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s gio dc v o to h ni

Tr- ng ThPt nguyn gia thiu







Sng kin kinh nghim:
KINH NGHIM GII
PHONG TRNH V T




Gio vin : Nguyn quc hon
T : Ton





H Ni, 5 / 2012
s gio dc v o to h ni
Tr- ng ThPt nguyn gia thiu







Sng kin kinh nghim:
KINH NGHIM GII
PHONG TRNH V T






Gio vin : Nguyn quc hon
T : Ton




H Ni, 5 / 2012

m u

Gii ph-ng trnh l bi ton c nhiu dng v gii rt linh hot, vi nhiu
hc sinh k c hc sinh -c cho l kh gii nhiu khi cn lng tng tr-c vic
gii mt ph-ng trnh; trong c ph-ng trnh cha cn thc -c coi l kh
hn c. Nn ti chn ti: Kinh nghim gii ph-ng trnh v t lm
sng kin kinh nghim. Vi mc ch mong mun ti ny s gp phn gip
hc sinh c thm nhng k nng cn thit gii ph-ng trnh cha cn thc ni
ring v cc dng ph-ng trnh ni chung, ng thi cng mong mun y l ti
liu tham kho b ch cho nhng ai quan tm n mn ton.

Kin thc th hin trong sng kin kinh nghim ny hon ton trong
ch-ng trnh Ton bc THPT hin hnh. Mt phn sng kin kinh nghim ny
c th s dng chuyn sang phn bt ph-ng trnh cng -c; xong khi
chuyn sang bt ph-ng trnh c nhng phn s -c m rng c bi ton hay
hn. Do ng-i nghin cu c th s dng sng kin kinh nghim ny vo
nhiu mc ch gio dc khc nhau cng -c.

Ni dung sng kin kinh nghim ny gm c 9 ph-ng php gii ton
th-ng gp.

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 1

Sng kin kinh nghim: Kinh nghim gii ph-ng trnh v t

Bi ton m u
Gii phng trnh
2
2
1 1 (*)
3
x x x x + = +
(Trch H QGHN, khi A nm 2000)
Gii
iu kin 0 s x s 1
* Cch 1:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
(*)
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
1 1
3
4 4
1 2 . 1 1
3 9
4 6 0
2 2 3 0
x 0
3
x
2
0
1
4 4 9
0
1
4 4 9 0
0
1
x x x x
x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x
x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
| |
+ = +
|
\ .
+ + = + +
=
=

+ =


0, 1 x x = = tho mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 0, 1 x x = = .

* Cch 2:
Nhn xt:
2
x x c biu din qua x v 1 x nh vo ng thc
( )
2
2
1 1 2 x x x x + = +
Vy c cch 2
t 1 t x x = + , 1 2 t s s

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 2


2
2
1
2
t
x x

= .
Phng trnh (*) tr thnh
2
1
1
3
t
t

+ =
2
1 3 3 t t + =
2
3 2 0 t t + =
1
2
t
t
=


2 t = , khng tho mn
1 t = , c
2
0
1 1 2 0
1
x
x x x x
x
=

+ = =

=


0, 1 x x = = tho mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 0, 1 x x = = .

* Cch 3:
Nhn xt: x v 1 x c mi quan h c bit, c th
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 x x + =
Vy ta c cch 3
T (*) ta c 2 . 1 3 1 3 3 x x x x =
3 3
1
2 3
x
x
x

=

(
9
4
x = v thay
9
4
x = vo phng trnh khng tho mn)
t t x = , nn
3 3
1
2 3
t
x
t

=


Li c
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 x x + = , nn
2
2
3 3
1
2 3
t
t
t
| |
+ =
|

\ .

( )
2 2 2 2
4 12 9 9 18 9 4 12 9 t t t t t t t + + + = +
4 3 2
4 12 14 6 0 t t t t + =
( )
3 2
2 6 7 3 0 t t t t + =
( )( )
2
1 2 4 3 0 t t t t + =
0
1
t
t
=


0
1
x
x
=


0, 1 x x = = tho mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 0, 1 x x = = .

* Cch 4:
Cng nhn xt trn, ta c thm cch khc
t a x = , 1 b x = , 0, 0 a b > >
Ta c h phng trnh
2 2
2
1
3
1
ab a b
a b

+ = +

+ =


( )
( )
2
3 2a 3 (1)
2a 1 (2)
b a b
a b b
+ = +


+ =



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 3

Thay (1) vo (2) c
( ) ( )
2
3 3 1 a b a b + + = (

( ) ( )
2
3 2 0 a b a b + + + =
1
2
a b
a b
+ =


+ =


Vi 1 a b + = , c . 0 a b =
0
1
1
0
a
b
a
b
=


0
1
x
x
=


Vi 2 a b + = , c
3
.
2
a b = , khng tn ti , a b (V
2
3
4 2 4. 6
2
= < = )
0, 1 x x = = tho mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 0, 1 x x = = .
Nhn xt: bn cht ca cch gii ny vn l cch t n ph cch 3.

* Cch 5:
Cng nh
( ) ( )
2 2
1 1 x x + = , ta ngh n ng thc
2 2
sin cos 1 a a + =
Ta c thm cch sau:
t sin , 0
2
x a a
t
= s s
Phng trnh (*) tr thnh
2 2
2
1 sin . 1 sin sin 1 sin
3
a a a a + = +
3 2sin .cos 3sin 3cos a a a a + = + (V cos 0 a > )
( ) ( )
2
sin cos 3 sin cos 2 0 a a a a + + + =
sin cos 1
sin +cos 2
a a
a a
+ =


sin cos 1 a a + =
2
2sin . os 2sin 0
2 2 2
a a a
c = sin os sin 0
2 2 2
a a a
c
| |
=
|
\ .

sin 0
2
tan 1
2
a
a


2
sin 2sin os 0
2 2
2tan
2
sin 1
1 tan
2
a a
a c
a
a
a

= =

= =


0
1
x
x
=


0, 1 x x = = tho mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 0, 1 x x = = .

Qua v d trn ta thy c rt nhiu cch khc nhau gii mt
phng trnh v t. Tuy nhin cc cch u da trn c s l loi b cn thc
v a v phng trnh n gin hn m ta bit cch gii. Sau y ti xin i
vo mt s phng php c th.

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 4


Phng php 1: Phng php bin i tng ng

Bi ton 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) 17 1 3 x x + = (1)
2) 3 3 3 2 x x + = (2)
3)
2 3
5 2 1 1 x x x x x + + + + = + (3)
4)
2 2 2
1 3 2 8 7 x x x x x + + + = + + (4)
5)
3 3 3
12 12 2 3 x x x = (5)
6)
2
2 2 x x + + = . (6)
Bi ton 2: Tm m phng trnh
2
2 2 x mx m + = (I), c nghim.
Bi ton 3: Tm m phng trnh 2 2 x m x + = + (II), c hai nghim phn
bit.
Bi ton 4: Gii cc phng trnh
1) 2 5 2 2 7 3 x x x x + + = + (1)
2) 3 3 1 2 2 2 x x x x + + + = + + (2)
3)
3
2
1
1 1
x
x x x x
x
+
+ = + + + (3)
4)
3 3
1 1
4 1 1
1 4 1
x x
x x
x x
+ +
+ + = +
+
(4)
5)
3 3 3 3
3 5 2 1 2 6 x x x x + + = + + . (5)
Gii
Bi ton 1
1) Nhn xt: ta thy v tri lun khng m, do nu v phi m th phng
trnh v nghim, nn ta ch cn gii phng trnh khi v phi khng m, tc l
1
1 3 0
3
x x > s . Khi hai v u khng m v bnh phng hai v ta c
phng trnh tng ng: ( )
2
17 1 3 x x + = + vi
1
3
x s . Do vy ta khng cn
t iu kin cho 17 0 x + > .
( )
(1)
2
1 3 0
17 1 3
x
x x
>

+ =


2
1
3
17 1 6 9
x
x x x

+ = +


2
1
3
9 7 16 0
x
x x


1
3
1
16
9
x
x
x

1 x =
Vy phng trnh c mt nghim 1 x = .

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 5

Ch : Dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l ( ) ( ) f x g x = . Ta lm nh sau
2
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
g x
f x g x
f x g x
>

=

=


Bi ton ny c th gii bng cch t n ph 17 t x = + vi t > 0.

2) iu kin 3 1 x s s
(2)
3 2 3 3 x x + + =
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 3 3 x x + + =
3 4 3 4 3 3 x x x + + + + = 3 1 x x + =
( )
2
1 0
3 1
x
x x
>


+ =


2
1
3 2 1
x
x x x
s


+ = + +


2
1
2 0
x
x x
s


+ =


1
1
2
x
x
x
s

2 x = , tha mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh c mt nghim 2 x = .

3)
( )
(3)
2
2 3
1 0
5 2 1 1
x
x x x x x
+ >

+ + + + = +


3
1
2 1 1 3
x
x x x
>


+ + =


3 2
1
1 3 0
2 1 (1 3 )
x
x
x x x
>

>

+ + =


3 2
1
1
3
2 1 1 6 9
x
x x x x

s s

+ + = +


3 2
1
1
3
9 8 0
x
x x x

s s

+ =


( )
2
1
1
3
9 8 0
x
x x x

s s

+ =


1
1
3
0
1
8
x
x
x
x

s s

0 x = , tha mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh c mt nghim 0 x = .

Ch :
Trong bi ny ta khng cn t iu kin
2 3
3
5 2 1 0
2 1 0
x x x x
x x

+ + + + >

+ + >

.


Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 6

4) iu kin
1
7
1
x
x
x
>


( ) ( )
(4) 2 2
2 2 2
1 3 2 8 7 x x x x x + + + = + +
2 2 2 2 2
1 3 2 2. 1. 3 2 8 7 x x x x x x x x + + + + + + = + +
( )( ) ( )( )
2
2 1 1 . 1 2 5 6 x x x x x x + + + = + +
( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
2
2 1 1 2 1 6 x x x x x + + = +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1 6
4 1 2 1 6
x
x x x x x
s s


+ + = +


( ) ( )
2
2 2
1 6
1 4 4 8 12 36 0
x
x x x x x
s s


+ + + =


2
1 6
1
3 16 44 0
x
x
x x
s s

+ =


1 6
1
2
22
3
x
x
x
x
s s


=


=


1
2
x
x
=


1, 2 x x = = tho mn iu kin
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 1, 2 x x = = .

Ch : Bi ny c th gii bng cch nh sau
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
(4)
1 1 1 2 1 7 x x x x x x + + + + = + +
* Trng hp 1: 1 x = , tha mn phng trnh (4)
* Trng hp 2: 1 x > , phng trnh (4) tr thnh
1 2 7 x x x + + = +
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 7 x x x + + = +
1 2 1 2 2 7 x x x x x + + + + = +
2
2 2 6 x x x + =
( ) ( )
2
2
6 0
4 2 6
x
x x x
>


+ =


2
6
3 16 44 0
x
x x
s


+ =



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 7

6
2
22
3
x
x
x
s

2 x =
2 x = , tha mn iu kin trng hp 2
* Trng hp 3: 7 x s , phng trnh (4) tr thnh
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) 1 1 1 2 1 7 x x x x x x + =
1 2 7 x x x + =
( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 7 x x x + =
1 2 1 2 2 7 x x x x x + = 2 1 2 6 0 x x x + =
Phng trnh v nghim (V 2 1 2 6 0, 7 x x x x + > s ).
* Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 1, 2 x x = = .

Nhn xt: Khi gii bng cch ny thng mc sai lm: ab a b =
ng thc ab a b = khi 0 a > v 0 b >
Cn ab a b = khi 0 a s v 0 b s .

5)
( ) ( )
(5)
3 3
3 3 3
12 12 2 3 x x x =
( )
( )
3 3 3 3
12 12 2 3 3 12 12. 2 3. 12 12 2 3 x x x x x x x =
( )
( )
3 3 3 3
12 12. 2 3. 12 12 2 3 3 1 x x x x x =
( )
3 3
3
12 1 . 2 3. 3( 1) (5*) x x x x =
( )( ) ( )
3
12 1 2 3 27 1 x x x x =
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 4 2 3 9 2 +1 0 x x x x x ( =


( )( )
2
1 6 9 0 x x x + =
2
1 0
6 9 0
x
x x
=


+ =


1
3
x
x
=


Thay 1, 3 x x = = vo phng trnh (5) u tho mn
Vy phng trnh cho c hai nghim 1, 3 x x = = .

Ch : (5*) l khng tng ng, (5*) l phng trnh h qu ca phng
trnh (5). Do nghim ca phng trnh (5*) phi c thay vo phng trnh
(5) kim tra li.

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 8

Vi dng tng qut
3
3 3
o | = ta lp phng hai v v s dng hng ng
thc ( ) ( )
3
3 3
3a a b a b b a b = gii nh bi trn.

6) iu kin 2 x >
(6)
2
1 1
( 2) 2
4 4
x x x x + + + + = + +
2 2
1 1
2
2 2
x x
| | | |
+ + = +
| |
\ . \ .

1 1
2 (6.1)
2 2
1 1
2 (6.2)
2 2
x x
x x

+ + = +

+ + =


(6.1)
2 x x + =
2
0
2
x
x x
>


+ =


2
0
2 0
x
x x
>


0
1
2
x
x
x
>

2 x =
(6.2)
2 1 x x + =
( )
2
1 0
2 1
x
x x
>


+ =


2
1
2 2 1
x
x x x
s


+ = + +


2
1
1 0
x
x x
s


+ =


1
1 5
2
x
x
s


1 5
2
x

=
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim 2 x = ,
1 5
2
x

= .
Ch : C th a v dng ( ) ( ) f x g x = v gii bng cch bnh phng hai
v, dn n phng trnh bc bn (nhm c nghim 1 x = , 2 x = ) v tm
c nghim ca phng trnh.
Ngoi ra cn cch na l phng php t n ph a v h phng trnh
(ti xin trnh by phng php 5).


Bi ton 2
*) Nu 0 m < th phng trnh (I) v nghim
*) Nu 0 m > th:
( )
2 2
0
2 2
I
m
x mx m
>

+ =


2 2
0
2 2 0 (I*)
m
x mx m
>


+ =


(I*) c nghim khi
2 2
' 2 0 m m A = + >
1
1
m
m
>

1 m > (tho mn 0 m > )


Kt lun: 1 m > th phng trnh (I) c nghim.



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 9

Bi ton 3
( )
( )
2
2 0
2 2
II x
x m x
+ >

+ = +


2
2
2 4 4
x
x m x x
>


+ = + +


2
2
2 4 (II*)
x
x x m
>


+ + =


Xt hm s
2
( ) 2 4 f x x x = + + ,
| ) 2 ; x e +
Bng bin thin
x 2 1 +

( ) f x



4 +

3

S nghim phng trnh (II) bng s nghim phng trnh (II*) vi 2 x >
Vy phng trnh (II) c hai nghim phn bit khi 3 < m s 4.

Bi ton 4
1) iu kin 0 s x s
7
3

( ) ( )
(1)
2 2
2 5 2 2 7 3 x x x x + + = +
2 5 2 2 2. 5 2 2 7 3 2 2 . 7 3 x x x x x x x x + + + + = + +
2. 5 2 2 . 7 3 x x x x + =
( )( ) ( ) 2 5 2 2 7 3 x x x x + =
2 2
2 10 6 14 x x x x + + = +
2
4 13 10 0 x x + =
2
5
4
x
x
=

(Tho mn iu kin)
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim l
5
4
x = , 2 x = .

Ch : ta gii bng cch trn v c 2 5 2 2 7 3 x x x x + + = +
Dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + = + , vi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + = +
c gii bng cch: tm iu kin xc nh cho phng trnh sau bnh
phng hai v v gii tm nghim tha mn iu kin.

2) iu kin 0 x >
(2)
3 2 2 +2 3 1 x x x x + = +

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 10

( ) ( )
2 2
3 2 2 +2 3 1 (2*) x x x x + = +
+3+4 4 3. 2 +2+3 1 2 2 2. 3 1 x x x x x x x x + = + + +
2 . 3 2 2. 3 1 x x x x + = + +
4 ( 3) (2 2)(3 1) x x x x + = + +
2 2
4 12 6 8 2 x x x x + = + +
2
2 4 2 0 x x + =
( )
2
2 1 0 x =
1 x =
Thay 1 x = vo phng trnh (2) tha mn
Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht 1 x = .

Ch :
Ta gii bng cch trn v c: 3 4 2 2 3 1 x x x x + + = + + +
Bin i v (2*) l dn n phng trnh h qu, nn tm c nghim (2*) ta
phi thay vo phng trnh (2) xem c tho mn hay khng.
Dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x k x h x + = + , vi ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x g x k x + = +
c gii bng cch a v phng trnh ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x = , sau
bnh phng v gii phng trnh h qu.

3) iu kin 0 x >
( )
2
3
(3) 2
2
1
1 1
x
x x x x
x
| |
+
+ = + + +
|
|
\ .

3
3 2 3
1
2 1 1 1 2 1
x
x x x x x x
x
+
+ + + = + + + + +
3
2
1
2
x
x x
x
+
+ = +
3 2 3
1 2x x x x + + = +
( )
2
1 0 x = 1 x = (Tho mn iu kin)
Vy phng trnh c nghim 1 x = .

Ch :
Ta gii bng cch trn v c:
3
2
1
. 1. 1
x
x x x x
x
+
= + + , vi 0 x >
Dng tng qut ca phng trnh trn l
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x k x h x + = + , vi ( ). ( ) ( ). ( ) f x g x h x k x =
c gii bng cch tm iu kin xc nh cho phng trnh, sau bnh
phng hai v v tm nghim tha mn iu kin.

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 11

4) iu kin 1 x >
3 3
(4)
1 1
4 +1 1
4 1 1
x x
x x
x x
+ +
=
+

2 2
3 3
1 1
4 1 1
4 1 1
x x
x x
x x
| | | |
+ +
+ =
| |
| |
+
\ . \ .

3 3
3 3
1 1
4 1 2 1 1 2 1
4 1 1
x x
x x x x
x x
+ +
+ + + = + +
+

( ) ( )
3 3
1 1
4 +1 1 0
4 1 1
x x
x x
x x
+ +
+ =
+

( )
( )( )
3 2
1 4 3 1
3 2 0
4 1 1
x x x
x
x x
(
+
+ =
(
+


( )( )
3 2
3 2 4 3 +2 0 x x x x + + =
( )( )( )
2
3 2 2 2 1 0 x x x x + =
2
3
2
1 2
1 2
x
x
x
x

= +


2

1 2
x
x
=


= +

(Tho mn iu kin 1 x > )


Thay 2 x = , 1 2 x = + vo phng trnh (4) thy tha mn
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim 2 x = , 1 2 x = + .

Ch :
Ta gii bng cch trn v:
3 3
1 1
4 1. . 1
4 1 1
x x
x x
x x
+ +
+ =
+

Tuy nhin ta vn c th gii bng cch: t nhn t chung
3
1 x + v phi ra,
sau quy ng tip s c nhn t
( )
1 4 1 x x + + , cch ny c th s ngn
hn cch gii trn. Nhng cch gii trn p dng dng tng qut ca phng
trnh: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x g x h x k x + = + . Trong : ( ). ( ) ( ). ( ) f x h x k x g x =
c gii bng cch a v phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) f x h x k x g x =
Sau bnh phng v gii phng trnh h qu.

5)
( ) ( )
(5)
3 3
3 3 3 3
3 5 2 1 2 6 x x x x + + = + +

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 12

3 3
3
3 3
3
3 5 3 (3 5).( 3 5)
2 1 2 6 3 (2 1)(2 6)( 2 1 2 6)
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ + + + + +
= + + + + + +
( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 3 3
3 3
(3 5) 3 5 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 6 x x x x x x x x + + + = + + +
( )
( )( )
( )
3 3 3 3
3 3
(3 5) 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 6 2 1 2 6 x x x x x x x x + + + = + + + (5*)
( )( )
3 3
(3 5) 2 1 2 6 x x x x + = +
(V:
3 3
2 6 2 1 2 6 2 1 0 x x x x + > + + = )
(3 5) (2 1)(2 6) x x x x + = +
2 2
3 5 4 10 6 x x x x + = +
2
5 6 0 x x + =
1
6
x
x
=


Thay 6 x = , 1 x = vo phng trnh (5) tho mn.
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim 6 x = , 1 x = .

Ch : Phng php tng t nh cc bi ton trn. (5*) l ta s dng t
phng trnh bi, tc l dn n h, nn (5*) khng tng ng vi (5).
Tht vy, nu ta thay
( )
3 3
3 5 x x + + ch khng thay nh bi gii va ri, s
tm c nghim
5
2
x = nhng nghim ny khng tho mn phng trnh (5).

Bi tp

Bi 1: Gii cc phng trnh
1)
3 2 2
2 x x x x = + 2)
4 2
3 2 1 x x x + =
3)
4 2
1 1 2 x x x + + = 4)
3
1 1 2 x x x + + =
5)
4 2 2
2 5 3 1 x x x + = 6)
4 2
1 1 x x x + + = +
7) 2 1 2 2 x x x + + = 8)
3 2
1 1 2 x x x + + =
9)
2 3
2 4 3 4 x x x x + + = + 10)
2 2
1 5 8 4 x x x x + + = +
11) 4 3 10 3 2 x x = (HSG Quc Gia 2000)
12)
2 2
1 5 8 4 x x x x + = 13) 3 4 3 3 x x + =
14) 2 2 x x x + + = 15)
2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + + + + =
16)
2 2
1 1 2 x x x x + + = 17)
2 1
6 5
1 2
x x
x x
+
+ =
+

18)
2 2
4 12 6 2 x x x x x + = + 19)
2 2
2 2 1 1 x x x + = +

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 13

20)
2 2
2 2 1 1 x x x x + + + = 21) 1 3 2 3 3 2 x x x + + = +
22) 3 3 2 4 2 x x x + = 23) 2 3 3 x x x + =
24)
2 2
2 1 2 1 2 9 x x x x + + + = + + 25)
3 3
1 1 1 x x + + =
26)
2
2 3 5 2 4 16 15 1 x x x x + = + +
27)
2
2 1 2 1 x x x x + + = + + 28)
2
1 2 1 2 2 x x x + + =
29) 3 2 5 3 3 5 2 x x x x + + =
30)
3
2
1
1 1 3
3
x
x x x x
x
+
+ + = + + +
+

31)
2 2 2
8 15 2 15 4 18 18 x x x x x x + + + = +
32)
2 2
2 8 6 1 2 2 x x x x + + + = + (H BK HN 2001).

Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh:
2
2 3 1 x mx x + = + c hai nghim phn bit.

Bi 3: Tm m phng trnh:
2 2
2 4 x mx x = c nghim.

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 14

Phng php 2: Phng php t n ph

I. Bi ton 1: Dng
( ) ( ) 0 af x b f x c + + = , 0 a =
Phng php chung l t
( ) t f x = , 0 t >
1) Cho phng trnh:
( )( ) ( )( ) 1 3 6 1 5 0 x x x x m + + + + = (1)
a) Gii phng trnh vi 0 m=
b) Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
2) Gii phng trnh:
2
2 8 2 8 x x x x = (2).
II. Bi ton 2:
Dng ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . 0 a f x g x b f x g x c f x g x d
(
+ + + + = (



(Vi 0 abc = )
Phng php chung l t
( ) ( ) t f x g x =
1) Cho phng trnh:
2
1 x x x x m = (3)
a) Gii phng trnh vi 1 m=
b) Tm m phng trnh v nghim.
2) Cho phng trnh:
2
2 1 2 2 2 x x x x x m + + + + = (4)
a) Gii phng trnh vi 11 m=
b) Tm m phng trnh c nghim.
3) Gii phng trnh:
( )
3 3 3 3
35 35 30 x x x x + = (5).
III. Bi ton 3: t n ph a v dng phng trnh thun nht
Gii cc phng trnh:
1)
3 2
3 1 2 4 x x x = + (6) (HSG Ton 10, NGT 2007)
2) ( )
3
3 2
3 2 2 6 0 x x x x + + = (7)
3)
2 2
2 2 1 3 4 1 x x x x x + + = + + (8)
4)
2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1 x x x x x + + = + (9)
IV. Bi ton 4: Dng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) . . . 0 af x b g x f x c h x + + = , 0 abc =
Gii cc phng trnh:
1) ( )
2 2
1 2 3 1 x x x x + + = + (10)
2)
2
4 1 1 3 2 1 1 x x x x + = + + (11)
3)
2
2 2 4 4 2 9 16 x x x + + = + (12).

Gii

I. Bi ton 1:
1) iu kin
1
5
x
x
>



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 15

( ) 1
2 2
4 6. 4 5 3 0 x x x x m + + + + =
t
2
4 5 t x x = + , 0 t >

2 2
4 5 t x x = +
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
2
5 6 3 0 t t m + + + =
2
6 8 t t m + = (1.1)
a) 0 m= :
(1.1)
2
6 8 0 t t + =
2
4
t
t
=


2 2 2
2 2
2
2 13
4 5 2 4 5 4 4 9 0
7
4 5 16 4 21 0
4 5 4
3
x
x x x x x x
x
x x x x
x x
x

+ = + = + =
=

+ = + =
+ =

=

Vy vi 0 m= , phng trnh c bn nghim: 7 x = , 3 x = , 2 13 x = .


b) Phng trnh (1) c nghim Phng trnh (1.1) c nghim 0 t >
Gi ( )
2
6 8 f t t t = + vi ( ) 0; t e +
Bng bin thin:









( ) 1 f t s , 0 t >
Vy phng trnh (1) c nghim khi 1 ms .

2) iu kin
2
8
8 2 0
x
x x
>

>


( ) ( )
( 2)
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2 8 8 2
2 8 8 2
2 8 2 2. 8 8 2
10 2 10 16 8 0
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x
x x x x
+ =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

t
2
10 16 t x x = + , 0 t >
2 2
10 16 t x x = +
Phng trnh (2) tr thnh:
2
16 2 8 0 t t + =
2
4
2 8 0
2
t
t t
t
=

=

=


2 t = , loi
t
0 3
8
1
+

( )
f t

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 16

4 t = , c
2
10 16 4 x x + =
2 2
0
10 16 16 10 0
10
x
x x x x
x
=

+ = =

=


Thay 10 x = vo iu kin
2
8 2 0 x x > tho mn
Vy phng trnh c nghim 10 x = .

Ch : y ti cha cn n gii bt phng trnh
2
8 2 0 x x > .

II. Bi ton 2:
1) iu kin 0 1 x s s
t 1 t x x = , vi 1 1 t s s
( )
2
2
1
1 2 . 1 1
2
t
t x x x x x x

= + =
2
(3)
2
1
2 1 2
2
t
t m t t m

= + = (3*)
a) 1 m= ,
(3*)
2
1
2 3 0
3
t
t t
t
=

+ =

=


3 t = , loi
1 t = , nn 1 1 1 1 x x x x = = +
1 1 2 1 x x x = + + ( ) 2 1 2 1 0 x x + =
1 x = (v 1 0 x > , | |
0;1 x e )
Vy vi 1 m= phng trnh c nghim 1 x = .
b) Phng trnh (3) v nghim khi phng trnh (3*) khng c nghim tho mn
1 1 t s s
Gi ( )
2
2 1 f t t t = + vi 1 1 t s s
Bng bin thin:















( ) 2 2 f t s s , | |
1;1 t e
Do :
2 2 1
2 2 1
m m
m m
> >


< <


Kt lun: 1 m< , 1 m> th phng trnh v nghim.

2) iu kin 2 x >
t 1 2 t x x = + + , 3 t >
t

1
1
2
2
+
( )
f t

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 17

2
2
2
1 2 2 1. 2
1
2
2
t x x x x
t
x x x
= + + + +
+
+ =

2
(4)
2
1
2 4 1 2
2
t
t m t t m
+
+ = + + = (4*)
a) 11 m= ,
(4*)
2 2
4 1 22 4 21 0 t t t t + + = + =
7
3
t
t
=


7 t = , loi
3 t = , nn
2
1 2 3 2 1 2 2 9 x x x x x + + = + =
2
2 5 x x x =
2 2
5 0 5 5
3
9 27 3 2 25 10
x x x
x
x x x x x x
> s s
=

= = = +


Vy vi 11 m= phng trnh c nghim 3 x = .
b) Phng trnh (4) c nghim Phng trnh (4*) c nghim tho mn
3 t >
Gi ( )
2
4 1 f t t t = + + , 3 t >
Bng bin thin:











( ) 4 4 3 f t > + ; 3 t >
Do : 2 4 4 3 2 2 3 m m > + > +
Kt lun: 2 2 3 m> + th phng trnh c nghim.

3) t
3 3
35 t x x = +
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
35 3 35 . 35 t x x x x x x = + + +
3
3 3
35
35
3
t
x x
t

= (5*)
Phng trnh (5) tr thnh:
3
3
35
. 30 125 5
3
t
t t t
t

= = =
Thay 5 t = vo (5*) c:
t

( )
f t
2
3
+
4 4 3 +
+

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 18

( )
3 3 3 3 6 3
35 6 35 216 35 216 0 x x x x x x = = + =
3
3
8 2
3 27
x x
x x
= =


= =


Thay 2 x = , 3 x = vo phng trnh ban u tho mn
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim 2 x = , 3 x = .

Ch : Ta c th t
3 3
35 y x = v a v h phng trnh i xng loi 1
gii cng c. Phng php ny s c trnh by di. Hoc gii bng
cch m ba c hai v.

III. Bi ton 3:

1) iu kin 1 x s
:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 4 2 1 2 1 x x x x x + = + +
t 1 a x = ,
2
1 b x x = + + , 0 a > ,
3
2
b > .
Phng trnh (6) tr thnh:
2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 3 2 0 ab b a a ab b = + =
2 2
2 3 2 0
1
2
a
a a
b
a b b
b

| | | |
+ =

| |
\ . \ .

=


2
a
b
= , loi
2
2 2
1
2 1 2 1
2
1 4 4 5 3 0
a
b a x x x
b
x x x x x
= = + + =
+ + = + =

5 37
2
x

= (Tho mn iu kin)
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim
5 37
2
x

= .
2) iu kin 2 x >
Nhn thy 2 x = khng l nghim phng trnh
t 2, 0 y x y = + >
Phng trnh (7) tr thnh: ( )
( )
3
3
3 2 2 2 0 x x x x + + + =
3 2 3
3 2 0 x xy y + =
3 2
3 2 0 1 2 0
x x x x x
y y y y y
(
| | | | | | | |
+ = + =
(
| | | |
\ . \ . \ . \ . (



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 19

1
1
2
2
x
y x
y
x y x
y

=
=

=
=


Vi y x = , c:
2 2
0 0
2
2 2 0
x x
x x
x x x x
> >

+ =

+ = =


0
2 1
2
x
x x
x
>

= =


Vi
1
2
y x = , c:
1
2
2
x x + =
( )
2 2
0 0 0
2 2 3
4 2 4 8 0
2 2 3
x x x
x
x x x x
x
s s s

=

+ = =
=



Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 2 x = , 2 2 3 x = .

3) iu kin
1
2
x >
:
( ) ( )
2 2
3 4 1 3 2 2 1 x x x x x + + = +
Nhn thy
1
2
x = khng l nghim phng trnh
t
2
2 a x x = + , 2 1 b x = , 0 a > , 0 b >
Phng trnh (8) tr thnh:
2 2
3 a b a b + =
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 3 2 2 2 0 a b ab a b a ab b + + = =
2
1 0
a a
b b
| |
=
|
\ .

1 5
2
1 5
2
a
b
a
b

+
=


Vi
1 5
2
a
b

= , loi
Vi
( ) ( )
2
1 5
2 1 5 2 2 1 5 2 1
2
a
a b x x x
b
+
= = + + = +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
4 2 6 2 5 2 1
4 4 1 5 6 2 5 0
2 1 5 0
x x x
x x
x
+ = +
+ + + =
(
+ =
(


1 5
2
x
+
= (Tho mn iu kin)

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 20

Vy phng trnh c nghim
1 5
2
x
+
= .

4) iu kin 5 x >
(9)
2 2
2 2 2
5 14 9 20 5 1
5 14 9 20 25 25 10 1 20
x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ + = + +
+ + = + + + +

( )( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2
2 2
2 5 2 5 1 4 5
2 4 5 3 4 5 4 5 4
x x x x x
x x x x x x
+ = + +
+ + = +

t
2
4 5 a x x = , 4 b x = + , 0 a > , 3 b >
2
(9)
2 2
1
2 3 5 2 5 3 0
3 2 3
2
a
a b
a a
b
a b ab
a a b b b
b

| | | |
+ = + =

| |
=
\ . \ .

=


Vi a b = , c:
2 2
4 5 4 4 5 4 x x x x x x = + = +
2
5 9 0 x x =
5 61
2
5 61
2
x
x

+
=


5 61
2
x
+
= , tho mn iu kin
Vi
2
2 3 2 4 5 3 4 a b x x x = = +
2
4 16 20 9 36 x x x = +
2
4 25 56 0 x x =
8
7
4
x
x
=


8 x = , tho mn iu kin
Kt lun: Phng trnh c hai nghim 8 x = ,
5 61
2
x
+
= .

Ch : Ta gii c nh trn v
( ) ( )
2 2
2 5 2 2 4 5 3 4 x x x x x + = + +
v: ( )( ) ( )( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
1 20 1 4 5 4 4 5 x x x x x x x x x + = + + = + .

IV. Bi ton 4:

1)
( ) ( )
(10)
2 2
2 3 1 2 3 2 2 0 x x x x x x + + + + =
t
2
2 3 t x x = + , 2 t >

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 21

Ta c: ( )
2
1 2 2 0 t x t x + + =
( )
2
2 2
2 1 8 8 6 9 3 x x x x x x A = + + + = + =
(10)
2
1
t
t x
=


Vi 2, t = c
2
2 3 x x + = 2
2 2
2 3 4 2 1 0 1 2 x x x x x + = = =
Vi 1, t x = c
2
2 3 1: x x x + = phng trnh v nghim
(v:
2 2 2
2 3 ( 1) 2 ( 1) 1 1 x x x x x x + = + + > = > )
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 1 2 x = .

2) iu kin 1 1 x s s
(11)
4 1 2( 1) (1 ) 2 1 1 . 1 x x x x x x + = + + + +
t 1 , 0 t x t = >
( )
(11)
2
2
2
(11)
4 1 2( 1) 2 1 .
(2 1 ) 4 1 2 2 0
4 4 1 1 16 1 8 8 4 12 1 9(1 ) 2 3 1
2 1
2 1
x x t t x t
t x t x x
x x x x x x x
t x
t x
+ = + + + +
+ + + + =
A = + + + + + + + = + + + = +

= +


= +

Vi 2 1 , t x = + c: 1 2 1 1 4 4 x x x x = + = +
3
5 3
5
x x = = (Tha mn iu kin)
Vi 2 1 t x = + , c: 1 2 1 x x = +
1 1 2 x x + + =
2
1 1 2 1 4 x x x + + + =
2
1 1 x =
2
1 1 x = 0 x = (Tha mn iu kin)
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim
3
, 0
5
x x = = .

Ch :
Bi ton ny ta tch: 3 2(1 ) (1 ) 1 x x x = + phng trnh bc hai
theo t c A l dng bnh phng

3) iu kin 2 2 x s s
(12)
2
2 2 2 2 2
4(2 4) 16(2 ) 16 2 4. 2 9 16
16 2(4 ) 8 32 9 4(8 2 ) 16 8 2 8 0
x x x x x
x x x x x x x
+ + + + = +
+ = + =

t
2
2 8 2 , 0 t x t = >

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 22

(12)
2 2
8 8 0
8
t x
t t x x
t x
=

+ =

=


Vi , t x = c:
2
2 8 2x x =
2 2 2
0
0 0
4 2
4(8 2 ) 9 32
3
x
x x
x x x
x
>

> >




= =
=


4 2
3
x = (tha mn iu kin)
Vi 8, t x = c:
2
2 8 2 8 x x =
2
2 8 2 8 0 x x + + = phng trnh khng c nghim
| |
2;2 xe
Kt lun: phng trnh c mt nghim
4 2
3
x = .

Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh:
1)
1
( 2) ( 1)( 2) 6
1
x
x x x
x
+
+ + =


2)
2
1 4 1 3 x x x x = + +
3)
5 2
2 5 2 2
2
x
x x x
x

+ =
4)
2
2 1 2 1 x x x x x + + > + +
5)
2 2
2 2
2
1 5 1
2 0
1 2
1
x x x
x x x
x
| |

+ + + + =
|
|


\ .

6)
2 3
2 5 1 7 1 x x x + =
7)
2 2 2
( 6 11). 1 2( 4 7) 2 x x x x x x x + + = +
8)
3 2 2
(3 2) 1 2 2 x x x x + + = + +
9)
2 4 2
1
3 1 1
3
x x x x

+ = + +
10)
2 3
2( 3 2) 3 8 x x x + = + .









Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 23

Phng php 3: Phng php xut hin biu thc lin hp

Gii cc phung trnh sau:
1)
2 7
3 4 3
3
x
x x
+
+ + = (1)
2)
( )( )
2
1 2 2 1 3 x x x x + + + = (2) (HSG Ton 12 NGThiu 2011)
3)
2 2 2 2
3 5 1 2 3( 1) 3 4 x x x x x x x + = + (3)
4)
2 2
12 5 3 5 x x x + + = + + (4)
5)
2 3 3
1 2 x x x + = (5)
6)
2 2
4 5 1 2 1 9 3 x x x x x + + + = (6)
7)
2
2 4 2 5 1 x x x x + = (7)
8)
2 2
2 9 2 1 4 x x x x x + + + + = + . (8)

Gii
1) iu kin 3 x >
: (3 4) ( 3) 2 7 x x x + = +
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
(1)
2
3 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 4 3
3 4 3 3 4 3 3 0
3 4 3 3 0 (1*)
3 4 3 3
3 4 3 9 6 3
3 3 1
1 0
9( 3) 2 1
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x
x
x x x
+ + = + + +
+ + + =
+ =
+ = +
+ = + +
=
>


= +


2
1
11 28 0
x
x x
>


+ =


1
4
7
x
x
x
>


4
7
x
x
=

(tho mn iu kin)
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 4, 7 x x = = .

Ch :
T (1*) a v: 3 4 3 3 x x = ri bnh phng hai v tm nghim tha
mn 3 x > (do: 3 4 3, 3 x x x + > > ).

2) iu kin 1 x >
: ( 2) ( 1) 3 x x + = v 2 1, 1 x x x + > >

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 24

| |
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( 2)
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2 ( 1) 2 1 3 2 1
2 1 2 1 (2*)
2 1 0
2 1 2 1
2 1
2 1 2 2 2 1 2 2. 1
3 0
2 1 1
1
2 2 0
2
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x x
x x
x x x
x
x x x
x
+ + = +
+ = +

+ >


+ = +

+ >


+ + + = + + +

+ >
+ > =

=


= =

=


i chiu iu kin 1 x > , ta tm c nghim l 2 x = .


Ch :
(2*) ta gii bng cch bnh phng hai v v sau khi bnh phng hai v
ta lm mt c
2
2 2 x x + .

3) :
2 2 2 2
3 (3 5 1) (3 3 3) 2 ( 2) ( 3 4) x x x x x x x + = + ( (


( ) ( )
(3)
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 3 3 0
2 ( 3 4) 3 5 1 (3 3 3)
0
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 3 3
3( 2) 2( 2)
0
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 3 3
3 2
( 2) 0
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 3 3
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x
x x
x x x x x x x
x
x x x x x x x
+ + =
+ +
=
+ + + +

=
+ + + +
(
+ =
(
+ + + +


2 x = , v
2 2 2 2
3 2
0
2 3 4 3 5 1 3 3 3 x x x x x x x
+ >
+ + + +

Thay 2 x = vo phng trnh ban u tha mn
Vy phng trnh c nghim 2 x = .

Ch : y ta khng t iu kin v
2
3 3 0 x x > gii ra kt qu xu, do
vy ta tm nghim phng trnh h qu ri thay li phng trnh ban u xem
tha mn s ly lm nghim.

4) Phng trnh:
2 2
12 5 3 5 x x x + + = c nghim th
5
3
x >
(v:
2 2
12 5 x x + > + )

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 25

( )
( 4)
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
12 4 (3 6) 5 3
12 16 5 9
3( 2)
12 4 5 3
4 4
3( 2) 0
12 4 5 3
2 2
( 2) 3 0
12 4 5 3
2
x x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x x
x
+ = + +
+ +
= +
+ + + +

=
+ + + +
| | + +
=
|
+ + + +
\ .
=

V:
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 5
3 3 0,
3
12 4 5 3 5 3 5 3
x x x x
x
x x x x
+ + + +
< < >
+ + + + + + + +

Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 2 x = .

Ch : ta gii bi ton ny c l do ta nhm c mt nghim 2 x = ca
phng trnh.

5) iu kin
3
2 x >
( )
(5)
2 3 3
2 3
2 2 2 3 3
3
2 3
2 2 2 2 3
3
2
2 2 2 2 3
3
1 2 ( 3) 2 5
1 8 2 25
( 3)
( 1) 2 1 4 2 5
9 27
( 3) 0
( 1) 2 1 4 2 5
3 3 9
( 3) 1 0
( 1) 2 1 4 2 5
3
x x x
x x
x
x x x
x x
x
x x x
x x x
x
x x x
x
+ =

+ =
+ + +

+ =
+ + +
(
+ + +
+ =
(
+ + +
(

=

V:
( )
2
2
2 2 2 2 3
3
2 3
3 3 3 9
1 1 2
( 1) 2 1 4 2 5
1 1 3
x x x x
x x x
x
+ + + +
+ = + < <
+ + +
+ +

Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 3 x = .

Ch : bi ny ta cng nhm c nghim 3 x = nn thm bt xut
hin ( 3 x ) v gii tip.

6) iu kin
1
4
1
x
x

>


:
( )
2 2
4 5 1 4( 1) 9 3 x x x x x + + + =

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 26

( )
( )
(6)
2 2 2 2
2 2
4 5 1 4( 1) (9 3) 4 5 1 2 1
(9 3) 4 5 1 2 1 1 0
x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x
+ + + = + + + + (

+ + + + =

1
3
x = (tha mn iu kin)
V:
2
2 2 2
1 3 3
4 5 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 0
2 4 4
x x x x x x x
| |
+ + + + > + = + > >
|
\ .
Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim
1
3
x = .

7) iu kin 2 4 x s s
( ) ( )
(7)
2
2 1 4 1 2 5 3
2 1 4 1
( 3)(2 1) 0
2 1 4 1
1 1
( 3) 2 1 0
2 1 4 1
3
1 1
2 1 (7*)
2 1 4 1
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
+ =

+ + =
+ +
| |
=
|
+ +
\ .
=


= +

+ +


3 x = , tha mn iu kin
C
1 1 1
1, 2 1
2 1 4 1 2 1 x x
s > =
+ + +
, : 2 4 x x s s
1 1
1 2 1 2 2
2 1 4 1 x x
s + =
+ +

Li c: 2 1 2.2 1 5 x + > + = phng trnh (7*) v nghim
Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 3 x = .

Ch : Ta gii th ny l do nhm c nghim 3 x = .

8) Nhn thy:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 9 2 1 2 4 x x x x x + + + = +
( )
( ) ( )
(8)
2 2 2 2
2 2 9 2 1 2 9 2 1 x x x x x x x x ( + + + + = + + +


( ) ( )( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 9 2 1 2 9 2 1 2 9 2 1 x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + + = + + + + + + +
2 2
2 9 2 1 2 x x x x + + + = (8*)
Li c:
2 2
2 9 2 1 4 x x x x x + + + + = +
2
2 2 9 6 x x x + + = +

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 27

( )
2 2 2
6
6 0
6
0
4 2 9 12 36 7 8 0
8
7
x
x
x
x
x x x x x x
x
>

+ >
>

+ + = + + =



=


Thay
8
0,
7
x x = = tr li phng trnh ban u tha mn.
Vy phng trnh c nghim
8
0,
7
x x = = .

h : (8*) c th gii bng cch bnh phng hai v cng c, nhng s
di v kh. y kt hp vi phng trnh ban u a ra phng trnh h
qu, gii nhanh hn. Tm ra x , th li kt qu chn nghim.

Bi tp

Gii cc phng trnh sau
1)
2
2
1 2
1
x x x
x x
+
=
+

2)
2 2 3 3 3 3
2 1 2 2 1 x x x x + + + = + +
3)
2 3
5 1 9 2 3 1 x x x x + = +
4)
2 3 3
1 3 2 3 2 x x x + =
5)
2 3
4 1 2 3 x x x + = + +
6)
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + = + + + + .



















Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 28

Phng php 4: phng tnh tch

Gii cc phng trnh sau
1)
3 3 3 3
3 1 5 2 9 4 3 x x x x + + + = (1)
2) 1 1 . 2 2 . 5 5 . 1 x x x x x x x + = + + (2)
3)
2 2 2 2
2 1 3 2 2 2 3 2 x x x x x x x + = + + + + (3)
4)
2
3 2 1 2 4 3 x x x x x x + + + = + + + (4)

Gii
1) Xut pht t ( ) ( )( )( )
3
3 3 3
3 a b c a b c a b b c c a + + = + + + + + +
p dng vo gii phng trnh (1):
( ) ( )
(1)
3 3
3 3 3 3
3 1 5 2 9 4 3 x x x x + + + =
( )( )( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 1 5 2 9 3 3 1 5 5 2 9 3 1 2 9 4 3 x x x x x x x x x x + + + + + + + + + =

( )( )( )
( )
( )
( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 1 5 5 2 9 3 1 2 9 0
3 1 5 3 1 5
2 6 3
5 2 9 5 2 9 4 4
5 8 8
3 1 2 9 3 1 2 9
5
x x x x x x
x x x x
x x
x x x x x x
x
x x x x
x
+ + + + + =

+ = + =
= =

= = = =


=
+ = + =

=


Kt lun: phng trnh c ba nghim
8
3, 4,
5
x x x = = = .
h : C th xut pht t: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 1 5 4 3 2 9 x x x x + + = hoc
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 5 2 9 4 3 3 1 x x x x + = + , ta c cch gii khc nh phng php
1, bi ton 3.

2) iu kin 1 x s
t 1 , 2 , 5 , a x b x c x = = = vi 0, 0, 0. a b c > > >
Ta c h phng trnh:
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )( )
2
2
2
2
2
2
3 3
6
6
36 6
a b a c
ab bc ca a
ab bc ca b a b b c
ab bc ca c
a c b c
a b b c c a a b b c c a
+ + =
+ + =

+ + = + + =


+ + =
+ + =


+ + + = + + + = (


Vy ( )
3
2 2 6 3
1
b c
c a a b c a b c
a b
+ =

+ = + + = + + =

+ =



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 29

Do :
0
1 1
2
a
b x
c
=

= =


Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 1 x = .

3) t:
2
2
2
2
2 1
3 2
2 2 3
2
a x
b x x
c x x
d x x

= + +

= +

,
0
0
0
0
a
b
c
d
>
>
>
>

Ta c:
2 2 2 2
a b c d a b c d
a b c d a b c d
+ = + + = +


= =

(v 0 c d + > )
a c
b d
=


2 2
2 2
2 1 2 2 3
3 2 2
x x x
x x x x

= + +


= +


2 2
2 2
2 1 2 2 3
3 2 2
x x x
x x x x
= + +


= +


2
2
2
x
x
x
=


Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 2 x = .

h : Dng phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = c gii bng cch:
( ) 0
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
f x
f x g x
f x g x
>

=

=

.

4) iu kin 1 x >
( )( )
( ) ( )
(4)
3 2 1 2 1 3 3 3. 1 2 2 1 0 x x x x x x x x x x x x + + + = + + + + + + + =

( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
3 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 3 2 0
0
1 1 0
0
1 1 0
0 0
1
1
3 2
3 4 4 3 0
3
4
x x x x x x x
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x
x
x x
x x x x
x
+ + + = + + =
=

+ = =

>

+ = =



> >
=


=
+ =


+ = =



=

Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 0, 1. x x = =



Bi tp
Gii cc phng trnh
1)
2 3 3 3
1 2 1 3 2 x x x x + + + = + + +
2)
2 2 3 3 3 3
1 x x x x x + + = + + .

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 30

Phng php 5: Phng php t n ph h phng trnh

I. Bi ton 1. h thng thng
Gii phng trnh sau:
3
2 8 2 9 5 x x + = (1)

II. Bi ton 2. h i xng loi 1
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
( )( ) 2 3 1 2 3 x x x x + + = + + (2)
2)
4 4
17 3 x x + = (3)
3)
( )( )
3 3
3
5 2 5 2 1 x x x x + + + + = (4)
4)
( )
2
2
2 2 x x = (5)

III. Bi ton 3. h i xng loi 2
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
3
3
2
3 2
3
x
x
+ | |
=
|
\ .
(6)
2)
2
2 2 x x = + (7)
3)
3 2 3
3 3 16 24 x x x x + = (8)
4)
2
4 7 1 2 2 x x x + + = + (9)
5)
2
2 15 32 32 20 x x x + = + (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr s 303) (10)
6)
3 2 3
3 5 8 36 53 25 x x x x = + (Tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr s 303) (11)

IV. Bi ton 4. h gn i xng
Gii cc phng trnh sau:
1)
2
2
1
3 1 0
3
x
x
+ | |
+ + =
|
\ .
(12)
2) 5 1 6 x x + + = (13)

Gii
I. Bi ton 1.
iu kin 4 x >
t 2 8 a x = + ,
3
2 9 b x = , 0 a > ,
3
17 b >
Ta c h phng trnh:
2 3
5 (1.1)
17 (1.2)
a b
a b
=


T (1.1) c 5 a b = + thay vo (1.2): ( )
2
3 2 3
5 17 10 25 17 b b b b b + = + + =
( )( )
3 2 2
10 8 0 1 2 8 0 b b b b b b = + =
1
2
4
b
b
b
=



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 31

1 b = , nn
3
2 9 1 2 9 1 4 x x x = = =
2 b = , nn
3
1
2 9 2 2 9 8
2
x x x = = =
4 b = , nn
3
73
2 9 4 2 9 64
2
x x x = = =
Kt lun: phng trnh c ba nghim
1
2
x = , 4 x = ,
73
2
x = .
Ch : Dng bi tp ny ta nn t n ph a v h phng trnh v gii bng
phng php th.

II. Bi ton 2.
1) y chnh l phng php 2, bi ton 2 bit. y ta s gii bng cch
khc.
iu kin 2 3 x s s
t 2 a x = + , 3 b x = , 0 a > , 0 b >
Ta c h phng trnh:
( )
2
2 2
1 (2.1)
1
5 2 5 (2.2)
a b ab
a b ab
a b a b ab
+ = +
+ = +


+ = + =



Thay (2.1) vo (2.2) c: ( ) ( )
2 2
1 2 5 2 1 2 5 ab ab ab ab ab + = + + =
( )
2
2
4
1
ab
ab
ab
=

=

=


1 ab = , loi
Vi
2
3
ab
a b
=

+ =

a , b l nghim phng trnh:


2
1
3 2 0
2
t
t t
t
=

+ =

=


Nn
2 1
1 1
2 3 2 1
1
2
2 2
2 2
1 2
3 1
x
a x
b x x
x
x
a x
x
b x
x

+ =
= =



= = = =





=
= =

+ =

= =



=


Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 1 x = , 2 x = .
Ch : C th phn tch thnh tch cc tha s hoc bnh phng hai v.

2) iu kin 0 17 x s s
t
4
a x = ,
4
17 b x = , 0 a > , 0 b >
Ta c h phng trnh:
( )
2
4 4 2 2 2 2
17 2 17
3
3
a b a b a b
a b
a b

+ = + =


+ =
+ =


( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 17 9 2 2 17
3
3
a b ab ab ab ab
a b
a b

(
+ = =




+ =

+ =



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 32

( )
2
3
2
2 36 64 0
3
3
16
a b
ab
ab ab
a b
a b
ab
+ =

=
+ =


+ =
+ =


3
16
a b
ab
+ =

, loi, (v 9 = 3
2
< 16.4 = 64)
3
2
a b
ab
+ =

a , b l nghim phng trnh:


2
1
3 2 0
2
t
t t
t
=

+ =

=


Vy
4
4
4
4
1
1
2 17 2
1
16
2
2
1
17 1
x
a
b x
x
x
a
x
b
x

=
=

= = =

=
=

=


Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 1 x = , 16 x = .

3) t
3
5 a x = + ,
3
2 b x =
Ta c h phng trnh:
( )
( ) ( )
3 3 3
1 (4.1)
1
7
3 7 0 (4.2)
ab a b
a b ab
a b
a b ab a b
= +
+ + =


+ =
+ + =


Thay (4.1) vo (4.2) c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 2
2
3 1 7 0
3 3 7 0
1 4 7 0
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
+ + + + + = (

+ + + + + =
(
+ + + + + =


1 a b + = (V: ( ) ( )
2
4 7 a b a b + + + + > 0)
1 a b + = thay vo (4.1) c 2 ab =
Nn a , b l nghim phng trnh:
2
2 0 t t =
1
2
t
t
=


Vy
3
3
3
3
5 1
1
2 2 2
6
3
2
5 2
1
2 1
x
a
b x
x
x
a
x
b
x

+ =
=

= = =

=
=

+ =


Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 6 x = , 3 x = .

Ch : Bi ny c th gii bng cch t
3 3
5 2 t x x = + + .


Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 33

4) iu kin 0 2 x s s
t a x = , 2 b x = , 0 a > , 2 2 2 b s s
Ta c h phng trnh:
4 4 4 4
2 4
2 2
2
2 2
2
b a a b
b a
a b a b
a b

= + =
=


+ = + =
+ =

(*)
Ta c:
( )
2
2 2
2
2
a b
a b
+
+ > = v
( )
2
2 2
4 4
2
2
a b
a b
+
+ > >
4 4
2 a b + >
Vy h (*) xy ra khi 1 1 a b x = = =
Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 1 x = .

III. Bi ton 3.
1) Bi ny ta khng khai trin v phng trnh sau khai trin l bc 9, ta khng
th gii c. Do vy ta gii theo cch sau:
t
3
2
3
x
a
+
= . Ta c h phng trnh:
3
3
3 2 (6.1)
3 2 (6.2)
a x
x a
=


Ly (6.1) tr (6.2) c:
3 3
3 3 a x x a =
( )( ) ( )
( )( )
2 2
2 2
3 0
3 0
a x a x ax a x
a x a x ax
+ + + =
+ + + =

a x = (V:
2 2
3 0 a x ax + + + > )
( )( )
3
3 2
1
2
3 2 0 1 2 0
2 3
x
x
x x x x x x
x
=
+
= + = + =

=

Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim 2 x = , 1 x = .



Ch : Dng phng trnh
( ) ( )
( ) .
n
n
f x a
b f x a
b
(
+
( =
(


Ta s gii nh sau:
t ( ) t f x = v
n
t a
y
b
+
=
T c h phng trnh:
n
n
y bt a
t by a
=

.

2) Phng php 1, bi ton 1 ta gii bi ny, sau y l cch gii khc:
iu kin 2 x > .
t 2 x a + = , 0 a >
Ta c h phng trnh:
2
2
2 (7.1)
2 (7.2)
x a
a x
=


Ly (7.1) tr (7.2) c:
2 2
x a a x =

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 34

( )( ) 1 0 x a x a + + =
1
a x
a x
=


Vi a x = , c 2 x x + =
2 2
0
0 0
2 1
2 2 0
2
x
x x
x x
x x x x
x
>

> >


= =


+ = =


Vi 1 a x = , c 2 1 x x + =
2 2
1
1 5
1 1
1 5
2
2 2 2 1 1 0
1 5
2
x
x x
x
x
x x x x x
x
s

s s
=

+ = + + + =

Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim


1 5
2
x

= , 2 x = .

Ch : Dng phng trnh
( ) ( ) . .
n
n
f x a b b f x a + = (


Ta s gii nh sau:
t ( ) t f x = v
n
y bt a =
T c h phng trnh:
n
n
t a by
y a bt
+ =

+ =

.

3) ( )
(8)
3
1 1 x + =
( )
3
16 1 8 x
( ) ( )
3
3
1 1 2 2 1 1 x x + =
t 1 a x = ,
3
2 1 b a = .
Ta c h phng trnh:
3
3
1 2 (8.1)
1 2 (8.2)
a b
b a
+ =

+ =


Ly (8.1) tr (8.2) c:
( )( )
3 3 2 2
2 2 2 0 a b b a a b a b ab = + + + =
a b = (V:
2 2
2 0 a b ab + + + > )
( )
3 2
3
2 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 1 x x x x x x = = +
3 2 2
3 2 0 ( 2)( 1) 0 x x x x x x + + = =
2
1 5
2
x
x
=


Kt lun: phng trnh c ba nghim 2 x = ,
1 5
2
x

= .

4) iu kin 2 x >

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 35

( ) ( )
(9)
2
2 1 3 2 2 2 1 3 x x x x + + = +
t 2 1 a x = + , 2 3 b a x = , 0 b >
Ta c h phng trnh:
2
2
3 2 (9.1)
3 2 (9.2)
a x b
b x a
+ =

+ =


Ly (9.1) tr (9.2) c:
( )( )
2 2
2 2 2 0
2
b a
a b b a a b a b
b a
=

= + + =

=


Vi b a = , c:
2 2
3 2 (2 1) 3 2(2 1) a x a x x x + = + + = +
2
1
4 3 1 0
1
4
x
x x
x
=

+ =

(Tho mn iu kin)
Vi 2 b a = , c: ( )
2
3 2 2 a x a + =
( ) ( )
2
2
2 1 3 2 2 1 2
1
4 11 7 0
7
4
x x x
x
x x
x
+ + =
=

+ + =

(Tho mn iu kin)
Kt lun: phng trnh c 3 nghim 1 x = ,
7
4
x = ,
1
4
x = .

5) iu kin
15
2
x >
( )
(10)
2
2 15 2 4 2 28 x x + = +
t 2 15 4 2 x y + = + vi
1
2
y >
Ta c h phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
4 2 2 4 2 28 4 2 2 15 (10.1)
2 15 4 2 4 2 2 15 (10.2)
y x x y
x y y x

+ = + + = +


+ = + + = +



Ly (10.1) tr (10.2) c: ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 4 2 2 2 x y y x + + =
( )( ) ( ) 4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 0 x y x y x y + + + + + =
( )( ) ( ) 4 4 4 4 2 0 x y x y x y + + + =
( )( ) 8 8 8 1 0 x y x y + + + =
9
8
y x
y x
=


Vi y x = , thay (10.1) c: ( )
2
4 2 2 15 x x + = +

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 36

2
1
2
16 14 11 0
11
8
x
x x
x

+ =


1
2
x = , ly
11
8
x = , loi v
1
2
x y = >
Vi
9
8
y x = , thay (10.1) c: ( )
2 9
4 2 2 15
4
x x + = +
2
9 641
35
16
16 18 0
4
9 641
16
x
x x
x

+ =

+
=


9 641
16
x

= , ly
9 641
16
x
+
= , loi v
1 5
2 8
y x > s
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim
1
2
x = ,
9 641
16
x

= .

Ch : Dng phng trnh ( )
2
ax b r ux v dx e + = + + + , vi
u ar d
v br e
= +

= +


Th ta t ax b uy v + = + vi 0 uy v + > , gii tip.

6)
(11)
( )
3
3
3 5 2 3 2 x x x = +
t
3
3 5 2 3 x y = . Ta c h phng trnh:
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 3
3 3
2 3 2 3 2 2 3 2 3 2 (11.1)
2 3 3 5 2 3 2 3 2 (11.1)
y x x x y x
y x y x x

= + = +


= = +



Ly (11.1) tr (11.2) c: ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3
2 3 2 3 2 x y y x =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 0 x y x y x y x y
(
+ + + = (



( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 0 x y x y x y
(
+ + + =


x y = V ( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 3 2 3 2 3 2 3 1 x y x y + + + > 0
3
3 5 2 3 x x =
( )
3
3 5 2 3 x x =

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 37

3 2
3 5 8 36 54 27 x x x x = +
( )( )
3 2
2
8 36 51 22 0
2 8 20 11 0
x x x
x x x
+ =
+ =

2
5 3
4
x
x
=


Kt lun: phng trnh c ba nghim 2 x = ,
5 3
4
x

= .

Ch : Dng phng trnh ( )
3
ax b r ux v dx e + = + + + , vi
u ar d
v br e
= +

= +


Th ta t
3
ax b uy v + = + , gii tip.

IV. Bi ton 4.
1) t
2
1
3
x
a
+
= ,
1
3
a >
Ta c h phng trnh:
2 2
2 2
3 1 0 3 1 0 (12.1)
1 3 3 1 0 (12.2)
a x a x
x a x a
+ + = + + =


+ = + =


Ly (12.1) tr (12.2) c:
2 2
3 3 0 a x x a + + =
( )( ) 3 0
3
a x
a x a x
a x
=

+ + =

= +


Vi a x = , c:
2 2
3 5
1 3 3 1 0
2
x x x x x

+ = + + = =
(Tho mn:
1
3
x a = s )
Vi 3 a x = , c: ( )
2 2
1 3 3 3 10 0 x x x x + = + = : phng trnh v nghim
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim
3 5
2
x

= .

2) iu kin 1 x >
t 1 a x = , 5 1 b x = + , 0 a > , 5 b > .
Ta c h phng trnh:
2 2
2 2
1 6 5 (13.1)
5 5 (13.2)
a b a b
b a b a
+ + = + =


= + =


Ly (13.1) tr (13.2) c:
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
0 1 0 a b b a a b a b + + = + + =
1 b a = + (V 0 a b + > )
5 1 1 1 x x + = +
5 1 1 1 2 1 x x x + = + +

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 38

1 5 x x =
( )
2
5 0
1 5
x
x x
>


2
5
11 26 0
x
x x
s


+ =


5
11 17
2
x
x
s


11 17
2
x

= , tho mn iu kin
Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim
11 17
2
x

= .

Bi tp

Gii cc phng trnh:
1)
3
2 1 1 x x + =
2)
2 2 4 6
1 1 1 1 x x x x + + + =
3)
2
3
8 8
2
x x x + = +
4)
3 2 3
4
81 8 2 2
3
x x x x = + (HSG NGThiu 2006)
5)
4 4 4
1 1 x x x = +
6)
2
4 5 2 6 1 x x x + = .

















Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 39

Phng php 6: Phng php nh gi

Gii cc phng trnh
( )
( )
( )
4 2 2 2
2 3 2
1) 2 2 16 2 6 20 0 1
1
2) 1 2011 1 2011 1 (2)
1
3) 2 4 2 10 15 3
6 8
4) 6 4
3 2
x x x x x x
x x x
x
x x x x x
x x
+ + + =
+ + = + +
+
+ = + +
+ =


( )
3 2 2 2
17 1
5) 13 6 10 5 13 17 48 36 36 8 21 (5)
2 2
x x x x x x x x + + + + + =

( )
( )
2 2
2 2
6) 4 2 4 6
2 1
7) 7
4 8 2 5
x y y x y
x x
x x x x
+ = +
+
=
+ + +

Gii
1)
( )
( ) ( )
1
4 2 2 2 2
2 2 16 2 16 4 4 0 x x x x x x x x
(
+ + + + + =


( )
( )
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 16 2 0
2 16 0
2
2 0
x x x x
x x x
x
x
+ + =

+ =
=


Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 2 x = .

Ch : y ta s dng phng php
2 2
( ) 0
( ) ( ) 0
( ) 0
f x
f x g x
g x
=

+ =

=

.

2) iu kin
1 1
2011 2011
x

s s
Ta c :
( )
( )
2
2
1 2011 1 2011 2 1 2011 1 2011 x x x x + + s + +
( )
2
1 2011 1 2011 4 1 2011 1 2011 2 x x x x + + s + + s
Du ng thc xy ra khi 1 2011 1 2011 x x = + 0 x =
Li c:
1 1
1 2 . 1 2
1 1
x x
x x
+ + > + =
+ +


Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 40

Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
1 0
1
x x
x
= + =
+

Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim 0 x = .

Nhn xt: Ta s dng phng php
( )
,
( )
f x m
x D
g x m
>


Nn phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = vi x D e
( )
( )
f x m
g x m
=

, x D e .

3) iu kin:
3 2
2 10 15 0 x x x + + >

( )( )
2
3 2 5 5 0 3 x x x x + + > > (do
2
2 5 5 0 x x + > )
C:
2
3 2 2
3 2 5 5
2 10 15 3 2 5 5
2
x x x
x x x x x x
+ + +
+ + = + + s
3 2 2
2 10 15 2 4 x x x x x + + s +
Du ng thc xy ra khi:
2
3 2 5 5 x x x + = +
2 2
3 5
2 5 5 3 2 6 2 0
2
x x x x x x

+ = + + = =
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim
3 5
2
x

= .

Nhn xt: Ta s dng phng php ( ) ( ), f x g x x D > e bng cch p dng
cc bt ng thc
Do vy phng trnh ( ) ( ), f x g x x D = e xy ra khi du ng thc xy ra php
s dng trn.

4) iu kin 2 x <
*) Bng cch th trc tip ta thy phng trnh c nghim
3
2
x =
*) Vi
3
2
x < , c
3 6 6 6
3 3 2
3
2 3 3
2
3 8 8 8
2 2 4
1
2 2 2
2
6 8 3
6 , :
3 2 2
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
> < <

> < <

+ < <



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 41

*) Vi
3
2
2
x < < , c
3 6 6 6
0 3 3 2
3
2 3 3
2
3 8 8 8
0 2 2 4
1
2 2 2
2
6 8 3
6 , : 2
3 2 2
x
x x
x
x x
x x
x x
< < > >

< < > >

+ > < <


Kt lun: phng trnh c mt nghim
3
2
x = .

Ch : iu quan trng ca phng php ny l ta phi tm c khong cha
nghim ca phng trnh, sau xt cc trng hp c bit tm ra nghim
ca phng trnh. T chng minh phng trnh khng cn nghim khc na.

5) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
13 6 +10 3 1 2 3 3 1 3 +1 x x x x x x = + + > + =
( )
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
17 5 3 5 5
5 13 + 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
17 48 36 4 6
x x x x x x
x x x x x x
| | | | | |
= + > =
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
+ = + > =

VT =
2 2 2
17
13 6 10 5 13 + 17 48 36
2
x x x x x x + + + +
5 5
3 1 2 3 1 2
2 2
x x x x x x > + + + > + + +
VT
3 3
6x 6x
2 2
> > , VT
3
6x
2
= khi
3
2
x =
VP
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 1 3
36 8 21 12 3 2 2x 3 12 3 6
2 2 2 2
x x x x x
(
= = s =


VP
3
6
2
x = khi
3
2
x =
Vy phng trnh (5) c nghim
3
2
x = .

6) iu kin
2
2
4x 0
2
4x 0
y
y
y
>

>

+ >


( ) ( )
(6) 2 2
2 2 2 2
4 2 4 4 2 4 x y y x y x y y x y = + + + = + + +

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 42

2 2 2
4 2 4 2 2. 4 x y y x y y x y = + + + + + +
( ) ( )
2 2 2
4 4 1 2 1 2 2 4 0 x x y y y x y + + + + + + + =
( ) ( )
2 2
2
2 1 1 2 2 4 0 x y y x y + + + + + =
2
2 1 0
1
1 0
2
1
2 4 0
x
x
y
y
y x y

+ =


=

+ + =

(Tho mn iu kin)
Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim
1
2
1
x
y

.

7) *) Vi 1 x > , c: VP
2
1
0
2x 5
x
x

= s
+
, VT
2
2
0
4x 8
x
x
+
= >
+ +

Phng trnh v nghim
*) Vi 2 x s c: VP
2
1
0
2x 5
x
x

= >
+
, VT
2
2
0
4x 8
x
x
+
= s
+ +

Phng trnh v nghim
*) Vi 2 1 x < < , hai v phng trnh (7) u khng m, bnh phng 2 v ta
c
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4 4 2 1 4 8 2 5
4 8 2 5 4 4 2 1
x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
+ + + + + +
= =
+ + + + + +

2 2
4 4
1 1
4 4 2 1 x x x x
+ = +
+ + +

2 2
4 4
4 4 2 1 x x x x
=
+ + +

2 2
4 4 2 1 x x x x + + = + 6 3 x =
1
2
x =
Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim
1
2
x = .


Bi tp

Gii cc phng trnh
( )
2
1) 4 12 1 4 5 1 9 5 x x x x x + + = +
2) 3 6 6x 6 x x x
2
+ + =
2 2
3) 2 1 2 1 2 x x x x + + + + =
4) 2 3 x x x x x x x + + = + + +
3 3 3
5) 1 2 3 0 x x x + + + + + =
2
6) 4 1 4 1 1 x x + = (H QGHN 2001)
2
2
1 1
7) 2 4 x x x
x x
+ =
1 2 1 2
8) 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
x x
x x
x x
+
+ + = +
+
.

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 43

Phng php 7: Phng php hm s

Gii cc phng trnh
( ) ( )
2
2 2 3
.3
1) 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 x x x x + = + + +
3
3
2) 5 2 2 +1 0 (2) x x x + + + =
( )
2
3) 1 2 17 3 x x x = + +

Gii
1) iu kin 1 x >
( )
( )
( )
1
2
2
2 2 3
3
1 2 1 1 2 1 x x x x + = + + +
Gi
2 3
1, 1 a x a = > v 1, 0 b x b = + >
( ) 1
( ) ( ) f a f b = trong
2
( ) 2 f t t t = +
Li c ( ) f t l hm s ng bin trn ( 1 ; + )
Vy ( ) ( ) f a f b a b = =
( ) ( )
( )
( )( )
2 3
2
3
2
4 2 3 2
4 3 2
3 2
2
1 1
1 1
2 1 3 3 1
5 3 0
5 3 0
1 2 3 0
x x
x x
x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
x x x x
= +
= +
+ = + + +
=
=
+ =

0
1
3
x
x
x
=

(Tho mn iu kin)
Kt lun: phng trnh c 3 nghim 1, 0, 3 x x x = = = .

Ch : Nu hm s ( ) y f x = lun ng bin (hoc lun nghch bin) trn D th
phng trnh
( ) ( ) f a f b = , ( , ) a b D e a b = , ( , ) a b D e

2) iu kin
3
5 x >
Xt hm s
3 3
( ) 5 2 2 1 f x x x x = + + + + , vi
)
3
5; x

e +


( )
( )
2
3
3 2
3
3 2
'( ) 1 0, 5 ;
2 5
3 2 1
x
f x x
x
x
= + + > e +
+
+


Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 44

Hm s
( ) f x
ng bin trn
( )
3
5 ; +
M
( 1) f
= 0
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht
1 x =
.

Ch : Nu hm s
( ) y f x =
lun ng bin (hoc lun nghch bin) trn D th
phng trnh
( ) , f x a a D = e
( a = const), nghim nu c l duy nht.

3) iu kin 1 x >
Hm s ( ) 1 f x x = c
1
' 0, 1
2 1
y x
x
= > >


Hm s 1 y x = ng bin trn (1 ; + )
Hm s
2
( ) 2 +17 g x x x = + nghch bin trn (1 ; + )
Li c (5) (5) f g =
Vy phng trnh (3) c nghim duy nht 5 x = .

Ch : Nu hm s ( ) y f x = lun ng bin (hoc lun nghch bin) trn D v
hm s ( ) y g x = lun nghch bin (hoc lun ng bin) trn D th s nghim
trn D ca phng trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = nhiu nht l mt.
Ta cng c th gii bi ny bng cch v th ca hai hm s trn cng
mt h trc to , honh giao im ca hai th l nghim phng trnh.

Bi tp

Gii cc phng trnh sau
2 2 3 3 3 3
1) 2 1 2 1 2 x x x x + + + = + +
2) 3 1 7 2 4 x x x + + + + =
3) 2 1 3. x x + + =














Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 45


Phng php 8: Phng php ct

Gii cc phng trnh
2 2
1) 4 5 10 50 5 x x x x + + =
2 2
2) 8 816 10 267 2003 x x x x + + + + = ( 30 4 2003) Olympic

Gii

1) Trong mt phng ta Oxy chn

( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
( 2; 1 ) , 5 ;5
2 1 4 +5
5 25 10 50
4 5 10 50
(3; 4)
9 16 5
a x b x
a x x x
b x x x
a b x x x x
a b
a b
= =
= + =
= + = +
= + +
=
= + =

Li c : a b a b s
Du ng thc xy ra khi a v b cng hng , 0 a kb k = >
( ) 2 5
1 5
0
x k x
k
k
=

>


5
4
1
5
x
k


Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim
5
4
x = .

2) Trong mt phng ta Oxy chn
(4 ; 20 2 ) , (5 ; 11 2 ) a x b x = = +

( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
4 800 8 816
5 242 10 267
8 816 10 267
( 9 ;31 2 )
a x x x
b x x x
a b x x x x
a b
= + = +
= + + = + +
+ = + + + +
+ =


Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 46

81 1922 2003 a b + = + =
Li c
a b a b + > +

Du ng thc xy ra khi a v b cng hng , 0 a kb k = >
( ) 4 5
20 2 11 2
0
x k x
k
k
= +

>


56
31
20
11
x
k


Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim
56
31
x = .


































Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 47

Phng php 9: Phng php lng gic ho

Gii cc phng trnh:
1)
2 2
1 1 2 x x + = (1)
2)
2
35
12
1
x
x
x
+ =

(2)
3)
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 2 1
x
x
x
x x x
+
+
+ + =

(3)
4)
3
3 2 x x x = + (4)

Gii

1) bi ny ta c th gii bng cch bnh phng hai v hoc t n ph. Cc
phng php u cng mc ch lm mt cn thc. Nhng trong bi ton ny
li xut hin: 1 1 x s s v c
2
1 x , do vy ta nh n ng thc lng gic
2 2
1 sin cos a a = hoc
2 2
1 cos sin a a = . Vy ta c thm cch na sau y:

iu kin 1 1 x s s

t cos x a = , 0 a t s s
Phng trnh (1) tr thnh:
2 2 2 2
1 1 cos 2cos 1 sin 2cos a a a a + = + =
( )
2
1 sin 2 1 sin a a + = (Do: 0 sin 0 a a t s s > )
2
2sin sin 1 0 a a + =
sin 1
1
sin
2
a
a
=


sin 1 a = , loi
2
1 1 3
sin cos 1 sin 1
2 4 2
a x a a = = = = =
Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim
3
2
x = .

Ch : phng trnh ny c th gii bng cch bnh phng ca dng phng
trnh ( ) ( ) f x g x = hoc t n ph
2
1 t x = .

2) Trong phng trnh thy c c im sau:
1
1 1 x
x
> < v c
2 2
2
1
1 1 x x
x
| |
=
|
\ .
nn ta ngh n cch gii:

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 48

iu kin
1
1
x
x
>

<


Do VP
35
0
12
= > VT
2
1
1 0 0
1
x x
x
| |
= + > >
|

\ .

Do ta gii phng trnh vi 1 x >
t
1
cosa
x
= , do
1
1 0 1 x
x
> < < chn 0
2
a
t
< <
Phng trnh (2) tr thnh:
2
1 1 35
cos 12 1
cos 1
cos
a
a
a
+ =


2
1 1 35
cos 12
cos tan
a
a a
+ =
1 1 35
cos cos .tan 12 a a a
+ =
1 1 35
cos sin 12 a a
+ =
( ) 12 sin cos 35sin .cos a a a a + =
2 2
144(sin cos ) 1225(sin .cos ) a a a a + =
2
144(1 2sin .cos ) 1225(sin .cos ) a a a a + =
( )
2
1225(sin .cos ) 288 sin .cos 144 0 a a a a =
12
sin .cos
25
12
sin .cos
45
a a
a a


12
sin .cos
45
a a = , loi v
sin 0
cos 0
a
a
>

>


12
sin .cos
25
a a =
2 2
144
sin .cos
625
a a =
( )
2 2
144
cos 1 cos
625
a a =
4 2
144
cos cos 0
625
a a + =
2
2
9
cos
25
16
cos
25
a
a


3
cos
5
4
cos
5
a
a

(V cos 0 a > )
5
3
5
4
x
x



Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 49

Kt lun: phng trnh c hai nghim
5
3
x = ,
5
4
x = .

3) Trong bi ton ny c xut hin
( )
2
1 x + vy ta nh n cng thc lng gic
c bn:
2
2
1
1 tan
cos
a
a
+ = . Do vy ta c cch gii:
iu kin
0
1
x
x
=


t tana x = , vi
cos 0
2 2
sin 0
0
a a
a
a
t t

> < <


Khi , phng trnh (3) tr thnh:
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2
2
2
2 2 2
4
2
2 2
2
1 tan
1 tan
1 tan
2tan 2tan 1 tan
1 cos cos
sin cos 2cos .sin
2cos 1 .sin
cos
1 1 1
cos 2sin .cos 2cos cos sin sin
1 1
1
2sin 2sin .cos2
2sin .cos2 cos2 1
2sin .cos2 2sin
a
a
a
a a a
a a
a a a a
a a
a
a a a a a a a
a a a
a a a
a a a
+
+
+ + =

+ =
| |

|
\ .
+ =

+ =
+ =
=
( )
0
2sin cos2 sin 0 a a a =

cos2 sin a a = (V sin 0 a = )
cos2 cos
2
a a
t
| |
=
|
\ .

2 2
2
2 2
2
a a k
a a k
t
t
t
t

= +

= + +


2
6 3
,
2
2
k
a
k
a k
t t
t
t

= +

= +

Z
Do:
1
tan
2 2 6 6 3
a a x
t t t t
< < = = =
Kt lun: phng trnh c nghim
1
3
x = .

4) iu kin 2 x >
Vi
( )
3 2
2 3 4 2 x x x x x x x x > = + > > + phng trnh (4) v nghim
Vi 2 2 x s s , t 2cos x a = , 0 a t s s

Nguyn Quc Hon , THPT Nguyn Gia Thiu
H 50

Khi , phng trnh (4) tr thnh:
2 2
8cos 6cos 2 2cos 2cos3 4cos
2
a
a a a a = + =
cos3 cos
2
a
a = (V cos 0
2
a
> )
3 2
2
3 2
2
a
a k
a
a k
t
t

= +

= +


4
5
,
4
7
k
a
k
k
a
t
t

Z
Do 0 a t s s chn 0 a = ,
4
5
a
t
= ,
4
7
a
t
=
2 x = ,
4
2cos
5
x
t
= ,
4
2cos
7
x
t
=
Kt lun: phng trnh c ba nghim 2 x = ,
4
2cos
5
x
t
= ,
4
2cos
7
x
t
= .

Ch :
Bi ny phi tht su ta mi pht hin ra phng php lng gic ho.

Bi tp

Gii cc phng trnh
1)
2 3
1 4 3 x x x =
2)
3
6 1 2 x x + =
3)
( )
2 2
1 1 1 2 1 x x x + = +
4)
2 2
2
1 2 1 2
1
x x x x
x
+ + =


5)
( )
2 2
2 2 1 1 1 x x x = +
6)
2 2
1
1 1 2
2
x x x + =

7) Chng minh ph-ng trnh
3
3 1 x x = lun c ba nghim thc
1 2 3
, , x x x . Gi
s
1 2 3
x x x < < , chng minh
2
2 3
2 x x + = .
Mc lc

Trang

Bi ton m u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Phng php 1: Phng php bin i tng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Phng php 2: Phng php t n ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 14
Phng php 3: Phng php xut hin biu thc lin hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Phng php 4: Phng php a v phng trnh tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Phng php 5: Phng php t n ph v a v h phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Phng php 6: Phng php nh gi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Phng php 7: Phng php hm s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Phng php 8: Phng php vect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Phng php 9: Phng php lng gic ho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 47



Ti liu tham kho

1. Cc sch bi tp ton lp 10, lp 11, lp 12
2. Cc sch gii thiu thi tuyn sinh i hc, Cao ng
3. Cc sch v ph-ng trnh, bt ph-ng trnh, h ph-ng trnh


Kt lun

Trn y l sng kin kinh nghim do ti c rt -c trong qu trnh
ging dy mn Ton bc THPT. Ti thy hc sinh hc tp rt ho hng v say
m, nn kt qu thu -c nh- sau: v bn thn cng yu thch cng vic ging
dy v nghin cu khoa hc; v hc sinh th hc tt hn, nhiu hc sinh vi sc
hc bnh th-ng tr ln kh hn, hc sinh kh gii cng gii hn. V quan trng
hn hc sinh yu thch mn ton v c gng hc tt cc phn khc ca mn ton
na. Thy tr lun say m hc tp v nghin cu -a ra -c nhng bi ton
hay hn.
Mc d bn thn rt c gng, nh-ng trong qu trnh vit sng kin kinh
nghim c th ch-a trnh ht nhng thiu st ng tic, rt mong nhn -c gp
xy dng ca cc thy gio c gio, nhng ng-i quan tm n mn ton v s
nghip gio dc sng kin kinh nghim ny ngy cng hon thin hn v ph
bin hn trong thi gian ti.
Xin trn trng cm n.

H Ni, ngy 22 / 5 / 2012
Ng-i vit


Nguyn Quc Hon


Sng kin kinh nghim: Bt ng thc Cauchy


Kinh nghim gii ph- ng trnh v t (0913 661 886)


Kinh nghim gii ph- ng trnh v t (0913 661 886)


Kinh nghim gii ph- ng trnh v t (0913 661 886)


Kinh nghim gii ph- ng trnh v t (0913 661 886)

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