Session 2012/2013-2

SKPU1123 Fluid Mechanics

ASSIGNMENT I FLUID MECHANICS (SKPU1123) Instruction : Attempt all questions.

1. The water in a tank is pressurized by air and the pressure is measured by a multifluid manometer as shown in Figure 1 below. Determine the gauge pressure of air in the tank if h1 = 0.2 m, h2 = 0.3m and h3 = 0.46 m. Take the densities of water, oil and mercury to be 1000 kg/m3, 850 kg/m3 and 13600 kg/m3, respectively. [Ans.: 56.9 kPa] 3.

Due date: 26th. Feb 2013

Both a gage and a manometer are attached to a gas tank to measure its pressure as shown in Figure 3 below. If the reading on the pressure gage is 80 kPa, determine the distance between the two fluid levels of the manometer if the fluid is (a) mercury ( = 13600 kg/m3) (b) water ( = 1000 kg/m3). [Ans.: 0.6 m & 8.16 m)]

Figure 3 Figure 1 2. A gas is contained in a vertical, frictionless piston cylinder device as shown in Figure 2 below. The piston has a mass of 4 kg and a cross sectional area of 35 cm2. A compressed spring above the piston exerts a force of 60 N on the piston. If the atmospheric pressure is 95 kPa, determine the pressure inside the cylinder. [Ans.: 123.4 kPa] 4. A manometer containing oil ( = 850 kg/m3) is attached to a tank filled with air. If the oil level difference between the two columns is 45 cm and the atmospheric pressure is 98 kPa, determine the absolute pressure of the air in the tank. [Ans.: 101.8 kPa] A mercury manometer ( = 13600 kg/m3) is connected to an air duct to measure the pressure inside as shown in Figure 4 below. The difference in the manometer levels is 15 mm and the atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. (a) Judging from figure below, determine if the pressure in the duct is above or below the atmospheric pressure (b) Deter-mine the absolute pressure in the duct. [Ans.: Above atmospheric pressure, 102.0 kPa]

5.

Figure 2

Figure 4

Session 2012/2013-2

SKPU1123 Fluid Mechanics

6.

Freshwater and seawater flowing in parallel horizontal pipelines are connected each other by a double U- tube manometer as shown in Figure 5 below. Determine the pressure difference between the two pipelines. Take the density of seawater at that location to be = 1035 kg/m3. Can the air column be ignored in the analysis? [Ans.: 3.39 kPa]

9.

A semicircular 30 ft diameter tunnel is to be built under a 150 ft deep, 800 ft long lake as shown in Figure 8 below. Determine the total hydrostatic force acting on the roof of the tunnel. [Ans.: 2.07 X 108 lb]

Figure 8 Figure 5 7. The 200 kg, 5 m wide rectangular gate shown in Figure 6 below is hinged at B and leans against the floor at A making an angle of 45o with the horizontal. The gate is to be opened from its lower edge by applying a normal force at its center. Determine the minimum force F required to open the water gate. [Ans.: 520 kN] 10. The water in a 25 m deep reservoir is kept inside by a 150 m wide wall whose cross section is an equilateral triangle as shown in Figure 9 below. Determine (Take Patm = 100 kPa). (a) The total force (hydrostatic + atmospheric) acting on the inner surface of the wall and its line of action, (b) The magnitude of the horizontal component of this force. [Ans.: 9.64 X 108 N & 17.1 m, 8.35 X 108 N]

Figure 6 8. A 3 m high, 6 m wide rectangular gate is hinged at the top edge at A and is restrained by a fixed ridge at B as shown in Figure 7 below. Determine the hydrostatic force exerted on the gate by the 5 m high water and the location of the pressure center. [Ans.: 618 kN & 3.71 m]

Figure 9 11. A retaining wall against a mud slide is to be constructed by placing 0.8 m high and 0.2 m wide rectangular concrete blocks ( = 2700 kg/m3) side by side as shown in Figure 10 below. The friction coefficient between the ground and the concrete is negligible and the density of the mud is about 1800 kg/m3. There is concern that the concrete blocks may slide or tip over the lower edge as the mud level rises. Determine the mud height at which the blocks start sliding. [Ans.: 0.52 m]

Figure 7 Figure 10

Session 2012/2013-2

SKPU1123 Fluid Mechanics

12. The water side of the wall of a 100 m long dam is a quarter circles with a radius of 10 m. Determine the hydrostatic force on the dam and its line of action when the dam is filled to the rim. [Ans.: 9.134 X 107 N & 57.5o] 13. A 4 m high, 5 m wide rectangular plate blocks the end of a 4 m deep freshwater channel as shown in Figure 11 below. The plate is hinged about a horizontal axis along its upper edge through a point A and is restrained from opening by a fixed ridge at point B. Determine the force exerted on the plate by the ridge. [Ans.: 288 kN]

17. An inclined manometer is required to measure an air pressure of 3 mm of water to an accuracyof 3%. The inclined arm is 8 mm in diameter and the larger arm has a diameter of 24 mm. The manometric fluid has density 740 kg/m3 and the scale may be read to 0.5 mm. What is the angle required to ensure the desired accuracy may be achieved? [Ans.: 12o 39 ] 18. Obtain an expression for the depth of the centre of pressure of a plane surface wholly submerged in a fluid and inclined at an angle to the free surface of the liquid. A horizontal circular pipe, 1.25 m diameter, is closed by a butterfly disk which rotates about a horizontal axis through its centre. Determine the torque which would have to be applied to the disk spindle to keep the disk closed in a vertical position when there is a 3 m head of fresh water above the axis. [Ans.: 1176 Nm] 19. A dock gate is to be reinforced with three horizontal beams. If the water acts on one side only, to a depth of 6 m, find the positions of the beams measured from the water surface so that each will carry an equal load. Give the load per meter. [Ans.: 58 860 N/m, 2.31m, 4.22m, 5.47m]

Figure 11 14. A water of a semicircular cross section of radius 0.5 m consists of two symmetric parts hinged to each other at the bottom as shown in Figure 12 below. The two parts are held together by a cable and tumbuckle place every 3 m along the length of the trough. Calculate the tension in each cable when the trough is filled to the rim. [Ans.: 3681 N] 20. The profile of a masonry dam is an arc of a circle, the arc having a radius of 30 m and subtending an angle of 60o at the centre of curvature which lies in the water surface. Determine (a) the load on the dam in N/m length, (b) the position of the line of action to this pressure. [Ans.: 4.28 X 106 N/m, length at depth 19.0m] 21. The arch of a bridge over a stream is in the form of a semi-circle of radius 2 m. the bridge width is 4 m. Due to a flood the water level is now 1.25 m above the crest of the arch. Calculate (a) the upward force on the underside of the arch, (b) the horizontal thrust on one half of the arch. [Ans.: 263.6 kN, 176.6 kN] 22. The face of a dam is vertical to a depth of 7.5 m below the water surface then slopes at 30o to the vertical. If the depth of water is 17 m what is the resultant force per metre acting on the whole face? [Ans.: 1563.29 kN] 23. A tank with vertical sides is square in plan with 3m long sides. The tank contains oil of relative density 0.9 to a depth of 2.0 m which is floating on water a depth of 1.5 m. Calculate the force on the walls and the height of the centre of pressure from the bottom of the tank. [Ans.: 165.54 kN, 1.15m]

Figure 12 15. A crane is used to lower weights into a lake for an underwater construction project. Determine the tension in the rope of the crane due to a 3 ft diameter spherical steel block (density = 494 lbm/ft3) when it is (a) Suspended in the air, (b) Completely immersed in water. [Ans: 6984 lb, 6102 lb] 16. A 170 kg granite rock ( = 2700 kg/m3) is dropped into a lake. A man dives in and tries to lift the rock. Determine how much force the man needs to apply to lift it from the bottom of the lake. Do you think he can do it? [Ans.: 461 N)]

Session 2012/2013-2

SKPU1123 Fluid Mechanics

24. The fresh water level in a reservoir is controlled in the order as shown in Figure. A flat surface door measured 0.5 m X 0.5 m is hinged at O. An arm OS, 1 m long is rigidly connected to the door at O. At other end of the arm, S, is connected to the buoy with cable SA. The cylindrical buoy is 1.5 m long and has a mass of 785 kg. The water level in the reservoir is 2 m from O, and the cable is straight without tension. The buoy will open the door when the water level is increased by 0.2 m. By neglecting the weight of the arm, OS, and the weight of the door, determine the diameter of the buoy, D. [Ans.: 1 m] D
1.5 m

27. A 45o reducing bend, 600 mm diameter upstream, 300 mm downstream, has water flowing through it at the rate 0.444 m3/s under a pressure 0f 145 kPa as shown in Figure 15 below. Neglecting any loss in the bend, calculate the force exerted by the water on the reducing bend. [Ans.: 34.4 kN, 13o 59]

Figure 15 28. Referring to Figure 16 below, a 2 diameter stream of water strikes a 4 ft square door that is at an angle of 30o with the streams direction. The velocity of the water in the stream is 60 ft/sec, and the jet strikes the door at its centre of gravity. Neglecting friction, what normal force applied at the edge of the door will maintain equilibrium? [Ans.: 38 lb]

A S 1m Water O

2m

0.5 m

Figure 13 25. State the conditions to be met to ensure the stable equilibrium of a body partly immersed in a liquid. A right solid cone with apex angle equal to 60o is of density k relative to that of the liquid in which it floats with apex downwards. Determine what range k is compatible with stable equilibrium. [Ans.: 0.421 to 1] 26. The fixed surface shown in Figure 14 below divides the jet so that 1.0 ft3/sec goes in each direction. For an initial velocity pf 48.0 ft/sec, fin the values of the horizontal and vertical components to keep the surface in equilibrium (assuming no friction). [Ans.: RX = 84.9 lb to the left, RY = 119.0 lb downward]

Figure 16 29. The flow of water through a D1 diameter pipe is discharged through a twin nozel with D2 and D3 diameters respectively as shown in Figure 17 below. The entire system is in horizontal position and it is assumed that there are no losses. a. Derive a general expression in terms of force exerted by water on the nozel in X and Y directions. All related free body diagrams must be drawn and correctly labelled. All related assumption must also be stated. b. If the inlet flow rate of water is 8000 GPM and the flow through the twin nozel is discharged to the atmosphere, specific weight of water is 62.4 lb/ft3, = 15o, = 30o, D1 = 6 inches, D2 = 3 inches and D3 = 4 inches, determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the nozel. [Ans.: R = 1266.45 lb, = 53.97o]

Figure 14

Figure 17