BI 45: AXIT CACBOXYLIC

I
II
NH NGHA, PHN LOI, DANH PHP

C IM CU TO

III

TNH CHT VT L

IV V VI

TNH CHT HA HC

IU CH

NG DNG

NH NGHA, PHN LOI, DANH PHP

1.NH NGHA hp cht hu c m phn t c nhm cacboxyl Axit cacboxylic l nhng (-COOH) lin kt trc tip vi nguyn t cacbon hay nguyn t hiro Th d: H-COOH; 2 5 COOH ; HOOC COOH; .
axit cacboxylic Nhm cacboxyl (-COOH) l nhm cht ca ..

NH NGHA, PHN LOI, DANH PHP

2.PHN LOI

a) Axit no, n chc, mch h Phn t c gc ankin hay nguyn t hiro lin kt vi mt nhm COOH, lp thnh dy ng ng cc axit no, on chc, mch h c cng thc cu to th hi chung .. 2+1 ( vi n0) Hay cng thc phn t chung .(m1) 2 2 b) Axit khng no, on chc, mch h Phn t c gc hirocabon khng no, mch h lin kt vi mt nhm COOH. c) Axit thm, n chc Phn t c gc hirocacbon thm lin kt vi mt nhm -COOH

d) Axit a chc axit a chc Nu phn t c hai hay nhiu nhm COOH, chng c gi l.

3. Danh php: Tn thay th : Axit + tn hirocacbon no tng ng vi mch chnh + oic mch cacbon di nht .bt u t nhm COOH Mch chnh ca phn t axit l Mch cacbon dc nh s bt u t nguyn t cacbon ca nhm COOH Th d:

Cng thc cu to
HCOOH 3 COOH 3 2 COOH

Tn thng thng
Axit fomic Axit axetic Axit propionic

Tn thay th
Axit metanoic Axit etanoic Axit propanoic

3 2 2 COOH
3 2 3 2 COOH

Axit butiric
Acit valeric

Axit butanoic
Acit pentanoic

II

C IM CU TO

Nhm cacboxylic c cu to:

nhm C=O v nhm OH. -Nhm COOH dc kt hp bi. -Lin kt O-H trong phn t axit phn cc hn lin kt O-H trong phn t linh ng hn nguyn t H ca ancol nn nguyn t H ca nhm OH .. nhm OH ancol. -Lien kt COH ca nhm cacboxyl phn cc mnh .hn lin kt C OH ancol v phenol nn nhm OH ca axit cacboxylic cng c th b thay th.

III

TNH CHT VT L

-Cc axit u l cht lng hay cht rn iu kin thng. tng theo chiu tng ca phn t khi v cao hn nhit -Nhit si ca axit . si ca ancol c cng phn t khi. Nguyn nhn l gia cc phn t axit ht hiro gia cc phn t ancol c lin kt hiro bn hn lin -Axit fomic v axit acetic tan v hn trong nc. tan trong nc ca cc gim dn theo chiu tng ca phn t khi. axit

IV

TNH CHT HA HC

1. Tnh axit:
a. Trong dung dch, axit cacboxylic phn li thun nghch. Cng thc tng qut: RCOOH + + Th d: 3 3 + + Dung dch axit cacboxylic lm qu tm chuyn thnh mu .

b. Tc dng vi baz, oxit baz to thnh mui v nc Th d: 3 + 2 O 3 + NaOH . 3 + 2 O 3 + .. 23 + ZnO (3 )2 Zn + 2 O c. Tc dng vi mui 23 + Ca3 (3 )2 Ca + 2 O + 2 2+ +2 O + 2 23 + Ca3 3 + . + 3 + Na3 3 + +2 O + 2 d. Tc dng vi KL trc hiro trong dy hot ng ha hc ca cc KL to thnh mui v gii phng hiro 23 + Zn (3 )2 Zn + 2 23 + Zn . 3 + + + 2

2. Phn ng nhm -COOH:

este v nc c gi l phn ng este Phn ng gia ancol v axit to thnh .. ha. c im ca este ha l thun nghch v cn axit sulphuric c lm cht xc tc

IU CH

1. Phng php ln men gim: l phng php c truyn sn xut axetic. Thc cht ca qu trnh l oxi ha ancol etylic bng oxi khng kh nh cht xc tc men gim: 2 5 OH + 2 3 +2 2. Oxi haandehit axetic: ( iu ch t etilen hay axetilen) L pp ch yu sx axit acetic: 23 COOH 23 CHO + 2
3. Oxi ha ankan: -Oxi ha butan thu dc axit acetic: 23 2 2 2 + 52 43 + 22

-Oxi ha khng hon ton cc ankan c mch cacbon di tng hp cc axit c phn t khi ln:
1 2.. 2 2 1 + 52 2R-COOH + 2 + 22

4. T metanol:Cho metanol tc dng vi cacbon oxit thu c axit acetic: 3 + CO 3 COOH

VI

NG DNG

Cc axit hu c c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc: lm nguyn liu cho ngnh cng nghip m phm, cng nghip dt, cng nghip ha hc