h gii tch trn ton v mh() = n suy ra h(z) = P(z)

w
.v

7. Thng d

Cho hm f gii tch trong B(a, R) - {a}, lin tc trn = B(a, R). Tch phn
Resf(a) = 1 f (z )dz
(4.7.1)
2i

gi l thng d ca hm f ti im a.
Theo nh l Cauchy, nu a l im thng ca hm f th Resf(a) = 0. Nu a l im bt
thng c lp th Resf(a) khng ph thuc vo ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc,
bao im a, nh hng dng v nm gn trong hnh trn B(a, R).
Cho hm f gii tch trong min R < | z | < , lin tc trn = B(0, R). Tch phn
1
Resf() =
f (z )dz
(4.7.2)
2 i
gi l thng d ca hm f ti im .

Trang 70

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

nh l Thng d ca hm f ti im a l h s c-1 ca khai trin Laurent ti im .
Resf(a) = c-1

(4.7.3)

Chng minh

H qu Cho im a l cc im cp m ca hm f
Resf(a) =

1 lim d ( m 1) [(z a ) m f ( z)]

( m 1)! z a dz ( m 1)

Chng minh

(4.7.4)

Khai trin Laurent ti cc im a cp m

+
c m
c 1
f(z) =
+
...
+
+
c n (z a ) n

m
za
(z a)
n =0

So snh vi cng thc (4.7.1) suy ra cng thc (4.7.3)

.c
o

Khai trin Laurent hm f ti im a

+
+
c n
1
f ( )
f(z) =
+
c n (z a ) n vi cn =
d , n 9

n
2i ( a ) n +1
n =1 ( z a )
n =0

Suy ra
(z - a)mf(z) = c-m + ... + c-1(z - a)m-1 + c0(z - a)m + ....
[(z - a)mf(z)](m-1) = (m - 1)!c-1 + m(m-1)..2c0(z - a) + ...
Chuyn qua gii hn hai v
lim [(z - a)mf(z)](m-1) = (m - 1)!c-1

V d Hm f(z) =

ie
t

z a

ez
c hai cc im cp 3 l i
( z 2 + 1) 3

w
.v

e2
1
Resf(i) = lim
2! z i (z + i ) 3

1 ez
6e z
12e z
=

+
2 (z + i ) 3 (z + i ) 4 (z + i ) 5

1 i
=
e (3 - 2i)
z = i 16

nh l Cho hm f c cc cc im hu hn l ak vi k = 1...n
n

Re sf (a
k =1

) + Resf() = 0

(4.7.5)

Chng minh

Gi k vi k = 1...n l cc ng trn | z - ak | = Rk b ch bao ring tng im ak

v l ng trn | z | = R ln bao ht tt c cc ng trn k. Theo cng thc
tch phn Cauchy

f (z)dz =

f (z)dz
k =1 k

=-

f (z)dz

Chuyn v sau chia hai v cho 2i suy ra cng thc (4.7.5)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 71

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

H qu Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin tc
trn , gii tch trong D ngoi tr hu hn cc im ak D vi k = 1...n
n

f (z)dz = 2i Re sf (a k )

(4.7.6)

(z

sin zdz
vi l ng trn | z | = 2 nh hng dng
+ 1)(z + 3)

.c
o

V d Tnh I =

k =1

( z + i )(z 3)

3
sin(i)
5

-3

-i

I = 2i[Resf(-i) + Resf(i)] = -

sin(i )
2 6i

z i

Resf(i) = lim

Hm f(z) c hai cc im z = i nm trong min D v mt cc im z = -3 nm ngoi

min D.
sin( i )
sin z
Resf(-i) = lim
=
z i ( z i )(z 3)
2 + 6i
i

ie
t

8. Thng d Loga
Cho hm f gii tch v khc khng trong B(a, R) - {a}, lin tc trn = B(a, R).
Tch phn
1 f (z )
(4.8.1)
ResLnf(a) =
dz
2i f ( z )

w
.v

gi l thng d loga ca hm f ti im a. Theo nh ngha trn

f ( z )
ResLnf(a) = Resg(a) trong g(z) = [Ln f(z)] =
vi z B(a, R) - {a}
f (z)

nh l Vi cc k hiu nh trn

Chng minh

1. Nu a l khng im cp n ca hm th ResLnf(a) = n
2. Nu b l cc im cp m ca hm f th ResLnf(b) = -m

1. Theo h qu 3, 4
z B(a, R), f(z) = (z - a)nh(z) vi h(z) l hm gii tch trong B(a, R) v h(a) 0
o hm hm f suy ra
f(z) = n(z - a)n-1h(z) + (z - a)nh(z)
n
h (z )
h (z )
g(z) =
+
vi
l hm gii tch trong B(a, R)
za
h( z )
h( z )

Trang 72

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Suy ra
ResLnf(a) = c-1(g) = n
2. Theo h qu 3, 5
h(z )
vi h(z) l hm gii tch trong B(a, R) v h(a) 0
(z a ) m

z B(a, R), f(z) =

g(z) =

.c
o

o hm hm f suy ra
m
1
h(z) +
h(z)
f(z) =
m +1
(z a)
(z a ) m

m
h (z )
h (z )
+
vi
l hm gii tch trong B(a, R)
za
h( z )
h( z )

Suy ra
ResLnf(a) = c-1(g) = -m

H qu 1 Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng dng v hm f lin

k =1

j =1

nk mj = N - M

(4.8.2)

Chng minh

1 f ( z)
dz =
2 i f (z )

tc trn , c cc khng im ak cp nk vi k = 1...p v gii tch trong D ngoi tr cc

cc im bj cp mj vi j = 1...q

ie
t

Kt hp nh l trn, cng thc tch phn Cauchy v lp lun tng t h qu 1, 7

w
.v

Ta xem mt khng im cp n l n khng im n trng nhau v mt cc im cp m

l m cc im n trng nhau. Theo cng thc Newtown - Leibniz v nh ngha hm
logarit phc
f (z)
f (z) dz = d[ln f (z)] = Lnf(z) = ln| f(z) | + iArgf(z) = iArgf(z)
Kt hp vi cng thc (4.8.2) suy ra h qu sau y.

H qu 2 (Nguyn l Argument) S gia ca argument ca hm f khi z chy ht mt

vng trn ng cong kn, trn tng khc v nh hng dng bng 2 nhn vi hiu
s ca s khng im tr i s cc im ca hm f nm trong min D. Tc l
Argf(z) = 2(N - M)
(4.8.3)

H qu 3 (nh l Rouch) Cho ng cong n, kn, trn tng khc, nh hng

dng v cc hm f , g lin tc trn , gii tch trong D. K hiu N(f) l s khng im
ca hm f nm trong D. Khi nu z , | f(z) | > | g(z) | th N(f + g) = N(f).

Chng minh

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 73

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

z ,

Theo gi thit

g( z )
g( z )
< 1 Arg(1 +
)=0
f (z)
f (z)

Suy ra

g( z)
1
1
Argf(z) +
Arg(1 +
) = N(f)
2
2
f (z )

f (z)
g( z)

.c
o

N(f + g)

1+

1
=
Arg[f(z) + g(z)]
2
g( z)
1
=
Arg[f(z)(1 +
)]
2
f (z )

im phc trong khng im bi k tnh l k khng im.

Chng minh

H qu 4 (nh l DAlembert - Gauss) Mi a thc h s phc bc n c ng n khng

ie
t

Gi s
P(z) = a0 + a1z + ... + zn vi ak
K hiu
f(z) = zn, g(z) = a0 + ... + an-1zn-1, M = Max{| ak | , k = 0...(n-1)} v R = nM + 1
Trn ng trn : | z | = R
| g(z) | M(1 + ... + Rn-1) nMRn-1 < Rn = | f(z) |
Theo h qu 3
N(P) = N(f + g) = N(f) = n

w
.v

9. Cc ng dng thng d
nh l (B Jordan) Cho ng cong R = {| z | = R, Imz } v hm f gii tch
trong na mt phng D = {Imz > } ngoi tr hu hn im bt thng. Khi ta c
1. Nu lim zf(z) = 0 th lim
z

R +

f (z)dz

Chng minh

2. Nu lim f(z) = 0 th > 0, lim

z

=0

(4.9.1)

R +

f (z)e

iz

dz = 0

(4.9.2)

1. T gi thit suy ra

z R, | zf(z) | M R
0 | f(z) |
+
Suy ra

M
R

Trang 74

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

f (z)dz

f (z) ds =

M
R( + 2) R
0
+
R

Suy ra

iz

f ( z )dz

iz

f (z ) ds +

iz

f (z ) ds +

c lng tch phn, ta c

iz

f (z ) ds +

iz

iz

f (z ) ds

0
f (z ) ds 2Me-yR 2Me-||
R +

.c
o

2. T gi thit suy ra
z R, | f(z) | M R
0
+

0 vi (0, )
e iz f (z) ds = MR e R sin t dt = MRe-Rsin
R +

H qu 1 Cho f(z) l phn thc hu t sao cho bc ca mu s ln hn bc t s t nht

k =1

l hai n v, c cc cc im ak vi k = 1...p nm trong na mt phng trn v c cc

cc im n bj vi j = 1...q nm trn trc thc. Khi ta c

f (x)dx = 2i Re sf (a k ) + i Re sf (b j )

ie
t

Chng minh

(4.9.3)

j=1

w
.v

n gin, xt trng hp hm f c mt cc im a
thuc na mt phng trn v mt cc im n b thuc
trc thc. Trng hp tng qut chng minh tng t.
K hiu
R : | z | = R, Imz > 0, : | z | = , Imz > 0
= R [-R, b - ] [b + , R]
Theo cng thc (4.7.6)

f (z)dz

f (z)dz + f (z)dz + f (z)dz

[ R ,b ]

R
a

-R

f (z)dz = 2iResf(a)

[ b + , R ]

Kt hp vi cng thc (4.9.1) suy ra

+

f (x)dx =

lim

R + , 0

f (z)dz +

[ R ,b ]

= 2iResf(a) - lim
0

Do b l cc im n nn f(z) =

lim

R + , 0

f (z)dz

[ b + , R ]

f (z)dz

(1)

c 1
+ g(z) vi g(z) gii tch trong ln cn im b
zb

Suy ra hm g(z) b chn trn

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 75

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

M > 0 : z , | g(z) | < M

g(z)dz

M
0
0

Tham s ho cung : z = b + eit vi t [, 0].

Tnh trc tip
c 1
z b dz = - iResf(b)

.c
o

(3)

Thay (2) v (3) vo (1) suy ra cng thc (4.9.1)

+

(x

V d Tnh tch phn I =

x 1
dx
2
+ 1) 2

(2)

z 1
c cc im kp a = i thuc na mt phng trn
(z + 1) 2

z 1 1
1
2(z 1)
=
= i
Resf(i) = lim

2
3
z i ( z + i ) 2
(z + i) z =i 4

(z + i)

I = 2iResf(i) = 2

Phn thc f(z) =

Suy ra

H qu 2 Cho f(z) l phn thc hu sao cho bc ca mu s ln hn bc t s t nht l

k =1

ie
t

mt n v, c cc cc im ak vi k = 1...p nm trong na mt phng trn v c cc cc

im n bj vi j = 1...q nm trn trc thc. K hiu g(z) = f(z)eiz ta c
q

ix
f (x)e dx = 2i Re sg(a k ) + i Re sg(b j )

(4.9.4)

j=1

Chng minh

w
.v

Lp lun tng t nh chng minh h qu 1.

+

V d Tnh tch phn I =

sin x
1
e ix
dx
=
Im
0 x
x dx
2

1
c cc im n b = 0 thuc trc thc v Resg(0) = lim eiz = 1
z 0
z
1

I = Im(i) =
2
2

Phn thc f(z) =

Suy ra

H qu 3 Cho ng cong R = { | z | = R, Rez } v hm f gii tch trong na mt

phng D = { Rez < } ngoi tr hu hn im bt thng v lim f(z) = 0.

> 0, lim

R +

Trang 76

f (z)e

dz = 0

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(4.9.5)

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

Chng minh
Suy ra t nh l bng cch quay mt phng mt gc /2.

+ i

1
e z f (z)dz =
2i i

Re sg(a

Re a k <

Chng minh

(4.9.6)

.c
o

> 0, I() =

H qu 4 Vi cc gi thit nh h qu 3, k hiu g(z) = ezf(z)

2i

z
e f (z)dz =

1
2i

1
2i

z
f (z)e dz +

+ i

Re sg(a

)-

Re a k <

f (z)dz =

Re sg(a

Re a k <

f (z)e

iz

dz

1
e z f (z )dz =

2i i

Suy ra

+ i

K hiu
= R [ - i, + i] vi R ln bao ht cc cc im ca hm f(z)
Theo cng thc (4.7.6)

Cho + v s dng h qu 3 chng ta nhn c cng thc (4.9.6)

ie
t

Bi tp chng 4

1. Tm min hi t v tng ca cc chui sau y.

+

n
n =0 (z 2)

w
.v

a.

b.

ni n 2 n

n +1
n =1 ( z + i )

c.

(n + 1)i

n+2

(z i) n

n =

2. Tm min hi t ca chui Marlaurin ca cc hm sau y.

z 2 2 z + 19
( z 3) 2 (2 z + 5)
d. (1 - z)e-2z

a.

3z + 1
( z 2) 3
f. ln(1 + z2)

z
4 + z2
e. sin3z

b.

c.

3. Tm min hi t ca chui Taylor ti im a ca cc hm sau y.

1
1
1
a.
,a=1
b. 2
,a=3
c.
, a = 3i
z2
1 z
z 6z + 5
2
1
d. sin(z2 + 4z), a = -2
e. 2 , a = 2
f. e z 4 z +1 , a = 2
z
4. Xc nh cp khng im ca cc hm s sau y.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 77

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

a. (z2 + 9)(z2 + 4)5

b. (1 - ez)(z2 - 4)3

c.

sin 3 z
z

1
1
)=
, n *
n
3n + 1

b. f(

n2 + 1
1
1
n
)=
, n * c. f( ) = sin , n *
4
n
n
2
n

.c
o

a. f(

5. Tm hm f gii tch ti z = 0 v tho mn

6. Tm min hi t ca chui Laurent ti im a ca cc hm sau y.

1
1
a.
, a = 0 v a =
b.
, a = 0, a = 1 v a =
z2
z(1 z)
z 2 4z
,a=2
( z 2) 2

d. cos

c. z2 e z , a = 0 v a =

7. Tm chui Laurent trong ca hm f trong cc min D sau y.

z 2 2z + 5
, 1<|z|<2
( z 2)(z 2 + 1)

b.

1+ z
, 1<|z|<2
( z 1)(z 2)

d.

z
,1<|z|<3
( z + 1)(z 3)

d.

sin z
, | z | < 1 v | z | > 1
1 z

e.

z +1
, | z | < 1, 1 < | z | < 2 v | z | > 2
z +z2

ie
t

a.

8. Xc nh cp ca im bt thng (k c ) ca cc hm sau y.

z+2
z(z + 1)(z 1) 3

z5
(1 z) 2

b.

e.

1
sin z

f. e-zcos

1
z

w
.v

a.

c. sinz +

1
z2

d. cos

1
z+i

g.

1 cos z
z2

h.

sin z
z4

9. Tnh thng d ca cc hm sau y.

z2 + 1
z2

b.

z2
(z 2 + 1) 2

c.

z4
(z + 1) 3

d.

z 2n
(z 1) n

e.

1
z(1 e 2 z )

f.

ez
z 2 ( z 2 + 4)

g.

cos z
z3

h.

1
sin z 12

i.

cos z
1 z2

k.

shz
(z 1) 2 (z 2 + 1)

l.

ez
z 2 ( z 4 + 4)

a.

j. sin

1
z

10. Tnh tch phn hm f trn ng cong kn nh hng dng sau y.

a.

zdz
(z 1)(z 2) , : | z - 2 | = 2

Trang 78

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

b.

e z dz
z 2 + 4 , : | z | = 3

Chng 4. Chui Hm Phc V Thng D

e.

dz
, : x2 + y2 = 2x + 2y - 1
+1
dz

(z 3)(z

g.

d.

sin z

+ 1)

(z 1)

,:|z|=2

f.

10

dz , : | z | = 1

h.

11. Tnh cc tch phn xc nh sau y

2

d
0 1 + cos

b.

dz
, : 4x2 + 2y2 = 3
+1

d
0 (1 + cos ) 2

c.

13 + 12 sin

a.

dz
, : |z|=2
+1

dz
, : x2 + y2 = 2x
2
( z 2 + 1)

.c
o

c.

12. Tm s nghim ca cc a thc trong min D sau y.

a.
z5 + 2z2 + 8z + 1, | z | < 1 v 1 | z | <2
b.
z3 - 5z + 1, | z | < 1, 1 | z | < 2 v 2 | z | < 3
c.
z4 + z3 + 3z2 + z + 2, Rez > 0
d.
2z4 - 3z3 + 3z2 - z + 1, Rez > 0 v Imz > 0
13. Tnh cc tch phn suy rng sau y.
+

dx
(x 2 + 9) 2

b.

g.

sin x
x dx
dx
3

(1 x)(1 + x)

k.

dx
+ 1)(x 2 + 4)

x sin x
dx
2x + 10

ln x
0 1 + x 2 dx

f.

i.

x 2 ln x
0 (1 + x 2 ) 2 dx

x(1 x)
dx
x +1

h.

w
.v

x cos dx
0 (x 2 + 4) 2

(x

j.

e.

c.

dx
(x 2 + 1) n
+

x2 + 1
4 dx
x + 1

ie
t

d.

a.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 79

Chng 5

1. Tch phn suy rng

Trong chng ny chng ta k hiu
F(3, ) = { f : 3 } l i s cc hm bin thc, tr phc

| f (t ) | dt l cc chun trn F(3, )

|| f || = SupR| f(t) | v || f ||1 =

.c
o

Bin i fourier v Bin i laplace

L = { f F(3, ) : || f || + } l i s cc hm c module b chn

C0 = { f C(3, ) : lim f(t) = 0 } l i s cc hm lin tc, dn v khng ti

L = { f F(3, ) : || f ||1 + } l i s cc hm kh tch tuyt i trn 3

Chng ta bit rng hm kh tch tuyt i l lin tc tng khc, dn v khng ti v
cng v b chn trn ton 3. Tc l
L1 CM0 L

ie
t

Cho khong I 3 v hm F : I 3 , (x, t) F(x, t) kh tch trn 3 vi mi x I

c nh. Tch phn suy rng
+

f(f) =

F(x, t )dt

vi x I

(5.1.1)

w
.v

gi l b chn u trn khong I nu c hm L1 sao cho

(x, t) I 3, F(x, t) | (t) |

nh l Tch phn suy rng b chn u c cc tnh cht sau y

1. Nu hm F(x, t) lin tc trn min I 3 th hm f(x) lin tc trn khong I

F
lin tc trn min I 3 v tch phn
x

2. Nu cc hm F(x, t),

x (x, t )dt

cng b

chn u trn khong I th hm f(x) c o hm trn khong I

+

d
F(x, t )dt =
dx

x I,

x (x, t )dt

3. Nu hm F(x, t) lin tc trn I 3 th hm f(x) kh tch a phng trn khong I

+ b

[a, b] I,

f (x)dx
a

F(x, t )dx dt

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 80

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

K hiu

(t, h) =

1
h
0

1
[(t) - (t - h)] =
h

0<t h
t 0, t > h

gi l hm xung

.c
o

(t) = lim (t, h) = + t = 0 gi l hm xung Dirac

t0
h 0
0

nh l Hm xung Dirac c cc tnh cht sau y.

+

(t)dt

=1

()d =

(t )d v (t) = (t)

3. t 3, (t) =

lim (t, h)dt = lim (t, h)dt = 1

(t)dt =

h 0

f (t )(t )dt =

h 0

f (t ) lim (t, h)dt = lim

h 0

ie
t

2.

Chng minh
1.

= f(0)

f (t )(t )dt

2. Vi mi hm f lin tc ti 0

(5.1.2)

1.

t 0 gi l hm nhy n v
t <0

(t) = 1
0

h 0

0
t
(t, h) = (, h )d =

1h

Chuyn qua gii hn

t0
0<t<h
th

(t) = lim (t, h)

w
.v

3. Xt tch phn

1
f (t )dt = f(0)
h 0

h 0

T suy ra cc h thc khc.

Cho cc hm f, g F(3, ). Tch phn

t 3, (fg)(t) =

f ()g(t )d

(5.1.3)

gi l tch chp ca hm f v hm g.

nh l Tch chp c cc tnh cht sau y.

1.
2.
3.
4.

f, g L1
f, g L1
f L1 C(3, )
f, g, h L1,

f g L1 v || f g ||1 || f ||1 || g ||1

fg=gf
f =f =f
(f + g) h = f h + g h

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 81

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Chng minh

f ()g(t )d dt

2.
3.

t 3, (fg)(t) =
t 3, (f)(t) =

| g( t ) | dt d = || f ||1 || g ||1
|
f
(

)
|

f ()g(t )d =

f (t )g()d = (gf)(t)

1
f (t )d = f(t)
h 0

f (t ) lim (, h)d = lim

.c
o

+ +

h 0

h 0

|| f g ||1 =

1. Do hm g kh tch tuyt i nn b chn trn 3

(t, ) 32, | f()g(t - ) | || g || | f() |
Do f kh tch tuyt i nn tch phn suy rng (fg)(t) hi t tuyt i v b chn u

4. Suy ra t tnh tuyn tnh ca tch phn

2. Cc b Fourier

B 1 Cho hm f L1. Vi mi f 3 c nh k hiu fx(t) = f(t - x) vi mi t 3

Khi nh x : 3 L1, f fx l lin tc theo chun.

Chng minh

w
.v

ie
t

Ta chng minh rng

> 0, > 0 : x, y 3, | x - y | < || (x) - (y) ||1 <
Tht vy
Do hm f kh tch tuyt i nn
1
> 0, N > 0 : | f (t ) | dt <
4
| t | N

Trong khong [-N, N] hm f c hu hn im gin on loi mt

a1 = - N < a2 < ... < am = N vi = Max{| ak - ak-1 | : k = 1...m}
v trn mi khong con [ak-1, ak] hm c th thc trin thnh hm lin tc u

> 0, > 0 : | x - y | < | f(x) - f(y) | <

2 m
T suy ra c lng

|| (x) - (y) ||1 =

Trang 82

f (t x) f (t y) dt

ak

f (t x) f (t y) dt + f (t x) f (t y) dt

| t | N

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

k =1 a k 1

<

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Vi mi (, t, x) 3 *+ 3 3 k hiu
+

1
v h(x) =
H(t )e ixt dt

(5.2.1)

B 2 Cc hm H(t) v h(x) c cc tnh cht sau y

t 3,

0 < H(t) 1

2.

(, x) 3 *+ 3

lim H(t) = 1

lim H(t) = 0

h(x) =

1
2 + x 2

.c
o

1.

(x)dx = 1

(f h)(x) =

4.

g L lin tc ti x 3

lim (g h)(f) = g(x)

5.

fL

lim || f h - f ||1 = 0

f L1

0
0

Chng minh

1. Suy ra t nh ngha hm H(t)

2. Tnh trc tip tch phn (5.2.1)

0
+

1 1
1 1
1 ( + ix ) t
( + ix ) t
e
=
dt
+
e
dt

=
2
2

2
2

+
ix

+
ix

+x
0

h(x) =

+ +

1
f (s)e ist ds H(t )e ixt dt

3.

H(t) = e

-|t|

3. Theo nh ngha tch chp v hm h

ie
t

+ +

1
i (x y ) t

H(t )e ixt dt
(f h)(x) = f (x y)h ( y)dy =
f
(
x

y
)
e
dy

i bin s = x - y tch phn bn trong nhn c kt qu.

4. Theo nh ngha tch chp v hm h
+

w
.v

(g h)(x) =

g(x y)h (y)dy =

g(x s)h (s)ds vi y = s

1

c lng trc tip

(x, s) 32, | g(x - s)h1(s) | || g || | h1(s) |
Suy ra tch phn trn b chn u. Do hm g lin tc nn c th chuyn gii hn qua du
tch phn.
(g h)(x)

g( x ) h

(s)ds = g(x)

5. K hiu

y 3, g(y) = || fy - f ||1 =

| f (x y) f (x) | dx 2|| f ||

Theo b 1. hm g lin tc ti y = 0 vi g(0) = 0 v b chn trn ton 3

T nh ngha chun, tch chp v hm h

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 83

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

+ +

| (f h )(x) f (x) | dx =
+ +

(f (x y) f (x))h

| f (x y) f (x) | dx h

(y)dy dx

g(0) = 0
( y)dy = (gh)(0)
0

|| fh - f ||1 =

Suy ra t tnh cht 4. ca b 2.

.c
o

3. Bin i Fourier

3, f () =

f (t )e

it

Cho cc hm f, F L1 k hiu
dt

(5.3.2)

1
t 3, F (t) =
F()e it d
2

(5.3.1)

Ngoi ra hm f v hm g gi l bng nhau hu khp ni trn 3 nu

| f (x) g(x) | dx = 0
nh l Vi cc k hiu nh trn
1.
2.
3.

ie
t

f C0 L1 v || f || || f ||1

F L1 F C0 L1 v || F || || f ||1

h. k .n
Nu f = F th F = f

f L1

w
.v

Chng minh

1. Theo gi thit hm f kh tch tuyt i v ta c

(, t) 32, | f(t)e-it | = | f(t) |

Suy ra tch phn (5.3.1) b chn u. Do hm f(t)e-it lin tc nn hm f () lin tc.

Bin i tch phn

+
+

i ( t + )

f () = f ( t )e
dt = - f ( t )e it dt

Cng hai v vi cng thc (5.3.1) suy ra

+

0
2| f () | | f (t ) f (t ) || e it | dt = || f - f ||1
+

Do nh x lin tc theo chun theo b 1.

Ngoi ra, ta c

Trang 84

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

+

|| f || = supR| f () | supR | f (t ) || e it | dt = || f ||1

2. K hiu F-(t) = F(- t) vi t 3. Bin i cng thc (5.3.2)

1
1
F(-)e it d =
F- (t ) vi = -
F (t ) =

2
2

.c
o

Do hm F L1 nn hm F- L1 v kt qu c suy ra t tnh cht 1. ca nh l.

3. Theo tnh cht 3. ca b 2 v tnh cht ca tch phn b chn u
+
+

1
1
it
it
(f h)(t) =
f
(

)
H
(

)
e
d

=
F
(

)
H
(

)
e
d

F
(t )

2
2

Mt khc theo tnh cht 5. ca theo b 2

|| fh - f ||1
0
0

Do tnh cht ca s hi t theo chun

h. k.n

f(t)
t 3, (fh)(t)
0

Cp nh x

Do tnh duy nht ca gii hn suy ra

h. k . n
F = f

F : L1 C0 , f f v F-1 : L1 C0 , F F

(5.3.3)

ie
t

xc nh theo cp cng thc (5.3.1) v (5.3.2) gi l cp bin i Fourier thun nghch.

Do tnh cht 3. ca nh l sau ny chng ta ly F = f v ng nht f F . Hm f gi l

hm gc, hm F gi l hm nh v k hiu l f F.
V d

w
.v

1. f(t) = e-at(t) f () = (t )e ( a + i) t dt =

1
vi Re a > 0
a + i

0
+

f(t) = e-|t| ( > 0) f () = e ( i) t dt + e ( + i) t dt =

2. (t) u() =

it
(t )e dt = 1 v u(t) =

1 | t | T
3. f(t) =
f () =
0 | t | > T

F() = 2

i t

dt = 2

()e

it

1
1
2
+
= 2
i + i + 2

d = 1 F() = 2()

sin T

sin T
1
sin T it
F (t) =
2
e d f(t) ngoi tr cc im t = T

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 85

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

T

1
1
sin Tt
1 | | T

it
F() =
F (t) =
e
d

f (t)
2 T
t
2
0 | | > T

4. Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier

.c
o

Gi s cc hm m chng ta ni n sau y kh tch tuyt i v do lun c nh v

nghch nh Fourier. K hiu f F vi f(t) l hm gc v F() l hm nh tng ng.

1. Tuyn tnh Nu hm f v hm g kh tch tuyt i th vi mi s phc hm f + g

cng kh tch tuyt i.
, f(t) + g(t) F(z) + G(z)

(5.4.1)

it
(f (t ) + g(t ))e dt

= f (t )e it dt +

g(t )e

it

dt

Chng minh

2. Dch chuyn gc Nu hm f kh tch tuyt i th vi mi s thc hm f(t - )

cng kh tch tuyt i.

3, f(t - ) e-iF()
+

Chng minh

i bin = t -

ie
t

it
i ( t )
-i
d( t )
f (t )e dt = e f (t )e

(5.4.2)

3. ng dng Nu hm f kh tch tuyt i th vi mi s thc khc khng hm f(t)

cng kh tch tuyt i.
1

3*, f(t)
(5.4.3)
F( ) v f(-t) F(-)
||
+

f (t )e

it

w
.v

Chng minh

i ( t )
sgn() +

dt =
f
(

t
)
e
d( t )

i bin = t

sin
V d Cho f(t) = 1 | t | 1 F() = 2
0 | t | > 1

1
sin( / 3)
sin
f(t + 3) G() = 2ei3
- e3
2

Ta c g(t) = f(3t + 3) -

4. o hm gc Gi s hm f v cc o hm ca n kh tch tuyt i.
f(t) iF() v n , f(n)(t) (i)nF()

Chng minh

Trang 86

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(5.4.4)

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

+

f(t) f (t )e it dt = f (t )e it

+ (i) f (t )e

it

dt = (i) f (t )e it dt

f ()d

1 F() + F(0)()
i

Chng minh
t

K hiu

g(t) =

f ()d

(5.4.5)

.c
o

Qui np suy ra cng thc th hai.

5. Tch phn gc Gi s hm f v tch phn ca n kh tch tuyt i.

G(), g(t) = f(t)

3, (i)G() = F()
1
G() =
F() vi 0 v G(0) = F(0)()
i

Theo tnh cht 4

Suy ra

6. nh ca tch chp Nu hm f v hm g kh tch tuyt i th tch chp ca chng

cng kh tch tuyt i.

(fg)(t) F()G()

(5.4.6)

Chng minh
+ +

+ +

i ( t )

g()e i d
f
(
t

)
e
dt

= F()G()

ie
t

(fg)(t) f (t )g()d e it dt =

7. H thc Parseval Gi s hm f v hm nh F ca n kh tch tuyt i.

+

2
| f (t) | dt =

Chng minh
+

2
| f (t) | dt =

V d

F()

*
f (t )f (t)dt =

(5.4.7)

w
.v

1
2

1 + *

it
f
(
t
)
2 F ()e ddt

+ +

1
1
f (t )e it dt F * ()d =

2
2

F()

d
1. (t) 1 (t) = ()d 1 + () v (t) =
i( 1 + ()) 1
dt
i
i

2. g(t) = f ()d = (f)(t) F()(

1
1
+ ()) =
F() + F(0)()
i
i

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 87

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

F (t) =

1
(e-t - e-t)(t) f(t)

Cng thc i ngu

So snh cp cng thc Fourier (5.3.1) v (5.3.2)

F() f(t) f()

1
f ()e i ( ) d = 2 F (-) 2f(-)

.c
o

f(t) F() F(t) 2

1
1
1
1
1
=
(
)

+ i + i
+ i + i

3. f(t) = [e-t(t)][e-t(t)] ( ) F() =

1
1
1
f ( ) e i ( t ) d =
f (-t)
f(-t)

2
2
2

(5.4.8)

4. o hm nh

- 1 f(t) + f(0)(t)
it
f(t)g(t)

6. nh ca tch

1
1
(FG)()
F()G( )d =

2
2

V d

2.

3.

(5.4.3)
(5.4.4)
(5.4.5)
(5.5.6)

2
2
g(t) = 2 2 G() = 2e-||
2
+t
+
1
1 1
(Rea > 0) f(t) = e-at(t) G() = e-a() g(t) =
F() =
a + i
2 a it
it
u(t) =1 2() 3, e 2( - )

1
1 -it
f(t) = sint = eit e F() = ( - ) - ( + )
2i
2i
i
i

1
G() = sin g(t) =
( (-t - ) + (-t + ))
2 i
i
f(t) = e-|t| ( > 0) F() =

w
.v

1.

F()d

(5.4.2)

ie
t

5. Tch phn nh

3. ng dng

eitf(t) F( - )
1
t
3*
f ( ) F()
||
- itf(t) F() v n , (-it)nf(t) F(n)()
3

2. Dch chuyn nh

T suy ra tnh i ngu ca cp bin i Fourier. Nu bin i Fourier thun c tnh

cht th bin i Fourier nghch cng c tnh cht ch sai khc mt hng s 2 v
bin s c du ngc li. Chng ta c cc cng thc sau y.

Trang 88

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

5. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Fourier

T cp cng thc i ngu (5.4.8) suy ra rng nu chng ta c c mt cng thc cho
hm nh th s c cng thc tng t cho hm gc v ngc li. V vy trong mc ny
chng ta ch a ra cng thc tm nh hoc cng thc tm gc.

nh ca hm tun hon

3, F1() = 2( - ) f1(t) =

1
2

.c
o

Do hm m g() = e-it tun hon vi chu k T = 2 nn hm nh F() lun l hm tun

hon vi chu k T = 2. Ngc li, ta c
+

it

2( )e

dt = eit

f(t) =

a
-

1
vi ak = f (t )e ikt dt , k 9 v = 2
T
T0

ikt

Nu hm f(t) l hm tun hon chu k T, khai trin Fourier

f(t) F() =

2 ( k )

V d
+

(5.5.1)

(t nT ) tun hon chu k l T v k 9, a

1. Hm f(t) =

(t nT ) F() =

2. Ta c f(t) = cost =
+

1
suy ra
T

2 +
2
( k )

T
T

1 -it 1 it
e + e F() = ( + ) + ( - ) suy ra
2
2

1
F()G( )d = 1 G( + ) + 1 G( - ) vi g(t) G()

2
2
2

w
.v

f(t)g(t)

ie
t

f(t) =

Do tnh tuyn tnh

nh ca hm tr thc

K hiu f*(t) l lin hp phc ca hm f(t). Khi nu hm f kh tch tuyt i th hm f*

cng kh tch tuyt i v ta c
+

i ( ) t

= F*(- )
=
f
(
t
)
e
dt
f
(
t
)
e
dt

T suy ra cng thc

f*(t) F*(-)
it

(5.5.2)

Gi s
3, F() = R() + iI() = |F()| e()
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc
f*(t) = f(t) F*(-) = R(-) - iI(-) F() = R() + iI()

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 89

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Gc ca hm hu t

(5.5.5)

(5.5.6)

ie
t

1
t n 1
(Rea > 0)
e-at(t)
n
( n 1)!
(a + i)

Ta c
1
(Rea > 0) e-at(t)
a + i
S dng cng thc o hm nh v qui np suy ra

1
2
}= 2
+ i
+ 2

V d f(t) = e-|t| = 2E{ e-t(t) } ( > 0) F() = 2Re{

.c
o

T suy ra
R(-) = R(), I(-) = - I() v |F(-)| = |F()|, (-) = - ()
(5.5.3)
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc v chn
f*(t) = f(t) v f(-t) = f(t) F*(-) = F(-) = F() l hm tr thc v chn
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc v l
f*(t) = f(t) v f(-t) = - f(t) F*(-) = - F(-) = F() l hm thun o v l
Nu f(t) l hm tr thc bt k, phn tch
1
1
f(t) = [(f(t) + f(-t)] + [f(t) - f(-t)] = Ef(t) + Of(t)
2
2
vi Ef l hm chn v Of l hm l. Dng tnh tuyn tnh v cc kt qu trn
f(t) R() + iI() = F()
(5.5.4)

w
.v

Xt trng hp hm F() l mt phn thc hu t thc s. Do hm F() kh tch tuyt

i nn n khng c cc im thc. Trc ht chng ta phn tch F() thnh tng cc
phn thc n v phn thc bi. Sau s dng cc cng thc (5.4.1) - (5.4.7) a
v cc trng hp trn. Trong cc trng hp phc tp hn c th phi dng n cc
cng thc nh ca tch hoc nh ca tch chp tm gc.
V d Tm gc ca phn thc

B
(i) 2 + 3i + 2
C
=A+
+
2
3 + i (3 + i) 2
(i) + 6i + 9

2. F() =
=

1
2
+
f(t) = (t) - e-3t(t) + 2te-3t(t)
3 + i (3 + i) 2

=1-

2 1
2 1
A
B
=
=
+
2
4 + 5
(i) + 4i(i) + 5 1 + 2i i 1 2i + i
2

1. F() =

2+i
2+i
f(t) = (-2 + i)e-(1+2i)t(t) - (2 + i)e-(1-2i)t(t)
1 + 2i i 1 2i + i

Phng trnh vi phn h s hng

Trang 90

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Cho phng trnh vi phn h s hng
N

k =0

j= 0

a k y ( k ) (t ) = b j x ( j) (t ) vi N M

(5.5.7)

a
k =0

Chuyn qua nh
M

(i) ( k ) Y() = b j (i) ( j) X()

j= 0

b (i)
a (i)

Y() =

.c
o

Gii ra c
j

X() = H()X() y(t) = h(t)x(t)

(5.5.8)

V d Gii phng trnh y(t) + 4y(t) + 3y(t) = x(t) + 2x(t)

Chuyn qua nh
[(i)2 + 4(i) + 3] Y() = [(i) + 2] X()
Gii ra c
2 + i
1
1
1
1
H() =
= (
+
) h(t) = (e-t + e-3t)(t)
(1 + i)(3 + i)
2 1 + i 3 + i
2

Theo cng thc (5.5.8)

Cho x(t) bng mt hm c th

h()d

1
1 + i

ie
t

x(t) = e-t(t) X() =

x(t) = (t) y(t) = h(t) v x(t) = (t) y(t) =

Tt

w
.v

Gii ra c nghim tng ng

2
1
1
1
1
Y() = (
+
) y(t) = (e-t + 2te-t - e-3)(t)
2
4 1 + i (1 + i)
3 + i
4

F()

f(t)

1 (t)

2 (t)

3 (t - )
4 1

Bng gc nh Fourier

1
+ ()
i
e

2()

e ikt , = 2
T

2 a k ( k)

(t kT )

2 +
( k)
T

cost

[( - ) + ( + )]

F()

f(t)

Tt

10 sint

-i[( - ) - ( + )]

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 91

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

1 | t | < T
0 | t | > T

sin Wt
t

sin T

11

t n 1 -at
e (t)
(n 1)!

1
, Rea > 0
(a + i) n

1 | | < W 12 1 | t | < T1
0 | | > W
0 T < | t | T/2

1
f(t + T) = f(t)

.c
o

6. Bin i Laplace

sin kT1
( k)
k

Hm f F(3, ) gi l hm gc nu c cc tnh cht sau y

1.
f(t) lin tc tng khc trn 3
2.
t < 0, f(t) = 0
3.
M > 0, s > 0 sao cho t > 0, | f(t) | < Mest
S s0 b nht tho mn iu kin 3. gi l ch s tng ca hm gc. K hiu G l tp hp
cc hm gc v P+(s0) = { z : Rez > s0 } l na mt phng phi. Nu f(t) l hm gc
ch s tng s0 ta s vit f G(s0).

f (t)e

zt

dt vi z P+(s0)

F(z) =

nh l Cho f G(s0). Khi hm bin phc

0

(5.6.1)

gii tch trn na mt phng P+(s0) v F(z) Re

z

0 u theo Argz.
+

ie
t

Chng minh
Theo gi thit ta c c lng

0
= Rez > s0, t 3, | f(t)e-zt | M e ( s0 ) t
+

w
.v

Suy ra tch phn (5.6.1) hi t u trn P+(s0) v dn u v khng khi dn ra +. Do

hm m g(z) = e-zt l hm gii tch nn hm F(z) gii tch trn P+(s0). Ngoi ra o hm
qua du tch phn chng ta nhn c cng thc
+

z P+(s0), F(z) = tf (t )e zt dt

nh x

L : G(s0) H(P+(s0)), f(t) F(z)

(5.6.2)

V d

xc nh theo cng thc (5.6.1) gi l php bin i Laplace. Hm f(t) gi l hm gc,

hm F(z) gi l hm nh ca bin i Laplace v k hiu l f(t) F(z).

1. (t) = +
0

t = 0 u(z) =
t0

Trang 92

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(t )e

zt

dt 1

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

zt

dt =

3. f(t) = eat(t) F(z) = e ( a z ) t dt =

0

1
vi Rez > 0
z

1
vi Rez > Rea
za

(t )e

.c
o

t < 0 F(z) =
t0

2. (t) = 0
1

Ch
1. Bin i Laplace khng phi l song nh v na mt phng P+(s0) thay i theo tng
+

hm gc f(t). Tc l f(t) G(s0) v F(z) = f (t )e zt dt l hm gii tch trn P+(s0).

0

2. Hm gc nh ngha nh trn gi l gc phi. Tng t c th nh ngha hm gc

tri, hm gc hai bn. Do vy c th ni n php bin i Laplace tri, phi v hai bn.
Trong gio trnh ny chng ta ch xt n bin i Laplace phi.
3. Nu f(t) l hm tr phc tho mn cc iu kin 1. v 3. ca nh ngha hm gc th
f(t)(t) cng l hm gc. Sau nay chng ta s vit f(t) thay cho f(t)(t).

7. Bin i Laplace ngc

= Re z > s, tch phn

w
.v

3.

ie
t

Hm F F(, ) gi l hm nh nu c cc tnh cht sau y

1.
F(z) gii tch trn na mt phng Rez > s
2.
F(z) Re
z

0 u theo Argz
+
+ i

F(z)dz hi t tuyt i

S s0 b nht tho mn iu kin 1. v 3. gi l ch s ca hm F(z). K hiu A l tp hp

cc hm nh. Nu F(z) l hm nh ch s s0 ta s vit F A(s0).

nh l Cho F(z) A(s0). Khi hm tr phc

t 3, f(t) =

1
2i

+ i

F(z)e

zt

dz

(5.7.1)

l hm gc ch s s0 v f(t) F(z).

Chng minh

Theo gi thit 3. vi mi > s0 c nh hm F( + i) kh tch tuyt i. K hiu

+

1
t 3, g(t) =
F( + i)e it d

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 93

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

+

+ i

1
1
> s0, f(t) = g(t)e =
F ( + i)e + it d =
F(z)e zt dz

2
2 i i
t

+ i

1
F(-z )e z dz =
2i i

Re s[F(-z)e

Re a k > s 0

,ak ] = 0

.c
o

t = - < 0, f(t) =

Theo nh l v bin i Fourier ngc hm g C0 suy ra hm f CM. Ngoi ra do

gi thit 1., 2. v cng thc tnh tch phn suy rng (4.9.6)

c lng tch phn

> s0, | f(t) | = | g(t) | et < Met vi M = sup{ | g(t) |, > s0 }
T suy ra hm f(t) l hm gc v ta c
+

( + i ) t
dt = f (t )e zt dt
f (t )e

it
g (t)e dt =

> s0 , F(z) =

H qu 1 Cho hm F(z) A(s0) v c cc cc im ak vi k = 1...n

n

Re s[ f (z)e
k =1

zt

,a k ]

F(z) f(t) =

Chng minh

(5.7.2)

Suy ra t cng thc (5.7.1) v cng thc tnh tch phn suy rng (4.9.6)

H qu 2 Cho hm F(z) =

A( z )
l phn thc hu t thc s, c cc cc im n thc
B( z )

ie
t

ak vi k = 1..n v cc cc im n phc bj = j j vi j = 1..m. Khi

n
m
A(a k ) a k t
t
f(t) =
e + 2 e j (M j cos j t N j sin j t )

k =1 B (a k )
j =1

(5.7.3)

A (b j )
A (b j )
v Nj = Im
vi j = 1..m
B (b j )
B (b j )

w
.v

trong Mj = Re

Chng minh

Suy ra t cng thc (5.7.2) v cng thc tnh thng d ti cc im n.

V du Hm F(z) =

3z 2 + 3z + 2
c cc cc im n a = 2 v b = -2 2i
(z 2)(z 2 + 4 z + 8)

A (2 )
A(2 + 2i )
= 1,
= 1 + 1 i M = 1, N = 1

B( 2 )
B (2 + 2i )
4
4

Suy ra

f(t) = e2t + 2e-2t(cos2t - 1 sin2t)

4

Ta c

H qu 3 Cho F(z) A(s0) v c khai trin Laurent trn min | z | > R. Khi
+

F(z) =

n =1

Trang 94

an

f(t) =

an

(n 1)! t

n 1

n =1

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(5.7.4)

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Chng minh
Vi Rez > R, chui v tri (5.7.4) hi t u. Tch phn tng t
+ i

+ i

1 +
e zt
1
e zt
e zt
t n 1
dz
vi
dz
=
Re
z
[
,
0
]
=

2 i n =1 i z n
2 i i z n
(n 1)!
zn

.c
o

8. Tnh cht ca Bin i Laplace

f(t) =

Gi s cc hm m chng ta ni n l hm gc hoc l hm nh v do lun c nh

v nghch nh Laplace. K hiu f F vi f(t) l hm gc v F(z) l hm nh tng ng.

1. Tuyn tnh
tnh Nu hm f v hm g l cc hm gc th vi mi s phc hm f + g

[f (t ) + g(t)]dt = F(z) + G(z)

f(t) + g(t)

(5.8.1)

Chng minh

cng l hm gc.
, f(t) + g(t) F(z) + G(z)

2. Dch chuyn gc Nu hm f l hm gc th vi mi s dng hm f(t - ) cng l

hm gc.

3 *+ , f(t - ) e-z F(z)

+

ie
t

Chng minh

(5.8.2)

f(t - ) e-z f (t )e z ( t ) d(t ) i bin = t -

0

w
.v

3. ng dng Nu hm f l hm gc th vi mi s dng hm f(t) cng l hm gc.

3 *+ , f(t)

Chng minh

f(t)

f (t )e

1 z
F

z
t

(5.8.3)

d( t )

i bin = t

4. Hm tun hon Nu hm f l T - tun hon sao cho t [0, T], f(t) = g(t) vi g l
hm gc th hm f cng l hm gc.
G( z)
f(t) F(z) =
vi g(t) G(z)
1 e Tz

(5.8.4)

Chng minh

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 95

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

+

nT

F(z) = g(t )e dt = e ( n 1) Tz g()e z d

n =1 ( n 1) T
n =1
0
zt

Chng minh
+

f(t) f (t )e zt dt = e-ztf(t)| 0+ + z f (t )e zt dt vi Rez > 0

.c
o

1 1
1

vi Rez > 0
V d Ta c sint = 1 (eit - e-it)

= 2
2i
2i z i z + i
z + 2
Tng t tm nh ca cost, sht, cos2t, ...
5. o hm gc Gi s hm f v cc o hm ca n l cc hm gc.
f(t) zF(z) - f(0) v n , f(n)(t) zn F(z) - zn-1f(0) - ... - f(n-1)(0) (5.8.5)

Qui np suy ra cng thc th hai.

f ()d

1
F(z)
z

Chng minh
t

f ()d tho mn cc iu kin hm gc v g(0) = 0. Theo cng thc 5.

Hm g(t) =

(5.8.6)

6. Tch phn gc Nu hm f l hm gc th tch phn ca n cng l hm gc.

ie
t

g(t) G(z) g(t) = f(t) zG(z) - g(0) = F(z)

7. Anh ca tch chp Nu hm f v hm g l cc hm gc th tch chp ca n cng l

hm gc.
(fg)(t) F(z)G(z)
(fg)(t)

+ +

w
.v

Chng minh

(5.8.7)

zt
+ z
+ z ( t )

=
f
(

)
g
(
t

)
d

e
dt
e
x
(

)
d

y
(
t

)
d

0 0

0
0

8. Cng thc Duhamel Gi s hm f, hm g v cc o hm ca chng l cc hm gc.

Chng minh

zF(z)G(z) f(0)g(t) + (fg)(t)

f(t)g(0) + (fg)(t)

(5.8.8)

V du
1. Ta c

zF(z)G(z) = f(0)G(z) + (zF(z) - f(0))G(z) f(0)g(t) + (fg)(t)

(t) 1 suy ra (t) = ()d

0

Trang 96

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

1
v (t) = (t) 1
z

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

t

2. Ta c

t = ()d
0

1
n!
qui np suy ra tn n +1 vi Rez > 0
2
z
z

Cng thc i ngu

.c
o

Bng cch so snh cc cng thc nh v nghch nh ca bin i Laplace chng ta suy
ra cc cng thc i ngu ca cc cng thc (5.8.2) - (5.8.7)
2. Dch chuyn nh
5. o hm nh

a , eatf(t) F(z - a)
tf(t) - F(z) v n , tnf(t) (-1)nF(n)(z)

6. Tch phn nh

1
f(t) F( )d
t
z

7. Anh ca tch

f(t)g(t) 1
2i

+ i

F()G(z )d

2. Ta c

2 z

sint 2
suy ra tsint - 2
= 2
2
2
2 2
z +
z + (z + )

3. Ta c

sin t
t

tn

n +1

(5.8.7)

n!
vi Rez > - Rea
(z + a ) n +1

1. Ta c

ie
t

z 2 + 1 = 2 - arctgz suy ra sit =

sin
d 1 ( - arctgz)
z 2

0
t

w
.v

suy ra e-at tn

= 1 (FG)(z)
2i

(5.8.6)

V d
n!

(5.8.2)
(5.8.5)

9. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Laplace

Gc ca hm hu t

Bi ton tm nh ca hm gc thng n gin, c th gii c ngay bng cch s

dng cc cng thc (5.7.1) - (5.7.7). Bi ton tm gc phc tp hn nhiu, n gin
chng ta gii hn trong phm vi tm hm gc ca cc phn thc hu t. Trong cc v d
trn chng ta c cc cng thc sau y.

1
t n 1
at

e
(n 1)!
(z a) n

(5.9.1)

z
cost
z + 2

sint
z + 2

(5.9.2)

1 eat
z a
2

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 97

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

Gi s
1
z
f(t) v
g(t)
2 n 1
2
(z + )
(z + 2 ) n 1
Bin i

1
1
z
1
2

=
tf(t) = (t)
2
2 n
2 n 1
2
(
n
1)
2(n 1) (z + )
(z + )

z
2

2 n 1
(z + )

2n 3
1
f(t) tg(t) = (t)
2
2(n 1)
2(n 1) 2

(5.9.4)

(5.9.3)

.c
o

1
1
2n 3
1
=
+
2
2 n
2
2
2 n 1
(z + )
2(n 1) (z + )
2(n 1) 2

Bin i

M( z + p )
N Mp
Mz + N
=
+
vi 2 = q - p2 > 0
n
2
2 n
2
2 n
(z + 2 pz + q )
((z + p) + )
((z + p) + )
2

Me-pt(t) + (N - Mp)e-pt(t)
(5.9.5)
Trng hp F(z) l phn thc bt k, ta phn tch F(z) thnh tng cc phn thc n gin
dng (5.9.1) - (5.9.5) Sau dng cc tnh cht tuyn tnh tm hm gc f(t).

3z 2 + 2 z + 2
z+2
1
1
=
+2
2
2
z2
(z 2)(z + 4 z + 8)
( z + 2 ) + 4 ( z + 2) 2 + 4

ie
t

1. F(z) =

V d Tm gc ca phn thc

e2t + 2e-2tcos2t -

3z 4
3(z 1) 1
=
f(t) = et g(t)
2
2
2
( z 2 z + 2)
((z 1) + 1)

G(z) = 3

z
1
2 1 1 z 1 1
=

3 z2 + 1 2 z2 + 1 2 z2 + 1
(z 2 + 1) 2 (z 2 + 1) 2
1
3 tsin t + tcost - 1 sin t = g(t)
2
2
2

w
.v

2. F(z) =

1 -2t
e sin2t = f(t)
2

Phng trnh vi phn h s hng

Cho phng trnh vi phn h s hng

anx(n)(t) + ... + a1x(t) + a0x(t) = f(t)
x0 = x(0), x1 = x(0), ..., xn-1 = x(n-1)(0)
Gi s cc hm x(t), ..., x(n)(t) v f(t) l cc hm gc. Chuyn qua nh
x(t)
X(z)
x(t)
zX(z) - x0
...

Trang 98

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(5.9.6)

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

X(z) =

znX(z) - zn-1x0 - ... - xn-1

F(z)
A(z)X(z) = F(z) + B(z)

F ( z ) + B( z )
A( z )

x(t)

(5.9.7)

.c
o

x (t) + 4x (t) + 4x(t) = t 3 e -2t

x(0) = 1, x (0) = 2

Gi s x(t) v cc o hm ca n u l hm gc.

x(n)(t)
f(t)
(5.9.6)
Gii ra c

V d Gii phng trnh

x(t) X(z), x(t) zX(z) - 1, x(t) z2X(z) - z - 2 v f(t) = t3e-2t

6
+ (z + 6)
( z + 2) 4

(z2 + 4z + 4)X(z) =

Chuyn qua nh

Gii ra c

6
4
x(t) = e 2 t (1 + 4 t + 1 t 5 )
+
+ 1
4
2
z+2
20
( z + 2)
( z + 2)

X(z) =

6
( z + 2) 4

Phng php trn c th s dng gii mt s phng trnh vi phn h s bin thin,
h phng trnh vi phn, phng trnh o hm ring hoc phng trnh tch phn.

ie
t

x + x y = e t

t
V d Gii h phng trinhg vi phn
y + 3x 2 y = 2e
x(0) = 1, y(0) = 1
Gi s x(t) v y(t) l cc hm gc, chuyn qua nh h phng trnh

w
.v

(z + 1)X Y = 1 + 1

z 1

2 +1
3X + (z 2)Y =

z 1
Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh suy ra
X(z) = 1 = Y(z) x(t) = et = y(t)
z 1

Tt
f(t)
1 (t)

Bng gc nh Laplace
F(z)
1

Tt
5

f(t)
t n 1 -t
e
(n 1)!

F(z)
1
, Rez > -
( z + ) n

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 99

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

(t)

1
, Rez > 0
z

e-tcost

z+
, Rez > 0
(z + ) 2 + 2

(t - )

e-z, z

e-tsint

, Rez > 0
(z + ) 2 + 2

n(t) = (n)(t)

zn, z

n(t) = (t)...(t)

1
, Rez > 0
zn

e. e cost(t), > 0 f. e sin2t

-3|t|

sin t
m. t

n.

g. te sin4t(t)

4t
(1 + t 2 ) 2

l.

|t 2 n |

sin t sin 2(t 1)

t
(t 1)

o.

| F() |

p. Bit f(t) 3+, F-1{(1 + i)F()} = Ae-2t(t) v

h. sintsin2t

t | t | 1
k. 1 1 < | t | 2
0 | t | > 2

0 < t <1
t (0, 1)

2
i. 1 + cos t | t | 1 j. 1 t
| t |>1
0
0

-2t

-t

d. sin(2t +

1. Tm nh Fourier ca cc hm gc sau y.
a. e-2(t-1)(t)
b. e-2|t-1|
c. (t +1) + (t -1)

.c
o

Bi tp chng 5

d = 2

Re F()e

it

ie
t

1
q. Bit f(t) 3, t 0, f(t) = 0 v
2

d = | t | e-|t|

w
.v

2. Tm gc Fourier ca cc hm nh sau y.
2 sin 3( 2 )
a. e(-) - 2e-t() b.
c. () - ( - 2)
d. e2icos
2
-
e. e cos(4 + /3)
f. cos2sin(/2)
g. 2() + ( - 4) + ( + 4)
h. 2( - ) + 2( + ) + 3( - 2) + 3( + 2)
i. | F | = 2[( + 3) - ( - 3)], = - 23 +

3. Cho f F vi f(t) c th nh hnh bn.

a. Tm ()
d. Tnh F()

2 sin i 2
e d

b. Tm F(0)

2
1

c. Tnh

F()d

-1 0 1 2 3

e. Tnh

| F() |

f. Tm gc ca ReF()

4. Tnh tch chp (fg)(t) bng bin i Fourier ngc

a. f(t) = te-2t(t), g(t) = e-4t(t)
b. f(t) = te-2t(t), g(t) = te-4t(t)

Trang 100

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

c. f(t) = e-t(t), g(t) = et(-t)

d. f(t) = cos2t, g(t) =

sin t
t

5. Gii phng trnh vi phn h s hng bng bin i Fourier.

a.
y + 3y + 2y = x + 3x
b.
y + 5y + 6y = x + 4x

sh
d

o.

r.

cos(t )e

q.

sin 2t cos 3t
t

n.

sin 4t
t

( + 1) cos d

1 cos t
te t

k.

l.

sin 2 t
t

p.

1 e
0 d
t

s.

(t )

cos 2d

t. | sint |, | cost |

m.

j. e-tsin2tcos4t

i. ch2tcost

.c
o

c.
y + 2 y + y = 2x - 2x
d.
y + 4y + 3y = x + 2x
-t
e.
y + 10y = xf - x vi f(t) = e (t) + 3(t)
6. Tm nh Laplace ca cc hm gc sau y.
a. e-2t + e-3tsin3t
b. (t) + (t)
c. cos2t
d. sin3t
e. tet
f. tcos3t
g. e-2tch3t
h. (t + 1)sin2t

7. Tm gc Laplace ca cc hm nh sau y.
a.

e 2 z
z2 9

b.

z +1
z + 2z

e.

z2
(z 1) 3

f.

i.

1
2
z (z 1)

j.

d.

z +8
z + 4z + 5

z3
( z 2 + 4) 2

g.

3z
(z 1)(z 3) 2

h.

z
z 5z 2 + 4

z2
(z 2 + 4)(z 2 + 9)

k.

3z 2 1
(z 2 + 1) 3

l. sin

1
z 4z + 8

ie
t
1

1 2
o. e z
z

w
.v

1
1
n. cos
z
z

c.

1
z

1 z 1
p.
e
z 1

8. Gii cc phng trnh vi phn sau y bng bin i Laplace.

a.
x - 3x + 2x = tet
x(0) = 1, x(0) = -2
2 t
b.
x + 2x + x = t e
x(0) = 0, x(0) = 0
c.
x - 2x + 2x = etsint
x(0) = 0, x(0) = 1
3t
d.
x - 3x + 2x = 12e
x(0) = 2, x(0) = 6
e.
x + 4x = 3sint + 10cos3t
x(0) = -2, x(0) = 3
f.
x - x = 4sint + 5cos2t
x(0) = -1, x(0) = -2
g.
x + 3x + 3x + x = 6e-t
x(0) = x(0) = x(0) = 0
9. Gii cc h phng trnh vi phn sau y bng bin i Laplace.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 101

Chng 5. Bin i Fourier V Bin i Laplace

x 2x 4 y = cos t
c. x + y + 2 y = sin t
x(0) = 0, y(0) = 0

2x + x y = 3 sin t
b. x + y = sin t
x(0) = 0, x (0) = 1, y(0) = 0

x y = 0
d. x y = 2 sin t
x(0) = 1, x (0) = y(0) = y (0) = 1

w
.v

ie
t

.c
o

x + 3x 4 y = 9e 2 t

a. 2x + y 3y = 3e 2 t
x(0) = 2, y(0) = 0

Trang 102

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6

.c
o

1. Trng v hng

L thuyt trng

Min D 33 cng vi nh x
u : D 3, (x, y, z) u(x, y, z)

(6.1.1)

ie
t

gi l mt trng v hng v k hiu l (D, u). Nh vy nu (D, u) l trng v hng

th u l mt hm s xc nh trn min D. S khc bit th hin ch khi ni v trng
v hng ngoi cc tnh cht ca hm u ngi ta cn quan tm hn n cu trc ca
min xc nh D. Trng v hng (D, u) gi l lin tc (c o hm ring, ...) nu nh
hm u l lin tc (c o hm ring, ... ) trn min D. Sau ny nu khng ni g thm
chng ta xem rng cc trng v hng l c o hm lin tc tng khc tr ln.
Cho im A D, mt cong c phng trnh
u(x, y, z) = u(A)
gi l mt mc (ng tr) i qua im A. Do tnh n tr ca
hm s, qua mi im A ch c duy nht mt mt mc. Hay
ni cch khc cc mt mc phn chia min D thnh cc lp
mt cong ri nhau.
V d Trng v hng u = x2 + y2 + z2 gi l trng bn
knh, cc mt mc l cc mt cu ng tm : x2 + y2 + z2 = R2

w
.v

Cho im A D v vect n v e 33. Gii hn

u
u ( A + t e) u ( A )
(A) = lim
t 0
e
t
gi l o hm theo hng vect e ca trng v hng u ti im A.

(6.1.2)

nh l Cho vect e = {cos, cos, cos}. Khi

u
u
u
u
=
cos +
cos +
cos
e
x
y
z

(6.1.3)

Chng minh

Theo gi thit hm u c o hm ring lin tc

u
u
u
u(A + te) - u(A) =
tcos +
tcos +
tcos+ o(te)
x
z
y
Chia hai v cho t v chuyn qua gii hn nhn c cng thc trn.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 103

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

H qu

u
u
=
i
x

u
u
=
j
y

u
u
=
k
z

.c
o

V d Tnh o hm theo hng vect e(1, 1, -1) ca trng v hng u = x2 + y2 - z2

ti im A(1, 1, -1).
Ta c
u
u
u
1
1
(A) =
(A) = 2,
(A) = -2 v cos = cos =
, cos = x
z
y
3
3
Suy ra

Cho trng v hng (D, u). Vect

u
u
u
grad u =
i+
j+
k
x
y
z

t
(6.2.1)

ie
t

gi l gradient ca trng v hng u.

2. Gradient

u
1
1
1
(A) = 2
+2
+2
=2 3
e
3
3
3

V d Cho u = xy + yz - zx v A(1, 1, -1)

Ta c
grad u = {y - z, x + z, y - x} v grad u(A) = {2, 0, 0}

w
.v

T nh ngha suy ra gradient c cc tnh cht sau y.

Cc qui tc tnh Cho u, v l cc trng v hng, f l hm c o hm v l s thc.

1.
grad (u + v) = grad u + grad v
2.
grad (uv) = v grad u + u grad v
3.
grad f(u) = f(u) grad u
(6.2.2)
Chng minh

Suy ra t cng thc (6.2.1) v tnh cht ca o hm ring.

Lin h vi o hm theo hng Cho u l trng v hng v e vect n v.

4.
5.

u
= <grad u, e>
e
u
Max| | = || grad u || t c khi v ch khi e // grad u
e

Trang 104

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

6.

Min|

u
| = 0 t c khi v ch khi e grad u
e

(6.2.3)

Chng minh
Suy ra t cng thc (6.1.2) v tnh cht ca tch v hng.

Lin h vi mt mc

.c
o

7. Gradient ca trng v hng u ti im A l php vect ca mt mc i qua im A

ti chnh im .

Chng minh

grad u
Cho S : u(x, y, z) = l mt mc i qua im A
v : x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t) l ng cong

A
trn tu i qua im A v nm gn trn mt
S
cong S. Khi vect T = {x(t), y(t), z(t)}
l vect tip xc ca ng cong ti im A.
Do S nn u[x(t), y(t), z(t)] = . o hm hai v theo t
u x x(t) + u y y(t) + u z z(t) = 0

grad u T

Suy ra

w
.v

ie
t

V d Xt phn b nhit trn vt rn hnh cu D, ng cht, truyn nhit ng hng,

ngun nhit t tm. Gi u(x, y, z) l nhit ti im M(x, x, y). Khi u l trng
v hng xc nh trn min D. Cc mt mc (ng nhit) l cc mt cu ng tm.
Hng truyn nhit cc i ng phng vi vect grad u, hng cc tiu vung gc vi
vect grad u.

3. Trng vect

Min D 33 cng vi nh x

F : D 33, (x, y, z) F = X(x, y, z)i + Y(x, y , z)j + Z(x, y, z)k (6.3.1)

gi l trng vect v k hiu (D, F ). Cc trng v hng X, Y v Z gi l cc thnh

phn to ca trg vect F. Trng vect (D, F ) l lin tc (c o hm ring, ...)
nu cc thnh phn to ca n l lin tc (c o hm ring, ...) trn min D. Sau ny
nu khng ni g thm chng ta xem rng cc trng vect l c o hm ring lin tc
tng khc trn min D.
V d F = {x, y, z} l trng vect bn knh, G = {X, Y, 0} l trng vect phng

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 105

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

H ng cong nm gn trong min D gi l h ng dng ca trng vect F nu

c cc tnh cht sau y.
1. Vi mi im A D c duy nht mt ng cong (A) i qua
2. Vect F(A) l vect tip xc ca ng cong (A) ti im A.
V d Nu trng F l trng cht lng th h ng dng
chnh l dng cht lng chy di tc ng ca trng F.

.c
o

Gi s h ng dng c phng trnh tham s

x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t)
Theo nh ngha trn trng vect tip xc T = {x(t), y(t), z(t)} ng phng vi
trng vect F = {X, Y, Z}. Tc l
x(t) = X, y(t) = Y, z(t) = Z vi 3
T suy ra h phng trnh vi phn
dx
dy
dz
=
=
= dt
(6.3.2)
X
Y
Z
gi l h phng trnh vi phn ca h ng dng.

V d Tm ng dng ca trng vect F = {y, - x, 1} i qua im A(1, 1, 0)

dy
dx
Lp h phng trnh vi phn
== dz = dt
x
y

ie
t

Gii ra phng trnh tham s ca h ng dng

x = Rcost, y = Rsint, z = - t + C vi (R, C) 32
ng dng i qua im A tho mn
Rcost0 = 1, Rsint0 = 1, -t0 + C = 0
Suy ra
R = 2 , t0 = /4, C = /4
chnh l ng xon c u trong khng gian

2 sint, z = - t + /4

w
.v

2 cost, y =

4. Thng lng

x=

Cho trng vect (D, F ) v mt cong S trn tng mnh, nm gn trong min D, nh
hng theo php vect l n. Tch phn mt loi hai

< F , n > dS = Xdydz + Ydzdx + Zdxdy

S

(6.4.1)

gi l thng lng ca trng vect F qua mt cong S.

Nu F l trng cht lng th thng lng chnh l lng

Trang 106

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

Cho trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z}. Trng v hng

X Y Z
div F =
+
+
x y z

(6.4.2)

.c
o

gi l divergence (ngun) ca trng vect F.

cht lng i qua mt cong S theo hng php vect n trong mt n v thi gian.

V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx} v im A(1, 1, -1)

Ta c
div F = y + z + x v div F(A) = 1 + 1 - 1 = 2

nh l Cho F, G l cc trng vect v u l trng v hng. Divergence c cc tnh

cht sau y.
1.
div (F + G) = div F + div G
2.
div (u F) = u div F + <grad u, F>

Chng minh

Suy ra t nh ngha (6.4.2) v cc tnh cht ca o hm ring.

Gi s l min ng nm gn trong min D v c bin l mt cong kn S trn tng

mnh, nh hng theo php vect ngoi n. Khi cng thc Ostrogradski c vit li
dng vect nh sau.

< F , n > dS = divF dV

ie
t

(6.4.3)

w
.v

Chn l hnh cu ng tm A, bn knh . T cng thc (6.4.3) v nh l v tr trung

bnh ca tch phn bi ba suy ra.
1
div F(A) = lim < F , n > dS
(6.4.4)
0 V
S
Theo cng thc trn, ngun ca trng vect F ti im A l lng cht lng i ra t
im A theo hng ca trng vect F.

Cho trng vect (D, F ) v im A D. Nu div F(A) > 0 th im A gi l im

ngun. Nu div F(A) < 0 th im A gi l im thng.

V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx}

Ta c
div F = y + z + x
div F(1, 0, 0) = 1 > 0
im (1, 0, 0) l im ngun
div F(-1, 0, 0) = -1 < 0
im (-1, 0, 0) l im thng

5. Hon lu

Cho trng vect (D, F ) v ng cong kn, trn tng khc, nm gn trong min D,

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 107

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

nh hng theo vect tip xc T. Tch phn ng loi hai

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz

(3.5.1)

gi l hon lu ca trng vect F dc theo ng cong kn .

Nu F l trng cht lng th hon lu l cng dch
chuyn mt n v khi lng cht lng dc theo
ng cong theo hng vect T.
Cho trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z}. Trng vect

Y X

x y

(6.5.2)

Z Y
X Z
i +

j +
z x
y z
gi l rotation (xoy) ca trng vect F.

rot F =

.c
o

K = < F , T > ds =

V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx} v im A(1, 0, -1)

Ta c
rot F = {z, x, y} v rot F(A) = {-1, 1, 0}

sau y.
1.
rot (F + G) = rot F + rot G
2.
rot (u F) = u rot F + [grad u, F]

ie
t

Chng minh

nh l Cho F, G l cc trng vect v u l trng v hng. Rotation c cc tnh cht

Suy ra t nh ngha (6.5.2) v cc tnh cht ca o hm ring.

w
.v

Gi s S l mt cong trn tng mnh, nm gn trong min D, nh hng theo php

vect n v c bin l ng cong kn trn tng khc, nh hng theo vect tip xc T
ph hp vi hng php vect n. Khi cng thc Stokes vit li dng vect nh sau.

< F , T > ds = < rotF , n > dS

(6.5.3)

Chn S l na mt cu tm A, bn knh . T cng thc (6.5.3) v nh l v tr trung

bnh ca tch phn mt loi hai suy ra.
1
< rot F, n >(A) = lim < F , T > ds
(6.5.4)
0 S

Theo cng thc trn, cng ca trng vect rot F theo hng php vect n ti im
A l cng t quay ca im A theo hng trc quay n.
Cho trng vect (D, F ) v im A D. Nu < rot F, n >(A) > 0 th im A gi l
im xoy thun. Nu < rot F, n >(A) < 0 th im A gi l im xoy nghch.
V d Cho trng vect F = {xy, yz, zx} v n = {x, y, z}

Trang 108

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

rot F = {z, x, y} v < rot F, n > = zx + xy + yz
< rot F, n > (1, 0, 1) = 1 > 0
im (1, 0, 1) l im xoy thun
< rot F, n > (1, 0, -1) = -1 < 0 im (1, 0, -1) l im xoy nghch

Ta c

.c
o

nh l Cho trng vect <D, F > v im A D.

1.
Max | < rot F, n >(A) | = | rot F(A) |
t c khi v ch khi n // rot F
2.
Min | < rot F, n >(A) | = 0
t c khi v ch khi n rot F
Chng minh
Suy ra t tnh cht ca tch v hng.

Theo kt qu trn th cng xoy c tr tuyt i ln nht theo hng ng phng

vi vect rot F v c tr tuyt i b nht theo hng vung gc vi vect rot F.

Vect tng trng

=
i+
j+
k
x
y
z

6. Ton t Hamilton

(6.6.1)

,
v
tng ng l php ly o hm ring theo cc bin x, y, v z gi l
x y
z
ton t Hamilton.

ie
t

vi

w
.v

Tc ng ton t Hamilton mt ln chng ta nhn c cc trng grad, div v rot

ni cc mc trn nh sau.
1. Tch ca vect vi trng v hng u l trng vect grad u

u
u
u
u = (
i+
j+
k)u =
i+
j+
k
(6.6.2)
x
z
x
z
y
y

2. Tch v hng ca vect vi trng vect F l trng v hng div F

X
Y Z
F = (
i+
j+
k)(Xi + Yj + Zk) =
+
+
x
y
z
x
y z

(6.6.3)

3. Tch c hng ca vect vi trng vect F l trng vect rot F

F = (
i+
j+
k) (Xi + Yj + Zk)
x
y
z

Z Y
X Z
i +
=

j +
z x
y z

Y X

x y

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(6.6.4)

Trang 109

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

Tc ng ton t Hamilton hai ln chng ta nhn c cc ton t vi phn cp hai.
4. Vi mi trng v hng (D, u) thuc lp C2
u
u
u
2u
2u
2u
i+
j+
k) = 2 + 2 + 2 = u
x
y
z
x
y
z

Ton t
2
x 2

i+

2
y 2

j+

2
z 2

.c
o

Z Y
X Z
i +

j +
z x
y z

ie
t

Y X

x y

w
.v

= grad (div F) - F

Y X

k = 0 (6.6.7)

x y

Z Y
X Z
i +
div (rot F) = div

j +
z x
y z

Tc l
rot (grad u) = u = 0
6. Vi mi trng vect (D, F ) thuc lp C2

rot (rot F) = rot

(6.6.6)

gi l ton t Laplace.
Tc l
u = div (grad u) = (u) = 2u
5. Vi mi trng v hng (D, u) thuc lp C2
u
u
u
rot (grad u) = rot ( i +
j+
k) = 0
x
z
y

Tc l
div (rot F) = ( F) = 0
7. Vi mi trng vect (D, F ) thuc lp C2

(6.6.5)

div (grad u) = div (

(6.6.8)

7. Trng th

Trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z} gi l trng th nu c trng v hng

(D, u) sao cho F = grad u. Tc l
u
u
u
X=
Y=
Z=
(6.7.1)
x
z
y
Hm u gi l hm th v ca trng vect F.
T nh ngha suy ra nu trng vect F l trng th th
rot F = rot (grad u) = 0
(6.7.2)
Chng ta s chng minh rng iu ngc li cng ng.

nh l Trng vect (D, F ) l trng th khi v ch khi rot F = 0

Chng minh
Trang 110

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

iu kin cn suy ra t cng thc (6.7.2). Chng ta chng minh iu kin
Gi s
rot F = 0
Khi vi mi ng cong kn, trn tng khc v nm gn trong min D.

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz = < rot F , n > dS = 0

S

.c
o

vi S l mt cong trn tng mnh, nm gn trong min D v c bin nh hng theo

php vect n l ng cong .
Suy ra vi mi A, M D tch phn

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz

AM

AM

Xdx + Ydy + Zdz vi M D

u(M) =

khng ph thuc vo ng ly tch phn.

C nh im A D v t

Do cc hm X, Y, Z c o hm ring lin tc nn hm u c o hm ring lin tc trn

min D. Kim tra trc tip ta c
grad u = F


T suy ra trng vect F l trng th v hm u l hm th v ca n.

K=

ie
t

T cc kt qu trn suy ra ngha c hc ca trng th nh sau.

1. Trong trng th khng c im xoy
rot F = 0
2. Hon lu dc theo ng cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.

< F , T > ds = < rot F , n > dS = 0

(6.7.3)

3. Cng dch chuyn bng th v im cui tr i th v im u.

MN

= u(N) - u(M)

(6.7.4)

MN

u(M)
u(N)

8. Trng ng

w
.v

< F , T > ds = Xdx + Ydy + Zdz = du

MN

Trng vect (D, F ) vi F = {X, Y, Z} gi l trng ng nu c trng vect (D, G )

vi G = {X1, Y1, Z1} sao cho F = rot G. Tc l
Z 1 Y1
X 1 Z1
Y1 X 1
X=
Y=

Z=
(6.8.1)

y
z
z
x
x
y

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 111

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

.c
o

nh l Trng vect (D, F ) l trng ng khi v ch khi div F = 0

Trng vect G gi l trng th v ca trng vect F.

T nh ngha suy ra nu F l trng ng th
div F = div (rot G) = 0
(6.8.2)
C th chng minh rng iu ngc li cng ng. Tc l chng ta c kt qu sau y.

T cc kt qu trn suy ra ngha c hc ca trng ng nh sau.

1. Trong trng ng khng c im ngun
div F = 0
2. Thng lng qua mt cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.

< F , n > dS = divF dV

(6.8.3)

n1
S1

0=

ie
t

3. Thng lng i qua cc mt ct ca mt lung l nh nhau.

Gi s S l mt tr kn nh hnh bn
n2
S = S0 + S1 + S2
Trong S nh hng theo php vecto ngoi n
F
S0 nh hng theo php vecto n0 ngc hng
vi trng vect F, S1 nh hng theo php
S
vecto n1 cng hng vi trng vect F. S2 nh
n0
hng theo php vecto n2 vung gc vi trng
S0
vect F.
Theo tnh cht ca trng ng v tnh cng tnh ca tch phn

< F , n > dS = < F , n 0 > dS + < F , n 1 > dS + < F , n 2 > dS

S

S0

T suy ra
S1

= - < F , n 0 > dS =

w
.v

< F , n 1 > dS

S0

S1

S2

< F , n 1 > dS

S0

Hay ni cch khc thng lng ca trng ng i qua cc mt ct l mt hng s.

Trng vect (D, F ) gi l trng iu ho nu n va l trng th v va l trng

ng. Tc l c trng v hng (D, u ) v trng vect (D, G ) sao cho
F = grad u = rot G
(6.8.4)
T suy ra
u = div (grad u) = div (rot G) = 0
(6.8.5)
Tc l hm th v ca trng iu ho l hm iu ho.
T cc kt qu trn suy ra ngha c hc ca trng ng nh sau.
1. Trong trng iu ho khng c im xoy, im ngun
rot F = 0 v div F = 0
2. Hon lu dc theo ng cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.

Trang 112

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

K=

< F , T > ds =

3. Thng lng qua mt cong kn nm gn trong min D lun bng khng.

< F , n > dS

Bi tp chng 6

.c
o

1. Tm o hm ti im A theo hng vect e ca trng v hng u = xy - z2

a. A(1, 2, 3) v e{1, 1, 1}
b. A(1, 1, 0) v e{0, 1, 1}
c. A(1, 0, 1) v e l hng phn gic trong ca gc Oxy

3. Cho trng bn knh r =

2. Cho trng v hng u = x2 + y2 - z2

a. Tm ln v hng ca vect grad u ti im A(1, - 2, 1)
b. Tm gc gia grad u(1, 1, 1) v grad u(1, -1, 0)
c. Tm im M sao cho grad u(M) ng phng vi trc Oy

x2 + y2 + z2

r
1
vi e{-1, 0, 1}
b. Tm grad v grad r2
e
r
c. Tm grad f(r) vi hm f l hm c o hm lin tc.

ie
t

a. Tm

w
.v

4. Tm Divergence ca cc trng vect F ti im A sau y.

a. F = {xy, yz, zx} v A(1, 1, 2)
b. F = {xy2, yz2, zx2} v A(-2, 0, 1)
c. F = {xyz, x + y + z, xy + yz + zx} v A(0, 1, 2)

4. Tm Rotation ca cc trng vect F ti im A sau y.

a. F = {x2y, y2z, z2x} v A(2, -1, 1)
b. F = {yz, zx, xy} v A(1, 3, 2)
2
2
2
2
2
2
c. F = {x + y , y + z , z + x } v A(-2, 3, 1)

6. Chng minh cc ng thc sau y.

a. div (F G) = F rot G - G rot F

b. rot (rot F) = grad (div F) - F

7. Cho (D, u) v (D, v) l cc trng v hng, r =

cn hm f l hm c o hm lin tc. Hy tnh
a. div (grad f(r))
b. div (u grad v)

x 2 + y 2 + z 2 l trng bn knh,
c. rot (grad rf(r))

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 113

Chng 6. L Thuyt Trng

.c
o

8. Tnh thng lng ca trng vect F qua mt cong S.

a. F = {x, y, z} qua phn mt phng x + y + z = 1 trong gc phn tm th nht
b. F = {xy, yz, zx} qua phn mt cu x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 trong gc phn tm th nht
c. F = {xy, yz, zx} qua phn mt parabole z = x2 + y2 v 0 z 1
d. F = {x, y, z} qua mt cong kn z = x2 + y2, 0 z 1
e. F = {x3, y3, z3} qua mt cong kn x2 + y2 + z2 = 1
f. F = {xy2, x2y, z} qua mt cong kn z = 4 - x2 - y2 v 0 z 4

w
.v

ie
t

9. Tnh hon lu ca trng vect F dc theo ng cong .

a. F = {x, y, z} theo ng xon c x = a cost, y = a sint, z = bt vi t [0, /2]
b. F = {xy, yz, zx} theo on thng ni hai im A(a, 1, 1) v B(2, 4, 8)
c. F = {-y, x, 0} theo ng cong kn (x - 2)2 + y2 = 1 v z = 0
d. F = {x3, y3, z3} theo ng cong kn x2 + y2 + z2 = 1 v x + y + z = 1
e. F = {xy2, x2y, z} theo ng cong kn z = x2 + y2 v z = x + y

Trang 114

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7

Phng trnh truyn sng

.c
o

1. Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2

Cho min D 32 v cc hm a, b, c : D 3. Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh

cp 2 vi hai bin c lp c dng nh sau
2u
2u
2u
u u
+
2b(x,
y)
+
c(x,
y)
= F(x, y, u,
,
)
2
2
xy
x y
x
y

a(x, y)

(7.1.1)

K hiu
(x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) vi (x, y) D
1. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) > 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng hyperbole
2. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) = 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng parabole
3. Nu (x, y) D, (x, y) < 0 th phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng ellipse

Gi s nh x

: D , (x, y) (, ) vi J(x, y) =

0
x y y x

(7.1.2)

ie
t

l php i bin t min D vo min .

Theo cng thc o hm hm hp
u u
u
u u u
=
,
=
+
+
x
x x y
y y
2

w
.v

2u
2 u
2 u 2 u
u 2 u 2
=
+
2
+
+
+

x x 2 x
x 2 x 2
x 2
2 x

2 u 2 u 2 u u 2 u 2
2u

+
= 2
+
+
+
+
xy
x y x y y x 2 x y xy xy
2

2u
2 u
2 u 2 u u 2 u 2

+
=
+
2
+
+
2 y
y y 2 y y 2 y 2
y 2
Thay vo phng trnh (7.1.1) nhn c

a1(, )

2u
2u
2u
u u
+
2b
(,
)
+
c
(,
)
= F1(, , u,
,
)
1
1
2
2

Trong

a1(, ) = a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
+ c(x, y)
x y
x
y

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 115

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

+ c(x, y)
+ b(x, y)
+
x y
x y
x y y x
2

+ c(x, y)
c1(, ) = a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
x y
x
y

b1(, ) = a(x, y)

Suy ra

.c
o

1(, ) = b12 - a1c1 = (x, y)J2(x, y)

Tc l chng ta c nh l sau y.

nh l Php i bin khng suy bin khng lm thay i dng ca phng trnh o

hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2.

(7.1.3)

a(x, y) + 2b(x, y)
+ c(x, y) = 0
x y
x
y

Nu v l cc nghim ring c lp ca phng trnh

th a1(x, y) = b1(x, y) = c1(x, y) = 0. Khi phng trnh (7.1.1) c dng chnh tc

2u
u u
= F1(, , u,
,
)

w
.v

ie
t

Gi s (x, y) l mt nghim ring khng tm thng ca phng trnh (7.1.3). Chng

ta c (x , y) (0, 0) khng gim tng qut c th xem y 0. Khi phng trnh
(x, y) = C xc nh hm n y = y(x) c o hm y(x) = - x / y .
Thay vo phng trnh (7.1.3) nhn c phng trnh vi phn
a(x, y)y2 - 2b(x, y)y + c(x, y) = 0 vi a(x, y) 0
(7.1.4)
gi l phng trnh c trng ca phng trnh (7.1.1)
1. Nu (x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) > 0 th phng trnh (7.1.4) c nghim thc
y=

b(x, y) (x, y)
a(x, y)

i bin

b(x, y) (x, y)
dx v - = y a(x, y)

+=y-

dx + C

b(x, y) + (x, y)
a(x, y)

dx

a v dng chnh tc ca phng trnh hyperbole

u u
2u 2u
,
)
= F2(, , u,
2
2

(7.1.5)

2. Nu (x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) = 0 th phng trnh (7.1.4) c nghim kp

Trang 116

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

y(x) =

b(x, y)

a(x, y) dx + C

=y-

b(x, y)

a(x, y) dx v = (x, y) sao cho J(x, y) 0

.c
o

a v dng chnh tc ca phng trnh parabole

i bin

2u
u u
= F2(, , u,
,
)
2

(7.1.6)

b(x, y) i (x, y)
a(x, y)

dx + C = (x, y) i(x, y) + C

y(x) =

3. Nu (x, y) = b2(x, y) - a(x, y)c(x, y) th phng trnh (7.1.4) c nghim phc

i bin

b(x, y)

a(x, y) dx v =

(x, y)
dx
a(x, y)

=y-

a v dng chnh tc ca phng trnh ellipse

(7.1.7)

2u
2u
u u
+
= F2(, , u,
,
)
2
2

ie
t

V d a v chnh tc phng trnh sau y

2u
2u
2u
u
u
+
3
+
+3
-3
- 9u = 0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y

Gii phng trnh c trng

i bin

w
.v

2 y 2 3y + 1 = 0 , y = x + C, y =

1
x +C
2

1
3
1
x, - = y - x Suy ra = y - x, = x
2
4
4
3
3 u 1 u u

1
u
u
= ,
= 1,
= ,
= 0,
=
+
,
=
x
4 y
x
4 y
x
4 4 x

+=y-

2u
9 2u 3 2u
1 2u 2 u
3 2u 1 2u 2 u
2u
=
,
=
,
=

+
16 2 8 16 2 xy
4 2 4 y 2
x 2
2

Dng chnh tc ca phng trnh l

2u 2u
u
u
+2
- 8u
2 = 2
2

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 117

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

2. Phng trnh vt l - ton

Phng trnh truyn sng

.c
o

Cho si dy rt mnh, c di l, hai mt c

nh, dao ng b trong mt phng Oxu theo
P3
u(x, t)
phng trc Ou. Lc khng dao ng dy nm
T
trn on [0, l] v di ca dy khng thay i
P P M2
M1 1 2
trong sut qu trnh dao ng. Bi ton i hi
x1
x x2
l
xc nh lch u(x, t) ti im honh x vo 0
thi im t.
Gi s dy rt do, n hi vi lc cng T(x, t) hng theo phng tip tuyn ca si
dy v do c h s gc l u x . Do di ca si dy khng thay i trong lc dao

x2

x1

2u
dx
x 2

T (x )

P1 =

ng nn lc cng T(x, t) khng ph thuc vo thi gian. Gi P1 l hnh chiu ca lc

cng trn cung M1M2 ln trc Ou

Gi F(x, t) l mt ca ngoi lc tc ng v P2 l hnh chiu ca ngoi lc trn cung

M1M2 ln trc Ou
x2

F(x, t )dx

P2 =

x1

ie
t

Gi (x) l mt vt cht ca si dy, u tt l gia tc ca chuyn ng v P3 l hnh

chiu ca lc qun tnh trn cung M1M2 ln trc Ou
x2

P3 = - (x)
x1

2u
dx
t 2

w
.v

Theo nguyn l cn bng lc P1 + P2 + P3 = 0 suy ra

x2

2u
2u

dx = 0
T
(
x
)
+
F
(
x
,
t
)

(
x
)
x 2
t 2
x1

Do x1, x2 l tu nn (x, t) [0, l] [0, +) ta c

2u
2u
=
T(x)
+ F(x, t)
t 2
x 2

(x)

Nu si dy ng cht th (x) v T(x) l cc hng s. t a2 = T / > 0 gi l vn tc

truyn sng v f(x, t) = F(x, t)/ l ngoi lc tc ng. Khi lch u(x, t) l nghim
ca phng trnh
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t)
t 2
x 2

(7.2.1)

gi l phng trnh truyn sng trong khng gian mt chiu.

Trong trng hp dao ng t do khng c ngoi lc tc ng : f(x, t) = 0, phng trnh

Trang 118

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

(7.2.1) l phng trnh thun nht. Trng hp dao ng cng bc : f(x, t) 0, phng
trnh (7.2.1) l phng trnh khng thun nht.

t2

u
t dt S k(M) n dS =
1

t2

dt div (kgradu)dV

t1


n

M
D

Q1 =

.c
o

Xt phn b nhit trn vt rn, th tch D, truyn nhit

ng hng trong khng gian Oxyz. Bi ton i hi xc
nh nhit u(M, t) ti im M(x, y, z) vo thi im t.

Gi k(M) l h s truyn nhit, n l hng truyn nhit v
Q1 nhit lng i qua mt kn S = D t thi im t1 n t2

Phng trnh truyn nhit

Gi Q2 l nhit lng sinh bi ngun nhit trong c mt F(M, t) t thi im t1 n t2

t2

Q2 =

dt F(M, t )dV

t1

Q3 =

c(M)(M)(u(M, t

) u(M, t 2 ))dV =

Gi (M) l mt vt cht, c(M) l nhit dung v Q3 l nhit lng cn vt rn D

thay i t nhit u(M, t1) n u(M, t2)
t2

dt c(M)(M) t dV

t1

Theo nguyn l cn bng nhit Q1 + Q2 - Q3 = 0 suy ra

t2

t1

ie
t

dt div( kgradu) + F(M, t ) c(M)(M) t dV = 0

D

w
.v

Do t1, t2 tu nn (M, t) D [0, +) chng ta c

u
= div(k(M)gradu) + F(M, t)
c(M)(M)
t
Nu vt rn l ng cht th c(M), (M) v k(M) l cc hng s. t a2 = k / c > 0 gi
l vn tc truyn nhit v f(M, t) = F(M, t) / c l ngun nhit trong. Khi nhit
u(M, t) l nghim ca phng trnh

u
2u
2u
2u
= a2( 2 +
+
) + f(x, y, z, t)
t
z 2
x
y 2

(7.2.2)

gi l phng trnh truyn nhit trong khng gian ba chiu.

Trong trng hp khng c ngun nhit trong : f(M, t) = 0, phng trnh (7.2.2) l
phng trnh thun nht. Trng hp c ngun nhit trong : f(M, t) 0, phng trnh
(7.2.2) l phng trnh khng thun nht.

Phng trnh Laplace

Xt phn b nhit trn vt rn truyn nhit ng hng, nhit u(x, y, z, t) ti im
M(x, y, z) vo thi im t tho mn phng trnh (7.2.2). Nu phn b nhit khng ph

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 119

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

thuc thi gian th u t = 0 v khi phng trnh (7.2.2) tr thnh
2u
2u
2u
+
+
= g(x, y, z, t)
z 2
x 2
y 2

(7.2.3)

.c
o

gi l phng trnh Laplace.

Trong trng hp khng c ngun nhit trong : g(x, y, z, t) = 0, phng trnh (7.2.3) l
phng trnh thun nht. Trng hp c ngun nhit trong : g(x, y, z, t) 0 phng trnh
(7.2.3) l phng trnh khng thun nht cn gi l phng trnh Poisson.

3. Cc bi ton c bn
Bi ton tng qut
2u

2
i =1 x i
n

u =

Cho cc min D 3n, H = D 3+ v cc hm u C2(H, 3), f C(H, 3). K hiu

gi l ton t Laplace. Cc bi ton Vt l - K thut thng dn n vic gii cc

phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 c dng tng qut nh sau.

w
.v

ie
t

2u
= a2u + f(x, t) (x, t) H0
(7.3.1)
2
t
u
= a2u + f(x, t)
(x, t) H0
(7.3.2)
t
u = f(x)
x D0
(7.3.3)
V vy cc phng trnh trn c gi l cc phng trnh Vt l - Ton. Phng trnh
Hyperbole (7.3.1) xut hin trong cc bi ton dao ng, truyn sng gi l phng
trnh truyn sng. Phng trnh Parabole (7.3.2) xut hin trong cc bi ton truyn
nhit, phn b nhit gi l phng trnh truyn nhit. Phng trnh Ellipse (7.3.3) xut
hin trong cc bi ton v qu trnh dng gi l phng trnh Laplace.
Cc phng trnh Vt l - Ton thng c v s nghim, xc nh ng nghim cn
tm cn phi c thm cc iu kin ph.
- iu kin ban u cho bit trng thi ca h thng vo thi im t = 0.
u
ut=0 = g,
(7.3.4)
t=0 = h
t
- iu kin bin cho bit trng thi ca h thng trn bin D.
u
u
uD = h,
+ u)D = q
(7.3.5)
D = p, (
n
n
Trong thc tin cc iu kin ph c xc nh bng thc nghim v do c sai s.
V vy khi thit lp cc bi ton v phng trnh Vt l - Ton chng ta yu cu

Trang 120

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

.c
o

- Bi ton c nghim duy nht : Phng trnh c ng mt nghim tho mn cc iu

kin ph cho trc.
- Bi ton c nghim n nh : Sai s nh ca cc iu kin ph dn n sai s nh ca
nghim.
Bi ton tng qut ca phng trnh Vt l - Ton pht biu nh sau : Tm nghim duy
nht v n nh ca phng trnh Vt l - Ton tho mn cc iu kin ph cho trc.

Bi ton Cauchy (CH)

ie
t

Trong gio trnh ny chng ta xem xt cc bi ton sau y

- Bi ton Cauchy : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh truyn sng
(truyn nhit) tho mn cc iu kin ban u
- Bi ton hn hp : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh truyn sng
(truyn nhit) tho mn cc iu kin ban u v iu kin bin
- Bi ton Diriclet : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh Laplace tho mn
iu kin bin uD = g
- Bi ton Neuman : Tm nghim duy nht v n nh ca phng trnh Laplace tho
u
mn iu kin bin uD = g v
D = h
n
Cc bi ton vi phng trnh thun nht gi tt l bi ton thun nht, vi phng trnh
khng thun nht gi l bi ton khng thun nht. n gin trong gio trnh ny
chng ta ch gii hn cc bi ton trong phm vi khng gian mt hoc hai chiu. Tuy
nhin cc phng php gii v cng thc nghim c th m rng t nhin cho trng
hp khng gian n chiu. C th chng ta s ln lt nghin cu cc bi ton sau y.

Bi ton hn hp (HH)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn sng

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t)
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
ut=0 = g(x),
t=0 = h(x)
t

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t)
t 2
x 2
v cc iu kin ph
u
ut=0 = g(x),
t=0 = h(x), uD = p(t)
t

Bi ton Cauchy (CP)

Bi ton hn hp (HP)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn nhit

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn nhit

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t)
t
x
v iu kin ban u

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t)
t
x
v cc iu kin ph
u
ut=0 = g(x), (
+ u)D = h(t)
n

w
.v

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn
phng trnh truyn sng

ut=0 = g(x)

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 121

Bi ton Diriclet (DE)

Bi ton Neumann
Neumann (NE)

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn
phng trnh Laplace

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn
phng trnh Laplace

2u
2u
+
= f(x, y)
y 2
x 2

2u
2u
+
= f(x, y)
y 2
x 2
v cc iu kin bin
uD = g(x, y),

u
 D = h(x, y)
n

Bi ton CH1a

m
ie
t

2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = h(x)
t

Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm h C(D, 3).

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

4. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht

.c
o

uD = g(x, y)

v iu kin bin

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

i bin = x + at, = x - at
Tnh cc o hm ring bng cng thc o hm hm hp

w
.v

u u
u u u u
,
=
+
= a
x t

2
2u 2u
2u 2u 2u
2u 2u
2 u

,
=
+
2
+
=
a

2
+
2
2
2 t 2
x 2 2

Th vo phng trnh (7.4.1), nhn c phng trnh

2u
=0

Tch phn hai ln

u(, ) = () + ()
Tr v bin c
u(x, t) = (x + at) + (x - at)
Th vo iu kin ban u (7.4.2)
u(x, 0) = (x) + (x) = g(x) v u t (x, 0) = a[(x) - (x)] = h(x)

Trang 122

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(7.4.1)

(7.4.2)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Tch phn phng trnh th hai, a v h phng trnh
x

(x) + (x) = 0, (x) - (x) =

1
h()d
a 0

Gii h phng trnh trn tm (x) v (x) v suy ra nghim ca bi ton

x + at

1
h()d
2a x at

(7.4.3)

.c
o

u(x, t) =

nh l Cho hm h C1(D, 3). Bi ton CH1a c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh

theo cng thc (7.4.3)

Chng minh

Do hm h C1(D, 3) nn hm u C2(H, 3). Kim tra trc tip

1
u
(x, t) H,
= a[h(x + at) + h(x - at)]
t
2

2
2u
u
2 u
=
a
, u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = hi
2
2
t
t
x

Nu ui l nghim ca bi ton

2
2u
1
2 u
= a[h(x + at) + h(x - at)] = a
2
t 2
x 2
u
x D, u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = h(x)
t

2
2u
u
2 u
=
a
, u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = h1 - h2 = h
2
2
t
t
x
Vi mi T > 0 c nh, k hiu B = [x - aT, x + aT] v HT = B [0, T]. T cng thc
(7.4.3) chng ta c c lng sau y
(x, t) HT , | u(x, t) | T supB | h() |
T suy ra
h = h1 - h2 = 0 u = u1 - u2 = 0.
|| h || = || h1 - h2 || < || u || = || u1 - u2 || < = T
Vy bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn HT vi mi T c nh. Do tnh lin tc
ca nghim suy ra bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn H.

w
.v

ie
t

th u = u1 - u2 l nghim ca bi ton

Bi ton CH1b

Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm g C(D, 3).

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = 0
t

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 123

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

v
(x, 0) = g(x)
t
Bi ton CH1b c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc sau y

nh l Cho g C2(D, 3) v v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton CH1a vi

x + at
v
1
(x, t) =
g()d
t
2a t x at

u(x, t) =

(7.4.4)

.c
o

Chng minh

Do hm g C2(D, 3) nn hm v C3(H, 3) suy ra hm u C2(H, 3).

Kim tra trc tip
2
2
2u
2 v
v
2 v
2
=
=
a
=
a
2
2
2
2
t t
t x
t
x t

(x, t) H,

2
v
u
2 v
x D, u(x, 0) =
(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = a
(x, 0)
t
t
x 2

Tnh duy nht v n nh ca nghim suy ra t bi ton CH1a.

5. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht

Bi ton CH1c

ie
t

Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm f C(H, 3).

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

w
.v

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = 0
t

inh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) v v(x, , t) l nghim ca bi ton CH1a trn H 3+ vi

v
(x, , 0) = f(x, )
t
Bi ton CH1c c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc sau y.
t

v(x, , t )d

u(x, t) =

v(x, , 0) = 0 v

Chng minh

Do hm f C(H, 3) nn hm v C1(H 3+, 3) suy ra hm u C2(H, 3)

Kim tra trc tip

Trang 124

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(7.5.1)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

u
v
=
(x, t, 0) +
2
t
t
2

v
2

v
0 t (x, , t )d =
t

(x, , t )d = a2

t (x, , t )d
0

v
(x, , t )d + f(x, t)
x 2
2

u
(x, 0) = 0
t
Tnh duy nht v n nh ca nghim suy ra t bi ton CH1a.

.c
o

x D, u(x, 0) = 0,

u
(x, t) H,
= v(x, t, 0) +
t

Bi ton CH1

Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+, cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3).

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
v iu kin ban u
u
(x, 0) = h(x)
u(x, 0) = g(x),
t

u(x, t) =

2a t

ie
t

Tm nghim ca bi ton CH1 di dng

u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t) + uc(x, t)
vi u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton CH1.
Kt hp cc cng thc (7.4.3), (7.4.4) v (7.5.1) suy ra cng thc sau y.
x + at

x + at

x + a

x at

x at

x a

g()d +

h()d + d

f (, t )d

(7.5.2)

w
.v

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3), g C2(D, 3) v h C1(D, 3). Bi ton CH1 c

nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (7.5.2).
2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ 2xe-t vi (x, t) 3 3+
2
2
t
x
u
u(x, 0) = cosx,
(x, 0) = 2x
t
Theo cng thc (7.5.2) chng ta c

V d Gii bi ton

u(x, t) =

x + at
x + at
t x + a

cos

+
2

+
2e t dd

2a t x at
x at
0 x a

= cosxcosat + 2xt(2t - 1 + e-t)

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc cc hm lin tc tng khc, cng thc (7.5.2) vn
s dng c trong trng hp cc hm f, g v h c o hm lin tc tng khc.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 125

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

6. Bi ton gi Cauchy
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3).
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

.c
o

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0

Bi ton SH1a

T tng chung gii bi ton SH l tm cch chuyn v bi ton CH tng ng.

Gi f1, g1 v h1 tng ng l ko di ca cc hm f, g v h ln ton 3, cn v(x, t) l
nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y.

2
2v
v
2 v
=
a
+ f(x, t), v(x, 0) = g1(x),
(x, 0) = h1(x) vi (x, t) 3 3+
2
2
t
t
x

Theo cng thc (7.5.2) chng ta c

x + at

x + a

ie
t

1
1
1
v(x, t) = [g1(x + at) + g1(x - at)] +
h 1 ()d +
d f1 (, t )d

2
2a x at
2a 0 x a
Th vo iu kin bin

at

v(0, t) =

1
1
1
h 1 ()d +
d f1 (, t )d = 0
[g1(at) + g1(-at)] +

2a 0 a
2
2a at

w
.v

Suy ra cc hm f1, g1 v h1 phi l cc hm l.

Tc l
g( x ) x 0
f(x, t) x 0
h(x) x 0
f1(x, t) =
, g1(x) =
v h1(x) =
h(-x)
x<0
g
(
x
)
x
<
0
- f(-x, t) x < 0

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3), hm g C2(D, 3) v hm h C1(D, 3) tho mn

f(0, t) = 0, g(0) = 0 v h(0) = 0
Bi ton SH1a c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc

x + at
x + at
t
x + a

u(x, t) =
g
(

)
d

+
h
(

)
d

+
d

f
(

,
t

)
d

1
1
1

2a t x at
x at
0
x a

vi f1, g1 v h1 tng ng l ko di l ca cc hm f, g v h ln ton 3.

Trang 126

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(7.6.1)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Bi ton SH1b
Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ v hm p C(3+, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

.c
o

2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = 0
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t)

Kim tra trc tip hm

x
x
u(x, t) = (t - )p(t - )
a
a
l nghim ca bi ton SH1b.

(7.6.2)

Bi ton SH1

Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3), g, h C(D, 3), p C(3+, 3)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

w
.v

ie
t

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
(x, 0) = h(x)
u(x, 0) = g(x),
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t)

Tm nghim ca bi ton SH1 di dng

u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton SH1.
Kt hp cc cng thc (7.6.1) v (7.6.2) suy ra cng thc sau y.

+ (t -

x
x
)p(t - )
a
a

(7.6.3)

x + at
x + at
t
x + a

u(x, t) =
g 1 ()d + h 1 ()d + d f 1(, t )d

2a t x at
x at
0
x a

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3), g C2(D, 3), h C1(D, 3) v p C2(3+, 3) tho

g(0) = 0, h(0) = 0 v f(0, t) = 0
Bi ton SH1 c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (7.6.3) vi f1, g1 v
h1 tng ng l ko di l ca cc hm f, g v h ln ton 3.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 127

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

2u
2u
=
4
+ 2xt vi (x, t) 3+3+
t 2
x 2
u
u(x, 0) = sinx,
(x, 0) = 2x
t
u(0, t) = sint
Do cc hm f, g v h l hm l nn cc hm ko di l f1 = f, g1 = g v h1 = h. Thay vo
cng thc (7.6.3) chng ta c
x+2t
x+2 t
t
x+2

x
x
1

sin

+
2

+
d

2(t )d + (t - )sin(t - )

4 t x 2 t
2
2
x 2 t
0
x 2

x
x
1 3
xt + (t - )sin(t - ) vi (x, t) 3+ 3+
6
2
2

= sinxcos2t + 2xt +

u(x, t) =

.c
o

V d Gii bi ton

Nhn xt Phng php trn c th s dng gii cc bi ton gi Cauchy khc.

7. Bi ton hn hp thun nht

Bi ton HH1a

w
.v

2
2u
2 u
=
a
vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0

ie
t

Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T] v cc hm g, h C(D, 3)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng
(7.7.1)

(7.7.2)
(7.7.3)

Bi ton HH1a c gii bng phng php tch bin m ni dung ca n nh sau
Tm nghim ca bi ton HH1a dng tch bin
u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
o hm u(x, t) hai ln theo x, theo t sau th vo phng trnh (7.7.1)
X (x)
T (t )
X(x)T(t) = a2X(x)T(t) suy ra
= 2
3
X (x)
a T(t )
Th hm u(x, t) vo iu kin bin (7.7.3)
u(0, t) = X(0)T(t) = 0 v u(l, t) = X(l)T(t) = 0 vi T(t) 0

Trang 128

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng ta nhn c h phng trnh vi phn h s hng sau y

X(x) + X(x) = 0
T(t) + a2T(t) = 0
X(0) = X(l) = 0 vi 3

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

(7.7.4)
(7.7.5)
(7.7.6)

.c
o

Phng trnh vi phn (7.7.4) c phng trnh c trng

k2 + = 0
Nu = - 2 th phng trnh (7.7.4) c nghim tng qut X(x) = C1e-x + C2ex
Th vo iu kin (7.7.6) gii ra c C1 = C2 = 0. H ch c nghim tm thng.
Nu = 0 th phng trnh (7.7.4) c nghim tng qut
X(x) = C1 + C2x
Trng hp ny h cng ch c nghim tm thng.
Nu = 2 th phng trnh (7.7.4) c nghim tng qut X(x) = C1cosx + C2sinx
k
.
Th vo iu kin (7.7.6) gii ra c C1 = 0, C2 tu v =
l
Suy ra h phng trnh (7.7.4) v (7.7.6) c h nghim ring trc giao trn [0, l]
2

ie
t

k
k
Xk(x) = Aksin
x vi Ak 3 v k = , k *
l
l
Th cc k vo phng trnh (7.7.5) gii ra c
ka
ka
Tk(t) = Bkcos
t + Cksin
t vi (Bk, Ck) 32, k *
l
l
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton HH1a
ka
ka
k
uk(x, t) = (akcos
t + bksin
t )sin x vi ak = AkBk , bk = AkCk , k *
l
l
l
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton HH1a dng chui hm
+

u k (x, t) =

w
.v

u(x, t) =

k =1

a
k =1

cos

ka
ka
k
t + b k sin
t sin
x
l
l
l

(7.7.7)

Th vo iu kin ban u (7.7.3)

+
+
u
k
ka
k
u(x, 0) = a k sin
(x, 0) =
x = g(x) v
b k sin
x = h(x)
t
l
l
l
k =1
k =1
Nu cc hm g v h c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier trn on [0, l] th

2
k
2
k
g(x) sin
xdx v bk =
h(x) sin
xdx

ka 0
l
l 0
l
l

(7.7.8)

ak =

nh l Cho cc hm g C2(D, 3) v h C1(D, 3) tho mn

g(0) = g(l) = 0 v h(0) = h(l) = 0
Chui hm (7.7.7) vi h s ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (7.7.8) l nghim duy nht v
n nh ca bi ton HH1a.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 129

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Chng minh

.c
o

Cc hm g v h theo gi thit tho mn iu kin Dirichlet do khai trin c thnh

chui Fourier hi t u v c cc chui o hm hi t u trn on [0, l].
Suy ra chui hm (7.7.7) vi cc h s ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (7.7.8) l hi t u
v cc chui o hm ring n cp hai ca n cng hi t u trn min H. Do vy c
th o hm tng t hai ln theo x, theo t trn min H. Kim tra trc tip thy rng chui
(7.7.7) v cc chui o hm ring ca n tho mn phng trnh (7.7.1) v cc iu
kin ph (7.7.2), (7.7.3)
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CH1 suy ra tnh n nh v duy nht nghim.

n =0

cos

(2 n + 1)a
(2 n + 1)
t sin
x
l
l

(2n + 1)

ie
t

8l 2
3

u(x, t) =

V d Xc nh dao ng t do ca dy c hai u mt x = 0, x = l c nh, lch ban

u
u u(x, 0) = x(l - x) v vn tc ban u
(x, 0) = 0.
t
Thay vo cng thc (7.7.8) nhn c
k = 2n
0
1
k

8l 2
xdx =
v bk = 0 vi k *
ak = x(l x) sin
k
=
2n
+
1
l
0
2 (2n + 1) 2
Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

8. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht

w
.v

Bi ton HH1b

Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3) v g, h C(D, 3)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
(x, 0) = 0
u(x, 0) = 0,
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0
Tm nghim bi ton HH1b di dng chui hm

k
x
l
k =1
Khai trin Fourier hm f(x, t) trn on [0, l]
+

u(x, t) =

Trang 130

T (t) sin
k

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(7.8.1)

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

2
kx
k
f(x, t) = f k (t ) sin
dx
x vi fk(t) = f (x, t ) sin
l 0
l
l
k =1
l

k
ka

T
(
t
)
Tk (t ) sin
x =
+

l
l
k =1

f
k =1

(t ) sin

k
x
l

+
k
k
x = 0 v T k (0) sin
x =0
l
l
k =1
k =1
Chng ta nhn c h phng trnh vi phn h s hng
k

.c
o

Sau th vo bi ton HH1b

(0) sin

(7.8.2)

ka
Tk(t) +
Tk(t) = fk(t)
l
Tk(0) = 0, T k (0) = 0 vi k *

Gii h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (7.8.2) tm cc hm Tk(t) sau
th vo cng thc (7.8.1) suy ra nghim ca bi ton HH1b. H phng trnh (7.8.2) c
th gii bng phng php ton t Laplace ni chng 5 hoc bng mt trong cc
phng php gii phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng bit no . Lp lun
tng t nh bi ton HH1a chng ta c kt qu sau y.

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3). Chui hm (7.8.1) vi cc hm Tk(t) xc nh

Bi ton HH1

ie
t

t h phng trnh (7.8.2) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HH1b.

w
.v

Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3), g, h C(D,3) v cc hm

p, q C([0, T], 3). Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn sng

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t 2
x 2
iu kin ban u
u
u(x, 0) = g(x),
(x, 0) = h(x)
t
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t), u(l, t) = q(t)

Tm nghim bi ton HH1 di dng

x
(q(t) - p(t))
l
Trong hm v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HH1a
u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + p(t) +

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(7.8.3)

Trang 131

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

2
2v
2 v
=
a
t 2
x 2

x
(q(0) - p(0)) = g1(x)
l
x
v
(x, 0) = h(x) - p(0) - (q(0) - p(0)) = h1(x)
t
l
v(0, t) = v(l, t) = 0
vi cc iu kin bin
g1(0) = g1(l) = 0 g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)
h1(0) = h1(l) = 0 h(0) = p(0), h(l) = q(0)

v(x, 0) = g(x) - p(0) -

.c
o

(7.8.4)

Hm w(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HH1b

2
2
2w
x
2 w
2 w
=
a
+
f(x,
t)
p(t)
(q(t)
p(t))
=
a
+ f1(x, t)
l
t 2
x 2
x 2
w
w(x, 0) = 0,
(x, 0) = 0
t
w(0, t) = w(l, t) = 0

(7.8.5)

Gii cc bi ton (7.8.4) v (7.8.5) tm cc hm v(x, t) v w(x, t) sau th vo cng

thc (7.8.3) suy ra nghim ca bi ton HH1.

ie
t

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3), g C2(D, 3), h C1(D, 3) v cc hm p,

w
.v

q C2([0,T], 3) tho mn
g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0) v h(0) = p(0), h(l) = q(0)
Hm u(x, t) xc nh theo cng thc (7.8.3) vi cc hm v(x, t) v w(x, t) l nghim ca
cc bi ton (7.8.4) v (7.8.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HH1.

2u
2u
=
4
+ xt
vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t 2
x 2
u
u(x, 0) = sinx,
(x, 0) = x v u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = t
t
Tm nghim ca bi ton di dng u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + xt trong hm v(x, t)
l nghim ca bi ton HH1a vi g1(x) = sinx v h1(x) = 0 cn hm w(x, t) l nghim
ca bi ton HH1b vi f1(x, t) = xt.
Gii bi ton HH1
1

V d Gii bi ton

ak = 2 sin x sin kxdx = 1 k = 1 v bk = 0 vi k *

0 k >1
0
Suy ra
v(x, t) = cos2tsinx

Trang 132

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Gii bi ton HH2a

2(-1) k +1
t vi k *
k

Gii h phng trnh vi phn h s hng

Tk (t ) + (2k)2Tk(t) =

2(-1) k +1
t , Tk(0) = 0, Tk (0) = 0
k

.c
o

Tm c cc hm
(-1) k +1
1

sin 2 kt vi k *
t
3
2( k) 2 k

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

Tk(t) =

k =1

(-1) k +1
k3

sin 2 kt sin kx
t
2 k

1
2 3

u(x, t) = xt + cos2tsinx +

fk(t) = 2t x sin kxdx =

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc cc hm lin tc tng khc, cc cng thc trn vn
s dng c trong trng hp cc hm g v h c o hm lin tc tng khc.

Bi tp chng 7

ie
t

a v chnh tc cc phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 sau y.

2u
2u
2u
+
2
+
5
- 16u = 0
xy
x 2
y 2

2.

2u
2u
u
u
2u
2
+
+ 9 - 9 + 9u = 0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y

3.

2u
2u
2u
u
u
+
3
+
+7
-4
=0
2
2
xy
x
y
x
y

2
2u
2u
u
2 u
2sinx
cos
x
+ sinx
=0
2
2
xy
y
x
y

4.

w
.v

1.

Lp bi ton phng trnh Vt l - Ton t cc bi ton sau y.

7. Dy rt mnh c di l t trn trc Ox, mt x = 0 c nh, mt x = l chuyn ng
theo qui lut Asint, dao ng trong mi trng c lc cn t l vi vn tc, h s t l
l , lch ban u l g(x), vn tc ban u l h(x). Xc nh dao ng ca dy?
8. a rt mng ng cht bn knh R t trong mt phng Oxy, mt ngun nhit
trong t l vi khong cch n tm, nhit mi trng gi nhit u0, nhit ban
u l g(x, y). Xc nh phn b nhit trn a?

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 133

Chng 7. Phng Trnh Truyn Sng

Gii bi ton Cauchy
9.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = ex,

10.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ te-x
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = sinx,

u
t

11.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tsinx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = cosx,

u
t=0 = x
t

12.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tcosx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = sinx,

u
t

u
t=0 = x, u(0, t) = 0
t

= 2x

t=0

= x + cosx

.c
o

t=0

u
-x
t=0 = e
t

14.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ tsinx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = xcosx,

15.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ xsinx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = cosx,

16.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ xcosx
t 2
x 2

ut=0 = sinx,

u
t

ut=0 = sinx,

t=0

= sinx, u(0, t) = e-t

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ te-x
t 2
x 2

u
u
2
(0, t) = 0
t=0 = 3x ,
t
x

13.

Gii bi ton gi Cauchy

ie
t

u
t

t=0

= cosx,

u
(0, t) = 0
x

Gii cc bi ton hn hp sau y vi H = [0, l] 3+

17.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

18.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

19.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

20.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
+ bshx
t 2
x2

ut=0 = 0,

21.

2u
2u
= a2 2 + tcosx
2
t
x

ut=0 = sinx,

22.

2
2u
2 u
=
a
t 2
x2

ut=0 = 0,

23.

2
2u
u
2 u
+
2

=
a
t 2
t
x 2

Trang 134

w
.v

ut=0 = x(l - x),

ut=0 = 0,

u
= xsinx v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

t t=0

ut=0 = xcosx,

u
= 0 v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

t t=0

u
= 0 v u(0, t) = t, u(l, t) = 0

t t=0

u
= 0 v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

t t=0
u
= x v u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = t

t t=0

u
= 0 v u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = Asint

t t=0

ut=0 = g(x),

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

u
t

t=0

= h(x) v u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

Chng 8

.c
o

1. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht

Phng trnh truyn nhit

Bi ton CP1a

Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm g C(D, 3).

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

(8.1.1)
(8.1.2)

u
2u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)

ie
t

Tm nghim ring b chn ca bi ton CP1a dng tch bin

u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
Th vo phng trnh (8.1.1) a v h phng trnh vi phn
T(t) + a2T(t) = 0
X(x) + X(x) = 0
H phng trnh vi phn trn c h nghim ring b chn
T(t) = e (a ) t v X(x) = A()cosx + B()sinx vi 3+
Suy ra h nghim ring b chn ca bi ton CP1a
2

w
.v

u(x, t) = e (a ) t (A()cosx + B()sinx), 3+

Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton CP1a dng tch phn suy rng
+

u (x, t )d =

u(x, t) =

( a ) 2 t

[A() cos x + B() sin x]d

(8.1.3)

Th vo iu kin ban u (8.1.2)

+

u(x, 0) =

[A() cos x + B() sin x]d = g(x)

0

Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh tch phn Fourier th

A() =

1
1
g() cos()d v B() = g() sin( )d

Thay vo cng thc (8.1.3) v bin i

u(x, t) =

+ +

2
1
g() cos ( x)d e (a ) t d

i th t ly tch phn

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 135

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

u(x, t) =

+ +

1 ( a ) 2 t
e
cos ( x)d g()d

i bin = a t

(8.1.4)

d = a t d

x
= x + 2a t s, d = 2a t ds
2a t
Bin i tch phn bn trong ca tch phn (8.1.4)
+

( a ) t
cos ( x)d =
e

.c
o

s=

cos 2sd =

I(s)
a t
a t 0
o hm I(s), sau tch phn tng phn, nhn c phng trnh vi phn
0

s 2
I(s) =
e
2
2

= -2sI(s) v I(0) =

sin 2sde

Thay vo tch phn (8.1.4) suy ra cng thc sau y.

t s)e

ds =

g()e

2a t

( x )2
4a 2 t

g( x + 2a

s 2

(8.1.5)

u(x, t) =

I(s) =

nh l Cho hm g C(D, 3) B(D, 3). Bi ton CP1a c nghim duy nht v n nh

xc nh theo cng thc (8.1.5)

Chng minh
Theo gi thit hm g lin tc v b chn

g( ) 4a

2u
=
x 2
u
=
t

x
3

( x )2

3/ 2

4a 2t

1
( x ) 2

g
(

)
+
4a 3 t 3 / 2 8a 5 t 5 / 2

1
( x ) 2

g
(

)
+
4a t 3 / 2 8a 3 t 5 / 2

lim u(x, t) = lim

t 0 +

t 0 +

w
.v

u
=
x

ie
t

(x, t) H, s 3, g(x + 2a t s) e s M e s
Suy ra tch phn (8.1.5) b chn u. Do c th ly gii hn v o hm qua du tch
phn theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip hm u(x, t) l nghim ca phng
trnh (8.1.1) tho mn iu kin ban u (8.1.2)

g( x + 2a

( x )2
4a2 t

( x )2
4a 2t

d = a 2

2u
x 2

t s)e s ds = g(x)

Nu ui l hai nghim ca bi ton

u
2u
= a2 2 , u(x, 0) = gi
t
x

th u = u1 - u2 l nghim ca bi ton

u
2u
= a2 2 , u(x, 0) = g1 - g2 = g
t
x

Trang 136

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

T cng thc (8.1.5) chng ta c c lng sau y

(x, t) H, | u(x, t) |

| g(x + 2as

t ) | e s ds supD g()

.c
o

T suy ra
g = g1 - g2 = 0 u = u 1 - u2 = 0
|| g || = || g1 - g2 || < || u || = || u1 - u2 || <
Vy bi ton c nghim duy nht v n nh trn H.

u
2u
= 4 2 v u(x, 0) = xe-x
t
x
-x
Hm g(x) = xe tho mn iu kin ca nh l. Theo cng thc (8.1.5)
u(x, t) =

t )2

t (s + 2 t )]e ( s+ 2

[(x 8t ) + 4

e 4 t x ds

V d Gii bi ton

+
+

2
2
e 4 t x (x 8t ) e d + 4 t e d vi = s + 2 t

4t-x
= (x - 8t)e

ie
t

2. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht

Bi ton CP1b

Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ v hm f C(H, 3).

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

w
.v

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = 0

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) B(D, 3) v hm v(x, , t) l nghim ca bi ton CP1a

tho mn v(x, , 0) = f(x, ).

Bi ton CP1b c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc sau y
t

u(x, t) = v(x, , t )d =
0

1
2a

f (, )
t

( x )2
4a 2 (t )

(8.2.1)

Chng minh
Do hm f C(H, 3) B(D, 3) nn hm v C2(H 3+, 3). Do c th o hm tch
phn (8.2.1) theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 137

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

u
=
t

2
v
2 v
(
x
,

,
t

)
d

+
v(x,
t,
0)
=
a
0 t
0 x2 (x, , t )d + f(x, t)
t

2u
+ f(x, t) v u(x, 0) = 0
x 2
Tnh duy nht v n nh suy ra t bi ton CP1a.

= a2

.c
o

Bi ton
ton CP1

Cho cc min D = 3, H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3) v g C(D, 3).

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)

Tm nghim ca bi ton CP1 di dng

u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton CP1
Kt hp cc cng thc (8.1.5) v (8.2.1) suy ra cng thc sau y.

+
t
+

2
2
1
g(x + 2a t s)e s ds + d f (x + 2a s, t )e s ds

u(x, t) =

ie
t

( x )
t
+
+ g() ( x2 )

f (, t ) 4a 2

4a t
=
e
d

+
d

e
d

2a t

(8.2.2)

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) B(D, 3) v g C(D, 3) B(D, 3). Bi ton CP1 c

w
.v

nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (8.2.2).

u
2u
= a2 2 + 3t2 v u(x, 0) = sinx
t
x
2
Hm f(x, t) = t , g(x) = sinx tho mn iu kin ca nh l. Theo cng thc (8.2.2)

V d Gii bi ton

I(t) =

t s)e

s2

ds +

i ( x + 2 a ts )

2
3(t ) 2 e s ds d

K hiu
+

sin(x + 2a

u(x, t) =

e s ds

o hm I(t), bin i v sau tch phn tng phn

Trang 138

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

I(t) =

i ( x + 2 a ts )

d( e

s 2

2 t
= - a2 I(t) vi I(0) = eix
Gii phng trnh vi phn nhn c
2

) =

ia

2 t

i ( x + 2 a ts )

s2

a2

i ( x + 2 a ts )

e s ds

ia

.c
o

I(t) = e a t eix = e a t (cosx + i sinx)

(8.2.3)
Tch phn thc, phn o suy ra cc tch phn cn tm. Cn ghi nhn kt qu v phng
php tnh tch phn trn s dng sau ny.
Tnh trc tip tch phn

2
3(t ) 2 e s ds d = t3

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

1

J(t) =

u(x, t) = Im I(t) + J(t) = e a t sinx + t3

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc cc hm lin tc tng khc, cc cng thc trn vn
s dng c trong trng hp cc hm f v g c o hm lin tc tng khc.

3. Bi ton gi Cauchy

ie
t

Bi ton SP1a

Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(D, 3) v g C(D, 3)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

w
.v

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = g(x), u(0, t) = 0

T tng chung gii bi ton SP l tm cch chuyn v bi ton CP tng ng.

Gi s f1 v g1 tng ng l ko di ca cc hm f v g ln ton 3, cn hm v(x, t) l
nghim ca bi ton Cauchy sau y.

v
2v
= a2 2 + f1(x, t) v u(x, 0) = g1(x) vi (x, t) 3 3+
t
x
Theo cng thc (8.2.2) , ta c
( x )
t
+
+ g () ( x2 )

f1 (, t ) 4a 2
1

4a t
v(x, t) =
e
d

+
d

e
d

2a t

Th vo iu kin bin

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 139

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

t
+
+ g () 2
f1 (, t ) 4a 2
1

4a t
v(0, t) =
e
d + d
e
d = 0

2a t

Suy ra cc hm f1 v g1 phi l cc hm l.
Tc l

.c
o

g( x ) x 0
f(x, t) x 0
f1(x, t) =
v g1(x) =
- f(-x, t) x < 0
- g(-x) x < 0

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) B(H, 3) v g C(D, 3) B(D, 3) tho mn

f(0, t) = 0 v g(0) = 0
Bi ton SP1a c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc

d +

( + x )2
+ g() ( x )2

4a2 t
u(x, t) =
e
e 4a t

2a 0 t

( x )
(+x)

f (, t ) 4a 2
2
+ d
e
e 4a

0
0
2

(8.3.1)

u
2u
= a2 2 + 2xt vi (x, t) 3+3+
t
x
u(x, 0) = sinx v u(0, t) = 0
Do cc hm f v g l hm l nn cc hm ko di l f1 = f v g1 = g. Thay vo cng thc
(8.2.2) v s dng tch phn (8.2.3) , ta c

sin(x + 2a

t s)e

= ImI(t) +
2

ie
t

s 2

ds +

t +

2(t )(x + 2a

s)e s dsd

2
s 2

2
(
t

)
d

x
e
ds

d(e s )

w
.v

u(x, t) =

V d Gii bi ton

= e a t sinx + xt2

Bi ton SP1b

Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ v hm h C(3+, 3)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

u
2u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = 0, u(0, t) = h(t)

nh l Cho hm h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3). Bi ton SP1b c nghim duy nht v n nh

Trang 140

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

xc nh theo cng thc
x2

h(t ) 4 a 2
u(x, t) =
e
d

3/2
2a 0
t

(8.3.2)

Chng minh

x2

h(t ) 4 a 2
x2
e
d

0 3 / 2
4a 3

2u
x
=
2
x
4a 3

x2

h(t ) 4 a 2
x3
e
d

+
0 5 / 2
8a 5
t

x2

x h(0) 4 a 2 t
x
u
=
e
3/2
t
2a t
2a

1
3/2

2a

x2
4a 2

dh(t )

x2

4a 2
e

d = a2 uxx

, u(x, t) =

x2

h(t ) 4 a 2
0 7 / 2 e d
t

2
x2
)e s ds
2 2
4a s

s=

3
x2

=
h
(
t

)
+

2 5 / 2 4a 2 7 / 2
2a 0

Theo cng thc (8.3.2) ta c u(x, 0) = 0

i bin tch phn (8.3.2)
x

x2

h ( t ) 4 a 2
0 5 / 2 e d
t

u
1
=
x
2a

.c
o

Do hm h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3) nn tch phn (8.3.2) hi t u H. Do c th o

hm theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln. Kim tra trc tip

h( t

2a t

ie
t

Suy ra u(0, t) = h(t)

Tnh duy nht v n nh suy ra t cng thc (8.3.2) v c lng tch phn.

w
.v

Bi ton SP1

Cho cc min D = 3+ , H = D 3+ , cc hm f C(H, 3), g C(D, 3) v h C(3+, 3)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
v cc iu kin
u(x, 0) = g(x), u(0, t) = h(t)

Tm nghim ca bi ton SP1 di dng

u(x, t) = ua(x, t) + ub(x, t)
trong u(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton SP1
Kt hp cc cng thc (8.3.1) v (8.3.2), suy ra cng thc sau y.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 141

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

x
t

d + x h(t ) e 4 a 2 d
0 3 / 2

( x )
(+x)

f (, t ) 4a 2
2
+ d
e
e 4a

0
0
2

(8.3.3)

.c
o

( + x )2
+ g() ( x )2

4a2 t
u(x, t) =
e
e 4a t

2a 0 t

nh l Cho f C(H, 3) B(D, 3), g C(D, 3) B(D, 3), h C(3+, 3) B(3+, 3) tho
mn f(0, t) = 0 v g(0) = 0
Bi ton SP1 c nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc (8.3.3)

Nhn xt Phng php trn c th s dng gii cc bi ton gi Cauchy khc.

4. Bi ton hn hp thun nht

Bi ton HP1a

ie
t

(8.4.1)
(8.4.2)
(8.4.3)

w
.v

u
2u
= a2 2 vi (x, t) H0
t
x
iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
v iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0

Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T] v hm g C(D, 3)

Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

Tm nghim ca bi ton HP1a dng tch bin

u(x, t) = X(x)T(t)
Th vo phng trnh (8.4.1) v iu kin bin (8.4.3) a v h phng trnh vi phn
X(x) + X(x) = 0
(8.4.4)
2
T(t) + a T(t) = 0
(8.4.5)
X(0) = X(l) = 0 vi 3
(8.4.6)
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton HH1a, tm nghim ring khng tm thng ca h
phng trnh (8.4.4) v (8.4.6), nhn c h nghim ring trc giao trn on [0, l]
2

k
k
Xk(x) = Aksin
x vi Ak 3 v k = , k *
l
l
Thay vo phng trnh (8.4.5) tm c h nghim ring c lp

Trang 142

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

2

ka

t
l

Tk(t) = Bk e
vi Bk 3, k *
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton HP1
uk(x, t) = Xk(x)Tk(t) = ak e

sin

k
x vi ak = AkBk , k *
l

u(x, t) =

u
k =1

(x, t ) =

a
k =1

ka

t
l

sin

k
x
l

Thay vo iu kin ban u (8.4.2)

+
k
u(x, 0) = a k sin
x = g(x)
l
k =1
Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th

2
k
g(x) sin
xdx

l 0
l

(8.4.8)

ak =

(8.4.7)

.c
o

Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton HP1 dng chui hm

ka

t
l

nh l Cho hm g C1(D, 3) tho mn g(0) = g(l) = 0. Chui hm (8.4.7) vi cc h

s ak tnh theo cng thc (8.4.8) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HP1a.

Chng minh

w
.v

ie
t

Hm g theo gi thit tho mn iu kin Diriclet v do khai trin c thnh chui

Fourier hi t u trn on [0, l].
Do chui hm (8.4.7) vi cc h s ak tnh theo cng thc (8.4.8) l hi t u v c
th o hm tng t theo x hai ln, theo t mt ln trn min H. Kim tra trc tip thy
rng chui hm (8.4.7) v cc chui o hm ring ca n tho mn phng trnh (8.4.1)
v cc iu kin (8.4.2), (8.4.3)
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CP1 suy ra tnh n nh v duy nht nghim.

u
2u
=
vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t
x 2
u(x, 0) = x(1 - x) v u(0, t) = u(1, t) = 0
Theo cng thc (8.4.8) ta c

V d Gii bi ton

0
1 (-1) k

8
=

3 3
k
0
(2n + 1) 3 3
Th vo cng thc (8.4.7) suy ra nghim ca bi ton
2 2
8 +
1
u(x, t) = 3
e ( 2 n +1) t sin(2 n + 1)x
3
n = 0 (2n + 1)
l

k = 2n
k = 2n + 1

ak = 2 x(1 x) sin kxdx = 4

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 143

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

5. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht

Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3) v g C(D, 3)
Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

Tm nghim bi ton HP1b dng chui hm

k
x
l
k =1
Khai trin Fourier hm f(x, t) on [0, l], th vo bi ton HP1b

T (t) sin

2
kx
f (x, t ) sin
dx v

l 0
l
l

vi fk(t) =

f
k =1

T
k =1

(t ) sin

k
x
l

(0) sin

k
x =0
l

ie
t

a v h phng trnh vi phn h s hng

k
ka

T
(
t
)
+
x =

Tk (t ) sin

l
l
k =1

(8.5.1)

u(x, t) =

.c
o

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x
iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = 0
v cc iu kin bin
u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = 0

Bi ton HP1b

w
.v

ka
Tk (t) +
(8.5.2)
Tk(t) = fk(t), Tk(0) = 0
l
Gii h phng trnh vi phn tuyn tnh h s hng (8.5.2) tm cc hm Tk(t) th vo
cng thc (8.5.1) suy ra nghim ca bi ton.

nh l Cho hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3). Chui hm (8.5.1) vi cc hm Tk(t) xc nh

bi h phng trnh (8.5.2) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HP1b.

Bi ton HP1

Cho cc min D = [0, l], H = D [0, T], cc hm f C(H, 3), g C(D, 3) v cc hm

p, q C([0, T], 3). Tm hm u C(H, 3) tho mn phng trnh truyn nhit

u
2u
= a2 2 + f(x, t) vi (x, t) H0
t
x

iu kin ban u
u(x, 0) = g(x)
v cc iu kin bin
u(0, t) = p(t), u(l, t) = q(t)

Trang 144

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Tm nghim bi ton HP1 di dng

x
(q(t) - p(t))
l
Trong hm v(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HP1a

(8.5.3)

u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + p(t) +

v(x, 0) = g(x) - p(0) -

x
(q(0) - p(0)) = g1(x)
l

(8.5.4)

v(0, t) = v(l, t) = 0
vi iu kin bin
g1(0) = g1(l) = 0 g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)

.c
o

v
2v
= a2 2
t
x

Hm w(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HP1b

w
2w
x
2w
= a2 2 + f(x, t) - p(t) - (q(t) - p(t)) = a2 2 + f1(x, t)
t
l
x
x
w(x, 0) = 0
w(0, t) = w(l, t) = 0

(8.5.5)

Gii cc bi ton (8.5.4) v (8.5.5) tm hm v(x, t) v hm w(x, t) th vo cng thc

(8.5.3) suy ra nghim ca bi ton.

ie
t

nh l Cho cc hm f C(H, 3) C1(D, 3), g C2(D, 3) v p, q C1([0, T], 3) tho

mn
g(0) = p(0), g(l) = q(0)
Hm u(x, t) xc nh theo cng thc (8.5.3) vi hm v(x, t) v hm w(x, t) l nghim ca
cc bi ton (8.5.4) v (8.5.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton HP1.

w
.v

u
2u
= 4 2 vi (x, t) [0, 1] [0, T]
t
x
u(x, 0) = x v u(0, t) = 0, u(1, t) = e-t
Tm nghim ca bi ton di dng u(x, t) = v(x, t) + w(x, t) + xe-t vi hm v(x, t) l
nghim ca bi ton HP1a vi g1(x) = 0 cn hm w(x, t) l nghim ca bi ton HP1b
vi f1(x, t) = xe-t.
Bi ton HP1a c nghim
v(x, t) = 0
Gii bi ton HP1b

V d Gii bi ton

fk(t) = 2 e t x sin kxdx =

0

2(-1) k +1 t
e vi k *
k

Gii h phng trnh vi phn h s hng

Tk (t) + (2k)2Tk(t) =

2(-1) k +1 t
e , Tk(0) = 0
k

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 145

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Tm c cc hm

u(x, t) = xe-t +

2
2(-1) k
e ( 2 k ) t e t sin kx
2 2
k(4 k 1)

.c
o

k =1

) vi k

2
2(-1) k
e ( 2 k ) t e t
2 2
k(4 k 1)
Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

Tk(t) =

Nhn xt Bng cch ko di lin tc, cc cng thc trn vn s dng c trong trng
hp cc hm f v g c o hm lin tc tng khc.

6. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn

2 u 2u
+
x2 y2

u(x, y) =

Xt ton t vi phn Laplace trong mt phng

ie
t

i bin to cc x = rcos, y = rsin

Theo cng thc o hm hm hp
u 1
u
u r u
u
=
= cos sin
+
x
r r

r x x

u r u
u 1
u
u
=
= sin + cos
+
y
r y y
r r

w
.v

2
2
2u 2
u 1 2 u 1
2u
2 u 2
2 u
=
cos

cos

sin

+
cos

sin

+
sin

+
sin

r r 2
r
r r 2
x2
r 2 r
2
2
2
2u 2
u 1
1
2u
2u
2 u
2 u
2
=
sin

cos
sin

cos

sin

+
cos

+
cos

r r 2
r
r r 2
r 2 r
2
y2

Suy ra biu thc to cc ca ton t Laplace

Bi ton DE1a

2 u 1 u 1 2 u
1 u 1 2 u
+
+
=
r +
r 2 r r r 2 2
r r r r 2 2

u(r, ) =

Cho min D = [0, R] [0, 2] v hm g C([0, 2], 3).

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u(r, ) = 0 vi (r, ) D0
v iu kin bin
u(R, ) = g()

Trang 146

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(8.6.1)
(8.6.2)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

.c
o

Tm nghim ca bi ton DE1a dng tch bin

u(r, ) = V(r) ()
Th vo phng trnh (8.6.1) nhn c h phng trnh vi phn
() + () = 0
(8.6.3)
2
r V(r) + rV(r) - V(r) = 0, vi 3
(8.6.4)
Phng trnh (8.6.3) c h nghim ring trc giao, tun hon chu k T = 2
k(x) = Akcosk + Bksink, k = k2 vi Ak, Bk 3, k
Thay vo phng trnh (8.6.4) tm h nghim ring c lp v b chn
Vk(r) = Ckrk vi Ck 3, k
Suy ra h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton DE1a
u0 = a0 , uk(r, ) = rk(akcosk + bksink) vi ak = CkAk , bk = CkBk , k *

Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE1a dng chui hm

+

u(r, ) = a0 + r k (a k cos k + b k sin k)

(8.6.5)

k =1

Th vo iu kin bin (8.6.2)

+

u(R, ) = a0 + R k (a k cos k + b k sin k) = g()

k =1

1
1
g()d , ak =

2 0
R k

g() cos kd , bk =
0

ie
t

a0 =

Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th

1
R k

g() sin kd

(8.6.6)

nh l Cho g C1([0, 2], 3) tho mn g(0) = g(2). Chui hm (8.6.5) vi cc h s

ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (8.6.6) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton DE1a.

Chng minh

w
.v

Lp lun tng t nh bi ton CP1

V d Gii bi ton DE1

u = 0 vi u(R, ) = 2Rsin
Hm g() = 2Rsin tho mn cc iu kin ca nh l. Theo cng thc (8.6.6)

1
R k

sin sin kd = 0
0

k = 1 vi k *
k 1

ak = 0 v bk = 2R

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton u(r, ) = 2rsin 2y

K hiu
u(z) = u(r, ) vi z = rei D0
Theo kt qu 8, chng 3 suy ra bi ton DE1a c nghim theo cng thc sau y.
1
+ z g( )
1
u(z) = Re
(8.6.7)
d = Re
F( )d = ReI(z)

2 i | |= R z
2i | |= R

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 147

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Gi s trong hnh trn B(0, R) hm g c cc cc im khc khng ak vi k = 1..n Theo
cng thc tnh tch phn Cauchy (4.7.6) ta c
n

Re sF(a
k =1

(8.6.8)

.c
o

u = 0 vi u(R, ) = 2Rsin

V d Gii bi ton DE1

Chuyn qua to v phc

1 i -i
1 2 R2
1 + z 2 R2
(e - e ) =
v
F(

)
=
2i
i 2
i z 2

Ta c
I(z) = Res[f, z] + Res[f, 0] =

2(z 2 R 2 ) 2R 2
+
= -2iz
iz
iz

Suy ra nghim ca bi ton

u(z) = Re(-2iz) = 2y

g() = 2R

I(z) = ResF(z) + ResF(0) +

Bi ton DE1b

(8.6.9)
(8.6.10)

ie
t

Cho min D = [, R] [0, 2] v cc hm g, h C([0, 2], 3)

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u(r, ) = 0 vi (r, ) D0
v iu kin bin
u(, ) = g(), u(R, ) = h()

w
.v

Lp lun tng t bi ton DE1a, tm nghim ca bi ton DE1b dng tch bin
u(r, ) = V(r) ()
Thay vo phng trnh (8.6.9) nhn c h nghim ring c lp
u0 = a0 + b0lnr
uk(r, ) = (akrk + bkr-k)cosk + (ckrk + dkr-k)sink vi ak , bk , ck , dk 3, k *
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE1b dng chui hm
u(r, ) = a0 + b0lnr
+

[(a

k =1

r k + b k r k ) cos k + (c k r k + d k r k ) sin k]

(8.6.11)

Th vo iu kin bin (8.6.10)

+

u(, ) = a0 + b0ln + [(a k k + b k k ) cos k + (c k k + d k k ) sin k] = g()

k =1

u(R, ) = a0 + b0lnR + [(a k R k + b k R k ) cos k + (c k R k + d k R k ) sin k] = h()

k =1

Nu hm g c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th

Trang 148

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

2

1
a0 + b0lnR =
h()d
2 0

akk + bk-k =

1
g() cos kd
0

ckk + dk-k =

1
g() sin kd
0

akRk + bkR-k =

1
h() cos kd
0

ckRk + dkR-k =

1
h() sin kd
0

(8.6.12)

.c
o

1
a0 + b0ln =
g()d
2 0

nh l Cho cc hm g, h C1([0, 2], 3) tho mn g(0) = g(2), h(0) = h(2). Chui

hm (8.6.11) vi cc h s ak , bk , ck v dk xc nh t h phng trnh (8.6.12) l

nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton DE1b.

7. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh ch nht

Bi ton DE2a

2 u 2u
= 0 vi (x, y) D0
+
x2 y2

(8.7.1)

ie
t

u =

Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm ga C([0, l], 3)

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace

v iu kin bin
u(x, 0) = ga(x), u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(l, y) = 0

(8.7.2)

w
.v

Tm nghim ca bi ton DE2a dng tch bin

u(x, y) = X(x)Y(y)
Thay vo phng trnh (8.7.1) a v h phng trnh vi phn
X(x) + X(x) = 0
Y(y) - Y(y) = 0
X(0) = X(l) = Y(d) = 0 vi 3
Bi ton (8.7.3) c h nghim ring c lp

(8.7.3)
2

k
k
k
Xk(x) = Aksin
x , Yk(y) = Bksh
(d y) , k = vi k *
l
l
l
Suy ra c h nghim ring c lp ca bi ton DE2a
k
k
uk(x, y) = ak sh
(d y) sin
x vi ak = AkBk 3, k *
l
l
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton DE2a dng chui hm

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 149

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

u k (x, y) =
k =1

a
k =1

sh

k
k
(d y) sin
x
l
l

(8.7.4)

Th vo iu kin bin (8.7.2)

+
kd
k
u(x, 0) = a k sh
sin
x = ga(x)
l
l
k =1
Nu hm ga c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier trn on [0, l] th

2
k
g (x) sin
xdx
ak =
kd 0 a
l
lsh
l

.c
o

u(x, y) =

(8.7.5)

nh l Cho hm ga C1([0, l], 3) tho mn ga(0) = ga(l) = 0. Chui hm (8.7.4) vi h

s ak tnh theo cng thc (8.7.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton DE2a.

Bi ton DE2b

ie
t

Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gb C([0, d], 3).

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(l, y) = gb(y), u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(x, 0) = 0

Lp lun tng t nh trn, chng ta gii cc bi ton sau y.

nh l Cho hm gb C1([0, d], 3) tho mn gb(0) = gb(d) = 0. Bi ton DE2b c

nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc
k
k
u(x, y) = b k sh
x sin
y vi bk =
d
d
k =1

w
.v

Bi ton DE2c

2
k
g b (y) sin
ydy

kl 0
d
dsh
d
d

(8.7.6)

Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gc C([0, l], 3).

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(x, d) = gc(x), u(0, x) = u(x, 0) = u(l, y) = 0

nh l Cho hm gc C1([0, l], 3) tho mn gc(0) = gc(l) = 0. Bi ton DE2c c nghim

duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc
+

u(x, y) =

c k sh
k =1

Trang 150

2
k
k
k
g c (x) sin
xdx
y sin
x vi ck =

kd 0
l
l
l
lsh
l

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(8.7.7)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

.c
o

Cho D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm gd C([0, d], 3).

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(0, y) = gd(y), u(x, 0) = u(l, y) = u(x, d) = 0

Bi ton DE2d

nh l Cho hm gd C1([0, d], 3) tho mn gd(0) = gd(d) = 0. Bi ton DE2d c

nghim duy nht v n nh xc nh theo cng thc

+
k
k
u(x, y) = d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
k =1

2
k
g d (y) sin
ydy

kl 0
d
dsh
d

(8.7.8)

vi dk =

Bi ton DE2

ie
t

Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d], cc hm g1 , g3 C([0, l], 3) v g2 , g4 C([0, d], 3)

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v iu kin bin
u(x, 0) = g1(x), u(l, y) = g2(y), u(x, d) = g3(x), u(0, y) = g4(y)

w
.v

Tm nghim ca bi ton DE2 di dng

u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + u(x, y) + ub(x, y) + uc(x, y) + ud(x, y)
Trong u(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton DE2.
Hm
u0(x, y) = A + Bx + Cy + Dxy
(8.7.9)
l nghim ca bi ton DE sao cho u(x, y) trit tiu ti cc nh ca hnh ch nht.
Do tnh lin tc ca hm u(x, y) trn bin D
u(0, 0) = g4(0) = g1(0) = A
u(l, 0) = g1(l) = g2(0) = A + Bl
u(l, d) = g2(d) = g3(l) = A + Bl + Cd + Dld
u(0, d) = g3(0) = g4(d) = A + Cd
Gii h phng trnh trn suy ra
g (d ) g 4 (0)
g (l) g1 (0)
A = g4(0) = g1(0), B = 1
,C= 4
l
d
g (l) g3 (0) g1 (l) + g1 (0)
g (d ) g 2 (0) g 4 (d ) + g 4 (0)
D= 3
= 2
(8.7.10)
ld
ld

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 151

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Th vo iu kin bin suy ra

x
(g1(l) - g1(0))
l
x
gc(x) = uc(x, d) = g3(x) - g3(0) - (g3(l) - g3(0))
l
y
gb(y) = ub(l, y) = g2(y) - g2(0) - (g2(d) - g2(0))
d
y
gd(y) = ud(0, y) = g4(y) - g4(0) - (g4(d) - g4(0))
d

(8.7.11)

Kt hp cc cng thc (8.7.4) - (8.7.8) nhn c cng thc

sh

k
k
k
(d y) + c k sh
y sin
x
l
l
l

k =1

b
k =1

sh

k
k
k

x + d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
d

(8.7.12)

u(x, y) = u0(x, y) +

.c
o

ga(x) = ua(x, 0) = g1(x) - g1(0) -

nh l Cho cc hm g1 , g3 C1([0, l], 3) v g2 , g4 C1([0, d], 3) tho mn

ie
t

g4(0) = g1(0), g1(l) = g2(0), g2(d) = g3(l), g3(0) = g4(d)

Chui hm (8.7.12) vi hm u0(x, y) xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.7.9) - (8.7.10) v
cc h s ak , bk , ck v dk xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.7.5) - (8.7.8) trong cc hm
ga , gb , gc v gd xc nh theo cng thc (8.7.11) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi
ton DE2.

w
.v

8. Bi ton Neumann

Bi ton NE1

Cho min D = [0, R] [0, 2] v hm h C([0, 2], 3)

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
1 u 1 2 u
= 0 vi (r, ) D0
r +
r r r r 2 2

u =

v iu kin bin
u
(R, ) = h()
r

Tm nghim ca bi ton NE1 dng tch bin

u(r, ) = V(r) ()

Trang 152

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(8.8.1)

(8.8.2)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Thay vo phng trnh (8.8.1) nhn c h phng trnh vi phn
() + () = 0
r2V(r) + rV(r) - V(r) = 0, 3

(8.8.3)

.c
o

Bi ton (8.8.3) c h nghim ring c lp

u0 = a0, uk(r, ) = rk(akcosk + bksink) vi ak = CkAk , bk = CkBk , k *
Tm nghim tng qut ca bi ton NE1 dng chui hm
+

u(r, ) = a0 + r k (a k cos k + b k sin k)

k =1

(8.8.4)

Th vo iu kin bin (8.8.2)

+
u
(R, ) = kR k 1 (a k cos k + b k sin k) = h()
r
k =1

1
kR k 1

h() cos kd , bk =

1
kR k 1

ak =

Nu hm h c th khai trin thnh chui Fourier th

a0 = u(0, )

h() sin kd

(8.8.5)

nh l Cho h C1([0, 2], 3) tho mn h(0) = h(2). Chui hm (8.8.4) vi cc h s

ie
t

ak v bk tnh theo cng thc (8.8.5) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton NE1.

Lp lun tng t nh cc bi ton DE2 chung ta gii cc bi ton sau y

Bi ton NE2b

u =

w
.v

Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm hb C([0, d], 3).

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
2 u 2u
= 0 vi (x, y) D0
+
x2 y2

v cc iu kin bin

u(x, d) = u(0, y) = u(x, 0) = 0,

u
(l, y) = hb(y)
x

nh l Cho hm hb C1([0, d], 3). Bi ton NE2b c nghim duy nht v n nh xc

nh theo cng thc
u(x, y) =

b k sh
k =1

k
k
x sin
y vi bk =
d
d

2
kch

h
kl
0

(y) sin

k
ydy (8.8.6)
d

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 153

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Bi ton NE2d

.c
o

Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v hm hd C([0, d], 3).

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v cc iu kin bin
u
u(x, 0) = u(l, y) = u(x, d) = 0,
(0, y) = hd(y)
x

nh l Cho hm hd C1([0, d], 3). Bi ton NE2d c nghim duy nht v n nh xc

nh theo cng thc
k =1

sh

k
k
(l x) sin
y
d
d

u(x, y) =

2
k
h d (y) sin
ydy

kl 0
d
kch
d
d

(8.8.7)

vi dk =

Bi ton NE2

ie
t

Cho min D = [0, l] [0, d] v cc hm g1 , g3 C([0, l], 3) v h2 , h4 C([0, d], 3)

Tm hm u C(D, 3) tho mn phng trnh Laplace
u = 0 vi (x, y) D0
v cc iu kin bin
u
u
u(x, 0) = g1(x), u(x, d) = g3(x) v
(l, y) = h2(y),
(0, y) = h4(y)
x
x

w
.v

Tm nghim ca bi ton NE2 di dng

u(x, y) = u0(x, y) + ua(x, y) + ub(x, y) + uc(x, y) + ud(x, y)
(8.8.8)
Trong cc hm ua(x, y) v uc(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton DE2a v DE2c, cc hm
ub(x, y) v ud(x, y) l nghim ca bi ton NE2b v NE2d, cn hm
u0(x, y) = A + Bx + Cy + Dxy
(8.8.9)
l nghim ca bi ton DE sao cho u(x, y) trit tiu ti cc nh ca hnh ch nht
Lp lun tng t nh bi ton DE2 suy ra

A = g1(0)

g3 (0) g1 (0)
d
Th vo iu kin bin suy ra
C=

Trang 154

g1 (l) g1 (0)
l
g (l) g1 (l) g3 (0) + g1 (0)
D= 3
ld

B=

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

(8.8.10)

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

x
(g1(l) - g1(0))
l
x
g3(x) - g3(0) - (g3(l) - g3(0))
l
h2(y) - (B + Dy)
g (l) g1 (0)
y g3 (l) g1 (l) g3 (0) + g1 (0)
h2(y) - 1
l
d
l
h4(y) - (B + Dy)
g (l) g1 (0) y g3 (l) g1 (l) g3 (0) + g1 (0)
h4(y) - 1
l
d
l

hb(y) =
=
hd(y) =
=

.c
o

gc(x) =

ga(x) = g1(x) - g1(0) -

(8.8.11)

k
k
k
(d y) + c k sh
y sin
x
l
l
l
+
k
k
k

+ b k sh
x + d k sh
(l x) sin
y
d
d
d

k =1

sh

(8.8.12)

k =1

u(x, y) = u0(x, y) +

Kt hp cc cng thc (8.7.4), (8.7.6), (8.8.6), (8.8.7) v (8.8.8) suy ra cng thc

nh l Cho cc hm g1 , g3 C1([0, l], 3) v g2 , g4 C1([0, d], 3) tho mn

ga (0) = hd(0), ga (l) = hb(0) v gc (0) = hd(d), gc (l) = hb(d)

w
.v

ie
t

Chui hm (8.8.12) vi hm u0(x, y) xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.8.9) - (8.8.10) v

cc h s ak v ck xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.7.5) v (8.7.7) cn cc h s bk v dk
xc nh theo cc cng thc (8.8.6) v (8.8.7) vi cc hm ga , gc , hb v hd xc nh theo
cng thc (8.8.11) l nghim duy nht v n nh ca bi ton NE2.

Bi tp chng 8

Gii cc bi ton Cauchy

u
2u
= a2 2
t
x

ut=0 = xex

2.

u
2u
= a2 2 + 3xt2
t
x

ut=0 = sinx

3.

u
2u
= a2 2 + xe-t
t
x

ut=0 = cosx

u
2u
= a2 2 + te-x
t
x

ut=0 = sinx

4.

1.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 155

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

u
2u
= a2 2 + xsint
t
x

ut=0 = sinx, u(0, t) = 0

6.

u
2u
= a2 2 + tsinx
t
x

ut=0 = xcosx, u(0, t) = et

7.

u
2u
= a2 2 + te-x
t
x

ut=0 = cosx ,

u
(0, t) = sint
x

8.

u
2u
= a2 2 + xe-t
t
x

ut=0 = sinx ,

u
(0, t) = cost
x

Gii cc bi ton hn hp sau y

.c
o

5.

Gii cc bi ton gi Cauchy

u
2u
= a2 2
t
x

ut=0 = x(l - x), u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

10.

u
2u
= a2 2 + tsinx
t
x

ut=0 = sinx, u(0, t) = u(l, t) = 0

11.

2u
u
= a2 2 + tcosx
t
x

ut=0 = cosx , u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = t

12.

u
2u
= a2 2 + 3xt2
t
x

ut=0 = 0, u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = Asint

13.

u
2u
= a2 2 + (1 - x)et
t
x

14.

u
2u
= a2 2 + xet
t
x

9.

ie
t

ut=0 = 1, u(0, t) = et, u(l, t) = 0

ut=0 = 2x, u(0, t) = 0, u(l, t) = et

w
.v

Gii bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn

15. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 2] [0, 2]
16. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 2] [0, 2]
17. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2]
18. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2]
19. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, R] [0, 2]

v
v
v
v
v

ur=2 = x2 - xy + 2
u(2, ) = A + Bsin
u(1, ) = sin3
u(1, ) = cos4
u(R, ) = 0

Gii bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh vnh khn

20. u = 0 vi (r, ) [1, 2] [0, 2] v u(1, ) = A, u(2, ) = B
21. u = 0 vi (r, ) [1, 2] [0, 2] v u(1, ) = 1 + cos2, u(2, ) = sin2
22. u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, R] [0, ] v u(r, 0) = u(r, ) = 0, u(R, ) = A

Trang 156

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Chng 8. Phng Trnh Truyn Nhit

Gii bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh ch nht
23. u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, b]

25.

u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, ] [-1, 1]

u(0, y) = u(, y) = 0, u(x, -1) = u(x, 1) = sin2x
u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, +)
x
u(0, y) = u(a, y) = 0, u(x, 0) = A(1 - ), u(x, +) = 0
a

.c
o

24.

Gii bi ton Neuman trong hnh trn

29.

27.

u
(2, ) = A
r
u
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2] v
(1, ) = 2cos
r
u
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 1] [0, 2] v
(1, ) = - sin
r
u = 0 vi (r, ) [0, 2] [0, 2] v

26.

x
, u(x, b) = 0
a

u(0, y) = Ay(b - y), u(a, y) = 0, u(x, 0) = Bsin

ie
t

Gii bi ton hn hp trong hnh ch nht

29. u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, b]
u
u
(x, 0) =
(x, b) = 0
u(0, y) = A, u(a, y) = By,
y
y
u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, a] [0, b]
u
u
(x, 0) =
(x, b) = 0
u(0, y) = A, u(a, y) = By,
y
y

31.

u = 0 vi (x, y) [0, ] [0, ]

u
u
(0, y) = cosy,
(, y) = siny
u(x, 0) = A, u(x, ) = Bx,
x
x
u = -2 vi (x, y) [0, a] [-b, b]
u(0, y) = u(a, y) = u(x, 0) = u(x, b) = 0

32.

w
.v

30.

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 157

Ti Liu Tham Kho

ie
t

.c
o

[1] ng nh Ang - Trn Lu Cng - Hunh B Ln - Nguyn Vn Nhn (2001)

Bin i tch phn, NXB Gio dc, H ni
[2] u Th Cp (1999)
Hm mt bin phc, NXB Gio dc, H ni
[3] Dng Tn m (1992)
Phng trnh vt l - ton, NXB i hc & GDCN, H ni
[4] G.M Fichtengon (1972)
C s gii tch ton hc, Tp 2, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[5] Phan B Ngc (1980)
Hm bin phc v php bin i Laplace, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[6] B.V Sabat (1979)
Nhp mn gii tch phc, Tp 1, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[7] Nguyn Thu Thanh (1985)
C s l thuyt hm bin phc, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[8] Nguyn nh Tr - Nguyn Trng Thi (1977)
Phng trnh vt l - ton, NXB i hc & THCN, H ni
[9] A.V Oppenheim & A.S Willsky (1997)
Signals & Systems, Prentice Hall, New Jersey
[10] J. Monier (1997)
Analyse 3 et Analyse 4, Dunod, Paris
[11] W. Rudin (1998)
Analyse relle et complexe, Dunod, Paris
[12] H. Pc (1978)

w
.v

, 2, H,

Trang 158

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Mc lc

Li ni u ................................................................................................................................................... 6

.c
o

Chng 1. S phc........................................................................................................................................ 5
1. Trng s phc ................................................................................................................................. 5
2. Dng i s ca s phc ................................................................................................................... 6
3. Dng lng gic ca s phc ............................................................................................................ 8
4. Cc ng dng hnh hc phng......................................................................................................... 10
5. Dy tr phc .................................................................................................................................... 12
6. Hm tr phc ................................................................................................................................... 14
7. Tp con ca tp s phc.................................................................................................................. 17
Bi tp chng 1 .................................................................................................................................... 20

Chng 2. Hm bin phc .......................................................................................................................... 22

1. Hm bin phc................................................................................................................................ 22
2. Gii hn v lin tc......................................................................................................................... 23
3. o hm phc ................................................................................................................................. 25
4. Hm gii tch .................................................................................................................................. 27
5. Hm lu tha .................................................................................................................................. 28
6. Hm m .......................................................................................................................................... 30
7. Hm lng gic............................................................................................................................... 31
8. Bin hnh bo gic ......................................................................................................................... 32
9. Hm tuyn tnh v hm nghch o ................................................................................................ 34
10. Hm phn tuyn tnh v hm Jucop .............................................................................................. 36
11. Cc v d bin hnh bo gic......................................................................................................... 37
Bi tp chng 2 .................................................................................................................................... 40

w
.v

ie
t

Chng 3. Tch Phn Phc ......................................................................................................................... 43

1. Tch phn phc................................................................................................................................ 43
2. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn phc .................................................................................................... 44
3. nh l Cauchy ............................................................................................................................... 46
4. Cng thc tch phn Cauchy ........................................................................................................... 48
5. Tch phn Cauchy ........................................................................................................................... 50
6. nh l tr trung bnh ...................................................................................................................... 52
7. Hm iu ho.................................................................................................................................. 54
Bi tp chng 3 .................................................................................................................................... 57

Chng 4. CHUI hm PHC v Thng d................................................................................................ 60

1. Chui hm phc .............................................................................................................................. 60
2. Chui lu tha phc........................................................................................................................ 62
3. Chui Taylor ................................................................................................................................... 64
4. Khng im ca hm gii tch ........................................................................................................ 65
5. Chui Laurent ................................................................................................................................. 67
6. Phn loi im bt thng .............................................................................................................. 68
7. Thng d ......................................................................................................................................... 70
8. Thng d Loga ............................................................................................................................... 72
9. Cc ng dng thng d ................................................................................................................... 74
Bi tp chng 4 .................................................................................................................................... 77
Chng 5. Bin i fourier v Bin i laplace .......................................................................................... 80
1. Tch phn suy rng ......................................................................................................................... 80
2. Cc b Fourier............................................................................................................................ 82

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn

Trang 159

.c
o

3. Bin i Fourier...............................................................................................................................84
4. Tnh cht ca bin i Fourier ........................................................................................................86
5. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Fourier ..................................................................................................89
6. Bin i Laplace..............................................................................................................................92
7. Bin i Laplace ngc ...................................................................................................................93
8. Tnh cht ca Bin i Laplace .......................................................................................................95
9. Tm nh, gc ca bin i Laplace..................................................................................................97
Bi tp chng 5...................................................................................................................................100

Chng 6. L thuyt trng ......................................................................................................................103

1. Trng v hng ...........................................................................................................................103
2. Gradient.........................................................................................................................................104
3. Trng vect .................................................................................................................................105
4. Thng lng ..................................................................................................................................106
5. Hon lu........................................................................................................................................107
6. Ton t Hamilton ..........................................................................................................................109
7. Trng th .....................................................................................................................................110
8. Trng ng ....................................................................................................................................111
Bi tp chng 6...................................................................................................................................113

ie
t

Chng 7. Phng trnh truyn sng.........................................................................................................115

1. Phng trnh o hm ring tuyn tnh cp 2 ................................................................................115
2. Phng trnh vt l - ton ..............................................................................................................118
3. Cc bi ton c bn .......................................................................................................................120
4. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht...........................................................................................................122
5. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht ................................................................................................124
6. Bi ton gi Cauchy.......................................................................................................................126
7. Bi ton hn hp thun nht ..........................................................................................................128
8. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht ...............................................................................................130
Bi tp chng 7...................................................................................................................................133

w
.v

Chng 8. Phng trnh truyn nhit ........................................................................................................135

1. Bi ton Cauchy thun nht...........................................................................................................135
2. Bi ton Cauchy khng thun nht ................................................................................................137
3. Bi ton gi Cauchy.......................................................................................................................139
4. Bi ton hn hp thun nht ..........................................................................................................142
5. Bi ton hn hp khng thun nht ...............................................................................................144
6. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh trn..................................................................................................146
7. Bi ton Dirichlet trong hnh ch nht ..........................................................................................149
8. Bi ton Neumann .........................................................................................................................152
Bi tp chng 8...................................................................................................................................155
Ti Liu Tham Kho .................................................................................................................................158

Mc lc .....................................................................................................................................................159

Trang 160

Gio Trnh Ton Chuyn