Phn I

Bi ging iu Khin M
GS-TS Nguyn Trng Thun
C9- phng 104- B/m TH
-------------------Bi 1 : Tp M ( 10 h)
&1- Khi nim chung .
1- Logic r v s xut hin Logic m .
2- Lch s pht trin v kh nng ng dng .
&2- Mt s vn c s ton hc ca tp m .
1- Khi nim v tp r .
Tp A , B , C , ..... ; Tp c s E , A E ,
V d E:= {190 , 200 , 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 }
A:= {210, 220, 230 } ;
B:= { 200 , 210 , 220 , 240 , 250 };

Hm ch th IA(x) = {1 khi x E
0 khi x E

(1)
(2)
(3)

(4)

Nh vy c th vit :
A: = {190/0, 200/0, 210/1 , 220/1 ,230/1, 240/0, 250/0 } ;
B:= { 190/0, 200/1 , 210/1 , 220/1 , 230/0, 240/1 , 250/1 };

(5)
(6)

2- nh ngha
A:= {x/IA(x)} vi mi x thuc E , IA(x) ch ly gi tr 0 hoc 1; (7)
3- Php ton : Giao , Hp , B cho tp r .
+ Hp : A(x)VB(x) = C(x) th : IAvB = Ic vi x hoc thuc A hoc
thuc B (vi mi x thuc E)
Ic = Max (IA,IB) vi mi x E .
+ Giao : A(x) B(x) = C(x) th : IA B = Ic vi x va thuc A va
thuc B (vi mi x thuc E)
Ic = Min (IA,IB) vi mi x E
+ B sung (B) : Gi /A l tp b sung ca A khi x thuc A th x
khng thuc /A v x khng thuc A th x thuc /A (vi mi x thuc E)
I/A = 1- IA vi mi x thuc E.
nh l De Morgan cho tp r .
&3- Tp con m .
1- t vn .
E:= {190 , 200 , 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 }
A: = {190/0, 200/0, 210/1 , 220/1 ,230/1,240/0 ,250/0} ;

Ga thit quan h ca phn t x vi tp hp A khng ch ly 2 gi tr (0,1) m li

c nhiu gi tr khc trong khong (0 ... 1) v nh vy quan h ny ta gi l lin thuc .
Vi mc lin thuc khc nhau , ty theo s vt v hin tng, ta c th vit li quan
h (4),(5) nh (7),(8)
Am:={190/0 ,200/0.5, 210/0.9 , 220/1 ,230/0.8, 240/0.6, 250/0.4 } ;
Bm:= {190/0.1,200/0.5 ,210/1 , 220/1 ,230/0.7, 240/0.4 , 250/0.3 };

(8)
(9)

2- nh ngha Hm lin thuc , tp con m

nh ngha :
- Hm lin thuc :
A(x) = (0,...,1) vi mi x thuc tp c s E ;

(10)

- Tp m :

Am := {x/A(x) } vi mi x thuc E , A(x) = (0,...,1) ;

(11)

Nh vy A(x) nh x mi mt phn t x thuc tp c s E thnh mt gi tr lin thuc

lin tc trong khong t 0-1 thuc tp A . Hm lin thuc mm ha v linh hot ha mt
tp hp . Ty theo quan nim v ng cnh m con ngi c th la chn cc hm v gi tr A(x)
c th din t mc lin thuc-mc m, nu A(x) = IA(x) th tp m A tr thnh tp
r A .
- Mt s biu din ton hc v hm lin thuc .

3- Mt s hm lin thuc thng dng .

- Hm lin thuc tuyn tnh ( Tam gic , Hnh thang )
- Cc hm lin thuc phi tuyn(Gaus , Chung , Sigmoid ,... )
4- Php ton trn tp m :
- Giao , Hp , B .
Cho E l tp nn ; E:= {190 , 200 , 210 , 220 , 230 , 240 , 250 }
Am , Bm l cc tp con m thuc E nh sau :
Am:={190/0 ,200/0.5, 210/0.9 , 220/1 ,230/0.8, 240/0.6, 250/0.4 } ;
(7)
Bm:= {190/0.1,200/0.5 ,210/1 , 220/1 ,230/0.7, 240/0.4 , 250/0.3 };
(8)
+ Php hp m :
Am V Bm = Cm := {x/cm} = {[x/Am V Bm], x E }
Vi cm = AmV Bm = Max [ Am , Bm] , x E
+ Php giao m :
Am Bm = Cm := {x/cm} = {[x/Am Bm], x E }
Vi cm = Am Bm = Min[ Am , Bm] , x E
+ Php b m (B sung m): Cho Am , gi /Am l b m ca Am l :
/Am :{(x/ /Am ) ; x E}
Vi
/Am =1- Am
- nh l De Morgan cho tp m .
5- Bin m , hm bin m , bin ngn ng
- Bin m (fuzzy variable) :Bin m c c trng bi b 3 yu t : X, U , R(x) , trong
X l tn ca bin, U l tp nn , R(X) l tp con m ca U . V d X= tui gi vi U l tp
tui gi ca con ngi vi U ={10, 20,.....,80,100} v R(X) = {20/0.1, 30/0.2, 40/0.4,
50/0.5,60/0.8, 70/1, 80/0.7 , 100/0.2} .
Nh vy :Nu c Am :={x/A(x)}, Bm :={x/B(x)}, ... , vi tp nn E ,t A(x)= am ,
B(x)}= bm ,... th a ,b , ... gi l cc bin m vi gi tr am ,bm, ... = [0,1]
- Hm bin m : f(am ,bm , .... ) = [0,1] vi mi x thuc E .
Cc php ton :
Cc tp con
Cc php ton
AmBm
am.bm
AmV Bm
a m + bm
/Am
1 -am
Thc hin cc php : Giao hon , kt hp , phn phi
nh l De Morgan :
Lu : R a/a = 0 v a +/a =1
M am./am 0 (ch bng 0 khi am=0,1), am + /am 1(ch bng 1 khi am=0,1)
- Bin ngn ng (Linguistic variable) : Biu din cc khi nim ngn ng , cc o
lng ngn ng thnh cc biu thc ton hc .
Bin ngn ng l mt khi nim quan trng trong logic m , suy lun xp x
(approximate reasoning) v ng vai tr chnh trong cc ng dng v m , c bit trong lnh vc
iu khin v h chuyn gia .
Bin ngn ng l mt bin m gi tr ca n l t ng hay cu .

Khi nim v bin ngn ng do Zadeh xut to ra ngha cho cc c trng xp x

ca mt hin tng qu phc tp hoc l c xc nh s si (too ill-defined) m ta phi da
theo (amenable) m t dang lng ha .
Bin ngn ng c c trng bng b 5: (x ,T(x), U ,G,M , trong X l tn ca bin ,
T(x) l tp cc tn ca bin (gi tr ngn ng) , U l tp nn, G l qui tc c php (syntactic)
to thnh tn ca gi tr ca x ,M l lut ngn ng (semantic) kt hp cc gi tr ca x .
V d :Cho bin ngn ng l Tc , lc :
x = Tc , U = [0 ,100 ] cc gi tr tc t 0 100km/h
T(x) = ( Rt chm , Chm , Va, Nhanh , ... )
Qui tc c php G l cch gi tn cc phn t ca tp T(x) , y gi theo trc quan
(intuitive) .
Qui tc ngn ng (Semantic) M l cc nh ngha :
M(chm) = Tp m cho tc chm khong 30km/h vi hm lin thuc ch .
M (nhanh)= Tp m cho tc nhanh khong 70km/h vi hm lin thuc nh
Ta c th biu din bin Tc nh Hnh .1
V d khc : gi x l bin ngn ng ch chiu cao ngi Vit Nam, ta c th m t bin x
vi cc gi tr nh Hnh 5.16 ( Trang 146)
Cu hi n tp :
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Nu cc khi nim chung v : R v M

Khi nim v Tp hp R v Tp hp m
Trnh by hm ch th , hm lin thuc .
nh ngha tp r (tp con) v tp m (tp con).
Trnh by cc hm lin thuc ph dng .
Cc php ton v nh l De Morgan trn tp R v tp m .
Trnh by cc khi nim v Bin m , Hm bin m , Bin ngn ng .
Lm bi tp s 3 trang 160 ( TL iu khin logic v ng dng)

---------------------------------------------------Bi ging 2 : LOGIC M

GS-TS Nguyn Trng Thun
&1- t vn .
Logic l g ? Logic theo ngha thng thng chnh l tp cc qui tc t duy
c tnh h thng ,chnh xc , cht ch , chc chn v lun lun ph hp vi thc t
khch quan . din t khi nim logic c th dng cc cng c ton hc , chng hn
nh tp r c h logic r (0,1 trong c i s logic ) v hin nhin c th xut
pht t tp m xy dng nn logic m . Khi xy dng mt h logic hay mt h m t
ton hc ta phi dng cc tin ( chng hn nh tin cho hnh hc phng , tin
cho bin logic r : 0,1 , v.v... ) . Khi c h thng tin c th th mi mnh xy
dng tip theo u phi tun theo mt cch nghim ngt cc qui tc c suy din t h
thng tin m khng c gp mu thun . Nh vy , rt t nhin , ta xy dng h
logic m da trn c s v tp m (tp con m - php ton cho tp m , bin m , bin
ngn ng ) . R rng rng khi nim m khng lm m i cc khi nim r, m
ngc li n lm r ra cc hin tng ang b m .
Ly v d : Chuyn Tm-Cm
Vng nh vng anh, c phi v anh chui vo tay o Theo khi nim logic , ta
din t ca mnh trn nh th no .
Gi P1 l mnh thuc v chim Hong Anh , P2 l mnh thuc v lp chim
chui vo tay o hong t . Nh vy , mnh trn (gi l p) l ng th :

P = P1 P2 ,
Tp E l tp gm cc loi chim.
Vi P1 :A :={ B cu , s , Vng Anh , So su , Vt tri }
Vi P2 : B :={ B cu , s , Vng Anh , So su , chin chin ,Vt tri }
R P = P1 P2 ; C = A B
M P = P1 P2 ; Cm = Am Bm
Qua v d v : suy lun theo Logic r ta thy mnh P l ch ng cho chim
Vng Anh , nhng theo Logic m th mnh P cng th hin chim Vng anh l c u
th nht , nhng cng c kh nng cho cc loi chim khc . S i l nh vy!
&2- Mnh tng ng , mnh ko theo .
1- Khi nim .
Tng ng (Chp nhn)
Ko theo (Chp nhn)
P
q
p q
p
q
pq
Sai
Sai
ng
Sai
sai
ng
Sai
ng
Sai
Sai
ng ng
ng Sai
Sai
ng Sai
Sai
ng ng
ng
ng ng ng
Vi hai : Mnh p kt vi tp A , mnh q kt vi tp B v mnh kt vi
AB s tha mn lut tng ng p q vi thut ton Logic tng ng :
( AV B )(A V B)
Vi hai :Mnh p kt vi tp A , mnh q kt vi tp B v mnh kt vi A
B s tha mn lut ko theo p q vi thut ton Logic ko theo :
( A V B)
Khi Xem p l mnh iu kin , cn q l kt qu th p q tng ng vi
suy lun Nu ... Th
Nh vy trong k thut iu khin , Mnh p q vi p l iu kin v q l
kt qu s hon ton tng ng vi lut iu khin Nu .... Th
Nu x l A Th y l B . ( Nu x thuc A Th y thuc B )
2- V d : Xt 2 tp : A, B :
A = {x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7} , B={y1,y2 ,y3 ,y4,y5,y6} ;(m - x v n- y)
Khi quan h gia hai tp A v B l quan h R theo lut R di y :
R
y1
y2
x1
0
1
x2
0
0
x3
1
0
x4
0
1
x5
0
0
x6
0
0
x7
0
0
Nu x = x1 thuc A
Nu x = x2
Nu x = x3
Nu x = x4
Nu x = x5
Nu x = x6
Nu x = x7

y3
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
Th
Th
Th
Th
Th
Th
Th

y4
y5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
y = y2 thuc B
y = y6
y = y1
y = y2
y = y3
y = y5
y = y3

y6
0
1
0
0
0
0
0

Khi quan h gia hai tp A, B l quan h m nh Rm di y:

Rm
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7

y1
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.5
1
0.6
0.1

y2
1
0.9
0.8
0
0.2
0.8
1

y3
0.3
1
0.9
1
0.9
1
0

y4
1
0
1
1
0.6
1
0.9

y5
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.8
0
0.8
0.3

y6
0.9
1
0
0.9
0.5
1
1

Nu x=xi thuc A Th B : ={y1/xi,y2/xi , .... ym/xi} ; (i=1...m , y1 ... yn )

Nu x=x1 Th B : ={y1/0.8,y2/1 ,y3/0.3, y4/1,y5/0.9, y6/0.9} ;
Nu x=x2 Th B : ={y1/0.2,y2/0.9 ,y3/1, y4/0,y5/0.6, y6/1} ;
........................
Nu x=x7 Th B : ={y1/0.1,y2/1 ,y3/0, y4/0.9,y5/0.3, y6/1} ;
Nu cho A l A l tp con ca A c dng :
A : = {(x1/0.2), (x2/0.3), (x3/0.5),(x4/1),(x5/0),(x6/0),(x7/0.8)} ,
Th theo nh ngha mnh ko theo m (p q) c hiu l :
Nu x l A Th y l B c xc nh l :
B(yj ) = Max [Min {A(xi ), B(yj /xi )}] ; x A v (i=1...m , j =1n )
Nh vy ta tnh c :
B(y1) = Max[ min(0.2,0.8),min(0.3/0.2),min(0.5,0.3),min(1/0.5),min(0/1),min(0/0.6),min(0.8/0.1)]
B(y1) = Max [ 0.2 , 0.2 , 0.3 , 0.5 , 0 , 0 , 0.1) = 0.5
B(y2) = Max[ min(0.2,1),min(0.3/0.9),min(0.5,0.8),min(1/0),min(0/0.2),min(0/0.8),min(0.8/1)]
B(y2) = Max [0.2 , 0.3 , 0.5 ,0 , 0 , 0 , 0.8] = 0.8
B(y3) = Max[ min(0.2,0.3),min(0.3/1),min(0.5,0.9),min(1/1),min(0/0.9),min(0/1),min(0.8/0)]
B(y3) = 1 B(y4) = 1,B(y5) = 0.8 ,B(y6) = 0.9 ;
Php ly Max- Min tng ng vi php nhn ma trn :
x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7
y1, y2 , y3 , y4, y5 , y6
.2 , .3 ,.5, 1, 0 , 0 , .8
.5 ,.8, 1 , 1 , .8 , .9
Rm
y1
y2
y3
y4
y5
y6
x1
0.8
1
0.3
1
0.9 0.9
x2
0.2 0.9
1
0
0.6
1
x3
0.3 0.8 0.9
1
0.8
0
x4
0.5
0
1
1
0.8 0.9
x5
1
0.2 0.9 0.6
0
0.5
x6
0.6 0.8
1
1
0.8
1
x7
0.1
1
0
0.9 0.3
1

Nhn quan h kiu nhn ma trn yj = x1i*Rm ij (bng php thay ly tch s bng
php ly MIN v tng bng php ly Max trn ) , ta thy :
Nu : A = {(x1/0.2), (x2/0.3), (x3/0.5),(x4/1),(x5/0),(x6/0),(x7/0.8)} ;
Th : B = {(y1/0.5), (y2/0.8), (y3/1),(y4/1),(y5/0.8),(y6/0.9)} ;
Ma trn trn cng ng cho trng hp r :
Nu A = {(x1/0), (x2/0), (x3/0),(x4/1),(x5/0),(x6/0),(x7/0)} ,
Th : B = {(y1/0), (y2/1), (y3/0),(y4/0),(y5/0),(y6/0)} = y2 ;
Nu A l x4 Th B l y2

x1,x2,x3,x4,x5,x6,x7
0 , 0 , 0 , 1, 0 , 0 , 0

y1, y2 , y3 , y4, y5 , y6
0 , 1, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
R
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
x6
x7

y1
0.8
0.2
0.3
0.5
1
0.6
0.1

y2
1
0.9
0.8
0
0.2
0.8
1

y3
0.3
1
0.9
1
0.9
1
0

y4
1
0
1
1
0.6
1
0.9

y5
0.9
0.6
0.8
0.8
0
0.8
0.3

y6
0.9
1
0
0.9
0.5
1
1

R rng khi x= x4 th y= y2
&3- Suy lun m v Lut hp thnh.
1- Khi nim c s .Suy lun m hay suy lun xp x (fuzzy reasoning or
approximate reasoning)l th tc suy lun suy ra kt qu t tp cc qui tc: Nu ---Th
theo mt hay nhiu iu kin .
2-Th tc suy lun m .
- Khi nim trc quan hnh hc y=f(x) v ym=f(xm) (V hnh !)
- By gi ta c cc tp Am := {x/Am(x)} , qui tc Rm v kt qu l
Bm := {x/Bm(y)} , nh vy :
Bm(y)} = Max[min {A(x),Rm(y/x)}] ;
Dng nh l B = A*R ;
- Th tc suy lun theo qui tc Nu--- Th :
Ly v d : Nu c chua th c chua chn
Gn A l tp c chua , cn B l tp c chua Chn th :
Mnh 1 (thc t) :
x l A
Mnh 2 (qui tc) :
Nu x l A th y l B
H qu :
y l B
Thc t th khai thc kha canh : Nu c chua t Th c chua t Chn , ngha l :
Mnh 1 ( thc t ) : x l A
Mnh 2 (qui tc) : Nu x l A Th y l B
H qu : y l B
3- Suy lun m vi lut hp thnh Max- Min .
Cho Am,Am v Bm cng thuc tp nn X v Y . Gi thit lut ko theo AmBm
c th hin nh mt quan h Rm trn XxY ,th t x l A vi lut x l A Th y l B th
s c y l B cho bi :
Bm(y)= Max[min {A(x),Rm(x,y)}] ;
- Trng hp mt qui tc mt iu kin : Nu x l A Th Y l B .
Mnh 1 (thc t) :
x l A
Mnh 2 (qui tc ko theo) : x l A Th y l B
H qu:
y l B
Bm(y) = Max[min {A(x),Rm(x,y)}]
= Max[{A(x) A(x)} B(y)]
= Max[min {A(x) A(x)}= H
Cho nn :
Bm(y) = {H B(y)}
(v hnh !)

- Trng hp mt qui tc vi nhiu iu kin .

Nu x l A v y l B th z l C
Cc mnh l :
Mnh 1 (thc t ) :Nu x l A v y l B
Mnh 2(qui tc) : Nu x l Ai v y l Bi th z l Ci
H qu (Kt lun ) : Z l C
- Trng hp nhiu qui tc nhiu iu kin .
4- Ma trn hp thnh .
Theo lut Nu .. Th v c th hp thnh theo kiu Max-Min hay Max-prod ,
ta c th pht biu : Nu x thuc A Th y thuc B v quan h ny c th hin s
khi nh Hnh di :
A := {x/A(x)}
B := {x/B(x)}
Mt cch suy lun t nhin , ta vit c :
A* R = B
Trong R l : Ma trn quan h gia A v B .
Logic r th R l quan h r , cn Logic m l quan h m , du * ch
tc ng ca A vo R to thnh B .
y ta ch xt n gin :quan h m R vi mt iu kin : x l A Th y l B .
V nguyn tc : Khi cho bit A v quan h R th ta xc nh c B , y ta gi
thit :cho bit A v B hy xc nh quan h R .
Xt qua mt v d c th :
iu khin tc xe my , ta c th dng lut : Nu tc Chm xung Th ta
Tng tay ga ln ( Tc chm th tng ga tc nhanh ln ) , quan h ny cho bi
hm lin thuc nh hnh di :
A

B
Chm

Tng

x
y
Gi thit : A := (x1/a1 ; x2/a2 ; x3/a3 ; x4/a4 ; x5/a5 ) Th B := (y1/b1 ;y2/b2 ; y3/b3 ) .
Vi qua h A* R = B , theo lut hp thnh m Max Min , ta c :
R (x1 ,y1 ) = Min (A (x1),B (y1 )) = Min (a1 ,b1) ;
R (x1 ,y2) = Min (A (x1) B(y2 )) = Min (a1 ,b2) ;
R (x1 ,y3) = Min (A (x1) B(y3 )) = Min (a1 ,b3) ;
R (x2 ,y1) = Min (A (x2) B(y1)) = Min (a2 ,b1) ;
R (x2 ,y2) = Min (A (x2) B(y2 )) = Min (a2 ,b2) ;
R (x2 ,y3) = Min (A (x2) B(y3 )) = Min (a2 ,b3) ;
.
R (x5 ,y1) = Min (A (x5) B(y1 )) = Min (a5 ,b1) ;
R (x5 ,y2) = Min (A (x5) B(y2 )) = Min (a5 ,b2) ;
R (x5,y3) = Min (A (x5) B(y3)) = Min (a5 ,b3) ;

Ta c th din t quan h trn bng ma trn R nh di y :

R Y1
Y2
Y3
X1 (a1,b1)
(a1,b2)
(a1,b3)
X2 (a2,b1)
(a2,b2)
(a2,b3)
X3 (a3,b1)
(a3,b2)
(a3,b3)
X4 (a4,b1)
(a4,b2)
(a4,b3)
X5 (a5,b1)
(a5,b2)
(a5,b3)
Theo quan h R , ta c th tnh B= A*R
&4- Th tc suy lun m trong Toolbox Fuzzy
Rule : if x is A then y is B
Trong A , B l bin ngn ng xc nh bi tp m trn tp c s X,Y ( khong
c s ) , Phn Nu l phn tin t ( iu kin) , phn Th l phn kt lun .
V d : Tipper ( service ( excellent ) , food (delicious) , Tip (generous) .
Bng suy lun If-Then nh hnh di :

Th tc suy lun m theo 3 bc :

- Bc 1 : xc nh gi tr m u vo cho mi lut (qui tc ).
Gi thit (Theo lut 1 ) thc n l Ngon mc 8 (food=8) th food = 0.7)
-

Bc 2 : Xc nh t hp cc iu kin . y l 2 iu kin :Nu phc v l

Tuyt Hoc thc n l Ngon .Phn phc v Excellent c 3 th e =0 ,cn
F = 0.7 , vy Hoc gia 2 gi tr ny l :0V0.7 = 0.7 .

Bc 3 : Tm kt qu (Phn Th ) cho mt lut (min gi tr- xem hnh v ) .

Bc 4 : Hp cc lut li (Mi lut c mt hm lin thuc kt qu), by gi cho hp

li s c Hm lin thuc u ra cui cng nh Hnh trn ( Result of aggregation)
&3- Suy lun m v Lut hp thnh.
1- Khi nim c s .
What are Fuzzy Interference Systems? : Suy lun m (Fuzzy Inference) l qu
trnh cng thc ho nh x t tp u vo thnh tp u ra bng cch dng Fuzzy logic .
2- Th tc suy lun m .
Qu trnh ny lin quan n : Hm lin thuc , Thao tc logic , Lut Nu -Th . C 2 kiu
suy lun m c dng y , l : Kiu Mamdani v Kiu Sugeno .
Suy lun m kiu Mamdani l kiu chung nht ( Do Mamdani nu ra nm 1975) .
A- Suy lun m kim Mamdani :
V v Dinner for Two :

Hnh 11 .

Lm theo 3 bc :
- M ho u vo(fuzzify Hnh 12)
- p dng thao tc m ( Apply Fyzzy Operator) : Dng cc thao tc logic ( AND ,
OR) . Trong Toolbox th AND dng : Min, Prod , OR dng : Max , Probabilistic probor
(Probor(a,b) = a +b- ab) , v d ny Tin t dng 3 lut v dng OR
Hnh 12

- Appy Implication Method ( Tm hm lin thuc u ra ) : Lu c th ci t

trng s cho mi lut : Tm hm lin thuc u ra cho mi lut khi bit gi tr hm lin
thuc u vo . .
Hnh 13
- Phi hp u ra : Toolbox gii thiu 3 dng : Max , probor , Sum ( Cng n
gin)
Hnh 14
- Gi m : Trng tm , im gia max , Ln nht ca Max , nh nht ca Max
Hnh 15
th suy lun m . Hnh 16
Bi Suy lun m kiu Sugeno- Type Fuzzy Inference
&1- What is Sugeno-Type Fuzzy Interference ?
Qu trnh trnh by trn l suy lun kiu Max-Min hay gi l suy lun m
Mamdani , y ta kho st v suy lun m Sugeno hay thng gi l suy lun m
Takagi-Sugeno-Kang - y l cng trnh c xut bng cc gi trn vo nm 1986 .
Phn Nu l khng thay i : (M ho u vo v thao tc tnh ton t hp u vo th
nh Mamdani) , Phn Th l khc nhau : Hm lin thuc u ra ca Sugeno th hoc l
Hng s hoc l Hm tuyn tnh .
Lut suy lun trong m hnh Sugeno l :
If input 1 = x and Input 2 = y , then Output is z = ax + by + c
Khi m hnh Sugeno cp zero th z = c ( ngha l a=b=0)
Mc u ra zi ca mi mt lut c trng s wi
V d dng thao tc AND,2 u vo x , y th trng s wi = AND Method(F1(x),F2(y))
Trong F1(x) ,F2(y) l hm lin thuc ca u vo x v y .
u ra cui cng ca h l trung bnh trng s ca tt c cc lut u ra :

Thao tc tnh ton ca lut Sugeno nh hnh 10 di y :

Hnh 10
u im suy lun Sugeno :
- Rt hiu qu cho tnh ton
- Dng cho k thut iu khin tuyn tnh .
- Dng cho k thut iu khin ti u v thch nghi .
- Thch hp cho ton phn tch m bo s lin tc Mt u ra.
u im ca Mamdani :
-Trc gic c dng rng ri
- Ph hp suy ngh u vo con ngi (Human Input)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

Bi ging 3 : B iu khin m .
GS-TS Nguyn Trng Thun
&1- Khi nim v S khi chc nng b iu khin m .
c dng : - H iu khin phi tuyn ,
-H thiu thng tin : vo v ra .
- H khng c m hnh ton
S khi chc nng ca b KM :

&2- M ha (Fuzzifiers)
Bin i t khng gian r khng gian m : T gi tr r sang gi tr m
Vic m ha gp phn kh nhiu .
n gin cho tnh ton .
Thng con hn cc hm lin thuc m ha sau :
+ n tr (Singleton).A(x) = { 1 nu x= x
0 nu x x
+ M ha tuyn tnh : Hm lin thuc hnh tam gic hay hnh thang
A(x,a,b,c) = max(min[x-a/b-a ,c-x/c-b)],0) ;
A(x,a,b,c,d) = max(min[x-a/b-a ,1,d-x/d-c],0) ;
Hnh tam gic :

Hnh thang :

+ Nhm hm phi tuyn :

Hnh chung :

Hm sigmoid :

&3- Gii m (Defuzzifiers).

3.1- ngha ca gii m : l vic tm im i din y ( thuc tp c s V) t
tp m kt qu B sau qu trnh suy lun xp x Nu Th . im i din y phi t
cc yu cu :
. S hp l ca kt qu .
. Tnh ton n gin .
. Tnh lin tc ( s thay i nh trong B ch lm thay i nh kt qu gii
m ) .
3.2-Cc phng php thng dng :
+ Phng php cc i .
+ Phng php trng tm .
+ Phng php trung bnh tm.

3.2.1- Phng php cc i :

- Xc nh min cha gi tr u ra : l min G m gi tr y c hm lin
thuc t gi tr cc i : G := {y thuc Y|B(y) = max} .
- Xc nh y t min G .(Trung bnh , Cn tri , Cn phi)
3.2.2- Phng php trng tm .
3.2.3- Phng php trung bnh tm .
&4- Khi lut m : l If ---- Then , c dng c th l :
Ru(1) = Nu x1 l A11 V ...V xn l A n1 Th y l B1 ;
Hoc : Ru(1) = Nu x1 l A11 Hoc ...Hoc xn l A n1 Th y l B1 ;
.............................................
(Hnh 4 vo :X1,X2,X3,X4 v 3 ra Y1,Y2,Y3)
Xy dng theo kin thc ngi thit k , theo kinh nghim chuyn gia v iu
kin thc t .
& 5-Khi hp thnh .
Thng th dng Max- Min(Mamdani) hay Sugeno tnh lut Hp thnh .
&6- H thng m nh mt b xp x vn nng
1- ngha : Cho 1 hm thc lin tc g(x) trn nn U , c th tm c mt h
m f(x) :
Sup|f(x)-g(x)| ; >0 , x U .
2- Mt s ch : nh ngha hm lin thuc hnh thang :
-I(x) , vi x U .
(x,a,b,c,d,H) =
- H , vi x (b,c) .
-D(x) , vi x (c,d) .
-0
,vi x R- (a,d) .
3- Xc nh f(x) xp x g(x) :
Gi thit g(x) c 1 tn hiu vo thuc tp nn U =[, ] thuc tp s thc R , lc
h m f(x) cng c mt tn hiu vo X1 .
-Nu g(x) l hm kh vi th cn tm f(x) :
||g-f|| || dg/dx||h ;
Trong :
-l sai s cho .
h- l gia s ca bin m ( gi tr c th c th ly khong cch
tm gia 2 hm lin thuc gn nhau nht ). Nu chn hm lin thuc kiu tam gic th c
th tnh :
hi = | ei+1 - ei | vi ei+1 v ei tm ca hm lin thuc th i+1 v i .
-S lng gi tr m N (s lng hm lin thuc) trong min xc nh ca x l t
n c th tnh :
N= ( - )h +1 ;
|| dg/dx||- l chun v cng ca o hm ca g(x) .
-Lut m : Nu xi l Ai Th y l Bi .
Y c chn bng Bi l : yi = gi(ei)
H m f(x) c th tnh ton theo gii m trung bnh tm :
f(x) = (Ai gi )/ (Ai ) ;
(1)
Trong :
Ai l chiu cao ca hm lin thuc vi gi tr m Ai ;
x l gi tr u vo ng vi Ai .
Da theo (1) ta tnh c h m f(x) xp x hm 1 bin g(x)

V d :cho g(x) = sin(x) xc nh trong khong U=[-3,3] , tm h m f(x) xp x g(x) vi

sai s = 0,2 .
Cch lm :
+ Tnh s lng gi tr m N(chnh l s lng cc hm lin thuc N ) v khong
cch gia tm cc hm lin thuc h .Da theo nh ngha : ||g-f|| || dg/dx||h ;
y cho : = 0,2 ;
Tnh || dg/dx|| = || dsin(x)/dx|| =|| cos(x)|| = 1 ;
Khong cch h l : || dg/dx||h 1.h = 0,2 h =0,2 ;
S gi tr m l : N = ( - )h +1 = 1+(3- (-3))/0,2 = 31 ;
Cc hm lin thuc (gi tr m bin vo ) c tnh (xem Hnh v) :
A1 =(x,-3,-3,-2.8) v A31 =(x,+2.8,3,3) ;
Cc gi tr trung gian : Ai =(x,ei-1,ei ,ei+1) , ei = -3+0,2(i-1) vi i = 2,3,,30
+ H m f(x) :
f(x) = (Ai gi )/ (Ai ) = (131 Ai sin(ei)/ (131 Ai ) ;
Hnh v :..
&7- Cch xy dng b iu khin m dng Fuzzy Toolbox
Cu hi n tp :
1)Trnh by s khi ca b iu khin m c bn .
2)Gii thch khu : m ha , gii m , hp thnh v lut m .
3)Trnh by cc lut hp thnh bng cc hnh v hm lin thuc .
4) ngha ca h m xp x hm . Cho v d .
5)Cch xy dng mt b iu khin m bng cch dng hp cng c logic m
trong MATLAB .
------------------------------------------------------------------------------Bi ging 4 : Mt s v d v ng dng b iu khin m .
GS-TS Nguyn Trng Thun
&1- B iu khin m cho my iu ha khng kh .
&2 B iu khin m cho my git .
Cu hi : Trnh by cch xy dng b iu khin m cho my iu ha khng kh
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Phn 2

MNG NRON ( NEURAL NETWORK )

Bi ging 1
Khi nim v mng Nron .
&1- t vn :
Mng nron l t hp ca cc phn t n gin lm vic song song , nhng phn
t ny l c gi bi h thng nron sinh hc . V bn cht th chc nng mng c
xc nh bi rng s kt ni gia cc phn t . Ta c th luyn mt mng nron
thc hin hm (chc nng) ring bng cch chnh nh cc trng s lin kt gia cc
phn t .
Ni chung th cc mng nron l c rn luyn ( c chnh nh)v nh vy
vi mt u vo ring bit s a n mt u ra c mt tiu ch xc nh . Hnh 1 di
y m t khi qut v luyn mng . y mng c luyn da theo cch so snh u

ra vi mc tiu , sai khc c a v hiu chnh li trng s lin kt ca mng theo

cc u vo cho n khi u ra t c nh mc tiu .

Hnh 1
Mt lot cc cp Vo/Ra c dng luyn mng nh vy v cch luyn ny
(cch hc ny ) gi l cch hc c gim st .
Cc mng Nron c luyn hon thnh cc chc nng phc tp trong cc lnh
vc khc nhau nh nhn dng mu , nhn dng , phn loi sn phm , x l ting ni ,
hnh nh v h iu khin .
Ngy nay mng nron ang c dng gii quyt nhiu bi ton kh m vi
my tnh truyn thng hay suy ngh ca con ngi khng gii quyt c.
Phng php luyn mng c gim st l phng php thng dng nht , nhng ngy
nay cng c cch luyn mng khng gim st hay phng php thit k trc tip
Mng khng gim st cng vn c dng nhn dng nhm d liu . Mt s mng
tuyn tnh v mng Hopfield l cc mng c thit k trc tip ( khng gim st) . Nh vy c
rt nhiu k thut thit k v luyn mng m ta c th la chn .
Mng nron xut hin khong 50 nm , nhng vic ng dng ch mi khong 15 nm .
Chng ny s a vo khi nim v s dng Toolbox nron , cui chng a ra mt
vi ng dng c th .

&2- M hnh Nron .

1- M hnh Nron .
1-1- M hnh 1 nron .
Neural vi mt u vo v hng p v mt u ra a=f(wp) nh hnh 1a , trong
w l trng s , cn f l hm bin i . Khi c thm h s t trc b th dng nh hnh 1b
v tn hiu ra a= f(wp+b) .

Hnh 1a : n =wp = wipi

Hnh 1b
1.2- Cc hm chuyn i ( Transfer functions)

Hnh 2b
Hnh 2a

Lu :
-Hm Logsiga(n) =1/(1+e-an) =y1 ;khi ly o hm theo n ta c y1 =ay1(1-y1) ;
- Hm tansig : Hm ngng v hm Logsig c gi tr u ra t 0-1, cn hm
tansig c gi tr t -1 n +1 :
Tansiga(n) = (ean e-an)/(eau+e-an) = 2logsig2a(n) -1 = y2 ;
o hm ca hm tansiga(n) l y2 = a(1- y2) ;
Hm chuyn i f hay hm truyn t ( Transfer function ) thng dng 3 dng nh Hnh
2a,2b,2c . Hnh 2a l hm c gii hn cng (Hard limit Transfer function) , Hnh 2b l
hm truyn t tuyn tnh (Linear Transfer function) .
1.3- Nron vi vect u vo (nhiu u vo ,mt u ra) .

Hnh 3a - u vo R phn t :P1... Pr

Hnh 3b- u vo l vect P c R thnh phn ,
Trng s W1,1 , W1,2 ,... W1,r
trng s WlxR , blx1- hng s 1 a vo nhn vi
n=w1,1p1 + w1,2p2 +w1,RpR +b = w*p+b
s v hng b .
V d : Tnh ton p ng u ra ca 1 Nron vi cc hm truyn t khc nhau .
Cho bit :Nron c 2 u vo x1 ,x2 v mt bias b , 3 trng s ban u l w0 =-0,2 ; w1
=0.7 ; w2 =0,5 .
Kt qu tnh ton nh bng di y :
x1 x2 d
n = w0x0+ w1x1+ w2x2
y =logsig(n) y =tansig(n) y=satlin(n) y=1(n)
0 0
0
-0.2
0.450
-0.197
0
0
0 1
1
0.3
0.574
0.291
0.3
1
1 0
1
0.5
0.623
0.462
0.5
1
1 1
1
1
0.731
0.762
1
1
2-Qu trnh hc ca Nron .
2.1- Khi nim .
Phi ni ngay l : c trng ca N ron l qu trnh hc , phi hc th Nron mi
c kh nng thc hin c nhim v ca mnh . Gi thit cho hm y=f(x) , khi nu
cho bit x th ta xc nh c y theo quan h f (hm f(x)) . By gi ta t vn ngc
li : cho bit cc cp quan h :x/y , hy tm quan h gia x v y . y l bi ton kh v
trong k thut v Mng nron thng thc hin theo 2 phn :
Phn mt l xy dng mt cu trc mng ( C th thc hin theo mt cu trc
chun hay mt cu trc kinh nghim no .
Phn th hai l tm cc quan h lin kt (gi l trng s lin kt) gia cc nron
trong cu trc cho khi ta cho tp u vo x th c tp u ra nh mong mun .
Mun thc hin c phn th hai ny (Khi c cu trc mng t phn 1) th
thng thc hin nh m hnh Hnh 1. Lc vi cc cp mu xi/yi , mng s tnh c
cc u ra , so snh cc gi tr u ra ny vi cc gi tr mu y i , dng sai lch hiu
chnh cc lin kt (trng s lin kt ) cui cng c sai lch nh nht . Qu trnh lm
nh vy chnh l qu trnh cho Mng nron hc hay l qu trnh luyn mng .
Qu trnh luyn mng i th li chia ra 3 bc :
Bc 1 : Bc hc . Lc ny cho cc cp mu x i/yi vo mng v mng s tnh gi
tr ra , gi tr ra ny s c sai lch vi gi tr mong mun (gi tr mu) , dng sai lch
hiu chnh li trng s lin kt , c lm nh vy cho n khi nhn c gi tr ra so vi
mu c sai lch nm trong gi tr cho php .

Lu l : d sai lch u ra ca mng so vi mu t yu cu , nhng l

ng vi cc u vo mu ( vi cc x i/yi) cho . Khi gp cc tp gi tr x vo khc th
cha chc vi cc trng s lin kt luyn nh vy s m bo u ra ng yu cu .
Do vy khi hc xong cn phi th (Test).
Bc 2 : Th . Lc ny ta dng mt tp d liu x/y khc vi tp d liu dng
luyn mng . Nu kt qu Th m tt th mi chp nhn ,nu khng phi Hc li .
Bc 3 : Kim chng (Validation) .Sau khi Th xong , tt ri , c th phi kim
chng thc t , c nh vy mi dng c .
2.2- Thut ton hc .
Qu trnh hc s c thc hin theo nhng qui trnh cht ch c gi l thut
ton hc .C nhiu thut ton hc khc nhau v thut ton hc cho mt nron thuc
nhm thut ton hc c hng dn (gim st ,c thy) .Qu trnh hc thc cht l qu
trnh tm kim hiu chnh cc tham s ca Nron sao cho vi mt tp s liu vo x cho
trc Nron s cho ra p ng y theo mong mun .
Vi s chc nng nh Hnh 1 ,vi tp s liu hc gm p mu {x i,di}vi i=1p
(xi gi tr vo v di gi tr ch mong mun) , ta cn xc nh Nron c N u vo v 1
u ra vi hm chuyn i f () sao cho : f(xi) di vi mi xi .
Ta c th dng hm mc tiu l tng bnh phng sai s E ,vi E min,ngha l :
E=(1/2) (f(xi)-di)2 Min ;
Qu trnh hc y l cho vect vo x , nron s cho ra gi tr f(x) = y , tng
ng s tnh ra gi tr E . Qu trnh hc s dng li khi EE min cho php . Qu trnh tm
Emin thc cht l qu trnh tm li gii ti u cho h phi tuyn , thng dng l thut ton
lp tm nghim cn ti u .
V d : xy dng mt Nron m phng hm OR vi 2 u vo x1, x2 .
Lc ny y = x1 OR x2 v gi thit s dng cc trng s lin kt khi u nh
trn (w0 =-0,2 ; w1 =0.7 ; w2 =0,5) v dng hm chuyn i l hm ngng .Qua tnh
ton ta c kt qu nh bng di :
x1
0
0
1
1

x2
d
n = w0x0 + w1x1+ w2x2
y= 1(n)
e= y-d
0
0
-0,2
0
0
1
1
0,3
1
0
0
1
0,5
1
0
1
1
1,0
1
0
Nhn bng ta thy : Nu dng Nron 3 u vo v 1 u ra vi tham s khi u
w0 =-0,2 ; w1 =0.7 ; w2 =0,5 , hm chuyn i l hm ngng 1(n) th hon ton m
phng chnh xc hm OR hai bin x1 ,x2 .
Nu cng nh trn nhng dng hm chuyn i l hm logsig ( kt qu nh bng
di) th sai lch e sau ln hc u tin cn rt ln , ta phi cho hc tip cc mu khc
hiu chnh cc trng s mi gim c e .
x1
x2
d
n = w0x0+ w1x1+ w2x2
y= logsig(n)
e= y-d
0
0
0
-0,2
0,450
0,450
0
1
1
0,3
0,574
-0,426
1
0
1
0,5
0,623
-0,377
1
1
1
1,0
0,731
-0,269

Vi 1 Nron c 1 u ra th s u vo chnh l s bin (cc thnh phn vect u

vo ), cn hm chuyn i c la chn trc .
Lu :
+ Nu u ra l gi tr logic :0,1 th c th chn hm chuyn i dng 1(n)
+ Nu u ra l gi tr lin tc (0,1) th c th chn hm logsig(n).
+ Nu u ra l gi tr lin tc (-1,1) th c th chn hm tansig(n).
+ Nu u ra c c gi tr nm ngoi (-1,1) th c th chn hm purelin(n).
Trong thc t ta c th chun ha s liu ra gi tr ch nm trong khong (-1,1)
v c th s dng hm tansig(n) .
&3- Thut ton hc c hng dn ca Nron .
Phn ny ch trnh by thut ton hc c hng dn (supervised learning ) trn c
s tnh ton sai s theo cch lan truyn ngc (error backpropagation) . Thut ton ny
c pht trin da trn thut tan bc gim cc i) (steppest descent) xc nh gi
tr cc tiu ca mt hm s .
3.1- Thut ton bc gim cc i (steppest descent) .
Ni dung thut ton l : cho mt hm f(x) bt k ,cn tm im x min hm f(x)
t gi tr cc tiu , trong khi khng th thc hin vic gii phng trnh f (x) =0 !
(Trng hp hm f(x) l kh vi v n gin th xc nh o hm f(x) v gii
phng trnh f(x)=0 tm xmin ) .
Ni dung ca phng php bc gim cc i l : xut t im x(0) ta i tm
(1)
im x f(x(1)) < f(x(0)) , tip theo tm im x(2) f(x(2)) < f(x(1)) , c tip tc nh vy
ta s thu c mt chui kt qu {x (t)} cc gi tr f(x(t)) gim dn v s gim n mt
trong cc cc tiu ca hm f(x) .Khi :
x(t) xmin khi t n mt gi tr hu hn no .
Thut ton bc gim cc i s xc nh cho ta cng thc tnh bc tip theo l :
x(t+1) = x(t) (df/dx)|x=x(t)
;
(1)
Trong : gi l h s bc hc .
Cng thc trn c th chng minh l : theo khai trin Tay-lo th :
f (x(t) +) = f(x(t)) + .f(x(t)) +O(2) ;
(2)
Nu chn = -.f(x(t)) vi nh th :
f (x(t) +) = f(x(t)) -.(f(x(t)))2 +O(2) < f(x(t)) ;
(3)
Vi vic chn :
x(t+1) = x(t) + = x(t) (df/dx)|x=x(t) th m bo f(x(t+1)) < f(x(t)) .
(t)
Nu (df/dx)|x=x <0 th f(x) gim , lc x (t+1) >x(t) , nu (df/dx)|x=x(t) >0 th f(x)
tng, lc x(t+1) < x(t) (ngha l phi ly x li li) .
Lu : Phi chn nh ,v im cc tiu f(x) l cc tiu cc b . Khi hm
f(x) c nhiu im cc tiu ,nu chn qu ln th s qu ln th gi tr hm c th
nhy sang vng khc v kt qu l sai !
3.2-S dng Thut ton bc gim cc i tnh ton bc hc cho Nron .
Trong qu trnh hc ca Nron ta phi lun lun tm cc tiu ca hm sai s .Vi
Nron nh Hnh v ,ta c :
yi = f [Wj xij] ;
(4)
Trong i : s mu cho vi cc cp (xi,di ) , i = 1p mu ;
J : s u vo , j = 1 N ;
Sai s trn b s liu hc l :

E = (1/2)(yi di)2

(5)

Ta cn xc nh cc trng s Wj (j = 0 ,1 , ,N) gim sai s E .

Tng ng vi (4) , ta c th din t thnh php nhn Matrix nh Bng 1 :
Bng 1
W0 W1 W2 - Wj - WN
x10 x20 x30 x40 - xi0 - xp0
x11 x21 x31 x41 - xi1 - xp1
x12 x22 x32 x44 - xi2 - xp2
X =
x1j x2j x3j x4j - xij - xpj
x1N x2N x3N x4N - xiN - xpN

y1
y2
y3
yi
yp

Vi trng hp hm OR vi 2 u vo x1,x2 v 4 cp mu , ta c matrix nh Bng 2:

Bng 2
W0

W1

W2

X10 :1
X11 :0
X12 :0

X20 :1
X21 :0
X22 :1

X30 :1
X31 :1
x32 :0

X40 :1
X41 :1
X42 :1

d1 :0
d2 :1
d3 :1
d4 :1

Ta cn xc nh cc trng s Wj (j =0 ,1,,N) gim sai s E theo (5) . Xut

pht t mt b gi tr ban u ca Wj l : [W](0) = [W0(0) , W1(0) , ,WN(0) ] , ta xc nh
cc trng s tip theo thi im (t+1) l :
Wj(t+1) = Wj(t) (dE/dWj)|[w] =[w](t) vi t= 0,1, ;

(6)

Trong gradient ca sai s theo trng s ca cc cng thc (5),(6) tnh bng :
dE/dW= (yi-di) (dyi/dw)=(yi di)f[wjxij][d(wjxij)/dw]=(yi di)f[wjxij]xi ; (7)
Lu : Cng thc (7) dng o hm ca hm chuyn i , nn khng nn s
dng hm ngng dng 1(n) .
V d : Tnh ton cho vic hc hm OR vi hai u vo x1,x2 .
- Khi hc vi 1 mu (p=1) : x1 = x2 =1 v d=1.Cc trng s ban u chn :
[W](0) = [W0(0) W1(0) W2(0) ] =[-0,2 0,7 0,5] , hm chuyn i :Logsig(n) .
Khi : y(0) = f(n)=f(w0(0) x0+ w1(0) x1+ w2(0) x2) = f(1,0) = 0,731 ;
E(0) = (1/2)(y(0) d1)2 = (1/2)(0,731-1)2 = 0,0362 ;
Cc gi tr gradien tnh theo (7):
dE/dW0 |[w]=[w](0) = (y(0) di)f(w0(0) x0+ w1(0) x1+ w2(0) x2)x0 = (y(0)-d)y(0)(1-y(0))x0 =
=(0,731-1).0,731.(1-0,731).1= -0.0529 ;
dE/dW1 |[w]=[w](0) = (y(0) di)f(w0(0) x0+ w1(0) x1+ w2(0) x2)x1 = (y(0)-d)y(0)(1-y(0))x1 =
=(0,731-1).0,731.(1-0,731).1= -0.0529 ;
dE/dW2 |[w]=[w](0) = (y(0) di)f(w0(0) x0+ w1(0) x1+ w2(0) x2)x2 = (y(0)-d)y(0)(1-y(0))x2 =
=(0,731-1).0,731.(1-0,731).1= -0.0529 ;
Chn h s hc =1 , ta tnh c cc trng s lin kt mi :
W0(1) = W0(0) (dE/dW0)|[w] =[w](0) = -0,2 -(1.(-0,0529)) = -0,147 ;

W1(1) = W1(0) (dE/dW1)|[w] =[w](0) = 0,7 -(1.(-0,0529)) = 0,753 ;

W2(1) = W2(0) (dE/dW2)|[w] =[w](0) = 0,5 -(1.(-0,0529)) = 0,553 ;
Vy sau bc hc th nht, b trng s mi l :
[W](1) = [W0(1) W1(1) W2(1)] = [ -0,147 0,753 0,553] ;
Gi tr u ra sau bc hc th nht l :
Y(1) = f(w0(1) x0+ w1(1) x1+ w2(1) x2) = f(1,159) =0,761 ;
Sai s E sau bc th nht l :
E= (1/2)(y(1)-d)2 = (1/2)(0,761-1)2 = 0,0286 < 0,0362 = E(0) ; (10)
C tip tc tnh ton cho cc bc hc tip theo , ta c quan h gia E v s
bc nh Hnh 10 ( v c Hnh 10 , cn dng my tnh tnh ton biu thc
10, tuy vy cha bit thut ton ny u) , ta thy sau 100 bc hc th E (100) =
0,00947 . Ta cng c th v quan h cc trng s W 0 ,W1 ,W2 vi s bc hc nh
Hnh11 (Cha bit thut ton cho My tnh v cc quan h ny ) .

Trn y l xt vi hc mt mu ,thc t phi hc nhiu mu hn , chng hn hc

vi 3 mu :p=3 , ngha l : (x1x2 = 00,d=0) ,(x1x2 = 01,d=1) (x1x2 = 11,d=1) v gi x0 =1 .
Cc u ra ca Nron cho 3 mu trc khi hc l :
y1 =0,45 ; y2 =0,574 ; y3 =0,731 ; V sai s tnh theo (5) l :
E= (1/2)13(yi- di)2 =(1/2)[(0,45-0)2 +(0,574-1)2 +(0,731-1)2] = 0,228 ;
Sau 100 bc hc vi 3 mu ta c : y1 =0,456 ; y2 =0,604 ; y3 =0,76 v E bng :
E= (1/2)13(yi- di)2 =(1/2)[(0,456-0)2 +(0,604-1)2 +(0,76-1)2] = 0,211.
Ta thy lc ny sai s cn ln , do vy phi hc nhiu na !
&4- Thut ton hc Levenberg-Marquad (L-M) :
y l thut ton da trn khai trin Taylor bc 2 , chnh xc cao hn nhng
cng tnh ton phc tp hn . Hc vin c th xem ti liu thao kho .
&5- Nng cao cht lng qu trnh hc .
5.1- Hc vi h s hc thch nghi .
H s hc lin quan trc tip n gia s ca hm , do vy nu bc hc m
E ang gim th ta c th tng h s hc , ngc li nu bc hc m E tng th cn
gim . Do vy ta c th tnh sai lch E gia 2 bc hc tng/gim , theo kinh
nghim h s tng nn khong 1,02-1,05 , cn h s gim nn l 0,5-0,7 . Hc vi s iu
chnh nh vy gi l hc thch nghi . Xem thm ti liu.
5.2- Hc vi h s qun tnh .
Trong hc vi h s qun tnh cc trng s lin kt c hiu chnh theo gia s :

W(t) = -E(t) +(t)W(t-1)

(8)

Trong :W(t) = W(t+1) - W(t) v (t) l h s qun tnh c gi tr (0,1) .

Ta thy thnh phn u tin v phi ca (8) chnh l Gradient ca E(t) tnh theo
phng php bc gim cc i, thnh phn th hai ph thuc vo cp nht bc
trc (nh hng ca bc trc) v khng ph thuc vo gradient ca bc hin ti .
H s (t) cng ln th nh hng qun tnh cng ln. Qun tnh ny c nh hng cng r
rt cc khong hm c dng bng phng (gradient nh v khng i) hoc ti cc im
gn cc tiu .
Ti cc vng hm bng phng , gradient c gi tr hu nh khng i , ngha l :
W(t) W(t-1) , do vy :
W(t) (/1-(t)) E(t) ;
Vi (t) = (0,1) th (1/(1-(t) ) > 1 , th vic s dng h s qun tnh tng ng vi h s
hc ln hn , qu trnh hc s nhanh hn .Nu (t) = 0,9 th tc hc tng 10 ln . Vic
chn gi tr qun tnh (t) cn phi th nghim nhiu ln vi cc gi tr khc nhau mi
cho kt qu tt .
V d khi hc hm OR vi 3 mu nh trn v s dng (t) th kt qu nh Bng 3.
Bng 3
H s qun tnh (t)
(t) =0 (thut ton bc
gim cc i)

(t) = 0,5

(t) =0,9

Cc gi tr u ra

Cc gi tr ch

y1 = 0,456

d1 = 0

y2 = 0,604

d2 = 1

y3 = 0,760

d3 = 1

y1 = 0,185

d1 = 0

y2 = 0,863

d2 = 1

y3 = 0,956

d3 = 1

y1 = 0,17

d1 = 0

y2 = 0,873

d2 = 1

y3 = 0,863

d3 = 1

Sai s
E = 0,211

E = 0,0275

E=0,0319

&6- Qa trnh kim tra mng Nron v Kh nng tng qut ha .

ng dng ca mng Nron ph thuc quan trng vo kh nng tng qut ha , ngha
l ng dng c vo mi trng thc t m cc thng tin u vo v ra l hon ton mi
, khng ging nh cc cp mu (xi ,di) luyn mng . Mng c kh nng tng qut ha
cao nu nh a ra p ng vi sai lch cho php khi c cc u vo mi . Gi s c
hm logic N bin f(xi) vi i=1-N , nh vy c 2N b gi tr v c d=f(x) vi 2N gi tr .
Nu ta s dng K <2N cp (x,d) hc , cn (2N- K) kim tra v mng t kt qu yu
cu th ta ni :Mng hc tt bi ton hm logic N bin ny .
V d : xt hm OR vi 2 bin x1,x2 ,cho hc mu 4 vi x=[x1 ,x2] =[1,1] v d4 =1.
Khi kim tra vi 3 mu cn li ta c kt qu nh Bng 4
Bng 4

x1 x2
d
n = w0x0 + w1x1 + w2x2
y= logsig(n)
e=y-d
0
0
0
3,627
0,974
0,974
0
1
1
7,954
1,000
0
1
0
1
8,154
1,000
0
Ta thy mu 1 c kt qu hon ton sai , nh vy mng nhm ! Cn tng s mu hc !
--------------------------------------------------------

Bi II MNG N RON
&2.1- Khi nim .
+ Bi 1 ta kho st v m hnh 1 Nron nhn
to v hiu qu ng dng rt thp,thc t Nron
ch c hiu qu khi lin kt thnh mng , l
Mng Nron.(H thn kinh ngi c 1011 n ron v c th
n 1014 lin kt ) .

+ nh ngha n gin l : Mng NN l mt t

chc gm nhiu nron c ni ghp vi nhau
to c (m phng) cc hm phc tp hn
so vi tng nron n l .
+ Mi nron hot ng tc khng cao ,
nhng vi mng c nhiu nron hot ng song
song nn tc x l thng tin ca mng cao
hn .
&2.2- Cu trc ca mng NN .
+ Ngi ta phn chia nron trong mng
thnh lp (Layer), trong c lp vo (gn vi
tn hiu vo), lp ra (a tn hiu ra), cc lp
gia gi l lp n (hidden layer) .
+ Tng th , theo kin trc c th phn mng
thnh 3loi : Mng 1 lp , mng truyn thng
nhiu lp , mng c phn hi .
2.2.1- Mng mt lp .

Hnh 4b .V k hiu mng mt lp vi s nron

v u vo P c R thnh phn

Hnh 4a- Mng mt lp vi vct u

vo p c R thnh phn v s nron . Lp
ca mng gm : trng s , b phn tnh
tch wp , tnh tng , cc hng s t b
v hm bin i f . Vect u vo P
khng gi l lp .

Cch ghi ch s ma trn trng s l : Ch s hng

theo s Nron :1...s ( cc trng s t vo Nron) ,
ch s ct l cc thnh phn t 1...R ca vc t
vo.Qui c :a,b,c s v hng ; a,b,c l vect ;
A,B,C l ma trn.

Gi : ma trn trng s ni vi tn hiu vo

l trng s vo , ma trn trng s ni vi
tn hiu ra l trng s ra .Cc ch s vit
pha trn ca ma trn : Ch s th nht ch
ch , ch s th 2 ch ngun . V d nh
v Hnh 5 . K hiu trng s lp l (LW)
, trng s Vo l (IW) .

Hnh 5 :V d ghi ch s matrice cho lp 1

2.2.2- Mng nhiu lp .

Mng c th c nhiu lp , trc tin ta s ni v mng truyn thng nhiu lp .
Hnh 5 l m t mt mng 3 lp : Lp 1 , lp 2 v lp 3 . Mi lp li c Ma trn trng s
W , Vect gi tr t b v Vect u ra a ca lp . V l mng truyn thng cho nn
u ra ca lp trc l u vo ca lp sau, ngha l cc lp ni tip nhau .
Qui c cc ch s phn bit cc lp nh sau : ch s lp c ghi pha trn
ca mi bin trong lp ( cc ch s ghi pha di ca bin ch tnh cht ca lp : s
n ron , s u vo , v.v... ) .

Hnh 5 : Mng truyn thng 3 lp .

V d : Trong Hnh 5 th :
Mng c :+ u vo ( u vo cho lp 1 c R phn t : P 1 PR ) v S1 ( c s n
ron u ra cho lp 1)
+S2 : Lp 2 c S nron , v hin nhin c S1 u vo .
+S3 : Lp 3 c S nron , v hin nhin c S2 u vo .
+iwi,1 i ,1 trng s lin kt ca ca n ron lp1 v lp vo i(ch s dui i,1 th i
l u vo ,cn 1 l n ron 1 )
+iwi,1 s1, R : Trng s lin kt ca n ron lp 1 lp va i (ch s di : s 1,R th s1
l ca n ron s lp 1 ,R l ca u vo R )
+lw2,1 1, 1 : Trng s lin kt ca lp 2 u vo l lp 1(ch s di : 1,1 ch l
ca n ron 1 , u vo 1)
+lw2,1 s2 ,s1 : Trng s lin kt ca lp 2 u vo l lp 1(ch s di : s 2 ,s1 ch
l ca n ron s lp 2 , u vo l lp 1)
+lw3,2 s3 ,s2 : Trng s lin kt ca lp 3 u vo l lp 2(ch s di : s 3 ,s2 ch
l ca n ron s lp 2 , u vo l lp 1)
+a1 1 , a1s1 : u ra ca nron lp 1 ca nron1,u ra nron lp 1 ca nron s
+ IWi,1: Ma trn trng s i vi nron lp 1 , u vo i
+LW2,1 : ma trn trng s i vi n ron 1 , lp 2
+LW3,1: ma trn trng s i vi n ron 1 , lp 3
+ IWi,1: Ma trn trng s i vi nron lp 1 , u vo i
+LW2,1 : ma trn trng s i vi n ron 1 , lp 2
+LW3,1: ma trn trng s i vi n ron 1 , lp 3
Nh vy mng 3 lp ny c cc thng s :

R1 u vo v S1 n ron cho lp 1 , S2 v S3 nron cho lp 2 v lp 3 . Cc gi tr

t bias u l 1 .Lp 2 c S1 vo S2 ra vi ma trn trng s S1xS2 l w2 . u vo lp 2
l a1 v ra l a2 . Ta th cc tham s lp 2 c nhn dng v do vy c th c x
l nh mt lp n . Cc lp khc cng x l tng t .
Cc lp ca mng s ng vai tr khc nhau . Lp to ra kt qu ra th gi l
lp ra , cc lp cn li l lp n ( Vi mng 3 lp th lp 1 v lp 2 l lp n . Toobox
ny dng nh vy ) .
Vi mng 3 lp truyn thng ta c th biu din vn tt nh Hnh 6 .

Hnh 6 .
Mng nhiu lp l cc mnh . Nu ch xt mng 2 lp vi lp u dng hm
sigmoid v lp hai dng hm tuyn tnh th c th luyn xp x bt k hm no .
Loi mng hai lp c dng cc nhiu trong thut ton Lan truyn ngc. ( Lu xem
u ra ca lp 3 l a3 vi k hiu l y )
Hm x l trc cc d liu vo v ra .
u vo ca mng c th c x l trc thun li hn cho tnh ton trong
mng ,3 hm sau s gp phn vo vic :
- u tin l dng bin i mapmimax bin i tt c gi tr u vo vo trong
khong [-1, 1] ,
- Hm removeconstantrows : B i cc gi tr u vo ging nhau ,
- Hm fixunknowns m ho li d liu cha bit thnh dng s cho mng d
x l , ngha l phn bit ra trc : d liu no bit , d liu no ch bit .
Vi d liu ra : x l d liu u ra nh cc vect mc tiu v bin i ngc li
cho tng t nh hm nguyn bn .
Hai hm mapmimax v removeconstantrows thng phi hp dng cho x l d
liu u ra .
3- Cu trc d liu (Data structures) .
y bn v cch to cu trc d liu vo nh th no c hiu qu lc m
hnh ho mng . Xt mng tnh ri s n mng ng .
Vect d liu vo c 2 dng chnh : Loi d liu cnh tranh (concurently , ngha
l loi d liu khng cng xut hin cng thi im ) , loi d liu ny ch xut hin
theo trnh t (sequentially ) thi gian . Vi loi d ny th th t tc ng l khng quan
trng , lc ny nu c cc mng chy song song th th c th t vect vo cho mi mng
ring bit . Loi d liu th hai l d liu kiu ni tip , lc ny th t tc ng ca cc
vect vo l quan trng .

3.1- M hnh ho vi u vo Concurrent mng tnh .

M hnh ho Trng thi tnh l n gin nht ( Mng khng c phn hi hay tr ) .
Lc ny ta khng quan tm vect u vo no tc ng trong trnh t thi gian , v n
gin hn khi ta xt mng ch c mt vec t vo .V d nh mng di y ( Hnh 7)

Hnh 7
Gi thit ta m hnh ho mng c tp d liu vo l 4 mu (Q=4) v khng ph
thuc trnh t tc ng :
1
2
2
3
P1 = 2 , p2 = 1
, p3 = 3
, p4 = 1
( Ph vy l u vo p1 c 4 gi tr p 1 : 1 2 2 3 , cn p 2 = 2 1 3 1 ) hay cc
tn hiu vit dng vec t concurrent t vo mng l :
P =[ 1 2 2 3 ; 2 1 3 1] ;
Gi thit gi tr ra ca mng l T :
T = [-100 50 50 100 ] ;
y l mng truyn thng , dng lnh sau :
Net = newlin(p,T) ;
Gn trng ma trn trng s v bias l :
W =[ 1 2] v b =[0]
Lnh gn cc gi tr ny l :
Net.IW(1,1)= [1 2] ;
Net .b(1) = 0 ;
Ta m phng bng lnh : A = sim(net,p) th c :
A=
5
4 8 5
Kt qu cng nh trn nu ta dng 4 mng hot ng song song v mi mng
nhn mt vect vo v cho ra mt kt qu . Th t kt qu ra l khng quan trng v ch
tu thuc vo vic t vect vo .
3.2- M hnh ho vi u vo trnh t mng ng .
Khi mng c tr , th tc ng u vo i vi mng l c tr v ph thuc trnh t
V d xt mng n gin nh hnh di ( Hnh 8)

Hnh 8
Gi thit trnh t vo l :
P1 =[1] , p2 =[2] , p3= [3] , p4 = [4]
Biu din thnh mng :
T = (10 3 3 7] ;
Vy lnh to ra mng l :
Net = newlin(p,T,[0 1] ) ;
Net.biasConnect= 0 ;
Gn trng s :
W =[ 1 2] ,
Lc vit lnh : net.iw (1,1) =[1 2] ;
Nu thc hin lnh m hnh ho sau :
A = sim(net,p) th c
A=
[1] [4] [ 7]
[10]
Nh vy ta t vo mt mng cha trnh t cc tn hiu vo th mng sinh ra mt
mng ra theo trnh t . Trnh t mng vo l quan trng .
3.3- M hnh ho vi u vo concurrent mng ng .
Nu ta t vo mng mt tp vo concurrent (mc d gi tr nh tp trnh t ) th
kt qu u ra mng s khc .
Nu ta dng tp vo kiu concurrent :
P1 =[1] , p2 =[2] , p3= [3] , p4 = [4]
V c to bi m sau :
P = [ 1 2 3 4] ;
Khi m phng bi lnh :
A = sim(net,p) th c :
A=
1 2 3 4

&3- Cu trc d liu

net = newlin([-1 1 :-1 1] , 1) ;
n gin ta gn ma trn trng s v
bias l :
w = 1 2 , b= 0
iu khin cho vic gn ny l
net. IW{