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Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc

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HA HC HU C LUYN THI I HC
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

PHNG PHP XC NH CNG THC PHN T - CNG THC CU TO CC HP
CHT HU C
Kin thc cn nm vng
Bi ton 1: t chy a mol hp cht hu c A (C, H, O, N) thu c x mol CO
2
, y mol H
2
O v z mol N
2
.
S nguyn t C =
2
CO
A
n
x
=
n a
; S nguyn t H =
2
H O
A
2n
2y
=
n a
; S nguyn t N =
2
N
A
2n
2z
=
n a
.
T l C/H =
2
2
CO
H O
n
x
=
2n 2y
; T l C/N =
2
2
CO
N
n
x
=
2n 2z
; T l H/N =
2
2
H O
N
n
x
=
n y
.
V d: t chy hon ton mt amin n chc cha no c mt lin kt mch carbon ta thu c CO
2

v H
2
O theo t l mol
2 2
H O CO
n : n = 9: 8 . Vy cng thc phn t ca amin l:
A. C
3
H
6
N B. C
4
H
9
N C. C
4
H
8
N D. C
3
H
7
N
Hng dn
T l
2
2
CO
H O
n
C 8 8 4
H 2 n 2 9 18 9
= = = =

suy ra chn cu B.
Trong bi ton ny cn lu cc im sau: Khi t chy a mol hp cht hu c A:
CO
2
sinh ra c hp th bi cc oxyd base hay base mnh bt k (NaOH, CaO, Ba(OH)
2
,
Ca(OH)
2
...) t suy ra s mol CO
2
(ch bi ton tng gim khi lng hay bi ton quy v 100)
H
2
O c hp th bi cc cht ht nc nh H
2
SO
4
c, CaCl
2
khan, P
2
O
5
... t suy ra s mol
H
2
O.
Ngi ta thng a ra d kin xc nh s mol nguyn t N bng 2 phng php l phng php
Dumas v Kjeldahl
Phng php Dumas: Dn dung dch qua KOH c th CO
2
, H
2
O b gi li trong dung dch, N
2
bay
ra o th tch bng Nit k, t tnh s mol N
Phng php Kjeldahl: Chuyn N trong A thnh NH
3
, sau dn qua H
2
SO
4
d (bit trc s
mol), sau trung ha lng H
2
SO
4
d bng NaOH va (dng chun acid base xc nh
im cui), nu bit s mol NaOH dng th tnh c s mol H
2
SO
4
. T tnh c s mol
H
2
SO
4
phn ng vi NH
3
v suy ra s mol nguyn t N
cho d kin s mol cc nguyn t C, H, N,... th s mol nguyn t O c xc nh sau cng
A C H N
O
m (m m m )
n
16
+ +
=
Trong bi ton tng qut 1, cn lu cc dng sau:
Dng 1: Nu A c dng C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
m cho % cc nguyn t C, H, O, N (hoc nu ch cho 3
nguyn t th ly 100% tr i % ca 3 nguyn t xc nh % nguyn t cn li) th c th p dng
nh lut thnh phn khi lng khng i xc nh h s t l x: y: z: t. Da vo phn t khi ca
A xc nh CTPT ca A.
%C %H %O %N
x : y : z : t : : :
12 1 16 14
=
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


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Dng 2: Xc nh trc tip x, y, z, t da vo t l (trong a l s mol ca A)
C H O N
12x y 16z 14t 1
m m m m a
= = = =
V d: t chy hon ton 1,5 gam hp cht hu c X thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
, 0,9 gam nc v 112
ml N
2
(0
o
C, 2 atm). Nu ha hi 1,5 gam cht X (127
o
C, 1,64 atm) th thu c 0,4 lt kh. Xc nh
CTPT ca X
Hng dn:
1. BI GII CHI TIT
(Ch : Hng s kh tng R = 0,082 lit.atm.mol
-1
.K
-1
= 8,314 J.mol
-1
.K
-1
, 0
o
C = 273K, K l
kenvin, tt c cc d kin v nhit u i v kenvin)
Theo ta c:
2
N N
PV 2 0,112
n 0, 01(mol) m 0, 01 2 14 0, 28(gam)
RT 0, 082 273

= = = = =


C
1, 76
m 12 0, 48(gam)
44
= = v
H
0, 9
m 2 0,1(gam)
18
= =
Suy ra: m
O
= 1,5 (0,48 + 0,1 + 0,28) = 0,64 (gam)
(Trong trng hp m
O
= 0 gam th X ch cha C, H, N)
Gi cng thc ca X l C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t

0, 48 0,1 0, 64 0, 28
x : y : z : t : : : 2: 5: 2:1
12 1 16 14
= =
suy ra cng thc nguyn ca X l: C
2
H
5
O
2
N
xc nh CTPT ta phi xc nh khi lng mol ca X
Theo ta c:
X X
1, 64 0, 4 1, 5
n 0, 02(mol) M 75(gam/ mol)
0, 082 (273 127) 0, 02

= = = =
+

Ta c (C
2
H
5
O
2
N)
n
= 75 75n = 75 n =1.
Vy CTPT ca X l: C
2
H
5
O
2
N
2. BI GII TM TT
Khi hiu r phng php lm bi, nm c dng ton ta c th gii nhanh bi ton ny nh sau:
2
N
14 2 PV 14 2 2 0,112
m 0, 28(gam)
RT 0, 082 273

= = =


Gi cng thc ca X l C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
ta c:
1, 76 0, 9 2 0, 28
1, 5
1, 76 0, 9 2 0, 28 44 18 14
x : y : z : t : : : 2: 5: 2:1
44 12 18 1 16 14
| |
+ +
|

\
= =


Tng t tnh M
x
= 75 gam/mol suy ra cng thc phn t l C
2
H
5
O
2
N
Dng 3: Xc nh CTPT thng qua phn ng chy. Nu bit c khi lng sn phm chy, ta c
th suy ra CTPT.
M
A
= 12x + y + 16z + 14t
Do nu bit c s mol ca 3 trong 4 nguyn t c th suy ra s mol nguyn t cn li, v tm
c CTPT da vo t l x: y: z: t.
V d: t chy hon ton 0,46 gam hp cht hu c A c 448 ml CO
2
(d0ktc) v 0,54 gam H
2
O.
Xc nh CTPT ca A bit t khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l 1,58
Hng dn
Da vo cc d kin ta tnh c:
C
m = 0,24 gam ; m
H
= 0,06 gam ; m
O
= 0,16 gam
M
A
= 46 gam/mol suy ra CTPT ca A l C
2
H
6
O
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


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PHNG PHP GII CC BI TON THNG GP TRONG HA HC HU C

A. CC BI TON V HYDROCARBON
Tng qut:
Hydrocarbon c cng thc chung l: C
x
H
y
(trong : x1, y 2x + 2, x v y l s nguyn, y chn).
Hoc cng thc chung l: C
n
H
2n+2-2k
, vi k l s lin kt hay s vng no, (trong : k 0, n 1,
n v k l s nguyn).
Ch : Nu l cht kh th iu thng hoc iu kin chun: x 4.

Bi ton 1: Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hydrocarbon A khi bit khi lng phn t.
Phng php:
Gi cng thc tng qut ca hydrocarbon l C
x
H
y
; trong : x 1, y 2x + 2, y chn.
Ta c 12x + y = M
A
y = M 12x
- Do y > 0 M 12x > 0 12x < M x <
12
M
(chn trn) (1)
- Do y 2x+2 M 12x 2x + 2 x
14
2 M
(chn di) (2)
Kt hp (1) v (2)
14
2 M
x <
12
M

Xc nh gi tr ph hp ca x, t suy ra y
V d: Mt Hydrocarbon A c khi lng phn t l 30. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A
Hng dn:
Theo : Gi cng thc tng qut ca A l C
x
H
y
ta p dng:
14
2 M
x <
12
M

30 2 30
x 2 x 2, 5
14 12

< < .
Do x nguyn dng nn chn x = 2, m 12x + y = 30 suy ra y = 6
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C
2
H
6

Bi ton 2: Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hn hp gm nhiu hydrocarbon thuc cng mt dy ng
ng.
i vi bi ton ny c th vn dng mt trong hai cch sau gii:
Phng php 1:
Gi cng thc chung ca cc hydrocarbon
n 2n+2-2k
C H (cng dy ng ng nn k ging nhau)
- Vit phng trnh phn ng
- Lp h PT gii n, k.
- Gi cng thc tng qut ca cc hydrocarbon ln lt l
1 1 2 2 i i
n 2n +2-k n 2n +2-k n 2n +2-k
C H , C H ,..., C H v s
mol ln ln lt l a
1
, a
2,
, a
i
. Ta c:
1 1 2 2 i i
1 2 i
n a + n a +... + n a
n =
a +a +... +a
v a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
i
= n
hh

Ta c iu kin: n
1
< n
i
n
1
< n < n
i
.
V d 1: Nu hn hp gm hai cht ng ng lin tip v n=1,5
Th n
1
< 1,5 < n
2
= n
1
+1 0,5 <n
1
< 1,5 n
1
= 1, n
2
= 2.
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


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V d 2: Nu hn hp gm 2 hydrocarbon ng ng khng lin tip vi gi thit c khi lng mol hn
km nhau 28 vC (2 nhm CH
2
-)
Th n
1
< n = 1,5 < n
2
= n
1
+ 2 n
1
= 1, n
2
= 3.
Phng php 2:
S dung phng php trung bnh:
Phng php trng bnh: Xt hn hp X gm hai hydrocarbon

Cht Khi lng mol S mol % s mol
1 1
y x
H C M
1
a
1

2 1
1
a a
a
+
=
2 2
y x
H C

M
2
a
2
2 1
2
a a
a
1
+
=

- Khi lng mol trung bnh:

( ) + =
+
+
= 1 M M
a a
a M a M
M
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1

- S nguyn t carbon trung bnh:

( ) + =
+
+
= 1 x x
a a
a x a x
x
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1

- S nguyn t hydro trung bnh

( ) + =
+
+
= 1 y y
a a
a y a y
y
2 1
2 1
2 2 1 1

- Thnh phn % v th tch:

% 100
a a
a
H C %
2 1
1
y x
1 1
+
=
- Thnh phn % v khi lng:

% 100
M
M
% 100
a M a M
a M
H C %
1
2 2 1 1
1 1
y x
1 1

=
+
=

Phng php gii bi ton 2:
Gi cng thc chung ca hai hydrocarbon l
y x
H C .
Tng t nh trn x, y
Tch ra cng thc tng qut mi hydrocarbon ... H C , H C
2 2 1 1
y x y x

Ta c: x
1
< x < x
2
, tng t nh trn x
1
, x
2
.
Li c: y
1
< y < y
2
; vi y
1
, y
2
l s chn.
Do ta xt:
V d: Gi s tnh c y = 3,5
- Nu 2 hydrocarbon l ng ng lin tip th y
2
= y
1
+ 2.
y
1
< 3,5 < y
2
= y
1
+ 2 1,5 < y
1
< 3,5 ; y
1
l s chn y
1
= 2, y
2
= 4
- Nu 2 hydrocarbon l hai ng ng khng k tip th ta thay iu kin: y
2
= y
1
+2 bng k y
2
= y
1
+
2k (vi k l hiu s nguyn t carbon).

Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


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Bi ton 3: Gii bi ton hn hp gm nhiu hydrocarbon thuc cc dy ng ng khc nhau.
Khi bi ton cho hn hp gm nhiu hydrocarbon thuc nhiu dy ng ng khc nhau ta c th s
dng nhiu cch gii, thng th c th s dng mt trong cc phng php sau.
Phng php 1: Da vo d kin ca t cng thc tng qut ca tng cht. Sau lp cc h
phng trnh v gii. Tuy nhin cch gii ny thng di v ch p dng i vi cc bi ton n gin.
Cc bi ton phc tp thng t s dng phng php ny v phi t qu nhiu n.
V d: t chy hon ton 0,42 gam mt hn hp kh X gm alkan A v alkin B. Sn phm chy cho
hp th hon ton vo 200 ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,1M, lc tch kt ta cn nng 1 gam. Xc nh A, B
bit th tch hn hp X ban u l 0,448 lit (ktc)
Hng dn:
Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca A, B. t cng thc ca A, B ln lt l C
n
H
2n+2
v C
m
H
2m-2
(n, m > 0)
Ta c phng trnh: (14n 2)a (14m 2)b 0, 42 + + = (1) v a + b = 0,02 (2)
Li c:
2
CO
n n a m b = + trong s mol CO
2
c xc nh nh sau:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,02 0,02 0,02 (mol)
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2

0,01 (0,02 0,01)
Vy
2
CO
n n a m b 0, 02 0, 01 0, 03(mol) = + = + = (3)
T (1), (2) v (3) ta c:
(14n 2)a (14m 2)b 0, 42 14(an bm) 2(a b) 0, 42
a b 0, 01
n a m b 0, 03 an bm 0, 03
n m 3
a b 0, 02 a b 0, 02
+ + = + + =
= =

+ = + =

+ =


+ = + =


Do A l alkan v B l alkin nn n 1, m 2 do n m 3 + m theo th n + m =3. Do ch c 1
trng hp duy nht tha l n = 1 v m = 2 hay A l CH
4
, B l C
2
H
2

Phng php 2: Gi chung thnh mt cng thc
y x
H C

hoc
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+

(Do cc hydrocarbon khc dy
ng ng nn k khc nhau)
Cch gii:
Gi Cng thc chung ca cc hydrocarbon trong hh l
y x
H C (nu ch t chy hn hp) hoc
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+
(nu va t chy va cng hp H
2
, Br
2
, HX)
- Gi s mol hn hp n
hn hp

- Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra, lp h phng trnh, gii h phng trnh x, y hay n, k...
Nu l y , x ta tch cc hydrocarbon ln lt l
1 1 2 2 i i
x y x y x y
C H , C H ....., C H
Ta c: a
1
+ a
2
+ + a
i
= n
hn hp
1 1 2 2 i i
1 2 i
x a x a .... x a
x
a a ... a
+ + +
=
+ + +

1 1 2 2 i i
1 2 i
y a y a ... y a
y
a a ... a
+ + +
=
+ + +

Ch :
- x
1
1 nu l alkan ; x
1
2 nu l alken, alkin ; x
1
3 nu l alkadien
- Ch c 1 hydrocarbon duy nht c s nguyn t C = 1, chnh l CH
4
(x
1
= 1; y
1
= 4)
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V d: t chy hon ton 0,42 gam mt hn hp kh X gm alkan A v alkin B. Sn phm chy cho
hp th hon ton vo 200 ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,1M, lc tch kt ta cn nng 1 gam. Xc nh A, B
bit th tch hn hp X ban u l 0,448 lit (ktc)
Hng dn: Ta cng gii bi ton ny nhng khng s dng phng php 1 m dng phng php 2
t cng thc ca hn hp X l
y x
H C c s mol l
X
0, 448
n 0, 02(mol)
22, 4
= = c khi lng l 0,42 gam
Suy ra
X
0, 42
M 12x y 21(gam/ mol)
0, 02
= + = =
Li c
2
CO
n 0, 03(mol) = suy ra 0, 02x 0, 03 x 1, 5 y 3 = = =
Do x 1, 5 = nn trong X chc chn c CH
4
(hydrocarbon duy nht c s carbon bng 1). T da vo
cc d kin suy ra cht cn li l C
2
H
2
.

______________________________BI TP C LI GII______________________________

Bi 1: ( TSH KA 2009) Hn hp kh X gm alken M v alkin N c cng s nguyn t carbon
trong phn t. Hn hp X c khi lng 12,4 gam v th tch 6,72 lt ( ktc). S mol, cng thc phn t
ca M v N ln lt l
A. 0,1 mol C
2
H
4
v 0,2 mol C
2
H
2
. B. 0,1 mol C
3
H
6
v 0,2 mol C
3
H
4
.
C. 0,2 mol C
2
H
4
v 0,1 mol C
2
H
2
. D. 0,2 mol C
3
H
6
v 0,1 mol C
3
H
4
.
Hng dn
n
X
= 0,3 mol
M
X
= 41,3
t cng thc trung bnh ca X l:
x
y
C H
Ta c: 12x + y = 41,3
Chn: x = 3, y = 5,3 => C
3
H
6
v C
3
H
4

Gi a, b ln lt l s mol ca C
3
H
6
v C
3
H
4
ta c h:
42a 40b 12, 4 a 0, 2
a b 0, 3 b 0,1
+ = =


+ = =

=> Chn cu D
Bi 2: ( TSH KA 2010) un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C
2
H
2
v 0,03 mol H
2
trong mt
bnh kn (xc tc Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt
thc cc phn ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi
ca Z so vi H
2
l 10,08. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,585. B. 0,620. C. 0,205. D. 0,328.
Hng dn
X
X Z
Z
m 0, 58(gam)
m m m 0, 58 0, 252 0, 328(gam)
m 0, 252(gam)
=
= = =


Chn cu D
Bi 3: ( TSH KA 2007) Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hydrocarbon mch h li t t qua
bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt na v khi
lng bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hydrocarbon l:
A. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
. B. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
. C. C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
. D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
.

Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


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Hng dn
n
X
= 0,2 mol, n
brom phn ng
= 0,35 mol.
Cch 1: Phng php tnh v bin lun
t cng thc chung ca 2 hydrocarbon l
n 2n+2-2k
C H ta c khi lng bnh tng l khi lng X
=>
X
6, 7
M 33, 5(g / mol) 14n 2 2k 33, 5
0, 2
= = + = (gam/mol)
Li c: n
brom phn ng
= 0,35 mol =
X
0, 35
n k 0, 2k k 1, 75
0, 2
= = =
Suy ra: 14n 33, 5 2 2k 31, 5 2 1, 75 35 n 2, 5 = + = + = =
L lun:
Ta thy do X phn ng ht nn loi D.
Do k = 1,75 nn trong X c hydrocarbon c k = 1 nn loi A
Do n 2, 5 = nn trong X c hydrocarbon c n < 2,5 nn loi C
Vy chn B
Cch 2: Loi tr
Ta thy do X phn ng ht nn loi D.
Do 2.n
X
> n
brom phn ng
> n
X
nn trong X c hydrocarbon c k = 1 nn loi A
Tnh khi lng mol trung bnh ca X bng 33,5 nn loi C.
Vy ch cn B ng => Chn cu B
Nhn xt: i vi cu hi ny nu dng cch 2 th s rt ngn c kh nhiu thi gian lm bi m vn
c th chn ra p n chnh xc. Cn nu dng cch 1 th s i hi lng thi gian nhiu hn dnh cho 1
cu trc nghim.
Bi 4: ( TSH KA 2007) Mt hydrocarbon X cng hp vi acid HCl theo t l mol 1:1 to sn
phm c thnh phn khi lng clo l 45,223%. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
3
H
6
. B. C
3
H
4
. C. C
2
H
4
. D. C
4
H
8
.
Hng dn:
t cng thc ca X l C
x
H
y
ta suy ra:
35, 5
%Cl 100% 45, 233%
12x y 36, 5
12x y 36, 5 78, 5 12x y 42
= =
+ +
+ + = + =

Chn x = 3, y = 6 => Chn cu A

___________________________BI TP KHNG LI GII_____________________________

Bi 1: t chy hon ton 19,2 gam hn hp X gm 2 alkan k tip, thu c 14,56 lt CO
2
(0
o
C v 2
atm). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v tnh % khi lng mi alkan trong X.
Bi 2: Mt hn hp A gm 2 alkan k tip c khi lng bng 10,2 g. t chy hon ton hn hp A cn
36,8 gam O
2
. Xc nh cng thc phn t v tnh khi lng ca mi alkan.
Bi 3: Hn hp X gm hai hydrocarbon ng ng hn km nhau 2 nguyn t carbon. t chy hon
ton 2,72 gam X thu c 8,36 gam CO
2
. Xc nh cng thc phn t v tnh % v khi lng ca cc
cht c trong X.
Bi 4: t chy hon ton 29,2 gam hn hp 2 alkan. Hp th ton b sn phm vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2

d thy khi lng bnh tng ln 134,8 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t, bit hai alkan k tip.
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Bi 5: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 2 alkan hn km nhau 2 nguyn t carbon thu c 14,08
gam CO
2
v 9,36 gam H
2
O. Tnh m v Xc nh cng thc phn t mi alkan.
Bi 6: X l hn hp 2 alkan kh hn km nhau 2 nguyn t carbon. t chy 9,5 gam A cn V lt O
2

(ktc) thu c m gam CO
2
v 15,3 gam H
2
O. Xc nh cng thc phn t mi alkan v tnh m,V.
Bi 7: Hn hp X gm 2 hydrocarbon A v B c khi lng l a gam Nu em t chy hon ton X th
thu c
132a
41
g CO
2
v
45a
41
g H
2
O. Nu thm vo X mt na lng A c trong X ri t chy hon
ton thu c
165a
41
g CO
2
v
60, 75a
41
g H
2
O.
1. Tm CTPT ca A v B, bit X khng lm mt mu dung dch brm v A, B thuc cc loi
hydrocarbon hc.
2. Tnh % khi lng ca A, B trong X
3. em trn b g hydrocarbon D vi X ri t chy hon ton thu c
143a
41
g CO
2
v
49, 5a
41
g H
2
O.
D thuc dy ng ng no? Tnh b, bit a = 3

B. CC BI TON V DN XUT HYDROCARBON
I. ANCOL
Mt s lu :
1. Khi t chy ancol:
2 2
CO O H
n n > ancol ny no, mch h.
2. Khi tch nc ancol to ra olefin ancol ny no n chc, h.
3. Khi tch nc ancol A n chc to ra cht B.
- 1 d
A / B
< B l hydrocarbon cha no (nu l ancol no th B l alken)
- 1 d
A / B
> B l ete.
4. Cc phn ng oxy ha ancol :
- Oxy ha ancol bc 1 to ra aldehyd hoc acid mch h.
R-CH
2
OH
] O [
R-CH=O hoc R-COOH
- Oxy ha ancol bc 2 th to ra ceton:
R-CHOH-R'
] O [
R-CO-R'
- Ancol bc ba khng phn ng (do khng c H)
5. Tch nc t ancol no n chc to ra alken tun theo quy tc zaixep: Tch nhm -OH v H
nguyn t C c bc cao hn
6. Ancol no a chc c nhm -OH nm carbon k cn mi c phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
to ra dd
phc mu xanh lam.
- 2,3 nhm -OH lin kt trn cng mt C s khng bn, d dng tch nc to ra aldehyd, ceton
hoc acid carboxylic.
R CH OH
OH
R CH O + H
2
O
R C OH
OH
OH
R C O
OH
+ H
2
O

- Nhm -OH lin kt trn carbon mang ni i s khng bn, n ng phn ha to thnh aldehyd
hoc ceton.
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CH
2
=CHOH CH
3
-CHO
CH
2
=COH-CH
3
CH
3
-CO-CH
3
.
Mt s lu khi gii ton:
Ancol no
a. Khi t chy ancol:
2 2
H O CO
n > n ancol ny l ancol no
b.
2 2
H O CO
n n = n
ancol
=> s nguyn t carbon
2
CO
ancol
n
n
=
V d: n = 1,6 n
1
< n=1,6 phi c 1 ancol l CH
3
OH
c.
2
x
=
ru
H
n
n
2
x l s nhm chc ancol ( tng t vi acid)
d. ancol n chc no (A) tch nc to cht (B) (xc tc: H
2
SO
4
)
- d
B/A
< 1 B l olefin
- d
B/A
> 1 A l ete
e. Oxy ha:
- oxy ha ancol bc 1 to aldehyd: R-CHO
0
Cu,t
R- CH= O
- oxy ha ancol bc 2 to ceton:
R C R'
OH
H
[O]
R C R'
O

- ancol bc 3 khng b oxy ha.

____________________________ MT S BI TON V ANCOL__________________________

Bi 1: ( TSH KA 2009) un nng hn hp hai ancol n chc, mch h vi H
2
SO
4
c, thu c
hn hp gm cc ete. Ly 7,2 gam mt trong cc ete em t chy hon ton, thu c 8,96 lt kh
CO
2
( ktc) v 7,2 gam H
2
O. Hai ancol l
A. CH
3
OH v CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-OH.
C. CH
3
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH v CH
3
OH.
Hng dn:
2 2
CO H O
n 0, 4 mol, n 0, 4 mol = =
=> ete c mt lin kt i nh vy mt trong 2 ancol phi c mt ancol c mt lin kt i.
t cng thc ca ete em t l: C
n
H
2n
O.
T s mol CO
2
ta tnh c s mol ca ete l
0, 4
n

M
ete
= 18n
=> 14n + 16 = 18n
=> n = 4
Tng s nguyn t C trong 2 ancol bng 4 v nh nhn xt trn th c mt ancol c lin kt i.
=> Chn cu A
Bi 2: (TSH KA 2009) Cho hn hp X gm hai ancol a chc, mch h, thuc cng dy ng ng.
t chy hon ton hn hp X, thu c CO
2
v H
2
O c t l mol tng ng l 3: 4. Hai ancol l
A. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
v C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
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C. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
v C
4
H
8
(OH)
2
. D. C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
v C
4
H
7
(OH)
3
.
Hng dn:
Ta c:
2 2
H O CO
n n > ancol no
t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 ancol l
z
n 2n+2
C H O
4n = 3( n + 1)
n = 3
C mt ancol phi l C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
, ancol cn li c 2 nhm OH v c s nguyn t C ln hn 3.
Vy Chn cu C
Bi 3: (TSH KA 2009) Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thu
c V lt kh CO
2
( ktc) v a gam H
2
O. Biu thc lin h gia m, a v V l:
A.
V
m a
5, 6
= . B.
V
m 2a
11, 2
= . C.
V
m 2a
22, 4
= . D.
V
m a
5, 6
= + .
Hng dn:
Theo phng trnh chung ca phn ng t chy ancol no n chc ta c:
2 2
ancol H O CO
n n n = =
a V
18 22, 4

n
O (ancol)
= n
ancol
=
a V
18 22, 4

M m
ancol
= m
C
+ m
H
+ m
O

=>
V a a V
m 12 2 ( )16
22, 4 18 18 22, 4
= + + =>
V
m a
5, 6
= . Chn cu A
Bi 4: (TSH KA 2009) t chy hon ton 0,2 mol mt ancol X no, mch h, cn va 17,92 lt
kh O
2
( ktc). Mt khc, nu cho 0,1 mol X tc dng va vi m gam Cu(OH)
2
th to thnh dung
dch c mu xanh lam. Gi tr ca m v tn gi ca X tng ng l
A. 4,9 v propan-1,2-diol B. 9,8 v propan-1,2-diol
C. 4,9 v glycerol. D. 4,9 v propan-1,3-diol
Hng dn
t cng thc ca X l: C
n
H
2n + 2
O
x
. Ta c: nO
2
= 0,8 mol
C
n
H
2n + 2
O
x
+
3 1
2
n x +
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
0,2 0,8 mol
Vy ta suy ra:
3 1
2
n x +
=
0, 8
0, 2

=>
7
3
x
n
+
= Chn x = 2, n = 3
=> X l C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
. phn ng c vi Cu(OH)
2
th X phi l propan-1,2-diol
nCu(OH)
2
=
1
2
nX = 0,05 mol
=> m = 4,9g

Chn cu A
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Bi 5: (TSH KA 2010) Oxy ho ht 2,2 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh aldehyt cn va
4,8 gam CuO. Cho ton b lng aldehyt trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
,
thu c 23,76 gam Ag. Hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH. B. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
OH.
C. C
2
H
5
OH, C
3
H
7
CH
2
OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH, C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH.
Hng dn
CuO
4, 8
n 0, 06 mol
80
= = => ancol
2, 2
M 36, 67
0, 06
= = (g/mol)
Nn trong hn hp chc chn c CH
3
OH a mol (M = 32) v RCH
2
OH b mol => loi p n C, D
Ta c s :
3
2
CH OH HCHO 4Ag
RCH OH RCHO 2Ag



a b 0, 06 a 0, 05
4a 2b 0, 22 b 0, 01
+ = =


+ = =


32 0, 05 (R 31) 0, 01 2, 2 R 29 + + = = (-C
2
H
5
)
Chn cu B
Bi 6: (TSH KA 2010) Tch nc hn hp gm ancol etylic v ancol Y ch to ra 2 alken. t
chy cng s mol mi ancol th lng nc sinh ra t ancol ny bng 5/3 ln lng nc sinh ra t
ancol kia. Ancol Y l
A. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(OH)-CH
3
. B. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH.
C. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH. D. CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH
3
.
Hng dn:
t cng thc ca B l C
n
H
2n+2
O. Ta c:
n 1 5
n 4
3 3
+
= =
Do tch nc ancol etylic v ancol Y ch to ra 2 alken nn Y tch nc to 1 alken,
Chn cu C
Bi 7: (TSH KB 2010) Hn hp X gm 1 ancol v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen. T khi hi ca
X so vi hydro bng 23. Cho m gam X i qua ng s ng CuO (d) nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng
xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm 3 cht hu c v hi nc, khi lng ng s gim 3,2 gam.
Cho Y tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, to ra 48,6 gam Ag. Phn trm
khi lng ca propan-1-ol trong X l
A. 65,2%. B. 16,3%. C. 48,9%. D. 83,7%.
Hng dn:
Hai sn phm hp nc ca propen l C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH v CH
3
CHOHCH
3
.
M
X
= 2.23 = 46 => Trong X c CH
3
OH
n
X
= n
O (CuO)
= 2 , 0
16
2 , 3
= mol ; nAg = 0,45 mol
Gi a l s mol ca C
3
H
8
O suy ra: 32(0,2 a) + 60a = 46.0,2 => a = 0,1 => nCH
3
OH = 0,1 mol
CH
3
OH HCHO 4Ag
0,1 0,1 0,4 mol
C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH C
2
H
5
CHO 2Ag
0,025 mol 0,025 0,45 0,4 mol
%m C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH =
0, 025.60
100% 16, 3%
46.0, 2
= Chn cu B
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II. PHENOL:
- Nhm OH lin kt trc tip trn nhn benzen, nn lin kt gia O v H phn cc mch v vy hp
cht ca chng th hin tnh acid (phn ng c vi dd base)
OH
+ NaOH
ONa
+

H
2
O

- Nhm -OH lin kt trn nhnh (khng lin kt trc tip trn nhn benzen) khng th hin tnh acid.
CH
2
OH
+ NaOH

kho ng pha n ng

CH KHI GII CC BI TON V PHENOL
a. Hp cht HC: A + Na H
2

2
H
A
n
n
=
x
2
x l s nguyn t H linh ng trong OH hoc COOH.
b. Hp cht HC: A + Na mui + H
2
O
( PU)
NaOH
A
n
y
n
= y l s nhm chc phn ng vi NaOH l
OH lin kt trn nhn hoc COOH v cng l s nguyn t H linh ng phn ng vi NaOH.
V d:
-
2
H
A
n
1
n
= A c 2 nguyn t H linh ng phn ng vi Natri
-
NaOH
A
n
1
n
= A c 1 nguyn t H linh ng phn ng vi NaOH
- nu A c 2 nguyn t Oxy A c 2 nhm OH (2H linh ng phn ng vi Na) ; trong c 1 nhm
OH nm trn nhn thm (H linh ng phn ng NaOH) v 1 nhm OH lin kt trn nhnh. V d
nh: HO-C
6
H
4
-CH
2
-OH

_______________________V D MT S BI TON V PHENOL______________________

Bi 1: (TSH KB 2009) Cho X l hp cht thm ; a mol X phn ng va ht vi a lt dung dch NaOH
1M. Mt khc, nu cho a mol X phn ng vi Na (d) th sau phn ng thu c 22,4a lt kh H
2
( ktc).
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. HO-C
6
H
4
-COOCH
3
. B. CH
3
-C
6
H
3
(OH)
2
.
C. HO-CH
2
-C
6
H
4
-OH. D. HO-C
6
H
4
-COOH.
Hng dn
Theo a mol X phn ng ht a mol NaOH suy ra X c cha 1 nhm OH phenol hoc 1 nhm COOR
(R cng c th l H).
Mt khc khi cho a mol X phn ng vi Na d thy to a mol H
2
nn X c 2 hydro linh ng.
Vy t cc iu kin trn ta thy p n C l ph hp.
Chn cu C
Bi 2: (TSH KB 2007) Khi t 0,1 mol mt cht X (dn xut ca benzen), khi lng CO
2
thu c
nh hn 35,2 gam. Bit rng, 1 mol X ch tc dng c vi 1 mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca
X l
A. C
2
H
5
C
6
H
4
OH. B. HOCH
2
C
6
H
4
COOH. C. HOC
6
H
4
CH
2
OH. D. C
6
H
4
(OH)
2
.
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Hng dn
2
CO
35, 2
n 0,8 mol
44
< = s nguyn t C
0, 8
8
0,1
< = nguyn t C
Vy loi cu A v cu B
Do 1 mol X ch tc dng 1 mol NaOH nn X c 1 nhm OH phenol hoc 1 nhm COOR
Vy suy ra p n C l ph hp Chn cu C
Bi 3: (TSH KB 2010) Cho 13,74 gam 2,4,6-trinitrophenol vo bnh kn ri nung nng nhit
cao. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c x mol hn hp kh gm: CO
2
, CO, N
2
v H
2
. Gi tr
ca x l
A. 0,60. B. 0,36. C. 0,54. D. 0,45.
Hng dn
2,4,6-trinitrophenol: C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
3
OH hay C
6
H
3
N
3
O
7

2C
6
H
3
N
3
O
7
2CO
2
+ 3H
2
+ 3N
2
+ 10CO
0,06 mol 0,06 0,09 0,09 0,3 mol
x = 0,06 + 0,09 + 0,09 + 0,3 = 0,54 mol Chn cu C

II. AMIN
L thuyt cn nm
- Nhm ht electron lm gim tnh base ca amin.
- Nhm y electron lm tng tnh base ca amin.
V d: Chiu tng dn tnh base
C
6
H
5
-NH
2
< NH
3
< CH
3
-NH
2
< C
2
H
5
NH
2
< (CH
3
)
2
NH
2

MT S LU KHI GII TON
-
H
amin
n
x
n
+
= x l s nhm chc amin
V d:
amin
H
n : n 1:1
+
= amin ny n chc
- CT ca amin no n chc l C
n
H
2n+3
N (n 1)
- Khi t chy
2 2 2 2
H O CO H O CO amin
n n n n 1, 5 n > =
-
2
CO
amin
n
n
=
s nguyn t carbon
_______________________V D MT S BI TON V AMIN______________________

Bi 1: (TSH KA 2010) t chy hon ton V lt hi mt amin X bng mt lng oxy va to ra
8V lt hn hp gm kh carbonic, kh nit v hi nc (cc th tch kh v hi u o cng iu kin).
Amin X tc dng vi acid nitr nhit thng, gii phng kh nit. Cht X l
A. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-NH
2
. B. CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-NH
2
.
C. CH
3
-CH
2
-NH-CH
3
. D. CH
2
=CH-NH-CH
3
.
Hng dn:
t cng thc ca X l C
x
H
y
N
z

ta c:
o
t
x y z 2 2 2 2
y y z
C H N (x )O xCO H O N
4 2 2
+ + + +
y 1
x 8 2x y 15
2 2
+ + = + = . Chn x = 3 v y = 9, C
3
H
9
N l amin bc 1 do tc dng vi acid nitr
nhit thng, gii phng kh nit. Suy ra C
3
H
7
NH
2
. Chn cu A
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Bi 2: (TSH KB 2010) t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt amin no, mch h X bng oxi va thu
c 0,5 mol hn hp Y gm kh v hi. Cho 4,6g X tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), s mol HCl phn
ng l
A. 0,1 B. 0,4 C. 0,3 D. 0,2
Hng dn:
C
n
H
2n + 2 x
(NH
2
)
x
nCO
2
+
2n 2 x
2
+ +
H
2
O +
x
2
N
2

0,1 0,1n
2n 2 x
2
+ +
0,1
x
2
0,1 mol
=> n +
2
2 2 x n + +
+ x/2 = 5
=> 4n + 2x = 8
N = 1, x = 2
=> amin: CH
2
(NH
2
)
2

n
amin
= 0,1 => n
HCl
= 0,2 mol
Chn cu D
Bi 3: (TSH KB 2010) Trung ha han tan 8,88 gam mt amin (bc mt, mch carbon khng phn
nhnh) bng acid HCl, to ra 17,64 gam mui. Amin c cng thc l
A. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2

C. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
NH
2
D. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2

Hng dn:
n
HCl
= 24 , 0
5 , 36
88 , 8 64 , 17
=

mol
amin: R(NH
2
)
x

M = x
x
37
24 , 0
88 , 8
= . Chn x = 2 => M = 74 => R = 42 l C
3
H
6

H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
Chn cu D

IV. ALDEHYD
1. Phn ng trng gng v vi Cu(OH)
2
(t
o
)
R-CH=O +Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
R-COOH + 2Ag
R-CH=O + 2Cu(OH)
2

o
t
R-COOH + Cu
2
O +2H
2
O
Nu R l Hydro, Ag
2
O d (hoc vit AgNO
3
/NH
3
), Cu(OH)
2
d:
H-CHO + 2Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
H
2
O + CO
2
+ 4Ag
H-CH=O + 4Cu(OH)
2

o
t
5H
2
O + CO
2
+ 2Cu
2
O
Cc cht: H-COOH, mui ca acid fomic, este ca acid fomic cng cho c phn ng trng gng.
HCOOH + Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
H
2
O + CO
2
+2Ag
HCOONa + Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
NaHCO
3
+ 2Ag
H-COOR + Ag
2
O
o
t , ddNH
3
ROH + CO
2
+ 2Ag
Aldehyd va ng vai tr cht kh, va ng vai tr cht oxy ha:
Cht kh: Khi phn ng vi O
2
, Ag
2
O/NH
3
, Cu(OH)
2
(t
o
)
Cht oxy ha khi tc dng vi H
2
(Ni, t
o
)
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MT S LU KHI GII TON
-
Ag
aldehyd
n
2x
n
= x l s nhm chc -CHO
Trng hp c bit: H-CH=O phn ng Ag
2
O to 4 mol Ag nhng %O = 53,33%
1 nhm anldehyd ( -CH=O) c 1 lin kt i C=O aldehyd no n chc ch c 1 lin kt nn
khi t chy
2 2
H O CO
n n = ( v ngc li)
aldehyd A c 2 lin kt c 2 kh nng: aldehyd no 2 chc (2 C=O) hoc aldehyd khng no
c 1 lin kt i (1 trong C=O, 1 trong C=C).
-
2
Cu O
aldehyd
n
x
n
= x l s nhm chc -CHO

2 (PU)
Cu(OH)
andehyt
n
2x
n
= x l s nhm chc -CHO

2
H (PU)
aldehyd
n
x
n
= x l s (nhm chc CHO + s lin kt i C=C)
_______________________V D MT S BI TON V ALDEHYD______________________

Bi 1: (TSH KA 2009) Cho hn hp kh X gm HCHO v H
2
i qua ng s ng bt Ni nung nng.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y gm hai cht hu c. t chy ht Y th thu
c 11,7 gam H
2
O v 7,84 lt kh CO
2
( ktc). Phn trm theo th tch ca H
2
trong X l
A. 65,00%. B. 46,15%. C. 35,00% D. 53,85%.
Hng dn:
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, ta thy: S mol H
2
trong nc bng s mol H
2
trong Y bng trong
X; s mol C trong CO
2
bng s mol C trong Y bng trong X
nHCHO = nCO
2
= 0,35 mol
nH
2
O (HCHO, H
2
) = 0,65 mol
nH
2
O (HCHO) = nHCHO = 0,35 mol
nH
2
= 0,65 0,35 = 0,3 mol => %V (H
2
) = 46,15%
Chn cu B
Bi 2: (TSH KA 2009) Cho 0,25 mol mt aldehyd mch h X phn ng vi lng d dung dch
AgNO
3
trong NH
3
thu c 54 gam Ag. Mt khc, khi cho X phn ng vi H
2
d (xc tc Ni, t
0
) th
0,125 mol X phn ng ht vi 0,25 mol H
2
. Cht X c cng thc ng vi cng thc chung l
A. C
n
H
2n-1
CHO (n 2). B. C
n
H
2n-3
CHO (n 2).
C. C
n
H
2n
(CHO)
2
(n 0). D. C
n
H
2n+1
CHO (n 0).
Hng dn:
nAg = 0,5 mol, gp 2 ln s mol aldehyd suy ra aldehyd n chc
nH
2
gp 2 ln s mol aldehyd suy ra gc hydrocarbon ca aldehyd c mt lin kt i.
Suy ra aldehyd l C
n
H
2n-1
CHO (n 2)
Chn cu A
Bi 3: (TSH KA 2010) Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d
dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca
hai acid hu c. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,5. B. 10,9. C. 14,3. D. 10,2.
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Hng dn:
a mol CH
3
CHO CH
3
COONH
4
+ 2Ag
b mol CH
3
CH
2
CHO CH
3
CH
2
COONH
4
+ 2Ag
77a 91b 17, 5 a 0, 05
2a 2b 0, 4 b 0,15
+ = =


+ = =


m = 10,9 gam.
Chn cu B

______________________BI TP KHNG HNG DN_______________________

Bi 4: (TSH KA 2007) Cho 6,6 gam mt aldehyd X n chc, mch h phn ng vi lng d
AgNO
3
(hoc Ag
2
O) trong dung dch NH
3
, un nng. Lng Ag sinh ra cho phn ng ht vi acid HNO
3

long, thot ra 2,24 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. CH
3
CHO. B. HCHO. C. CH
3
CH
2
CHO. D. CH
2
=CHCHO.
Bi 5: (TSH KA 2007) Cho 0,1 mol aldehyd X tc dng vi lng d AgNO
3
(hoc Ag
2
O) trong
dung dch NH
3
, un nng thu c 43,2 gam Ag. Hydro ho X thu c Y, bit 0,1 mol Y phn ng va
vi 4,6 gam Na. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. HCHO. B. CH
3
CHO. C. OHC-CHO. D. CH
3
CH(OH)CHO.
Bi 6: (TSH KA 2008) un nng V lt hi aldehyd X vi 3V lt kh H
2
(xc tc Ni) n khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton ch thu c mt hn hp kh Y c th tch 2V lt (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin
nhit , p sut). Ngng t Y thu c cht Z; cho Z tc dng vi Na sinh ra H
2
c s mol bng s mol
Z phn ng. Cht X l aldehyd
A. khng no (cha mt ni i C=C), hai chc.
B. no, hai chc.
C. no, n chc.
D. khng no (cha mt ni i C=C), n chc.
Bi 7: (TSH KA 2008) Cho 3,6 gam aldehyd n chc X phn ng hon ton vi mt lng d
Ag
2
O (hoc AgNO
3
) trong dung dch NH
3
un nng, thu c m gam Ag. Ho tan hon ton m gam Ag
bng dung dch HNO
3
c, sinh ra 2,24 lt NO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Cng thc ca X l
A. C
3
H
7
CHO. B. HCHO. C. C
4
H
9
CHO. D. C
2
H
5
CHO.

V. ACID CARBOXYLIC
+ Khi cn bng phn ng chy nh tnh carbon trong nhm chc.
V d: C
n
H
2n+1
COOH +
3n 1
( )
2
+
O
2
(n+1)CO
2
+ (n+1)H
2
O
+ Ring acid fomic trng gng, phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
to gch.
Ch acid phn ng vi Cu(OH)
2
to ra dd mu xanh do c ion Cu
2+

+ Cng HX ca acid acrylic, acid metacrylic, aldehyd acrylic n tri vi quy tc cng Maccopnhicop:
V d: CH
2
=CH-COOH + HCl ClCH
2
-CH
2
-COOH
+ Khi gii ton v mui ca acid carboxylic khi t chy trong O
2
cho ra CO
2
, H
2
O v Na
2
CO
3

V d: C
x
H
y
O
z
Na
t
+ O
2
)
2
t
x ( + CO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O +
2
t
Na
2
CO
3

MT S CH KHI GII TON
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-
-
(PU) OH
acid
n
x
n
= x l s nhm -COOH
- Ch c acid fomic ( H-COOH) tham gia phn ng trng gng
- t acid:
Ta c:
2 2
H O CO
n n = acid trn no, n chc v ngc li, suy ra
n 2n 2
CT:C H O
-
2
H sinhra
acid
n
x
n 2
= x l s nhm chc acid phn ng vi kim loi
Lu khi gii ton :
+ S mol Na (trong mui hu c) = s mol Na (trong Na
2
CO
3
) (bo ton nguyn t Na)
+ S mol C (trong Mui hu c) = s mol C (trong CO
2
) + S mol C (trong Na
2
CO
3
) (bo ton
nguyn t C)
So snh tnh acid: Gc ht e lm tng tnh acid, gc y e lm gim tnh acit ca acid carboxylic.

___________________V D MT S BI TON V ACID CARBOCYLIC_________________

Bi 1: (TSH KA 2009) Cho hn hp X gm hai acid carboxylic no, mch khng phn nhnh. t
chy hon ton 0,3 mol hn hp X, thu dc 11,2 lit kh CO
2
( ktc). Nu trung ha 0,3 mol X th cn
dng 500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Hai acid l:
A. HCOOH, HOOC-CH
2
-COOH. B. HCOOH, CH
3
COOH.
C. HCOOH, C
2
H
5
COOH D. HCOOH, HOOC-COOH.
Hng dn:
nX = 0,3, nCO
2
= 0,5,
nNaOH = 0,5 mol
t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 acid l:
x y z
C H O

x y z
C H O x CO
2

0,3 0,5 mol
x = 1,67 => Phi c mt acid c s nguyn t C nh hn 1,67. Acid l HCOOH.
n
NaOH
> n
X
=> acid cn li l a chc.
t li cng thc trung bnh ca 2 acid l
y
R(COOH)
y
R(COOH) + y NaOH
0,3 0,5
=> y = 1,67.
Acid cn li c s nhm chc bng s nguyn t C trong phn t.
Chn cu D
Bi 2: (TSH KB 2010) Hn hp Z gm hai acid carboxylic n chc X v Y (M
X
> M
Y
) c tng
khi lng l 8,2 gam. Cho Z tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c dung dch cha 11,5 gam
mui. Mt khc, nu cho Z tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 21,6 gam
Ag. Cng thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong Z l
A. C
3
H
5
COOH v 54,88%. B. C
2
H
3
COOH v 43,90%.
C. C
2
H
5
COOH v 56,10%. D. HCOOH v 45,12%.

Hng dn:
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Copyright 2010 http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/volcmttl 19
Z tc dng c vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
suy ra Z c HCOOH.
nHCOOH = nAg = 0,1 mol
COONa R COOH R
1 mol tng 22
0,15 mol 11,5 8,2 = 3,3g
72
1 , 0 15 , 0
46 . 1 , 0 2 , 8
=

=
X
M
t cng thc ca X l RCOOH. Suy ra: R + 45 = 72
R = 27 suy ra R l C
2
H
3

X: C
2
H
3
COOH
%X = 0,05.72.100/8,2 = 43,9% Chn cu B
Bi 3: (TSH KB 2010) Hn hp M gm acid carboxylic X, ancol Y (u n chc, s mol X gp hai
ln s mol Y) v este Z c to ra t X v Y. Cho mt lng M tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,2
mol NaOH, to ra 16,4 gam mui v 8,05 gam ancol. Cng thc ca X v Y l
A. HCOOH v CH
3
OH B. CH
3
COOH v CH
3
OH
C. HCOOH v C
3
H
7
OH D. CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
OH
Hng dn
nRCOONa = nNaOH = 0,2 mol
R + 67 = 16,4/0,2 = 82
R = 15
X l CH
3
COOH
Gi s mol ca Y l a th s mol ca X l 2a, ca Z l b.
S mol ca mui: 2a + b = 0,2.
S mol ca Y sau phn ng vi NaOH: a + b
a + b < 0,2 M
Y
> 8,05/0,2 = 40,25
Y khng phi l CH
3
OH. Chn cu D

VI. ESTE
cch vit CT ca mt este bt k :
Este do acid x chc v ru y chc: R
y
(COO)
x.y
R
x
.
Nhn cho x cho gc hydrocarbon ca ancol v y cho gc hydrocarbon ca acid.
x.y l s nhm chc este.
V d:
- Acid n chc + ancol 3 chc: (RCOO)
3
R
- Acid 3 chc + ancol n chc: R(COO-R)
3

1. ESTE N CHC:
- Este + NaOH
o
t
Mui + ancol
- Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 aldehyd
este ny khi phn ng vi dd NaOH to ra ancol c nhm -OH lin kt trn carbon mang ni i
bc 1, khng bn ng phn ha to ra aldehyd.
V d: R-COOCH=CH
2
+ NaOH
o
t
R-COONa + CH
2
=CH-OH (khng bn)
Sau : CH
2
=CH-OH t ng phn ha thnh CH
3
CHO
- Este + NaOH 1 mui + 1 ceton
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este ny khi phn ng to ancol c nhm -OH lin kt trn carbon mang ni i bc 2 khng bn
ng phn ha to ceton.
V d:
R COO C CH
2
CH
3
+ NaOH R-COONa + CH
2
=CHOH-CH
3

Sau : CH
2
=CHOH-CH
3
khng bn t ng phn ha thnh CH
3
COCH
3


- Este + NaOH 2mui +H
2
O


Este ny c gc ancol l phenol hoc ng ng ca phenol.
V d: RCOOC
6
H
5
+ 2NaOH
o
t
RCOONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
do phenol c tnh acid nn phn ng tip vi NaOH to ra mui v H
2
O
- Este + NaOH 1 sn phm duy nht Este n chc 1 vng

+NaOH
o
t



CCH XC NH S NHM CHC ESTE:
-
(PU)
NaOH
Este
n
n
= l s nhm chc este (tr trng hp este ca phenol v ng ng ca n)
- n
NaOH cn dng
< 2n
este
(este phn ng ht)
Este ny n chcv NaOH cn d.
- Este n chc c CTPT l: C
x
H
y
O
2
R-COOR (K: y

2x)
Ta c: 12x + y + 32 = R + R + 44.
Khi gii bi ton v este ta thng s dng c hai cng thc trn.
+ Cng thc C
x
H
y
O
2
dng t chy cho ph hp.
+ Cng thc R-COOR dng phn ng vi NaOH
Cng thc cu to ca este.
- Hn hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to 1 mui + 2 ancol n chc

2 este ny cng gc acid v do hai ancol khc nhau to nn.
Vy cng thc 2 este l R-COO ' R gii R,R ; K: R1< ' R <R2 CT
2
2
1
O H C
COOR R
COOR R
y x


- Hn hp este n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra 3 mui + 1 ancol
3 este ny cng gc ancol v do 3 acid to nn.
Cng thc 3 este l R COOR CT 3este

' COOR R
' COOR R
' COOR R
3
2
1

2
O H C
y x

- Hn hp este khi phn ng vi NaOH 3 mui + 2 ancol u n chc

CTCT ca 3este l R COO ' R (trong 2 este cng gc ancol)

CT 3este l:

' COOR R
' COOR R
' COOR R
2 3
1 2
1 1

2
O H C
y x

R
C
O
O
R COONa
OH
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Copyright 2010 http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/volcmttl 21
- Hn hp 2 cht hu c n chc khi phn ng vi NaOH thu c 1 mui + 1 ancol:
C 3 trng hp xy ra:
+ TH1: 1 acid + 1 ancol

OH ' R
RCOOH

+ TH2: 1 acid + 1 este (cng gc acid)

' RCOOR
RCOOH

+ TH3: 1 ancol + 1 este (cng gc ancol)

' RCOOR
OH ' R

- Hn hp hai cht hu c khi phn ng vi dd NaOH thu c hai mui + 1 ancol (u n chc).
C hai trng hp :
+ TH1: 1 acid + 1 este

' RCOOR
RCOOH

+ TH2: 2 este (cng gc ancol):

' COOR R
' COOR R
2
1
RCOO ' R .
- Hn hp hai cht hu c n chc khi phn ng vi dd NaOH thu c 1 mui + 2 ancol.
C hai trng hp :
+ TH1: 1 ancol + 1 este

' RCOOR
OH ' R

+ TH 2: 2 este cng gc acid

2
1
RCOOR
RCOOR

Lu : Nu gi thit cho cc hp cht hu c ng chc th mi phn trn ch c 1 trng hp l hn
hp 2 este (cng gc ancol hoc cng gc acid).

2. ESTE A CHC :
a. Do acid a chc + ancol n chc: R(COOR)
x
(x 2)
- Nu este ny do acid a chc + ancol n chc (nhiu ancol): R(COO ' R )
x
- Nu este a chc + NaOH 1 mui + 2ancol n chc este ny c ti thiu hai chc.
- Nu este ny c 5 nguyn t oxy este ny ti a hai chc este (do 1 chc este c ti a hai nguyn
t oxy)
b. Do acid n + ancol a: (RCOO)
y
R (y 2)
+ Tng t nh phn a.
c. Este do acid a + ancol a: R
y
(COO)
x.y
R
x
(K: x,y 2) nu x = y CT: R(COO)xR
- Khi cho este phn ng vi dd NaOH ta gi Ct este l RCOOR nhng khi t ta nn gi CTPT l
C
x
H
y
O
2
(y

2x) v vy ta phi c phng php i t CTCT sang CTPT d gii.
V d: Este 3 chc do ancol no 3 chc + 3 acid n chc (c 1 acid no, iacid c 1 ni i, 1 acid c mt
ni ba) (este ny mch h)
Phng php gii:
+ este ny 3 chc Pt c 6 nguyn t Oxy
+ S lkt : c 3 nhm COO- mi nhm c 1 lk 3 .
+ S lk

trong gc hydrocarbon khng no l 3 ( 1 trong acid c 1 ni i, 2 trong acid c 1 ni
ba)

CT c dng: CnH2n+2-2kO6 vi k=6 CT: CnH2n-10O6.
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+ Gi CTCT l:

C
m
H
2m+1
COO
C
x
H
2x-1
COO
C
y
H
2y-3
COO
C
a
H
2a-1


C
m+x+y+a+3
H
2m+2x+2y+2a-4
O
6

t: n = m + x + y + a + 3
C
n
H
2n-10
O
6

Ch : Phn ng este ha gia acid v ancol: (phn ng khng hon ton)
+ Ancol a chc + acid n chc :
xRCOOH + R(OH)n
o
H ,t
+

(RCOO)
x
R(OH)
(n-x)
+ xH
2
O
iu kin: 1 x n
+ Ancol n + acid a:

R(COOH)
n
+ xRO
o
H ,t
+

+ xH
2
O
iu kin: 1 x n
Ngoi ra cn nhng este c bit khc :
- Este do ancol a, acid a v acid n :
V d:

Khi phn ng vi NaOH to ra R(COONa)
2
, RCOONa v R(OH)
3



+ NaOH mui ca acid a + ancol a v ancol n Hoc este


- Este do acid tp chc to nn :
V d: R-COO-R-COO-R khi phn ng NaOH to: R-COONa, HO-R-COONa v ROH
MT S LU KHI GII TON V ESTE
- Este + NaOH
o
t
mui + nc
-
(PU)
NaOH
este
n
x
n
= x l s nhm chc este tr trng hp c bit este ca phenol v ng ng ca n
V d: CH
3
COOC
6
H
5
+ NaOH
o
t
CH
3
COONa + C
6
H
5
ONa + H
2
O
- t chy este:
2 2
H O CO
n = n este ny no, n chc, cng thc phn t l C
n
H
2n
O
2

R
COO
COO
R'
COO R"
R
COO
COO
R"
R' COO
R
(COOR')
x
(COOH)
(n-x)
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________________________V D MT S BI TON V ESTE________________________

Bi 1: (TSH KA 2009) X phng ha hon ton 1,99 gam hn hp hai este bng dung dch NaOH
thu c 2,05 gam mui ca mt acid carboxylic v 0,94 gam hn hp hai ancol l ng ng k tip
nhau. Cng thc ca hai este l
A. HCOOCH
3
v HCOOC
2
H
5
. B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
.
C. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
v CH
3
COOC
3
H
7
. D. CH
3
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c: m
NaOH
= 0,94 + 2,05 1,99 = 1g
nNaOH = 0,025 mol
Gi s este n chc, t cng thc trung bnh ca 2 este l: RCOOR
=> mui l RCOONa, M
mui
= 82
=> R + 67 = 82
=> R = 15 => R l CH
3

=> M
este
= 79,6 => 15 + 44 + R = 79,6
=> R = 20,6 => mt ancol c 1 C v ancol kia c 2 C v l ancol no.
=> CH
3
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.
Gi s este a chc : R(COOR )
x
hoc (RCOO)
y
R . Gii trng hp ny khng thu c kt qu ph
hp.
Chn cu D
Bi 2: (TSH KA 2009) Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C
5
H
8
O
2
. Cho 5 gam X tc dng va ht
vi dung dch NaOH, thu c mt hp cht hu c khng lm mt mu nc brom v 3,4 gam mt
mui. Cng thc ca X l
A. CH
3
COOC(CH
3
)=CH
2
. B. HCOOC(CH
3
)=CHCH
3
.
C. HCOOCH
2
CH=CHCH
3
D. HCOOCH=CHCH
2
CH
3
.
Hng dn:
n mui = nX = 0,05 mol
t cng thc ca mui l RCOONa
M
mui
= 68
Suy ra R = 1 => X l: HCOOC
4
H
7

Cht hu c khng lm mt mu nc brom, vy phi l ceton. Chn cu B
Bi 3: (TSH KA 2010) Hn hp M gm ancol no, n chc X v acid carboxylic n chc Y, u
mch h v c cng s nguyn t C, tng s mol ca hai cht l 0,5 mol (s mol ca Y ln hn s mol
ca X). Nu t chy hon ton M th thu c 33,6 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 25,2 gam H
2
O. Mt khc, nu
un nng M vi H
2
SO
4
c thc hin phn ng este ho (hiu sut l 80%) th s gam este thu c l
A. 22,80. B. 34,20. C. 27,36. D. 18,24.
Bi 4: Cu 6: trung ha ht 10,6 gam acid carboxilic A cn dng va V ml dung dch NaOH 1M.
C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 15 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca V l
A. 100 ml. B. 200 ml. C. 300ml. D. 400 ml.
Hng dn:
S dng phng php tng gim khi lng:
1 mol R(COOH)x phn ng vi x mol NaOH to ra 1 mol R(COONa)x khi lng cht rn tng 22x g
a mol R(COOH)x phn ng vi ax mol NaOH to ra 1 mol R(COONa)x th m cht rn tng 22ax = 4,4 g
Vy ax = n NaOH = 0,2 mol, V = 200 ml. Chn cu B
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Copyright 2010 http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/volcmttl 24
VII. BIN LUN XC NH CNG THC CA HP CHT HU C C NHM CHC
CT chung: C
n
H
2n+2-x-2k
X
x
vi X l nhm chc ha hc: -OH, -CHO, -COOH, -NH
2

- Gi thit cho CT dng phn t v mt s tnh cht ca hp cht hu c.
Phng php: a CTPT v dng CTCT c nhm chc ca n.
- t iu kin theo cng thc chung :
+ Nu no: k = 0 th ta lun c s nguyn t H = 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc.
+ Nu khng cho no th ta c: s nguyn t H 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc.
V d 1: Mt ancol no c cng thc l (C
2
H
5
O)
n
. Bin lun xc nh CTPTca ancol .
+ a CT trn v dng cu to: (C
2
H
5
O)
n
C
2n
H
4n
(OH)
n

+ t K: s nguyn t H = 2 s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm chc

4n=2.2n+2-n n=2 Ct ancol l C
4
H
8
(OH)
2

V d 2: Mt acid hu c c CTPT l (C
4
H
3
O
2
)
n
, bit rng acid hu c ny khng lm mt mu dd nc
brom. Xc nh CTCT ca acid ?
+ a v dng cu to: (C
4
H
3
O
2
)
n
C
4n
H
3n
O
2n
C
3n
H
2n
(COOH)
n

+ Do acid hu c ny khng lm mt mu nc brom nn c 2 trng hp :
TH1: Acid ny no: (k=0) loi v theo K: H=2C+2-s nhm chc 2n=6n+2-n n<0.
TH2: Acid ny thm: k=4 (do 3 lk to 3 lk i C=C v mt lk to vng benzen)
iu kin: H = 2C + 2 - 2k - s nhm chc

2n=6n+2-8-n n=2.
Vy cng thc ca acid l C
6
H
4
(COOH)
2
(v CTCT: c 3 CT).

----------------------------------HT------------------------------
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Copyright 2010 http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/volcmttl 25

CU HI V BI TP HA HU C QUA TUYN SINH I HC 2010

TUYN SINH I HC KHI A NM 2010
Cu 1: Aceton c iu ch bng cch oxi ho cumen nh oxi, sau thu phn trong dung dch
H
2
SO
4
long. thu c 145 gam aceton th lng cumen cn dng (gi s hiu sut qu trnh iu
ch t 75%) l
A. 300 gam. B. 600 gam. C. 500 gam. D. 400 gam.
Cu 2: Trong s cc pht biu sau v phenol (C
6
H
5
OH):
(1) Phenol tan t trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong dung dch HCl.
(2) Phenol c tnh acid, dung dch phenol khng lm i mu qu tm. (3) Phenol dng sn xut keo
dn, cht dit nm mc.
(4) Phenol tham gia phn ng th brom v th nitro d hn benzen. Cc pht biu ng l:
A. (1), (2), (4). B. (2), (3), (4). C. (1), (2), (3). D. (1), (3), (4).
Cu 3: Thu phn hon ton 0,2 mol mt este E cn dng va 100 gam dung dch NaOH 24%,
thu c mt ancol v 43,6 gam hn hp mui ca hai acid carboxylic n chc. Hai acid l
A. HCOOH v C
2
H
5
COOH. B. HCOOH v CH
3
COOH.
C. C
2
H
5
COOH v C
3
H
7
COOH. D. CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
COOH.
Cu 4: Cho s chuyn ho:

A. propan-1,2-diol. B. propan-1,3-diol. C. glicerol. D. propan-2-ol.
Cu 5: Cho s chuyn ho:

Tn ca Z l:
A. acid oleic. B. acid linoleic. C. acid stearic. D. acid panmitic.
Cu 6: un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C
2
H
2
v 0,03 mol H
2
trong mt bnh kn (xc tc Ni), thu
c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thc cc phn ng, khi
lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi H
2
l
10,08. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,585. B. 0,620. C. 0,205. D. 0,328.
Cu 7: Hn hp kh X gm imetylamin v hai hydrocarbon ng ng lin tip. t chy hon
ton 100 ml hn hp X bng mt lng oxi va , thu c 550 ml hn hp Y gm kh v hi nc.
Nu cho Y i qua dung dch acid sunfuric c (d) th cn li 250 ml kh (cc th tch kh v hi o
cng iu kin). Cng thc phn t ca hai hydrocarbon l
A. CH
4
v C
2
H
6
. B. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. C. C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8
. D. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
.
Cu 8: t chy hon ton mt este n chc, mch h X (phn t c s lin kt nh hn 3), thu c
th tch kh CO
2
bng 6/7 th tch kh O
2
phn ng (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin). Cho m
gam X tc dng hon ton vi 200 ml dung dch KOH 0,7M thu c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c
12,88 gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 10,56. B. 7,20. C. 8,88. D. 6,66.
Cu 9: Trong s cc cht: C
3
H
8
, C
3
H
7
Cl, C
3
H
8
O v C
3
H
9
N; cht c nhiu ng phn cu to nht l
A. C
3
H
9
N. B. C
3
H
7
Cl. C. C
3
H
8
O. D. C
3
H
8
.
Cu 10: Tng s cht hu c mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C
2
H
4
O
2
l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 4. D. 3.
Cu 11: Mt phn t saccarose c
A. mt gc -glucose v mt gc -fructose. B. mt gc -glucose v mt gc -fructose.

C. hai gc -glucose. D. mt gc -glucose v mt gc -fructose.
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Copyright 2010 http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/volcmttl 26
Cu 12: Hn hp M gm ancol no, n chc X v acid carboxylic n chc Y, u mch h v c cng
s nguyn t C, tng s mol ca hai cht l 0,5 mol (s mol ca Y ln hn s mol ca X). Nu t chy
hon ton M th thu c 33,6 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 25,2 gam H
2
O. Mt khc, nu un nng M vi
H
2
SO
4
c thc hin phn ng este ho (hiu sut l 80%) th s gam este thu c l
A. 22,80. B. 34,20. C. 27,36. D. 18,24.
Cu 13: Cho cc loi t: bng, t capron, t cellulose axetat, t tm, t nitron, nilon-6,6. S t tng hp:
A. 5. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
Cu 14: Pht biu ng l:
A. Enzim amilaza xc tc cho phn ng thy phn cellulose thnh mantose.
B. Khi thy phn n cng cc protein n gin s cho hn hp cc -aminoacid.

C. Khi cho dung dch lng trng trng vo Cu(OH)
2
thy xut hin phc mu xanh m.

D. Acid nucleic l polieste ca acid photphoric v glucose.
Cu 15: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng, thu c
3,808 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 5,4 gam H
2
O. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,42. B. 5,72. C. 4,72. D. 7,42.
Cu 16: Cho 0,15 mol H
2
NC
3
H
5
(COOH)
2
(acid glutamic) vo 175 ml dung dch HCl 2M, thu c dung
dch X. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, s mol NaOH phn
ng l
A. 0,70. B. 0,50. C. 0,65. D. 0,55.
Cu 17: Alken X hp nc to thnh 3-etylpentan-3-ol. Tn ca X l
A. 3-etylpent-3-en. B. 2-etylpent-2-en. C. 3-etylpent-2-en. D. 3-etylpent-1-en.
Cu 18: Oxi ho ht 2,2 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc thnh aldehyd cn va 4,8 gam CuO.
Cho ton b lng aldehyd trn tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 23,76
gam Ag. Hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH. B. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
OH.
C. C
2
H
5
OH, C
3
H
7
CH
2
OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH, C
2
H
5
CH
2
OH.
Cu 19: C bao nhiu tripeptit (mch h) khc loi m khi thy phn hon ton u thu c 3
aminoacid: glyxin, alanin v phenylalanin?
A. 6. B. 9. C. 4. D. 3.
Cu 20: Hn hp X gm 1 mol aminoacid no, mch h v 1 mol amin no, mch h. X c kh nng phn
ng ti a vi 2 mol HCl hoc 2 mol NaOH. t chy hon ton X thu c 6 mol CO
2
, x mol H
2
O v y
mol N
2
. Cc gi tr x, y tng ng l
A. 7 v 1,0. B. 8 v 1,5. C. 8 v 1,0. D. 7 v 1,5.
Cu 21: Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca hai acid hu c. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 9,5. B. 10,9. C. 14,3. D. 10,2.
Cu 22: T 180 gam glucose, bng phng php ln men ru, thu c a gam ancol etylic (hiu
sut 80%). Oxi ho 0,1a gam ancol etylic bng phng php ln men gim, thu c hn hp X.
trung ho hn hp X cn 720 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M. Hiu sut qu trnh ln men gim l
A. 90%. B. 10%. C. 80%. D. 20%.
Cu 23: Hn hp gm 0,1 mol mt acid carboxylic n chc v 0,1 mol mui ca acid vi kim
loi kim c tng khi lng l 15,8 gam. Tn ca acid trn l
A. acid propanoic. B. acid etanoic. C. acid metanoic. D. acid butanoic.
Cu 24: t chy hon ton mt lng hydrocarbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
(d) to ra 29,55 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim 19,35 gam so
vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ban u. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C
3
H
8
. B. C
2
H
6
. C. C
3
H
4
. D. C
3
H
6
.
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Copyright 2010 http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/volcmttl 27
Cu 25: Trong cc polime sau: (1) poli(metyl metacrylat); (2) polistiren; (3) nilon-7; (4) poli(etylen-
terephtalat); (5) nilon-6,6; (6) poli(vinyl axetat), cc polime l sn phm ca phn ng trng ngng l:
A. (1), (3), (6). B. (1), (2), (3). C. (1), (3), (5). D. (3), (4), (5).
Cu 26: Cho hn hp X gm ancol metylic v hai acid carboxylic (no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy
ng ng) tc dng ht vi Na, gii phng ra 6,72 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Nu un nng hn hp X (c H
2
SO
4
c lm xc tc) th cc cht trong hn hp phn ng va vi nhau to thnh 25 gam hn hp este
(gi thit phn ng este ho t hiu sut 100%). Hai acid trong hn hp X l
A. C
3
H
7
COOH v C
4
H
9
COOH. B. CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. C
2
H
5
COOH v C
3
H
7
COOH. D. HCOOH v CH
3
COOH.
Cu 27: t chy hon ton V lt hi mt amin X bng mt lng oxi va to ra 8V lt hn hp gm
kh carbonic, kh nit v hi nc (cc th tch kh v hi u o cng iu kin). Amin X tc dng
vi acid nitr nhit thng, gii phng kh nit. Cht X l
A. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-NH
2
. B. CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-NH
2
.
C. CH
3
-CH
2
-NH-CH
3
. D. CH
2
=CH-NH-CH
3
.
Cu 28: Hydro ho cht hu c X thu c (CH
3
)
2
CHCH(OH)CH
3
. Cht X c tn thay th l
A. 2-metylbutan-3-on. B. metyl isopropyl ceton.
C. 3-metylbutan-2-ol. D. 3-metylbutan-2-on.
Cu 29: Tch nc hn hp gm ancol etylic v ancol Y ch to ra 2 alken. t chy cng s mol
mi ancol th lng nc sinh ra t ancol ny bng 5/3 ln lng nc sinh ra t ancol kia. Ancol Y l
A. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH(OH)-CH
3
. B. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH.
C. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH. D. CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH
3
.

______________________________________


TUYN SINH I HC KHI B NM 2010

Cu 1: Hp cht hu c mch h X c cng thc phn t C
6
H
10
O
4
. Thu phn X to ra hai ancol n
chc c s nguyn t carbon trong phn t gp i nhau. Cng thc ca X l
A. CH
3
OCO-CH
2
-COOC
2
H
5
. B. C
2
H
5
OCO-COOCH
3
.
C. CH
3
OCO-COOC
3
H
7
. D. CH
3
OCO-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOC
2
H
5
.
Cu 2: Hn hp X gm acid panmitic, acid stearic v acid linoleic. trung ho m gam X cn 40 ml
dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc, nu t chy hon ton m gam X th thu c 15,232 lt kh CO
2
(ktc)
v 11,7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca acid linoleic trong m gam hn hp X l
A. 0,015. B. 0,010. C. 0,020. D. 0,005.
Cu 3: Hai hp cht hu c X v Y c cng cng thc phn t l C
3
H
7
NO
2
, u l cht rn iu kin
thng. Cht X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH, gii phng kh. Cht Y c phn ng trng ngng.
Cc cht X v Y ln lt l
A. vinylamoni fomat v amoni acrylat.
B. amoni acrylat v acid 2-aminopropionic.
C. acid 2-aminopropionic v amoni acrylat.
D. acid 2-aminopropionic v acid 3-aminopropionic.
Cu 4: ipeptit mch h X v tripeptit mch h Y u c to nn t mt aminoacid (no, mch h,
trong phn t cha mt nhm -NH
2
v mt nhm -COOH). t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y, thu c tng
khi lng CO
2
v H
2
O bng 54,9 gam. t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X, sn phm thu c cho li t t
qua nc vi trong d, to ra m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 120. B. 60. C. 30. D. 45.
Cu 5: Cho 13,74 gam 2,4,6-trinitrophenol vo bnh kn ri nung nng nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton, thu c x mol hn hp kh gm: CO
2
, CO, N
2
v H
2
. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,60. B. 0,36. C. 0,54. D. 0,45.
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Cu 6: Hn hp Z gm hai acid carboxylic n chc X v Y (M
X
> M
Y
) c tng khi lng l 8,2 gam.
Cho Z tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c dung dch cha 11,5 gam mui. Mt khc,
nu cho Z tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 21,6 gam Ag. Cng
thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong Z l
A. C
3
H
5
COOH v 54,88%. B. C
2
H
3
COOH v 43,90%.
C. C
2
H
5
COOH v 56,10%. D. HCOOH v 45,12%.
Cu 7: Hn hp kh X gm mt alkan v mt alken. T khi ca X so vi H
2
bng 11,25. t chy hon
ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO
2
(cc th tch kh o ktc). Cng thc ca alkan v alken ln lt
l
A. CH
4
v C
2
H
4
. B. C
2
H
6
v C
2
H
4
. C. CH
4
v C
3
H
6
. D. CH
4
v C
4
H
8
.
Cu 8: Dy gm cc cht u tc dng vi H
2
(xc tc Ni, t
o
), to ra sn phm c kh nng phn
ng vi Na l:
A. C
2
H
3
CH
2
OH, CH
3
COCH
3
, C
2
H
3
COOH. B. C
2
H
3
CHO, CH
3
COOC
2
H
3
, C
6
H
5
COOH.
C. C
2
H
3
CH
2
OH, CH
3
CHO, CH
3
COOH. D. CH
3
OC
2
H
5
, CH
3
CHO, C
2
H
3
COOH.
Cu 9: Hn hp X gm 1 ancol v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen. T khi hi ca X so vi hydro
bng 23. Cho m gam X i qua ng s ng CuO (d) nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton,
thu c hn hp Y gm 3 cht hu c v hi nc, khi lng ng s gim 3,2 gam. Cho Y tc dng
hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, to ra 48,6 gam Ag. Phn trm khi lng ca
propan-1-ol trong X l
A. 65,2%. B. 16,3%. C. 48,9%. D. 83,7%.
Cu 10: Cho hn hp M gm aldehyd X (no, n chc, mch h) v hydrocarbon Y, c tng s mol l
0,2 (s mol ca X nh hn ca Y). t chy hon ton M, thu c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 7,2 gam
H
2
O. Hydrocarbon Y l
A. CH
4
. B. C
2
H
2
. C. C
3
H
6
. D. C
2
H
4
.
Cu 11: Cc cht u khng b thu phn trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long nng l:
A. t capron; nilon-6,6; polietilen.
B. poli(vinyl axetat); polietilen; cao su buna.
C. nilon-6,6; poli(etylen-terephtalat); polistiren.
D. polietilen; cao su buna; polistiren.
Cu 12: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt amin no, mch h X bng oxi va , thu c 0,5 mol hn
hp Y gm kh v hi. Cho 4,6 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), s mol HCl phn ng l
A. 0,1. B. 0,4. C. 0,3. D. 0,2.
Cu 13: Thy phn este Z trong mi trng acid thu c hai cht hu c X v Y (M
X
< M
Y
). Bng mt
phn ng c th chuyn ho X thnh Y. Cht Z khng th l
A. metyl propionat. B. metyl axetat. C. etyl axetat. D. vinyl axetat.
Cu 14: Tng s hp cht hu c no, n chc, mch h, c cng cng thc phn t C
5
H
10
O
2
, phn
ng c vi dung dch NaOH nhng khng c phn ng trng bc l
A. 4. B. 5. C. 8. D. 9.
Cu 15: t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp X gm 2 ancol (u no, a chc, mch h, c cng s
nhm -OH) cn va V lt kh O
2
, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO
2
v 12,6 gam H
2
O (cc th tch kh o
ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 14,56. B. 15,68. C. 11,20. D. 4,48.
Cu 16: Hn hp X gm alanin v acid glutamic. Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch
NaOH (d), thu c dung dch Y cha (m+30,8) gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho m gam X tc dng hon
ton vi dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch Z cha (m+36,5) gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 112,2. B. 165,6. C. 123,8. D. 171,0.
Cu 17: Trung ho hon ton 8,88 gam mt amin (bc mt, mch carbon khng phn nhnh) bng
acid HCl, to ra 17,64 gam mui. Amin c cng thc l
A. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
. B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
.
C. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
NH
2
. D. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
.

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Copyright 2010 http://vn.myblog.yahoo.com/volcmttl 29
Cu 18: Pht biu no sau y ng?
A. Khi un C
2
H
5
Br vi dung dch KOH ch thu c etilen.
B. Dung dch phenol lm phenolphtalein khng mu chuyn thnh mu hng.
C. Dy cc cht: C
2
H
5
Cl, C
2
H
5
Br, C
2
H
5
I c nhit si tng dn t tri sang phi.
D. un ancol etylic 140
o
C (xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) thu c imetyl ete.
Cu 19: Trong cc cht: xiclopropan, benzen, stiren, metyl acrylat, vinyl axetat, imetyl ete, s cht c
kh nng lm mt mu nc brom l
A. 5. B. 4. C. 6. D. 3.
Cu 20: C bao nhiu cht hu c mch h dng iu ch 4-metylpentan-2-ol ch bng phn ng
cng H
2
(xc tc Ni, t
o
)?
A. 3. B. 5. C. 2. D. 4.
Cu 21: Hn hp M gm acid carboxylic X, ancol Y (u n chc, s mol X gp hai ln s mol Y) v
este Z c to ra t X v Y. Cho mt lng M tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,2 mol
NaOH, to ra 16,4 gam mui v 8,05 gam ancol. Cng thc ca X v Y l
A. HCOOH v CH
3
OH. B. CH
3
COOH v CH
3
OH.
C. HCOOH v C
3
H
7
OH. D. CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
OH.
Cu 21: Thy phn hon ton 1 mol pentapeptit X, thu c 2 mol glyxin (Gly), 1 mol alanin (Ala), 1
mol valin (Val) v 1 mol phenylalanin (Phe). Thy phn khng hon ton X thu c ipeptit Val-Phe v
tripeptit Gly-Ala-Val nhng khng thu c ipeptit Gly-Gly. Cht X c cng thc l
A. Gly-Phe-Gly-Ala-Val. B. Gly-Ala-Val-Val-Phe.
C. Gly-Ala-Val-Phe-Gly. D. Val-Phe-Gly-Ala-Gly.
Cu 22: Cho cc cht: (1) acid picric; (2) cumen; (3) xiclohexanol; (4) 1,2-ihydroxi-4-metylbenzen; (5)
4-metylphenol; (6) -naphtol. Cc cht thuc loi phenol l:
A. (1), (3), (5), (6). B. (1), (2), (4), (6). C. (1), (2), (4), (5). D. (1), (4), (5), (6).
Cu 23: Dung dch acid fomic 0,007M c pH = 3. Kt lun no sau y khng ng?
A. Khi pha long 10 ln dung dch trn th thu c dung dch c pH = 4.
B. in li ca acid fomic s gim khi thm dung dch HCl.
C. Khi pha long dung dch trn th in li ca acid fomic tng.
D. in li ca acid fomic trong dung dch trn l 14,29%.
Cu 24: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm ba ancol (n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng), thu
c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 11,7 gam H
2
O. Mt khc, nu un nng m gam X vi H
2
SO
4
c th tng
khi lng ete ti a thu c l
A. 7,85 gam. B. 7,40 gam. C. 6,50 gam. D. 5,60 gam.
Cu 25: Cht X c cc c im sau: phn t c nhiu nhm -OH, c v ngt, ho tan Cu(OH)
2

nhit thng, phn t c lin kt glicozit, lm mt mu nc brom. Cht X l
A. cellulose. B. mantose. C. glucose. D. saccarose.


----------------------------------HT------------------------------
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Mt s phng php gii nhanh trong ha hc Gio vin: Trng Chu Thnh THPT Chuyn
Tin Giang
2. Chuyn Phng php trung bnh Gio vin ng Cng Anh Tun THPT Chuyn L Qu n
Nng
3. Phng php gii nhanh trong ha hc Gio vin Nguyn Thnh Anh THPT Chuyn Thng Long
Lt
4. thi tuyn sinh H cc nm 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 ca B Gio Dc v o To
5. Ti liu n thi tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Part 1 (volcmttl 2009)

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