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TM TT KIN THC HA PH THNG I. NGUYN T - Nguyn t gm + Ht nhn: Proton (mp = 1u) v Notron (mn = 1u) + Electron: me = 0,00055u - S khi: A = Z(proton) + N(notron) (Z = E) - ng v: Nhng nguyn t cng Z nhng khc N - Nguyn t khi trung bnh: C = (aA + bB)/100 - Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mi obitan ch c 2 electron ngc chiu nhau - Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, cc electron chim obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao - Quy tc Hund: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron phn b trn obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v c chiu ging nhau - Trt t mc nng lng: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f II. BNG TUN HON NGUYN T - Trong mt chu k t tri qua phi + Bn knh nguyn t gim + Nng lng ion ha tng + m in tng + Tnh kim loi gim, tnh phi kim tng + Tnh bazo ca oxit, hidroxit gim, tnh axit tng - Trong mt nhm A t trn xung di + Bn knh nguyn t tng + Nng lng ion ha gim + m in gim + Tnh kim loi tng, tnh phi kim gim + Tnh bazo ca oxit, hidroxit tng, tnh axit gim III. LIN KT HA HC Loi lin kt Ion Cng ha tr Bn cht Lc ht tnh in gia ion tri du Dng chung electron iu kin Xy ra gia kim loi v phi kim Xy ra vi nguyn t phi kim nhm A Hiu m in 0 ~ 0,4 0,4 ~ 0,7 Trn 0,7 Tinh th ion Hnh thnh t ion mang in tch tri du Bn cht tnh in Tinh th nguyn t Hnh thnh t cc nguyn t Bn cht cng ha tr Loi lin kt Cng ha tr khng cc Cng ha tr c cc Lin kt ion Tinh th phn t Hnh thnh t cc phn t Bn cht tng tc phn t Tinh th kim loi Hnh thnh t ion kim loi v e t do Bn cht tnh in nh kim, dn in v dn nhit tt, do

Khi nim Lc lin kt c tnh

Bn, kh nng chy, kh bay Nhit nng chy t bn, nhit nng chy v hi v nhit si cao nhit si thp, cng nh IV. PHN NG OXI HA KH - Cht kh l cht nhng electron, c s oxi ha tng ln - Cht oxi ha l cht nhn electron, c s oxi ha gim xung - Qu trnh oxi ha l lm cho cht nhng electron, c s oxi ha tng ln - Qu trnh kh l lm cho cht nhn electron, c s oxi ha gim xung KMnO4 (H+) MnO (H2O) MnO22V. NHM HALOGEN 1. Lu - Cu hnh xs2 xp5 - Trong hp cht, Flo lun c s oxi ha -1, Clo, Brom, Iot c s oxi ha -1, 1, 3, 5, 7 - Tnh oxi ha gim dn t Flo n Iot - Tnh axit tng dn t HF n HI - Tnh bn v tnh axit tng, tnh oxi ha gim t HClO n HClO4 (tnh axit HClO yu hn axit cacbonic) 2. Cc cht cn ghi nh a. Qung cha Clo - Cacnalit (KCl.MgCl2.6H2O) - Xinvinit (KCl.NaCl) b. Axit c cha Oxi ca Clo

(OH-) MnO42-

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- Axit hipocloro (HClO) - Axit cloro (HClO2) - Axit cloric (HClO3) - Axit pecloric (HClO4) c. Qung cha Flo - Florit (CaF2) - Criolit (Na3AlF6) d. Khc - Nc Javen (NaCl + NaClO) - Clorua Vi (CaOCl2) - Kali Clorat (KClO3) 3. Tnh cht, iu ch, ng dng a. Clo - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh mu vng, c, mi xc, nng hn khng kh, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng kim loi to mui (KL ln ha tr cao nht), tc dng hidro to HCl, tc dng H2O to HCl v HClO, tc dng kim to mui ca axit HCl v HClO ( nhit cao to mui HCl v HClO 3), tc dng vi mui Halogen khc (tr F), oxi ha c nhiu cht - iu ch: Phng th nghim: HCl c phn ng vi MnO2, KMnO4, KClO3. Cng nghip: in phn dung dch NaCl bo ha c mng ngn - ng dng: St trng, ty trng, sn sut hp cht b. Hidro Clorua (HCl kh) - Tnh cht ha hc: Khng i mu qu tm, khng tc dng vi CaCO3 gii phng kh c. HCl - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng vi kim loi trc H, tc dng vi oxit bazo, bazo, mui, cht oxi ha mnh - iu ch: Phng th nghim: NaCl tc dng H2SO4 m c. Cng nghip: Phng php sunfat (NaCl + H2SO4), tng hp t H2 v Cl2 d. Nc Javen v Clorua Vi - iu ch: Javen: NaOH + HCl. Clorua Vi: Ca(OH)2 + Cl2 - ng dng: St trng, ty mu, ty u e. KClO3 - iu ch: Cl2 + KOH - ng dng: Ch to thuc n, pho hoa, dim f. Flo - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh lc nht, c - Tnh cht ha hc: Oxi ha ton b kim loi v phi kim tr Oxi, Nito, tc dng H2 gy n, tc dng nc to HF - iu ch: in phn KF + 2HF - ng dng: Ch to nhin liu tn la, cha su rng g. Silic Tetraflorua (SiF4) - ng dng: Khc ch ln thy tinh h. Brom - Tnh cht vt l: Cht lng nu, d bay hi, c - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng vi kim loi, H2, H2O, cht oxi ha - iu ch: Kh Clo sc qua dung dch Bromua - ng dng: Ch to dc phm, phm nhum, iu ch AgBr trng phim i. Iot - Tnh cht vt l: Tinh th mu tm, c nh sng kim loi, khi un nng hoc lm lnh nhanh c s thng hoa (chuyn t rn sang kh m khng qua lng hoc ngc li), tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng tinh bt tao cht mu xanh, tc dng kim loi, H 2 - iu ch: Kh Clo sc qua dung dch Iotua - ng dng: St trng, ch to dc phm, mui iot VI. NHM OXI 1. Lu - Cu hnh xs2 xp4 - Tnh oxi ha gim dn t Oxi n Telu - m in gim dn t Oxi n Telu - Bn knh tng dn t Oxi n Telu - Tnh bn gim dn t H2O n H2Te 2. Tnh cht, iu ch, ng dng a. Oxi - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng vi kim loi (tr Ag nhit thng, Au, Pt), phi kim (tr Halogen), hp cht - iu ch: Phng th nghim: Phn hy KMnO4, KClO3, H2O2. Cng nghip: Chng ct phn on khng kh lng, in phn nc

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- ng dng: Thuc n, kh th, hn ct kim loi, luyn thp b. Ozon - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh mi c trng, mu xanh nht, tan nhiu trong nc so vi oxi - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng kim loi (tr Au, Pt), hp cht cha I- iu ch: Oxi (tia UV) Ozon - ng dng: Ty trng, kh trng, cha su rng. Nhiu Ozon gy c c. Hidro Peoxit (H2O2) - Tnh cht vt l: Cht lng khng mu, tan v hn trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Phn hy to O2, tc dng vi cht oxi ha v cht kh - ng dng: Ty trng, kh trng d. Lu hunh - Tnh cht vt l Cu to tinh th v tnh cht vt l Lu hunh t phng S Lu hunh n t S Khi lng ring 2,07 g/cm2 1,96 g/cm2 o Nhit nng chy 113 C 119oC o o Nhit bn Di 95 C T 95 C n 119oC - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng kim loi v H2 nhit cao, tc dng phi kim - iu ch: H2S tc dng SO2 - ng dng: iu ch H2SO4, ty trng, lu ha cao su e. Hidro Sunfua (H2S) - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh khng mu, mi trng thi, c - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng kim to mui trung ha MS v mui axit MHS, tc dng Oxi, tc dng Clo + H2O to H2SO4 - iu ch: FeS tc dng HCl - Tnh cht mui sunfua: Mui sunfua ca kim loi nhm IA, IIA tan trong nc v tc dng axit HCl, H2SO4 long to H2S, mui sunfua PbS, CuS khng tan trong nc v khng tc dng axit, mui ZnS, FeS khng tan trong nc nhng tc dng axit to H2S f. Lu hunh ioxit (SO2) - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh khng mu, mi hc, c, tan nhiu trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Tan trong nc to H2SO3 l axit yu (mnh hn H2S), tc dng bazo to mui trung ha MSO3 v mui axit MHSO3, tc dng Halogen, KMnO4, H2S, Mg - iu ch: Phng th nghim: Na2SO3 tc dng H2SO4. Cng nghip: t lu hunh, t qung Pirit st (FeS2) - ng dng: Gy ma axit, sn xut H2SO4, ty trng, chng mc g. Lu hunh trioxit (SO3) - Tnh cht vt l: Cht lng khng mu, tan v hn trong H2O v H2SO4 - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng H2O to H2SO4, tc dng oxit bazo, bazo to mui sunfat - iu ch: SO2 + O2 (V2O5) SO3 - ng dng: Trung gian iu ch H2SO4 h. Axit sunfuric - Tnh cht vt l: Cht lng sng snh, khng mu, khng bay hi - Tnh cht ha hc: Axit sunfuric long: Lm qu tm i mu , tc dng kim loi trc H. Axit sunfuric c: Tc dng kim loi (tr Au, Pt), phi kim, hp cht, Al, Fe, Cr khng tc dng vi axit sunfuric c ngui, ht m - iu ch: Oleum (H2SO4.nSO3) tc dng vi nc - ng dng: Lm phm nhum, sn, phn bn, ty ra, giy, si VII. TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC - Tc phn ng: v = (C1 C2)/(t2 t1) = (C2 C1)/(t2 t1) - Yu t nh hng ti tc phn ng + Khi tng nng th tc phn ng tng + i vi phn ng c cht kh, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng + Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng + Khi tng din tch b mt th tc phn ng tng + Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng, nhng vn cn li sau phn ng - Hng s cn bng: aA + bB cC + dD Kc = ([C]c.[D]d)/([A]a.[B] b). Cht rn c coi l hng s, khng c mt trong biu thc - Yu t nh hng ti chuyn dch cn bng + Khi tng hoc gim nng cht ny, cn bng chuyn dch theo hng lm gim hoc tng nng cht + Khi tng hoc gim p sut ca cht ny, cn bng chuyn dch theo hng lm gim hoc tng p sut cht + Khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo phn ng thu nhit. Khi gim nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo phn ng ta nhit + Cht xc tc khng lm cn bng chuyn dch VIII. S IN LY - in ly: = n/no vi n l s phn t phn ly ra ion, no l tng s phn t ha tan. Khi pha long th in ly ca cht in ly tng - Axit v bazo theo thuyt Arenius + Axit l cht khi tan trong nc phn ly ra H+

+ Bazo l cht khi tan trong nc phn ly ra OH+ Hidroxit lng tnh l cht khi tan trong nc va phn ly theo kiu axit, va phn ly theo kiu bazo - Axit v bazo theo thuyt Brostest + Axit l cht nhng proton (H+) + Bazo l cht nhn proton + H2O l cht lng tnh - Hng s phn ly axit: Ka cng nh, axit cng yu - Hng s phn ly bazo: Kb cng nh, bazo cng yu - Mui trung ha l mui khng cn cha gc axit c th phn ly H+ - Mui axit l mui cn cha gc axit c th phn ly ra H+ IX. NHM NITO 1. Lu - Cu hnh xs2 xp3 - Trong hp cht, Nito c s oxi ha -3, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, cc nguyn t khc c s oxi ha -3, 3, 5 - Bn knh tng dn t Nito n Bitmut - m in gim dn t Nito n Bitmut - Nng lng ion ha th nht gim t Nito n Bitmut - Tnh axit v hidroxit tng ng gim dn t Nito n Bimut 2. Cc cht cn ghi nh a. Phn bn - Phn m amoni: Cha gc NH4+ - Phn m nitrat: Cha gc NO3- Phn Ure: (NH2)2CO - Phn Supephotphat n (14 20% P2O5): Ca(H2PO4)2 + CaSO4 - Phn Supephotphat kp (40 50% P2O5): Ca(H2PO4)2 - Phn ln nng chy (12 14% P2O5): Hn hp photphat, silicat vi Ca, Mg - Phn kali: Cha gc K+ - Phn hn hp Nitrophotka: (NH4)2HPO4 v KNO3 - Phn phc hp Amophot: NH4H2PO4 v (NH4)2HPO4 - Phn vi lng B, Mn, Mo, Cu, Zn b. Qung cha Photpho - Apatit (3Ca3(PO4)2.CaF2) - Photphorit Ca3(PO4)2 c. Qung cha Nito - Natri Nitrat (Dim tiu) (NaNO3) 3. Tnh cht, iu ch, ng dng a. Nito - Tnh cht vt l: Khng mu, khng mi, khng duy tr s sng v s chy - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng H2, kim loi, tc dng Oxi to NO - iu ch: Phng th nghim: un NH4NO2 bo ha, Natri Nitrit + Amoni Clorua. Cng nghip: Chng ct phn on khng kh lng - ng dng: Tng hp NH3, HNO3, phn m b. Amoniac - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh khng mu, mi khai, nh hn khng kh, tan nhiu trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng vi nc, axit, dung dch mui, ha tan hidroxit hoc mui t tan to phc cht (Cu(OH)2, AgCl), tc dng Oxi to Nito (tc dng Oxi trong khng kh to NO), tc dng Clo, oxit kim loi to Nito - iu ch: Phng th nghim: Mui Amoni tc dng vi kim (lm kh kh NH 3 bng CaO). Cng nghip: N2 + H2 - ng dng: Sn xut HNO3, phn m, Hidrazin (N2H4) lm nhin liu tn la c. Mui Amoni - Tnh cht vt l: Tinh th ion, d tan trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng dung dch kim to NH3, phn ng nhit phn: + Mui Amoni khng cha gc axit c tnh oxi ha th phn hy thnh NH3 + Mui Amoni cha gc axit c tnh oxi ha nh axit nitro, axit nitric nhit phn ln lt thnh N2, N2O d. Axit Nitric - Tnh cht vt l: Cht lng km bn, phn hy 1 phn thnh NO2, tan v hn trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Lm qu tm i mu , tc dng oxit bazo, bazo, mui axit yu to thnh mui nitrat, tc dng kim loi (tr Au, Pt), tc dng vi Al, Zn to NH4NO3, Fe, Al, Cr th ng ha vi HNO3 c, ngui, tc dng phi kim v hp cht - iu ch: Phng th nghim: NaNO3 + H2SO4 to HNO3 v NaHSO4. Cng nghip: NO2 + H2O + O2 e. Mui Nitrat - Tnh cht vt l: Tan nhiu trong nc, l cht in ly mnh - Tnh cht ha hc: Phn ng phn hy: + Mui Nitrat cha kim loi IA, IIA phn hy thnh MNO2 + O2 + Mui Nitrat cha kim loi trc H v Cu phn hy thnh MO + NO2 + O2

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+ Mui Nitrat cha kim loi sau H phn hy thnh M + NO2 + O2 + Nhn bit ion Nitrat: 3Cu + 8H+ + 2NO3- 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O v 2NO + O 2 2NO2 + ng dng: Lm phn bn ha hc, KNO3 lm thuc n en vi t l 75% KNO3, 10% S, 15% C f. Photpho - Tnh cht vt l Photpho trng Photpho Cht rn trong sut, mu trng hay mu vng nht, cu trc mng tinh th Cht bt mu c cu trc polime, kh nng phn t, mm, d nng chy, c, gy bng, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, chy, kh bay hi pht quang mu lc nht trong bng ti - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng kim loi, halogen, lu hunh, tc dng vi oxi to P2O3 (thiu oxi) hoc P2O5 (tha oxi) (vi Clo tng t), tc dng hp cht - iu ch: Cng nghip: Nung qung Apatit vi than cc 1200oC trong l in - ng dng: Sn xut H3PO4, dim, bom, n g. Axit photphoric - Tnh cht vt l: Cht rn dng tinh th, khng mu, tan v hn trong nc, ho nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Phn hy to H4P2O7 HPO3, lm i mu qu tm, tc dng bazo, oxit bazo, mui, kim loi (khi tc dng bazo hay oxit bazo th ty theo lng cht m sn phm to ra l mui trung ha, mui axit hay hn hp mui) - iu ch: Phng th nghim: P + HNO3. Cng nghip: H2SO4 tc dng vi qung cha photpho, P2O5 tc dng H2O - ng dng: Sn xut phn ln h. Mui photphat - Tnh cht vt l: Tt c mui ihidrophotphat u trong nc, mui hidrophotphat v photphat bao gm Na, K, amoni l tan nhi u, cn li khng tan hoc t tan + Mui photphat trung ha: Na3PO4, Ca3(PO4)2, (NH4)3PO4 + Mui ihidrophotphat: NaH2PO4, Ca(H2PO4)2, NH4H2PO4 + Mui hidrophotphat: Na2HPO4, CaHPO4, (NH4)2HPO4 - Tnh cht ha hc: Mui photphat thy phn to OH- Nhn bit ion photphat: Ag+ + PO43- Ag3PO4 X. NHM CACBON 1. Lu - Cu hnh xs2 xp5 - Trong hp cht c s oxi ha -4, 2, 4 - Bn knh nguyn t tng dn t Cacbon n ch - bn nhit gim t CH4 ti PbH4 2. Cc cht cn ghi nh a. Qung cha Cacbon - Canxit (CaCO3) - Magiezit (MgCO3) - Dolomit (CaCO3.MgCO3) b. Qung cha Silic - Ct (SiO2) - Cao lanh (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) - Xecpentin (3MgO.2SiO2.2H2O) - Fenspat (Na2O.Al2O3.6SiO2) 3. Tnh cht, iu ch, ng dng a. Cacbon - Tnh cht vt l Kim cng Than ch Fuleren Cacbon v nh hnh Tinh th nguyn t khng mu, Tinh th cu trc lp mu xm Cu trc hnh cu Bao gm than g, than xng cu trong sut, khng dn in, dn en, nh kim, dn in km rng, gm C70, C60 to xp, c kh nng hp ph kh nhit km, cng nht kim loi, mm - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng O2 to CO2, tc dng CO2 to CO, tc dng H2, kim loi, hp cht - iu ch + Kim cng iu ch bng nung than ch + Than ch iu ch bng nung than cc + Than cc iu ch bng nung than m + Than g iu ch bng t g + Than mui iu ch bng nhit phn CH4 - ng dng + Kim cng lm trang sc, ch to dao ct thy tinh + Than ch lm in cc, bt ch en + Than cc lm cht kh luyn kim + Than g ch to thuc n en, thuc pho, cht hp ph

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+ Than mui sn xut mc in, xi nh dy b. CO - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh khng mu, khng mi, t tan trong khng kh, bn nhit, c - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng vi Oxi, tc dng vi clo to photghen (COCl2), kh oxit kim loi thnh kim loi - iu ch: Phng th nghim: HCOOH. Cng nghip: C + H2O CO + O2 (kh than t cha 44% CO), CO2 + C 2CO (kh l ga cha 25% CO) c. CO2 - Tnh cht vt l: Cht kh khng mu, tan va trong nc, CO2 ha thnh khi rn trng (nc kh) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng vi Al, Mg, tc dng bazo, oxit bazo to mui cacbonat - iu ch: Phng th nghim: CaCO3 + HCl. Cng nghip: t than, nung vi, ln men Glucozo - ng dng: Nc kh bo qun thc phm, dp m chy Oxi d. Mui Cacbonat - Tnh cht vt l: Mui Cacbonat ca kim loi kim (tr Li), amoni v cc mui Hidrocacbonat d tan trong nc + Mui Cacbonat cha CO32+ Mui Hidrocacbonat cha HCO3- Tnh cht ha hc: Mui Cacbonat tc dng axit gii phng CO2, mui Hidrocacbonat tc dng dung dch kim to mui Cacbonat, cc mui Cacbonat ca kim loi kim bn vi nhit, mui Cacbonat khc phn hy to oxit, mui Hidrocacbonat phn hy to mui Cacbonat - ng dng: + CaCO3 lm cht n cao su + Na2CO3 (soda khan) dung trong cng nghip thy tinh, gm, bt git + NaHCO3 lm thuc gim au d dy e. Silic - Tnh cht vt l Silic tinh th Silic v nh hnh Cu trc ging kim cng, mu xm, c nh kim, c tnh bn Cht bt mu nu dn - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng phi kim, tc dng dung dch kim gii phng H2, tc dng kim loi - iu ch: Phng th nghim: SiO2 + Mg. Cng nghip: SiO2 + C - ng dng: Ch to pin mt tri, cht bn dn f. SiO2 - Tnh cht vt l: Dng tinh th (tinh th thch anh), khng tan trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng kim hoc mui cacbonat to silicat, tc dng HF to SiF4 (dng HF khc ch ln thy tinh) g. Axit Silixic (H2SiO3) - Tnh cht vt l: Dng keo, khng tan trong nc - Tnh cht ha hc: Phn hy to SiO2, tnh axit yu hn H2CO3 h. Mui Silicat - Tnh cht vt l: Mui Silicat kim loi kim tan c trong nc, thy tinh lng (dung dch m c Na 2SiO3 v K2SiO3) - Tnh cht ha hc: Mui Silicat kim loi kim b thy phn to mi trng OH k. Cng nghip Silicat - Thy tinh: Cht v nh hnh + Thy tinh thng (Na2O.CaO.6SiO2) + Thy tinh Kali (K2O.CaO.6SiO2) nhit nng chy cao, dng ch to dng c th nghim, ng knh, lng knh + Thy tinh pha l (cha ch oxit) d nng chy v trong sut + Thy tinh thch anh (silic tinh khit) + Thy tinh mu lc (cha Cr2O3) + Thy tinh mu xanh nc bin (cha CoO) - gm: Ch to t t st v cao lanh + Gch v ngi (t st v ct) + Gch iat (93 96% SiO2, 4 7% CaO v t st) + Gch Samot (bt samot, t st, nc) - Xi mng: Vt liu kt dnh + Xi mng Pooclang (canxi silicat Ca3SiO5 v canxi aluminat Ca3(AlO3)2) XI. I CNG HA HC HU C - Bc Cacbon bng s Cacbon lin kt vi n - Danh php hu c + Tn s m v tn mch cacbon chnh 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mono Di Tri Tetra Penta Hexa Hepta Octa Nona Deca Met Et Prop But Pent Hex Hept Oct Non Dec - ng ng: Hp cht c thnh phn hn km nhau CH2 - ng phn: Cng cng thc phn t, khc cng thc cu to

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+ ng phn mch C + ng phn nhm chc + ng phn hnh hc (cis H cng pha, trans H khc pha) X. HIDROCABON NO 1. Ankan (CnH2n+2 (n 1) (no, mch h), ng phn mch C) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Th: Thay H C bc cao (sn phm chnh ng vi gc bn da vo lin kt H alpha) - Tch: Hidro ha (tch H to anken hoc xicloankan). - Cracking: CnH2n+2 CaHa+2 + CbHb (a + b = n) - Oxi ha: CnH2n+2 + (3n+1)/2O2 nCO2 + (n+1)H2O b. iu ch - Cracking - Cng: H2 vo hidrocabon khng no. (VD: anken) - Nhit phn mui: RCOONa + NaOH RH + Na2CO3 (xc tc CaO, to) - Ghp gc: (Wurtz) RX + R1X + 2Na RR1 + 2NaX - CH4 to ra t phn ng thy phn Al4C3 hoc t phn ng C v H2 c. ng dng: CH4 lm nguyn liu tng hp CH3OH, HCHO, C2H2 v dn xut halogen 2. Xicloankan (CnH2n (n 3) (no, mch vng), ng phn nguyn t C to vng, s nhnh v hnh hc) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Cng: (vi xicloankan vng 3, 4) (cng H2, Br2,i xng) - Th: (nh ankan) (vng 5, 6) - Oxi ha: CnH2n + 3n/2O2 nCO2 + nH2O b. iu ch: C6H14 C6H12 + H2 c. ng dng: Lm dung mi, iu ch cht khc XII. HIDROCACBON KHNG NO 1. Anken (CnH2n (n 2), ng phn mch C, v tr ni i, hnh hc) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Cng: Electrophin hoc gc t do. VD: H2, Br2, HX, X2, H2O + CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2 + CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2 + CnH2n + HBr CnH2n+1Br + c bit CH3CHCH2 + HBr CH3CHBrCH3 + Nhng CH3CHCH2 + HBr/peroxit CH3CH2CH2Br - Trng hp: To polime. - Oxi ha hon ton: CnH2n + 3n/2O2 nCO2 + nH2O - Oxi ha khng hon ton + RCHC(R1)R2 + O3 RCHO + R1COR2 (cacbonyl) + H2O2 + RCHC(R1)R2 + KMnO4 RCOOK + R1OCR2 + MnO2 + H2O + KOH + RCHCHR1 + KMnO4 + H2O RCH2OHCH2OHR1 + MnO2 + KOH b. iu ch - hidro ha: Ankan (tch H2). - Cracking ankan: CnH2n CaH2a+2 + CbH2b (a + b = n) - Ghp gc: CH3Cl + CH2CHCl + 2Na CH3CHCH2 + 2NaCl - Nhit phn mui: RCOONa + NaOH RH + Na2CO3 (xc tc CaO, to) - Tch nc ancol: CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O (xc tc H2SO4, 170o) - Dn xut halogen + CnH2nBr2 + Zn CnH2n + ZnBr2 + CnH2n+1Br + KOH CnH2n + KBr + H2O - i t mono halogen: RCH2CHXR1 RCHCHR1 + HX - C2H4 iu ch C2H5OH c. ng dng: Tng hp polime v cht khc 2. Ankadien (CnH2n-2 (n 3) (mch h, hai ni i C (lin hp: 2 ni i cch nhau mt ni n), ng phn mch C, v tr 2 ni i v hnh hc) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Cng: H2 (t l 1:1 v 1:2), Br2 (to thp cng 1:2, to cao cng 1:4). - Trng hp: Sn phm cng 1:4. - Oxi ha hon ton: CnH2n+2 + (3n-1)/2O2 nCO2 + (n-1)H2O - Oxi ha khng hon ton: 3CnH2n-2 + 4KMnO4 + 8H2O 3CnH2n-2(OH)4 + 4MnO2 + 4KOH b. iu ch - T ru: 2C2H5OH CH2CHCHCH2 + 2H2O + H2 (xc tc Al2O3/ZnO, 450 o) - T vinylaxetylen: CHCCHCH2 + H2 CH2CHCHCH2 (xc tc Pd, to)

- T butan: CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH2CHCHCH2 (xc tc Ni, to) c. ng dng: Tng hp polime 3. Ankin (CnH2n-2 (n 2) (mch h, 1 ni 3), ng phn mch C, v tr ni 3) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Cng: Ging anken, phn ng xy ra theo t l 1:1 hay 1:2. - ime ha 2CHCH CH2CHCCH - Trime ha 3CHCH C6H6 - Oxi ha hon ton: CnH2n-2 + (3n-1)/2O2 nCO2 + (n-1)H2O - Oxi ha khng hon ton + CH3CCH3 2CH3COOH (xc tc [O]) + RCR1C RCOOH + R1COOH (xc tc [O]) + CHCH (COOH)2 (xc tc [O]) - Th: Cc ankyl c ni 3 u mch tham gia phn ng th bi kim loi hoc ion kim loi ha tr I (Na, Ag, Cu,). - Trng hp: 3C2H2 C6H6 (600 800oC) - C2H2 dng iu ch andehit, axit, PVC, PVA. b. iu ch - T ankan: CnH2n+2 CnH2n-2 + 2H2 (xc tc to) - Dn xut halogen: CnH2n-2Br4 + 2Zn CnH2n-2 + 2ZnBr2 - CnH2nBr2 + 2KOH CnH2n-2 + 2KBr + H2O - iu ch ring C2H2: CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 - 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 (lm lnh nhanh) c. ng dng: Hn x, iu ch Vinyl Clorua, Vinyl Axetat, Vinyl Axetilen, Andehit Axetic 4. Tecpen (C5H8n (n 2) (mch h hay mch vng, ni i), khng xt ng phn) a. Dn xut cha oxi ca Tecpen - Geraniol (C10H18O mch h) tinh du hoa hng - Xitronelol (C10H20O mch h) tinh du s - Mentol (C10H20O mch vng) tinh du bc h - Menton (C10H18O mch vng) tinh du bc h b. Ngun Tecpen thin nhin - Squalen (C30H50) du gan c - Caroten v Licopen (C40H56) sc t c rt v c chua chin - Retinol (Vitamin A C20H29OH) lng trng, du gan c - Phitol (C20H39OH) dip lc c. iu ch: Chng ct li cun hi nc d. ng dng: Cng nghip m phm, dc phm, thc phm XIII. HIDROCACBON THM 1. Benzen (C6H6) v Ankylbenzen a. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng th: Th Br2, Cl2 - Phn ng nitro ha: Tc dng HNO3 to (MNO2) - Phn ng cng: Cng Cl2, H2 - Phn ng oxi ha + Benzen khng phn ng KMnO4 + Ankyl Benzen phn ng KMnO4: C6H5CH3 C6H5COOK C6H5COOH + Phn ng chy: C6H6 + 7.5O2 6CO2 + 3H2O - Tnh thm: D th, kh cng, bn vng vi cht oxi ha b. iu ch - Chng ct du m - iu ch t ankan, xicloankan: C6H12 C6H6, C7H16 C6H5CH3 - C6H5C2H5 iu ch t benzen v etilen c. ng dng - Benzen: Tng hp polime, iu ch Nitro benzen, anilin, phenol - Toluen: Sn xut thuc n TNT (Trinitro Toluen) 2. Stiren (C6H5C2H3) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Cng Cl2, Br2, HCl, HBr vo nhm C2H3 - Trng hp, ng trng hp vi buta-1,3-dien to poli (butadien-stiren) - Oxi ha KMnO4 nhm C2H3 b. ng dng: Sn xut Polime 3. Naphtalen (C10H8) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng th (d hn benzen)

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- Phn ng cng H2 - Phn ng oxi ha vi Oxi, khng phn ng vi KMnO4 b. ng dng: Ch to cht do, phm nhum, chng gin XIV. DN XUT HALOGEN ANCOL PHENOL 1. Dn xut Halogen (CnH2n+1X hay R-X, ng phn mch Cacbon v ng phn nhm chc) a. Lu : Bc dn xut Halogen bng bc Cacbon lin kt vi nguyn t Halogen b. Tnh cht ha hc - Th Halogen bng OH, NH3, CN: + RX + OH ROH + X + RX + NH3 RNH2 + X + RX + CN RCN + X - Phn ng loi HX: RCH2CHXR1 RCHCHR1 + HX - Quy tc Zaixep: Khi tch HX khi dn xut Halogen, nguyn t X u tin tch chung vi H ca Cacbon bc cao hn bn cnh (Sn phm chnh) - Phn ng vi Mg: RBr + Mg RMgBr c. ng dng: Lm dung mi, tng hp cht hu c, dit su b (C5H6Cl6) d. iu ch - Halogen ha ankan: RH + X2 RX + HX - Cng hp HX vo anken: RCHCHR1 + HX RCH2CHXR1 - Ancol tc dng tc nhn cha halogen (HX, PX5, SOX2) 2. Ancol (ROH, ng phn mch Cacbon, ng phn nhm chc) a. Cng thc tng qut - Ancol no, mch h: CnH2n+2Ox (1 x n) - Ancol khng no, mch h: CnH2n-2+2kOx b. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng vi Na gii phng H2 - Glixerol ha tan Cu(OH)2 to phc cht: 2C3H5(OH)3 + Cu(OH)2 2C3H5(OH)2CuO2 + 2H2O - Tc dng Axit: ROH + HX RX + H2O - Phn ng tch nc (to ete 140oC, to anken 180oC, tch theo quy tc Zaixep) - Phn ng oxi ha + Ancol bc mt tc dng CuO Andehit + Cu + H2O (hoc to Axit Cacboxylic ty tc nhn) + Ancol bc hai tc dng CuO Xeton + Cu + H2O + Ancol bc ba tc dng CuO Gy mch cacbon + Phn ng chy: CnH2n+2O + (3n/2)O2 nCO2 + (n+1)H2O c. ng dng: Tng hp cc cht, metanol to axit fomic (tc dng CuO), to axit axetic (tc dng CO) d. iu ch - CnH2n + H2O - (C6H10O5)n nC6H12O6 2nC2H5OH + 2CO2 - iu ch metanol + CO + 2H2 +2CH4 + O2 3. Phenol (C6H5(OH)x, ng v tr phn nhm chc) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Tnh axit: Khng lm i mu qu tm, tc dng c vi kim loi mnh v bazo (tnh axit yu hn H2CO3) + C6H5ONa + H2CO3 C6H5OH + NaHCO3 - Phn ng th: C6H5OH + X2/HNO3/H2SO4 C6H2OHX3/C6H2OH(NO 2)3/C6H2OH(SO3)3 - Tc dng FeCl3 to phc b. ng dng: Sn xut Poliphenolfomandehit, thuc n (2,4,5 trinitro phenol), thuc dit c 2,4-D (axit 2,4 iclophenoxiaxetic), din nm mc (nitro phenol) c. iu ch: C6H5Cl + NaOH C6H5ONa + HCl C6H5OH XIV. ANDEHIT XETON AXIT CABOXYLIC 1. Andehit (CnH2nO, RCHO (n 1), ng phn mch Cacbon, ng phn nhm chc) a. Tnh cht ha hc: Cng H2 to ancol bc 1, cng H2O, cng HCN to ROHCN, tc dng Br2, KMnO4 to axit, tc dng toluen, phn ng trng bc b. ng dng: To poliphenolfomandehit, to axit axetic c. iu ch: Ancol bc 1 + CuO, CH3OH + O2, CH4 + O2, C2H4 + O2, C2H2 + H2O 2. Xeton (CnH2nO, RCOR1 (n 3), ng phn mch Cacbon) a. Tnh cht ha hc: Cng H2 to ancol bc 2, khng tc dng Br2, KMnO4 b. ng dng: Dung mi, tng hp cc cht c. iu ch: CnH2n-2 (n 3) + H2O, oxi ha Cumen 3. Axit Cacboxylic (CnH2nO2, RCOOH (n 1), ng phn nhm chc) a. Tnh cht ha hc

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- Tnh axit: i mu qu tm, tc dng kim loi, bazo, mui ca kim loi yu hn (HCOOH c tnh axit mnh nht, axit cacboxylic mnh hn H2CO3) - Phn ng este ha: R1OH + RCOOH RCOOR1 - Phn ng tch nc: 2RCOOH RCO-O-COR (anhidrit axit) - Th X2 gc no - Th vng thm (v tr meta, kh hn th benzen) - Cng vo gc khng no - Tc dng anken, ankin to este b. iu ch - Oxi ha anken, ankin, ancol, andehit, hp cht cacbonyl - Thy phn este, hp cht nitrin, anhidrit axit, clorua axit c. ng dng: Tng hp cc hp cht hu c XV. ESTE LIPIT 1. Este (CnH2nO2, RCOOR1 (n 2), ng phn mch C, ng phn nhm chc) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng thy phn + RCOOR1 + H2O RCOOH + R1OH + RCOOR1 + NaOH RCOONa + R1OH + c bit RCOOC6H5 + NaOH RCOONa + C6H5OH, C6H5OH + NaOH C6H5ONa + H2O - Phn ng kh vi LiAlH4: RCOOR1 RCH2OH + R1OH - Phn ng cng ca gc khng no - Phn ng trng hp b. iu ch - Este ca ancol: Ancol + Axit Cacboxylic - Este ca phenol: Phenol + Anhidrit Axetic c. ng dng - Lm dung mi, gii kht, m phm - Poli (metyl acrylat), Poli (metyl meta acrylat) lm thy tinh hu c - Poli (vinyl axetat) dng lm cht do - Poli (vinyl ancol) lm keo dn 2. Lipit (Gm cht bo, sp, steroit, photpho lipit) 3. Cht bo (Trieste ca glixerol v axit bo c s chn nguyn t C t 12 n 24, gi l Triglixerit) a. Tnh cht vt l: Cht bo no rn, cht bo khng no lng, khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c b. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng thy phn to Glixerol v Axit bo - Phn ng x phng ha NaOH to Glixerol v mui ca Axit bo - Phn ng cng H2 (khng no no) - Phn ng oxi ha chm (ni i C=C b oxi ha trong khng kh to peoxit) c. ng dng: Lm thc n, iu ch x phng, glixerol 4. X phng v cht git ra tng hp a. X phng - Natri Stearat (C17H35COONa) - Natri Pamitat (C15H31COONa) - Natri Oleat (C17H33COONa) - X phng git trong nc cng gy hng vi si b. Cht git ra tng hp - Ankyl Sunfat: RCH2OSO3Na - Cht git ra tng hp git trong nc cng c XVI. CACBOHIDRAT 1. Glucozo (C6H12O6) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng Cu(OH)2 to phc: 2C6H12O6 + Cu(OH)2 (C6H11O6)2Cu + 2H2O - Phn ng to este - Phn ng trng bc - Phn ng kh Cu(OH)2 Cu2O (kt ta gch) - Phn ng lm mt mu Brom, KMnO4 - Phn ng cng H2 to sobitol - Phn ng phn hy: C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 - Phn ng c trng nhm OH Hemiaxetal: C6H11O5OH + CH3OH C6H11O5OCH3 + H2O b. iu ch: Tinh bt, xenlulozo + H2O c. ng dng: Thuc tng lc, trng gng, to ancol etylic 2. Fructozo (C6H12O6)

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- Tt c tng t Glucozo v Fructozo Glucozo nhng khng lm mt mu Brom, KMnO4 3. Saccarozo (C12H22O11, 1 gc glucozo v 1 gc fructozo) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng Cu(OH)2 to phc: 2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 (C12H21O11)2Cu + 2H2O - Thy phn to Glucozo v Fructozo b. ng dng: Sn xut thc phm, dc phm c. Sn xut ng Saccarozo: Cy ma Nc ma Dung dch ng ln Ca Dung dch ng c mu Dung dch ng khng mu ng knh 4. Mantozo (C12H22O11, 2 gc glucozo lin kt -1,4-glicozit) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng Cu(OH)2 to phc: 2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 (C12H21O11)2Cu + 2H2O - Thy phn to 2 Glucozo - Phn ng trng bc - Phn ng kh Cu(OH)2 Cu2O (kt ta gch, t l 1:1) - Phn ng c trng nhm OH Hemiaxetal - Phn ng mt mu Brom 5. Tinh bt (nC6H10O5 vi C6H10O5 l gc glucozo, lin kt -1,4-glicozit) a. Phn loi - Amilozo: Chim 20% - 30% tinh bt, lin kt -1,4-glicozit, khng phn nhnh, n vo khong 1000 - 4000 - Amilopectin: Chim 70% - 80% tinh bt, lin kt -1,4-glicozit, phn nhnh, n vo khong 2000 200000 b. Phn ng ha hc - Thy phn to glucozo - Phn ng vi iot to mu xanh tm (un nng mu bin mt, ngui mu xut hin) c. S chuyn ha: Tinh bt ( amilaza) Dextrin ( amilaza) Mantozo (mantaza) Glucozo Glicogen d. iu ch: Cht dip lc tng hp CO2 v H2O 6. Xenlulozo (nC6H10O5 vi C6H10O5 l gc glucozo, lin kt -1,4-glicozit, khng phn nhnh, khng xon) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng thy phn to glucozo - Phn ng vi HNO3 to xenlulozo trinitrat (mu vng, to thuc sng) - Phn ng vi anhidrit axetic to xenlulozo triaxetat - Phn ng vi Cacbon Disufua (CS2) v NaOH to t visco - Khng phn ng Cu(OH)2 nhng tan trong [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 b. ng dng: Lm giy, vt liu xy dng XVII. AMIN AMINOAXIT PROTEIN 1. Amin (CnH2n+3N (n 1), ng phn mch Cacbon, ng phn v tr nhm chc) a. Lu : Bc ca Amin bng s nguyn t Hidro trong NH3 c thay th bi gc Hidrocacbon b. Tnh cht ha hc - Tnh bazo: Lm qu tm chuyn mu xanh, tc dng HCl, H2SO4 (Anilin khng lm i mu qu tm v phenophtalein) - Phn ng vi HNO2 + Amin bc mt: RNH2 + HNO2 ROH + N2 + H2O + Amin bc hai: RNHR1 + HNO2 RN(R1)NO + H2O + Amin thm v Anilin: C6H5NH2 + HNO2 C6H5N2Cl (Mui iazoni) + 2H2O C6H5OH + N2 + HCl + Tc dng ankyl halogenua, thay H trong RNH2 bng gc ankyl + Phn ng th Brom vo nhn Anilin (ortho v para) c. ng dng: Tng hp polime, phm nhum, dc phm d. iu ch - T NH3 v ankyl halogenua - Anilin: Kh C6H5NO2 bng H nguyn t 2. Amino Axit (NH2RCOOH) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Tnh lng tnh - Phn ng este - Phn ng nhm NH2 vi HNO2 to nhm OH - Trng ngng to polime amit (t nilon 6, 7) b. ng dng: Dc phm, sn xut polime 3. Peptit a. Khi nim - Lin kt peptit l lin kt ca CO v NH gia 2 amino axit - Peptit l cht cha 2 n 50 amino axit lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt peptit b. Phn loi - Oligopeptit 2- 10 amino axit - Polipeptit: 11-50 amino axit

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c. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng thy phn to amino axit - Phn ng mu tm biure vi Cu(OH)2 (t tripeptit tr ln) d. ng dng: Hoocmon, iu ha ni tit 4. Protein (polipeptit c phn t khi t vi chc nghn n vi triu) a. Tnh cht vt l - Protein hnh si nh keratin ca tc, mng, sng, miozin ca c bp, fibroin ca t tm, mng nhn khng tan trong nc - Protein hnh cu nh abumin ca lng trng trng, hemoglobin ca mu tan trong nc - Protein c tnh ng t b. Tnh cht ha hc - Thy phn to amino axit - Phn ng HNO3 c to kt ta vng - Phn ng mu tm biure vi Cu(OH)2 c. ng dng: Cu to nn c th sng 5. Enzim v Axit nucleic a. Enzim xc tc c tnh chn lc, tc c phn ng nh enzim rt ln gp 10 9 - 1010 b. Axit nucleic l polieste ca axit photphoric v ng pentozo 5C (thay pentozo thnh ribozo c ARN). Phn t khi ADN t 4 8 triu XVIII. POLIME V VT LIU POLIME 1. Phn loi - Theo ngun gc + Polime thin nhin: Cao su, t tm, bng, xenlulozo + Polime tng hp: Polietilen, nha Phenol fomandehit + Polime nhn to (bn tng hp): T visco, xenlulozo trinitrat, xenlulozo axetat - Theo cch tng hp + Polime trng hp + Polime trng ngng - Theo cu trc + Mch khng phn nhnh: Amilozo + Mch phn nhnh: Amilopectin, glicogen + Mch khng gian: Nha Bakelit, cao su lu ha 2. Tnh cht ha hc - Phn ng ca cc nhm th trong mch polime - Phn ng phn hy polime - Phn ng khu mch polime (nha rezol nha rezit) 3. iu ch - Phn ng trng hp - Phn ng trng ngng 4. Vt liu polime a. Cht do: PE, PVC, Poli metyl metacrylat, PPF, vt liu compozit b. T - Phn loi + T thin nhin: T tm, bng, len + T ha hc: T tng hp: T poliamit (nilon, capron), to vinylic (vinilon). T nhn to: T visco, xenlulozo axetat - T tiu biu: Nilon 6,6, lapsan, nitron (olon) c. Cao su - Cao su thin nhin (polime isopren) (un lu ha vi S) - Cao su tng hp (cao su buna, cao su isoprene, policloropren) d. Keo dn - Phn loi + Theo bn cht ha hc: Keo hu c: H tinh bt, keo epoxi. Keo dn v c: Thy tinh lng, matit v c + theo dng keo: Keo lng: H tinh bt, cao su trong xng. Keo nha do: Matit, bitum. Keo dn bt - Keo tiu biu: Epoxi, Ure fomandehit, nha v sm, h tinh bt XIX. I CNG V KIM LOI 1. Tnh cht vt l a. Tnh do: Kim loi c tnh do tt Au, Ag, Al, Cu, Sn b. Tnh dn in: Kim loi c tnh dn in tt Ag, Cu, Al, Fe c. Tnh dn nhit: Kim loi c tnh dn nhit tt Ag, Cu, Al, Fe d. nh kim c. Khi lng ring: Ln nht Osimi (Os), nh nht Liti (Li) d. Nhit nng chy: Thp nht Hg, cao nht Vonfam (W) e. Tnh cng: Cao nht Kim cng, Crom, thp nht Cs

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2. Tnh cht ha hc a. Tc dng phi kim (ln ha tr cao nht) b. Tc dng axit - Tc dng HCl, H2SO4 long to kh H2 - Tc dng HNO3, H2SO4 (c, nng) a N+5 v S+6 xung s oxi ha thp - Tc dng dung dch mui - Tc dng vi H2O (kim loi trc H) 3. Hp kim a. Hp kim khng b n mn: Fe Cr Mn (inox) b. Hp kim siu cng: W Co, Co Cr W Fe c. Hp kim c nng chy thp: Sn Pb, Bi Pb Sn d. Hp kim nh, cng, bn: Al Si, Al Cu Mn Mg 4. Dy in ha kim loi a. Dy in ha - K+/K N+/Na Mg2+/Mg Al3+/Al Zn2+/Zn Fe2+/Fe Ni2+/Ni Sn2+/Sn Pb2+/Pb 2H+/H2 Cu2+/Cu Ag+/Ag Au3+/Au - Ghi nh: Khi No May o Zp St Nh Sang Ph Hng ng Bc Vng - Bn cht + Catot (cc dng): Xy ra s kh (kim loi nhng electron thnh ion dng), kim loi lm catot ng trc kim loi lm anot + Anot (cc m): Xy ra s oxi ha (ion kim loi nhn electron thnh kim loi) + Th t phn ng: Theo dy in ha kim loi + Quy tc Alpha: (An+/A) (Bm+/B) A + Bm+ An+ + B + Th t c bit: (Cu2+/Cu) (Fe3+/Fe) (Ag+/Ag) + E0pin = E0(+) - E0(-) = E0catot - E0anot = E0p - E0t vi E0(+) = E0catot = E0p l kim loi ng sau E0(-) = E0t (Ly E0 ln tr cho E0 nh v E0pin ln hn 0) 5. S in phn - Bn cht + Catot (cc m): Cation (ion dng) nhn e (cht oxi ha) to sn phm + Anot (cc dng): Anion (ion m) nhng e (cht kh) to sn phm + Th t nhn e: Li+, K+, Ba2+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Al3+, H+ (H2O), Mn2+, Zn2+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Ni2+, Sn2+, Pb2+, H+ (Axit), Cu2+, Fe3+, Hg+, Ag2+, Hg2+, Pt2+, Au3+ + Ghi nh: Trc H+ (H2O) l kim loi kim, kim th, nhm. Sau H+ (Axit) l nhng kim loi ng sau H trong dy in ha. gia l cc kim loi cn li + Sn phm to thnh Mn+ + ne M 2H+ (axit) + 2e H2 2H2O + 2e H2 + 2OH22+ Th t nhng e: Cl , Br , S , CH3COO , OH , SO4 + Ghi nh: Ci Bn Sch Cha ng Sn + Sn phm to thnh S2- S + 2e 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e 2SO42- S2O82- + 2e 2CH3COO C2H4 + 2CO2 + 2e 2OH (bazo) (1/2)O2 + H2O + 2e H2O (1/2)O2 + 2H+ + 2e + Hin tng dng cc tan (anot tan): Cc dng lm bng kim loi ca dung dch mui th anot tan + Cng thc Faraday: m = (AIt)/(96500n), (m/A) = (It)/(96500n) (m: khi lng kim loi, A: khi lng mol kim loi (M), n: s e cho hoc e nhn, I: cng dng in, t: thi gian) 6. S n mn kim loi a. Phn loi + n mn ha hc: Qu trnh oxi ha kh, khng to ra dng in + n mn in ha hc: Qu trnh oxi ha kh, to dng in chuyn di t cc m n dng b. iu kin xy ra n mn in ha hc - Tip xc trc tip, gin tip - Cng tip xc cht in li - in cc khc bn cht c. C ch: Kim loi ng trc trong dy in ha b n mn trc. VD: Zn Fe th Zn phn ng trc d. Chng n mn kim loi - Bo v b mt - in ha (dng kim loi ng trc hi sinh) 7. iu ch kim loi in phn nng chy Nhit luyn, thy luyn, in phn dung dch K, Ca, Mg, Al Zn Au a. Phng php thy luyn: Hp cht kim loi tc dng H2SO4, NaOH, NaCN sau dng kim loi ng trc y ra. p dng cho kim loi sau H b. Phng php nhit luyn: Hp cht kim loi tc dng C, CO2, H2, O2. p dng cho kim loi sau Al, trc H c. Phng php in phn: p dng kim loi kim, kim th, Al XX. KIM LOI KIM, KIM TH, NHM

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1. Kim loi kim a. Lu - Cu hnh xs1 - Bn knh nguyn t tng dn t Li n Cs - Mng tinh th lp phng tm khi - Nng lng ion ha gim dn t Li n Cs b. Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng phi kim (tc dng Oxi to peoxit, VD: Na2O2) - Tc dng vi axit to mui - Tc dng vi nc to bazo c. ng dng: Tng hp cht hu c, Xesi ch to t bo quang in d. iu ch: in phn nng chy mui Halogenua 2. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca kim loi kim a. NaOH - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng oxit axit, axit, dung dch mui - ng dng: Ch bin du m, x phng, luyn nhm - iu ch: in phn NaCl bo ha c vch ngn b. NaHCO3 (Lng tnh) - Tnh cht ha hc: Phn hy to Na2CO3, tc dng vi axit, bazo - ng dng: Cng ngh thc phm, nc gii kht c. Na2CO3 - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng axit - ng dng: Sn xut thy tinh, mui, cht ty ra 3. Kim loi kim th a. Lu - Cu hnh xs2 - Bn knh nguyn t tng dn t Be n Ba - Nng lng ion ha gim dn t Be n Ba - Be, Mg lc phng, Ca, Sr lp phng tm din, Ba lp phng tm khi b. Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng phi kim - Tc dng axit: - Tc dng vi nc: Mg tc dng vi nc nhit thng to Mg(OH) 2, nhit cao to MgO, Be khng tc dng H2O c. ng dng: Ch to hp kim d. iu ch: in phn nng chy mui 4. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca kim loi kim th a. Ca(OH)2 - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng oxit axit, axit, mui - ng dng: Trn va, kh chua, sn xut clorua vi dng ty trng, kh trng b. CaCO3 - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng nc: CaCO3 + H2O + CO2 Ca(HCO3)2 tan - ng dng: Sn xut thy tinh, xi mng, gang, soda, vi c. CaSO4 - Phn loi + Thch cao sng (CaSO4.2H2O) + Thch cao nung (CaSO4.H2O), iu ch bng nung thch cao sng 160oC + Thch cao khan (CaSO4) - ng dng: Thch cao nung c tng, lm phn, b bt. Thch cao sng sn xut xi mng. d. Nc cng (cha nhiu Ca2+, Mg2+) - Phn loi + Cng tm thi: Cha Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2 + Cng vnh cu: CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4 + Cng ton phn: Cha tt c cht trn - Tc hi: Hng o qun, gim kh nng ty ra - Bin php + Phng php kt ta: un si, dng Ca(OH)2, Na2CO3 vi nc cng tm thi, dng Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2, Na3PO4 vi nc cng vnh cu + Trao i ion 5. Nhm (Lp phng tm din, [Ne] 3s2 3p1) - Tnh cht ha hc + Tc dng phi kim + Tc dng Axit, khng tc dng H2SO4 v HNO3 c, ngui

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+ Tc dng vi oxit kim loi sau nhm trc H (phn ng nhit nhm) + Tc dng vi nc + Tc dng vi kim ( kt ta, tha kim th tan) - ng dng: Lm vt liu, dn nhit, dn in, ch to tecmit hn ng ray - iu ch: Tinh ch qung boxit, in phn Al2O3 nng chy vi criolit (Na3AlF6) 6. Mt s hp cht quan trng ca nhm a. Al2O3 ( qung boxit Al2O3.2H2O, lng tnh) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tnh lng tnh - ng dng: trang sc, k thut, vt liu mi, sn xut nhm b. Al(OH)3 - Tnh cht ha hc: Phn hy to Al2O3, tnh lng tnh c. Al2(SO4)3 - Phn nhm K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O - ng dng: Lm trong nc, thuc da, dy d. Nhn bit ion Al3+: ( kt ta, d kim th tan) XXI. CROM ST NG KIM LOI KHC 1. Crom ([Ar] 3d5 4s1) a. Tnh cht ha hc - Tc dng phi kim - Tc dng nc - Tc dng axit, khng tc dng HNO3, H2SO4 c, ngui b. ng dng - Sn xut thp + Thp cha 2,8 3,8% Crom c cng cao, bn, chng g + Thp cha 18% Crom l thp inox + Thp ch 25 30% Crom l thp siu cng c. Sn xut: Tch Cr2O3 t qung cromit (FeO.Cr2O3), phn ng nhit nhm 2. Mt s hp cht ca Crom a. CrO (Oxit bazo) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng axit, tc dng O2 to Cr2O3 b. Cr(OH)2 (Bazo) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng axit, tc dng O2 v H2O to Cr(OH)3 c. Mui Crom (II) c tc dng vi Cl2, Br2 d. Cr2O3 (Oxit lng tnh) e. Cr(OH)3 (Hidroxit lng tnh) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng bazo, axit f. Mui Crom (III) - Tnh cht ha hc + Tc dng Zn v mui Crom (II) + Trong mi trng kim, tc dng vi Cl2, Br2 ln mui Crom (VI) - Phn crom kali (K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O g. CrO3 (Oxit axit) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng S, P, C, NH3, C2H5OH to Cr2O3, tc dng H2O to H2CrO4 v H2CrO7 h. Mui Cromat (vng) v icromat (da cam) - Tnh cht ha hc + Tc dng vi nhiu cht trong mi trng axit to mui Cr(III) + Chuyn ha: 2CrO42- + 2H+ Cr2O72- + H2O 3. St (Lp phng tm khi hoc lp phng tm din, [Ar] 3d5 4s2) - Tnh cht ha hc + Tc dng phi kim + Tc dng axit, khng tc dng HNO3, H2SO4 c ngui + Tc dng dung dch mui cha kim loi sau n + Tc dng nc (nhit cao ra Fe3O4, nhit thp ra FeO) - Trng thi t nhin + Hematit Fe2O3 + Hematit nu Fe2O3.nH2O + Manhetit Fe3O4 + Xiderit FeCO3 + Pirit FeS2 4. Mt s hp cht ca st a. Hp cht st (II) - Tnh cht ha hc

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+ Hp cht st (II) c tnh kh: Tc dng vi axit HNO3, H2SO4 c, nng, KMnO4, Halogen, O2 ln st (III) + FeO, Fe(OH)2: C tnh bazo, tc dng axit HCl, H2SO4 long to mui st (II) - iu ch + FeO: Phn hy Fe(OH)3, kh Fe2O3 bng CO + Fe(OH)2: Phn ng trao i vi Bazo - ng dng: FeSO4 lm cht dit su b, pha sn, nhum vi b. Hp cht st (III) - Tnh cht ha hc + Hp cht st (III) c tnh oxi ha: Tc dng Fe, Cu, KI v mun st (II) + Fe2O3, Fe(OH)3: C tnh bazo, tc dng axit to mui st (III) - iu ch + Fe2O3: Phn hy Fe(OH)3 + Fe(OH)3: Phn ng trao i vi Bazo - ng dng: Fe2(SO4)3 c trong phn st amoni (NH4)2SO4.Fe2(SO4)3.24H2O 5. Hp kim ca st a. Gang (Cha 2 5% C) - Phn loi + Gang xm: Cha nhiu C v Si, gin v khng cng, dng c b phn my, cnh ca + Gang trng: Cha nhiu Xementit FeC3, rt cng, dng luyn thp - Luyn gang: C tng 7 phn ng (2 phn ng t C CO, 3 phn ng t Fe2O3 Fe, 2 phn ng t CaCO3 to x CaSiO3) b. Thp (Cha 0,01 2% C) - Phn loi + Thp thng: Thp cng cha trn 0,9% C, thp mm cha di 0,1% C + Thp c bit: Thp Cr Ni rt cng, thp khng g (74% Fe, 18% Cr, 8% Ni), thp W Mo Cr rt cng, thp Si n hi, thp Mn bn - Sn xut thp: C tng 6 phn ng (C CO2, S SO2, Si SiO2, P P2O5, CaO Ca3(PO4)2, CaO CaSiO3) - Cc phng php luyn thp + Bet x men (l thi oxi) + Mac tanh (lng bng) + L in 6. ng ([Ar] 3d10 4s1) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng O2 to CuO, tc dng CuO to Cu2O, tc dng phi kim, tc dng O2 + CO2 to CuCO3.Cu(OH)2 (mu xanh), tc dng axit long c mt O2 to mui Cu(II), tc dng axit mnh, tc dng vi dung dch mui ca kim loi ng sau n - Phn loi + ng thau (Cu Zn vi 45% Zn): Cng, bn, dng ng tu bin + ng bch (Cu Ni vi 20% Ni): Bn, p, dng ng tu, c tin + ng thanh (Cu Sn): Ch to my mc thit b + Hp kim Cu Au (t l 1 : 2): L vng 9 cara, c tin, vt trang tr 7. Mt s hp cht ca ng a. CuO (en, iu ch bng nhit phn Cu(OH)2, Cu(NO3)2. CuCO3.Cu(OH)2) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng vi CO, NH3 to Cu b. Cu(OH)2 (Cht rn, mu xanh, c tnh bazo, iu ch bng phn ng trao i gia mui ng (II) v bazo) - Tnh cht ha hc: Khng tan trong nc, tan trong axit, tc dng NH3 to phc mu xanh (nc Svayde) - CuSO4 ( dng khan l cht rn mu trng, hp th nc to CuSO4.5H2O mu xanh, dng tm nc) 8. Bc ([Kr] 4d10 5s1) - Tnh cht ha hc: Khng tc dng O2, tc dng vi axit mnh, tc dng H2S + O2 to Ag2S kt ta en - ng dng: To trang sc, hp kim, st trng, dit khun 9. Vng ([Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1) - Tnh cht ha hc + Tc dng nc cng toan: Au + HNO3 + 3HCl AuCl3 + 2H2O + NO + Tc dng mui xianua (CN) ca kim loi kim to phc [Au(CN)2]+ Tc dng thy ngn to hn hng - ng dng: Trang sc, ch hp kim 10. Niken ([Ar] 3d8 4s2) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng O2, Cl2, tc dng axit, bn vi khng kh, nc, oxit nhit thng - ng dng + Hp kim inva Ni Fe dng trong k thut v tuyn + ng bch Cu Ni ch to tu bin + M kim loi chng n mn + Lm xc tc + Ch to acquy Cd Ni 11. Km ([Ar] 3d10 4s2)

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- Tnh cht ha hc + Tc dng bazo (kt ta , tha bazo th tan) + Tc dng NH3 to phc + Tc dng phi kim, axit, mui - ng dng: Ch to hp kim v pin in ha 12. Thic ([Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tc dng O2 ln SnO2, tc dng axit yu to mui thic (II) (vi H2SO4 long th khng to H2), tc dng axit c to mui thic (IV), tan trong dung dch kim c - ng dng: Ch to hp kim, m kim loi 13. Ch ([Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2) - Tnh cht ha hc: Tan trong H2SO4 c, nng to Pb(HSO4)2, tan nhanh trong HNO3, tan chm trong HNO3 c, tan chm trong NaOH, KOH, tc dng O2 + H2O to Pb(OH)2 - ng dung: Ch to in cc, hp th tia gamma, to hp kim XXII. TRNG THI NHN BIT 1. Trng thi, mu sc cc n cht, hp cht Cht Trng thi, mu sc Cht Trng thi, mu sc Cr(OH)2 Vng S rn, vng Cr(OH)3 Xanh P rn, trng, , en K2Cr2O7 , Na2Cr2O7 da cam Fe trng xm Na2CrO4, K2Cr2O7 Vng FeO, Fe3O4 rn, en KMnO4 Tm Fe2O3 mu nu CrO3 rn, thm Fe(OH)2 rn, mu trng xanh Zn trng xanh Fe(OH)3 rn, nu Zn(OH)2 mu trng, dng keo tan trng Al(OH)3 trong NaOH Hg Lng, trng bc HgO mu vng hoc Zn(OH)2 mu trng, tan trong NaOH Mn trng bc MnO xm lc nht Mg(OH)2 mu trng MnS hng nht Cu, Cu2O rn, MnO2 en CuO rn, en H2S kh khng mu Cu(OH)2 xanh lam SO2 kh khng mu Xanh CuCl2, Cu(NO3)2, CuSO4.5H2O SO3 lng, khng mu, si 450 Br2 lng, nu CuSO4 khan, mu trng I2 rn, tm FeCl3 Vng Cl2 kh, vng CrO rn, en Cr2O3 CdS rn, xanh thm vng HgS BaSO4 trng, khng tan trong axit AgF Tan BaCO3, CaCO3 trng AgI HgI2 vng m AgCl CuS, NiS, FeS, PbS en mu trng AgBr C rn, en vng nht 2. Nhn bit cht kh Kh Thuc th Hin tng Phn ng Qu tm m Ha hng H2S, CO,Mg, Kt ta vng SO2 + H2S 2S + 2H2O SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O 2HBr + H2SO4 SO2 SO2 + I2 + 2H2O 2HI + H2SO4 dd Br2, ddI2, dd KMnO4 Mt mu SO2 + 2KMnO4 + 2H2O 2H2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 Nc vi trong Lm c SO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaSO3 + H2O Lc u lm mt mu, sau Cl2 + H2O HCl + HClO Qu tm m xut hin mu HClO HCl + [O], [O] O2 Cl2 Cl2 + 2KI 2KCl + I2 dd(KI + h tinh bt) Khng mu xm H tinh bt + I2 dd mu xanh tm I2 H tinh bt Mu xanh tm N2 Que dim Que dim tt Qu tm m Ha xanh NH3 Kh HCl To khi trng NH3 + HCl NH4Cl NO Oxi khng kh Khng mu nu 2NO + O2 2NO2

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NO2 CO2 CO H2 O2 HCl dd FeSO4 20% Mu thm Kh mu nu, mi hc, lm qu tm ha nc vi trong Lm c qu tm m Ha hng Khng duy tr s chy dd PdCl2 , bt kh CO2 CuO (t0) Mu en t c ting n. Cho sn phm vo CuSO4 khan khng mu to thnh mu xanh 0 CuO (t ) CuO (en) Cu () Que dim Bng chy Cu (t0) Cu() CuO (en) Qu tm m Ha AgNO3 Kt ta trng Qu tm m Ha hng O2 Cl2 SO2 Kt ta vng FeCl3 KMnO4 PbCl2 CuSO4 khan Dd KI Kt ta en Trng ha xanh Kt ta tm NO + dd FeSO4 20% Fe(NO)(SO4) 3NO2 + H2O 2HNO3 + NO CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O CO + PdCl2 + H2O Pd + 2HCl + CO2 CO + CuO (en) Cu () + CO2 CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O H2 + CuO(en) Cu() + H2O Cu + O2 CuO HCl + AgNO3 AgCl+ HNO3 2H2S + O2 2S + 2H2O H2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl 2H2S + SO2 3S + 2H2O H2S + 2FeCl3 2FeCl2 + S + 2HCl 3H2S + 2KMnO4 2MnO2 + 3S + 2KOH + 2H2O 5H2S + 2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 2MnSO4 + 5S + K2SO4 + 8H2O H2S + Pb(NO3)2 PbS + 2HNO3 CuSO4 + 5H2O CuSO4.5H2O KI + O3 + H2O I2 + 2KOH + O2

H2S

H2O(hi) O3 3. Nhn bit ion dng Ion Li+ Na+ K+ Ca2+ Ba2+ Ca2+ Ba2+

Thuc th

t trn ngn la v sc

Dd SO32-, dd CO32Dd SO32-, dd CO32Na2CrO4 HCl, HBr, HI, NaCl, NaBr, NaI dd KI

Hin tng Ngn la mu thm Ngn la mu vng ti Ngn la mu tm hng Ngn la mu da cam Ngn la mu lc (hi vng) trng trng AgCl trng AgBr vng nht AgI vng m PbI2 vng HgI2 PbS en HgS FeS en CuS en CdS vng NiS en MnS hng nht xanh, tan trong dd NH3 d trng trng, ha nu ngoi khng kh

Phn ng

Ag+ Pb2+ Hg2+ Pb2+ Hg2+ Fe2+ Cu2+ Cd2+ Ni2+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cu2+ Ag+ Mg2+ Fe
2+

Na2S, H2S

dd NH3

Fe3+ Al3+

Dd Kim

nu keo trng tan trong kim d

Ca2+ + SO42- CaSO4, Ca2+ + CO32- CaCO3 Ba2+ + SO42- BaSO4, Ba2+ + CO32- BaCO3 Ba2+ +CrO42- BaCrO4 Ag+ + Cl- AgCl Ag+ + Br- AgBr Ag+ + I- AgI Pb2+ + 2I- PbI2 Hg2+ + 2I- HgI2 Pb2+ + S2- PbS Hg2+ + S2- HgS Fe2+ + S2- FeS Cu2+ + S2- CuS Cd2+ + S2- CdS Ni2+ + S2- NiS Mn2+ + S2- MnS Cu(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 AgOH + 2NH3 [Cu(NH3)2]OH Mg2+ + 2OH- Mn(OH)2 Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe(OH)2 2Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O 2Fe(OH)3 Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3 Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 Al(OH)3 + OH- AlO2- + 2H2O

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Zn
2+

Be2+ Pb2+ Cr3+ Cu2+ NH4+ 4. Nhn bit ion m Ion OHClBrIPO43S2CO32SO32SO42CrO42S2CO32SO32S2SiO32HCO3HSO3NO3NO2-

trng tan trong kim d

xm, tan trong kim d xanh NH3 Thuc th Qu tm Hin tng Ha xanh trng vng nht vng m vng en trng vng en Si bt kh keo un nng Vn Cu, H2SO4 H2SO4 Si bt kh Kh mu nu Kh mu nu do HNO2 phn tch

Zn2+ + 2OH- Zn(OH)2 Zn(OH)2 + 2OH- ZnO2- + 2H2O Be2+ + 2OH- Be(OH)2 Be(OH)2 + 2OH- BeO22-+ 2H2O Pb2+ + 2OH- Pb(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 + 2OH- PbO22-+ 2H2O Cr3+ + 3OH- Cr(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 + 3OH- Cr(OH)63Cu2+ + 2OH- Cu(OH)2 NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O Phn ng AgNO3 + Cl- AgCl + NO3AgNO3 + Br- AgBr + NO3AgNO3 + I- AgBr + NO3AgNO3 + PO43- Ag3PO4 + NO32AgNO3 + S2- Ag2S + 2NO32CO3 + Ba2+ BaCO3 (tan trong HCl) SO32- + Ba2+ BaSO3 (tan trong HCl) SO42- + Ba2+ BaSO4 (khng tan trong HCl) CrO42- + Ba2+ BaCrO4 S2- + Pb2+ PbS 2+ CO3 + 2H CO2 + H2O (khng mi) SO32- + 2H+ SO2 + H2O (mi hc) S2- + 2H+ H2S (mi trng thi) SiO32- + 2H+ H2SiO3 2HCO3- CO2 + CO32-+ H2O 2HSO3- SO2 + SO32-+ H2O NO3- + H+ HNO3 3Cu + 8HNO3 2Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2 2NO2- + H+ HNO2 3HNO2 2NO + HNO3 + H2O 2NO + O2 2NO2

AgNO3

BaCl2

Pb(NO3)2 HCl

XXIII. CC VN HA HU C CN LU 1. Cng thc cc cht a. Cc gc Tn gi Cu to Iso CH3(CH3)CHBenzyl C6H5CH2Anlyl C2H3CH2b. Tn cht Tn gi Cu to Axetilen C2H2 Xilen C6H4(CH2)2 Nitro Benzen C6H5NO2 Crezol C6H4OHCH3 Ancol Benzylic C6H5CH3OH Xianolhidrin CNC(CH3)2OH Axit Valeric C4H9COOH Axit Metacrylic C3H5COOH Axit Panmitic C15H31COOH Axit Oleic C17H33COOH Glyxin NH2CH2COOH Valin C3H7CH(NH2)COOH Axit Glutamic HOOC[CH2]2CH(NH2)COOH

Tn gi Phenyl Vinyl

Cu to C6H5C2H3Cu to C6H5CH3 C6H5CH(CH3)2 CHCl3 C6H4(OH)3 HCHO C6H5COOH C2H3COOH (COOH)2 C17H35COOH C17H31COOH CH3CH(NH2)COOH OHC6H4CH2CH(NH2)COOH H2N(CH2)4CH(NH2)COOH

Tn gi Toluen Cumen Clorofom Catechol Fomandehit Axit Benzoic Axit Acrylic Axit Oxalic Axit Stearic Axit Linoleic Alanin Tyrosin Lysin

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Nilon 6 (T Capron) Poli(vinyl clorua) -(NH[CH2]5CO)-(C2H3Cl-) Nilon 7 Poli(etylen terephtalat) (T Lapsan) Triolein Axit Picric -(NH[CH2]6CO)-(COC6H4COOC2H4O)-

Poliacrilonitrin -(C2H3CN)(C17H33COO)C3H5 Stiren C6H5C2H3 C6H2(NO2)3OH Nilon 6, 6 -(NH(CH2)6NHCO(CH2)4CO)2. So snh tnh bazo: Amin bc 2 > bc 1 > NH3 > bc 3 > amin thm 1 vng > 2 vng > 3 vng 3. So snh tnh axit - Axit v c > Axit hu c > H2CO3 > Phenol > H2O > Ru - Tnh axit gim dn: Gc c lin kt 3 > gc thm > gc c lin kt i > gc no - Nu hp cht hu c gn vi gc y in t (gc no) th gc axit gim dn theo th t gc cng di, phc tp th tnh axit cng gim - Nu hp cht cng c lin kt vi gc y in t, ng thi cha nhm ht in t (halogen) th tnh axit tng gim theo th t + Cng 1 nguyn t halogen, cng xa nhm chc th tnh axit cng gim + Cng 1 v tr ca nguyn t th tnh axit gim theo th t F > Cl > Br > I 4. So snh nhit si - Nu hp cht khng c lin kt hidro th cht no c khi lng phn t ln th nhit si cao - Nu cc hp cht hu c c cng nhm ch th cht no khi lng ln th nhit si cao hn - Cht c lin kt hidro c nhit si cao hn cht khng c lin kt hidro - ng phn c mch di hn th nhit si cao hn - Nhit si theo th t sau: Axit > ancol > amin > andehit, xeton, este. Trong Xeton > andehit - Nhm y e lm tng nhit si - Nhm ht e lm gim nhit si 5. nh hng ca nhm th trong phn t cht hu c a. Nhm y electron - Gc ankyl: Gc cng phc tp y e cng mnh: (CH3)3C - > (CH3)3CHCH2 - > (CH3)2CH - > C2H5 - > CH3 - Nhm th cn i e t do gn vi nguyn t C mang lin kt + - NH2 > - OH > - F + - F > - Cl > - Br > - I b. Nhm ht electron - Nhm c m in cng ln th ht e cng mnh + - F > - Cl > - Br > - I + - F > - OH > - NH2 - Nhm cng cha no th ht e cng mnh + - CCH - > - CH = CH2 - Mt s nhm th ht e khc: - SO3H, - NO2, - CN, - OR c. ngha ca nhm th - So snh tnh axit, bazo ca cc cht - Nhm th y e gim tnh axit, tng tnh bazo. Nhm th y e hot ha nhn thm lm tng kh nng th, u tin th ortho v para - Nhm th ht e lm tng tnh axit, lm gim tnh bazo. Nhm th ht e phn hot ha nhn thm lm gim kh nng th, u tin th meta 6. Cc loi ch s a. Ch s axit: L khi lng cht KOH tnh theo miligam (mg) dng trung ha ht lng axit bo c trong 1 gam cht bo b. Ch s este: L hiu ca ch s x phng ha v ch s axit c. Ch s iot: L s gam iot c th cng vo lin kt bi trong mch cacbon ca 100 gam cht bo d. Ch s x phng ho : L s mg KOH cn x phng ho glixerit v trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo. Ch s x phng ha = Ch s este + ch s axit 7. Nhng cht phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3: Ankin, andehit, axit fomic, este hoc mui ca axit fomic, glucozo, mantozo 8. Nhng cht phn ng vi dung dch Brom: Xiclo propan, anken, ankin, ankadien, stiren, cc cht cha ni i, ni 3 C -C, andehit, axit fomic, este v mui ca axit fomic, glucozo, mantozo, phenol, aniline, hp cht c vng benzen 9. Nhng cht phn ng cng H2: Xiclo propan, xiclo butan, anken, ankin, ankadien, stiren, cc cht cha ni i, ni 3 C-C, andehit, xetol, glucozo, saccarozo, fructozo, mantozo 10. Nhng cht tc dng vi Cu(OH)2: Ancol a chc c nhm OH lin nhau, glucozo, mantozo, fructozo, saccarozo, axit carboxylic (ring andehit, glucozo, mantozo tc dng Cu(OH)2/NaOH un nng to kt ta Cu2O cn peptit, protein tc dng cho mu tm) 11. Nhng cht tc dng vi NaOH: Dn xut halogen, phenol, axit cacboxylic, este, mui ca amin, amino axit, mui ca nhm amino ca amino axit 12. Nhng cht tc dng vi HCl: Cc cht c cha ni i, ni 3 C-C, mui ca phenol, mui ca axit cacboxylic, amin, amino axit, mui nhm cacboxyl ca amino axit 13. Nhng cht tc dng vi HCl v NaOH: Axit cacboxylic khng no, este khng no, amino axit 14. Cch nh tn axit bo: Phi Lm ng Sao (H: 32 32 34 36) 15. Cc cht c cha nhm CHO th lm mt mu brom

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16. Cc cht c cng thc CnH2n+3O2N xc nh cng thc cu to theo trng hp - Tc dng HCl, NaOH c dng RCOONH 4 - Tc dng HCl cho cht lm xanh qu tm c dng RCOONH3R1 17. Cng thc tng qut CxHyOzNt ngoi amino axit cn c th l hp cht nitro XXIV. S PHN NG HA HC 1. C3H8 CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H4(OH)2 2. C3H8 C2H4 C2H4Cl2 C2H4(OH)2 3. Poli (vinyl axetat) CH3COOC2H3 CH3CHO C2H5OH CH3COOH 4. CH4 C2H2 CH3CHO C2H5OH CH3COOH CH3COONa CH4 5. C2H5OH C2H4 C2H5Cl 6. CH4 C2H2 C2H4 C2H6O2 C6H10O4 7. CH4 C2H2 C2H4O C2H4O2 C6H10O4 8. C3H8 C2H4 CH3CHO C2H5OH 9. C3H8 CH4 CH3OH C2H5OH 10. CH3COOCH3 CH3OH CO2 (NH4)2CO3 11. C3H6 (Xiclo propan) C3H6Br2 (1,3 brom propan) C3H6(OH)2 (1,3 propanol) CH2(CHO)2 CH2(COOH)2 CH2(COONa)2 12. Al4C3 CH4 CH3Cl CH3OH HCHO HCOOH 13. PVC C2H3Cl C2H2 CH3CHO CH3COOH CH3COONa CH4 14. PVC C2H3Cl C2H2 C6H6 C6H5Br C6H5ONa C6H5OH C6H2OH(Br)3 15. PE C2H4 C2H5Cl C2H5OH C2H5OC2H5 16. PE C2H4 C2H5OH CH3COOH CH3COOC2H5 17. C3H6 C3H5Cl C3H7Cl C3H7OH (propan 1 ol) C3H6 18. Lu a. Ankan Ankan, xiclo ankan, ankadien, anken, ankin, dn xut halogen, ancol, andehit, ankan b. Xiclo ankan Dn xut halogen, ankan c. Anken Ankan, ancol, dn xut halogen, polime, andehit d. Ankadien Ankan, anken, ancol, dn xut halogen e. Ankin Anken, ankan, axit, polime, dn xut halogen, andehit f. Benzen Dn xut halogen, xiclo ankan, hp cht nitro, anilin, phenol g. Dn xut halogen Ru, amin, ankan, ankin, anken h. Ancol Ete, anken, dn xut halogen, andehit, xeton, axit k. Andehit Ancol, axit l. Xeton Ancol m. Axit Este, anhidrit axit, dn xut halogen n: Este Ru, axit o. Amin Ru XXV: CC VN V C CN LU 1. Mng tinh th a. Lp phng tm khi: Kim loi kim, Ba b. Lp phng tm din: Ca, Sr, Al c. Lc phng: Be, Mg 2. Kh nng kh ca mt s cht: CO, H2, NH3: Kh kim loi sau nhm n Ag 3. Cc phn ng chuyn [Al(OH)4]-, [Zn(OH)3]- thnh kt ta Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2: Tc dng NH3, CO2, HCl (HCl va th to kt ta, d th tan), AlCl3 trong H2O 4. Dung dch kim tc dng vi mui HSO4, HCO3- cng to CO3-, SO42- (nhn bit kt ta) 5. S hiu nguyn t ca kh him: He 2, Ne 10, Ar 18, Kr 36, Xe 54 6. Oxit lng tnh: BeO, Cr2O3, ZnO, Al2O3, PbO, SnO 7. Oxit trung tnh: NO, CO, N2O, N2O3, NO2 8. Hidroxit lng tnh: Be(OH)2, Al(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Sn(OH)2, Pb(OH)2, Cr(OH)3 9. Kim loi ng sau Hidro khng tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4 long 10. CO2 tc dng theo th t kim, kim th, nhm 11. Kim loi khng y c kim loi hot ng mnh hn trong hp cht 12. Fe khng tc dng vi nc nhit thng 13. Phng trnh v hp cht st - Fe3O4 + 8H+ Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 4H2O - 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ 5Fe3+ + Mn2+ + 4H2O 14. Nhm phn ng vi kim - 2Al + 6H2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H2 (1) - Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH)4] (2) - 2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 15. Hp cht cha nhm tc dng vi dung dch kim

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- Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H2O 2Na[Al(OH)4] - Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 - Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]16. Phn ng trong hn hp cha HNO3 v H2SO4: NO3- + 4H+ + 3e NO + H2O 17. Cc cht lng tnh - L cc ion m cn cha H c kh nng phn li ra H+ ca cc cht in li trung bnh v yu. VD: HCO3-, HPO42-. HS- L mui cha ion lng tnh. VD: (NH4)2CO3 18. Nc cng: Nc cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+ - Nc cng tm thi: HCO3-. Bin php: un si, dng Ca(OH)2 - Nc cng vnh cu: Cl-, SO42-. Bin php: Dng Na2CO3, Ca(OH)2, Na3PO4 - Nc cng ton phn HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-. - Bin php chung: Trao i ion ca ht zeonit 19. Al kh c mt oxit ng sau n trong dy hot ng: FeO, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, CuO 20. Khi thay i p sut, cc cn bng c dng cht xc tc u b chuyn dch 21. H2SO4 c c kh nng ht m 22. Phn bit CO2 v SO2 dng dung dch brom 23. Nguyn tc iu ch kim loi: Kh ion kim loi trong hp cht thnh nguyn t kim loi 24. KOH phn bit Mg, Al2O3, Al 25. m in cng ln th phn cc cng cao 26. Cc cht, ion va c tnh kh, va c tnh oxy ha u c s oxy ha trung gian 27. Nh t t tng git n ht dung dch HCl vo dung dch cha Na2CO3 v NaHCO3, th t phn ng: H+ + CO32- HCO3- ri n H+ + HCO3- CO2 28. Cho H2SO4 tc dng vi NaOH th phn ng to thnh SO42- trc, to HSO4- sau 29. Bi ton Al3+ vo kim Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 a 3a a Al(OH)3 + OH- [Al(OH)4]a a a Nhn xt + n > a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th + n = a th bi ton c nghim duy nht nOH- = 3a + 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim x1 v x2 30. Bi ton CO2 vo kim CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O a a a CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO3)2 a a a Nhn xt + n > a th bi ton v nghim do y = n khng ct th + n = a th bi ton c nghim duy nht nCO2 = a + 0 < n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim x1 v x2 31. H3PO4 tc dng vi bazo a. Tc dng vi NaOH, KOH - Th t phn ng: + H3PO4 + NaOH NaH2PO4 + H2O + H3PO4 + 2NaOH Na2HPO4 + 2H2O + H3PO4 + 3NaOH Na3PO4 + 3H2O 32. Hp cht lm kh kh NO CO NH3 N2 CxHy H2 O2 CO2 SO2 NO2 H2S Cl2 NaOH H2SO4 CaO CaCl2 (khan)