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MC LC MC LC.................................................................................................................1 Chng 1: I CNG V H THNG...............................................................

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1.1. H THNG V H THNG THNG TIN..........................................................3 1.1.1. Khi nim h thng..........................................................................................3 1.1.2. H thng thng tin...........................................................................................3 1.1.3. H thng thc v h thng con .......................................................................4 1.1.4. Cc giai on trin khai mt d n xy dng HTTT........................................5 1.2. X L THNG TIN BNG MY TNH.............................................................6 1.2.1. Cc phng thc x l thng tin......................................................................6 1.2.2. Mt s loi h thng tin hc thng gp..........................................................7 1.3. S PHT TRIN H THNG..............................................................................8 1.3.1. Vng i ca h thng.....................................................................................8 1.3.2. Cc bc xy dng h thng thng tin............................................................9 1.3.3. Chu trnh pht trin h thng ........................................................................11 1.3.4. Phng php m hnh ho h thng ..............................................................13

Chng 2: KHO ST H THNG......................................................................16


2.1. KHO ST V NH GI HIN TRNG......................................................16 2.1.1. Mc ch v yu cu cng tc kho st..........................................................16 2.1.2. Chin lc v quy trnh kho st....................................................................16 2.2. NI DUNG KHO ST......................................................................................17 2.2.1. Kho st cng tc nghip v..........................................................................17 2.2.2. Kho st nhu cu x l thng tin....................................................................18 2.2.3. Thu thp thng tin, ti liu.............................................................................18 2.2.4. Vit bo co kho st.....................................................................................18 2.3. MT S PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN THNG DNG.............19 2.3.1. Nghin cu ti liu vit..................................................................................19 2.3.2. Phng php quan st....................................................................................19 2.3.3. Phng php phng vn................................................................................20 2.3.4. Phng php s dng bng hi, mu iu tra................................................20 2.4. XY DNG D N...........................................................................................20 2.4.1. Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi.......................................................................20 2.4.2. Xy dng gii php........................................................................................22 2.4.3. Xy dng k hoch trin khai........................................................................22 2.5. BI TP 1............................................................................................................23

Chng 3: PHN TCH H THNG V CHC NNG.....................................28


3.1. BIU PHN CP CHC NNG.................................................................28 3.1.1. Cc khi nim................................................................................................28 3.1.2. K thut phn r.............................................................................................30 3.2. BIU LUNG D LIU...............................................................................33 3.2.1. Cc khi nim................................................................................................33 3.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca biu lung d liu.....................................................33 3.2.3. Phn r biu lung d liu theo mc.........................................................39 3.2.4. M hnh vt l v m hnh logic....................................................................44 3.3. C T TIN TRNH.........................................................................................47 3.3.1. Mc ch v yu cu c t chc nng...........................................................47

3.3.2. Cc phng tin c t chc nng.................................................................48 3.4. BI TP............................................................................................................... 51

Chng 4: PHN TCH H THNG V D LIU.............................................52


4.1. CC PHNG TIN M T D LIU............................................................52 4.1.1. M ho cc tn gi.........................................................................................52 4.1.2. T in d liu...............................................................................................56 4.2. M HNH THC TH LIN KT......................................................................57 4.2.1. Cc khi nim ca m hnh thc th lin kt.................................................57 4.2.2. c t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th.....................................................59 4.2.3. M hnh thc th lin kt m rng v hn ch...............................................61 4.2.4. Phng php phn tch theo m hnh thc th lin kt .................................67 4.3. M HNH D LIU QUAN H..........................................................................78 4.3.1. Cc khi nim................................................................................................78 a)Domain - Min ....................................................................................................78 b)Thuc tnh (Attribute)...........................................................................................78 c)Quan h................................................................................................................. 78 d)Lc quan h...................................................................................................79 4.3.2. Ph thuc hm...............................................................................................79 4.3.2.1. Cc dng chun...........................................................................................79 a)nh ngha ph thuc hm ...................................................................................79 b)Tnh cht ca cc ph thuc hm.........................................................................80 4.3.3. Kho ti thiu................................................................................................80 a) Kho (Key) v siu kho (super key) ca quan h .............................................80 b) Kho (Key) v siu kho (super key) ca lc quan h .................................81 4.3.4. Chun ho .....................................................................................................81 4.3.4.1. Cc dng chun...........................................................................................81 4.3.4.2. Chun ho...................................................................................................86 4.3.5. Phng php lp lc d liu theo m hnh quan h................................88

Chng 1: I CNG V H THNG

1.1. H THNG V H THNG THNG TIN 1.1.1. Khi nim h thng - H thng: H thng l mt tp hp gm nhiu phn t, c cc mi quan h rng buc ln nhau v cng hot ng hng ti mt mc ch chung. - H thng thng tin bao gm cc thnh phn: + Cc phn t ca h thng: Cc phn t rt a dng, c th phn t l mt i tng c th,nh trong h thng mt tri phn t l mt tri, mt trng, tri t, sao ho,c th phn t l i tng tru tng, nh mt phng php, mt lp lun, mt quy tc, Nh vy phn t c th rt khc bit v bn cht khng nhng gia cc h thng khc nhau m ngay c trong cng mt h thng. + Cc quan h gia cc phn t: Cc phn t ca mt h thng khng phi c tp hp mt cch ngu nhin, ri rc m gia chng lun tn ti nhng mi quan h (hay cc rng buc) to thnh mt cu trc (hay t chc). + S hot ng v mc ch ca h thng: S bin ng ca h thng th hin trn hai mt: S tin trin v s hot ng. S tin trin th hin l cc phn t v cc quan h ca h thng c th pht sinh, c tng trng, c suy thoi, c mt i. S hot ng, tc l cc phn t ca h thng, trong cc mi rng buc nh, cng cng tc vi nhau thc hin mt mc ch chung ca h thng. Mc ch ca h thng thng th hin ch h thng nhn nhng ci vo to thnh nhng ci ra nht nh. 1.1.2. H thng thng tin - H thng thng tin (Information System) l h thng s dng cng ngh thng tin thu thp lu gi x l, truyn v biu din thng tin. - L h thng bao gm cc b phn sau: + Phn cng (cc thit b) + Phn mm + Con ngi 3

+ Cc th tc, qui tc qun l, t chc + Cc d liu c t chc c hnh thnh lm nhim v thu thp, lu tr, x l, truyn v biu din thng tin. - Chc nng ca h thng thng tin:H thng thng tin c 4 chc nng chnh l a thng tin vo, lu tr, x l v a ra thng tin. + H thng thng tin c th nhn thng tin vo di dng:

Cc d liu gc v mt ch im., mt s kin hoc mt i tng no trong h thng. Cc yu cu x l cn cung cp thng tin. Cc lnh

+ H thng thng tin c th thc hin:


Sp xp d liu theo mt th t no . Sa cha thay id liu trong b nh Thc hin cc tnh ton to ra thng tin mi Thng k, tm kim, cc thng tin tho mn mt u kin no .

+ H thng thng tin c th lu tr cc loi thng tin khc nhau vi cc cu trc a dng, ph hp vi nhiu loi thng tin v phng tin x l thng tin, phc v cho cc yu cu x l thng tin v phng tin x l thng tin khc nhau. + H thng thng tin c th a d liu vo cc khun dng khc nhau ra cc thit b nh b nh ngoi, mn hnh, my in, thit b mng hoc cc thit b iu khin. 1.1.3. H thng thc v h thng con H thng thc: Mt h thng thc c th c xem nh mt m hnh gm 3 phn hp thnh l h thng quyt nh, h thng thng tin v h thng tc nghip. Cc thnh phn ny chnh l cc h thng con ca h thng thc. - H thng quyt nh: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php tham gia xut quyt nh. - H thng thng tin: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php tham gia x l thng tin (h qun tr). H thng thng tin ng vai tr trung gian gia h thng v mi trng, gia h thng con quyt nh v h thng con tc nghip. 4

- H thng tc nghip: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php tham gia trc tip thc hin mc tiu ca h thng. Mi trng
HT Quyt nh

Thng tin vo

HT Thng tin

Thng tin ra

- Nguyn vt liu - Tin - Thng tin

HT Tc nghip

- Nguyn vt liu - Tin - Thng tin

Hnh 1.1. H thng thc v cc h thng con 1.1.4. Cc giai on trin khai mt d n xy dng HTTT Vic phn giai on tu tng phng php v ch c tnh tng i. trin khai mt d n xy dng HTTT ta c th chia thnh cc giai on sau: Giai on 1: - Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n - Tm hiu, ph phn a ra gii php Giai on 2: Phn tch h thng. Phn tch su hn cc chc nng, cc d liu ca hot ng c a ra m t hot ng mi (giai on thit k logic). Giai on 3: Thit k tng th (Xc lp vai tr ca mi trng mt cch tng th trong h thng). - Thit k tng th: Biu lung d liu, thc th lin kt E-R. Giai on 4: Thit k chi tit. - Th cng - Kim sot phc hi - Thit k c s d liu - Chng trnh Giai on 5: Ci t, lp trnh. 5

Giai on 6: Khai thc v bo tr. 1.2. X L THNG TIN BNG MY TNH 1.2.1. Cc phng thc x l thng tin X l thng tin bng my tnh c th thc hin theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau:
a) X l tng tc (interactive processing) v x l giao dch (transactional processing)

- X l tng tc: l x l thc hin tng phn, xen k gia phn thc hin bi con ngi v phn thc hin bi my tnh. Ni cch khc, trong x l tng tc, con ngi dn dt cc qu trnh x l, c th ngt v tham gia vo cc qu trnh x l. Trong qu tnh x l tng tc, my tnh ng vai tr h tr cho cc qu trnh . X l tng tc l phng tin la chn cho cc h thng phi x l nhiu thng tin c mi quan h phc tp vi nhau, kh m t bng cc cng thc, cc phng trnh ton hc. Con ngi phi thng xuyn vn dng nhng kinh nghim cng tc ca mnh vo trong qu trnh x l. - X l giao dch: Trong x l giao dch, xut pht t yu cu ca con ngi, my tnh thc hin cho n kt qu cui cng. Qu trnh x l chon vn nh vy ca my tnh khng c s ngng ngt can thip t bn ngoi vo c gi l mt giai dch. V d: Th tc rt tin t ngn hng l mt v d v x l giao dch. Khi u l kim tra li cc thng tin nhp vo, tip theo l kim tra s tng thch ca cc thng tin ny vi cc d liu c trong h thng. Trn c s kt qu kim tra, h thng p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng.
b) X l theo l (batch processing) v x l trc tuyn (on - line processing)

- X l theo l: Trong x l theo l, mi khi thng tin n (hay khi yu cu x l xut hin), th cha c em x l ngay, m c gom li to thnh mt nhm (mt l hay mt m) mi c x l mt cc tp th. Phng thc x l theo l thch hp vi nhng tin trnh x l thng tin m trong : + Vic truy cp thng tin c din ra theo nh k. + Khun dng v kiu d liu hon ton xc nh. + Thng tin kh n nh trong khong thi gian gia 2 tin trnh x l lin tip - X l trc tuyn: trong x l trc tuyn th thng tin n c em x l ngay trc tip, mt cch c th v bt k vo lc no. 6

X l trc tuyn thng p dng cho vic hin th, sa cha ni dung cc tp d liu, cho vic phc v cc giao dch vi khi lng thng tin khng nhiu, li cn thc hin ti ch v cn c tr li ngay. Vd, dch v gi tin ti ngn hng, cc x l ti phng bn v my bay, tu ho , hoc dch v thng tin ti tng i thng l cc x l trc tuyn.
c) X l thi gian thc ( real - time processing)

X l thi gian thc l cch tin trnh my tnh phi bo m cc yu cu rt ngt ngho ca h thng v thi gian. Thng thng cc x l thi gian thc xut hin trong cc h thng c lin quan vi cc h thng ngoi nh h thng iu khin ng bay ca tn la hoc cc h thng m phng. X l thi gian thc phi m bo ng b cc tin trnh my tnh vi cc hot ng din ra trong thc t
d) X l phn tn (distributed processing)

Cc x l phn tn c th din ra ti cc b phn nhng v tr khc nhau, c nhng yu cu khc nhau vo nhng thi im cng c th khc nhau. Ni chung, vi nhng h thng c x l phn tn, d liu thng c b tr nhng v ttr a l khc nhau v c quy nh dng chung. Trong x l phn tn, vi mt s thnh phn d liu, c th cng mt lc xy ra nhiu thao tc nh cp nht sa cha hoc khai thc khc nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng vn cn quan tm i vi cc x l phn tn l m bo tnh ng b trong h thng. 1.2.2. Mt s loi h thng tin hc thng gp
a) H thng thng tin qun l (Management information systems)

L h thng nhm cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho s qun l, iu hnh ca mt doanh nghip. Ht nhn ca h thng thng tin qun l l mt CSDL cha cc thng tin phn nh tnh trng v hot ng kinh doanh hin thi ca doanh nghip. Cc h thng thng tin qun l thng c phn lm 2 mc: - Mc thp, hay cn gi l mc tc nghip, h thng ch c nhim v in ra cc bng biu, chng t giao dch theo khun mu ca cch x l bng tay truyn thng. H thng lc ny cn c gi l cc h x l d liu, nh cc h: x l n hng, h qun l nhn s, h qun l thit b, h k ton, 7

- Mc cao, cn gi l mc iu hnh, h thng phi a ra cc thng tin c tnh cht chin lc v k hoch gip cho ngi lnh o doanh nghip a ra cc quyt nh ng n trong cng tc iu hnh. H thng cn c gi l h h tr quyt nh. Phn ln cc h h tr gip quyt nh c xy dng da trn CSDL m cn da trn ht nhn l cc m hnh c chon lc. T cc d liu u vo, h tr gip quyt nh a ra cc phng n v nh gi v cc phng n ny, sp xp chng theo mt tiu chun no . Ngi s dng da vo cc thng tin gi ny xy dng mt phng n thc hin.
b) H thng iu khin (Process control systems)

l cc h thng nhm x l v iu khin t ng cc qu trnh vn hnh cc thit b sn xut, vin thng, qun s,Cc h thng ny phi lm vic theo phng thc x l thi gian thc. V kin trc vt l , th bn cnh phn mm, h thng ny bao gm nhiu loi thit b tin hc a dng.
c) H thng nhng thi gian thc (Embedded real - time systems)

Cc h thng ny c thc hin trn cc phn cng n gin v nhng trong mt thit b no , nh mobiphone, t, Cc h thng ny thng c lp trnh mc thp, v cng c thc hin x l theo thi gian thc.
d) Phn mm h thng (System software)

Cc h thng ny thit lp nn h tng k thut ca cc h thng my tnh, phc v cho cc phn mm ng dng chy trn . c th l h iu hnh, chng trnh dch, h qun tr CSDL,
e) Cc h thng t ng ho vn phng (Automated office systems)

T ng ho vn phng l cch tip cn nhm a my tnh vo hot ng vn phng, cho php thu tm mi vic tnh ton, giao lu, qun l thng tin bng my tnh. Mt s h thng t ng ho vn phng thng bao gm hai h thng con chnh, l h thng x l vn bn, v h thng tr gip tnh ton. 1.3. S PHT TRIN H THNG 1.3.1. Vng i ca h thng Mt h thng bt k bao gi cng c mt vng i cng vi cc chu k sng c nhng c trng ring. N c sinh ra, pht trin v cui cng th b thay th (loi b) 8

bi mt h thng khc tin tin hn, hin i hn. Ta c th chia vng i ca mt h thng ra lm cc giai on sau: Giai on chun b: Giai on ny tnh t khi trong t chc xut hin nhu cu xy dng h thng thng tin c trin khai thc hin trong thc t. Cc chuyn gia phn tch h thng, nh qun l v cc lp trnh vin cng nghin cu, kho st nghin cu, phn tch thit k v xy dng h thng. H thng c th nghim, ci t v a vo s dng. Giai on khai thc v x dng: Thng thng y l giai on on di nht trong vng i ca mt h thng, trong giai on ny h thng c vn hnh phc v cho nhu cu khai thc v s dng thng tin trong t chc, doanh nghip. Trong qu trnh s dng, h thng c bo tr, sa cha ph hp vi s thay i v thng tin hoc nhu cu thng tin. Giai on thay th: Trong qu trnh s dng v khai thc h thng, lun gp phi s thay i v thng tin (thay i v dung lng v v cu trc) v thay i v nhu cu s dng (thay i nhim v v quy m qun l). Nhng sa cha v thay i trong h thng lm cho n tr nn cng knh. Hot ng km hiu qu phi thay th bng mt h thng mi tin tin hn, hin i hn. 1.3.2. Cc bc xy dng h thng thng tin Vic xy dng v pht trin h thng thng tin qun l thng thng phi qua cc bc: lp k hoch xy dng, phn tch, thit k, kim tra v ci t. Cc bc ny khng nht thit phi thc hin tch ri nhau v thi gian m c th c thc hin xen k nhau.
a) Lp k hoch pht trin h thng thng tin qun l

Nhim v t ra trong giai on ny l xc nh c mc tiu ca h thng, nhng thi im cng kt qu cn t c ca lch trnh kho st, phn tch v thit k h thng. Trong giai on ny phi c c nhng hnh dung c bn v h thng thng tin qun l cn xy dng.
b) Kho st h thng

Mc ch ca kho st h thng thc l thu thp thng tin, ti liu, nghin cu hin trng nhm lm r tnh trng hot ng ca h thng thng tin c trong h thng thc v nhu cu xy dng h thng thng tin mi. Cn phi lm r cc yu cu t ra i vi h thng thng tin cn xy dng. 9

c) Phn tch h thng

Xy dng cc m hnh ca h thng thng tin qun l, nh s chc nng nghip v, s lung d liu v m hnh d liu, trn c s cc kt qu kho st h thng thc, cn lm r m hnh hot ng ca t chc v h thng thng tin. Cc cng vic cn thc hin l : + Phn tch cc mu biu, cc bng biu, cc h s thu thp c. Xc nh cc phn t trong h thng. + Phn tch cc lung thng tin v cc mi quan h gia cc phn t trong h thng. + Phn tch quy trnh x l thng tin hin c v phc ho quy trnh x l thng tin cn c i vi h thng mi. + Xc nh cc chc nng nghip v ca h thng thc, cc th tc t xy dng s lung d liu nghip v ca h thng thc. + Phn tch d liu xy dng m hnh d liu cho h thng.
d) Thit k h thng

Trong thc t, hai giai on phn tch v thit k h thng khng phi l hai giai on hon ton ring r. Trong giai on kho st h thng, ngi ta c th phn tch s b h thng hoc phn tch mt s h thng con no . Cn c vo kt qu phn tch ny, c th tin hnh thit k mt s phn ca h thng. Cc cng vic thit k bao gm: + Thit k d liu: nh ra cc i tng v cu trc d liu trong h thng. + Thit k chc nng: nh ra module x l th hin cc chc nng ca h thng thng tin. + Thit k giao din: chi tit ho hnh thc giao tip gia con ngi vi my tnh. + Thit k an ton cho h thng thng tin qun l. + Thit k phn cng: tnh ton cc yu cu k thut cho h thng thng tin qun l, hay ni cch khc, l thit k h thng my tnh.
e) Kim tra, th nghim h thng

Ni chung vi nhiu h thng thng tin, vic kim tra tnh ng n ca cc module x l trong h thng l kh. V vy , thng thng, ngi ta kim tra h thng thng tin qun l thng qua th nghim. Vic th nghim h thng trn mt tp hp cc d liu chun cng kh thc hin c trong thc t, bi v khng phi h thng thc no cng c sn mt tp hp cc d liu chun nh vy. 10

Ngi ta thng dng cc thng tin, d liu thc t qua x l bng cc phng php khc vn hnh th nghim h thng thng tin mi, ri so snh kt qu x l theo cc phng php khc hoc vi kt qu trn thc t rt ra kt lun v tnh ng n ca cc x l trong h thng mi
f) Nghim thu v ci t

H thng c nghim thu trn c s nhng tiu chun t ra trong k hoch pht trin h thng ban u, Song song vi khu ci t cng cn phi ch ti khu hun luyn vn hnh s dng h thng mi. 1.3.3. Chu trnh pht trin h thng C nhiu loi chu trnh pht trin khc nhau. Phn ny trnh by vn tt mt s chu trnh pht trin chnh. Cng cn phi lu rng, s lng v tn cc giai on trong cc chu trnh khng ging nhau, mc d v c bn, ni dung ca chng gn nh nhau.
a) Chu trnh thc nc

Chu trnh ny m t s pht trin h thng trn c s phn chia cc giai on ring r vi nhau v thi gian. im ct yu ca chu trnh pht trin ny l cc giai on c tin hnh k tip nhau, giai on sau c bt u khi giai on trc kt thc, khng chm nn nhau v thi gian. Chnh v vy, chu trnh thc nc cong c gi l chu trnh tuyn tnh. Phn tch Thit k M ho Kim nh Nghim thu Hnh 1.2. Chu trnh thc nc Nhc im ca chu trnh pht trin thc nc khng c s quay lui chnh sa khi pht hin sai st trong mt khu no . 11

b) Chu trnh tng trng

tng chnh ca phng php l da trn cc bc tng trng dn dn, cho php hon thin h thng tng mng mt. Mi bc tng trng thc hin mt tin trnh tuyn tnh trin khi mt phn c th chuyn giao c ca c h thng. Quy trnh ny lp li nhiu ln cho n khi c mt phng n hon chnh cho c h thng. V d: Trong mt trng i hc, ngi ta d nh pht trin h thng qun l o to. Cc phn h c pht trin theo thi gian: - H thng qun l tuyn sinh. - H thng qun l sinh vin - H thng qun l chng trnh o to - H thng qun l thi kho biu, v - H thng qun l gio vin. Cc h thng ny c pht trin dn dn, bn giao xong h thng ny vi pht trin tip h thng kia.
c) Chu trnh xon c

Phng php ny duy tri qu trnh lp mt dy cc tin trnh m qua mi ln thc hin, cc tin trnh cc mu c hon thin dn. Theo mt s tc gi th chu trnh xon c c chia ra thnh bn giai on chnh: + Pht hin cc nhu cu v xc lp cc mc tiu + nh gi cc phng n + Thit k v l cc nguyn mu + Th nghim cc mu Cc vng lp trn c tip tc cho n khi xt thy nguyn mu l tt c th chuyn sang sn xut thc s.
d) Chu trnh lp rp cc thnh phn

Chu trnh lp rp cc thnh phn da trn vic s dng cc thnh phn phn mm. Vic to lp h thng c thc hin bng cch lp rp cc thnh phn c sn. Vn quan trng l cn phi xc nh v thu gom cc thnh phn c kh nng s dng li cng sm cng tt. Cc thnh phn khc tham gia vo h thng c th c iu chnh, thch ng t cc thnh phn c sn hoc c xy dng t s khng. 12

Mt s tc gi chia lm cc giai on: + Nghin cu, nhn thc, hnh thnh cc gii php v xc nh cc thnh phn ca h thng. Cc kt qu ca giai on ny l mt tp hp cc thnh phn c kh nng p dng cho h thng ang to lp cng vi cc gii php da trn chc nng ca cc thnh phn . + nh gi, la chn cc thnh phn thch hp ca h thng + Tch hp cc thnh phn. Kt qu ca giai on ny l to c mt thnh phn no (h con) ca h thng ton th trn c s lp rp cc thnh phn. + Th nghim v nh gi kt qu. 1.3.4. Phng php m hnh ho h thng - M hnh: M hnh (model) l mt dng tru tng ho ca h thng thc. - Mc ch ca m hnh ho: + M hnh ha hiu h thng. + M hnh ho trao i, + M hnh ho hon chnh h thng, - Cc thnh phn ca mt phng php m hnh ho h thng: + Tp hp cc khi nim v m hnh: Mi phng php u phi da trn mt s khng nhiu cc khi nim c bn, v s dng mt s dng m hnh nht nh km vi cc k thut trin khai hay bin i m hnh . + Mt tin trin khai: bao gm cc bc i ln lt, cc hot ng cn lm, cc sn phm qua tng giai on, cch iu hnh vi tin v cch nh gi cht lng cc kt qu thu c. + Cc cng c tr gip: l cc phn mm h tr cho qu trnh m hnh ho. - Cc bc chnh: Qu trnh pht trin h thng trn c s xy dng cc m hnh c thc hin theo mt s giai on nh sau: + Nghin cu s b h thng: Giai on ny tp trung vo vic thu thp cc thng tin, ti liu lin quan ti cu trc ca h thng v cc hot ng ca h thng. M hnh c xy dng giai on ny thng dng m 13

hnh vt l. Mc tiu ca vic xy dng m hnh giai on ny l m t cch thc thc hin cc cng vic trong h thng + Phn tch h thng: Giai on ny tp trung vo phn tch chi tit bn cht ca h thng. Cc m hnh c xy dng giai on ny tp trung vo cc cu hi: H thng l g, v lm nhng g. Sn phm ca giai on ny l cc m hnh v chc nng v cc m hnh v d liu. + Thit k h thng: La chn cc gii php ci t nhm thc hin cc kt qu phn tch. C th coi vic thit k h thng l s ci t cho m hnh c c sau khi phn tch, trn c s dung ho cc yu cu, cc rng buc v cc s kn thc th. Trong cc cng vic nu y, xy dng c coi l khu c ngha quyt nh. Cht lng ca h thng cn xy dng ph thuc hon ton vo cht lng ca m hnh. Cng mt h thng thc nhng mc tiu nghin cu khc nhau s dn ti cc m hnh m t chng cng khc nhau Do cc h thng thc rt phc tp, chng c thphc tp theo mc tiu, phc to v d liu hoc phc tp theo yu cu ca ngi s dng, m kh c th m t mi chi tit c lin quan ti h thng,. V v, cn c vo mc ch nghin cu m tp trung vo s ch v cc yu t quan trng trong h thng v la chn mt quan im xem xt thch hp tip cn h thng. - Mt s phng php m hnh ho: Ngi ta thng m hnh ho theo 2 dng: m hnh ho hng chc nng v m hnh ho hng i tng. Ta c mt s phng php ni ting sau: + Cc phng php "h thng": MERISE (H. Tardieu, A.Rochfeld 1976) + Cc phng php chc nng hay cu trc: SA (De Marco 1978) SADT (Douglas T. Ross, 1977) SA-RT (Ward-Mellor, 1985; Hatley-Pirbhai, 1987) + Phng php theo s kin: State Charts (D. Harel, 1987) Phng php tch hp (O. Foucaut, O. Thiry 1996) 14

+ Cc phng php hng d liu LCP, LCS (J.D Warnier, 1969-1970) E/A (H. Tardieu, P.Chen, 1976) + Cc phng php hng i tng: OOA/RD ( Shlaer - Mellor, 1991-1992) OOAD (G.Booch, 1992-1993) OMT (J.Rumbaugh, 1992) OOA/OOD (P.Coad, E.Yourdon, 1991) OOSE (I.Jacobson, 1992) Fusion (D. Coleman, 1994) SOART (P.Lavret, 1994) UML+RUP+Rational Rose (G.Booch, J.Rumbaugh, I.Jacobson, 1997)

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Chng 2: KHO ST H THNG

2.1. KHO ST V NH GI HIN TRNG 2.1.1. Mc ch v yu cu cng tc kho st. Thng thng th mt h thng mi c xy dngl nhm thay th cho mt h thng c bc l nhiu iu bt cp. Vic tm hiu nhu cu ca h thng mi thng bt u t vic kho st v nh gi h thng c . Vic kho st hin trng nhm mc ch l: + Tip cn vi nghip v chuyn mn, mi trng hot ng ca h thng. + Tm hiu cc chc nng, nhim v v cung cch hot ng ca h thng. + Ch ra cc ch hp l ca h thng, cn c k tha v cc ch bt hp l ca h thng cn c nghin cu v khc phc. Yu cu ca cng tc kho st: Vic kho st v iu tra cn m bo c cc yu cu nh sau: + Trung thc, khch quan, phn nh ng tnh hnh thc ti. + Khng b st thng tin, + Cc thng tin thu thp phi c o m, + Khng trng lp, ngha l phi tin hnh trong mt trt t, sao cho mi ngi c iu tra khng b nhiu ngi iu tra hi i hi li v mt vic. + Khng gy cm gic xu hay phn ng tiu cc ngi b iu tra: phi lun gi m, t nh, tuyt i khng can thip vo cng vic ni b ca c quan, hay lm tng thm cc mu thun trong c quan. 2.1.2. Chin lc v quy trnh kho st. - Chin lc iu tra: Mt cuc iu tra phi thc hin theo mt chin lc c cn nhc k cng t trc. Mt chin lc bao gm cc yu t sau (Hnh 2.1): + Cc ngun thng tin iu tra, + Cc phng php p dng cho mi ngun thng tin iu tra, + Cc quy trnh iu tra thch hp. 16

Cc trin khai mt chin lc iu tra:


Cc ngun iu tra Cc phng php iu tra Cc phng php m hnh ho

Chn cc ngun v cc phng php

Chn cc quy trnh iu tra thch hp

Hnh 2.1. Trin khai mt chin lc iu tra

- Quy trnh kho st: Mt quy trnh kho st l mt k hoch xc nh vic khai thc cc ngun iu tra cn c tin hnh theo trt t no, vi cc phng php no v nhm thu thp nhng thng tin no. Khi vch ra mt quy trnh iu tra phi tun th ba nguyn tc sau: + Quy trnh iu tra phi h tr mt cch c lc nht cho phng php m hnh ho. + Quy trnh iu tra phi c tin hnh t tng th n chi tit v t phi c tin hnh t trn xung. + Qu trnh iu tra phi c tin hnh lp i lp li. 2.2. NI DUNG KHO ST 2.2.1. Kho st cng tc nghip v. Mi mt h thng c cng tc nghip v ring, v d h thng k ton cn phi m bo nghip v k ton, h thng qun l tuyn sinh phi m bo nghip v tuyn sinh.v.v Do khi xy dng h thng ta cn phi nm bt c cng tc nghip v i vi h thng . 17

- Tm hiu mi trng x hi, kinh t v k thut ca h thng; nghin cu c cu t chc ca c quan ch qun h thng . - Nghin cu cc chc trch, nhim v, cc trung tm ra quyt nh v iu hnh, s phn cp cc quyn hn. - Thu thp v m t cc quy tc qun l, tc l cc quy nh, cc cng thc do nh nc hoc c quan a ra lm cn c cho cc qu trnh x l thng tin 2.2.2. Kho st nhu cu x l thng tin. - Thu thp cc i hi v thng tin, cc kin ph phn, phn nn v hin trng, cc d on, nguyn vng v k hoch cho tng lai. - nh gi, ph phn hin trng v xut ra hng gii quyt. 2.2.3. Thu thp thng tin, ti liu. - Thu thp v nghin cu h s, s sch, cc tp cng vi cc phng thc x l cc thng tin . - Thu thp cc chng t giao dch v m t cc chu trnh l chuyn v x l cc thng tin v ti liu giao dch. 2.2.4. Vit bo co kho st. Sau khi kho st cn vit bo co tng hp da trn nhng kt qu ca kho st hin trng c c nhng thng tin tng qut v h thng nhm gip cho vic a ra nhng quyt nh cho giai on tip theo. Qua cc ni dung trn c th thy mc tiu ca ngi phn tch v thit k cn t c trong giai on ny l : + Kho st nh gi s hot ng ca h thng c. + xut mc tiu, u tin cho h thng mi. + xut tng cho gii php mi. + Vch k hoch cho d n trin khai h thng mi.

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2.3. MT S PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN THNG DNG 2.3.1. Nghin cu ti liu vit Nghin cu ti liu vit ging nh quan st h thng mt cch gin tip. Thng qua vic nghin cu ti liu vit m c c hnh dung tng quan v h thng. Cc ti liu vit nghin cu c th l: + Ti liu giao dch nh: ho n, phiu thanh ton, thi gian biu, + Ti liu lu tr nh: s ghi chp, cc tp cng vn, cc tp d liu, cc h s cn b, h s d n, + Ti liu tng hp nh: cc bo co tng kt hng tun, hng thng, bo co kim k, + Ti liu chun b cho cc bui hp hoc bo co khng ng k + Ti liu quy nh, quy ch nghip v. Qua ta c th thu thp c nhiu loi thng tin, t cc hot ng chung ca c quan, n cc d liu c bn, cc d liu cu trc. Vic nghin cu ti liu thng kt hp vi phng vn mc thp. 2.3.2. Phng php quan st Quan st nhm gip cho phn tch vin c c mt bc tranh khi qut v t chc cn tm hiu v cch thc qun l, t chc thc hin cc hot ng trong h thng thc. Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp, quan st c th gip cho phn tch vin nm bt c k thut x l cng vic bng cc phng php truyn thng, t a ra k thut x l cho h thng mi. V d: khi theo di tin trnh xp thi kho biu, chuyn gia tin hc c th hc tp, c rt nhng kinh nghim v tm cch a nhng kinh nghim ny vo trong cc bng phn tch, thit k ca mnh, cho sao lu sau ny. Phng php quan st ny s dng 2 dng quan st, l quan st chnh thc v quan st khng chnh thc. V d: khi cn quan st cch thc lm vic ca cn b xp thi kho biu, chuyn gia tin hc c th ngh cng lm vic vi nhm cn b ny t c iu kin hiu v cng vic c y hn.

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Vic quan st thng i hi mt kh nhiu thi gian v vic quan st t m khng phi l phng php hu hiu thu thp thng tin cn thit cho vic pht trin h thng my tnh. 2.3.3. Phng php phng vn y l phng php rt quan trng trong cng tc kho st h thng, qu trnh phng vn c th cho nhng thng tin m vic quan st, nghin cu ti liu vit khng th cung cp c. c c cht lng phng vn tt cn ch ti mt s vn sau: + Xy dng k hoch phng vn: im quan trng nht trong k hoch phng vn l mc tiu ca cuc phng vn. Ngoi ra cn phi xc nh c danh sch nhng ngi s c phng vn v k phng vn tng ngi. + Chun b cu hi c cht lng tt, phc v trc tip cho mc ch cuc phng vn. Cu hi phi ph hp vi phm vi lin quan ca vn ang c quan tm, ph hp vi i tng c phng vn. + Thit lp quan h tt, mang tnh hp tc trong qu trnh phng vn. + Chun b tnh hung phng vn phi c lu trong bin bn phng vn v ni chung phi c xc nhn kt qu phng vn. Ch trong qu trnh phng vn, ngi phng vn dn dt cc cu hi khng c th hin s p t, mt nh kin ch quan. 2.3.4. Phng php s dng bng hi, mu iu tra Ni dung chnh ca phng php ny l xy dng hnh lot cc cu hi v c th a ra cc phng n tr li sn ngi hc hi din cu tr li. Vn quan trng nht i viphng php ny l xy dng c danh sch cc cu hi c cht lng. Mi cu hi phi c phng n tr li xc nh, trnh nhng cu hi kh tr li hoc cu tr li khng xc nh. Cc cu hi phi c tc dng kim tra v tin cy ca thng tin trong cu tr li. 2.4. XY DNG D N 2.4.1. Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi a) Xc nh mc tiu 20

Mt d n c th gn vi nhiu mc tiu. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh ng n ca cc mc tiu l v cng quan trng, v y s l c s xem xt nghim thu sau ny. Thng thng th mt h thng thng tin c xy dng l nhm vo cc mc tiu sau: + Khc phc nhng yu km hin ti. p ng c nhng nhu cu trong tng lai, th hin chin lc pht trin lu di ca c quan. Ph hp vi cc hn ch v thi gian, chi ph, con ngi. + Mang li li ch nghip v: tng kh nng x l, p ng yu cu nghip v mt cch nhanh chng, thun li, chnh xc, an ton. + Mang li li ch kinh t: gim bin ch cn b, gim chi ph hot ng, tng thu nhp. b) Xc nh phm vi Cn xc nh cc phm vi: - Phm vi vn cn gii quyt: Danh mc cc vn cn gii quyt, ni dung v phm vi gii quyt ca tng vn phi c tho mn gia c quan ch qun v nhng ngi pht trin h thng S phn cp ca h thng thng tin qun l cn xy dng l c s chnh lp danh mc cc vn cn gii quyt trong h thng - Phm vi nh hng trong t chc Ton b d n v tng cng vic u c nh hng ti t chc v cc b phn trong t chc. Cn phi xc nh r rng nh hng ca tng cng vic n tng b phn trong t chc, c bit l nhng nh hng lin quan ti nhn s, sau l nh hng lin quan ti t chc thc hin cc cng vic - Phm vi v nhn lc,vt lc ti chnh Phm vi v nhn lc vt lc v ti chnh l vn thng xuyn phi quan tm. Cn phi ch ti tng kha cnh ca cc hn ch. V d, hn ch v nhn lc khng ch gii hn v s lng ngi tham gia vo d n, s ngi tham gia vn hnh sau ny, m cn l hn ch v trnh , v thi gian o to sau ny.

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2.4.2. Xy dng gii php Trong giai on kho st, cha c s phn tch chi tit cc thng tin thu thp c, c th a ra mt gii php s b v phn cng, phn mm c th xc nh c mc u t. Gii php s b cho d n phi c c cc thng tin: + Chin lc u t: phn cng, phn mm o to. + Bin php v k thut gii quyt cho tng vn + Kin trc tng th ca d n + Kh nng ca h thng thng tin qun l + Cc chc nng chnh ca h thng thng tin quon l Tip theo gii php s b l xy dng gii php c tnh kh khi. lm oc vic ny cn c phn tch chi tit cc kt qu kho st h thng v cc nhim v, chc nng ca h thng thng tin, phm vi gii quyt tng vn v cc rng buc thc hin. Gii php kh thi c th c la t mt s gi php ngh. Cc gii php ny c th khc nhau v mc t ng ho hoc chi ph. Gii php kh thi c th ch l dung my tnh h tr cho mt s cng vic phc tp: C th l xy dng mt h thng thng tin h tr hu ht cc cng vic trong t chc, k c cng vic iu hnh, nhng khng gy ra nhiu thay i v c cu t chc: c th l t ng ho mc cao, gy nhiu htay i trong t chc. D l gii php no th tnh kh thi lun c xem xt trn nhiu kha cnh: + Kh thi v nghip v, tc l phi p ng cc yu cu v nghip v + Kh thi v k thut, tc l i vi yu cu nghip v v rng buc thc hin, phi m bo v k thut v cng ngh + Kh nng ti chnh , nhn , vt lc + Hnh thnh cc yu t nh gi i vi h thng thng tin qun l 2.4.3. Xy dng k hoch trin khai Mt s thng tin cn thit lp k hoch trin khai d n l: + Mc tiu t ra cho h thng thng tin + Nhim v, phm vi v cc rng buc thc hin 22

+ Gii php c tnh kh thi Trong vic lp k hoch trin khai d n thi khu thng xuyn c quan tm nhiu nht l d tr thit b, kinh ph v tin trnh ca d n Mt s thng tin thng c s dng d tr thit b: + Thi gian khai thc ti thiu v d kin ti a + Dung lng d liu d kin + Phng thc x l v yu cu xe l + S lng ngi s dng + Nhu cu kt thc thng tin Mt s thng tin thng c s dng d tr kinh ph: + D tr thit b + Khi lng cng vic v s lng ngi tham gia thc hin d n + Yu cu v cht lng sn phm + Thi gian thc hin + Yu cu bo hnh 2.5. BI TP 1 Bi tp kkho st h thng. kt thc chng, ta hy xt mt v d. V d ny c gi l V d QLCVT, V d ny s cn c dng minh ha cho cc bc phn tch v thit k h thng sau ny. Nh my X bao gm cc phn xng, sn xut mt s sn phm nht nh. Trong qu trnh sn xut cc phn xng s dng vt t. Nh my c b phn cung ng vt t.
- Nhim v ca b phn cung ng vt t:

Khi cc phn xng c yu cu vt t th b phn cung ng vt t phi thc hin mua hng cc nh cung cp p ng kp thi cho cc phn xng, khng xy ra sai st v nhn hng v tr tin. - C cu t chc v s phn cng trch nhim B phn cung ng vt t gm ba t, hot ng tng i c lp vi nhau: 23

+ T th nht m nhim vic t hng da trn cc d tr vt t ca cc phn xng. T ny c s dng mt my tnh, trn c mt h chng trnh gi l h t hng tr gip cc vic: chn ngi cung cp, lm n hng v theo di s hon tt ca n hng. + T th hai m nhim vic nhn v pht hng. T ny cng c mt my tnh, trn c mt h chng trnh gi l h pht hng tr gip cc vic: ghi nhn hng v v lm th tc pht hng cho cc phn xng. + T th ba gi l t i chiu v kim tra. S d c t ny v hai my tnh hai t trn l khng tng thch nn khng ghp ni c vi nhau. V vy cc thng tin v t hng v nhn hng qun l hai my tnh l hon ton tch ri v do hng v m khng xc nh c l hng cho phn xng no. T i chiu s ly cc thng tin ca cc t t hng, ca cc t nhn hng t hai t ni trn khp li tm ra phn xng c hng, gip cho t th hai pht hng. Ngoi ra t i chiu cn c nhim v pht hin cc sai st v nhn hng v tr tin khiu ni vi nh cung cp nhm chnh sa li cho ng. T i chiu lm vic hon ton th cng. - Qui trnh x l v cc d liu x l Qua iu tra kho st, ta thy qui trnh lm vic cng cc loi chng t giao dch s dng trong qui trnh nh sau: Khi cc nhu cu v vt t sn xut, cc phn xng lp d tr gi cho t t hng, trong c cc mt hng yu cu vi s lng tng ng. T t hng trc ht chn nh cung cp dt mua cc mt hng ni trn. Mun th, n dng my tnh tm cc thng tin v cc nh cung cp c lu trong tp NH_CCAP. Sau tin hnh thng lng vi nh cung cp c chn. Sau khi tha thun, dng h chng trnh t hng in mt n hng v gi cho nh cung cp. Cc thng tin trn n hng c lu trong tp n hng. Trong n hng mi mt hng l mt yu cu v mt hng ca mt d tr. Tuy nhin mt n hng gm nhiu mt hng, c th p ng yu cu ca nhiu d tr. Cc mt hng yu cu trn mt bn d tr c th c phn b ln nhiu n hng khc nhau, gi n nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. n hng gi ti nh cung cp khng cha thng tin v phn xng d tr. V vy cn lu mi lin h gia cc bn d tr ca cc phn xng vi cc n hng c pht i trong mt tp gi l tp DT_H, t lin h mi S hiu d tr v mi S hiu mt hng vi mt S hiu n hng. Nh cung cp cn c trn n t hng s chuyn hng n nh my, km theo phiu giao hng. T nhn v pht hng tip nhn hng v ct tm vo mt kho (c nhiu kho). Thng tin trn phiu giao hng v a im ct hng c lu trong tp nhn 24

hng. Trn phiu giao hng, mi mt hng c giao u c ghi r S hiu n hng t mt hng (s lng giao c th cha nh s lng t). Hng tun t nhn hng s dng h chng trnh pht hng, in ra mt danh sch nhn hng trong tun gi cho t i chiu vi ni dung nh sau: SH giao hng, Tn NH_CCAP, SH mt hng, S lng nhn, S hiu n hng. Cng hng tun t t hng s dng h chng trnh t hng, in ra mt danh sch t hng trong tun, gi cho t i chiu vi ni dung nh sau: SH n hng, Tn NH_CCAP, SH mt hng, S lng t, S hiu d tr, SH phn xng. T i chiu khp hai danh sch ny, tm ra SH n hng v SH mt hng chung t xc nh c lng hng no l cn pht v cho phn xng no. Danh sch cc a ch pht hng c lp v gi cho t nhn v pht hng, t ny chuyn hng km theo phiu pht hng cho cc phn xng. T i chiu v kim tra cn c nhim v tip nhn ha n t nh cung cp gi n, i chiu vi hng nhn, nu chnh xc th xc nhn chi ln ha n v gi cho b phn thanh ton lm th tc tr tin. Nu pht hin c s khng khp gia hng t, hng nhn v tin phi tr th khiu ni vi nh cung cp chnh sa li. Vic kim tra thng c kh khn, v nhiu khi nh cung cp khng hng, cha p ng hng, m cn n mt phn giao sau. V pha nh my, c khi cha tin tr theo ho n, m cn n li mt phn tr sau. T t hng th mun bit n hng do mnh pht ra hon tt hay cha nn t ny yu cu b phn thanh ton mi khi tr tin cho nh cung cp th gi cho t mt bn ghi tr tin. Thng tin tr tin ny c cp nht vo tp n hng , nh bit n hng no l hon tt. Qua giai on kho st trn ta nh gi hin trng ca h thng. Yu km: o Thiu : Khng c kho hng thng dng lu tm thi cc mt hng nhp v v tm thi cha s dng o Km hiu lc do: - Gii quyt n hng, d tr qu chm do cch i chiu th cng v cch ly thng tin - Theo di vic thc hin n hng khng st, xy ra nhiu sai st do phn tn v qun l. o Tn ph: tn nhn lc khu i chiu v kim tra bng tay. 25

Mc tiu o Thm hng vo kho thng dng o Khc phc 2 iu km hiu lc bng cch t chc li rt ngn qu trnh gii quyt 1 d tr hng o T chc li theo di thc hin n hng cht ch, trnh sai st. o C gng tn dng phn mm v phn cng c. Phc ho cc gii php: y ta a ra 5 gii php cn nhc la chn: Gii php 1: To knh lin lc kt ni hai my tnh, xa b t i chiu v kim tra. Gii php ny vi phm tnh kh thi v k thut v gi thit 2 my khng tng thch Gii php 2: Gp h t hng vo h pht hng hay ngc li nhm loi b mt my tnh , b t i chiu v kim tra. Gii php 3: Loi b 2 my tnh a cc ton b cc nhim v vo trung tm my tnh ca nh my. Gii php 4: Thm mt my tnh gii quyt khu i chiu. Ba my tnh c kt ni Gii php 5: Chuyn nhim v nhn d tr t h t hng sang h Pht hng. Nh vy h H lm nhim v mua hng v kim tra vic thc hin n hng. H PH va qun l d tr, va nhn v pht hng, va qun l kho d tr. Cn nhc tnh kh thi v la chn gii php - Cc gii php 1 v 4 l khng kh thi v k thut v cc my tnh c l khng tng thch nn khng th ghp ni c. - Gii php 2 l c th c, nu my tnh c gi li mnh. Tuy nhin nu hai my tnh l khng tng thch n mc khng chy c chng trnh ca nhau, th nh vy t ra cng phi vit li khong mt na s chng trnh ( km kh thi v kinh t) - Gii php 3 l rt c ch nu thng tin v cung ng vt t cn c s dng mt s b phn khc trong c quan. Tuy nhin dng nh cung ng vt t ch l mt cng vic ng khung trong mt b phn nh, v nh vy s phi tn km cho vic vit li tt c cc chng trnh. - Gii php 5 l mt gii php c tnh cht tha hip. Hai my tnh c cng hai h chng trnh c tn dng trit . Vic a thm kho hng d tr cng vi cc ci 26

tin mi v khu pht hin a ch pht hng v kim tra p ng c cc mc tiu, m khng gy tn km nhiu. Do gii php 5 c chn.

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Chng 3: PHN TCH H THNG V CHC NNG

3.1. BIU PHN CP CHC NNG 3.1.1. Cc khi nim - nh ngha: Biu phn cp chc nng (BPC) l cng c biu din vic phn r c th bc n gin cc cng vic cn thc hin. Mi chc nng c ghi trong mt khung v nu cn s c phn thnh nhng chc nng con, s mc phn ra ph thuc vo kch c v phc tp ca h thng. BPC l cng c khi u m t h thng qua chc nng, l mt trong nhng m hnh tng i n gin, d hiu, thn thin vi ngi s dng m k thut m hnh ho li khng qu phc tp, n rt c ch cho cc giai on sau. Mt khu rt quan trng trong khi xy dng biu phn cp chc nng l xc nh chc nng. - Chc nng: l khi nim dng m t cng vic cn thit sao cho cng tc nghip v c thc hin. Trong chc nng khng cn thit nu ra rng nghip v c thc hin u?, nh th no?, bi ai? c ngha l n khng quan tm n cc yu t vt l ca vn m ch quan tm ti kha cnh hnh thc, logic ca vn . V d: Chc nng lp thi kho biu dng m t cho cng tc nghip v ca mt mt trng hc no c nhim v thu thp thng tin v s lp hc, s s ca tng lp, s phng hc, phn cng nhim v ging dy ca tng gio vin t sp xp to ra mt thi kho biu chung cho ton trng. hiu r hn cc chc nng ta cn phn r, hay ni cch khc l m t chng chi tit hn na. lm vic ny chng ta c th s dng BPC. Thnh phn ca biu bao gm: + Cc chc nng: - Tn chc nng: mi chc nng phi c mt tn duy nht di dng ng tb ng. V d: Ly n hng, mua hng, lp thi kho biu. V d: K hiu: chc nng c k hiu bng hnh ch nht bn trong c tn chc nng. Mua hng

28

+ Kt ni: Kt ni gia cc chc nng mang tnh cht phn cp v c k hiu bng on thng ni chc nng cha vi cc chc nng con. c im ca BPC + Cc chc nng c nhn thy mt cch khi qut nht, trc quan, d hiu, th hin tnh cu trc ca phn r chc nng. + D thnh lp v tnh n gin: N trnh by h thng phi lm g hn l h thng lm nh th no ? + Mang tnh cht tnh v b qua mi lin quan thng tin gia cc chc nng. Cc chc nng khng b lp li v khng d tha. + Rt gn gi vi s t chc nhng ta khng ng nht n vi s t chc: phn ln cc t chc ca doanh nghip ni chung thng gn lin vi chc nng. V nhng c im trn m BPC thng c s dng lm m hnh chc nng trong bc u phn tch. V d: Xt h thng qun l bn hng ti mt cng ty cung ng vt t. Khi c nhu cu mua hng khch hng gi n t hng cho b phn nhn n hng. B phn ny xem xt tnh hp l ca n t hng ( xem xt v khch hng, v mt hng trong n ). Nu n hng c chp nhn th s c chuyn sang b phn thanh ton v khch hng tr tin cho b phn ny. B phn giao hng cn c vo n hng c chp nhn gom hng t cc kho, ng gi v giao hng cho khch hng. Biu phn cp chc nng ca h thng ny c m t nh sau:
QUN L BN HNG

Nhn n hng hng

Giao hng

Thanh ton

Tip nhn n t hng

Kim tra khch hng

Kim tra mt hng

Tp trung mt hng

ng gi bao b

Giao hng cho khch

29

3.1.2. K thut phn r K thut phn r hay cn gi l phn tch t trn xung tin hnh s phn tch chc nng ca h thng bng cch i dn t mt m t c th n nhng m t chi tit thng qua nhiu mc. S chuyn dch t mt mc ti mc tip theo thc cht l s phn r chc nng mc trn thnh mt s cc chc nng mc di. Vy y l qu trnh trin khai theo mt cy, v chnh v vy m phng php ny cn c tn l phng php phn tch c cu trc. C hai cch vn dng k thut phn r : dng biu phn cp chc nng (BPC) v dng biu lung d liu (BLD). Vi BPC, th phn tch trn xung thc hin bng cch trin khai dn cy phn cp t gc n ngn ln lt qua cc mc (mi mc bao gm mt tp hp cc chc nng). trin khai t mt mc n mc tip theo ta xem xt tng chc nng v t cu hi: hon thnh chc nng th phi hon thnh cc chc nng con no . Nh ta pht hin cc chc nng thuc mc tip theo m mi lin quan vi cc chc nng mc trn l quan h bao hm (hay cha-con). Tn ca mi chc nng ( mi nt ca cy) c chn la c th phn nh mt cch ngn gn ni dung ca chc nng . Chc nng gc (mc 0) th hin nhim v tng qut ca h thng. V d: Xt h thng hot ng tn dng ca ngn hng. y l mt trong lnh vc hot ng ca ngn hng bn cnh cc h thng tit kim, chuyn khon. S lun chuyn thng tin ca h thng

Tr li

Cho vay

Khch hng

H s Tr n

H thng tn dng

Lu h s

Giy bo

Thu n

30

i vi khch hng n vay tin ngn hng th phi c mt h s (gm: n xin vay, chng minh th) v yu cu c vay. Nu h s hp l hoc khng hp l th h thng s tr li khch hng. i vi ngn hng nu yu cu v h s ca khch vay hp l tc l yu cu ca khch hng c p ng th ngn hng lp mt ti khon tng ng vi kh c vay m ngn hng quy nh v s ti khon, thi gian vay, mc li xut v ngy hon tr. Khch vay phi thanh ton (gc + li) cho ngn hng theo ng hn ghi trn kh c vay, nu qu hn khch hng khng n tr ngn hng th h thng s thng bo vi khch hng ng thi p dng mc li xut qu hn. n k hn hon tr khch vay n thanh ton (tr n) b phn thu n tnh ra s tin m khch hng phi tr, cn c vo ngy vay, ngy hon tr v li xut. Sau h thng i chiu vi ti khon gc, in ho n thanh ton v thng bo ti khch hng. Xy dng biu phn cp chc nng ca h thng H thng bao gm c cc mc sau: Mc 0: Hot ng ca h thng tn dng Mc 1: Gm cc chc nng sau: - Cp nht d liu - Thu n - Thng k v tra cu - In n Mc 2: gm cc chc nng cp nht khch hng, xc nh mc li xut, lp kh c l cc chc nng con ca chc nng Cp nht d liu; Xc nhn hon tr, ghi nhn tr ng hn, ghi nhn tr sai hn l cc chc nng con ca chc nng Thu n; thng k khch vay, thng k n qu hn, tra cu theo m khch l cc chc nng con ca chc nng tra cu theo m khch; In ha n thanh ton, in phiu bo n l cc chc nng con ca chc nng In n Qua phn tch cc chc nng trn ta xy dng c biu phn cp chc nng ca h thng nh sau:

31

H THNG TN DNG NGN HNG

Cp nht

Thu n

Thng k

In n

H s Mc khch li hng sut

K c

Xc nh hon tr

Ghi nhn tr ng hn

Ghi nhn tr sai hn

Thng k khch vay

Tra cu khch

Ho n thanh ton

Phiu bo n

Tuy nhin qua mt cch phn tch khc chng ta c th nhn c BPC khc nh i y. iu khng c mu thun g do quan nim ca yu cu h thng v cch phn tch. Lm tn dng

Cho vay

Thu n

Nhn n

Duyt vay

Tr li n

Xc nh k hn tr

X l n tr trong hn

X l n tr ngoi hn

D thy qu trnh phn tch vi BPC , m thc cht l s phn r dn dn cc chc nng l t nhin v d lm. Tuy nhin kt qua thu c c th ni l ngho nn: h thng ch c din t bng mt tp hp cc chc nng ri rc ( mt mc ca BPC). V vy cch lm ny ch thch hp cho s phn tch bc u, hoc cho cc h thng n gin .

32

3.2. BIU LUNG D LIU 3.2.1. Cc khi nim Biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams - BLD) l mt loi biu nhm mc ch din t mt qa trnh x l thng tin vi cc yu cu sau: - S din t l mc logic, ngha l nhm tr li cu hi "Lm g?" m b qua cu hi "Lm nh th no?". - Ch r cc chc nng (con) phi thc hin hon tt qu trnh x l cn m t. - Ch r cc thng tin c chuyn giao gia cc chc nng v qua phn no thy c trnh t thc hin ca chng. BLD l cng c chnh ca qu trnh phn tch, nhm mc ch thit k trao i v to lp d liu. N th hin r rng v kh y cc nt c trng ca h thng trong cc bc phn tch, thit k v trao i d liu. Hnh thc biu din: Trong mt s ti liu khc nhau vi cc phng php tip cn khc nhau ngi ta thng dng cc k hiu khng hon ton ging nhau. Tuy vy cc thnh phn c bn khng thay i v n c s dng nht qun trong cc qu trnh phn tch, thit k. 3.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca biu lung d liu BLD gm c cc thnh phn sau: - Chc nng x l (Process) - Lung d liu (Data Flows) - Kho d liu (Data Store) - Tc nhn ngoi (External Entity) - Tc nhn trong (Internal Entity)
a) Chc nng x l (Process)

+ Khi nim: Chc nng x l c hiu l cc qu trnh bin i thng tin, t thng tin vo n bin i, t chc li thng tin, b xung thng tin hoc to ra thng tin mi t chc thnh thng tin u ra phc v cho hot ng ca h thng nh lu vo kho d liu hoc gi cho cc chc nng khc. + Biu din: Chc nng x l c biu din bng hnh trn hay hnh van, trong c ghi tn ca chc nng. + Tn chc nng: Bi v chc nng l cc thao tc nn tn phi c dng l mt ng t cng vi b ng nu cn, cho php hiu mt cch vn tt chc nng lm g. 33

V d: Chc nng Mua hng, Nhn n hng


Mua hng Nhn n hng

Cn ch rng tn ca chc nng trong biu lung d liu phi trng vi tn c t trong biu phn cp chc nng. Khi xy dng biu lung d liu nu c chc nng no khng to ra thng tin mi th n cha phi l chc nng trong biu lung d liu v khi cn phi xem xt li biu phn cp chc nng. Thng thng nn xem xt n kh nng chc nng ny b tch ra khi chc nng khc mt cch khng hp l.
b) Lung d liu

+ Khi nim: Lung d liu l lung thng tin vo hay ra ca mt chc nng x l. Bi vy lung d liu c coi nh cc giao din gia cc thnh phn ca biu . + Biu din: Lung d liu trn biu c biu din bng mi tn c hng trn c ghi tn l tn lung thng tin mang theo. Mi tn ch hng ca lung thng tin. + Tn lung d liu: V thng tin mang trn lung, nn tn l danh t cng vi tnh t nu cn thit, cho php hiu mt cch vn tt ni dung ca d liu c chuyn giao. Cc lung d liu v tn c gn cho chng l cc thng tin logic ch khng phi l cc ti liu vt l - gi mang thng tin. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp tn dng d liu trng (hoc ta quen dng) vi tn ti liu vt l. V d: Ho n, Ho n kim tra, im thi, Danh sch thi li , "Phiu nhp", "H s d thi"
Ho n

V d v chc nng x l v lung d liu tng ng


H s d thi Nhn h s
H s kim tra

34

c) Kho d liu

+ Khi nim: Kho d liu l cc thng tin cn lu gi li trong mt khong thi gian, sau mt hay mt vi chc nng x l, hoc tc nhn trong s dng. + Biu din: Kho d liu c biu din bng cp on thng song song trn c ghi tn ca kho. + Tn: Bi v kho cha cc d liu nn tn ca kho l danh t km theo tnh t nu cn thit, n ni ln ni dung thng tin ch khng phi l gi mang thng tin. V d: Kho H s Cn b, c gi v.v... Biu din mi lin quan gia chc nng x l, kho d liu, lung d liu trong biu lung d liu:

Cp nht kho

Ly thng tin t kho

Va ly thng tin va cp nht

V d: vic qun l lng ca cn b, cng nhn vin ti mt c quan. Khi c nhn vin mi v c quan phi gi cc thng tin v lng ca c nhn cho b phn ny. B phn ny kim tra tnh y v chnh xc ca cc thng tin v lu tr cc thng tin ny. Theo nh k lm cc bng lng ng thi thng xuyn cp nht cc thng tin mi v lng cho cn b cng nhn vin. Ta c th m t m t cc cng vic ca b phn qun l lng nh sau:
H s H s H s

Cp nht h s

Lm bng lng

Hiu chnh lng

35

Mt s ch khi xc nh cc kho d liu: - Khng c lung d liu gia hai kho d liu

- Ni chung kho c tn nn lung d liu vo ra kho khng cn tn ch khi vic cp nht, hoc trch t kho ch mt phn thng tin kho, ngi ta mi dng tn cho lung d liu - i vi kho d liu phi c t nht mt lung d liu vo v t nht mt lung ra. Nu kho ch c lung vo m khng c lung ra l kho v tch s, nu kho ch c lung ra m khng c lung vo l kho rng. -Trong biu lung d liu ta c th t mt kho d liu nhiu ni thun li cho vic theo di. (nhng phi hiu ch l mt).
d) Tc nhn ngoi

Tc nhn ngoi cn c gi l i tc, l mt ngi, mt nhm ngi hay mt t chc bn ngoi lnh vc nghin cu ca h thng nhng c tip xc, trao i thng tin vi h thng. S c mt ca cc nhn t ny trn s ch ra gii hn ca h thng, v nh r mi quan h ca h thng vi th gii bn ngoi. iu ng ch l hiu ngha ngoi lnh vc nghin cu khng c ngha l bn ngoi t chc, chng hn nh vi h thng x l n hng th b phn k ton, b phn mua hng v cc b phn kho tng vn l tc nhn ngoi. i vi h thng tuyn sinh i hc th tc nhn ngoi vn c th l th sinh, gio vin chm thi v hi ng tuyn sinh. Tc nhn ngoi l phn sng cn ca h thng, chng l ngun cung cp thng tin cho h thng cng nh chng nhn cc sn phm thng tin t h thng. + Biu din: Bng hnh ch nht c tn + Tn: c xc nh bng danh t km theo tnh t nu cn thit V d: Th sinh Khch hng 36

Mt s ch vi tc nhn ngoi khi xy dng biu - Trong biu khng c lung d liu gia hai tc nhn ngoi .

- Trong mt biu lung d liu ta c th t mt tc nhn ngoi nhiu ch d c, d hiu (nhng phi hiu ch l mt). Trong biu lung d liu khng c lung d liu gia tc nhn ngoi vi kho d liu

e) Tc nhn trong

+ Khi nim: Tc nhn trong l mt chc nng hay mt h thng con ca h thng c m t trang khc ca biu , nhng c trao i thng tin vi cc phn t thuc trang hin ti ca biu . Thng thng mi biu c th bao gm mt s trang, c bit l trong cc h thng phc tp v vi khun kh giy c hn thng tin c truyn gia cc qu trnh trn cc trang khc nhau c ch ra nh k hiu ny. ngha ca tc nhn trong vi k hiu tng t nh nt tip ni ca s thut ton. + Biu din: Tc nhn trong biu din bng hnh ch nht h mt pha v trong c ghi tn. + Tn tc nhn trong: c biu din bng ng t km b ng nu cn.
Qun l kho Tnh lng

Khi xy dng biu mt tc nhn trong c th c t nhiu ni trong biu cho d c, d hiu. V d: BLD din t h thng cung ng vt t trong V d QLCVT phn trc. 4 chc nng chnh: + t hng 37

+ Nhn, pht hng + i chiu v kim tra + Thanh ton Tc nhn ngoi + Phn xng + Nh cung cp Ta c biu lng d liu sau:

38

Thng lng mua hng H t hng D tr n hng Thanh ton

Nh cung cp

n hng

Phiu giao hng

H/D tr

i chiu & Kim tra Phn xng

Hng nhn

a ch pht hng Danh sch hng v

H pht hng

3.2.3. Phn r biu lung d liu theo mc Vi BLD th qu trnh phn r t trn xung li l qu trnh thnh lp dn dn cc BLD din t cc chc nng ca h thng theo tng mc. Mi mc l mt tp hp cc BLD: + Mc bi cnh hay khung cnh (cn gi l mc 0) ch c mt BLD, trong ch c mt chc nng duy nht - chc nng tng qut ca h thng v cc lung thng tin trao i vi cc tc nhn ngoi. + Mc nh (cn gi l mc 1) cng ch c mt BLD gm cc cc chc nng chnh ca h thng. + Cc mc di nh( cn gi l cc mc 2,3,4,...) , mi mc gm nhiu BLD c thnh lp nh sau: Vi mi chc nng mc trn, ta thnh lp mt BLD mc di, gi l BLD nh ngha (hay gi thch, din t), chc nng , theo cch sau: + Phn r chc nng nthnh nhiu chc nng con. + V ti cc lung d liu vo v ra chc nng trn nhng nay phi vo hay ra cc chc nng con thch hp; + Nghin cu cc quan h v d liu gia cc chc nng con, nh b xung cc lung d liu ni b hoc cc kho d liu ni b. Cch nh s cc chc nng 39

Cc chc nng c nh s theo k php chm theo di vt trin khai t trn xung. + Cc chc nng mc nh c nh s 1.2.3,.... + Cc chc nng cc mc di nh, chng hn cc chc nng mc 2 c nh s l: 1.1, 1.2,...,2.1, 2.2,... Cc chc nng mc 3 c nh s l: 1.1.1, 1.1.2,...,2.1.1, 2.1.2,... Khi trin khai dn cc mc nh trn ta phi tun th mt s quy tc sau y, gi l cc quy tc v s tng hp gia cc mc: + Khi nh ngha mt chc nng mc trn thnh mt BLD mc di th cc lung d liu vo v ra chc nng phi c bo ton, ngha l phi c v li y trong BLD nh ngha. Khi bo ton t mc trn xung mc di nh vy th mt lung d liu c th phn r ra thnh nhiu lung con, nu cn. + Cc tc nhn ngoi phi xut hin ton b trong BLD khung cnh, v khng c pht sinh mi cc mc di. Tuy nhin c th v li mt tc nhn ngoi mc di nu thy cn (chng hn thy ni xut pht hoc ni n ca mt lung d liu no ). + Cc kho d liu khng xut hin trong BLD bi cnh. Tuy nhin chng dn dn pht sinh cc mc di khi cn n . V d 1: Tr li V d v h thng thng tin c s tn dng th qu trnh phn tch trn xung l nh sau: - Mc khung cnh (mc 0): chc nng tng qut ca h thng l: Lm tn dng. Tc nhn ngoi ca h thng l khch vay(cng c th con c nhng i tc khc nh l Ngn hng, chnh quyn a phng v.v., song ta tm thi lc b cho n gin ). B sung cc lung d liu trao i gia h thng v tc nhn ngoi, ta c biu lung d liu khung cnh nh sau:

Khch vay

n vay Phiu thu

H thng tn dng 40

- Mc nh (mc 1): Chc nng lm tn dng c th phn r thnh hai chc nng con l Cho vay v thu n. Ngoi ba lung d liu vo / ra mc khung cnh c bo ton, th ta thy lung thng tin trao i gia hai chcc nng cho vay v thu n l khng trc tip, m phi thng qua mt kho d liu , l s n. T c BLD mc nh nh sau:

Tr li n vay

1. Cho vay

Khch vay 2. Thu n

S ghi n

Hon tr

- Mc di nh (mc 2) Chc nng 1 c phn r thnh ba chc nng: Nhn n, duyt vay v tr li n . Cn chc nng 2 th c phn r thnh 3 chc nng: Xc inh k hn tr , x l n tr trong hn v x l tr n ngoi hn. Bo ton cc lung DL vo/ra v thm cc lung DL ni b, ta lp c hai BLD nh ngha hai chc nng 1 v 2 nh sau:
+ nh ngha chc nng 1 +
1.1 Cho vay

n vay

n kim tra

nh ngha chc nng 2

Khch vay

S ghi n 1.3 Tr li n

1.2 Duyt vay


n duyt

T chi/p ng vay

41

Phiu thu

N tr trong hn

2.2 XL n trong hn S ghi n 2.3 XL n sai hn

Khch vay

Hon tr

2.1 Xc nh loi tr

N tr ngoi hn Phiu thu

V d 2: Biu lung d liu ca h thng qun l th vin - Mc khung cnh:


Lm th Yu cu mn

H thng QL th vin
c gi Kim tra v p ng yu cu

Cung cp sch Ngun c/cp sch

Yu cu cung cp sch

- Mc nh:

42

Yu cu

Cp nht

Ngun c/cp sch

Cung cp

QL sch v ti liu

Sch & ti liu

Th +Yu cu

Thng tin sch & ti liu Sch mn

c gi

QL Mn Tr
Th +sch/ti liu Yu cu lm th Xt v cp th

Sch tr

QL sch v ti liu

c gi

CCh : + Nu cng mt h thng, m ta tin hnh phn tch bng c hai cch: dng BPC v dng BLD th ng nhin gia hai m hnh phi c mi lin quan n khp: Lun lun phi c nh x 1-1 gia cc chc nng trong BPC vi cc chc nng trong cc BLD tng ng. 43

+ Qu trnh trin khai trn xung khng th ko di mi, m phi dng sau mt s mc. Ta quyt nh dng qu trnh, khi c nhng biu hin sau: + Cc chc nng l kh n gin . + Vi cc h thng va v nh s mc thng l 3, vi cc h thng ln s mc cng ch khong 6 Khi dng vic trin khai bng BLD, th mi chc nng trong cc BLD mc cui cng, ta phi cho mt c t trc tip. Qu trnh trin khai lm pht sinh rt nhiu tn gi: tn chc nng, tn lung d liu, tn kho d liu. Cc tn rt d gy lm ln cho cc ngi dng cng nh cc ngi thit k sau ny. Vy phi lp mt t in d liu gii thch cc tn gi . 3.2.4. M hnh vt l v m hnh logic Vic phn tch thng c bt u t cc m hnh cha nhiu yu t vt l m mc ch ca phn tch l i ti mt m hnh lgic ca h thng . Qu trnh phn mc ni mc trn ch c th dn ta vo nhng m t chi tit, ch khng phi l a n nhng m t lgic. Bi v trong m t m ta thu c(di dng cc BLD) th vn cn ln cc yu t vt l no . Nht l khi s m t m ta thnh lp li da trn s kho st mt h thng ang tn ti , ang hot ng , th cc yu t vt l vn y dy trong thc t, s c nhiu c hi lt qua s sng lc ca ngi phn tch i vo cc BLD c thnh lp. C ba loi yu t vt l c th ln vo cc BLD: (1) Cc yu t vt l xut hin tng minh trong ngn t hay hnh v ttrong biu nh l: + Cc phng tin, phng thc c dng thc hin cc chc nng (nh my tnh, bn phm, my in, x l th cng v.v) + Cc gi mang thng tin (nh a t, s sch, chng t trn giy , ng in thoi ...) + Cc tc nhn thc hin chc nng (nh gim c, k ton vin, th kho ...) (2) Cc chc nng vt l, l nhng chc nng gn lin vi mt cng c hay mt bin php x l nht nh , v s khng cn l do tn ti khi cng c hay bin php b thay i; chng hn chc nng nhp d liu vo my tnh s khng tn ti na khi ta khng dng my tnh, v l mt chc nng vt l. 44

(3) Cu trc vt l, y l cu trc chung ca biu ang cn phn nh trc tip cch b tr, t chc hay ci t hin ti, m cha phn nh r bn cht lgic ca h thng , cha thot ra ngoi mi cch ci t c th, chng hn h CVT nh my Z c 3 t cng tc l: t hng, nhn hng/pht hng v i chiu. Do mt cch t nhin, BLD mc nh c thnh lp vi 3 chc nng tng ng vi 3 t chc . Cu trc nh vy l cu trc ch quan ,v n b p t bi mt hnh thc t chc cng vic c th l cn tm thi v cha hn ng thc cht . Cc yu t vt l ni trn xen ln vo BLD, lm cho BLD phn nh khng tht trng bn cht ca h thng, cn phi gt b chng ra khi biu . loi b cc yu t vt l loi (1), ta ch cn loi b ra khi biu cc phn ngn t hay hnh v biu th phng tin, gi mang thng tin hay tc nhn, v ch gi li s din t ni dung ca chc nng hay thng tin m thi, chng hn :

45

1. H H 3 i chiu v kim tra th cng

thay bi

1. t hng 3 i chiu v kim tra

thay bi

Sc

thay bi

tr tin

loi b cc yu t loi (2), tc l cc chc nng vt l, trc ht phi lm cho chng xut hin trong biu thng th cc chc nng vt l l cc chc nng nh, cha xut hin cc BLD mc trn. V vy ta phi trin khai cc BLD xung cc mc thp. Khi phn d mi chc nng thnh cc chc nng nh, ta s tch c cc chc nng vt l ri khi cc chc nng lgic. T ta loi cc chc nng vt l ra khi biu . Sau khi loi b ht cc chc nng vt l ,th cc chc nng cn li l cc chc nng lgc v ta ang mt mc thp no . By gi ta s loi b yu t vt l loi(3), tc l cu trc vt l, bng cch t chc li cc biu , t di ln trn ,xut pht t cc chc nng lgc ni trn ,theo cc bc nh sau : + Trc ht do c cc chc nng vt l b loi, mt s lung d liu b t qung, ta phi tm cch ni chng li cho lin tc . + Tip xem xt ni dung cc chc nng lgc, tm cch gom cm cc chc nng gn gi v hp tc vi nhau trong mt mc ch x l vo mt chc nng ln , cho d trc y chng b chia la bi cc l do ci t. Lm nh th, ang mc di, ta li thnh lp c BLD mc trn, v c th tip tc, ta t chc li cc BLD cc mc, cho n mc nh. Cu trc ca cc biu by gi s khng cn mang tnh cht vt l na. Tm li, t BLD vt l mc nh, ta trin khai xung cc mc thp, r b cc chc nng vt l, ri li tr v cc mc cao chnh n li cu trc ca cc biu . Rt cc BLD vt l mc BLD Logic mc ta tr li v mc nh vi mt BLD lgic. Qu trnh c khi qut nh sau:
nh

nh

Trin khai xung thp lm l cc chc nng vt l

Gom nhm cc chc nng t chc li cc BLD Ni li cc lung DL

46

Xo cc chc nng vt l

3.3. C T TIN TRNH 3.3.1. Mc ch v yu cu c t chc nng Mt im chung trong vic s dng BPC v BLD l din t mt chc nng phc tp ta phn r n ra thnh nhiu chc nng con n gin hn. Ni cch khc l t mt hp en, ta gii thch n bng cch tch n ra thnh nhiu hp en. C v nh l mt s lun qun, song thc ra l c s tin b v cc chc nng con thu c l n gin hn trc. Mun y ti s tin b , ta tip tc phn r cc chc nng con ny. S lp li qu trnh phn r (thng qua cc BPC hay BLD) ng nhin ti mt lc phi dng li. Cc chc nng thu c mc cui cng, l rt n gin, cng vn cn c gii thch (nu khng th vn c l hp en). By gi s gii thch chc nng phi c thc hin bi nhng phng tin din t trc tip (khc vi cc BPC v BLD). Gi l s c t chc nng, thng gi tt l P-Spec (Process Specification). Mt c t chc nng thng c trnh by mt cch ngn gn, khng vt qu mt trang A4 v gm hai phn: Phn u gm: - Tn chc nng. - Cc d liu vo, - Cc d liu ra. Phn thn m t ni dung x l, thng s dng cc phng tin m t sau y (lit k theo trt t u tin gim dn): - Cc phng trnh ton hc. - Cc bng quyt nh hay cy quyt nh. - Cc s khi. - Cc ngn ng t nhin cu trc ho.

47

3.3.2. Cc phng tin c t chc nng


a) Cc bng quyt nh v cy quyt nh

Chng c s dng khi chc nng c c t thc cht mt s phn chia cc trng hp tu thuc mt s iu kin vo. ng vi mi trng hp th c mt s chn la khc bit mt s hnh ng ( hay gi tr) ra no . S cc gi tr c th ca mi iu kin vo phi l hu hn . Chng hn : L thng binh c th ly gi tr ng () hay Sai (S). iu kin tui tc c th ly 4 gi tr: Tui th (di 13 tui) Tui tr (T 13 n 29 tui) Trung nin (T 30 n 59 tui ) Tui gi ( T 60 tui tr nn).

Nh vy s cc trng hp c th c l c bit trc (bng tch ca cc s nhng gi tr c th ca cc iu kin vo). Nh vy ta khng st cc trng hp. l mt u im ng k ca cc quyt nh v cc cy quyt nh. Bng quyt nh l mt bng hai chiu, trong mt chiu (c th l chiu ngang hay chiu dc) c tch lm hai phn: mt phn cho cc iu kin vo v phn kia cho cc hnh ng hay cc bin ra. Chiu th hai l cc trng hp c th xy ra tu thuc gi tr ca cc iu kin. ng vi mi trung hp (l ct hay l dng), th cc hnh ng chn la s c nh du X hoc nu ci ra l cc bin, th cho cc gi tr tng ng ca cc bin .
Cc trng hp Cc iu kin Cc hnh ng iu kin XSSSSiu kin YSSSSiu kin ZSSSS

Hnh ng AXXHnh ng BXHnh ng CXXXXXHnh ng DXXXXXX

48

V d: Mt ca hng quyt nh: + Gim gi 10% cho thng binh . + Gim gi 5% cho con lit s. + Khng c php hng hai tiu chun(by gi ly mc cao nht) Nh vy chc nng xc nh mc gim gi cho khch hng c c t bng bng quyt nh sau: L thng binh L con lit s Gim gi 10% Gim gi 5% Gim gi 0%
Bng quyt nh gim gi

S X

S X

S S

Cy quyt nh ch l mt bin tng ca bng quyt nh; n phn chia cc trng hp nh cu trc cy thay v cu trc bng . Chng hn tng ng ca bng quyt nh trn ta c cy quyt nh sau: 10%
L thng binh S L con lit s L con lit s S 10% 5% 0%

Cy quyt nh gim gi b) S khi.

S khi l loi biu din t gii thut quen thuc v a dng vi cc ngi mi hc lp trnh, v n n gin d hiu. Vi lp trnh nng cao, th n bc l nhiu nhc im, cho nn n li t c a dng: n khuyn khch vic s dng trn lan GO TO. N khng th hin r ba cu trc iu khin c bn (tun t chn, lp), n h tr km cho lp trnh trn xung v cng t ra gng p vi lp trnh quy v.vTuy nhin vi nhim v c t cc chc nng n gin m ta cn y, th n p ng c yu cu. 49

Nu nh BLD ch c mt loi nt l chc nng (tc l cc hnh ng phi lm), th s khi li c hai loi nt: + Nt hnh ng x l(hnh ch nht ) + Nt kim tra iu kin (hnh thoi). Nu trong BLD mt cung l mt tuyn chuyn giao d liu th trong s khi mt cung l mt tuyn chuyn giao iu khin (ngha l chuyn giao quyn thc hin) Nh vy nu nh cc BLD chi tp trung din t nhng vic phi lm l g (vi mi lin quan v d liu gia chng ), th cc s khi li c phn m m hn, khng nhng ch ra cc vic phi lm, m cn ch ra cch dn dt cc vic . Chnh v s m m m n khng thch hp din t cc chc nng phc tp v ln. Di y l mt V d dng s khi c t chc nng lp danh sch trng tuyn v danh sch trt.
Cn th sinh cha xt? Tra cu im th sinh S Ra

im ts >= im chun?

S a th sinh vo danh sch trt

c) Cc ngn ng c cu trc.

Ngn ng c cu trc (cng cn c gi l m gi) l mt ngn ng t nhin (chng hn ting Vit) b hn ch: + Ch c php dng cc cu n sai khin hay khng nh (th hin cc lnh hay cc iu kin). 50

a th sinh vo danh sch

+ Cc cu n ny c ghp ni nh mt t kho th hin cc cu trc iu khin chn v lp. Nh vy ngn ng c cu trc c nhng c im ca mt ngn ng lp trnh, song n khng chu nhng hn ch v quy nh ngt ngho ca cc ngn ng lp trnh, cho nn c dng thoi mi hn. Tuy nhin n cng khng qu phng tng nh mt ngn ng t do. Di y l c t ca chc nng lp danh sch trng tuyn v danh sch trt dng ngn ng c cu trc.
Lp: Ly mt th sinh t kho cc th sinh Tra cu im ca mt th sinh no . Nu im ca th sinh >= im chun. Th a th sinh vo danh sch Khng th a th sinh vo danh sch trt n khi Ht th sinh.

3.4. BI TP

51

Chng 4: PHN TCH H THNG V D LIU

4.1. CC PHNG TIN M T D LIU Mt h thng trong trng thi vn ng bao gm hai yu t l cc chc nng x l v d liu. Gia x l v d liu c mi quan h mt thit cht ch v bn thn d liu c mi lin kt ni b khng lin quan n x l l tnh c lp d liu. M t d liu c xem nh vic xc nh tn, dng d liu v tnh cht ca d liu. D liu khng ph thuc vo ngi s dng ng thi khng ph thuc vo yu cu tm kim v thay i thng tin. Trong mc ny thun tin cho phng php nghin cu chng ta ch tp trung n cc phng tin v m hnh din t d liu. l cc thng tin c quan tm n trong qun l, n c lu tr lu di, c x l v s dng trong h thng thng tin qun l. C nhiu cng c m t d liu. Cc cng c ny l cc cch tru tng ho d liu c bit l mi quan h ca d liu nhm ph bin nhng ci chung nht m con ngi ta c th trao i vi nhau. Trong phn ny chng ta cp n 4 cng c ch yu: + M ho d liu + T in d liu + M hnh thc th lin kt + M hnh quan h 4.1.1. M ho cc tn gi
a) Khi nim m ho

M l tn vit tt gn cho mt i tng no hay ni cch khc mi i tng cn c tn v vn t ra l ta s t tn cho i tng nh th no. Trong mi i tng gm nhiu thuc tnh khc nhau th yu cu m ho cho cc thuc tnh cng l yu cu cn thit. Ngoi ra m ho cn l hnh thc chun ho d liu phn loi d liu lu tr v tm kim c hiu qu v bo mt d liu c bit trong cc h thng thng tin x l bng my tnh. Mt s V d v m ho: - Khi ta cn xc nh mt cng dn th s chng minh th hoc s h chiu l m ca cng dn . 52

- Khi cn xc nh xe t hay xe my th bin s xe l m ca xe .


b) Cht lng v yu cu i vi m ho

Trong thc t ta gp rt nhiu i tng cn m ho nh m ho ngnh ngh cn o to, m ho cc bnh, m s in thoi, m th sinh vin, th bo him y t,... Chng ta c nhiu phng php m khc nhau. Do vy cn xc nh mt s tiu ch nh gi cht lng ca vic m ho: + M ho khng c nhp nhng: Th hin nh x 1-1 gia m ho v gii m mi i tng c xc nh r rng v duy nht vi mt m nht nh. + Thch ng vi phng thc s dng: Vic m ho c th tin hnh bng th cng nn cn phi r hiu, d gii m, v vic m ho bng my i hi c php cht ch. + C kh nng m rng m: Thm pha cui (sau) ca cc m c Xen m mi vo gia cc m c, thng m xen phi dng phng php cc nhy, nhy u n da vo thng k trnh tnh trng bng n m. + M phi ngn gn lm gim kch c ca m, y cng l mc tiu ca m ho. Tuy nhin iu ny i khi mu thun vi khi nim m rng m sau ny. + M c tnh gi : Th hin tnh ng ngha ca m. i khi tnh gi l yu cu i vi m cng khai, v lm cho vic m ho thun tin d dng. + Cch m cn xc nh sao cho ti thiu ho sai st khi m v gim tnh d tha ca m.
c) Cc kiu m ho

(1). M ho lin tip (Serial Coding): Ta dng cc s nguyn lin tip 000,001, 002... m ho. Phng php ny thng nh s th t trong danh sch cc i tng. u im: Khng nhp nhng, n gin, thm pha sau. Khuyt im: Khng xen c, thiu tnh gi v cn phi c bng tng ng v khng phn theo nhm. 53

(2). M ho theo lt S dng cc s nguyn nh m ho lin tip nhng phn ratheo lt( lp) cho tng loi i tng, trong mi lt dng m lin tip. V d: M ho cc i tng l cc hng ng kim Vng 1: 0001 0999 m ha cc hng ng kim b, trong : 001 0099 m ha cc loi vt 0100 0299 m ha cc loi cu 0300 0499 m ha cc loi bulong 0500 0599 m ha cc loi inh .... 1000 1999 m ha cc chi tit kim loi, trong 1000 1099 m ha cc loi st ch U ....

Vng 2:

u im: Khng nhp nhng, n gin, c th m rng v xen thm c. Nhc im: vn phi dng bng tng ng. (3). M phn on: Bn thn m c phn thnh nhiu on mi on mang mt ngha ring. V d: S ng k xe my: Bin s xe ca ng X l 29 F6 6956 l bin xe ng k ti H Ni (m tnh l 29). 2
Tnh

Lt (x ri)

S lin tip

u im: Khng nhp nhng, m rng ,xen thm c v c dng kh ph bin, loi m ny cho php thit lp cc phng thc kim tra gin tip i vi m ca cc i tng bng cch trch rt cc on m kim tra. Nhc im: M qu di nn th tc m nng n, khng c nh v vn c th b bo ho m.

54

(4). M phn cp: Cc i tng c m ho theo ch phn cp cc chi tit nh dn. Mt hnh nh kh quen thuc ca m ho phn cp l nh s chng, tit, mc trong mt quyn sch. Chng 1 1.1 Bi 1 1.2 Bi 2 1.3 Bi 3 Chng 2 1.1 Bi 4 1.1.1 Mc 1 1.1.2 Mc 2 1.2 Bi 5 1.3 Bi 6 .... u im : Cc u im tng t nh m ho phn on, ngoi ra vic tm kim m d dng. Khuyt im :Tng nh nh cc nhc im ca m phn on. (5). M din ngha: Bng cch gn mt tn ngn gn nhng hiu c cho mt i tng. V d : i bng cc nc tham gia gii Tiger cup c m bng cch ly ba k t u nh sau: VIE: Vit Nam, THA: Thailand, SIN: Singapore, IND: indonesia, MAL : Malaysia. u im : Tin dng cho s l bng th cng. Khuyt im: Khng gii m c bng my tnh. Cc ch khi la chn s m ho Nh nu trn, c nhiu phng php m ho khc nhau, c th s dng mt kiu m no , cng c th s dng kt hp nhiu kiu t cht lng m tt nht. Vic la chn m ho cn da vo cc yu t sau: - Nghin cu vic s dng m sau ny. - Nghin cu s lng i tng c m ho lng trc c s pht trin. - Nghin cu s phn b thng k cc i tng phn b theo lp. - Tm xem c nhng m no c dng trc cho cc i tng ny k tha. 55

- Tha thun vi ngi dng cch m. - Th nghim trc khi dng chnh thc chnh l kp thi. 4.1.2. T in d liu
a) Khi nim

T in d liu l mt t liu tp trung mi tn gi ca mi i tng c dng trong h thng trong c cc giai on phn tch, thit k, ci t v bo tr. N l vn phm gi hnh thc m t ni dung ca cc s vt, i tng theo nh ngha c cu trc. Chng hn trong biu lung d liu(BLD): cc chc nng x l, kho d liu, lung d liu ch m t mc khi qut thng l tp hp cc khon mc ring l. Cc khi qut ny cn c m t chi tit hn qua cng c t in d liu.
b) Cu to t in

T in d liu gm cc mc t v li gii thch. Li gii thch th hin c cu trc ca 1 t bn cht lin gi tr v phm vi s dng V d: Lung d liu Mc t Phiu yu cu Ni dung - ngha : Lung d liu chuyn t tc nhn ngoi Bn c n tin trnh X l phiu yu cu - Thnh phn: S th c, Tn ti liu, Tn tc gi, S c bit, Ngy vit phiu Hnh 4.2. Mc t cho lung d liu Phiu yu cu V d: Kho d liu Mc t Ni dung - ngha: Cha mi thng tin v sch trong th vin - Thnh phn: S c bit, Tn sch, Tn tc gi, Nm xut bn, Nh xut bn, Ln xut bn, Ngy nhp, Loi sch, Cc t kho, Tm tt ni dung, V tr trong kho,Trng thi mn - T chc: Lu tr tun t v c sp xp theo S c bit. Khi cp nht sch mi c xp vo ng v tr ca n trong kho - Cc x l lin quan : Cp nht sch mi, Hu sch c, Tm kim sch theo cc thnh phn thng tin ring bit 56

Sch

Hnh 4.2. Mc t cho kho d liu Sch 4.2. M HNH THC TH LIN KT 4.2.1. Cc khi nim ca m hnh thc th lin kt M hnh thc th lin kt (Entity Association E/A) xut pht t ba khi nim c bn: thc th, lin kt v thuc tnh.

Thc th: Mt thc th( entity) l mt vt th c th hay tru tng, tn ti thc s v kh n nh trong th gii thc, m ta mun phn nh n trong h thng thng tin.

V d: Thc th c th nh: Hc sinh Trn Ngc Kha, Ha n s 58 Thc th tru tng nh: Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Thuc tnh: Thuc tnh (Property hay arttibute) l mt gi tr dng m t mt kha cnh no ca mt thc th.

V d: Tui ca Trn Ngc Kha l 17 Tng tin ca ha n s 58 l 800.000 Gi tr thuc tnh thng c cho km theo mt tn (tui 17, tng tin: 800.000). Tn thc t l tn chung ca mi gi tr c th chn la m t mt kha cnh nht nh ca cc thc th (tui: 17, tui: 20, tui:14...). Ta gi tn l mt kiu thuc tnh (property type). V d: Tui, tng tin ... l cc kiu thuc tnh. - Kiu thuc tnh a tr: L kiu thuc tnh m gi tr ca n i vi mt thc th c th l mt dy hay 1 tp cc gi tr. - Ta gi kiu thc th (entity type) l mt tp hp cc thc th c m t bi cng mt tp hp cc kiu thuc tnh v biu din cho mt lp t nhin cc vt th trong th gii thc. V d: Kiu thc th khch hng c m t bng cc kiu thuc tnh: tn, a ch, s ti khon. Mt hay mt tp kiu thuc tnh ca mt kiu thc th c gi l mt kha nu gi tr ca n cho php ta phn bit cc thc th vi nhau. V d: s ti khon v m hng ln lt l kha ca cc kiu thc th ti khon v mt hng. Cn vi kiu thc th Sch mn c th ly s hiu sch, s hiu c gi, 57

ngy mn lm kha (sch mn v nh nn mt c gi ch c mn mt cun sch nhiu nht mt ln trong mt ngy). Nu kha ch gm mt kiu thuc tnh duy nht th ta gi thuc tnh l mt nh danh (identifier). V d: SH Nhn vin M Nhn vin

Cc thuc tnh trong m hnh thc th lin kt c hai rng buc phi tho mn: - Gi tr duy nht: Mi thuc tnh ca mt thc th c th ly mt v ch mt gi tr duy nht. - Gi tr s ng: Gi tr thuc tnh khng th tch thnh cc phn nh hn.

Lin kt: Mt lin kt l mt s gom nhm cc thc th trong mi thc th c mt vai tr nht nh. - Khch hng n giao np n hng 3428. - n hng 3428 t mua cc mt hng 34 v 78 - Anh Lin l hc tr ca thy H.

V d:

Mt kiu lin kt (asociation type) l mt tp hp cc lin kt c cng ngha. Mt kiu lin kt l c nh ngha gia nhiu kiu thc th. Tn ca kiu lin kt thng c chn l mt ng t (ch ng hay b ng) phn nh ngha ca n . V d: - Kiu lin kt giao np gia kiu thc th khch hng v kiu thc th n hng (2 ngi). - Kiu lin kt t mua gia kiu thc th n hng v kiu thc th mt hng (2 ngi). - Kiu lin kt dy gia kiu thc th thy v kiu thc th tr (2 ngi). - Thi kha biu l mt kiu lin kt gia cc kiu thc th: Mn, gi, phng, lp ( lin kt nhiu ngi ) Cc gi tr ng s thng dng l 1 (1..1) 0..1 0.. * hay * 1.. * mt v ch mt khng hay mt t khng ti nhiu t mt ti nhiu. 58

m.. n

t m ti n.

4.2.2. c t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th c t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th, m hnh thc th lin kt thng c biu din di dng mt th, trong cc nt l cc kiu thc th, cn cc cung l cc kiu lin kt. th c gi l s thc th lin kt v c lp nh sau: + Mt kiu thc th c biu din bi mt hnh ch nht gm 2 ngn, ngn trn cha tn ca kiu thc th, ngn di cha danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh ca n. Tn kiu thc th thng l mt danh t (ch vt th). Cc kiu thuc tnh hp thnh kha ca kiu thc th c gch di, v thng t ln u danh sch. + Mt kiu lin kt c biu din bi mt hnh thoi, c ni bng nt lin ti cc kiu thc th tham gia lin kt. Trong hnh thoi vit tn kiu lin kt(tn ny c th khuyt, nu khng cn lm r). Nh trn ni tn kiu lin kt thng l mt ng t (ch ng hay b ng). Nu kiu lin kt l hai ngi, th hai u mt cc ng ni, st vi cc kiu thc th, ta ghi thm ng s (nu thy cn lm r). V d: Biu din ha ca kiu lin kt Mn.
c gi SH c gi H tn a ch
1 Mn 0..*

Sch mn S hiu sch Tn sch Ngy

Biu din ha ca kiu lin kt C CN vin SH CN vin H tn a ch


0..1 C 0..1

Lng
Bc lng

H s Ngy ln

Biu din ha ca kiu lin kt Cung ng

Nh CC SH nh CC 0..* H tn a ch
Cung ng 0..*

Mt hng
SH mt hng

Tn hng Mu

59

* Mt s trng hp c bit: - Lin kt quy: L kiu lin kt gia mt thc th vi chnh thc th . Ngi ID ngi H tn a ch
v 0..1 chng 0..1 kt hn

- Nhiu kiu lin kt gia hai thc th: Ngi M H tn a ch


1 S hu 0..*

Cn h

0..1

Thu

M CH Din tch 0..* a ch

- Kiu lin kt c thuc tnh m t: Ta ghi danh sch cc thuc tnh bn cnh hnh thoi; hoc v thm mt hnh ch nht hai ngn nh kiu thc th: ngn tn c th cha tn kiu lin kt hoc b trng; ngn thuc tnh cha cc thuc tnh, b sung cc thuc tnh kho ca cc kiu thuc tnh tham gia lin kt. V n c ni vi hnh thoi bng nt t.

Giao vin ID GVien H tn Khoa


Dy

Hc sinh ID HSinh H tn Lp

ID GVien
ID HSinh

Mn hc Nm hc 60

- Kiu lin kt nhiu ngi:


n hng

ID H Ngy a ch Mt hng M hng


Tn hng M t
Giao hng

Ngy Ngy

Giao hng

ID H M hng
Ngy Lng giao

4.2.3. M hnh thc th lin kt m rng v hn ch 4.2.3.1. M hnh E/A m rng a) Cc im m rng i vi m hnh E/A - Cc kiu thuc tnh a tr: Trong m hnh m rng c php dng kiu thuc tnh a tr. Ngha l tn ti kiu thuc tnh m gi tr ca n i vi mt thc th c th l mt dy hay mt tp cc gi tr. V d: Tn, tui cc con ca mt nhn vin. - Cc kiu thuc tnh phc hp: Cho php dng kiu thuc tnh phc hp t cc thuc tnh s ng, tc l c to thnh t s kt hp t nhiu kiu thuc tnh khc. Mc nh, mi gi tr ca kiu thuc tnh phc hp l s ghp cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh s ng tng ng. V d: Kiu thuc tnh a ch l s kt hp ca cc thuc tnh S nh, ng ph, Qun huyn, Tnh thnh. - Cc kiu thc th con: 61

Nu trong mt kiu thc th A, ta ch ra mt tp con B ca A, m cc thc th trong B va mang cc kiu thuc tnh chung ca cc thc th trong A, li va c thm mt s cc kiu thuc tnh mi, th ta ni l s chuyn bit ha. B c gi l kiu thc th con ca kiu thc th A. Cc kiu thuc tnh ca B bao gm mi kiu thuc tnh ca A cng thm cc kiu thuc tnh ring ca n. Ta ni: B tha k cc thuc tnh ca A. Qu trnh ngc li vi chuyn bit ha l s khi qut ha: T nhiu kiu thc th B, C,... ta rt ra cc kiu thuc tnh chung lp mt kiu thc th A (vi cc kiu thuc tnh chung ) sao cho B,C,... u l kiu thc th con ca A. V d: Cc thc th Sinh vin, Nhn vin l thc th con ca thc th Ngi. Ngi ID ngi H tn a ch

Sinh vin lp ngnh hc

Nhn vin Phng .ch CQ

b) Cch bin i biu E/A m rng v biu E/A kinh in Quy tc 1: Chuyn cc thuc tnh a tr v cc thuc tnh c gi tr duy nht. Thay mt kiu thuc tnh a tr T ca kiu thc th A bi mt kiu thc th mi E-T v kt ni A vi E-T bi mt kiu lin kt. a vo kiu thc th E-T mt kiu thuc tnh n tr t, tng ng vi cc gi tr thnh phn ca T. Nghin cu cc ng s cho kiu lin kt mi (gia A v E-T). V d 1: Kiu thc th Nhn vin c thuc tnh a tr l cc ngoi ng.
Nhn vin M NV H tn Cc NN
chuyn thnh

Nhn vin M NV H tn
0..*

Ngoi ng

Bit

0..*

Tn NN

Ch : Kiu thc th ni trn c gi l kiu thc th ph thuc; n ch tn ti cng vi kiu thc th chnh. 62

V d 2: Ho n:
S ho n:. Ngy:..

HO N
H tn khch hng:. a ch: Hnh thc thanh ton:.. M hng Tn hng n v tnh S lng n gi Thnh tin

Tng tin:

Ho n
S H Ngy H

Khch a ch Cch TT M hng Tn hng V tnh S lng n gi Thnh tin Tng H

Ho n
chuyn thnh S H Ngy H 0..* 0..*

Dng H M hng Tn hng V tnh S lng n gi

Khch a ch Cch TT Tng H

Thnh tin

Quy tc 2: X l cc thuc tnh a tr ca mt kiu lin kt. Thc th ho lin kt kiu , ri p dng quy tc 1 cho kiu thcth mi lp. Quy tc 3: X l cc kiu thuc tnh phc hp. Thay kiu thuc tnh phc hp bi cc kiu thuc tnh m tch hp thnh. V d: Kiu thuc tnh a ch thay bng cc thuc tnh S nh, ng ph, Qun huyn, Tnh thnh. Quy tc 4: X l cc kiu thc th con. Gi s B l thc th con ca thc th A. C hai cch x l: 63

- Loi b kiu thc th B v b sung mi kiu thuc tnh ca B vo trong A, ng thi thm mt kiu thuc tnh cho php phn loi cc thc th ca A (thuc B hay khng thuc B). Chuyn mi kiu lin kt vi B sang A, v nghin cu li cc ng s cho chng. - Thay i mi quan h tha k gia A v B bng mt kiu lin kt gia A v B m cc ng s ti a bng 1. Nghin cu c th cc ng s ti thiu. 4.2.3.2. M hnh E/A hn ch a) Cc im hn ch i vi m hnh E/A M hnh thc th lin kt hn ch b hn ch nhiu v cc hnh thc din t nhng li rt gn vi m hnh quan h v do d dng chuyn sang ci t vi mt h qun tr CSDL. Ngoi cc rng buc cc thuc tnh c gi tr duy nht v c tnh s ng th m hnh E/A hn ch c b sung thm cc rng buc sau: - i vi cc lin kt hai ngi dng: A
m..n p..q

th ch cn c dng lin kt 1-nhiu, tc l trng hp n=1 v q>1 hoc q=*. A B

Nh vy, cc kiu lin kt 1-1 (n=1 v q=1), cng nh cc kiu lin kt nhiunhiu (n>1 v q>1) u khng th hin tng minh trong m hnh E/A hn ch. Do , m hnh E/A hn ch i khi cn c gi l m hnh E/A mt - nhiu. - i vi kiu lin kt nhiu ngi (>2) th khng c hnh thc din t tng minh trong m hnh E/A hn ch. b) Cch bin i mt m hnh E/A kinh in v m hnh E/A hn ch Tuy b hn ch v hnh thc biu din, song kh nng din t ca m hnh E/A hn ch vn tt. Ta c th bin i mi m hnh E/A kinh in v m hnh hn ch bng cch p dng cc quy tc sau: Quy tc 1: X l kiu lin kt 1-1. Ta c th thc hin bng 1 trong 2 cch sau: 64

Cch 1: Xem kiu lin kt 1-1 l trng hp ring ca lin kt 1-nhiu (nhiu y l p..*, khi p=0 s c hiu l 0,1 hay nhiu) v v li n bng ng ni thng hay mt ng ni c chn vt mt u. Cch lm ny vi phm s hn ch ca m hnh, hay gy hiu nhm nn t dng. Cch 2: Gp hai thc th c quan h 1-1 thnh mt kiu thc th duy nht bng cch ho trn hai danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh vi nhau. V d: C hai kiu thc th Chng minh th v L lch cn b c quan h 1-1.
Chng minh th S CMT H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr Ngy cp CMT Ni cp CMT 1 C 0..1 L lch cn b M cn b H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr n v cng tc H s lng

Chuyn theo Cch 1:


Chng minh th S CMT H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr Ngy cp CMT Ni cp CMT L lch cn b M cn b H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr n v cng tc H s lng Chng minh th S CMT H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr Ngy cp CMT Ni cp CMT L lch cn b M cn b H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr n v cng tc H s lng

Chuyn theo Cch 2:


L lch cn b M cn b H tn S CMT H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr Ngy cp CMT Ni cp CMT n v cng tc H s lng

Quy tc 2: X l cc kiu lin kt nhiu ngi.

lin kt 2 ngi n - n v cc kiu 65

Thc th ho mi kiu lin kt bng mt kiu thc th mi c cha cc kiu thuc tnh l kho ca cc kiu thc th tham gia (tp hp cc kho ny l kho bi ca kiu thc th mi). Ni thc th ny vi cc thc th tham gia lin kt bng cc lin kt 1-n (pha nhiu thc th mi ny). V d: C cc kiu quan h ca cc thc th: Nh CC
SH nh CC H tn a ch 0..* Cung ng 0..*

Mt hng
SH mt hng Tn hng Mu

chuyn Nh CC
SH nh CC H tn a ch

c thnh:

Catal
SH mt hng Tn hng Mu

Mt hng
SH mt hng Tn hng Mu

Lp hc
M Lp Tn lp Thi kho biu

Mn hc
M mn Tn mn

Phng
M PH

Thi gian
Ngy gi

chuyn thnh

Lp hc
M Lp Tn lp

Phng
M PH

Mn hc
M mn Tn mn

Thi kho biu M Lp M PH M mn Ngy gi

c) Cc kiu thuc tnh kho v cc kiu thuc tnh kt ni 66

* Kho: l mt tp cc kiu thuc tnh ca mt kiu thc th dng phn bit cc thc th trong kiu thc th . Kho c th l kho n (ch c mt kiu thuc tnh) v kha bi (kho gm 2 kiu thuc tnh tr nn). Kho bi thng gp trong cc trng hp sau: - Cc kiu thc th ph thuc: Kho ca mt kiu thc th ph thuc lun phi bao gm kho ca kiu thc th chnh, v n lm nhim v kt ni mt thc th ph thuc vi mt thc th chnh. - Cc kiu thc th c lp t Quy tc 2, tc l cc kiu thc th din t mt quan h u phi c kho bi hp thnh t kho ca cc kiu thc th tham gia quan h. * Kiu thuc tnh kt ni (hay cn gi l kho ngoi): l kiu thuc tnh vn l kho ca mt kiu thc th khc nhng li xut hin trong kiu thc th ny vi nhim v m t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th. 4.2.4. Phng php phn tch theo m hnh thc th lin kt
a) Hai cch tin hnh: trn xung v di ln

Cc thng tin c a vo m hnh thc th lin kt di 3 hnh thc: thc th, lin kt v thuc tnh. pht hin cc kiu thc th v cc kiu thuc tnh ca chng c th tin hnh theo hai cch ngc nhau: Cch (1): trc ht i snh vi thc t tm ra cc kiu thc th, ri sau i vi mi kiu thc th chn, tm cc kiu thuc tnh m t n. Cch (2): tm tp hp cc kiu thuc tnh nh l nhng loi thng tin s ng xut hin trong h thng, ri gom nhm, t chc chng li thnh tng cm theo ch m t. Mi cm tr thnh mt kiu thc th Tuy nhin cch tt nht l hn hp c hai cch lm trn bng cch lp i lp li nhiu ln: T cc kiu thc th, tm ra cc kiu thuc tnh, ri t kiu thuc tnh ta t chc li, chnh sa v b xung thnh cc kiu thc th, vng i vng li cho n khi tha ng. Mt thc th, nh ta nh ngha trn, l mt vt th c th hay tru tng, tn ti thc s v kh n nh trong th gii thc m ta mun phn nh n trong h thng thng tin. Tuy nhin, khng phi mi vt th c trong thc t u tr thnh thc th, m phi c s tuyn chn khi a vo m hnh. S tuyn chn da trn hai tiu ch: 67

- C ch cho vic qun l. - C cch phn bit vi cc thc th khc. Mt thuc tnh, nh nh ngha trn, l mt gi tr (d liu) m t mt kha cnh no ca mt thc th. Cng khng phi mi c im c th ca mt thc th u c xem l thuc tnh cho n, m phi c s tuyn chn theo yu cu qun l. Xt v vai tr ca kiu thuc tnh trong mt kiu thc th, ta phn bit ba loi kiu thuc tnh: - Thuc tnh kha - Thuc tnh kt ni (hay kha ngoi) - Thuc tnh m t. V cc thuc tnh kha v kt ni, ta s cp di cng vi vic xem xt cc lin kt. Cn i vi cc thuc tnh m t, tuyn chn chng ta da vo mt s cch phn loi, cp hai mc nh tip sau y.
b) Phn loi cc thuc tnh theo ni dung din t

Cc d liu trong mt h thng thng tin qun l (ni y l cc thuc tnh v t l cc thc th) c th tch lm hai loi theo ni dung din t: + Cc d liu phn nh cu trc tnh ca h thng kinh doanh dch v. C th ni l phn m t h tng c s ca h thng kinh doanh dch v v mi trng ca n, v l phn n nh nht trong CSDL, bao gm: - V nhn lc: Nhn vin, Khch hng, Nh cung cp.... - V ti sn, thit b nguyn vt liu: Nh xng, Ca hng, my t, Mt hng, nguyn liu .... - V t chc v c cu: Phng ban, Phn xng, Khoa, B mn, Lp,.v.v... + Cc d liu phn nh cc s kin trong hot ng kinh doanh nh : - Cc giao dch: t hng, ng k, Giao hng, Thanh ton,... - Cc bo co, tng kt thng k. Trn mt gc nhn khc, li c th phn chia cc d liu thnh : 68

+ Cc d liu sng: l cc d liu phn nh thc t hin ti v ang c s dng. Cc d liu ny phi lun lun c cp nht cho khi lc hu vi thc t. V d : L lch cc nhn vin ang ti chc, n hng ang x l (cha hon tt). + Cc d liu lch s: l cc d liu phn nh qu kh ca h thng kinh doanh dch v, c chuyn sang lu gi, khng cp nht, khng dng trong cc tnh ton x l, v ch c th tham kho khi cn. Thng th cc d liu lch s c lu trn b nh tch bit vi cc d liu sng (cho nn thng c gi l C s ngoi lung). V d: H s v cc nhn vin ra khi c quan, n hng hon tt, ti khon ng ...
c) Phn loi cc thuc tnh theo c im v gi tr ca n

Xt v c im ca gi tr m thuc tnh c th nhn, th ta c th phn loi da trn hai tiu ch sau: + Thuc tnh tnh ton hay thuc tnh khng tnh ton ; + Thuc tnh vng bn hay thuc tnh khng bn vng. Thuc tnh tnh ton l thuc tnh m gi tr ca n thu c bi s tnh ton theo mt cng thc (hay quy trnh) xut pht t gi tr ca mt hoc mt s thuc tnh khc. V d: Thnh tin = n gi x s lng Nh rng hai yu cu i vi lc v khi nim d liu l cc thng tin phi v khng d tha. Th th cc thuc tnh tnh ton l d tha, vy v nguyn tc l khng c a vo lc . Tuy nhin cc thuc tnh tnh ton khng phi l khng c ch. sau ny n giai on thit k, khi xt thm hai yu cu mi l: Tin li v nhanh chng, th rt c th l li phi a chng vo c s d liu. Vy giai oan phn tch, ta hy ghi nhn chng li sau ny tr li xem xt, thm ch nu thy vai tr ca chng l khng th thiu. Thuc tnh khng tnh ton (cn c gi l thuc tnh nguyn thu ) l thuc tnh m gi tr ca n c cung cp t bn ngoi h thng (khng th suy ra c t bn trong h thng ). Thuc tnh bn vng l thuc tnh m gi tr ca n khi c th khng thay i c na. Ngc li l thuc tnh khng bn vng. 69

Phi hp hai tiu ch trn, ta c bn loi thuc tnh : + Thuc tnh tnh ton v bn vng, chng hn : Tng tin ca mt ho n, Tin lng (ca mt nhn vin trong thng hin ti ). + Thuc tnh tnh ton v khng bn vng, chng hn: Lng hng tn kho, S d tit kim. + Thuc tnh khng tnh ton v bn vng, chng hn: Ngy sinh, Gii tnh (ca mt ngi ). + Thuc tnh khng tnh ton v khng bn vng, chng hn: S cc con ca mt nhn vin, a ch mt khch hng.
d) Cc thuc tnh kho,thuc tnh kt ni v cc lin kt

Mt kiu thuc tnh kho ca mt kiu thc th l mt kiu thuc tnh m gi tr ca n tng ng vi mi thc th l ring bit cho thc th .Vy kho cho php ch nh mi thc th,cho php phn bit cc thc th vi nhau. Trong bc u phn tch, c th cha cn quan tm vi n vic chn kho. Song cui cng th trong lc d liu hon chnh , mi kiu thc th u phi c kho. Thuc tnh kho c th chn trong s cc thuc tnh t nhin, min l gi tr ca n l khc bit cho mi thc th. Chng hn nu tn chnh thc cho mi cng ty u c ng k vi nh nc v bo m khng trng lp, th c th ly Tn cng ty lm kho cho cc cng ty. Nu trong mt khch sn, cc phng c sn mu sc khc nhau, th c th ly mu lm kho ch nh cc phng trong khch sn . Tuy nhin, t khi tm c mt thuc tnh t nhin lm kho by gi ngi ta dng thuc tnh kha nhn to y l cc m, cc s hiu, nh l m hng, S hiu n hng... Trong mt kiu thc th, mt kiu thuc tnh c gi l kiu thuc tnh kt ni (hay l cn gi l mt tham chiu) nu n khng phi l kho ca kiu thc th , nhng li l kho ca mt kiu thc th khc. Sau khi c tp hp cc kiu thc th, th ta cn nghin cu pht hin cc kiu lin kt gia hai kiu thc th. Vic tm cc kiu lin kt c th lm theo hai cch:

70

Da trn ngha cc kiu thc th ( thc th trong , c th ng vai tr

g?), da theo cc quy tc qun l hay cc quy trnh giao dch m ta pht hin ra cc kiu lin kt. V d: Quy trnh bn hng bt u bng mt khch hng a n n t hng. T s kin ta pht hin ra c mi lin quan gia khch hng v n hng. + Tm trn danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh ca cc kiu thc th ( lp bc trc) hoc tm trn cc chng t giao dch, ta c th pht hin ra cc tham chiu. Mi tham chiu l biu hin cho mt kiu lin kt. V d: Xem cc n hng, ta thy n hng no cng c Tn ( hay M s khch hng). chnh l mt tham chiu. Vy phi c mt kiu lin kt gia hai kiu thc th n hng v khch hng. V d: Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt cho h thng QL CVT Cc kiu thc th s b c th pht hin l: + V nhn lc, ti nguyn c phn xng, ngi cung cp, Mt hng, + V giao dch c d tr, n hng, Giao hng, Ho n, Pht hng, Tip ta pht hin cc kiu lin kt gia chng bng cch duyt li qu trnh giao dch( t khi phn xng a d tr n khi phn xng nhn c hng) qua ta s thy c cc mi lin h gia cc kiu thc th. B sung cc kiu thuc tnh cho mi kiu thc th (trn hnh khng ghi chi tit cc thuc tnh m t). Ring vic chn kho, ta lu mt im sau: + Cc SH-n hng, SH-giao hng, SH-phn xng, M hng c qun l thng nht, vy c th lm kho (n) ca cc kiu thc th tng ng. + Tri li SH-d tr, SH-giao hng,SH-ho n l kho ngoi i vi h thng, c th xy trng lp, vy mun dng chng lm kho th SH-d tr phi km vi SH-phn xng, SH-giao hng v SH- ho n phi km SH nh cung cp . Ta c cc m hnh thc th lin kt - M hnh thc th lin kt m rng, - M hnh thc th lin kt kinh in - M hnh thc th lin kt hn ch. 71

nh sau:

72

73

74

Phn xng SH_PX Chi tit PX


Xut cho Lp

D tr Xut Nhp kho M hng Ngy XN X_N Lng XN


Pht cho SH-DT SH-PX Ngy DT M hng Lng DT

Nhp vo

Pht hng SH-PH Ngy PH M hng Lng PH


Gm

a vo

iu chnh

n hng Tn kho M hng Lng TK Ngng


Pht theo Gm Gm

Mt hng M hng Chi tit MH


Gm Gm Cung ng

SH-H Ngy H M hng Lng H

Gi cho

Ngi CC Tn NCC Chi tit NCC

Ho n SH-H Tn NCC Ngy H Tng tin M hng Lng H Giao hng


Tnh theo

SH-GH Tn NCC Ngy GH M hng Lng GH

Thc hin Theo

Lp

Hnh 4.1. Lc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt m rng. Trong lc trn dng tam gic ch hng c mi lin kt v dng thuc tnh in nghing nh du cc thuc tnh a tr.

75

1 1 0..1

1..* Phn xng 1 SH_PX Chi tit PX

1 ..*

Lp

Xut cho

1
Pht cho

* Xut Nhp 0..1 kho M hng Ngy XN X_N Lng XN *


iu chnh

* D tr SH-DT SH-PX Ngy DT 1


C

Nhp vo

* Pht hng 0..1 SH-PH Ngy PH 1


C

1..* * Dng d tr SH-DT SH-PX M hng Lng DT


Gm

1 Tn kho M hng Lng TK Ngng


Pht theo

1..* 1 Dng pht hng SH-PH M hng Lng PH *


Gm

1
a vo

1 * Dng n hng 1
Gm

Gm

1 1 Mt hng

* Dng ho n SH-H Tn NCC M hng Lng H 1..*


C

1 M hng Chi tit MH * *


Gm

SH-H M hng Lng H 1 1..*


C

1 Dng giao hng

1 n hng *
Theo

Tnh theo

SH-GH 1 Tn NCC M hng Lng GH 1..*


C

SH-H Ngy H *
Gi cho

1 Ho n SH-H Tn NCC Ngy H Tng tin *

1 Giao hng SH-GH Tn NCC Ngy GH *

Cung ng Thc hin

1 * Ngi CC Tn NCC 1 Chi tit NCC 1


Lp

76

Xut Nhp kho M hng Ngy XN X_N Lng XN

Phn xng SH_PX Chi tit PX

D tr SH-DT SH-PX Ngy DT

Pht hng Tn kho M hng Lng TK Ngng SH-PH Ngy PH

Dng d tr SH-DT SH-PX M hng Lng DT

Dng pht hng SH-PH M hng Lng PH

Dng n hng SH-H M hng Lng H

Mt hng M hng Chi tit MH Dng ho n SH-H Tn NCC M hng Lng H n hng SH-H Ngy H Dng giao hng SH-GH Tn NCC M hng Lng GH

Ngi CC/ Mt hng Tn NCC M hng n gi

Ho n SH-H Tn NCC Ngy H Tng tin Giao hng SH-GH Tn NCC Ngy GH

Ngi CC Tn NCC Chi tit NCC

77

4.3. M HNH D LIU QUAN H 4.3.1. Cc khi nim a) Domain - Min Domain l mt tp hp khng rng D. biu din mt phn t thuc D, ta vit ED. Min (domain) l mt tp cc gi tr hoc cc i tng. Gi D1, D2, ...Dn, l n min, khi D l tp hp cc phn t ca tch cc D1D2...Dn. Cng c th s lng cc phn t ca D b gim i bi mt iu kin xc nh cho trc. b) Thuc tnh (Attribute) Thuc tnh l mt lp d liu m t hnh vi, tnh cht pht sinh trong CSDL, ngha l n ch da vo tnh cht ca lp d liu ny. Mi thuc tnh c gn vi mt v ch mt domain. Mt mc d liu (item) ca mt thuc tnh trong CSDL l mt gi tr ca domain ca thuc tnh ny. Mt thuc tnh gi l c tnh joined nu n c nh ngha t mt vi cc thuc tnh khc; do domain ca n l tp con ca tch cc cc domain ca cc thuc tnh ny. K hiu: - Gi c l gi tr ca thuc tnh C. Nu C c to thnh t cc thuc tnh C 1, C2,...,Cn, khi ta k hiu c.C1 v c(C1) ch gi tr c i vi thuc tnh C1. - Nu thuc tnh C c cc domain D1, D2, ...Dn th c.D1 v c(D1) ch gi tr c trong domain D1. c) Quan h Mt quan h (Relation) n-R l tp R+ cc thuc tnh ca R v mt v t m t bi
R

cha cc bin s t do (v d ,) tng ng cc thuc tnh ca R+ v nhn cc gi

tr trong cc domain ca cc thuc tnh . Mt b (n-tuple) ca R l mt phn t ca tnh cc ca cc domain tng ng vi n thuc tnh ca R. Mt thc th (entity) r ca R l mt b ca R tho mn v t Mt cch n gin, quan h R l mt bng d liu hai chiu. 78
R

(r)=true.

d) Lc quan h Lc quan h l s hp thnh ca hai yu t: - Mt cu trc, gm tn quan h v danh sch cc thuc tnh (mi thuc tnh gn vi mt min) thng cho di dng R(A1A2An) - Mt tp hp cc rng buc ton vn, tc l cc iu kin m mi quan h trong lc phi tho mn. - V mt hnh thc: Lc quan h cho bi mt cp gm hai thnh phn =<U+, F> , trong : U+: L tp cc thuc tnh F: L tp cc ph thuc hm trn U+. - Cho R l mt quan h trn tp thuc tnh U +, ta ni R thuc lc quan h =<U+, F> nu R tho mn tt c cc ph thuc hm ca tp F. 4.3.2. Ph thuc hm 4.3.2.1. Cc dng chun a) nh ngha ph thuc hm Cho quan h R(ABC), trong C c th rng. Ta ni tp thuc tnh B ph thuc hm vo tp thuc tnh A, nu trong R hai b (a1 b1 c1), (a2 b2 c2) bt k c a1=a2 th cng u c b1=b2. C ngha l mi gi tr ca thuc tnh A xc nh duy nht gi tr ca thuc tnh B. K hiu ph thuc hm ny l A B. V d: Trong cc quan h BANDOC,SACH,v BNDOC_SACH: BANDOC SACH : S th " { Tn bn c, C quan, Hn SD} : M sch " {Tn sch,Tc gi}

BANDOC_SACH : {S th, M sch}" Ngy mn Nu A l mt nhm cc thuc tnh th ph thuc hm A " B trong R c gi l S ng nu nh khng tn ti A m A" B Ph thuc hm A " B trong quan h R c gi l trc tip nu nh khng tn ti thuc tnh X trong quan h R, X khc vi A v B sao cho A "B v X " B, Ni cch khc, ph thuc hm A " B trc tip nu nh khng phi l bc cu 79

b) Tnh cht ca cc ph thuc hm (fd1) Tnh phn x. If X Y then Y X l mt ph thuc hm ca R. (fd2) Lut tng trng If X Y l mt fd ca R v Z W then XW YZ l mt fd ca R. (fd3) Tnh bc cu If X Y and Y Z l cc fd ca R then X Z l mt fd ca R. (fd4) Gi bc cu If X Y and YW Z l cc fd ca R then XW Z l mt fd ca R. (fd5) Php hp If X Y and X Z l cc fd ca R then X YZ l mt fd ca R. (fd6) Php khai trin If X Y and Z Y l cc fd ca R then X Z l mt fd ca R. 4.3.3. Kho ti thiu a) Kho (Key) v siu kho (super key) ca quan h - Cho mt quan h R trn tp thuc tnh U + v XU+. X c gi l siu kho ca quan h R nu R tho mn ph thuc hm X U+ . V d 1: Quan h KQHocTap(MaSV, MaMH, Diem) X1=MaSV, MaMH, Diem X2=MaSV, MaMH Ta c X1, X2 l hai siu kho ca quan h QKHocTap. - Mt siu kho ca quan h R c gi l kho ca R nu n l siu kho ti thiu. Siu kho ti thiu l siu kho m nu b i mt thuc tnh th n khng cn l siu kho na. Vy X (XU+) l kho ca R R : X U + v A X th R khng tho ph thuc hm X-A U+. V d 2: C X2 l kho ca quan h QKHocTap.

80

Nhn xt: Khi nim kho v siu kho ca quan h ph thuc vo th hin c th ca quan h . b) Kho (Key) v siu kho (super key) ca lc quan h - Siu kho: Cho lc quan h =<U+, F> v XU+. X c gi l siu kho ca lc quan h nu X l siu kho ca mi quan h thuc lc . - Kho: Cho lc quan h =<U+, F> v XU+. X c gi l kho ca lc quan h nu X l siu kho ti thiu ca lc . V d 1: Cho lc quan h: =<U+ ={MaSV, MaMH, Diem}, F={MaSV,MaMHDiem}> X=MaSV, MaMH l siu kho ca lc quan h =<U+, F>. V vi mt quan h R bt k thuc lc th tp thuc tnh ca R, R +=U+={MaSV, MaMH, Diem} v X U+. Ngoi ra X l siu kho ti thiu, nn X l kho ca lc quan h. Ch : X l mt siu kho ch c mt thuc tnh th n chnh l kho. V d 2: Cho lc quan h =<U+ =ABCD, F={AB CD, B AC} Kim tra B l kho: t t' A B C D

Vy BABCD, S l kho. 4.3.4. Chun ho 4.3.4.1. Cc dng chun


a) Dng chun 1NF

Mt lc quan h c gi l dng chun 1NF nu mi thuc tnh ca n u l nguyn t. V d: Cha dng 1NF S# Product P# QTy S# P# QTy

81

s1 s1 s2 s2

p1 p2 p1 p2

200 500 300 100 1NF

s1 s1 s2 s2

p1 p2 p1 p2

200 500 300 100

Trong thuc tnh Product c th tch thnh 2 thuc tnh con c lp nhau, do Product cha nguyn t, ta a v dng chun 1NF bng cch tch Product thnh 2 thuc tnh P# v Qty. Tuy nhin cn ch quan nim nguyn t s quyt nh dng chun 1NF, m quan nim ny ph thuc vo yu cu xy dng CSDL v khai thc CSDL. V d: Cn qun l tnh trng bn hng trong tng ngy, khi thuc tnh Qty cn phi tch thnh: Ngy bn+n gi+ S lng. V dng chun 1NF nh sau: S# P# Date Price QTY

b) Dng chun 2NF

* Khi nim ph thuc hm y : V d: Trn quan h KQTHI(MaSV, MaMT, iem) c: MaSV, MaMT iem MaSV iem MaMT iem + Khi qut: - Y c gi l ph thuc hm y vo X trn quan h R nu X Y tho trn R. Nhng vi mi tp con X ' X (X'X) th X' Y khng tho trn R. - Y c gi l ph thuc hm y vo X trn lc quan h =<U+, F> nu XY tho trn . Nhng vi mi tp con X ' X (X'X) th X' Y khng tho trn . + Nu ta s dng k hiu =<U+, F>. iu kin Y ph thuc y vo X l: 82

F | - X Y (hay Y X +F ) ' ' '+ X X : F | X Y(hay Y X F )


* Tiu chun Y ph thuc y vo X trn lc quan h =<U+, F>

Y X +F ' '+ X X : Y X F
V d: Cho F={AC, BC, AD, DEC, CEA} - Kim tra C c ph thuc y vo AD hay khng? Khng v F |- AC. - Kim tra AB c ph thuc y vo BCE hay khng? * nh ngha: Mt lc gi l dng chun 2NF nu: - dng chun 1NF, - Mi thuc tnh khng kho (thuc tnh khng nm trong kho no vi mi kho) u ph thuc y vo kho. Ch : Trong thc t th ta thng gi mt kho lm kho chnh Primary Key. Khi yu cu ca dng chun (yu hn v mt l thuyt) ch cn cc thuc tnh khng kho ph thuc y vo kho chnh. V d: Cho lc =<U+={MaSV, TenSV, MaMT, TenMon, iemThi}; F={MaSVTenSV; MaMTTenMon; MaSV, MaMTiemThi}> Nhn xt: cha dng chun 2NF v X=MaSV, MaMT l kho ca . Cc thuc tnh khng kho l TenSV, TenMon, iemThi Ta c thuc tnh TenSV, TenMon khng ph thuc y vo kho ch ph thuc vo b phn ca kho. Lc c tch thnh cc lc sau: 1=<U+={MaSV, TenSV}; F={MaSVTenSV}> 2=<U+={MaMT, TenMon}; F={MaMTTenMon}> 3=<U+={MaSV, MaMT, DiemThi}; F={MaSV, MaMTiemThi}> 1, 2 hin nhin dng chun 2NF.

83

3 c kho duy nht l X=MaSV, MaMT. Thuc tnh khng khoa l DiemThi ph thuc y vo kho X. V
DiemThi X + + DiemThi MaSV DiemThi MaMT +

c) Dng chun 3NF

* Khi nim ph thuc bc cu: - Nhn xt: Cht lng "tt" ca mt quan h lin quan n cht ch ca cc ph thuc d liu gia cc thuc tnh khng kho v thuc tnh kho. Khi nim ph thuc y trn l v d. nh ngha tt hn ta xt khi nim ph thuc bc cu. - nh ngha: Cho lc quan h =<U+, F>, tnh ca U+. Ta ni A ph thuc bc cu vo X trn nu c th chn mt cu thc s Y vn gia quan h A v X. Ngha l
X U+ , A U+

A l mt thuc

X Y, Y A (Y khng X) A XY
Nu c ph thuc bc cu gia A v X nh trn ta ni A v X cn ph thuc lng. nh ngha 1: Lc quan h c gi dng chun 3NF nu i) dng chun 1NF ii) Mi thuc tnh khng kho khng c ph thuc bc cu vo kho nh ngha 2: Lc quan h c gi dng chun 3NF nu i) dng chun 2NF ii) Mi thuc tnh khng kho khng c ph thuc bc cu vo kho. Ch : A ph thuc khng y vo kho X, ch ph thuc vo Y ( Y X, Y X ) th A cng ph thuc bc cu: X Y A. V d 1: Cho lc quan h nh sau: =<U+=CTRHSG; F={C T, HR C, HT R, CS G, HS R}> 84

C - gio trnh (Curriculum) T - Gio vin (Teacher) R - Phng hc (Room)

H - Gi (Hour) S - Sinh vin (Student) G - Lp (grade)

C T: Mi gio trnh c mt thy dy, HR C: Ch mt mn hc mt phng hc ti mt thi im, HT R: Ti mi thi im mi gio vin ch c th dy mt phng hc, CS G: Mi sinh vin ch mt lp hc theo mi gio trnh. HS R: Mi sinh vin ch c th mt phng hc ti mt thi im. Yu cu: Kim tra c dng chun 3NF hay khng? Nu khng dng chun no? - Xc nh tp K cc kho ca v tp N cc thuc tnh khng kho. o Nhn xt: Thuc tnh HS tham gia kho v chng khng xut hin v phi. Kim Tra HS c phi l kho khng. HS+=HSRCTG=U+. Ta c kho K={HS} l kho duy nht, N={RCT} l cc thuc tnh khng kho. o R l thuc tnh khng kho: HS HT R (HT khng HS). Nh vy R ph thuc bc cu vo kho HS thng qua cu HT. Suy ra khng dng chun 3NF. - Kim tra N=RCT c ph thuc y vo HS hay khng? o C
H C : H + = H C H + + + S C:S = S C S

Vy C ph thuc y vo HS

o Tng t RT KL: dng chun 2NF.


d) Dng chun BCNF

* nh ngha: Cho mt lc , dng chun BCNF nu: i) dng chun 1NF 85

ii) Nu X Y l mt ph thuc hm khng tm thng tho mn trn th X phi l siu kho ca . 4.3.4.2. Chun ho
a) nh ngha: Chun ho l s phn r khng lm mt mt thng tin ca mt quan

h R thnh mt tp hp cc quan h dng chun 3NF.


b) Chun ho theo hng phn tch

Thc hin chun ho dn dn theo cc bc 1NF 2NF 3NF i. a v dng chun 1NF: Thc hin tch cc thuc tnh lp + Nhm cc thuc tnh n to thnh mt quan h. Chn kho cho n. + Nhm cc thuc tnh lp tch ra, tng thm kho ca quan h trn to thnh mt quan h (hay mt s quan h theo ch ). Chn kho cho cc quan h ny, thng l kho bi, trong kho ca quan h trn l mt thnh phn. ii. a v dng chun 2NF: Thc hin tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo mt phn ca kho. + Nhm thuc tnh khng b tch to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c. + Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh cng ph thuc vo mt phn thuc tnh no ca kho) cng thm cc thuc tnh m chng ph thuc to thnh mt quan h vi kho l cc thuc tnh c thm ny. iii. a v dng chun 3NF: Thc hin tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc mt hay mt s cc thuc tnh ngoi kho. + Nhm thuc tnh cn li to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c. + Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh ph thuc vo cng mt hay mt s cc thuc tnh ngoi kho) cng thm cc thuc tnh m chng ph thuc to thnh mt quan h mi vi kho l cc thuc tnh cng thm ny. Nh vy, sau khi thc hin cc bc trn ta c cc quan h dng chun 3NF. V d: Ta thc hin chun ho mt n hng. - Cc thuc tnh n: SH-H SH-NgCC 86

Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC Ngy-H Tng cng - Cc thuc tnh lp: M MH M t MH n v tnh n gi S lng Thnh tin Cc thuc tnh Tng cng v Thnh tin l cc thuc tnh tnh ton, b loi khi danh sch. Cc ph thuc hm trong danh sch cc thuc tnh cn li l: SH-H SH-NgCC, Tn -NgCC, a ch - NgCC, Ngy-H SH-H, M MH M t MH, n v tnh, n gi, S lng SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC, a ch - NgCC M MH M t MH, n v tnh, n gi Ta c cc bc chun ho sau:b Danh sch thuc tnh SH-H SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC Ngy-H M MH M t MH n v tnh n gi S lng 1NF SH-H SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC Ngy-H 2NF 3NF SH-H SH-NgCC Ngy-H SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC SH-H M MH S lng

SH-H M MH M t MH n v tnh

87

n gi S lng

M MH M t MH n v tnh n gi

4.3.5. Phng php lp lc d liu theo m hnh quan h Ta c th tm tt quy trnh thnh lp lc d liu cho h thng theo m hnh quan h nh sau: (i) Thnh lp mt danh sch cc thuc tnh, gi l danh sch xut pht. C th xem y l mt quan h, vi mt ngha khi qut no . Ch : Qu trnh c lp li vi nhiu danh sch khc, cho n khi vt cn cc thng tin cn thit cho h thng. C 2 cch tip cn c bn thnh lp danh sch xut pht: - l tp hp cc thng tin c bn (thng tin khng c cu trc) pht hin c trong mt phm vi iu tra. - Xut pht t mt ci ra ca h thng. Ci ra c th l: mt chng t hay mt ti liu in ra t h thng; mt mn hnh giao tip ngi/my. (ii) Tu chnh li danh sch xut pht, qua cc cng vic sau: - Loi b bt cc tn ng ngha. - Loi b cc thuc tnh tnh ton, tc l cc thuc tnh c gi tr c tnh t cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh khc. - Kt np thm cc thuc tnh c dng tnh ton cc thuc tnh tnh ton b loi trn nu chng cha c trong danh sch. - Nu c th c, thay th cc thuc tnh khng n thnh cc thuc tnh n. (iii) Tm cc ph thuc hm trong danh sch cc thuc tnh. - Trc tin l r cc kh nng c cc PTH gia tng cp cc thuc tnh trong danh sch. - Sau , xt cc PTH c v tri gm 2,3 thuc tnh. (iv) Tin hnh chun ho da trn tp cc PTH c lp trn, da vo phng php chun ho bit trn. Kt qu thu c l mt tp cc lc quan h dng chun 3NF. 88

(v) Lp li cc bc t (i) n (iv) cho cc danh sch xut pht khc nhau, cho n khi qut ht cc phm vi kho st. Ta c nhiu tp lc quan h 3NF. (vi) Ly hp cc kt qu thu c t cc ln lp trn. Khi ly hp, nu c hai quan h c kho trng nhau th chng c gp thnh mt quan h vi danh sch cc thuc tnh l hp ca hai danh sch tng ng.

89

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