Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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1.1. H THNG V H THNG THNG TIN..........................................................3 1.1.1. Khi nim h thng..........................................................................................3 1.1.2. H thng thng tin...........................................................................................3 1.1.3. H thng thc v h thng con .......................................................................4 1.1.4. Cc giai on trin khai mt d n xy dng HTTT........................................5 1.2. X L THNG TIN BNG MY TNH.............................................................6 1.2.1. Cc phng thc x l thng tin......................................................................6 1.2.2. Mt s loi h thng tin hc thng gp..........................................................7 1.3. S PHT TRIN H THNG..............................................................................8 1.3.1. Vng i ca h thng.....................................................................................8 1.3.2. Cc bc xy dng h thng thng tin............................................................9 1.3.3. Chu trnh pht trin h thng ........................................................................11 1.3.4. Phng php m hnh ho h thng ..............................................................13
1.1. H THNG V H THNG THNG TIN 1.1.1. Khi nim h thng - H thng: H thng l mt tp hp gm nhiu phn t, c cc mi quan h rng buc ln nhau v cng hot ng hng ti mt mc ch chung. - H thng thng tin bao gm cc thnh phn: + Cc phn t ca h thng: Cc phn t rt a dng, c th phn t l mt i tng c th,nh trong h thng mt tri phn t l mt tri, mt trng, tri t, sao ho,c th phn t l i tng tru tng, nh mt phng php, mt lp lun, mt quy tc, Nh vy phn t c th rt khc bit v bn cht khng nhng gia cc h thng khc nhau m ngay c trong cng mt h thng. + Cc quan h gia cc phn t: Cc phn t ca mt h thng khng phi c tp hp mt cch ngu nhin, ri rc m gia chng lun tn ti nhng mi quan h (hay cc rng buc) to thnh mt cu trc (hay t chc). + S hot ng v mc ch ca h thng: S bin ng ca h thng th hin trn hai mt: S tin trin v s hot ng. S tin trin th hin l cc phn t v cc quan h ca h thng c th pht sinh, c tng trng, c suy thoi, c mt i. S hot ng, tc l cc phn t ca h thng, trong cc mi rng buc nh, cng cng tc vi nhau thc hin mt mc ch chung ca h thng. Mc ch ca h thng thng th hin ch h thng nhn nhng ci vo to thnh nhng ci ra nht nh. 1.1.2. H thng thng tin - H thng thng tin (Information System) l h thng s dng cng ngh thng tin thu thp lu gi x l, truyn v biu din thng tin. - L h thng bao gm cc b phn sau: + Phn cng (cc thit b) + Phn mm + Con ngi 3
+ Cc th tc, qui tc qun l, t chc + Cc d liu c t chc c hnh thnh lm nhim v thu thp, lu tr, x l, truyn v biu din thng tin. - Chc nng ca h thng thng tin:H thng thng tin c 4 chc nng chnh l a thng tin vo, lu tr, x l v a ra thng tin. + H thng thng tin c th nhn thng tin vo di dng:
Cc d liu gc v mt ch im., mt s kin hoc mt i tng no trong h thng. Cc yu cu x l cn cung cp thng tin. Cc lnh
Sp xp d liu theo mt th t no . Sa cha thay id liu trong b nh Thc hin cc tnh ton to ra thng tin mi Thng k, tm kim, cc thng tin tho mn mt u kin no .
+ H thng thng tin c th lu tr cc loi thng tin khc nhau vi cc cu trc a dng, ph hp vi nhiu loi thng tin v phng tin x l thng tin, phc v cho cc yu cu x l thng tin v phng tin x l thng tin khc nhau. + H thng thng tin c th a d liu vo cc khun dng khc nhau ra cc thit b nh b nh ngoi, mn hnh, my in, thit b mng hoc cc thit b iu khin. 1.1.3. H thng thc v h thng con H thng thc: Mt h thng thc c th c xem nh mt m hnh gm 3 phn hp thnh l h thng quyt nh, h thng thng tin v h thng tc nghip. Cc thnh phn ny chnh l cc h thng con ca h thng thc. - H thng quyt nh: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php tham gia xut quyt nh. - H thng thng tin: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php tham gia x l thng tin (h qun tr). H thng thng tin ng vai tr trung gian gia h thng v mi trng, gia h thng con quyt nh v h thng con tc nghip. 4
- H thng tc nghip: Bao gm con ngi, phng tin, phng php tham gia trc tip thc hin mc tiu ca h thng. Mi trng
HT Quyt nh
Thng tin vo
HT Thng tin
Thng tin ra
HT Tc nghip
Hnh 1.1. H thng thc v cc h thng con 1.1.4. Cc giai on trin khai mt d n xy dng HTTT Vic phn giai on tu tng phng php v ch c tnh tng i. trin khai mt d n xy dng HTTT ta c th chia thnh cc giai on sau: Giai on 1: - Kho st hin trng v xc lp d n - Tm hiu, ph phn a ra gii php Giai on 2: Phn tch h thng. Phn tch su hn cc chc nng, cc d liu ca hot ng c a ra m t hot ng mi (giai on thit k logic). Giai on 3: Thit k tng th (Xc lp vai tr ca mi trng mt cch tng th trong h thng). - Thit k tng th: Biu lung d liu, thc th lin kt E-R. Giai on 4: Thit k chi tit. - Th cng - Kim sot phc hi - Thit k c s d liu - Chng trnh Giai on 5: Ci t, lp trnh. 5
Giai on 6: Khai thc v bo tr. 1.2. X L THNG TIN BNG MY TNH 1.2.1. Cc phng thc x l thng tin X l thng tin bng my tnh c th thc hin theo nhiu phng thc khc nhau:
a) X l tng tc (interactive processing) v x l giao dch (transactional processing)
- X l tng tc: l x l thc hin tng phn, xen k gia phn thc hin bi con ngi v phn thc hin bi my tnh. Ni cch khc, trong x l tng tc, con ngi dn dt cc qu trnh x l, c th ngt v tham gia vo cc qu trnh x l. Trong qu tnh x l tng tc, my tnh ng vai tr h tr cho cc qu trnh . X l tng tc l phng tin la chn cho cc h thng phi x l nhiu thng tin c mi quan h phc tp vi nhau, kh m t bng cc cng thc, cc phng trnh ton hc. Con ngi phi thng xuyn vn dng nhng kinh nghim cng tc ca mnh vo trong qu trnh x l. - X l giao dch: Trong x l giao dch, xut pht t yu cu ca con ngi, my tnh thc hin cho n kt qu cui cng. Qu trnh x l chon vn nh vy ca my tnh khng c s ngng ngt can thip t bn ngoi vo c gi l mt giai dch. V d: Th tc rt tin t ngn hng l mt v d v x l giao dch. Khi u l kim tra li cc thng tin nhp vo, tip theo l kim tra s tng thch ca cc thng tin ny vi cc d liu c trong h thng. Trn c s kt qu kim tra, h thng p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng.
b) X l theo l (batch processing) v x l trc tuyn (on - line processing)
- X l theo l: Trong x l theo l, mi khi thng tin n (hay khi yu cu x l xut hin), th cha c em x l ngay, m c gom li to thnh mt nhm (mt l hay mt m) mi c x l mt cc tp th. Phng thc x l theo l thch hp vi nhng tin trnh x l thng tin m trong : + Vic truy cp thng tin c din ra theo nh k. + Khun dng v kiu d liu hon ton xc nh. + Thng tin kh n nh trong khong thi gian gia 2 tin trnh x l lin tip - X l trc tuyn: trong x l trc tuyn th thng tin n c em x l ngay trc tip, mt cch c th v bt k vo lc no. 6
X l trc tuyn thng p dng cho vic hin th, sa cha ni dung cc tp d liu, cho vic phc v cc giao dch vi khi lng thng tin khng nhiu, li cn thc hin ti ch v cn c tr li ngay. Vd, dch v gi tin ti ngn hng, cc x l ti phng bn v my bay, tu ho , hoc dch v thng tin ti tng i thng l cc x l trc tuyn.
c) X l thi gian thc ( real - time processing)
X l thi gian thc l cch tin trnh my tnh phi bo m cc yu cu rt ngt ngho ca h thng v thi gian. Thng thng cc x l thi gian thc xut hin trong cc h thng c lin quan vi cc h thng ngoi nh h thng iu khin ng bay ca tn la hoc cc h thng m phng. X l thi gian thc phi m bo ng b cc tin trnh my tnh vi cc hot ng din ra trong thc t
d) X l phn tn (distributed processing)
Cc x l phn tn c th din ra ti cc b phn nhng v tr khc nhau, c nhng yu cu khc nhau vo nhng thi im cng c th khc nhau. Ni chung, vi nhng h thng c x l phn tn, d liu thng c b tr nhng v ttr a l khc nhau v c quy nh dng chung. Trong x l phn tn, vi mt s thnh phn d liu, c th cng mt lc xy ra nhiu thao tc nh cp nht sa cha hoc khai thc khc nhau. V vy, mt trong nhng vn cn quan tm i vi cc x l phn tn l m bo tnh ng b trong h thng. 1.2.2. Mt s loi h thng tin hc thng gp
a) H thng thng tin qun l (Management information systems)
L h thng nhm cung cp cc thng tin cn thit cho s qun l, iu hnh ca mt doanh nghip. Ht nhn ca h thng thng tin qun l l mt CSDL cha cc thng tin phn nh tnh trng v hot ng kinh doanh hin thi ca doanh nghip. Cc h thng thng tin qun l thng c phn lm 2 mc: - Mc thp, hay cn gi l mc tc nghip, h thng ch c nhim v in ra cc bng biu, chng t giao dch theo khun mu ca cch x l bng tay truyn thng. H thng lc ny cn c gi l cc h x l d liu, nh cc h: x l n hng, h qun l nhn s, h qun l thit b, h k ton, 7
- Mc cao, cn gi l mc iu hnh, h thng phi a ra cc thng tin c tnh cht chin lc v k hoch gip cho ngi lnh o doanh nghip a ra cc quyt nh ng n trong cng tc iu hnh. H thng cn c gi l h h tr quyt nh. Phn ln cc h h tr gip quyt nh c xy dng da trn CSDL m cn da trn ht nhn l cc m hnh c chon lc. T cc d liu u vo, h tr gip quyt nh a ra cc phng n v nh gi v cc phng n ny, sp xp chng theo mt tiu chun no . Ngi s dng da vo cc thng tin gi ny xy dng mt phng n thc hin.
b) H thng iu khin (Process control systems)
l cc h thng nhm x l v iu khin t ng cc qu trnh vn hnh cc thit b sn xut, vin thng, qun s,Cc h thng ny phi lm vic theo phng thc x l thi gian thc. V kin trc vt l , th bn cnh phn mm, h thng ny bao gm nhiu loi thit b tin hc a dng.
c) H thng nhng thi gian thc (Embedded real - time systems)
Cc h thng ny c thc hin trn cc phn cng n gin v nhng trong mt thit b no , nh mobiphone, t, Cc h thng ny thng c lp trnh mc thp, v cng c thc hin x l theo thi gian thc.
d) Phn mm h thng (System software)
Cc h thng ny thit lp nn h tng k thut ca cc h thng my tnh, phc v cho cc phn mm ng dng chy trn . c th l h iu hnh, chng trnh dch, h qun tr CSDL,
e) Cc h thng t ng ho vn phng (Automated office systems)
T ng ho vn phng l cch tip cn nhm a my tnh vo hot ng vn phng, cho php thu tm mi vic tnh ton, giao lu, qun l thng tin bng my tnh. Mt s h thng t ng ho vn phng thng bao gm hai h thng con chnh, l h thng x l vn bn, v h thng tr gip tnh ton. 1.3. S PHT TRIN H THNG 1.3.1. Vng i ca h thng Mt h thng bt k bao gi cng c mt vng i cng vi cc chu k sng c nhng c trng ring. N c sinh ra, pht trin v cui cng th b thay th (loi b) 8
bi mt h thng khc tin tin hn, hin i hn. Ta c th chia vng i ca mt h thng ra lm cc giai on sau: Giai on chun b: Giai on ny tnh t khi trong t chc xut hin nhu cu xy dng h thng thng tin c trin khai thc hin trong thc t. Cc chuyn gia phn tch h thng, nh qun l v cc lp trnh vin cng nghin cu, kho st nghin cu, phn tch thit k v xy dng h thng. H thng c th nghim, ci t v a vo s dng. Giai on khai thc v x dng: Thng thng y l giai on on di nht trong vng i ca mt h thng, trong giai on ny h thng c vn hnh phc v cho nhu cu khai thc v s dng thng tin trong t chc, doanh nghip. Trong qu trnh s dng, h thng c bo tr, sa cha ph hp vi s thay i v thng tin hoc nhu cu thng tin. Giai on thay th: Trong qu trnh s dng v khai thc h thng, lun gp phi s thay i v thng tin (thay i v dung lng v v cu trc) v thay i v nhu cu s dng (thay i nhim v v quy m qun l). Nhng sa cha v thay i trong h thng lm cho n tr nn cng knh. Hot ng km hiu qu phi thay th bng mt h thng mi tin tin hn, hin i hn. 1.3.2. Cc bc xy dng h thng thng tin Vic xy dng v pht trin h thng thng tin qun l thng thng phi qua cc bc: lp k hoch xy dng, phn tch, thit k, kim tra v ci t. Cc bc ny khng nht thit phi thc hin tch ri nhau v thi gian m c th c thc hin xen k nhau.
a) Lp k hoch pht trin h thng thng tin qun l
Nhim v t ra trong giai on ny l xc nh c mc tiu ca h thng, nhng thi im cng kt qu cn t c ca lch trnh kho st, phn tch v thit k h thng. Trong giai on ny phi c c nhng hnh dung c bn v h thng thng tin qun l cn xy dng.
b) Kho st h thng
Mc ch ca kho st h thng thc l thu thp thng tin, ti liu, nghin cu hin trng nhm lm r tnh trng hot ng ca h thng thng tin c trong h thng thc v nhu cu xy dng h thng thng tin mi. Cn phi lm r cc yu cu t ra i vi h thng thng tin cn xy dng. 9
Xy dng cc m hnh ca h thng thng tin qun l, nh s chc nng nghip v, s lung d liu v m hnh d liu, trn c s cc kt qu kho st h thng thc, cn lm r m hnh hot ng ca t chc v h thng thng tin. Cc cng vic cn thc hin l : + Phn tch cc mu biu, cc bng biu, cc h s thu thp c. Xc nh cc phn t trong h thng. + Phn tch cc lung thng tin v cc mi quan h gia cc phn t trong h thng. + Phn tch quy trnh x l thng tin hin c v phc ho quy trnh x l thng tin cn c i vi h thng mi. + Xc nh cc chc nng nghip v ca h thng thc, cc th tc t xy dng s lung d liu nghip v ca h thng thc. + Phn tch d liu xy dng m hnh d liu cho h thng.
d) Thit k h thng
Trong thc t, hai giai on phn tch v thit k h thng khng phi l hai giai on hon ton ring r. Trong giai on kho st h thng, ngi ta c th phn tch s b h thng hoc phn tch mt s h thng con no . Cn c vo kt qu phn tch ny, c th tin hnh thit k mt s phn ca h thng. Cc cng vic thit k bao gm: + Thit k d liu: nh ra cc i tng v cu trc d liu trong h thng. + Thit k chc nng: nh ra module x l th hin cc chc nng ca h thng thng tin. + Thit k giao din: chi tit ho hnh thc giao tip gia con ngi vi my tnh. + Thit k an ton cho h thng thng tin qun l. + Thit k phn cng: tnh ton cc yu cu k thut cho h thng thng tin qun l, hay ni cch khc, l thit k h thng my tnh.
e) Kim tra, th nghim h thng
Ni chung vi nhiu h thng thng tin, vic kim tra tnh ng n ca cc module x l trong h thng l kh. V vy , thng thng, ngi ta kim tra h thng thng tin qun l thng qua th nghim. Vic th nghim h thng trn mt tp hp cc d liu chun cng kh thc hin c trong thc t, bi v khng phi h thng thc no cng c sn mt tp hp cc d liu chun nh vy. 10
Ngi ta thng dng cc thng tin, d liu thc t qua x l bng cc phng php khc vn hnh th nghim h thng thng tin mi, ri so snh kt qu x l theo cc phng php khc hoc vi kt qu trn thc t rt ra kt lun v tnh ng n ca cc x l trong h thng mi
f) Nghim thu v ci t
H thng c nghim thu trn c s nhng tiu chun t ra trong k hoch pht trin h thng ban u, Song song vi khu ci t cng cn phi ch ti khu hun luyn vn hnh s dng h thng mi. 1.3.3. Chu trnh pht trin h thng C nhiu loi chu trnh pht trin khc nhau. Phn ny trnh by vn tt mt s chu trnh pht trin chnh. Cng cn phi lu rng, s lng v tn cc giai on trong cc chu trnh khng ging nhau, mc d v c bn, ni dung ca chng gn nh nhau.
a) Chu trnh thc nc
Chu trnh ny m t s pht trin h thng trn c s phn chia cc giai on ring r vi nhau v thi gian. im ct yu ca chu trnh pht trin ny l cc giai on c tin hnh k tip nhau, giai on sau c bt u khi giai on trc kt thc, khng chm nn nhau v thi gian. Chnh v vy, chu trnh thc nc cong c gi l chu trnh tuyn tnh. Phn tch Thit k M ho Kim nh Nghim thu Hnh 1.2. Chu trnh thc nc Nhc im ca chu trnh pht trin thc nc khng c s quay lui chnh sa khi pht hin sai st trong mt khu no . 11
tng chnh ca phng php l da trn cc bc tng trng dn dn, cho php hon thin h thng tng mng mt. Mi bc tng trng thc hin mt tin trnh tuyn tnh trin khi mt phn c th chuyn giao c ca c h thng. Quy trnh ny lp li nhiu ln cho n khi c mt phng n hon chnh cho c h thng. V d: Trong mt trng i hc, ngi ta d nh pht trin h thng qun l o to. Cc phn h c pht trin theo thi gian: - H thng qun l tuyn sinh. - H thng qun l sinh vin - H thng qun l chng trnh o to - H thng qun l thi kho biu, v - H thng qun l gio vin. Cc h thng ny c pht trin dn dn, bn giao xong h thng ny vi pht trin tip h thng kia.
c) Chu trnh xon c
Phng php ny duy tri qu trnh lp mt dy cc tin trnh m qua mi ln thc hin, cc tin trnh cc mu c hon thin dn. Theo mt s tc gi th chu trnh xon c c chia ra thnh bn giai on chnh: + Pht hin cc nhu cu v xc lp cc mc tiu + nh gi cc phng n + Thit k v l cc nguyn mu + Th nghim cc mu Cc vng lp trn c tip tc cho n khi xt thy nguyn mu l tt c th chuyn sang sn xut thc s.
d) Chu trnh lp rp cc thnh phn
Chu trnh lp rp cc thnh phn da trn vic s dng cc thnh phn phn mm. Vic to lp h thng c thc hin bng cch lp rp cc thnh phn c sn. Vn quan trng l cn phi xc nh v thu gom cc thnh phn c kh nng s dng li cng sm cng tt. Cc thnh phn khc tham gia vo h thng c th c iu chnh, thch ng t cc thnh phn c sn hoc c xy dng t s khng. 12
Mt s tc gi chia lm cc giai on: + Nghin cu, nhn thc, hnh thnh cc gii php v xc nh cc thnh phn ca h thng. Cc kt qu ca giai on ny l mt tp hp cc thnh phn c kh nng p dng cho h thng ang to lp cng vi cc gii php da trn chc nng ca cc thnh phn . + nh gi, la chn cc thnh phn thch hp ca h thng + Tch hp cc thnh phn. Kt qu ca giai on ny l to c mt thnh phn no (h con) ca h thng ton th trn c s lp rp cc thnh phn. + Th nghim v nh gi kt qu. 1.3.4. Phng php m hnh ho h thng - M hnh: M hnh (model) l mt dng tru tng ho ca h thng thc. - Mc ch ca m hnh ho: + M hnh ha hiu h thng. + M hnh ho trao i, + M hnh ho hon chnh h thng, - Cc thnh phn ca mt phng php m hnh ho h thng: + Tp hp cc khi nim v m hnh: Mi phng php u phi da trn mt s khng nhiu cc khi nim c bn, v s dng mt s dng m hnh nht nh km vi cc k thut trin khai hay bin i m hnh . + Mt tin trin khai: bao gm cc bc i ln lt, cc hot ng cn lm, cc sn phm qua tng giai on, cch iu hnh vi tin v cch nh gi cht lng cc kt qu thu c. + Cc cng c tr gip: l cc phn mm h tr cho qu trnh m hnh ho. - Cc bc chnh: Qu trnh pht trin h thng trn c s xy dng cc m hnh c thc hin theo mt s giai on nh sau: + Nghin cu s b h thng: Giai on ny tp trung vo vic thu thp cc thng tin, ti liu lin quan ti cu trc ca h thng v cc hot ng ca h thng. M hnh c xy dng giai on ny thng dng m 13
hnh vt l. Mc tiu ca vic xy dng m hnh giai on ny l m t cch thc thc hin cc cng vic trong h thng + Phn tch h thng: Giai on ny tp trung vo phn tch chi tit bn cht ca h thng. Cc m hnh c xy dng giai on ny tp trung vo cc cu hi: H thng l g, v lm nhng g. Sn phm ca giai on ny l cc m hnh v chc nng v cc m hnh v d liu. + Thit k h thng: La chn cc gii php ci t nhm thc hin cc kt qu phn tch. C th coi vic thit k h thng l s ci t cho m hnh c c sau khi phn tch, trn c s dung ho cc yu cu, cc rng buc v cc s kn thc th. Trong cc cng vic nu y, xy dng c coi l khu c ngha quyt nh. Cht lng ca h thng cn xy dng ph thuc hon ton vo cht lng ca m hnh. Cng mt h thng thc nhng mc tiu nghin cu khc nhau s dn ti cc m hnh m t chng cng khc nhau Do cc h thng thc rt phc tp, chng c thphc tp theo mc tiu, phc to v d liu hoc phc tp theo yu cu ca ngi s dng, m kh c th m t mi chi tit c lin quan ti h thng,. V v, cn c vo mc ch nghin cu m tp trung vo s ch v cc yu t quan trng trong h thng v la chn mt quan im xem xt thch hp tip cn h thng. - Mt s phng php m hnh ho: Ngi ta thng m hnh ho theo 2 dng: m hnh ho hng chc nng v m hnh ho hng i tng. Ta c mt s phng php ni ting sau: + Cc phng php "h thng": MERISE (H. Tardieu, A.Rochfeld 1976) + Cc phng php chc nng hay cu trc: SA (De Marco 1978) SADT (Douglas T. Ross, 1977) SA-RT (Ward-Mellor, 1985; Hatley-Pirbhai, 1987) + Phng php theo s kin: State Charts (D. Harel, 1987) Phng php tch hp (O. Foucaut, O. Thiry 1996) 14
+ Cc phng php hng d liu LCP, LCS (J.D Warnier, 1969-1970) E/A (H. Tardieu, P.Chen, 1976) + Cc phng php hng i tng: OOA/RD ( Shlaer - Mellor, 1991-1992) OOAD (G.Booch, 1992-1993) OMT (J.Rumbaugh, 1992) OOA/OOD (P.Coad, E.Yourdon, 1991) OOSE (I.Jacobson, 1992) Fusion (D. Coleman, 1994) SOART (P.Lavret, 1994) UML+RUP+Rational Rose (G.Booch, J.Rumbaugh, I.Jacobson, 1997)
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2.1. KHO ST V NH GI HIN TRNG 2.1.1. Mc ch v yu cu cng tc kho st. Thng thng th mt h thng mi c xy dngl nhm thay th cho mt h thng c bc l nhiu iu bt cp. Vic tm hiu nhu cu ca h thng mi thng bt u t vic kho st v nh gi h thng c . Vic kho st hin trng nhm mc ch l: + Tip cn vi nghip v chuyn mn, mi trng hot ng ca h thng. + Tm hiu cc chc nng, nhim v v cung cch hot ng ca h thng. + Ch ra cc ch hp l ca h thng, cn c k tha v cc ch bt hp l ca h thng cn c nghin cu v khc phc. Yu cu ca cng tc kho st: Vic kho st v iu tra cn m bo c cc yu cu nh sau: + Trung thc, khch quan, phn nh ng tnh hnh thc ti. + Khng b st thng tin, + Cc thng tin thu thp phi c o m, + Khng trng lp, ngha l phi tin hnh trong mt trt t, sao cho mi ngi c iu tra khng b nhiu ngi iu tra hi i hi li v mt vic. + Khng gy cm gic xu hay phn ng tiu cc ngi b iu tra: phi lun gi m, t nh, tuyt i khng can thip vo cng vic ni b ca c quan, hay lm tng thm cc mu thun trong c quan. 2.1.2. Chin lc v quy trnh kho st. - Chin lc iu tra: Mt cuc iu tra phi thc hin theo mt chin lc c cn nhc k cng t trc. Mt chin lc bao gm cc yu t sau (Hnh 2.1): + Cc ngun thng tin iu tra, + Cc phng php p dng cho mi ngun thng tin iu tra, + Cc quy trnh iu tra thch hp. 16
- Quy trnh kho st: Mt quy trnh kho st l mt k hoch xc nh vic khai thc cc ngun iu tra cn c tin hnh theo trt t no, vi cc phng php no v nhm thu thp nhng thng tin no. Khi vch ra mt quy trnh iu tra phi tun th ba nguyn tc sau: + Quy trnh iu tra phi h tr mt cch c lc nht cho phng php m hnh ho. + Quy trnh iu tra phi c tin hnh t tng th n chi tit v t phi c tin hnh t trn xung. + Qu trnh iu tra phi c tin hnh lp i lp li. 2.2. NI DUNG KHO ST 2.2.1. Kho st cng tc nghip v. Mi mt h thng c cng tc nghip v ring, v d h thng k ton cn phi m bo nghip v k ton, h thng qun l tuyn sinh phi m bo nghip v tuyn sinh.v.v Do khi xy dng h thng ta cn phi nm bt c cng tc nghip v i vi h thng . 17
- Tm hiu mi trng x hi, kinh t v k thut ca h thng; nghin cu c cu t chc ca c quan ch qun h thng . - Nghin cu cc chc trch, nhim v, cc trung tm ra quyt nh v iu hnh, s phn cp cc quyn hn. - Thu thp v m t cc quy tc qun l, tc l cc quy nh, cc cng thc do nh nc hoc c quan a ra lm cn c cho cc qu trnh x l thng tin 2.2.2. Kho st nhu cu x l thng tin. - Thu thp cc i hi v thng tin, cc kin ph phn, phn nn v hin trng, cc d on, nguyn vng v k hoch cho tng lai. - nh gi, ph phn hin trng v xut ra hng gii quyt. 2.2.3. Thu thp thng tin, ti liu. - Thu thp v nghin cu h s, s sch, cc tp cng vi cc phng thc x l cc thng tin . - Thu thp cc chng t giao dch v m t cc chu trnh l chuyn v x l cc thng tin v ti liu giao dch. 2.2.4. Vit bo co kho st. Sau khi kho st cn vit bo co tng hp da trn nhng kt qu ca kho st hin trng c c nhng thng tin tng qut v h thng nhm gip cho vic a ra nhng quyt nh cho giai on tip theo. Qua cc ni dung trn c th thy mc tiu ca ngi phn tch v thit k cn t c trong giai on ny l : + Kho st nh gi s hot ng ca h thng c. + xut mc tiu, u tin cho h thng mi. + xut tng cho gii php mi. + Vch k hoch cho d n trin khai h thng mi.
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2.3. MT S PHNG PHP THU THP THNG TIN THNG DNG 2.3.1. Nghin cu ti liu vit Nghin cu ti liu vit ging nh quan st h thng mt cch gin tip. Thng qua vic nghin cu ti liu vit m c c hnh dung tng quan v h thng. Cc ti liu vit nghin cu c th l: + Ti liu giao dch nh: ho n, phiu thanh ton, thi gian biu, + Ti liu lu tr nh: s ghi chp, cc tp cng vn, cc tp d liu, cc h s cn b, h s d n, + Ti liu tng hp nh: cc bo co tng kt hng tun, hng thng, bo co kim k, + Ti liu chun b cho cc bui hp hoc bo co khng ng k + Ti liu quy nh, quy ch nghip v. Qua ta c th thu thp c nhiu loi thng tin, t cc hot ng chung ca c quan, n cc d liu c bn, cc d liu cu trc. Vic nghin cu ti liu thng kt hp vi phng vn mc thp. 2.3.2. Phng php quan st Quan st nhm gip cho phn tch vin c c mt bc tranh khi qut v t chc cn tm hiu v cch thc qun l, t chc thc hin cc hot ng trong h thng thc. Ngoi ra, trong mt s trng hp, quan st c th gip cho phn tch vin nm bt c k thut x l cng vic bng cc phng php truyn thng, t a ra k thut x l cho h thng mi. V d: khi theo di tin trnh xp thi kho biu, chuyn gia tin hc c th hc tp, c rt nhng kinh nghim v tm cch a nhng kinh nghim ny vo trong cc bng phn tch, thit k ca mnh, cho sao lu sau ny. Phng php quan st ny s dng 2 dng quan st, l quan st chnh thc v quan st khng chnh thc. V d: khi cn quan st cch thc lm vic ca cn b xp thi kho biu, chuyn gia tin hc c th ngh cng lm vic vi nhm cn b ny t c iu kin hiu v cng vic c y hn.
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Vic quan st thng i hi mt kh nhiu thi gian v vic quan st t m khng phi l phng php hu hiu thu thp thng tin cn thit cho vic pht trin h thng my tnh. 2.3.3. Phng php phng vn y l phng php rt quan trng trong cng tc kho st h thng, qu trnh phng vn c th cho nhng thng tin m vic quan st, nghin cu ti liu vit khng th cung cp c. c c cht lng phng vn tt cn ch ti mt s vn sau: + Xy dng k hoch phng vn: im quan trng nht trong k hoch phng vn l mc tiu ca cuc phng vn. Ngoi ra cn phi xc nh c danh sch nhng ngi s c phng vn v k phng vn tng ngi. + Chun b cu hi c cht lng tt, phc v trc tip cho mc ch cuc phng vn. Cu hi phi ph hp vi phm vi lin quan ca vn ang c quan tm, ph hp vi i tng c phng vn. + Thit lp quan h tt, mang tnh hp tc trong qu trnh phng vn. + Chun b tnh hung phng vn phi c lu trong bin bn phng vn v ni chung phi c xc nhn kt qu phng vn. Ch trong qu trnh phng vn, ngi phng vn dn dt cc cu hi khng c th hin s p t, mt nh kin ch quan. 2.3.4. Phng php s dng bng hi, mu iu tra Ni dung chnh ca phng php ny l xy dng hnh lot cc cu hi v c th a ra cc phng n tr li sn ngi hc hi din cu tr li. Vn quan trng nht i viphng php ny l xy dng c danh sch cc cu hi c cht lng. Mi cu hi phi c phng n tr li xc nh, trnh nhng cu hi kh tr li hoc cu tr li khng xc nh. Cc cu hi phi c tc dng kim tra v tin cy ca thng tin trong cu tr li. 2.4. XY DNG D N 2.4.1. Xc nh mc tiu v phm vi a) Xc nh mc tiu 20
Mt d n c th gn vi nhiu mc tiu. Tuy nhin, vic xc nh ng n ca cc mc tiu l v cng quan trng, v y s l c s xem xt nghim thu sau ny. Thng thng th mt h thng thng tin c xy dng l nhm vo cc mc tiu sau: + Khc phc nhng yu km hin ti. p ng c nhng nhu cu trong tng lai, th hin chin lc pht trin lu di ca c quan. Ph hp vi cc hn ch v thi gian, chi ph, con ngi. + Mang li li ch nghip v: tng kh nng x l, p ng yu cu nghip v mt cch nhanh chng, thun li, chnh xc, an ton. + Mang li li ch kinh t: gim bin ch cn b, gim chi ph hot ng, tng thu nhp. b) Xc nh phm vi Cn xc nh cc phm vi: - Phm vi vn cn gii quyt: Danh mc cc vn cn gii quyt, ni dung v phm vi gii quyt ca tng vn phi c tho mn gia c quan ch qun v nhng ngi pht trin h thng S phn cp ca h thng thng tin qun l cn xy dng l c s chnh lp danh mc cc vn cn gii quyt trong h thng - Phm vi nh hng trong t chc Ton b d n v tng cng vic u c nh hng ti t chc v cc b phn trong t chc. Cn phi xc nh r rng nh hng ca tng cng vic n tng b phn trong t chc, c bit l nhng nh hng lin quan ti nhn s, sau l nh hng lin quan ti t chc thc hin cc cng vic - Phm vi v nhn lc,vt lc ti chnh Phm vi v nhn lc vt lc v ti chnh l vn thng xuyn phi quan tm. Cn phi ch ti tng kha cnh ca cc hn ch. V d, hn ch v nhn lc khng ch gii hn v s lng ngi tham gia vo d n, s ngi tham gia vn hnh sau ny, m cn l hn ch v trnh , v thi gian o to sau ny.
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2.4.2. Xy dng gii php Trong giai on kho st, cha c s phn tch chi tit cc thng tin thu thp c, c th a ra mt gii php s b v phn cng, phn mm c th xc nh c mc u t. Gii php s b cho d n phi c c cc thng tin: + Chin lc u t: phn cng, phn mm o to. + Bin php v k thut gii quyt cho tng vn + Kin trc tng th ca d n + Kh nng ca h thng thng tin qun l + Cc chc nng chnh ca h thng thng tin quon l Tip theo gii php s b l xy dng gii php c tnh kh khi. lm oc vic ny cn c phn tch chi tit cc kt qu kho st h thng v cc nhim v, chc nng ca h thng thng tin, phm vi gii quyt tng vn v cc rng buc thc hin. Gii php kh thi c th c la t mt s gi php ngh. Cc gii php ny c th khc nhau v mc t ng ho hoc chi ph. Gii php kh thi c th ch l dung my tnh h tr cho mt s cng vic phc tp: C th l xy dng mt h thng thng tin h tr hu ht cc cng vic trong t chc, k c cng vic iu hnh, nhng khng gy ra nhiu thay i v c cu t chc: c th l t ng ho mc cao, gy nhiu htay i trong t chc. D l gii php no th tnh kh thi lun c xem xt trn nhiu kha cnh: + Kh thi v nghip v, tc l phi p ng cc yu cu v nghip v + Kh thi v k thut, tc l i vi yu cu nghip v v rng buc thc hin, phi m bo v k thut v cng ngh + Kh nng ti chnh , nhn , vt lc + Hnh thnh cc yu t nh gi i vi h thng thng tin qun l 2.4.3. Xy dng k hoch trin khai Mt s thng tin cn thit lp k hoch trin khai d n l: + Mc tiu t ra cho h thng thng tin + Nhim v, phm vi v cc rng buc thc hin 22
+ Gii php c tnh kh thi Trong vic lp k hoch trin khai d n thi khu thng xuyn c quan tm nhiu nht l d tr thit b, kinh ph v tin trnh ca d n Mt s thng tin thng c s dng d tr thit b: + Thi gian khai thc ti thiu v d kin ti a + Dung lng d liu d kin + Phng thc x l v yu cu xe l + S lng ngi s dng + Nhu cu kt thc thng tin Mt s thng tin thng c s dng d tr kinh ph: + D tr thit b + Khi lng cng vic v s lng ngi tham gia thc hin d n + Yu cu v cht lng sn phm + Thi gian thc hin + Yu cu bo hnh 2.5. BI TP 1 Bi tp kkho st h thng. kt thc chng, ta hy xt mt v d. V d ny c gi l V d QLCVT, V d ny s cn c dng minh ha cho cc bc phn tch v thit k h thng sau ny. Nh my X bao gm cc phn xng, sn xut mt s sn phm nht nh. Trong qu trnh sn xut cc phn xng s dng vt t. Nh my c b phn cung ng vt t.
- Nhim v ca b phn cung ng vt t:
Khi cc phn xng c yu cu vt t th b phn cung ng vt t phi thc hin mua hng cc nh cung cp p ng kp thi cho cc phn xng, khng xy ra sai st v nhn hng v tr tin. - C cu t chc v s phn cng trch nhim B phn cung ng vt t gm ba t, hot ng tng i c lp vi nhau: 23
+ T th nht m nhim vic t hng da trn cc d tr vt t ca cc phn xng. T ny c s dng mt my tnh, trn c mt h chng trnh gi l h t hng tr gip cc vic: chn ngi cung cp, lm n hng v theo di s hon tt ca n hng. + T th hai m nhim vic nhn v pht hng. T ny cng c mt my tnh, trn c mt h chng trnh gi l h pht hng tr gip cc vic: ghi nhn hng v v lm th tc pht hng cho cc phn xng. + T th ba gi l t i chiu v kim tra. S d c t ny v hai my tnh hai t trn l khng tng thch nn khng ghp ni c vi nhau. V vy cc thng tin v t hng v nhn hng qun l hai my tnh l hon ton tch ri v do hng v m khng xc nh c l hng cho phn xng no. T i chiu s ly cc thng tin ca cc t t hng, ca cc t nhn hng t hai t ni trn khp li tm ra phn xng c hng, gip cho t th hai pht hng. Ngoi ra t i chiu cn c nhim v pht hin cc sai st v nhn hng v tr tin khiu ni vi nh cung cp nhm chnh sa li cho ng. T i chiu lm vic hon ton th cng. - Qui trnh x l v cc d liu x l Qua iu tra kho st, ta thy qui trnh lm vic cng cc loi chng t giao dch s dng trong qui trnh nh sau: Khi cc nhu cu v vt t sn xut, cc phn xng lp d tr gi cho t t hng, trong c cc mt hng yu cu vi s lng tng ng. T t hng trc ht chn nh cung cp dt mua cc mt hng ni trn. Mun th, n dng my tnh tm cc thng tin v cc nh cung cp c lu trong tp NH_CCAP. Sau tin hnh thng lng vi nh cung cp c chn. Sau khi tha thun, dng h chng trnh t hng in mt n hng v gi cho nh cung cp. Cc thng tin trn n hng c lu trong tp n hng. Trong n hng mi mt hng l mt yu cu v mt hng ca mt d tr. Tuy nhin mt n hng gm nhiu mt hng, c th p ng yu cu ca nhiu d tr. Cc mt hng yu cu trn mt bn d tr c th c phn b ln nhiu n hng khc nhau, gi n nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. n hng gi ti nh cung cp khng cha thng tin v phn xng d tr. V vy cn lu mi lin h gia cc bn d tr ca cc phn xng vi cc n hng c pht i trong mt tp gi l tp DT_H, t lin h mi S hiu d tr v mi S hiu mt hng vi mt S hiu n hng. Nh cung cp cn c trn n t hng s chuyn hng n nh my, km theo phiu giao hng. T nhn v pht hng tip nhn hng v ct tm vo mt kho (c nhiu kho). Thng tin trn phiu giao hng v a im ct hng c lu trong tp nhn 24
hng. Trn phiu giao hng, mi mt hng c giao u c ghi r S hiu n hng t mt hng (s lng giao c th cha nh s lng t). Hng tun t nhn hng s dng h chng trnh pht hng, in ra mt danh sch nhn hng trong tun gi cho t i chiu vi ni dung nh sau: SH giao hng, Tn NH_CCAP, SH mt hng, S lng nhn, S hiu n hng. Cng hng tun t t hng s dng h chng trnh t hng, in ra mt danh sch t hng trong tun, gi cho t i chiu vi ni dung nh sau: SH n hng, Tn NH_CCAP, SH mt hng, S lng t, S hiu d tr, SH phn xng. T i chiu khp hai danh sch ny, tm ra SH n hng v SH mt hng chung t xc nh c lng hng no l cn pht v cho phn xng no. Danh sch cc a ch pht hng c lp v gi cho t nhn v pht hng, t ny chuyn hng km theo phiu pht hng cho cc phn xng. T i chiu v kim tra cn c nhim v tip nhn ha n t nh cung cp gi n, i chiu vi hng nhn, nu chnh xc th xc nhn chi ln ha n v gi cho b phn thanh ton lm th tc tr tin. Nu pht hin c s khng khp gia hng t, hng nhn v tin phi tr th khiu ni vi nh cung cp chnh sa li. Vic kim tra thng c kh khn, v nhiu khi nh cung cp khng hng, cha p ng hng, m cn n mt phn giao sau. V pha nh my, c khi cha tin tr theo ho n, m cn n li mt phn tr sau. T t hng th mun bit n hng do mnh pht ra hon tt hay cha nn t ny yu cu b phn thanh ton mi khi tr tin cho nh cung cp th gi cho t mt bn ghi tr tin. Thng tin tr tin ny c cp nht vo tp n hng , nh bit n hng no l hon tt. Qua giai on kho st trn ta nh gi hin trng ca h thng. Yu km: o Thiu : Khng c kho hng thng dng lu tm thi cc mt hng nhp v v tm thi cha s dng o Km hiu lc do: - Gii quyt n hng, d tr qu chm do cch i chiu th cng v cch ly thng tin - Theo di vic thc hin n hng khng st, xy ra nhiu sai st do phn tn v qun l. o Tn ph: tn nhn lc khu i chiu v kim tra bng tay. 25
Mc tiu o Thm hng vo kho thng dng o Khc phc 2 iu km hiu lc bng cch t chc li rt ngn qu trnh gii quyt 1 d tr hng o T chc li theo di thc hin n hng cht ch, trnh sai st. o C gng tn dng phn mm v phn cng c. Phc ho cc gii php: y ta a ra 5 gii php cn nhc la chn: Gii php 1: To knh lin lc kt ni hai my tnh, xa b t i chiu v kim tra. Gii php ny vi phm tnh kh thi v k thut v gi thit 2 my khng tng thch Gii php 2: Gp h t hng vo h pht hng hay ngc li nhm loi b mt my tnh , b t i chiu v kim tra. Gii php 3: Loi b 2 my tnh a cc ton b cc nhim v vo trung tm my tnh ca nh my. Gii php 4: Thm mt my tnh gii quyt khu i chiu. Ba my tnh c kt ni Gii php 5: Chuyn nhim v nhn d tr t h t hng sang h Pht hng. Nh vy h H lm nhim v mua hng v kim tra vic thc hin n hng. H PH va qun l d tr, va nhn v pht hng, va qun l kho d tr. Cn nhc tnh kh thi v la chn gii php - Cc gii php 1 v 4 l khng kh thi v k thut v cc my tnh c l khng tng thch nn khng th ghp ni c. - Gii php 2 l c th c, nu my tnh c gi li mnh. Tuy nhin nu hai my tnh l khng tng thch n mc khng chy c chng trnh ca nhau, th nh vy t ra cng phi vit li khong mt na s chng trnh ( km kh thi v kinh t) - Gii php 3 l rt c ch nu thng tin v cung ng vt t cn c s dng mt s b phn khc trong c quan. Tuy nhin dng nh cung ng vt t ch l mt cng vic ng khung trong mt b phn nh, v nh vy s phi tn km cho vic vit li tt c cc chng trnh. - Gii php 5 l mt gii php c tnh cht tha hip. Hai my tnh c cng hai h chng trnh c tn dng trit . Vic a thm kho hng d tr cng vi cc ci 26
tin mi v khu pht hin a ch pht hng v kim tra p ng c cc mc tiu, m khng gy tn km nhiu. Do gii php 5 c chn.
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3.1. BIU PHN CP CHC NNG 3.1.1. Cc khi nim - nh ngha: Biu phn cp chc nng (BPC) l cng c biu din vic phn r c th bc n gin cc cng vic cn thc hin. Mi chc nng c ghi trong mt khung v nu cn s c phn thnh nhng chc nng con, s mc phn ra ph thuc vo kch c v phc tp ca h thng. BPC l cng c khi u m t h thng qua chc nng, l mt trong nhng m hnh tng i n gin, d hiu, thn thin vi ngi s dng m k thut m hnh ho li khng qu phc tp, n rt c ch cho cc giai on sau. Mt khu rt quan trng trong khi xy dng biu phn cp chc nng l xc nh chc nng. - Chc nng: l khi nim dng m t cng vic cn thit sao cho cng tc nghip v c thc hin. Trong chc nng khng cn thit nu ra rng nghip v c thc hin u?, nh th no?, bi ai? c ngha l n khng quan tm n cc yu t vt l ca vn m ch quan tm ti kha cnh hnh thc, logic ca vn . V d: Chc nng lp thi kho biu dng m t cho cng tc nghip v ca mt mt trng hc no c nhim v thu thp thng tin v s lp hc, s s ca tng lp, s phng hc, phn cng nhim v ging dy ca tng gio vin t sp xp to ra mt thi kho biu chung cho ton trng. hiu r hn cc chc nng ta cn phn r, hay ni cch khc l m t chng chi tit hn na. lm vic ny chng ta c th s dng BPC. Thnh phn ca biu bao gm: + Cc chc nng: - Tn chc nng: mi chc nng phi c mt tn duy nht di dng ng tb ng. V d: Ly n hng, mua hng, lp thi kho biu. V d: K hiu: chc nng c k hiu bng hnh ch nht bn trong c tn chc nng. Mua hng
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+ Kt ni: Kt ni gia cc chc nng mang tnh cht phn cp v c k hiu bng on thng ni chc nng cha vi cc chc nng con. c im ca BPC + Cc chc nng c nhn thy mt cch khi qut nht, trc quan, d hiu, th hin tnh cu trc ca phn r chc nng. + D thnh lp v tnh n gin: N trnh by h thng phi lm g hn l h thng lm nh th no ? + Mang tnh cht tnh v b qua mi lin quan thng tin gia cc chc nng. Cc chc nng khng b lp li v khng d tha. + Rt gn gi vi s t chc nhng ta khng ng nht n vi s t chc: phn ln cc t chc ca doanh nghip ni chung thng gn lin vi chc nng. V nhng c im trn m BPC thng c s dng lm m hnh chc nng trong bc u phn tch. V d: Xt h thng qun l bn hng ti mt cng ty cung ng vt t. Khi c nhu cu mua hng khch hng gi n t hng cho b phn nhn n hng. B phn ny xem xt tnh hp l ca n t hng ( xem xt v khch hng, v mt hng trong n ). Nu n hng c chp nhn th s c chuyn sang b phn thanh ton v khch hng tr tin cho b phn ny. B phn giao hng cn c vo n hng c chp nhn gom hng t cc kho, ng gi v giao hng cho khch hng. Biu phn cp chc nng ca h thng ny c m t nh sau:
QUN L BN HNG
Giao hng
Thanh ton
Tp trung mt hng
ng gi bao b
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3.1.2. K thut phn r K thut phn r hay cn gi l phn tch t trn xung tin hnh s phn tch chc nng ca h thng bng cch i dn t mt m t c th n nhng m t chi tit thng qua nhiu mc. S chuyn dch t mt mc ti mc tip theo thc cht l s phn r chc nng mc trn thnh mt s cc chc nng mc di. Vy y l qu trnh trin khai theo mt cy, v chnh v vy m phng php ny cn c tn l phng php phn tch c cu trc. C hai cch vn dng k thut phn r : dng biu phn cp chc nng (BPC) v dng biu lung d liu (BLD). Vi BPC, th phn tch trn xung thc hin bng cch trin khai dn cy phn cp t gc n ngn ln lt qua cc mc (mi mc bao gm mt tp hp cc chc nng). trin khai t mt mc n mc tip theo ta xem xt tng chc nng v t cu hi: hon thnh chc nng th phi hon thnh cc chc nng con no . Nh ta pht hin cc chc nng thuc mc tip theo m mi lin quan vi cc chc nng mc trn l quan h bao hm (hay cha-con). Tn ca mi chc nng ( mi nt ca cy) c chn la c th phn nh mt cch ngn gn ni dung ca chc nng . Chc nng gc (mc 0) th hin nhim v tng qut ca h thng. V d: Xt h thng hot ng tn dng ca ngn hng. y l mt trong lnh vc hot ng ca ngn hng bn cnh cc h thng tit kim, chuyn khon. S lun chuyn thng tin ca h thng
Tr li
Cho vay
Khch hng
H s Tr n
H thng tn dng
Lu h s
Giy bo
Thu n
30
i vi khch hng n vay tin ngn hng th phi c mt h s (gm: n xin vay, chng minh th) v yu cu c vay. Nu h s hp l hoc khng hp l th h thng s tr li khch hng. i vi ngn hng nu yu cu v h s ca khch vay hp l tc l yu cu ca khch hng c p ng th ngn hng lp mt ti khon tng ng vi kh c vay m ngn hng quy nh v s ti khon, thi gian vay, mc li xut v ngy hon tr. Khch vay phi thanh ton (gc + li) cho ngn hng theo ng hn ghi trn kh c vay, nu qu hn khch hng khng n tr ngn hng th h thng s thng bo vi khch hng ng thi p dng mc li xut qu hn. n k hn hon tr khch vay n thanh ton (tr n) b phn thu n tnh ra s tin m khch hng phi tr, cn c vo ngy vay, ngy hon tr v li xut. Sau h thng i chiu vi ti khon gc, in ho n thanh ton v thng bo ti khch hng. Xy dng biu phn cp chc nng ca h thng H thng bao gm c cc mc sau: Mc 0: Hot ng ca h thng tn dng Mc 1: Gm cc chc nng sau: - Cp nht d liu - Thu n - Thng k v tra cu - In n Mc 2: gm cc chc nng cp nht khch hng, xc nh mc li xut, lp kh c l cc chc nng con ca chc nng Cp nht d liu; Xc nhn hon tr, ghi nhn tr ng hn, ghi nhn tr sai hn l cc chc nng con ca chc nng Thu n; thng k khch vay, thng k n qu hn, tra cu theo m khch l cc chc nng con ca chc nng tra cu theo m khch; In ha n thanh ton, in phiu bo n l cc chc nng con ca chc nng In n Qua phn tch cc chc nng trn ta xy dng c biu phn cp chc nng ca h thng nh sau:
31
Cp nht
Thu n
Thng k
In n
K c
Xc nh hon tr
Ghi nhn tr ng hn
Tra cu khch
Ho n thanh ton
Phiu bo n
Tuy nhin qua mt cch phn tch khc chng ta c th nhn c BPC khc nh i y. iu khng c mu thun g do quan nim ca yu cu h thng v cch phn tch. Lm tn dng
Cho vay
Thu n
Nhn n
Duyt vay
Tr li n
Xc nh k hn tr
X l n tr trong hn
X l n tr ngoi hn
D thy qu trnh phn tch vi BPC , m thc cht l s phn r dn dn cc chc nng l t nhin v d lm. Tuy nhin kt qua thu c c th ni l ngho nn: h thng ch c din t bng mt tp hp cc chc nng ri rc ( mt mc ca BPC). V vy cch lm ny ch thch hp cho s phn tch bc u, hoc cho cc h thng n gin .
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3.2. BIU LUNG D LIU 3.2.1. Cc khi nim Biu lung d liu (Data Flow Diagrams - BLD) l mt loi biu nhm mc ch din t mt qa trnh x l thng tin vi cc yu cu sau: - S din t l mc logic, ngha l nhm tr li cu hi "Lm g?" m b qua cu hi "Lm nh th no?". - Ch r cc chc nng (con) phi thc hin hon tt qu trnh x l cn m t. - Ch r cc thng tin c chuyn giao gia cc chc nng v qua phn no thy c trnh t thc hin ca chng. BLD l cng c chnh ca qu trnh phn tch, nhm mc ch thit k trao i v to lp d liu. N th hin r rng v kh y cc nt c trng ca h thng trong cc bc phn tch, thit k v trao i d liu. Hnh thc biu din: Trong mt s ti liu khc nhau vi cc phng php tip cn khc nhau ngi ta thng dng cc k hiu khng hon ton ging nhau. Tuy vy cc thnh phn c bn khng thay i v n c s dng nht qun trong cc qu trnh phn tch, thit k. 3.2.2. Cc thnh phn ca biu lung d liu BLD gm c cc thnh phn sau: - Chc nng x l (Process) - Lung d liu (Data Flows) - Kho d liu (Data Store) - Tc nhn ngoi (External Entity) - Tc nhn trong (Internal Entity)
a) Chc nng x l (Process)
+ Khi nim: Chc nng x l c hiu l cc qu trnh bin i thng tin, t thng tin vo n bin i, t chc li thng tin, b xung thng tin hoc to ra thng tin mi t chc thnh thng tin u ra phc v cho hot ng ca h thng nh lu vo kho d liu hoc gi cho cc chc nng khc. + Biu din: Chc nng x l c biu din bng hnh trn hay hnh van, trong c ghi tn ca chc nng. + Tn chc nng: Bi v chc nng l cc thao tc nn tn phi c dng l mt ng t cng vi b ng nu cn, cho php hiu mt cch vn tt chc nng lm g. 33
Cn ch rng tn ca chc nng trong biu lung d liu phi trng vi tn c t trong biu phn cp chc nng. Khi xy dng biu lung d liu nu c chc nng no khng to ra thng tin mi th n cha phi l chc nng trong biu lung d liu v khi cn phi xem xt li biu phn cp chc nng. Thng thng nn xem xt n kh nng chc nng ny b tch ra khi chc nng khc mt cch khng hp l.
b) Lung d liu
+ Khi nim: Lung d liu l lung thng tin vo hay ra ca mt chc nng x l. Bi vy lung d liu c coi nh cc giao din gia cc thnh phn ca biu . + Biu din: Lung d liu trn biu c biu din bng mi tn c hng trn c ghi tn l tn lung thng tin mang theo. Mi tn ch hng ca lung thng tin. + Tn lung d liu: V thng tin mang trn lung, nn tn l danh t cng vi tnh t nu cn thit, cho php hiu mt cch vn tt ni dung ca d liu c chuyn giao. Cc lung d liu v tn c gn cho chng l cc thng tin logic ch khng phi l cc ti liu vt l - gi mang thng tin. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp tn dng d liu trng (hoc ta quen dng) vi tn ti liu vt l. V d: Ho n, Ho n kim tra, im thi, Danh sch thi li , "Phiu nhp", "H s d thi"
Ho n
34
c) Kho d liu
+ Khi nim: Kho d liu l cc thng tin cn lu gi li trong mt khong thi gian, sau mt hay mt vi chc nng x l, hoc tc nhn trong s dng. + Biu din: Kho d liu c biu din bng cp on thng song song trn c ghi tn ca kho. + Tn: Bi v kho cha cc d liu nn tn ca kho l danh t km theo tnh t nu cn thit, n ni ln ni dung thng tin ch khng phi l gi mang thng tin. V d: Kho H s Cn b, c gi v.v... Biu din mi lin quan gia chc nng x l, kho d liu, lung d liu trong biu lung d liu:
Cp nht kho
V d: vic qun l lng ca cn b, cng nhn vin ti mt c quan. Khi c nhn vin mi v c quan phi gi cc thng tin v lng ca c nhn cho b phn ny. B phn ny kim tra tnh y v chnh xc ca cc thng tin v lu tr cc thng tin ny. Theo nh k lm cc bng lng ng thi thng xuyn cp nht cc thng tin mi v lng cho cn b cng nhn vin. Ta c th m t m t cc cng vic ca b phn qun l lng nh sau:
H s H s H s
Cp nht h s
Lm bng lng
35
Mt s ch khi xc nh cc kho d liu: - Khng c lung d liu gia hai kho d liu
- Ni chung kho c tn nn lung d liu vo ra kho khng cn tn ch khi vic cp nht, hoc trch t kho ch mt phn thng tin kho, ngi ta mi dng tn cho lung d liu - i vi kho d liu phi c t nht mt lung d liu vo v t nht mt lung ra. Nu kho ch c lung vo m khng c lung ra l kho v tch s, nu kho ch c lung ra m khng c lung vo l kho rng. -Trong biu lung d liu ta c th t mt kho d liu nhiu ni thun li cho vic theo di. (nhng phi hiu ch l mt).
d) Tc nhn ngoi
Tc nhn ngoi cn c gi l i tc, l mt ngi, mt nhm ngi hay mt t chc bn ngoi lnh vc nghin cu ca h thng nhng c tip xc, trao i thng tin vi h thng. S c mt ca cc nhn t ny trn s ch ra gii hn ca h thng, v nh r mi quan h ca h thng vi th gii bn ngoi. iu ng ch l hiu ngha ngoi lnh vc nghin cu khng c ngha l bn ngoi t chc, chng hn nh vi h thng x l n hng th b phn k ton, b phn mua hng v cc b phn kho tng vn l tc nhn ngoi. i vi h thng tuyn sinh i hc th tc nhn ngoi vn c th l th sinh, gio vin chm thi v hi ng tuyn sinh. Tc nhn ngoi l phn sng cn ca h thng, chng l ngun cung cp thng tin cho h thng cng nh chng nhn cc sn phm thng tin t h thng. + Biu din: Bng hnh ch nht c tn + Tn: c xc nh bng danh t km theo tnh t nu cn thit V d: Th sinh Khch hng 36
Mt s ch vi tc nhn ngoi khi xy dng biu - Trong biu khng c lung d liu gia hai tc nhn ngoi .
- Trong mt biu lung d liu ta c th t mt tc nhn ngoi nhiu ch d c, d hiu (nhng phi hiu ch l mt). Trong biu lung d liu khng c lung d liu gia tc nhn ngoi vi kho d liu
e) Tc nhn trong
+ Khi nim: Tc nhn trong l mt chc nng hay mt h thng con ca h thng c m t trang khc ca biu , nhng c trao i thng tin vi cc phn t thuc trang hin ti ca biu . Thng thng mi biu c th bao gm mt s trang, c bit l trong cc h thng phc tp v vi khun kh giy c hn thng tin c truyn gia cc qu trnh trn cc trang khc nhau c ch ra nh k hiu ny. ngha ca tc nhn trong vi k hiu tng t nh nt tip ni ca s thut ton. + Biu din: Tc nhn trong biu din bng hnh ch nht h mt pha v trong c ghi tn. + Tn tc nhn trong: c biu din bng ng t km b ng nu cn.
Qun l kho Tnh lng
Khi xy dng biu mt tc nhn trong c th c t nhiu ni trong biu cho d c, d hiu. V d: BLD din t h thng cung ng vt t trong V d QLCVT phn trc. 4 chc nng chnh: + t hng 37
+ Nhn, pht hng + i chiu v kim tra + Thanh ton Tc nhn ngoi + Phn xng + Nh cung cp Ta c biu lng d liu sau:
38
Nh cung cp
n hng
H/D tr
Hng nhn
H pht hng
3.2.3. Phn r biu lung d liu theo mc Vi BLD th qu trnh phn r t trn xung li l qu trnh thnh lp dn dn cc BLD din t cc chc nng ca h thng theo tng mc. Mi mc l mt tp hp cc BLD: + Mc bi cnh hay khung cnh (cn gi l mc 0) ch c mt BLD, trong ch c mt chc nng duy nht - chc nng tng qut ca h thng v cc lung thng tin trao i vi cc tc nhn ngoi. + Mc nh (cn gi l mc 1) cng ch c mt BLD gm cc cc chc nng chnh ca h thng. + Cc mc di nh( cn gi l cc mc 2,3,4,...) , mi mc gm nhiu BLD c thnh lp nh sau: Vi mi chc nng mc trn, ta thnh lp mt BLD mc di, gi l BLD nh ngha (hay gi thch, din t), chc nng , theo cch sau: + Phn r chc nng nthnh nhiu chc nng con. + V ti cc lung d liu vo v ra chc nng trn nhng nay phi vo hay ra cc chc nng con thch hp; + Nghin cu cc quan h v d liu gia cc chc nng con, nh b xung cc lung d liu ni b hoc cc kho d liu ni b. Cch nh s cc chc nng 39
Cc chc nng c nh s theo k php chm theo di vt trin khai t trn xung. + Cc chc nng mc nh c nh s 1.2.3,.... + Cc chc nng cc mc di nh, chng hn cc chc nng mc 2 c nh s l: 1.1, 1.2,...,2.1, 2.2,... Cc chc nng mc 3 c nh s l: 1.1.1, 1.1.2,...,2.1.1, 2.1.2,... Khi trin khai dn cc mc nh trn ta phi tun th mt s quy tc sau y, gi l cc quy tc v s tng hp gia cc mc: + Khi nh ngha mt chc nng mc trn thnh mt BLD mc di th cc lung d liu vo v ra chc nng phi c bo ton, ngha l phi c v li y trong BLD nh ngha. Khi bo ton t mc trn xung mc di nh vy th mt lung d liu c th phn r ra thnh nhiu lung con, nu cn. + Cc tc nhn ngoi phi xut hin ton b trong BLD khung cnh, v khng c pht sinh mi cc mc di. Tuy nhin c th v li mt tc nhn ngoi mc di nu thy cn (chng hn thy ni xut pht hoc ni n ca mt lung d liu no ). + Cc kho d liu khng xut hin trong BLD bi cnh. Tuy nhin chng dn dn pht sinh cc mc di khi cn n . V d 1: Tr li V d v h thng thng tin c s tn dng th qu trnh phn tch trn xung l nh sau: - Mc khung cnh (mc 0): chc nng tng qut ca h thng l: Lm tn dng. Tc nhn ngoi ca h thng l khch vay(cng c th con c nhng i tc khc nh l Ngn hng, chnh quyn a phng v.v., song ta tm thi lc b cho n gin ). B sung cc lung d liu trao i gia h thng v tc nhn ngoi, ta c biu lung d liu khung cnh nh sau:
Khch vay
H thng tn dng 40
- Mc nh (mc 1): Chc nng lm tn dng c th phn r thnh hai chc nng con l Cho vay v thu n. Ngoi ba lung d liu vo / ra mc khung cnh c bo ton, th ta thy lung thng tin trao i gia hai chcc nng cho vay v thu n l khng trc tip, m phi thng qua mt kho d liu , l s n. T c BLD mc nh nh sau:
Tr li n vay
1. Cho vay
S ghi n
Hon tr
- Mc di nh (mc 2) Chc nng 1 c phn r thnh ba chc nng: Nhn n, duyt vay v tr li n . Cn chc nng 2 th c phn r thnh 3 chc nng: Xc inh k hn tr , x l n tr trong hn v x l tr n ngoi hn. Bo ton cc lung DL vo/ra v thm cc lung DL ni b, ta lp c hai BLD nh ngha hai chc nng 1 v 2 nh sau:
+ nh ngha chc nng 1 +
1.1 Cho vay
n vay
n kim tra
Khch vay
S ghi n 1.3 Tr li n
T chi/p ng vay
41
Phiu thu
N tr trong hn
Khch vay
Hon tr
2.1 Xc nh loi tr
H thng QL th vin
c gi Kim tra v p ng yu cu
Yu cu cung cp sch
- Mc nh:
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Yu cu
Cp nht
Cung cp
QL sch v ti liu
Th +Yu cu
c gi
QL Mn Tr
Th +sch/ti liu Yu cu lm th Xt v cp th
Sch tr
QL sch v ti liu
c gi
CCh : + Nu cng mt h thng, m ta tin hnh phn tch bng c hai cch: dng BPC v dng BLD th ng nhin gia hai m hnh phi c mi lin quan n khp: Lun lun phi c nh x 1-1 gia cc chc nng trong BPC vi cc chc nng trong cc BLD tng ng. 43
+ Qu trnh trin khai trn xung khng th ko di mi, m phi dng sau mt s mc. Ta quyt nh dng qu trnh, khi c nhng biu hin sau: + Cc chc nng l kh n gin . + Vi cc h thng va v nh s mc thng l 3, vi cc h thng ln s mc cng ch khong 6 Khi dng vic trin khai bng BLD, th mi chc nng trong cc BLD mc cui cng, ta phi cho mt c t trc tip. Qu trnh trin khai lm pht sinh rt nhiu tn gi: tn chc nng, tn lung d liu, tn kho d liu. Cc tn rt d gy lm ln cho cc ngi dng cng nh cc ngi thit k sau ny. Vy phi lp mt t in d liu gii thch cc tn gi . 3.2.4. M hnh vt l v m hnh logic Vic phn tch thng c bt u t cc m hnh cha nhiu yu t vt l m mc ch ca phn tch l i ti mt m hnh lgic ca h thng . Qu trnh phn mc ni mc trn ch c th dn ta vo nhng m t chi tit, ch khng phi l a n nhng m t lgic. Bi v trong m t m ta thu c(di dng cc BLD) th vn cn ln cc yu t vt l no . Nht l khi s m t m ta thnh lp li da trn s kho st mt h thng ang tn ti , ang hot ng , th cc yu t vt l vn y dy trong thc t, s c nhiu c hi lt qua s sng lc ca ngi phn tch i vo cc BLD c thnh lp. C ba loi yu t vt l c th ln vo cc BLD: (1) Cc yu t vt l xut hin tng minh trong ngn t hay hnh v ttrong biu nh l: + Cc phng tin, phng thc c dng thc hin cc chc nng (nh my tnh, bn phm, my in, x l th cng v.v) + Cc gi mang thng tin (nh a t, s sch, chng t trn giy , ng in thoi ...) + Cc tc nhn thc hin chc nng (nh gim c, k ton vin, th kho ...) (2) Cc chc nng vt l, l nhng chc nng gn lin vi mt cng c hay mt bin php x l nht nh , v s khng cn l do tn ti khi cng c hay bin php b thay i; chng hn chc nng nhp d liu vo my tnh s khng tn ti na khi ta khng dng my tnh, v l mt chc nng vt l. 44
(3) Cu trc vt l, y l cu trc chung ca biu ang cn phn nh trc tip cch b tr, t chc hay ci t hin ti, m cha phn nh r bn cht lgic ca h thng , cha thot ra ngoi mi cch ci t c th, chng hn h CVT nh my Z c 3 t cng tc l: t hng, nhn hng/pht hng v i chiu. Do mt cch t nhin, BLD mc nh c thnh lp vi 3 chc nng tng ng vi 3 t chc . Cu trc nh vy l cu trc ch quan ,v n b p t bi mt hnh thc t chc cng vic c th l cn tm thi v cha hn ng thc cht . Cc yu t vt l ni trn xen ln vo BLD, lm cho BLD phn nh khng tht trng bn cht ca h thng, cn phi gt b chng ra khi biu . loi b cc yu t vt l loi (1), ta ch cn loi b ra khi biu cc phn ngn t hay hnh v biu th phng tin, gi mang thng tin hay tc nhn, v ch gi li s din t ni dung ca chc nng hay thng tin m thi, chng hn :
45
thay bi
thay bi
Sc
thay bi
tr tin
loi b cc yu t loi (2), tc l cc chc nng vt l, trc ht phi lm cho chng xut hin trong biu thng th cc chc nng vt l l cc chc nng nh, cha xut hin cc BLD mc trn. V vy ta phi trin khai cc BLD xung cc mc thp. Khi phn d mi chc nng thnh cc chc nng nh, ta s tch c cc chc nng vt l ri khi cc chc nng lgic. T ta loi cc chc nng vt l ra khi biu . Sau khi loi b ht cc chc nng vt l ,th cc chc nng cn li l cc chc nng lgc v ta ang mt mc thp no . By gi ta s loi b yu t vt l loi(3), tc l cu trc vt l, bng cch t chc li cc biu , t di ln trn ,xut pht t cc chc nng lgc ni trn ,theo cc bc nh sau : + Trc ht do c cc chc nng vt l b loi, mt s lung d liu b t qung, ta phi tm cch ni chng li cho lin tc . + Tip xem xt ni dung cc chc nng lgc, tm cch gom cm cc chc nng gn gi v hp tc vi nhau trong mt mc ch x l vo mt chc nng ln , cho d trc y chng b chia la bi cc l do ci t. Lm nh th, ang mc di, ta li thnh lp c BLD mc trn, v c th tip tc, ta t chc li cc BLD cc mc, cho n mc nh. Cu trc ca cc biu by gi s khng cn mang tnh cht vt l na. Tm li, t BLD vt l mc nh, ta trin khai xung cc mc thp, r b cc chc nng vt l, ri li tr v cc mc cao chnh n li cu trc ca cc biu . Rt cc BLD vt l mc BLD Logic mc ta tr li v mc nh vi mt BLD lgic. Qu trnh c khi qut nh sau:
nh
nh
46
Xo cc chc nng vt l
3.3. C T TIN TRNH 3.3.1. Mc ch v yu cu c t chc nng Mt im chung trong vic s dng BPC v BLD l din t mt chc nng phc tp ta phn r n ra thnh nhiu chc nng con n gin hn. Ni cch khc l t mt hp en, ta gii thch n bng cch tch n ra thnh nhiu hp en. C v nh l mt s lun qun, song thc ra l c s tin b v cc chc nng con thu c l n gin hn trc. Mun y ti s tin b , ta tip tc phn r cc chc nng con ny. S lp li qu trnh phn r (thng qua cc BPC hay BLD) ng nhin ti mt lc phi dng li. Cc chc nng thu c mc cui cng, l rt n gin, cng vn cn c gii thch (nu khng th vn c l hp en). By gi s gii thch chc nng phi c thc hin bi nhng phng tin din t trc tip (khc vi cc BPC v BLD). Gi l s c t chc nng, thng gi tt l P-Spec (Process Specification). Mt c t chc nng thng c trnh by mt cch ngn gn, khng vt qu mt trang A4 v gm hai phn: Phn u gm: - Tn chc nng. - Cc d liu vo, - Cc d liu ra. Phn thn m t ni dung x l, thng s dng cc phng tin m t sau y (lit k theo trt t u tin gim dn): - Cc phng trnh ton hc. - Cc bng quyt nh hay cy quyt nh. - Cc s khi. - Cc ngn ng t nhin cu trc ho.
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Chng c s dng khi chc nng c c t thc cht mt s phn chia cc trng hp tu thuc mt s iu kin vo. ng vi mi trng hp th c mt s chn la khc bit mt s hnh ng ( hay gi tr) ra no . S cc gi tr c th ca mi iu kin vo phi l hu hn . Chng hn : L thng binh c th ly gi tr ng () hay Sai (S). iu kin tui tc c th ly 4 gi tr: Tui th (di 13 tui) Tui tr (T 13 n 29 tui) Trung nin (T 30 n 59 tui ) Tui gi ( T 60 tui tr nn).
Nh vy s cc trng hp c th c l c bit trc (bng tch ca cc s nhng gi tr c th ca cc iu kin vo). Nh vy ta khng st cc trng hp. l mt u im ng k ca cc quyt nh v cc cy quyt nh. Bng quyt nh l mt bng hai chiu, trong mt chiu (c th l chiu ngang hay chiu dc) c tch lm hai phn: mt phn cho cc iu kin vo v phn kia cho cc hnh ng hay cc bin ra. Chiu th hai l cc trng hp c th xy ra tu thuc gi tr ca cc iu kin. ng vi mi trung hp (l ct hay l dng), th cc hnh ng chn la s c nh du X hoc nu ci ra l cc bin, th cho cc gi tr tng ng ca cc bin .
Cc trng hp Cc iu kin Cc hnh ng iu kin XSSSSiu kin YSSSSiu kin ZSSSS
48
V d: Mt ca hng quyt nh: + Gim gi 10% cho thng binh . + Gim gi 5% cho con lit s. + Khng c php hng hai tiu chun(by gi ly mc cao nht) Nh vy chc nng xc nh mc gim gi cho khch hng c c t bng bng quyt nh sau: L thng binh L con lit s Gim gi 10% Gim gi 5% Gim gi 0%
Bng quyt nh gim gi
S X
S X
S S
Cy quyt nh ch l mt bin tng ca bng quyt nh; n phn chia cc trng hp nh cu trc cy thay v cu trc bng . Chng hn tng ng ca bng quyt nh trn ta c cy quyt nh sau: 10%
L thng binh S L con lit s L con lit s S 10% 5% 0%
S khi l loi biu din t gii thut quen thuc v a dng vi cc ngi mi hc lp trnh, v n n gin d hiu. Vi lp trnh nng cao, th n bc l nhiu nhc im, cho nn n li t c a dng: n khuyn khch vic s dng trn lan GO TO. N khng th hin r ba cu trc iu khin c bn (tun t chn, lp), n h tr km cho lp trnh trn xung v cng t ra gng p vi lp trnh quy v.vTuy nhin vi nhim v c t cc chc nng n gin m ta cn y, th n p ng c yu cu. 49
Nu nh BLD ch c mt loi nt l chc nng (tc l cc hnh ng phi lm), th s khi li c hai loi nt: + Nt hnh ng x l(hnh ch nht ) + Nt kim tra iu kin (hnh thoi). Nu trong BLD mt cung l mt tuyn chuyn giao d liu th trong s khi mt cung l mt tuyn chuyn giao iu khin (ngha l chuyn giao quyn thc hin) Nh vy nu nh cc BLD chi tp trung din t nhng vic phi lm l g (vi mi lin quan v d liu gia chng ), th cc s khi li c phn m m hn, khng nhng ch ra cc vic phi lm, m cn ch ra cch dn dt cc vic . Chnh v s m m m n khng thch hp din t cc chc nng phc tp v ln. Di y l mt V d dng s khi c t chc nng lp danh sch trng tuyn v danh sch trt.
Cn th sinh cha xt? Tra cu im th sinh S Ra
im ts >= im chun?
c) Cc ngn ng c cu trc.
Ngn ng c cu trc (cng cn c gi l m gi) l mt ngn ng t nhin (chng hn ting Vit) b hn ch: + Ch c php dng cc cu n sai khin hay khng nh (th hin cc lnh hay cc iu kin). 50
+ Cc cu n ny c ghp ni nh mt t kho th hin cc cu trc iu khin chn v lp. Nh vy ngn ng c cu trc c nhng c im ca mt ngn ng lp trnh, song n khng chu nhng hn ch v quy nh ngt ngho ca cc ngn ng lp trnh, cho nn c dng thoi mi hn. Tuy nhin n cng khng qu phng tng nh mt ngn ng t do. Di y l c t ca chc nng lp danh sch trng tuyn v danh sch trt dng ngn ng c cu trc.
Lp: Ly mt th sinh t kho cc th sinh Tra cu im ca mt th sinh no . Nu im ca th sinh >= im chun. Th a th sinh vo danh sch Khng th a th sinh vo danh sch trt n khi Ht th sinh.
3.4. BI TP
51
4.1. CC PHNG TIN M T D LIU Mt h thng trong trng thi vn ng bao gm hai yu t l cc chc nng x l v d liu. Gia x l v d liu c mi quan h mt thit cht ch v bn thn d liu c mi lin kt ni b khng lin quan n x l l tnh c lp d liu. M t d liu c xem nh vic xc nh tn, dng d liu v tnh cht ca d liu. D liu khng ph thuc vo ngi s dng ng thi khng ph thuc vo yu cu tm kim v thay i thng tin. Trong mc ny thun tin cho phng php nghin cu chng ta ch tp trung n cc phng tin v m hnh din t d liu. l cc thng tin c quan tm n trong qun l, n c lu tr lu di, c x l v s dng trong h thng thng tin qun l. C nhiu cng c m t d liu. Cc cng c ny l cc cch tru tng ho d liu c bit l mi quan h ca d liu nhm ph bin nhng ci chung nht m con ngi ta c th trao i vi nhau. Trong phn ny chng ta cp n 4 cng c ch yu: + M ho d liu + T in d liu + M hnh thc th lin kt + M hnh quan h 4.1.1. M ho cc tn gi
a) Khi nim m ho
M l tn vit tt gn cho mt i tng no hay ni cch khc mi i tng cn c tn v vn t ra l ta s t tn cho i tng nh th no. Trong mi i tng gm nhiu thuc tnh khc nhau th yu cu m ho cho cc thuc tnh cng l yu cu cn thit. Ngoi ra m ho cn l hnh thc chun ho d liu phn loi d liu lu tr v tm kim c hiu qu v bo mt d liu c bit trong cc h thng thng tin x l bng my tnh. Mt s V d v m ho: - Khi ta cn xc nh mt cng dn th s chng minh th hoc s h chiu l m ca cng dn . 52
Trong thc t ta gp rt nhiu i tng cn m ho nh m ho ngnh ngh cn o to, m ho cc bnh, m s in thoi, m th sinh vin, th bo him y t,... Chng ta c nhiu phng php m khc nhau. Do vy cn xc nh mt s tiu ch nh gi cht lng ca vic m ho: + M ho khng c nhp nhng: Th hin nh x 1-1 gia m ho v gii m mi i tng c xc nh r rng v duy nht vi mt m nht nh. + Thch ng vi phng thc s dng: Vic m ho c th tin hnh bng th cng nn cn phi r hiu, d gii m, v vic m ho bng my i hi c php cht ch. + C kh nng m rng m: Thm pha cui (sau) ca cc m c Xen m mi vo gia cc m c, thng m xen phi dng phng php cc nhy, nhy u n da vo thng k trnh tnh trng bng n m. + M phi ngn gn lm gim kch c ca m, y cng l mc tiu ca m ho. Tuy nhin iu ny i khi mu thun vi khi nim m rng m sau ny. + M c tnh gi : Th hin tnh ng ngha ca m. i khi tnh gi l yu cu i vi m cng khai, v lm cho vic m ho thun tin d dng. + Cch m cn xc nh sao cho ti thiu ho sai st khi m v gim tnh d tha ca m.
c) Cc kiu m ho
(1). M ho lin tip (Serial Coding): Ta dng cc s nguyn lin tip 000,001, 002... m ho. Phng php ny thng nh s th t trong danh sch cc i tng. u im: Khng nhp nhng, n gin, thm pha sau. Khuyt im: Khng xen c, thiu tnh gi v cn phi c bng tng ng v khng phn theo nhm. 53
(2). M ho theo lt S dng cc s nguyn nh m ho lin tip nhng phn ratheo lt( lp) cho tng loi i tng, trong mi lt dng m lin tip. V d: M ho cc i tng l cc hng ng kim Vng 1: 0001 0999 m ha cc hng ng kim b, trong : 001 0099 m ha cc loi vt 0100 0299 m ha cc loi cu 0300 0499 m ha cc loi bulong 0500 0599 m ha cc loi inh .... 1000 1999 m ha cc chi tit kim loi, trong 1000 1099 m ha cc loi st ch U ....
Vng 2:
u im: Khng nhp nhng, n gin, c th m rng v xen thm c. Nhc im: vn phi dng bng tng ng. (3). M phn on: Bn thn m c phn thnh nhiu on mi on mang mt ngha ring. V d: S ng k xe my: Bin s xe ca ng X l 29 F6 6956 l bin xe ng k ti H Ni (m tnh l 29). 2
Tnh
Lt (x ri)
S lin tip
u im: Khng nhp nhng, m rng ,xen thm c v c dng kh ph bin, loi m ny cho php thit lp cc phng thc kim tra gin tip i vi m ca cc i tng bng cch trch rt cc on m kim tra. Nhc im: M qu di nn th tc m nng n, khng c nh v vn c th b bo ho m.
54
(4). M phn cp: Cc i tng c m ho theo ch phn cp cc chi tit nh dn. Mt hnh nh kh quen thuc ca m ho phn cp l nh s chng, tit, mc trong mt quyn sch. Chng 1 1.1 Bi 1 1.2 Bi 2 1.3 Bi 3 Chng 2 1.1 Bi 4 1.1.1 Mc 1 1.1.2 Mc 2 1.2 Bi 5 1.3 Bi 6 .... u im : Cc u im tng t nh m ho phn on, ngoi ra vic tm kim m d dng. Khuyt im :Tng nh nh cc nhc im ca m phn on. (5). M din ngha: Bng cch gn mt tn ngn gn nhng hiu c cho mt i tng. V d : i bng cc nc tham gia gii Tiger cup c m bng cch ly ba k t u nh sau: VIE: Vit Nam, THA: Thailand, SIN: Singapore, IND: indonesia, MAL : Malaysia. u im : Tin dng cho s l bng th cng. Khuyt im: Khng gii m c bng my tnh. Cc ch khi la chn s m ho Nh nu trn, c nhiu phng php m ho khc nhau, c th s dng mt kiu m no , cng c th s dng kt hp nhiu kiu t cht lng m tt nht. Vic la chn m ho cn da vo cc yu t sau: - Nghin cu vic s dng m sau ny. - Nghin cu s lng i tng c m ho lng trc c s pht trin. - Nghin cu s phn b thng k cc i tng phn b theo lp. - Tm xem c nhng m no c dng trc cho cc i tng ny k tha. 55
- Tha thun vi ngi dng cch m. - Th nghim trc khi dng chnh thc chnh l kp thi. 4.1.2. T in d liu
a) Khi nim
T in d liu l mt t liu tp trung mi tn gi ca mi i tng c dng trong h thng trong c cc giai on phn tch, thit k, ci t v bo tr. N l vn phm gi hnh thc m t ni dung ca cc s vt, i tng theo nh ngha c cu trc. Chng hn trong biu lung d liu(BLD): cc chc nng x l, kho d liu, lung d liu ch m t mc khi qut thng l tp hp cc khon mc ring l. Cc khi qut ny cn c m t chi tit hn qua cng c t in d liu.
b) Cu to t in
T in d liu gm cc mc t v li gii thch. Li gii thch th hin c cu trc ca 1 t bn cht lin gi tr v phm vi s dng V d: Lung d liu Mc t Phiu yu cu Ni dung - ngha : Lung d liu chuyn t tc nhn ngoi Bn c n tin trnh X l phiu yu cu - Thnh phn: S th c, Tn ti liu, Tn tc gi, S c bit, Ngy vit phiu Hnh 4.2. Mc t cho lung d liu Phiu yu cu V d: Kho d liu Mc t Ni dung - ngha: Cha mi thng tin v sch trong th vin - Thnh phn: S c bit, Tn sch, Tn tc gi, Nm xut bn, Nh xut bn, Ln xut bn, Ngy nhp, Loi sch, Cc t kho, Tm tt ni dung, V tr trong kho,Trng thi mn - T chc: Lu tr tun t v c sp xp theo S c bit. Khi cp nht sch mi c xp vo ng v tr ca n trong kho - Cc x l lin quan : Cp nht sch mi, Hu sch c, Tm kim sch theo cc thnh phn thng tin ring bit 56
Sch
Hnh 4.2. Mc t cho kho d liu Sch 4.2. M HNH THC TH LIN KT 4.2.1. Cc khi nim ca m hnh thc th lin kt M hnh thc th lin kt (Entity Association E/A) xut pht t ba khi nim c bn: thc th, lin kt v thuc tnh.
Thc th: Mt thc th( entity) l mt vt th c th hay tru tng, tn ti thc s v kh n nh trong th gii thc, m ta mun phn nh n trong h thng thng tin.
V d: Thc th c th nh: Hc sinh Trn Ngc Kha, Ha n s 58 Thc th tru tng nh: Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin
Thuc tnh: Thuc tnh (Property hay arttibute) l mt gi tr dng m t mt kha cnh no ca mt thc th.
V d: Tui ca Trn Ngc Kha l 17 Tng tin ca ha n s 58 l 800.000 Gi tr thuc tnh thng c cho km theo mt tn (tui 17, tng tin: 800.000). Tn thc t l tn chung ca mi gi tr c th chn la m t mt kha cnh nht nh ca cc thc th (tui: 17, tui: 20, tui:14...). Ta gi tn l mt kiu thuc tnh (property type). V d: Tui, tng tin ... l cc kiu thuc tnh. - Kiu thuc tnh a tr: L kiu thuc tnh m gi tr ca n i vi mt thc th c th l mt dy hay 1 tp cc gi tr. - Ta gi kiu thc th (entity type) l mt tp hp cc thc th c m t bi cng mt tp hp cc kiu thuc tnh v biu din cho mt lp t nhin cc vt th trong th gii thc. V d: Kiu thc th khch hng c m t bng cc kiu thuc tnh: tn, a ch, s ti khon. Mt hay mt tp kiu thuc tnh ca mt kiu thc th c gi l mt kha nu gi tr ca n cho php ta phn bit cc thc th vi nhau. V d: s ti khon v m hng ln lt l kha ca cc kiu thc th ti khon v mt hng. Cn vi kiu thc th Sch mn c th ly s hiu sch, s hiu c gi, 57
ngy mn lm kha (sch mn v nh nn mt c gi ch c mn mt cun sch nhiu nht mt ln trong mt ngy). Nu kha ch gm mt kiu thuc tnh duy nht th ta gi thuc tnh l mt nh danh (identifier). V d: SH Nhn vin M Nhn vin
Cc thuc tnh trong m hnh thc th lin kt c hai rng buc phi tho mn: - Gi tr duy nht: Mi thuc tnh ca mt thc th c th ly mt v ch mt gi tr duy nht. - Gi tr s ng: Gi tr thuc tnh khng th tch thnh cc phn nh hn.
Lin kt: Mt lin kt l mt s gom nhm cc thc th trong mi thc th c mt vai tr nht nh. - Khch hng n giao np n hng 3428. - n hng 3428 t mua cc mt hng 34 v 78 - Anh Lin l hc tr ca thy H.
V d:
Mt kiu lin kt (asociation type) l mt tp hp cc lin kt c cng ngha. Mt kiu lin kt l c nh ngha gia nhiu kiu thc th. Tn ca kiu lin kt thng c chn l mt ng t (ch ng hay b ng) phn nh ngha ca n . V d: - Kiu lin kt giao np gia kiu thc th khch hng v kiu thc th n hng (2 ngi). - Kiu lin kt t mua gia kiu thc th n hng v kiu thc th mt hng (2 ngi). - Kiu lin kt dy gia kiu thc th thy v kiu thc th tr (2 ngi). - Thi kha biu l mt kiu lin kt gia cc kiu thc th: Mn, gi, phng, lp ( lin kt nhiu ngi ) Cc gi tr ng s thng dng l 1 (1..1) 0..1 0.. * hay * 1.. * mt v ch mt khng hay mt t khng ti nhiu t mt ti nhiu. 58
m.. n
t m ti n.
4.2.2. c t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th c t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th, m hnh thc th lin kt thng c biu din di dng mt th, trong cc nt l cc kiu thc th, cn cc cung l cc kiu lin kt. th c gi l s thc th lin kt v c lp nh sau: + Mt kiu thc th c biu din bi mt hnh ch nht gm 2 ngn, ngn trn cha tn ca kiu thc th, ngn di cha danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh ca n. Tn kiu thc th thng l mt danh t (ch vt th). Cc kiu thuc tnh hp thnh kha ca kiu thc th c gch di, v thng t ln u danh sch. + Mt kiu lin kt c biu din bi mt hnh thoi, c ni bng nt lin ti cc kiu thc th tham gia lin kt. Trong hnh thoi vit tn kiu lin kt(tn ny c th khuyt, nu khng cn lm r). Nh trn ni tn kiu lin kt thng l mt ng t (ch ng hay b ng). Nu kiu lin kt l hai ngi, th hai u mt cc ng ni, st vi cc kiu thc th, ta ghi thm ng s (nu thy cn lm r). V d: Biu din ha ca kiu lin kt Mn.
c gi SH c gi H tn a ch
1 Mn 0..*
Lng
Bc lng
H s Ngy ln
Nh CC SH nh CC 0..* H tn a ch
Cung ng 0..*
Mt hng
SH mt hng
Tn hng Mu
59
* Mt s trng hp c bit: - Lin kt quy: L kiu lin kt gia mt thc th vi chnh thc th . Ngi ID ngi H tn a ch
v 0..1 chng 0..1 kt hn
Cn h
0..1
Thu
- Kiu lin kt c thuc tnh m t: Ta ghi danh sch cc thuc tnh bn cnh hnh thoi; hoc v thm mt hnh ch nht hai ngn nh kiu thc th: ngn tn c th cha tn kiu lin kt hoc b trng; ngn thuc tnh cha cc thuc tnh, b sung cc thuc tnh kho ca cc kiu thuc tnh tham gia lin kt. V n c ni vi hnh thoi bng nt t.
Hc sinh ID HSinh H tn Lp
ID GVien
ID HSinh
Mn hc Nm hc 60
Ngy Ngy
Giao hng
ID H M hng
Ngy Lng giao
4.2.3. M hnh thc th lin kt m rng v hn ch 4.2.3.1. M hnh E/A m rng a) Cc im m rng i vi m hnh E/A - Cc kiu thuc tnh a tr: Trong m hnh m rng c php dng kiu thuc tnh a tr. Ngha l tn ti kiu thuc tnh m gi tr ca n i vi mt thc th c th l mt dy hay mt tp cc gi tr. V d: Tn, tui cc con ca mt nhn vin. - Cc kiu thuc tnh phc hp: Cho php dng kiu thuc tnh phc hp t cc thuc tnh s ng, tc l c to thnh t s kt hp t nhiu kiu thuc tnh khc. Mc nh, mi gi tr ca kiu thuc tnh phc hp l s ghp cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh s ng tng ng. V d: Kiu thuc tnh a ch l s kt hp ca cc thuc tnh S nh, ng ph, Qun huyn, Tnh thnh. - Cc kiu thc th con: 61
Nu trong mt kiu thc th A, ta ch ra mt tp con B ca A, m cc thc th trong B va mang cc kiu thuc tnh chung ca cc thc th trong A, li va c thm mt s cc kiu thuc tnh mi, th ta ni l s chuyn bit ha. B c gi l kiu thc th con ca kiu thc th A. Cc kiu thuc tnh ca B bao gm mi kiu thuc tnh ca A cng thm cc kiu thuc tnh ring ca n. Ta ni: B tha k cc thuc tnh ca A. Qu trnh ngc li vi chuyn bit ha l s khi qut ha: T nhiu kiu thc th B, C,... ta rt ra cc kiu thuc tnh chung lp mt kiu thc th A (vi cc kiu thuc tnh chung ) sao cho B,C,... u l kiu thc th con ca A. V d: Cc thc th Sinh vin, Nhn vin l thc th con ca thc th Ngi. Ngi ID ngi H tn a ch
b) Cch bin i biu E/A m rng v biu E/A kinh in Quy tc 1: Chuyn cc thuc tnh a tr v cc thuc tnh c gi tr duy nht. Thay mt kiu thuc tnh a tr T ca kiu thc th A bi mt kiu thc th mi E-T v kt ni A vi E-T bi mt kiu lin kt. a vo kiu thc th E-T mt kiu thuc tnh n tr t, tng ng vi cc gi tr thnh phn ca T. Nghin cu cc ng s cho kiu lin kt mi (gia A v E-T). V d 1: Kiu thc th Nhn vin c thuc tnh a tr l cc ngoi ng.
Nhn vin M NV H tn Cc NN
chuyn thnh
Nhn vin M NV H tn
0..*
Ngoi ng
Bit
0..*
Tn NN
Ch : Kiu thc th ni trn c gi l kiu thc th ph thuc; n ch tn ti cng vi kiu thc th chnh. 62
V d 2: Ho n:
S ho n:. Ngy:..
HO N
H tn khch hng:. a ch: Hnh thc thanh ton:.. M hng Tn hng n v tnh S lng n gi Thnh tin
Tng tin:
Ho n
S H Ngy H
Ho n
chuyn thnh S H Ngy H 0..* 0..*
Thnh tin
Quy tc 2: X l cc thuc tnh a tr ca mt kiu lin kt. Thc th ho lin kt kiu , ri p dng quy tc 1 cho kiu thcth mi lp. Quy tc 3: X l cc kiu thuc tnh phc hp. Thay kiu thuc tnh phc hp bi cc kiu thuc tnh m tch hp thnh. V d: Kiu thuc tnh a ch thay bng cc thuc tnh S nh, ng ph, Qun huyn, Tnh thnh. Quy tc 4: X l cc kiu thc th con. Gi s B l thc th con ca thc th A. C hai cch x l: 63
- Loi b kiu thc th B v b sung mi kiu thuc tnh ca B vo trong A, ng thi thm mt kiu thuc tnh cho php phn loi cc thc th ca A (thuc B hay khng thuc B). Chuyn mi kiu lin kt vi B sang A, v nghin cu li cc ng s cho chng. - Thay i mi quan h tha k gia A v B bng mt kiu lin kt gia A v B m cc ng s ti a bng 1. Nghin cu c th cc ng s ti thiu. 4.2.3.2. M hnh E/A hn ch a) Cc im hn ch i vi m hnh E/A M hnh thc th lin kt hn ch b hn ch nhiu v cc hnh thc din t nhng li rt gn vi m hnh quan h v do d dng chuyn sang ci t vi mt h qun tr CSDL. Ngoi cc rng buc cc thuc tnh c gi tr duy nht v c tnh s ng th m hnh E/A hn ch c b sung thm cc rng buc sau: - i vi cc lin kt hai ngi dng: A
m..n p..q
Nh vy, cc kiu lin kt 1-1 (n=1 v q=1), cng nh cc kiu lin kt nhiunhiu (n>1 v q>1) u khng th hin tng minh trong m hnh E/A hn ch. Do , m hnh E/A hn ch i khi cn c gi l m hnh E/A mt - nhiu. - i vi kiu lin kt nhiu ngi (>2) th khng c hnh thc din t tng minh trong m hnh E/A hn ch. b) Cch bin i mt m hnh E/A kinh in v m hnh E/A hn ch Tuy b hn ch v hnh thc biu din, song kh nng din t ca m hnh E/A hn ch vn tt. Ta c th bin i mi m hnh E/A kinh in v m hnh hn ch bng cch p dng cc quy tc sau: Quy tc 1: X l kiu lin kt 1-1. Ta c th thc hin bng 1 trong 2 cch sau: 64
Cch 1: Xem kiu lin kt 1-1 l trng hp ring ca lin kt 1-nhiu (nhiu y l p..*, khi p=0 s c hiu l 0,1 hay nhiu) v v li n bng ng ni thng hay mt ng ni c chn vt mt u. Cch lm ny vi phm s hn ch ca m hnh, hay gy hiu nhm nn t dng. Cch 2: Gp hai thc th c quan h 1-1 thnh mt kiu thc th duy nht bng cch ho trn hai danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh vi nhau. V d: C hai kiu thc th Chng minh th v L lch cn b c quan h 1-1.
Chng minh th S CMT H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr Ngy cp CMT Ni cp CMT 1 C 0..1 L lch cn b M cn b H tn Qu qun Ni thng tr n v cng tc H s lng
Thc th ho mi kiu lin kt bng mt kiu thc th mi c cha cc kiu thuc tnh l kho ca cc kiu thc th tham gia (tp hp cc kho ny l kho bi ca kiu thc th mi). Ni thc th ny vi cc thc th tham gia lin kt bng cc lin kt 1-n (pha nhiu thc th mi ny). V d: C cc kiu quan h ca cc thc th: Nh CC
SH nh CC H tn a ch 0..* Cung ng 0..*
Mt hng
SH mt hng Tn hng Mu
chuyn Nh CC
SH nh CC H tn a ch
c thnh:
Catal
SH mt hng Tn hng Mu
Mt hng
SH mt hng Tn hng Mu
Lp hc
M Lp Tn lp Thi kho biu
Mn hc
M mn Tn mn
Phng
M PH
Thi gian
Ngy gi
chuyn thnh
Lp hc
M Lp Tn lp
Phng
M PH
Mn hc
M mn Tn mn
* Kho: l mt tp cc kiu thuc tnh ca mt kiu thc th dng phn bit cc thc th trong kiu thc th . Kho c th l kho n (ch c mt kiu thuc tnh) v kha bi (kho gm 2 kiu thuc tnh tr nn). Kho bi thng gp trong cc trng hp sau: - Cc kiu thc th ph thuc: Kho ca mt kiu thc th ph thuc lun phi bao gm kho ca kiu thc th chnh, v n lm nhim v kt ni mt thc th ph thuc vi mt thc th chnh. - Cc kiu thc th c lp t Quy tc 2, tc l cc kiu thc th din t mt quan h u phi c kho bi hp thnh t kho ca cc kiu thc th tham gia quan h. * Kiu thuc tnh kt ni (hay cn gi l kho ngoi): l kiu thuc tnh vn l kho ca mt kiu thc th khc nhng li xut hin trong kiu thc th ny vi nhim v m t mi quan h gia hai kiu thc th. 4.2.4. Phng php phn tch theo m hnh thc th lin kt
a) Hai cch tin hnh: trn xung v di ln
Cc thng tin c a vo m hnh thc th lin kt di 3 hnh thc: thc th, lin kt v thuc tnh. pht hin cc kiu thc th v cc kiu thuc tnh ca chng c th tin hnh theo hai cch ngc nhau: Cch (1): trc ht i snh vi thc t tm ra cc kiu thc th, ri sau i vi mi kiu thc th chn, tm cc kiu thuc tnh m t n. Cch (2): tm tp hp cc kiu thuc tnh nh l nhng loi thng tin s ng xut hin trong h thng, ri gom nhm, t chc chng li thnh tng cm theo ch m t. Mi cm tr thnh mt kiu thc th Tuy nhin cch tt nht l hn hp c hai cch lm trn bng cch lp i lp li nhiu ln: T cc kiu thc th, tm ra cc kiu thuc tnh, ri t kiu thuc tnh ta t chc li, chnh sa v b xung thnh cc kiu thc th, vng i vng li cho n khi tha ng. Mt thc th, nh ta nh ngha trn, l mt vt th c th hay tru tng, tn ti thc s v kh n nh trong th gii thc m ta mun phn nh n trong h thng thng tin. Tuy nhin, khng phi mi vt th c trong thc t u tr thnh thc th, m phi c s tuyn chn khi a vo m hnh. S tuyn chn da trn hai tiu ch: 67
- C ch cho vic qun l. - C cch phn bit vi cc thc th khc. Mt thuc tnh, nh nh ngha trn, l mt gi tr (d liu) m t mt kha cnh no ca mt thc th. Cng khng phi mi c im c th ca mt thc th u c xem l thuc tnh cho n, m phi c s tuyn chn theo yu cu qun l. Xt v vai tr ca kiu thuc tnh trong mt kiu thc th, ta phn bit ba loi kiu thuc tnh: - Thuc tnh kha - Thuc tnh kt ni (hay kha ngoi) - Thuc tnh m t. V cc thuc tnh kha v kt ni, ta s cp di cng vi vic xem xt cc lin kt. Cn i vi cc thuc tnh m t, tuyn chn chng ta da vo mt s cch phn loi, cp hai mc nh tip sau y.
b) Phn loi cc thuc tnh theo ni dung din t
Cc d liu trong mt h thng thng tin qun l (ni y l cc thuc tnh v t l cc thc th) c th tch lm hai loi theo ni dung din t: + Cc d liu phn nh cu trc tnh ca h thng kinh doanh dch v. C th ni l phn m t h tng c s ca h thng kinh doanh dch v v mi trng ca n, v l phn n nh nht trong CSDL, bao gm: - V nhn lc: Nhn vin, Khch hng, Nh cung cp.... - V ti sn, thit b nguyn vt liu: Nh xng, Ca hng, my t, Mt hng, nguyn liu .... - V t chc v c cu: Phng ban, Phn xng, Khoa, B mn, Lp,.v.v... + Cc d liu phn nh cc s kin trong hot ng kinh doanh nh : - Cc giao dch: t hng, ng k, Giao hng, Thanh ton,... - Cc bo co, tng kt thng k. Trn mt gc nhn khc, li c th phn chia cc d liu thnh : 68
+ Cc d liu sng: l cc d liu phn nh thc t hin ti v ang c s dng. Cc d liu ny phi lun lun c cp nht cho khi lc hu vi thc t. V d : L lch cc nhn vin ang ti chc, n hng ang x l (cha hon tt). + Cc d liu lch s: l cc d liu phn nh qu kh ca h thng kinh doanh dch v, c chuyn sang lu gi, khng cp nht, khng dng trong cc tnh ton x l, v ch c th tham kho khi cn. Thng th cc d liu lch s c lu trn b nh tch bit vi cc d liu sng (cho nn thng c gi l C s ngoi lung). V d: H s v cc nhn vin ra khi c quan, n hng hon tt, ti khon ng ...
c) Phn loi cc thuc tnh theo c im v gi tr ca n
Xt v c im ca gi tr m thuc tnh c th nhn, th ta c th phn loi da trn hai tiu ch sau: + Thuc tnh tnh ton hay thuc tnh khng tnh ton ; + Thuc tnh vng bn hay thuc tnh khng bn vng. Thuc tnh tnh ton l thuc tnh m gi tr ca n thu c bi s tnh ton theo mt cng thc (hay quy trnh) xut pht t gi tr ca mt hoc mt s thuc tnh khc. V d: Thnh tin = n gi x s lng Nh rng hai yu cu i vi lc v khi nim d liu l cc thng tin phi v khng d tha. Th th cc thuc tnh tnh ton l d tha, vy v nguyn tc l khng c a vo lc . Tuy nhin cc thuc tnh tnh ton khng phi l khng c ch. sau ny n giai on thit k, khi xt thm hai yu cu mi l: Tin li v nhanh chng, th rt c th l li phi a chng vo c s d liu. Vy giai oan phn tch, ta hy ghi nhn chng li sau ny tr li xem xt, thm ch nu thy vai tr ca chng l khng th thiu. Thuc tnh khng tnh ton (cn c gi l thuc tnh nguyn thu ) l thuc tnh m gi tr ca n c cung cp t bn ngoi h thng (khng th suy ra c t bn trong h thng ). Thuc tnh bn vng l thuc tnh m gi tr ca n khi c th khng thay i c na. Ngc li l thuc tnh khng bn vng. 69
Phi hp hai tiu ch trn, ta c bn loi thuc tnh : + Thuc tnh tnh ton v bn vng, chng hn : Tng tin ca mt ho n, Tin lng (ca mt nhn vin trong thng hin ti ). + Thuc tnh tnh ton v khng bn vng, chng hn: Lng hng tn kho, S d tit kim. + Thuc tnh khng tnh ton v bn vng, chng hn: Ngy sinh, Gii tnh (ca mt ngi ). + Thuc tnh khng tnh ton v khng bn vng, chng hn: S cc con ca mt nhn vin, a ch mt khch hng.
d) Cc thuc tnh kho,thuc tnh kt ni v cc lin kt
Mt kiu thuc tnh kho ca mt kiu thc th l mt kiu thuc tnh m gi tr ca n tng ng vi mi thc th l ring bit cho thc th .Vy kho cho php ch nh mi thc th,cho php phn bit cc thc th vi nhau. Trong bc u phn tch, c th cha cn quan tm vi n vic chn kho. Song cui cng th trong lc d liu hon chnh , mi kiu thc th u phi c kho. Thuc tnh kho c th chn trong s cc thuc tnh t nhin, min l gi tr ca n l khc bit cho mi thc th. Chng hn nu tn chnh thc cho mi cng ty u c ng k vi nh nc v bo m khng trng lp, th c th ly Tn cng ty lm kho cho cc cng ty. Nu trong mt khch sn, cc phng c sn mu sc khc nhau, th c th ly mu lm kho ch nh cc phng trong khch sn . Tuy nhin, t khi tm c mt thuc tnh t nhin lm kho by gi ngi ta dng thuc tnh kha nhn to y l cc m, cc s hiu, nh l m hng, S hiu n hng... Trong mt kiu thc th, mt kiu thuc tnh c gi l kiu thuc tnh kt ni (hay l cn gi l mt tham chiu) nu n khng phi l kho ca kiu thc th , nhng li l kho ca mt kiu thc th khc. Sau khi c tp hp cc kiu thc th, th ta cn nghin cu pht hin cc kiu lin kt gia hai kiu thc th. Vic tm cc kiu lin kt c th lm theo hai cch:
70
g?), da theo cc quy tc qun l hay cc quy trnh giao dch m ta pht hin ra cc kiu lin kt. V d: Quy trnh bn hng bt u bng mt khch hng a n n t hng. T s kin ta pht hin ra c mi lin quan gia khch hng v n hng. + Tm trn danh sch cc kiu thuc tnh ca cc kiu thc th ( lp bc trc) hoc tm trn cc chng t giao dch, ta c th pht hin ra cc tham chiu. Mi tham chiu l biu hin cho mt kiu lin kt. V d: Xem cc n hng, ta thy n hng no cng c Tn ( hay M s khch hng). chnh l mt tham chiu. Vy phi c mt kiu lin kt gia hai kiu thc th n hng v khch hng. V d: Xy dng m hnh thc th lin kt cho h thng QL CVT Cc kiu thc th s b c th pht hin l: + V nhn lc, ti nguyn c phn xng, ngi cung cp, Mt hng, + V giao dch c d tr, n hng, Giao hng, Ho n, Pht hng, Tip ta pht hin cc kiu lin kt gia chng bng cch duyt li qu trnh giao dch( t khi phn xng a d tr n khi phn xng nhn c hng) qua ta s thy c cc mi lin h gia cc kiu thc th. B sung cc kiu thuc tnh cho mi kiu thc th (trn hnh khng ghi chi tit cc thuc tnh m t). Ring vic chn kho, ta lu mt im sau: + Cc SH-n hng, SH-giao hng, SH-phn xng, M hng c qun l thng nht, vy c th lm kho (n) ca cc kiu thc th tng ng. + Tri li SH-d tr, SH-giao hng,SH-ho n l kho ngoi i vi h thng, c th xy trng lp, vy mun dng chng lm kho th SH-d tr phi km vi SH-phn xng, SH-giao hng v SH- ho n phi km SH nh cung cp . Ta c cc m hnh thc th lin kt - M hnh thc th lin kt m rng, - M hnh thc th lin kt kinh in - M hnh thc th lin kt hn ch. 71
nh sau:
72
73
74
Nhp vo
a vo
iu chnh
Gi cho
Lp
Hnh 4.1. Lc d liu theo m hnh thc th lin kt m rng. Trong lc trn dng tam gic ch hng c mi lin kt v dng thuc tnh in nghing nh du cc thuc tnh a tr.
75
1 1 0..1
1 ..*
Lp
Xut cho
1
Pht cho
Nhp vo
1
a vo
1 * Dng n hng 1
Gm
Gm
1 1 Mt hng
1 n hng *
Theo
Tnh theo
SH-H Ngy H *
Gi cho
76
Mt hng M hng Chi tit MH Dng ho n SH-H Tn NCC M hng Lng H n hng SH-H Ngy H Dng giao hng SH-GH Tn NCC M hng Lng GH
Ho n SH-H Tn NCC Ngy H Tng tin Giao hng SH-GH Tn NCC Ngy GH
77
4.3. M HNH D LIU QUAN H 4.3.1. Cc khi nim a) Domain - Min Domain l mt tp hp khng rng D. biu din mt phn t thuc D, ta vit ED. Min (domain) l mt tp cc gi tr hoc cc i tng. Gi D1, D2, ...Dn, l n min, khi D l tp hp cc phn t ca tch cc D1D2...Dn. Cng c th s lng cc phn t ca D b gim i bi mt iu kin xc nh cho trc. b) Thuc tnh (Attribute) Thuc tnh l mt lp d liu m t hnh vi, tnh cht pht sinh trong CSDL, ngha l n ch da vo tnh cht ca lp d liu ny. Mi thuc tnh c gn vi mt v ch mt domain. Mt mc d liu (item) ca mt thuc tnh trong CSDL l mt gi tr ca domain ca thuc tnh ny. Mt thuc tnh gi l c tnh joined nu n c nh ngha t mt vi cc thuc tnh khc; do domain ca n l tp con ca tch cc cc domain ca cc thuc tnh ny. K hiu: - Gi c l gi tr ca thuc tnh C. Nu C c to thnh t cc thuc tnh C 1, C2,...,Cn, khi ta k hiu c.C1 v c(C1) ch gi tr c i vi thuc tnh C1. - Nu thuc tnh C c cc domain D1, D2, ...Dn th c.D1 v c(D1) ch gi tr c trong domain D1. c) Quan h Mt quan h (Relation) n-R l tp R+ cc thuc tnh ca R v mt v t m t bi
R
tr trong cc domain ca cc thuc tnh . Mt b (n-tuple) ca R l mt phn t ca tnh cc ca cc domain tng ng vi n thuc tnh ca R. Mt thc th (entity) r ca R l mt b ca R tho mn v t Mt cch n gin, quan h R l mt bng d liu hai chiu. 78
R
(r)=true.
d) Lc quan h Lc quan h l s hp thnh ca hai yu t: - Mt cu trc, gm tn quan h v danh sch cc thuc tnh (mi thuc tnh gn vi mt min) thng cho di dng R(A1A2An) - Mt tp hp cc rng buc ton vn, tc l cc iu kin m mi quan h trong lc phi tho mn. - V mt hnh thc: Lc quan h cho bi mt cp gm hai thnh phn =<U+, F> , trong : U+: L tp cc thuc tnh F: L tp cc ph thuc hm trn U+. - Cho R l mt quan h trn tp thuc tnh U +, ta ni R thuc lc quan h =<U+, F> nu R tho mn tt c cc ph thuc hm ca tp F. 4.3.2. Ph thuc hm 4.3.2.1. Cc dng chun a) nh ngha ph thuc hm Cho quan h R(ABC), trong C c th rng. Ta ni tp thuc tnh B ph thuc hm vo tp thuc tnh A, nu trong R hai b (a1 b1 c1), (a2 b2 c2) bt k c a1=a2 th cng u c b1=b2. C ngha l mi gi tr ca thuc tnh A xc nh duy nht gi tr ca thuc tnh B. K hiu ph thuc hm ny l A B. V d: Trong cc quan h BANDOC,SACH,v BNDOC_SACH: BANDOC SACH : S th " { Tn bn c, C quan, Hn SD} : M sch " {Tn sch,Tc gi}
BANDOC_SACH : {S th, M sch}" Ngy mn Nu A l mt nhm cc thuc tnh th ph thuc hm A " B trong R c gi l S ng nu nh khng tn ti A m A" B Ph thuc hm A " B trong quan h R c gi l trc tip nu nh khng tn ti thuc tnh X trong quan h R, X khc vi A v B sao cho A "B v X " B, Ni cch khc, ph thuc hm A " B trc tip nu nh khng phi l bc cu 79
b) Tnh cht ca cc ph thuc hm (fd1) Tnh phn x. If X Y then Y X l mt ph thuc hm ca R. (fd2) Lut tng trng If X Y l mt fd ca R v Z W then XW YZ l mt fd ca R. (fd3) Tnh bc cu If X Y and Y Z l cc fd ca R then X Z l mt fd ca R. (fd4) Gi bc cu If X Y and YW Z l cc fd ca R then XW Z l mt fd ca R. (fd5) Php hp If X Y and X Z l cc fd ca R then X YZ l mt fd ca R. (fd6) Php khai trin If X Y and Z Y l cc fd ca R then X Z l mt fd ca R. 4.3.3. Kho ti thiu a) Kho (Key) v siu kho (super key) ca quan h - Cho mt quan h R trn tp thuc tnh U + v XU+. X c gi l siu kho ca quan h R nu R tho mn ph thuc hm X U+ . V d 1: Quan h KQHocTap(MaSV, MaMH, Diem) X1=MaSV, MaMH, Diem X2=MaSV, MaMH Ta c X1, X2 l hai siu kho ca quan h QKHocTap. - Mt siu kho ca quan h R c gi l kho ca R nu n l siu kho ti thiu. Siu kho ti thiu l siu kho m nu b i mt thuc tnh th n khng cn l siu kho na. Vy X (XU+) l kho ca R R : X U + v A X th R khng tho ph thuc hm X-A U+. V d 2: C X2 l kho ca quan h QKHocTap.
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Nhn xt: Khi nim kho v siu kho ca quan h ph thuc vo th hin c th ca quan h . b) Kho (Key) v siu kho (super key) ca lc quan h - Siu kho: Cho lc quan h =<U+, F> v XU+. X c gi l siu kho ca lc quan h nu X l siu kho ca mi quan h thuc lc . - Kho: Cho lc quan h =<U+, F> v XU+. X c gi l kho ca lc quan h nu X l siu kho ti thiu ca lc . V d 1: Cho lc quan h: =<U+ ={MaSV, MaMH, Diem}, F={MaSV,MaMHDiem}> X=MaSV, MaMH l siu kho ca lc quan h =<U+, F>. V vi mt quan h R bt k thuc lc th tp thuc tnh ca R, R +=U+={MaSV, MaMH, Diem} v X U+. Ngoi ra X l siu kho ti thiu, nn X l kho ca lc quan h. Ch : X l mt siu kho ch c mt thuc tnh th n chnh l kho. V d 2: Cho lc quan h =<U+ =ABCD, F={AB CD, B AC} Kim tra B l kho: t t' A B C D
Mt lc quan h c gi l dng chun 1NF nu mi thuc tnh ca n u l nguyn t. V d: Cha dng 1NF S# Product P# QTy S# P# QTy
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s1 s1 s2 s2
p1 p2 p1 p2
s1 s1 s2 s2
p1 p2 p1 p2
Trong thuc tnh Product c th tch thnh 2 thuc tnh con c lp nhau, do Product cha nguyn t, ta a v dng chun 1NF bng cch tch Product thnh 2 thuc tnh P# v Qty. Tuy nhin cn ch quan nim nguyn t s quyt nh dng chun 1NF, m quan nim ny ph thuc vo yu cu xy dng CSDL v khai thc CSDL. V d: Cn qun l tnh trng bn hng trong tng ngy, khi thuc tnh Qty cn phi tch thnh: Ngy bn+n gi+ S lng. V dng chun 1NF nh sau: S# P# Date Price QTY
* Khi nim ph thuc hm y : V d: Trn quan h KQTHI(MaSV, MaMT, iem) c: MaSV, MaMT iem MaSV iem MaMT iem + Khi qut: - Y c gi l ph thuc hm y vo X trn quan h R nu X Y tho trn R. Nhng vi mi tp con X ' X (X'X) th X' Y khng tho trn R. - Y c gi l ph thuc hm y vo X trn lc quan h =<U+, F> nu XY tho trn . Nhng vi mi tp con X ' X (X'X) th X' Y khng tho trn . + Nu ta s dng k hiu =<U+, F>. iu kin Y ph thuc y vo X l: 82
Y X +F ' '+ X X : Y X F
V d: Cho F={AC, BC, AD, DEC, CEA} - Kim tra C c ph thuc y vo AD hay khng? Khng v F |- AC. - Kim tra AB c ph thuc y vo BCE hay khng? * nh ngha: Mt lc gi l dng chun 2NF nu: - dng chun 1NF, - Mi thuc tnh khng kho (thuc tnh khng nm trong kho no vi mi kho) u ph thuc y vo kho. Ch : Trong thc t th ta thng gi mt kho lm kho chnh Primary Key. Khi yu cu ca dng chun (yu hn v mt l thuyt) ch cn cc thuc tnh khng kho ph thuc y vo kho chnh. V d: Cho lc =<U+={MaSV, TenSV, MaMT, TenMon, iemThi}; F={MaSVTenSV; MaMTTenMon; MaSV, MaMTiemThi}> Nhn xt: cha dng chun 2NF v X=MaSV, MaMT l kho ca . Cc thuc tnh khng kho l TenSV, TenMon, iemThi Ta c thuc tnh TenSV, TenMon khng ph thuc y vo kho ch ph thuc vo b phn ca kho. Lc c tch thnh cc lc sau: 1=<U+={MaSV, TenSV}; F={MaSVTenSV}> 2=<U+={MaMT, TenMon}; F={MaMTTenMon}> 3=<U+={MaSV, MaMT, DiemThi}; F={MaSV, MaMTiemThi}> 1, 2 hin nhin dng chun 2NF.
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3 c kho duy nht l X=MaSV, MaMT. Thuc tnh khng khoa l DiemThi ph thuc y vo kho X. V
DiemThi X + + DiemThi MaSV DiemThi MaMT +
* Khi nim ph thuc bc cu: - Nhn xt: Cht lng "tt" ca mt quan h lin quan n cht ch ca cc ph thuc d liu gia cc thuc tnh khng kho v thuc tnh kho. Khi nim ph thuc y trn l v d. nh ngha tt hn ta xt khi nim ph thuc bc cu. - nh ngha: Cho lc quan h =<U+, F>, tnh ca U+. Ta ni A ph thuc bc cu vo X trn nu c th chn mt cu thc s Y vn gia quan h A v X. Ngha l
X U+ , A U+
A l mt thuc
X Y, Y A (Y khng X) A XY
Nu c ph thuc bc cu gia A v X nh trn ta ni A v X cn ph thuc lng. nh ngha 1: Lc quan h c gi dng chun 3NF nu i) dng chun 1NF ii) Mi thuc tnh khng kho khng c ph thuc bc cu vo kho nh ngha 2: Lc quan h c gi dng chun 3NF nu i) dng chun 2NF ii) Mi thuc tnh khng kho khng c ph thuc bc cu vo kho. Ch : A ph thuc khng y vo kho X, ch ph thuc vo Y ( Y X, Y X ) th A cng ph thuc bc cu: X Y A. V d 1: Cho lc quan h nh sau: =<U+=CTRHSG; F={C T, HR C, HT R, CS G, HS R}> 84
C T: Mi gio trnh c mt thy dy, HR C: Ch mt mn hc mt phng hc ti mt thi im, HT R: Ti mi thi im mi gio vin ch c th dy mt phng hc, CS G: Mi sinh vin ch mt lp hc theo mi gio trnh. HS R: Mi sinh vin ch c th mt phng hc ti mt thi im. Yu cu: Kim tra c dng chun 3NF hay khng? Nu khng dng chun no? - Xc nh tp K cc kho ca v tp N cc thuc tnh khng kho. o Nhn xt: Thuc tnh HS tham gia kho v chng khng xut hin v phi. Kim Tra HS c phi l kho khng. HS+=HSRCTG=U+. Ta c kho K={HS} l kho duy nht, N={RCT} l cc thuc tnh khng kho. o R l thuc tnh khng kho: HS HT R (HT khng HS). Nh vy R ph thuc bc cu vo kho HS thng qua cu HT. Suy ra khng dng chun 3NF. - Kim tra N=RCT c ph thuc y vo HS hay khng? o C
H C : H + = H C H + + + S C:S = S C S
Vy C ph thuc y vo HS
ii) Nu X Y l mt ph thuc hm khng tm thng tho mn trn th X phi l siu kho ca . 4.3.4.2. Chun ho
a) nh ngha: Chun ho l s phn r khng lm mt mt thng tin ca mt quan
Thc hin chun ho dn dn theo cc bc 1NF 2NF 3NF i. a v dng chun 1NF: Thc hin tch cc thuc tnh lp + Nhm cc thuc tnh n to thnh mt quan h. Chn kho cho n. + Nhm cc thuc tnh lp tch ra, tng thm kho ca quan h trn to thnh mt quan h (hay mt s quan h theo ch ). Chn kho cho cc quan h ny, thng l kho bi, trong kho ca quan h trn l mt thnh phn. ii. a v dng chun 2NF: Thc hin tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc hm vo mt phn ca kho. + Nhm thuc tnh khng b tch to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c. + Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh cng ph thuc vo mt phn thuc tnh no ca kho) cng thm cc thuc tnh m chng ph thuc to thnh mt quan h vi kho l cc thuc tnh c thm ny. iii. a v dng chun 3NF: Thc hin tch cc nhm thuc tnh ph thuc mt hay mt s cc thuc tnh ngoi kho. + Nhm thuc tnh cn li to thnh mt quan h vi kho nh c. + Mi nhm tch ra (gm cc thuc tnh ph thuc vo cng mt hay mt s cc thuc tnh ngoi kho) cng thm cc thuc tnh m chng ph thuc to thnh mt quan h mi vi kho l cc thuc tnh cng thm ny. Nh vy, sau khi thc hin cc bc trn ta c cc quan h dng chun 3NF. V d: Ta thc hin chun ho mt n hng. - Cc thuc tnh n: SH-H SH-NgCC 86
Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC Ngy-H Tng cng - Cc thuc tnh lp: M MH M t MH n v tnh n gi S lng Thnh tin Cc thuc tnh Tng cng v Thnh tin l cc thuc tnh tnh ton, b loi khi danh sch. Cc ph thuc hm trong danh sch cc thuc tnh cn li l: SH-H SH-NgCC, Tn -NgCC, a ch - NgCC, Ngy-H SH-H, M MH M t MH, n v tnh, n gi, S lng SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC, a ch - NgCC M MH M t MH, n v tnh, n gi Ta c cc bc chun ho sau:b Danh sch thuc tnh SH-H SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC Ngy-H M MH M t MH n v tnh n gi S lng 1NF SH-H SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC Ngy-H 2NF 3NF SH-H SH-NgCC Ngy-H SH-NgCC Tn -NgCC a ch - NgCC SH-H M MH S lng
SH-H M MH M t MH n v tnh
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n gi S lng
M MH M t MH n v tnh n gi
4.3.5. Phng php lp lc d liu theo m hnh quan h Ta c th tm tt quy trnh thnh lp lc d liu cho h thng theo m hnh quan h nh sau: (i) Thnh lp mt danh sch cc thuc tnh, gi l danh sch xut pht. C th xem y l mt quan h, vi mt ngha khi qut no . Ch : Qu trnh c lp li vi nhiu danh sch khc, cho n khi vt cn cc thng tin cn thit cho h thng. C 2 cch tip cn c bn thnh lp danh sch xut pht: - l tp hp cc thng tin c bn (thng tin khng c cu trc) pht hin c trong mt phm vi iu tra. - Xut pht t mt ci ra ca h thng. Ci ra c th l: mt chng t hay mt ti liu in ra t h thng; mt mn hnh giao tip ngi/my. (ii) Tu chnh li danh sch xut pht, qua cc cng vic sau: - Loi b bt cc tn ng ngha. - Loi b cc thuc tnh tnh ton, tc l cc thuc tnh c gi tr c tnh t cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh khc. - Kt np thm cc thuc tnh c dng tnh ton cc thuc tnh tnh ton b loi trn nu chng cha c trong danh sch. - Nu c th c, thay th cc thuc tnh khng n thnh cc thuc tnh n. (iii) Tm cc ph thuc hm trong danh sch cc thuc tnh. - Trc tin l r cc kh nng c cc PTH gia tng cp cc thuc tnh trong danh sch. - Sau , xt cc PTH c v tri gm 2,3 thuc tnh. (iv) Tin hnh chun ho da trn tp cc PTH c lp trn, da vo phng php chun ho bit trn. Kt qu thu c l mt tp cc lc quan h dng chun 3NF. 88
(v) Lp li cc bc t (i) n (iv) cho cc danh sch xut pht khc nhau, cho n khi qut ht cc phm vi kho st. Ta c nhiu tp lc quan h 3NF. (vi) Ly hp cc kt qu thu c t cc ln lp trn. Khi ly hp, nu c hai quan h c kho trng nhau th chng c gp thnh mt quan h vi danh sch cc thuc tnh l hp ca hai danh sch tng ng.
89