HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

QUN L MNG VIN THNG

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

QUN L MNG VIN THNG

Bin son : THS. NGUYN VN T TS. NGUYN TIN BAN THS. DNG THANH T THS. NGUYN TH THU HNG KS. L S T

LI NI U
Hin nay, bi ton qun l mng vin thng lun l mi quan tm hng u v l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht cn gii quyt ca cc nh khai thc vin thng. Vi nhng kh nng m h thng qun l mng vin thng em li cng vi s pht trin ca mng li, cc nh khai thc u xy dng cho mnh cc h thng qun l mng thch hp nng cao hiu qu vn hnh v khai thc mng. Mc tiu ca ti liu l cung cp cho hc vin nhng kin thc c bn trong qun l mng vin thng nh m hnh tng th ca h thng qun l mng, cc yu cu v quan im tip cn trong qun l mng, nguyn l v cc kin trc ca mng qun l vin thng TMN, giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP v cc vn v qun l mng trn nn IP. Vi mc tiu t ra nh vy, ni dung ca ti liu c chia thnh 3 chng. Chng 1 gii thiu mt s m hnh h thng qun l nh h thng qun l m, qun l phn tn, qun l trong bng v ngoi bng, cc yu cu trong qun l mng cng nh l cc quan im v cch tip cn trong qun l mng. Chng 2 trnh by cc ni dung lin quan n mng qun l vin thng TMN, trong i su vo xu hng qun l tp trung da trn cc giao thc v cc tiu chun c chun ha nhm nng cao nng lc ca mng. Chng 3 cung cp nhng khi nim c bn nht v giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP: cc thnh phn, chc nng v phng thc hot ng ca giao thc, ng thi gii thiu cc phin bn ng dng ca SNMP v so snh nhng im khc bit gia chng. Qun l mng vin thng l mt ni dung rt quan trng, cn c nghin cu k lng nng cao hiu qu vn hnh v khai thc mng. Yu cu i vi hc vin sau khi hc xong mn hc ny l phi nm bt c cc yu cu chung v qun l mng, cc thc th vt l cng nh cc thc th chc nng trong mng qun l vin thng, cc giao din v chc nng qun l, cch thc qun l v iu hnh mng thng qua cc giao thc qun l khc nhau. Ti liu c bin son trong khong thi gian tng i ngn nn khng trnh khi cn nhiu thiu st. Nhm tc gi rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp ca c gi v nhng ngi quan tm.

CHNG I TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG VIN THNG

Ni dung ca chng gii thiu cho hc vin nhng khi nim c bn trong qun l mng vin thng nh m hnh tng quan ca h thng qun l mng, cc yu cu trong qun l mng, cc quan im v cch tip cn trong qun l mng cng nh gii thiu mt s m hnh h thng qun l nh h thng qun l m, h thng qun l phn tn, h thng qun l trong bng v ngoi bng.

1.1. KHI NIM V QUN L, KHAI THC V BO DNG MNG

Vo nhng thp nin cui cng ca th k trc, cng ngh v dch v truyn thng c s pht trin mnh m, nh du mt bc tin quan trng trong lch s pht trin ca loi ngi. Truyn thng, c th hiu nm na nh l mt cch thc truyn ti v trao i thng tin. Trong , Internet chnh l v d tt nht minh ho cho s bng n mnh m v c nh hng ln mnh n kh nng chia s thng tin ca con ngi thi im hin ti cng nh trong tng lai. Gic m ca con ngi v kh nng truy nhp thng tin ton cu, v s trao i thng tin nhanh, tin cy v giu ni dung ngy nay tin gn n hin thc, nhanh hn bt k ngi no tin on trc y. Truyn thng s liu, truyn thng video, phng tin truyn thng v tuyn v hu tuyn ... tt c u ng gp vai tr quan trng , lm tng kh nng iu khin xuyn sut thng tin trong cc hot ng kinh doanh hay cc t chc, doanh nghip rng ln v ton cu. H thng qun l mng l mt h thng chuyn ho nhm mc ch gim st v iu khin mt h thng rng ln bao gm cc ti nguyn mng v cc h thng my tnh, c s dng trong lnh vc truyn thng, trong sn xut, kinh doanh, trong lnh vc ti chnh, ngn hng hay gio dc cng nh trong lnh vc nghin cu v pht trin. S ra i ca cc h thng qun l mng cng l mt yu cu cp thit ngn nga, chn on, nh cu hnh v gii quyt cc vn pht sinh do s ln mnh, phc tp v khng ng nht ca mi trng, a nh cung cp, a giao thc, a cng ngh ca h thng mng v cc my tnh. Mc d cc h thng qun l mng l thnh phn gi tr gia tng ca cng ngh truyn thng nhng n li ng vai tr quan trng trong vic qun l, khai thc v bo dng cc h thng truyn dn, chuyn mch v iu hnh, m bo cho qu trnh trao i thng tin c din ra bnh thng.

1.2. M HNH TNG QUT H THNG MNG

Nhim v ca qun l mng l theo di, gim st v iu khin tt c cc thnh phn tham gia vo qu trnh truyn thng t im u n im cui hay t ngun n ch. Cc thnh phn tham gia vo qu trnh truyn thng ny rt khc nhau. c th l cc my ch, my trm ng vai tr nh l ngun v ch thng tin, cc thit b chuyn i d liu/ tn hiu nh b chuyn i giao thc, b tp trung, b ghp knh, cc thit b iu khin vic truy nhp vo mng nh nhn thc, bo mt truy nhp, m ho v gii m cng nh tt c cc thit b khc s dng trong qu trnh truyn dn, chuyn mch v nh tuyn (hnh 1.1).

My tnh/ My ch Thit b u cui

B chuyn i tn hiu/ B tp trung

Nhn thc/ truy nhp an ton/ m ho thng tin

Thit b truyn dn, chuyn mch, nh tuyn

Cc h thng v dch v qun l Hnh 1.1. M hnh tng qut h thng mng Nhim v ca qun l mng rt r rng nhng thc hin c iu ny li khng n gin mt cht no. Hy th hnh dung vi mi mt thit b li c mt danh sch c t cc chi tit v c hng t cc cng ngh khc nhau vi hng trm cc thit b c pht trin, thit k v sn xut bi hng ngn cc nh cung cp. Tt c iu l cc thc th ca h thng qun l mng nht l khi i vo xem xt vic truyn ti thng tin t u cui n u cui vi cc chc nng gim st, chn on, iu khin v a ra bo co. My tnh c nhn, my trm, server, my vi tnh c nh, my vi tnh c ln, cc thit b u cui, thit b o kim, my in thoi, tng i in thoi ni b, cc thit b truyn hnh, my quay, modem, b ghp knh, b chuyn i giao thc, CSU/DSU, b ghp knh thng k, b ghp v gii gi, thit b tng thch ISDN, card NIC,cc b m ho v gii m tn hiu, thit b nn d liu, cc gateway, cc b x l front- end, cc trung k ng dy, DSC/DAC, cc b lp, b ti to tn hiu, cc chuyn mch ma trn, cc bridge, router v switch, tt c mi ch l phn u ca danh sch cc thit b s phi c qun l. Ton cnh ca bc tranh qun l phi bao gm qun l cc ti nguyn mng cng nh cc ti nguyn ca cc h thng my tnh nh hng ngn cc doanh nghip, ngi s dng, cc ng dng h thng, cc c s d liu khc nhau cng nh cc h thng phc tp, chuyn ho v rng ln. Tt c cc thng tin trn c thu thp, trao i v c kt hp vi cc hot ng qun l mng di dng cc s liu qun l bi cc k thut tng t nh cc k thut s dng trong mng truyn s liu. Tuy nhin s khc nhau cn bn gia truyn thng s liu v trao i thng tin qun l l vic trao i thng tin qun l i hi cc trng d liu chuyn ho, cc giao thc truyn thng cng nh cc m hnh thng tin chuyn ho, cc k nng chuyn ho c th thit k, vn hnh h thng qun l cng nh bin dch cc thng tin qun l v bo li, hin trng h thng, cu hnh v bo mt.

1.3. CC YU CU QUN L
S a dng ca cc ti nguyn c qun l m d nhn thy nht cc trng truyn tin nh thoi, s liu, truyn thng video... to ra cc quan im khc nhau v chc nng v yu cu qun l trong cc h thng qun l.

1.3.1. Cc chc nng qun l lp cao

Mc d c rt nhiu quan im khc nhau v m hnh qun l nhng chng u thng nht bi cc chc nng qun l nm ba lp trn cng. l gim st, iu khin v a ra bo co.

Chc nng gim st c nhim v thu thp lin tc cc thng tin v trng thi ca cc ti nguyn c qun l sau chuyn cc thng tin ny di dng cc s kin v a ra cc cnh bo khi cc tham s ca ti nguyn mng c qun l vt qu ngng cho php. Chc nng qun l c nhim v thc hin cc yu cu ca ngi qun l hoc cc ng dng qun l nhm thay i trng thi hay cu hnh ca mt ti nguyn c qun l no . Chc nng a ra bo co c nhim v chuyn i v hin th cc bo co di dng m ngi qun l c th c, xem xt ton cnh hoc tm kim, tra cu thng tin c bo co. Trong thc t, tu theo tng cng vic c th m cn c mt vi chc nng khc c kt hp vi cc h thng qun l v cc ng dng qun l c s dng nh qun l k hoch d phng thit b, dung lng, trin khai dch v, qun l tm tt ti nguyn, qun l vic phn phi ti nguyn mng/ cc h thng, qun l vic sao lu v khi phc tnh trng h thng, vn hnh qun l t ng. Phn ln cc chc nng phc tp k trn u nm trong hoc c xy dng da trn nn tng ca ba chc nng qun l lp cao l gim st, iu khin v a ra bo co.

1.3.2. Cc yu cu qun l ca ngi s dng

Cc yu cu qun l ca ngi s dng c a ra di y da trn quan im ca ngi s dng v qun l. Bao gm: Kh nng gim st v iu khin mng cng nh cc thnh phn ca h thng my tnh t u cui n u cui. C th truy nhp v cu hnh li t xa cc ti nguyn c qun l. D dng trong vic ci t, vn hnh v bo dng h thng qun l cng nh cc ng dng ca n. Bo mt hot ng qun l v truy nhp ca ngi s dng, bo mt truyn thng cc thng tin qun l. C kh nng a ra cc bo co y v r ngha v cc thng tin qun l. Qun l theo thi gian thc v hot ng qun l hng ngy c thc hin mt cch t ng. Mm do trong vic nng cp h thng v c kh nng tng thch vi nhiu cng ngh khc nhau. C kh nng lu tr v khi phc cc thng tin qun l.

1.3.3.

Cc ng lc thc y cng ngh qun l mng

Mc d thut ng qun l mng mi c chp nhn vo gia nhng nm 80 ca th k trc nh s ra i b cng c qun l ca IBM (IBM NetView) nhng cho n nay qun l mng c gng pht trin ngang bng vi s pht trin ca cc h thng vin thng, truyn thng s liu v mng cc h thng my tnh. i vi h thng vin thng v truyn thng s liu, cng ngh qun l tp trung vo qun l cc thit b truyn dn v chuyn mch (bao gm cc thit b phn cng, cc kt ni, cc knh lung) cng vi cc thit b chuyn i v iu khin truy nhp. Cn i vi cc h thng my tnh, cng ngh qun l li tp trung vo qun l cc ti nguyn h thng my rng ln (nh phn cng, cc giao din, b nh, cc thit b lu tr s liu, ...) v cc ng dng/cc c s d liu.

Tuy nhin, vi s hi t ca h thng vin thng v h thng my tnh m in hnh l s tch hp ca h thng in thoi trn my tnh (thoi trn Internet), quan im chung hin nay cho rng trong tng lai khi nim mng s l mng ca s kt ni ca tt c cc h thng trn v qun l mng s l qun l mng truyn thng s liu rng khp.

1.4. CC QUAN IM V CCH TIP CN TRONG QUN L MNG

1.4.1. Cc thc th ca h thng qun l mng
Ban u, h thng qun l mng c xy dng da trn m hnh kh n gin. Trong m hnh ny, qun l c nh ngha l s tng tc qua li gia hai thc th: thc th qun l v thc th b qun l. Thc th qun l c trng bi h thng qun l, nn tng qun l (platform) v/hoc ng dng qun l. Thc th b qun l c trng bi cc ti nguyn b qun l. Hnh 1.2 ch ra m hnh n gin ca h thng qun l, n cng tng t nh m hnh nn tng ca truyn thng. Thc th qun l Thc th b qun l

Hnh 1.2. M hnh nn tng ca qun l truyn thng vi cc ti nguyn b qun l m cha c bt k c cu t nhin no truyn thng tin qun l, ngi ta cn phi to ra mt thnh phn trung gian, l agent. Agent cng c th l agent qun l hoc agent b qun l. Manager chnh l thc th qun l trong khi agent l thc th n di s tng tc gia manager v cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l thc s (hnh 1.3). Thc th b qun l Thc th qun l Agent Ti nguyn b qun l

Hnh 1.3. M hnh Manager-Agent M hnh Manager-Agent rt thng dng, c s dng miu t s tng tc gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l cc lp cao. y cng chnh l l do m cc m hnh c to ra t nhin cho mc ch qun l u gn vi m hnh Manager-Agent. Tuy nhin, trong thc t th m hnh Manager-Agent phc tp hn th nhiu (hnh 1.4) Chng ta c th hiu r s phc tp ny hn khi xem xt s tng tc gia manager hay cc ng dng qun l vi ngi vn hnh mng. Ngoi ra cn c cc thnh phn khc, tuy khng r rng bng nhng li chim v tr kh quan trng trong s tng tc gia cc manager vi cc agent, l cc chnh sch qun l v ch dn vn hnh, c a ti manager chuyn ti ngi iu hnh mng.

Cn c mt vi m hnh khc cng c s dng cho vic trao i thng tin qun l nh m hnh client-server hay m hnh application-object server. Nhng m hnh ny, v bn cht, c dng xy dng cc ng dng phn b hoc cc mi trng i tng phn b.

Ngi iu hnh mng

Manager

Agent

Cc chnh sch qun l v ch dn vn hnh Hnh 1.4. M hnh Manager-Agent thc t

1.4.2. Quan im qun l Manager-Agent

Cc quan im v qun l u cho rng chc nng quan trng nht trong qun l chnh l s truyn thng gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l. V iu ny c thc hin da trn m hnh yu cu-phn hi. Manager s yu cu t agent cc thng tin qun l c trng v thc th b qun l, thng qua agent, s phn hi li bng mt bn tin cha y thng tin c yu cu. Nu truyn thng yu cu-phn hi c s dng lin tc tm kim mi agent v cc i tng b qun l tng ng th c ch ny c gi l polling v ln u tin c ng dng qun l trong mi trng internet da trn giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) (hnh 1.5) Yu cu Phn hi Thc th qun l Polling Gi thng bo Agent

Thc th b qun l Cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l

Hnh 1.5. M hnh truyn thng Manager-agent C ch yu cu - phn hi c coi l mt c ch truyn thng ng b. iu ny c ngha l, manager s ch s phn hi t agent trong mt khung thi gian gii hn no trc khi n tin hnh bt k mt s kin no tip theo. Nu qu thi gian cho php m khng nhn c phn hi, manager s tin hnh pht li yu cu. Bn cnh c ch yu cu- phn hi cn c mt c ch na cho s truyn thng gia manager v agent, l c ch thng bo. C ch thng bo l mt c ch khng ng b. Trong c ch ny, agent s gi thng bo n manager nhng thay i quan trng v trng thi ca cc ti nguyn b qun l v yu cu manager lu n hay can thip vo.

1.4.3. M hnh quan h Manager-agent

Khi xy dng cc h thng qun l, c rt nhiu kha cnh, vn cn phi quan tm. Bn cnh m hnh truyn thng Manager-Agent cn c rt nhiu m hnh khc c s dng kt hp cng vi mi quan h gia manager v cc agent. l m hnh kin trc, m hnh t chc, m hnh chc nng v m hnh thng tin (hnh 1.6).

M hnh truyn thng M hnh vn hnh

Cc mnh lnh Ngi iu hnh Giao din ngi s dng

MANAGER
Qun l chc nng

Cc p ng

AGENT
Qun l chc nng

Cc thng bo

M hnh t chc

M hnh thng tin

Cc chnh sch qun l M hnh chc nng

Hnh 1.6. M hnh quan h Manager-Agent. M hnh kin trc s dng thit k, cu trc cc thnh phn tham gia vo tin trnh qun l. iu ny c ngha l manager hay cc manager v cc agent cung cp cc thng tin qun l thng qua kin trc mng. Manager c th c thit k nh l mt c s qun l bao gm mt c cu qun l v mt b cc ng dng qun l cung cp cc chc nng qun l thc s nh qun l cu hnh, qun l li v qun l hiu nng. M hnh vn hnh nh ra giao din ca ngi s dng vi h thng qun l trong ch r trng thi cng nh kiu nh dng ca cc tng tc ti ngi s dng nh iu khin cc i tng c qun l, hin th v tm kim cc s kin, cc bn tin hay bo ng vi ngi iu hnh trong trng hp cnh bo nghim trng. Phn ln cc c im ca hot ng iu hnh qun l ny u c trong cc ch tiu k thut ca h thng in trong cc ti liu hng dn s dng.

M hnh chc nng nh ra cu trc ca cc chc nng qun l gip cho h thng qun l thc hin cc ng dng qun l. M hnh chc nng c cu trc phn lp. Cc chc nng c bn trong m hnh ny l qun l cu hnh, qun l hiu nng, qun l li, bo mt v thng k. Ngoi ra trong cc chc nng c bn ny cn tch hp mt vi chc nng khc nh chc nng to phiu bo li, tr gip trc tuyn, hot ng gip / d phng, lp k hoch lu lng... cc lp bc cao trong m hnh chc nng u l cc ng dng thc hin cc chc nng phc hp nh tng quan cc s kin/ cnh bo, cc h thng chuyn gia v qun l t ng. M hnh t chc lin quan cht ch n cc chnh sch qun l v th tc vn hnh. M hnh ny s xc nh cc min qun l, s phn chia quyn iu hnh cng nh quyn truy nhp ca ngi s dng vo h thng qun l cng nh h thng qun l mng khch hng. M hnh ny cng cung cp kh nng trao i vai tr gia cc manager v cc agent cng nh s hp tc ton cc gia manager ny vi cc manager khc hay vi cc ng dng qun l. M hnh thng tin l m hnh c cp cui cng trong m hnh quan h ManagerAgent nhng li nm vai tr quan trng trong tt c cc vn lin quan n qun l. M hnh thng tin nh ra bn tm tt cc ngun ti nguyn c qun l di dng thng dng m cc manager v agent u c th hiu c. M hnh thng tin cng xy dng mt c s nh dng, t tn v ng nhp cc ngun ti nguyn c qun l. Trong m hnh thng tin, thut ng i tng qun l c s dng nhm tru tng ho cc ngun ti nguyn vt l v logic b qun l. Vic truy nhp n cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l phi thng qua cc i tng qun l. C s d liu cha cc thng tin qun l c gi l MIB (Management Information Base). Khi chng ta tham kho ti mt MIB c bit no c ngha l chng ta ang tham kho n min hay mi trng c t chi tit nh dng ca cc i tng qun l. nh dng ca i tng qun l c chun ho v da trn c s chun ho ny mt manger tin hnh thc hin giao thc chuyn ho v truyn thng vi cc agent phn tn trn cng mt MIB.

1.4.4. Cc min qun l

Nh c cp trong phn trc ca chng, quan im qun l mng ln u tin c khi pht bi IBM. Cc sn phm IBM NetView thc cht l s kt hp ca qun l h thng mainframe vi qun l mng. T n nay quan im v qun l thay i rt nhiu. u tin, ngi ta phn tch khi nim qun l mng vi qun l h thng my tnh. Sau ny, vi s pht trin ca cc c s nn tng qun l, s khc nhau gia qun l mng v qun l h thng dn c xo b. Ngy nay, khi xem xt bn cht ca cc ti nguyn b qun l, phn ln cc quan im u cho rng c hai min qun l chnh: qun l ngun ti nguyn vt l v qun l ngun ti nguyn logic.Cc ngun ti nguyn vt l l cc thnh phn phn cng tham gia vo qu trnh trao i thng tin ca h thng mng vin thng v mng truyn s liu. Min qun l ny c gi l qun l mng.Qun l cc ti nguyn vt l ca h thng my tnh nh cc b vi x l, b nh, thit b vo/ra, thit b lu tr ... c gi l qun l h thng. Qun l ngun ti nguyn logic bao gm qun l cc ng dng v qun l cc c s d liu. C hai phn ny u gn vi cc h thng my tnh. Qun l dch v, qun l ngi s dng, qun l cc dch v giao dch phn tn, qun l lung d liu ... cng c coi l qun l ngun ti nguyn logic (hnh 1.7). Ngoi ra cn c mt min c lp khc c xp vo cc ngun ti nguyn logic c bit. l cc giao thc chun trong truyn thng. V d nh cc giao thc phn lp, cc dch v phn

lp, cc dch v qun l gn km. Kiu qun l ny c ng dng qun l cc giao din ca cc cng ngh c bit nh ATM, SONET v WDM di hnh thc cc knh thng tin gn kt hay cc thc th qun l lp LMEs (Layer Managemnt Entities) i cng. Khi nim v kiu qun l ny c a ra trong m hnh tham chiu c s OSI, thit lp nn kin trc v qun l phn cp chun ho.

Qun l mng

Cc ti nguyn vt l

Qun l h thng

Host

WS

PC

Qun l ng dng

ng dng

ng dng

Cc ti nguyn logic

Qun l c s d liu

Qun l giao thc

Data

PDU

Hnh 1.7. Phn lp min qun l

1.5.

H THNG QUN L M

c th nh gi c cc h thng qun l cn phi c mt m hnh tham chiu. chnh l h thng m v m hnh tng ng ca n l m hnh h thng qun l m.

1.5.1. M hnh h thng qun l m

M hnh h thng m l m hnh c thit k di dng 4 thc th v cc thc th ny phi c mi quan h rng buc ln nhau. Bn thc th l: C s ng dng, cc ng dng, cc giao din lp trnh ng dng APIs (Application Programming Interfaces) v giao din ngoi PEI (Platform External Interface). (hnh 1.8). M hnh h thng m cng c p dng cho cc h thng qun l hay ni cch khc l cho cc manager v cc agent. Trong trng hp ny cc ng dng s l cc ng dng qun l chuyn ho cung cp cc chc nng qun l li, qun l cu hnh, qun l hiu nng, bo mt v thng k. C s qun l bao gm c cu t chc qun l v c s tnh ton. Cc dch v qun l chuyn ho

10

bao gm cc dch v qun l s kin, cc dch v truyn thng, cc dch v cung cp giao din ho cho ngi s dng v cc dch v v c s d liu. (hnh 1.9). Phn mm cc ng dng

Cc giao din lp trnh ng dng (AP)

C s ng dng

Giao din ngoi (PEI) Hnh 1.8. M hnh h thng m

AGENT Nhng ng dng qun l API C s qun l

Nhng ng dng qun l API C s qun l MANAGER

Nhng ng dng qun l API C s qun l MANAGER

Hnh 1.9. H thng qun l m. Nh cp pha trn, thnh phn mu cht ca cc h thng m l cc APIs. y, cc APIs l cc APIs chuyn ho cho php pht trin cc ng dng qun l bi vic s dng cc dch v c s qun l chuyn ho. Cc c s qun l l cc thc th c lp nhng khng tch bit. Chng truyn thng vi cc agent b qun l v vi cc h thng qun l khc. Cc giao din ngoi trong trng hp ny l cc giao din chun ho xc nh cc hot ng, cc dch v v cc giao thc qun l.

1.5.2. Cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l m

C bn yu cu m t c im ca cc h thng m cng nh cc h thng qun l m. l: kh dng, kh nng hot ng lin kt, kh nng di ng v kh nng phn cp (hnh 1.10). kh dng biu th kh nng d dng ci t, vn hnh v bo dng ca mt h thng qun l. N cng bao hm c n nh v hiu nng cao. Kh nng hot ng lin kt th hin kh nng trao i thng tin qun l mt cch trong sut gia c s qun l vi cc agent b qun l hay gia cc h thng qun l ngang hng.

11

Cc h thng qun l m

kh dng

Kh nng hot ng lin kt

Kh nng di ng

Kh nng phn cp

Hnh 1.10. Cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l m. Kh nng di chuyn din t s n nh ca c s qun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h thng qun l khi b thay i mi trng (c s tnh ton) hay ni cch khc, c s qun l hay cc ng dng ca cc h thng qun l khng b thay i hay s thay i l ti thiu. Kh nng nng cp l kh nng h thng c th nng cp, m rng phm vi qun l, phm vi ngi s dng, cc chc nng qun l m khng lm thay i thit k ban u.

1.6. H THNG QUN L PHN TN

Mt h thng (n x l hay a x l) c coi l mt h thng t tr nu cc qu trnh x l trong h thng cng chia s b nh. Tri ngc li, h thng phn tn l h thng bao gm cc h thng t tr c lin kt li vi nhau m khng c s chia s b nh. Phn ln cc h thng my tnh, mng vin thng, mng truyn s liu l phn tn. Chng lin kt li vi nhau trong mt mng truyn thng truyn ti thng tin hay cc bn tin phc v cho mt mc ch truyn thng no . Qun l mng c ngha l qun l cc ti nguyn mng v h thng my tnh a dng m phn ln l tch bit nhau v mt vt l. Chnh v vy, bn cht ca h thng qun l mng l phn tn.

12

CPU

CPU Thit b I/O AGENT Mng truyn thng

CPU

CPU Thit b I/O AGENT

Memory

Memory

CPU

CPU Thit b I/O

Memory

Cc ng dng qun l MANAGER

Hnh 1.11. Qun l h thng phn tn

1.6.1. Kin trc h thng qun l phn tn

Thc cht ca h thng qun l l tp trung hay phn tn khng ch xc nh bi s phn tn vt l ca phn t (manager v agent) m cn xc nh bi s tp trung cng nh qu trnh x l thng tin qun l (hnh 1.11). Nu mt h thng c thit k thu thp tt c cc thng tin qun l t tt c cc agent (thit lp nn min qun l) v mt im, ngi ta s coi l h thng qun l tp trung. Nu s thu thp thng tin qun l phi tin hnh qua mt vi qu trnh x l lin kt vi nhau v thng tin ny c lu d trong cc c s d liu phn tn th ngi ta coi l h thng qun l phn tn. Trong h thng qun l phn tn ch thc, c rt nhiu ngi s dng hay ni cch khc l ngi iu hnh mng, tt c u c coi l cc client qun l, truy nhp vo cc server qun l thng qua cc mng cc b hay mng din rng. Cc manager s iu khin cc ng dng qun l, c nm gi bi mt MIB no trong mt min qun l ring bit. Mi mt manager ch m nhim mt s lng agent c th trong min qun l ca n.

13

i vi kin trc qun l phn tn thc s, cc server (hay manager) c th trao i thng tin qun l vi nhau, gi ng b thng tin MIB c chia s, tip tc min qun l ca manager b li v cc nh iu hnh h thng c th tc ng vi nhiu manager. (hnh 1.12). Tt nhin vi nhng h thng nh k trn u s dng gi thit manager l manager cp cao c quyn truy nhp v cu hnh li cc agent t xa v mi agent li ng vai tr nh l mt agent qun l thu thp thng tin v cc i tng b qun l v cc qu trnh qun l.

1.6.2. H thng qun l trong bng v ngoi bng

Nh vy, ton b phn trn y a ra cc m hnh gii thiu cho chng ta bit cc khi nim v qun l mng, cc trng qun l, hot ng ca cc lin mng truyn ti thng tin qun l. Nhng tt c u ch l thit k h tng thng tin qun l. Phn ln cc h thng qun l u trao i thng tin qun l da trn cc mng truyn thng, truyn ti cc thng tin khc nhau nh thoi, s liu, video. Cho mc ch qun l, ngi ta cn phi to ra cc giao thc chuyn ho, s vn hnh v cc thc th ng dng chuyn ho. Tuy nhin cc thng tin qun l li c truyn ti trn cng c s h tng vt l truyn thng cc thng tin thng mi khc. Trong trng hp ny, ngi ta gi l h thng qun l trong bng. y l mt gii php kinh t rt hiu qu. Tuy nhin cng c mt vi hn ch. Do chia s cng knh d liu nn thng tin qun l c th s chim dng mt khong ng k bng tn v iu ny c th nh hng ton din n hiu nng trao i d liu cng nh vic thu thp thng tin qun l. Chnh v nhng hn ch k trn m mt vi h thng qun l s dng cc knh ngoi bng (out-of-band channels). H thng qun l ngoi bng a ra gii php s dng cc di bng tn nm ngoi di tn truyn thng d liu. V d nh s dng di tn thp ca knh thoi truyn thng (50 Hz - 200 Hz) to ra cc knh s liu truyn thng tin qun l.

14

Cc nhn vin qun l mng

WS

PC

WS

Mng truyn thng ni b

MANAGER Cc ng dng qun l H thng qun l phn t

MANAGER Cc ng dng qun l

Mng truyn s liu

NE
EMS

Mng vin thng

NE
Cc phn t mng Agent

Mng video
Agent Agent Cc ti nguyn mng b qun l

Hnh 1.12. Kin trc qun l mng phn tn. Gii php trn y c s dng qun l cc modem bng tn thoi. Mt gii php khc l s dng cc bit d tr trong lung bit truyn ti (v d cc bit trong ghp knh lung T1) to ra cc knh d liu dng cho mc ch qun l hoc s dng cc trng n nh trong cc khung hoc t bo pht ca cng ngh SONET v ATM.

CU HI N TP CHNG 1
1. Cc chc nng qun l lp cao ca h thng qun l mng l: a. Gim st, iu khin v a ra bo co. b. Pht hin li, gim st v iu kin. c. nh cu hnh, gim st v a ra bo co. d. iu khin, bo mt truy nhp v nh cu hnh. 2. Thut ng qun l mng c chp nhn vo gia nhng nm 80 ca th k trc nh s ra i b cng c qun l ca .......

15

a. IBM. b. Compact. c. HP. d. Alcatel. 3. Manager chnh l: a. Thc th qun l. b. Thc th b qun l. c. Agent. d. Cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l. 4. Agent chnh l: a. Thc th b qun l. b. Thc th qun l. c. Cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l. d. i tng trung gian th hin s tng tc gia manager v cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l. 5. M hnh thng dng cho vic m t s tng tc gia thc th qun l v thc th b qun l l: a. Manager -Agent. b. Client - Server. c. Application -Object server. 6. C ch yu cu - phn hi l c ch ...... a. ng b. b. Cn ng b. c. Khng ng b. 7. C ch gi thng bo l c ch ...... a. ng b. b. Cn ng b. c. Khng ng b. 8. MIB l t vit tt ca: a. Management Information Base. b. Mathematics Information Base. c. Management Information Basic. d. Management Informatic Base. 9. Phn ln cc quan im hin ti u cho rng, c ..... min qun l chnh. a. 1. b. 2. c. 3. d. 4.

16

10. H thng qun l phn tn l h thng: a. n x l. b. a x l. c. Chia s b nh. d. Bao gm cc h thng t tr v khng chia s b nh. 11. H thng qun l ngoi bng l h thng a. S dng cc di bng tn nm ngoi di tn truyn thng d liu. b. S dng cc bt d tr trong lung bt truyn ti. c. S dng cc trng n nh trong cc khung hoc t bo pht ca cng ngh SONET hoc ATM. d. C ba c im trn. 12. Qun l cc giao thc chun trong truyn thng c xp vo min qun l no? a. Ngun ti nguyn vt l. b. Ngun ti nguyn logic. c. Min qun l c bit khng trc thuc hai min k trn.

17

CHNG 2 MNG QUN L VIN THNG TMN

Mc ch ca chng 2 l cung cp cho ngi hc cc ni dung lin quan n mng qun l vin thng TMN. Vi xu hng ca vic qun l tp trung da trn cc giao thc v cc tiu chun c chun ha v mong mun nng cao nng lc ca mng, TMN ra i p ng nhng yu cu . Hin nay, vn qun l mng lun l mi quan tm hng u v l mt trong nhng vn quan trng nht trong mng vin thng ca cc nh khai thc vin thng. Vi nhng kh nng m h thng qun l mng vin thng em li, cng vi s pht trin ca mng li cc nh khai thc u xy dng cho mnh cc h thng qun l mng p dng qun l cho cc mng ring. Nhm t c thng nht gia cc h thng qun l mng, kh nng lin kt cng nh nng cao nng lc v hiu qu s dng ca cc h thng Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU-T) a ra cc khuyn ngh v cc m hnh mng qun l vin thng (TMN). Trong chng ny trnh by cc ni dung v nguyn l ca TMN, cc chun lin quan n TMN cng nh cc ni dung v cc m hnh chc nng, m hnh vt l, cc giao din qun l Hc vin cn nm bt c cc yu cu chung v qun l vin thng, cc thc th vt l cng nh cc thc th chc nng trong mng qun l vin thng TMN v c bit l cc giao din qun l v cc chc nng qun l trong TMN.

2.1 NGUYN L CHUNG V CC KHUYN NGH TMN

2.1.1 Khi nim v nguyn l ca TMN
TMN (Telecommunication Management Network) l mng qun l vin thng cung cp cc hot ng qun l lin quan ti mng vin thng. ITU-T cng b t nm 1988 mt s khuyn ngh v cc h thng qun l iu hnh mng vin thng. Cc khuyn ngh ny tp hp thnh h khuyn ngh M.30. Cc khuyn ngh ny thng xuyn c b sung, sa i nhm a n nhng tiu chun thng nht v h thng iu hnh, qun l mng vin thng i vi ton cu. Trc ht, nh nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ca ITU-T M.3100 (1995) do nhm nghin cu IV: TMN l mt mng ring lin kt cc mng vin thng ti nhng im khc nhau gi/nhn thng tin i/n mng v iu khin cc hot ng ca mng. Ni mt cch khc, TMN s dng mt mng qun l c lp qun l mng vin thng bng cc ng thng tin ring v cc giao din c chun ho. TMN cha nhiu h iu hnh, mt mng thng tin d liu v nhng phn t qun l. TMN ch ra trng thi thc hin chc nng qun l ca phn t mng thuc phm vi ca TMN (nh h thng chuyn mch, h thng truyn dn .v.v.). di l mng d liu m TMN dng truyn ti thng tin qun l c th ging nh mt mng m TMN qun l hoc c thit k nh mng truyn dn. TMN phi cung cp cc chc nng v thng tin qun l gia cc h iu hnh vi nhau, gia cc h iu hnh vi cc thnh phn mng v cc thng tin lin quan ti cc h iu hnh khc. Mng qun l vin thng cung cp cc chc nng qun l v truyn thng cho vic khai thc, qun l, bo dng mng v cc dch v vin thng trong mi trng a nh cung cp thit

18

b. Mng qun l vin thng thng nht vic iu hnh qun l cc mng khc nhau trong cc thng tin qun l c trao i qua cc giao din v giao thc chun ho. TMN khng ch qun l s a dng ca mng vin thng m cn qun l mt phm vi ln v thit b, phn mm v nhng dch v trn mi mng. Sau y l mt s v d v cc mng, cc dch v vin thng v mt s thit b chnh c th c qun l bi TMN: Cc mng cng cng v mng ring bao gm c mng dch v ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital Network) bng rng v bng hp (bao gm c ATM), cc mng thng tin di ng, cc mng thoi ring, cc mng ring o v cc mng thng minh. Bn thn TMN. Cc thit b truyn dn (b ghp knh, b phi lung, thit b chuyn knh SDH...). Cc h thng truyn dn s v tng t (cp, cp si quang, v tuyn, v tinh...). Cc tng i s v tng t. Cc mng WAN, LAN, MAN. Cc mng chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch knh. Cc dch v vin thng, cc dch v km theo v u cui ngi s dng.

2.1.2 Quan h gia TMN v mng vin thng

Nhim v ca mng qun l vin thng l qun l khai thc cc dch v trn mng vin thng c hiu qu, ng thi n h tr cc dch v vin thng to ra ngun doanh thu mi v gim chi ph qun l, khai thc v bo dng mng. V vy n phi m bo tnh linh hot, c kh nng m rng v nng cp, tit kim ti nguyn mng. Mng qun l vin thng c th qun l tp trung hoc phn tn ph hp vi quy m mng qun l, n c th l mt mng rt n gin kt ni mt h thng khai thc (OS) vi mt thnh phn mng (NE), n c th l mt mng rt phc tp kt ni nhiu OS, NE v my trm (WS). Mng qun l vin thng khng ch cung cp chc nng qun l v truyn thng gia cc OS, gia OS v cc phn t mng vin thng, n cn c th cung cp cc chc nng qun l v truyn thng cho cc mng qun l khc h tr qun l cho cc mng vin thng quc gia v quc t. Mng vin thng gm rt nhiu thit b vin thng (s hoc tng t) nh cc h thng truyn dn, h thng chuyn mch, cc thit b ghp knh, cc b x l iu khin, cc thit b u cui trong mng qun l vin thng chng c gi l cc phn t mng (NE). Lu rng v mt chc nng, TMN l mt mng ring qun l mng vin thng, n p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin qun l, n kt ni vi mng vin thng v cc mng khc qua cc im tham chiu khc nhau, hay ni cch khc mt s phn ca mng TMN c th l mt mng logic gn kt trong mng vin thng. Hnh 2.1 m t mi quan h gia TMN v mng vin thng.

19

WS

WS

WS

OS

OS

OS

Mng truyn s liu DCN

Ex

TS

Ex

TS

Ex

Hnh 2.1: Mi quan h gia TMN v mng vin thng

2.1.3 Cc khuyn ngh ca TMN

TMN c Ban dch v ca Lin minh Vin thng Quc t (ITU-T - International Telecommunications Union - Telecommunications Services Sector) xc nh trong chui cc khuyn ngh M.30. Bng 2.1 di y cho ta thy cc khuyn ngh ca TMN v ngy ban hnh, sa i b sung mi nht.

Bng 2.1: Cc khuyn ngh ca TMN

Tiu ca khuyn ngh Tng quan v cc khuyn ngh TMN Cc nguyn tc cho TMN Thng s k thut giao din TMN M hnh thng tin mng qun l Bo co s thch ng i tng qun l cho M hnh giao din mng Tp hp cc thng tin qun l TMN Cc dch v qun l TMN: tng quan Cc dch v qun l TMN: bo dng ca qun l B-ISDN Cc dch v qun l TMN: Li v thc hin qun l cho truy nhp ISDN Kh nng qun l TMN ti giao din F Khung yu cu qun l cho giao din X ca TMN Cc chc nng qun l ca TMN K hiu M.3000 M.3010 M.3020 M.3100 M.3101 M.3180 M.3200 M.3207.1 M.3211.1 M.3300 M.3320 M.3400 Ngy 10/94 05/96 07/95 07/95 07/95 10/92 10/92 05/96 05/96 10/92 04/97 04/97

20

Khi cc mng vin thng mang c TMN chng tr thnh d dng phi hp v mng v thit b gia cc nh cung cp dch v vi nhau. Tm li kh nng phi hp c th t c gia cc mng c iu hnh.
Tng quan v cc khuyn ngh M.3000 Nguyn l ca M.3000 v TMN Cc thut ng v cc nh ngha M.3000

Phng php lun nghin cu giao din M.3000

M hnh tng qut thng tin M.3000 (TMN)

Tng quan v dch v qun l TMN M.3000 Dch v 1# Dch v n#

Tim nng qun l ti giao din F M.3000 giao din X M.3000

Danh mc thng tin qun l TMN M.3000

Cc chc nng qun l TMN M.3000

Hnh 2.2: Mi lin h gia cc khuyn ngh TMN

TMN s dng cc nguyn tc hng i tng iu hnh v cc giao din chun xc nh truyn thng gia cc thc th iu hnh trn mng. Chun giao din iu hnh dnh cho TMN c gi l giao din Q3. Kin trc TMN v cc giao din c nh ngha trong cc khuyn ngh M.3000, c xy dng trn c s cc chun kt ni cc h thng m (OSI - Open System Interconnection) hin hnh. Nhng chun ny bao gm nhng khng gii hn n : Th tc thng tin iu hnh chung (CMIP - Common Management Information Protocol) - xc nh cc dch v trao i gia cc thc th l nh nhau. Gi xc nh cc i tng iu hnh (GDMO - Guideline For Definition of Managed Objects) - cung cp tm thi cho vic phn loi v m t cc ngun lc c iu hnh. Mt ch syntax rt gn (ASN.1 - Abstract Syntax Notation One) - cung cp lut syntax cho cc kiu d liu. M hnh quy chiu kt ni h thng m (Open Systems Interconnect Reference Model) xc nh 7 lp ca m hnh quy chiu OSI. T khi ban hnh, cc chun TMN c bm st v theo n l hng lot cc t chc xy dng tiu chun nh Din n iu hnh mng (Network Management Forum - NMF), hng Bellcore, Vin tiu chun Vin thng Chu u (ETSI - European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Tng th NMF v Bellcore to nn cc yu cu chi tit; ti cng thi im cc

21

din n cng ngh trung tm nh: Din n phi hp khai thc Mng cp quang ng b SIF (SONET - Synchronous Optical Network Interoperablity Forum) v din n Phng thc truyn dn khng ng b ATMF (Asynchronous Transfer Mode Forum) cng a ra cc giao din ph hp yu cu iu hnh ca TMN.

2.2 KIN TRC CHC NNG

TMN c ngha i vi truyn ti v qu trnh thng tin lin quan ti vic qun l cc mng thng tin. Cu trc chc nng ca TMN bao gm mt tp cc khi chc nng, mt tp cc im tham chiu v mt tp cc chc nng. Khi chc nng l thc th logic trnh din chc nng qun l quy nh. Cc im tham chiu hay cn gi l im tiu chun phn chia gia hai khi chc nng v hai khi chc nng thng tin vi nhau thng qua im tham chiu. Mt hoc nhiu hn cc chc nng thnh phn to ra mt khi chc nng, vic truyn thng tin gia cc khi l chc nng thng tin s liu. Cc khi chc nng c minh ha trong hnh v:

TMN OSF MF WSF

QAF

NEF

Hnh 2.3: Cc khi chc nng ca TMN

Chc nng ca TMN bao gm: Chc nng phn t mng NEF. Chc nng h thng iu hnh OSF. Chc nng trm lm vic WSF. Chc nng thch ng QAF Chc nng trung gian MF. Chc nng ca TMN l cung cp cc phng tin truyn ti v x l cc thng tin c lin quan n vn qun l mng vin thng v dch v. Ta xem xt cc thnh phn di y: Mt tp cc chc nng qun l gim st, iu khin v kt hp mng. Mt tp cc phn t mng c qun l. Kh nng cho ngi s dng TMN truy nhp hot ng qun l v nhn c s trnh by v kt qu ca hot ng.

22

Hnh 2.4: Cc khi chc nng v cc im tham chiu

Cc im tham chiu v giao din trong TMN s c trnh by trong mc 2.3 v kin trc vt l TMN.

2.2.1. Chc nng phn t mng NEF

NEF (Network Element Function) l mt khi chc nng thng tin ca TMN nhm mc ch gim st hoc iu khin. NEF cung cp cc chc nng vin thng v h tr trong mng vin thng cn c qun l. NEF bao gm cc chc nng vin thng - l ch ca vic qun l. Cc chc nng ny khng phi l thnh phn ca TMN nhng c th hin i vi TMN thng qua NEF.

2.2.2. Chc nng h iu hnh OSF.

OSF (Operation System Function) cung cp cc chc nng qun l. OSF x l cc thng tin qun l nhm mc ch gim st phi hp v iu khin mng vin thng. Chc nng ny bao gm: H tr ng dng cc vn v cu hnh, li, hot ng, tnh ton, v qun l bo mt. Chc nng to c s d liu h tr: cu hnh, topology, tnh hnh iu khin, trng thi v ti nguyn mng. H tr cho kh nng giao tip gia ngi v my thng qua thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. Cc chng trnh phn tch cung cp kh nng phn tch li v phn tch hot ng.

23

 Khun dng d liu v bn tin h tr thng tin gia hai thc th chc nng TMN hoc gia hai khi chc nng TMN ca cc thc th bn ngoi (ngi s dng hoc mt TMN khc). Phn tch v quyt nh, to kh nng cho p ng qun l. C hai kha cnh: h tr cho phn t c qun l bi OSF, cung cp cc chc nng vin thng l cc i tng qun l cho mng vin thng cn c qun l. S qun l ny c th hin i vi TMN thng qua cc chc nng h tr lu lng. Cc chc nng cu trc khng phi l mt phn ca TMN, tuy nhin cc chc nng h tr li l mt phn bn thn TMN.

2.2.3. Chc nng trm lm vic WSF.

WSF ( Work Station Function ) cung cp chc nng cho hot ng lin kt gia ngi s dng vi OSF. WSF c th c xem nh chc nng trung gian gia ngi s dng v OSF. N chuyn i thng tin ra khi OSF thnh khun dng c kh nng th hin c vi ngi s dng. V tr ca WSF nh mt cng giao tip nm trn ranh gii ca TMN.

2.2.4. Chc nng thch ng Q

QAF (Q Adapter Function) cung cp s chuyn i kt ni NEF hoc OSF ti TMN, hoc nhng phn t mng khng thuc TMN vi TMN mt cch c lp. Chc nng thch ng Q c s dng lin kt ti cc phn t TMN m chng khng h tr cc im tham chiu TMN chun. Mt v d c minh ha hnh v di. Trong v d ny mt thc th chc nng iu hnh phi TMN (non-TMN OSF) v mt thc th phn t mng phi TMN (non-TMN NEF) c kt ni ti TMN. Nhim v ca c hai QAF l bin dch gia im tham chiu q v im tham chiu m. V q l cc im tham chiu TMN cn m l cc im tham chiu phi TMN, hnh v ch ra QAF ti bin ca TMN.
im chun chiu QAF m q im chun chiu im chun chiu i m chun chiu QAF q m

OSF phip Phi TMN

TMN

NEF Phi TMN

Hnh 2.5: Chc nng thch ng Q 2.2.5. Chc nng trung gian MF
MF (Mediation Function) hot ng truyn thng tin gia OSF v NEF, cung cp chc nng lu tr, lc, bin i... trn cc d liu nhn c t NEF. Chc nng trung gian hot ng trn thng tin truyn qua gia cc chc nng qun l v cc i tng qun l. MF cung cp mt tp cc chc nng cng ni (Gateway) hay chuyn tip (Relay), n lm nhim v ct gi (lu), bin i ph hp, lc phn nh v tp trung thng tin. V MF cng bao gm cc chc nng x l v truyn ti thng tin, do khng c s phn bit ln gia MF v OSF. Cc chc nng ca MF: Cc chc nng truyn ti thng tin ITF (Information Tranfer Funtion). Bin i giao thc.

24

 Bin i bn tin. Bin i tn hiu. Dch/ nh x a ch. nh tuyn. Tp trung. Cc chc nng x l thng tin: Thc hin. Hin th. Lu gi. Lc.

2.3 KIN TRC VT L

Tip theo m hnh chc nng, kin trc vt l TMN ch r gii hn ca cc nt mng v cc giao din thng tin gia cc nt. Cc nt (nh OS v cc phn t mng) v cc s lin kt gia cc nt c th c nh x ti c nhng thc th phn cng v phn mm. TMN bao gm nm loi nt khc nhau v 4 loi lin kt. Mi nt c k hiu bi chc nng cung cp bi nt . Mi ng lin kt c k hiu bi giao din gia hai nt.

Cc thnh phn chc nng

Kin trc chc nng

Cc khi chc nng

Cc im tham chiu

Kin trc vt l

Cc thnh phn vt l

Giao din

Hnh 2.6: Quan h gia m hnh chc nng v kin trc vt l TMN l mt mng, n c nt, ng lin kt v cc giao din. Nt trong TMN c th l mt h thng phn cng, mt h ng dng phn mm hoc kt hp c hai.

2.3.1. Cc khi vt l
Cc chc nng qun l c th c thc hin trong s khc nhau ca cc cu hnh vt l. Mi quan h ca cc khi chc nng ti thit b vt l c trnh by bng 2.2. N nh r cc khi vt l qun l theo tp cc khi chc nng m mi khi ny c cho php cha ng.

25

i vi mi khi vt l, c mt khi chc nng m l c im ca n v c tnh cht bt buc cha ng. Ni cn tn ti cc chc nng khc tu chn cho cc khi vt l bao hm.

Hnh 2.7: Kin trc vt l TMN

2.3.1.1 H iu hnh OS:

OS l h thng m thc hin cc chc nng h iu hnh OSF nh miu t trong kin trc chc nng TMN. OS c th cung cp tu chn v QAF v cc WSF. Trong thc t n x l thng tin c lin quan ti qun l vin thng nhm mc ch theo di iu khin v gim st mng vin thng. OS cung cp kh nng ch yu ca h thng qun l TMN, OS cung cp kh nng gim st hoc kh nng iu khin cho p ng qun l. Mt OS c th c kt ni vi OS khc, vi c mt TMN ging n hoc mt TMN khc. Cu hnh chc nng ca OS: Cu hnh ca OS ph thuc cu hnh ca OSF. Mt OSF dch v c lin quan ti cc kha cnh dch v mng v thc hin hu ht cc qui tc ca giao din khch hng. Mt OSF l mt mng c s ng dng TMN, chu trch nhim cung cp mc thng tin mng cho OSF dch v. N lin lc vi NEF hoc MF mang theo cc chc nng qun l trn phn t mng. Cu hnh vt l ca mt OS:

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Cu trc vt l ca OS c kh nng thc hin cc vic phn phi hoc tp hp. Mt OS tp hp b chc nng OS hon chnh trong mt h thng n. Mt OS phn phi c th c chc nng phn phi dc theo s lng ca cc OS: Yu cu thi gian thc cho la chn giao thc TMN, y l mt nhn t rt quan trng trong kin trc vt l ca OS. S la chn phn cng ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic c hay khng mt OS cung cp dch v thi gian thc, gn thi gian thc hay khng phi thi gian thc. Truyn ti thng tin qun l. Cho mt OS phn phi, phn t mng phi lin lc v qun l rt nhiu OS. Yu cu dung sai li. Mt OS phn phi t khi xy ra s c nghim trng do nguyn nhn l s kt ni khng thnh cng ca knh l. Nghin cu qun l v t chc.

2.3.1.2 Phn t mng NE:

Phn t mng NE bao gm thit b vin thng (hoc cc nhm/cc phn ca thit b vin thng) v thit b tr gip hoc bt k mc hoc cc nhm, cc mc tnh ton lin quan ti mi trng vin thng m thc hin cc NEF. Phn t mng NE c th bao gm bt k tu chn ca cc khi chc nng qun l theo cc yu cu thc hin ca n. NE c mt hoc nhiu hn cc giao din loi Q tiu chun v c th c tu chn cc giao din F v B2B/C2B. NE tn ti nh thit b m khng c mt giao din tiu chun s ginh c s truy cp ti c s h tng qun l thng qua mt chc nng tng thch Q. Chc nng tng thch Q ny s cung cp chc nng cn thit bin i gia giao din qun l tiu chun v khng tiu chun.

Bng 2.2: Mi quan h ca khi vt l v khi chc nng qun l

NEF NE MD QA OS WS M: Bt buc O: Tu chn O M* MDF O M QAF O O M O M O M OSF O O WSF O O

2.3.1.3 Thit b trung gian MD Mt MD thc hin chc nng trung gian nh nh ngha trong kin trc chc nng TMN. Nhim v ca chc nng trung gian l x l thng tin truyn gia OS v phn t mng m bo lm cho thng tin ph hp. Chc nng ti nhng im ny c th l lu tr, chuyn i, lc, xp xp v phn loi thng tin. Qu trnh trung gian:

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Sau y l danh sch nhn dng nm qu trnh trung gian ph hp vi khi chc nng trung gian nh miu t trong kin trc chc nng TMN: Chuyn i thng tin. Chuyn i gia cc m hnh thng tin l mt loi x l, qu trnh chuyn i thng tin s chuyn i rt nhiu m hnh thng tin thnh m hnh thng tin ng nht, bin i thng tin t MIP ni ht tun theo m hnh thng tin ng nht. Lin kt lm vic. Qu trnh ny cung cp giao thc thit lp v dn xp kt ni bng cch duy tr phm vi thng tin. X l d liu. Qu trnh ny cung cp tp trung, la chn d liu, t khun dng cho d liu v bin dch d liu. Ra quyt nh. Qu trnh ny bao gm truy nhp trm lm vic, xp xp, lu tr d liu, nh tuyn d liu, truy nhp kim tra. Lu tr d liu. Qu trnh ny bao gm lu tr c s d liu, cu hnh mng, phn loi thit b, d tr b nh. Cu hnh ca thit b trung gian Chc nng trung gian c th thc hin nh mt thit b trung gian. Trong trng hp ng mt mnh, nhng giao din trc ca NE, QA, v OS l giao din c bn ca Qx v Q3. Khi trung gian l mt phn ca NE, ch nhng giao din c th trc OS s l giao din chun. Chc nng trung gian c th cng c thc hin nh mt vai tr thay th cho thit b trung gian, thit b trung gian c xem nh thnh phn khng r rng nht ca TMN. Trong thc t mt p ng Q thng c cp ti nh l thit b trung gian. 2.3.1.4 Trm lm vic WS WS l h thng m thc hin cc WSF. Cc chc nng trm lm vic dch thng tin im tham chiu f ti mt khun dng c th hin th im tham chiu giao din ngi my v ngc li.

OS Chc nng trm lm vic Chc nng hin th NSD

OS

Hnh 2.9: Trm lm vic WS Mt trm lm vic TMN c th tr thnh u cui kt ni thng tin s liu ti mt OS hay mt MD. Thit b kt ni u cui ny c kh nng bin dch thng tin im tham chiu f c m t trong m hnh thng tin TMN thnh khung hin th cho ngi s dng im

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tham chiu g hay ngc li. Thit b u cui s c lu gi d liu, x l d liu v h tr giao din. Nh trong hnh v trn, ta thy mt phn ca trm lm vic nm trong ranh gii TMN v mt phn bn ngoi TMN. Mt trm lm vic thc hin hai loi chc nng: chc nng hin th v chc nng WSF. Chc nng hin th cung cp cho ngi s dng u vo, u ra vt l v nhng phng tin din gii xm nhp, hin th v sa i nhng chi tit ca thng tin bn trong ca mt TMN. Chc nng ny cng cung cp s h tr cho giao din ngi-my, c gi l im tham chiu g. Giao din ngi-my c th l mt hng lnh, ng dn hay ca s c s. Mt WSF cung cp cho ngi s dng nhng chc nng chung ti thit b u cui x l u vo, u ra ca d liu n hay i t thit b u cui ca ngi s dng. Nhng chc nng ny bao gm an ton truy cp ti thit b u cui, phn tch v xc nhn tnh hp l u vo; t khun dng v xc nhn tnh hp l ca u ra; duy tr c s d liu, h tr danh mc, mn hnh, ca s v thanh cun. Mt trm lm vic phi c mt giao din F v khng gm bt k OSF no. Nu OSF v WSF c kt hp lm mt th x c xem nh mt OS. Lu rng mt trm lm vic nh l mt nt ca TMN n khng truyn t cng ngha nh trm lm vic trong th gii my tnh. 2.3.1.5 Thnh phn p ng QA Mt p ng Q c th l mt phn cng, phn mm hoc l s kt hp c hai. p ng Q thc hin chc nng p ng Q (QAF) ni chuyn i mt giao din phi TMN thnh mt giao din TMN. Mt QAF bin i giao din cho giao din lp Q3 v Qx. Mt p ng Q c th gm mt hay nhiu QAF. p ng Q phn nh s nh hng ln nhau ca TMN v nhng h thng tn ti. l iu lun kh c chng minh xy dng p ng Q dokh khn trong vic sp xp gia giao din TMN v nhng giao din khc. Gn y trong nn cng nghip, rt nhiu ngi s dng thut ng thit b trung gian thay cho ngha p ng Q. Trn thc t s s dng rt thng dng, thut ng thit b trung gian bao hm ngha ca p ng Q. Cu hnh p ng Q:

OSF QAF

OSF

OSF Q3

Q3

Q3

QA M

NF

QAF NE

NF

Hnh 2.10: Cc cu hnh khc nhau ca p ng Q

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p ng Q c th l trng hp nh m t trong hnh v di. S vn dng vt l ca mt p ng Q c th thay i t mt h thng ny ti mt h thng khc. X l p ng Q: Mt QAF thc hin hai chc nng c bn: chuyn i thng tin v chuyn i giao thc. Chuyn i thng tin: QAF a ra m hnh thng tin TMN trong mt m hnh phi TMN v ngc li. iu ny i hi QAF hiu c php, ngha v cu trc MBI ca c hai m hnh thng tin lin quan. p ng Q lm bin i loi ca nhng m hnh thng tin phi TMN thnh nhng m hnh thng tin TMN. Nhng m hnh thng tin TMN c nh ngha cho giao din Q3 gia nhng phn t mng v EML OS bao gm: M hnh thng tin qun l khch hng (Q.824.0 n Q.824.4,1995 ITU-T) v m hnh thng tin qun l chuyn ti (Q.823,1996 ITU-T). M hnh thng tin phn bn tin c truyn ti ca mng SS7(Q.751.1 ITU-T). 2.3.1.6 Mng thng tin d liu (DCN) Thc hin y chc nng thng tin d liu (DCF) ca kin trc chc nng TMN v cung cp s kt ni gia cc nt TMN. c bit mt DCN lin kt nhng phn t mng, p ng Q, thit b trung gian ti OS qua giao din Q3 v lin kt cc thit b trung gian ti nhng phn t mng v nhng p ng Q qua giao din Qx. Cn c mt s hn ch trong thnh phn mng to nn mt DCN. Chng c th gm nhng mng d liu chuyn mch gi, nhng mng chuyn mch cng cng hay nhng mng khu vc. Mt yu cu duy nht l cung cp kh nng trung chuyn gia cc im nt TMN. Mc d DCN c th l mt mng tch ri, nhng trong thc t DCN thng l mt h thng c qun l bi TMN.

2.3.2. Cc giao tip

im tham chiu l im mang tnh khi nim trao i thng tin gia cc chc nng khng chng ln ln nhau (c m t trn Hnh 2.11). im tham chiu c th tr thnh mt giao din khi: Cc khi chc nng kt ni vi n l cc thit b ring bit v mt vt l. Cc im tham chiu bao gm: q; f; x; g v m. Cc im tham chiu xc nh ranh gii dch v gia hai khi chc nng qun l. Mi im tham chiu yu cu v cc c tnh giao thc truyn tin khc nhau, n c nh ngha khi qut th tc trao i thng tin gia cc khi chc nng khc nhau. im tham chiu c kh nng tr thnh giao din khi c mt kt ni vt l gia hai thit b ring r. Trong 5 loi im tham chiu trn, TMN c 3 loi im tham chiu c nh ngha nh sau: q f x g Gia OSF, QAF, MF v NEF Gia OSF hoc MF vi WSF Gia OSF ca hai TMN Gia WSF v ngi s dng (users)

Ngoi ra hai im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) c nh ngha l : m Gia QAF v thc th non-TMN b qun l Hnh 2.11 m t s lin kt cc khi chc nng qua cc im tham chiu

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Hnh 2.11: Cc im tham chiu

im tham chiu q kt ni cc chc nng TMN nh: OSF; MF; NEF; QAF trc tip vi nhau hoc qua DCF; trong nhm q th q3 kt ni: NEF - OSF; MF - OSF; QAF - OSF; OSF OSF; qx kt ni MF - MF; MF - NEF; MF QAF. im tham chiu f kt ni OSF v MF vi WSF; im tham chiu x kt ni cc chc nng OSF thuc cc TMN khc nhau, hoc kt ni gia mt OSF trong mi trng TMN vi mt chc nng trong mi trng khng phi TMN. im tham chiu g khng c coi nh mt phn TMN k c khi n mang thng tin v TMN; im tham chiu g khng phi TMN t bn ngoi TMN (gia ngi dng v WSF). im tham chiu m cng nm ngoi TMN, gia QAF v cc thc th b iu hnh phi TMN hoc cc thc th b iu hnh nhng khng theo cc khuyn ngh TMN (cho php qun l cc NE phi TMN qua mi trng TMN). Cc chc nng NE, OS, WS, QA, MD c kt ni vi nhau qua cc giao din chun ca DCN. Cc giao din DCN m bo kh nng tng tc ca cc h thng c kt ni vi nhau thc hin chc nng iu hnh/ lp k hoch TMN. Giao din Qx h tr mt tp hp nh chc nng bng cc giao thc n gin ph hp vi NE, khng yu cu nhiu chc nng khai thc bo tr OAM (Operation And Maintenance); Qx c th truyn a thng tin hai chiu lin quan n cc s kin: thay i trng thi cnh bo, khi to li cnh bo, iu khin mch vng; i vi ng dng ny c th la chn mt s giao thc h tr dch v t nht l t cc lp 1 v 2 ca m hnh tham chiu OSI; Cc giao din Qx vi tp hp giao thc phc tp l bt buc h tr mt tp hp chc nng khai thc bo tr OAM ln hn v i hi phi c thm cc dch v giao thc b sung t lp 3 n lp 7. Giao din Qx vi mt tp hp cc giao thc phc tp thng c s dng cho NE v MD phc tp.

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2.3.3 Cc giao din

Khi hai khi chc nng ca cc thit b ring bit c kt ni vt l qua mt im tham chiu th im tham chiu tr thnh giao din. Giao din TMN m bo kh nng tng tc ca cc h thng c kt ni vi nhau nhm thc hin chc nng qun l/lp k hoch TMN. Giao din TMN nh ngha bn tin tng thch chung cho tt c cc chc nng qun l, lp k hoch TMN m khng ph thuc vo loi thit b hoc nh cung cp thit b.

Hnh 2.12: Cc im tham chiu TMN

im tham chiu:

Giao din:
Hnh 2.13: Quan h gia im tham chiu v giao din

2.3.3.1 Giao din Q

Giao din Q c p dng ti im tham chiu q, cung cp tnh linh hot trong h tr giao thc truyn thng. Giao din Q c chia thnh: Giao din Q3 c p dng ti im tham chiu q3 Giao din Qx c p dng ti im tham chiu qx Giao din Q3 l giao din ca h thng khai thc bt c thc th TMN no kt ni trc tip ti OS u s dng giao din Q3. Giao din Q3 h tr mt t hp chc nng rt phc tp, v v vy n i hi rt nhiu dch v giao thc m ng nhim v ny

32

Giao din Qx c p dng ti im tham chiu qx, Qx l phn giao tip gia NE v MD, MD v QA. Giao din Qx h tr mt tp hp nh chc nng bng cch s dng giao thc n gin nhng ph hp vi cc thnh phn mng khng i hi nhiu chc nng v c s dng vi s lng ln nh thay i trong trng thi cnh bo, khi to li cnh bo Hai nhm giao din Q3 v Qx c xp th t theo s dch v truyn thng m n cung cp v phong ph cng nh phc hp ca cc ng dng TMN m chng h tr. Thng thng giao din Q3 cung cp cc dch v v giao thc phc tp hn, thc hin nhiu chc nng hn cho mi thnh phn mng (NE). Khi mt thnh phn mng ch c giao din Qx mun kt ni ti OS th phi qua thit b trung gian (MD)

2.3.4 Giao din X

Giao din X p dng ti im tham chiu x, dng lin kt hai TMN vi nhau hoc gia TMN vi mt loi mng qun l khc. Cc bn tin v giao thc c nh ngha cho giao din X cng c th thch hp cho giao din Q3 s dng gia cc OS. M hnh thng tin ti giao din X gii hn kh nng truy nhp t bn ngoi mng qun l vin thng, v c th yu cu thm cc giao thc m bo an ton

2.3.5 Giao din F

Giao din F p dng cho im tham chiu f, cn thit cho s kt ni gia trm lm vic WS vi cc khi c bn ca TMN thng qua mng truyn s liu (DCN)

2.4 KIN TRC PHN LP LGIC

Kin trc phn lp logic hay phn tng logic (LLA) l mt khi nim v cu trc ca chc nng qun l m t chc v cc nhm nghin cu gi l cc tng logic v khi nim ny m t mi quan h gia cc tng. Mt tng logic l mt khi nim ring bit phn nh cc ni dung qun l ring bit c sp xp bi cc mc khi nim tru tng khc nhau (chng hn tng qun l kinh doanh, tng qun l dch v, tng qun l mng, tng qun l phn t). Nhng tc ng qua li chc nng gia cc khi chc nng OSF trong vng cc tng logic khc nhau c m t bi im tham chiu. Qua im tham chiu tng t, cc khi chc nng qun l truyn thng tin qun l ph hp c thc hin chc nng qun l theo l thuyt. Mi quan h ca kin trc phn tng logic v kin trc thng tin qun l c th c m t bi kin trc thng tin qun l a ra qua mt lot quan nim. Mi quan nim thc hin cc phn t thng tin t cc m hnh thng tin m c th c trng by hoc chuyn i cc im tham chiu gia cc khi chc nng trong cc tng ca LLA. Mng qun l vin thng l mt h thng va c kh nng qun l cc thc th vt l nh cc thnh phn mng NE, thit b ngun, thit b iu ho nhit va c kh nng qun l cc thc th logic nh lp k hoch dch v, lch lm vic, k ton, an ton, an ninh, k kt hp ng... n gin ho qu trnh thit k mng qun l vin thng TMN, ngi ta chia cc chc nng TMN ra thnh bn lp qun l chc nng. Mi lp va c nhim v qun l cc thc th trong lp va c nhim v cung cp cc thng tin qun l cho lp bn trn Lp qun l phn t mng (NEML- Network Element Managerment Layer) Lp qun l mng (NML- Network Managerment Layer)

33

 Lp qun l dch v (SML- Service Managerment Layer) Lp qun l kinh doanh (BML- Business Managerment Layer)

Lp qun l kinh doanh

B-OSF q3

Lp qun l dch v

S-OSF q3

Lp qun l mng

N-OSF q3

Lp qun l phn t

NE-OSF

Hnh 2.14: Cc lp qun l ca TMN

2.4.1. Lp qun l phn t NEML

Lp qun l phn t mng chu trch nhim qun l cc NE. Cc thng tin qun l TMN do cc NE cung cp. NEML chu trch nhim giao tip gia thng tin qun l v cu trc h tng mng qun l vin thng Hay ni cch khc lp qun l phn t mng c nhim v qun l tng phn t mng hoc mt nhm cc phn t mng (mng con). Cc chc nng mng qun l vin thng do khi iu khin mng con (SNC) cung cp. Lp qun l phn t mng c ba vai tr c bn sau: Kim sot v phi hp mt tp con cc phn t mng trn c s chc nng phn t mng ring Kim sot v phi hp mt tp con cc phn t mng trn c s chc nng tp hp chung Thu thp v qun l cc s liu thng k, trng thi v s liu v hot ng ca cc phn t mng trong phm vi iu khin ca mnh Lp qun l phn t mng c mt hoc nhiu hn mt phn t OSF (c vai tr ring bit) trn mt c s chuyn giao t lp qun l ti nguyn cho vi tp con ca cc chc nng phn t mng. Nh mt mc tiu, mt quan im c lp nh cung cp thit b s c cung cp ti lp qun l ti nguyn.

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2.4.2. Lp qun l mng NML

Lp qun l mng thc hin qun l bao qut ton mng da trn thng tin NE do cc OS ca NEML cung cp. Lp ny cung cp cc chc nng v cu hnh mng, phn tch hiu nng v thng k mng. NML kt hp hot ng vi h tr cc yu cu ca lp qun l dch v. OS trong NML giao tip vi OS trong cc lp khc qua giao din tiu chun Lp qun l mng c bn vai tr c bn sau: iu khin v phi hp trn ton mng, bao gm tt c cc phn t mng trong phm vi hoc trong vng ca n Cung cp, nh ch hoc thay i tnh nng mng h tr vic cung cp dch v Bo dng, duy tr cc tnh nng c bn ca mng Thu thp, lu tr v thng k cc s liu v mng v giao tip vi lp qun l dch v v hiu nng, mc s dng mng

2.4.3. Lp qun l dch v SML

Lp qun l dch v s dng thng tin nhn t lp qun l mng qun l cc dch v cung cp cho khch hng. Lp qun l dch v c trch nhim i vi cc vn v hp ng dch v ang cung cp cho khch hng hoc sn sng cung cp cho khch hng mi. N lm u mi lin h vi khch hng v ton b giao dch dch v nh lp t, cung cp dch v, cht lng dch v. Lp qun l dch v c bn vai tr c bn sau: Gp g khch hng v giao giao tip vi cc nh qun tr khc. Giao tip vi nh cung cp dch v. Bo dng s liu trng thi. Duy tr mi tng tc gia cc dch v. Lp qun l dch v chu trch nhim m phn, tho thun gia khch hng v nh cung cp dch v. Tng qun l dch v (SML) h tr cc chc nng qun l phn phi v m bo cc dch v ti ngi dng theo nhng s mong i khch hng. N thc hin cc chc nng : Qun l cc tiu s vn tt dch v, mi tiu s vn tt dch v biu din cc yu cu cc ti nguyn dch v v mng cn kch hot dch v. Cc min qun l ti nguyn dch v (SRM) v qun l ti nguyn truyn dn (NRM) bn di sp xp cc yu cu ny vo cc thng s mng ca cc phn t mng nm di. Qun l kt hp cc thu bao thng thng ti tp cc l lch vn tt tng ng hp ng cc thu bao ny. Qun l dch v v cc ti nguyn mng yu cu cho php kch hot cc dch v theo hp ng ngi s dng, bao gm yu cu kt ni v cc c tnh kt hp ca n: bng thng, QoS, mc SLA. Gim st cc dch v kch hot bo m hi t SLA bng hp ng v s nh hng ca chi tit khng c th cc chc nng (phn phi thng tin ti ngi khai thc, gim bt cc ch s ti h thng tnh cc trong trng hp QoS qu thp, vv)

35

2.4.4. Lp qun l kinh doanh BML

Lp qun l kinh doanh chu trch nhim v ton b hot ng ca h thng v giao tip vi cc h thng qun l khc. Trong khi nhng chc nng chnh ca lp qun l dch v v lp qun l mng l s dng ti u cc ngun ti nguyn th cc chc nng ca lp qun l kinh doanh l quyt nh u t v a vo s dng cc ti nguyn mi. N thc hin lp k hoch mc v m, d ton kinh ph, t mc tiu, quyt nh hnh chnh, tho thun thng mi... Lp qun l kinh doanh c vai tr c bn sau: - H tr tin trnh ra quyt nh u t v s dng hiu qu cc ngun ti nguyn mi. - H tr qun l OA & M lin quan ti ngn sch. - H tr vic cung cp v yu cu OA & M lin quan ti ngun nhn lc. - Bo dng s liu ton b h thng.

2.5 CC CHC NNG QUN L TRONG TMN

Phn ny gii thiu nm chc nng ca TMN. Nhng l thuyt kin trc ny c chp nhn rng ri trong lnh vc qun l mng vin thng. Cc mng vin thng ngy nay c c trng bi s kt hp cht ch gia cc dch v v ti nguyn mng, c trin khai theo mt chui cc a lp: cc mng OAM&P v cc h thng iu hnh cho mi mt cp dch v v ti nguyn tng ng. T chc thnh cc nhm ring bit thc hin cc chc nng tng t. S lp li ca cc cu trc lp ny lin quan n cc hot ng vn hnh ca cng ngh c. Hn na, cc phn t c qun l c cc thuc tnh ring bit i vi cc chc nng OAM&P. Do mng qun l cng phi to ra cc vng qun l ring bit cho cc phn t ny v cc vng ny t lin quan vi nhau. T chc ring bit ny lm cho mi trng qun l tr nn phc tp, km hiu qu v khng kinh t. Qun l mng c in s dng cc th tc, cc qu trnh x l v cc cng c lp cu hnh, tch li, hin th c tnh, an ton, tnh ton v cc chc nng qun l khc. V c bn c xy dng da vo quan h ch t (master-slave) gia qun l hay h thng vn hnh (OS) v cc phn t mng (NE). Phn t mng ch c chc nng vn hnh c bn vi kh nng iu khin hn ch cc hot ng hoc ra quyt nh trong phm vi x l cuc gi v truyn ti thng tin. Cc h thng vn hnh thc hin ton b cng vic OAM&P: x l d liu do cc phn t mng cung cp, ra quyt nh, ch dn cc phn t mng thc hin cc thao tc thch hp. Quan h ch t ny lm gim hiu qu hot ng. V d, cc ti nguyn logic, nh d liu t c s dng chung do cc phn t mng v h thng vn hnh c thit k c lp. Hn na, cc thit b c cc giao din qun l cu hnh v li c trng ring cng nh cc hot ng ring. Cc h thng qun l mng bt buc phi xc nh cc hot ng ca tng phn t mng v cc giao din. Do mt nhiu thi gian v phc tp trong vic to ra mt cng ngh hay dch v mi. Cc yu t khc c tnh n trong s phc tp ny. V d, cc h thng qun l mng c xy dng mt cch tng qut ti u cng vic ca cc nh cung cp dch v hoc cc nhm cng tc ti mt thi im c th i vi mt h cng ngh. Kiu pht trin ny c thc hin mt cch c lp gia cc n v t chc v rt t quan tm n s hot ng tng h cp h thng. Nhiu bn sao d liu, mi ci gn lin vi mt cp h thng hoc chc nng nht nh v gn vi nhng th h thit b c hoc nhng thit b b sung mi, c t hp li qua mng,

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to nn c mt vn v ng b d liu. Kt qu l to kh khn cho nh cung cp dch v mng, v to kh khn cho vic pht trin cc dch v, cc cng ngh mng, qu trnh qun l mng vi s thay i mnh ca cng nghip vin thng. Kin trc v h thng iu khin l cha kho cho ci tin cc h thng qun l mng c c nhiu hn ch p ng cc yu cu ca mng tng lai. Bng vic phn b v xy dng li c s d liu mng c c cc u im ca cc phn t mng thng minh, thc hin cc giao thc v bn tin tiu chun, chia s cc chc nng OAM&P gia cc h thng iu hnh v phn t mng thng minh s cho php pht trin cc dch v mi v cc yu cu nu trn. Loi dch v Remote H thng qun l mng v cc qu trnh Chuyn mch trung tm

dch v c bn

Ti ba mch vng s

Dch v chuyn mch OAM

Chuyn mch ni ht

dch v knh thu ring/c nh

MUX

Dch v OAM knh thu ring/c nh

Ni cho

Digiatal data Video

MUX

OAM

MUX

Hnh 2.15: Quan h dch v v h thng qun l mng

Quan im mng thng minh s c p dng trong mng qun l vin thng (TMN), nguyn tc thng tin qun l nh ngha mi quan h c bn gia cc khi chc nng mng c bn (h thng iu hnh, mng thng tin s liu, phn t mng) bng cc giao din chun. TMN cn gii thiu nguyn tc iu khin phn mng trong phn mng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic pht trin mng qun l p ng cc yu cu tng lai. Phn mng l tp hp cc phn t mng c cc tnh cht chung (cng ngh, chc nng) v c cc ng dng qun l mng xem nh l mt thc th n l. T quan im qun l mng, qun l mng c chia thnh nm nhm chc nng, mi nhm biu din mt tp cc hot ng do ngi qun l hay khch hng thc hin. Trong nhiu

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trng hp, c h thng qun l mng v cc phn t mng thng minh cng tham gia thc hin. Vic vn hnh qun l c phn tch da trn c s nh ngha tng qut OSI v cc chc nng OAM&P v theo mt cch chung nht i vi cc loi hnh dch v v cng ngh, cc chc nng qun l bao gm: Qun l hiu nng; Qun l s c; Qun l cu hnh; Qun l ti khon; Qun l bo mt.

2.5.1 Qun l hiu nng

Cung cp hot ng vi kh nng kim sot v tiu chun nh gi s lin tc ca ti nguyn mng phn tch s nh gi v to ra s iu chnh ci thin hot ng mng. Qun l hiu nng bao gm 4 nhm chc nng c bn: gim st, iu khin qun l, phn tch v m bo cht lng c tnh. Thu thp cc loi d liu v: lu lng mng (thi gian, s cuc gi thc hin thnh cng, t l thnh cng v khng thnh cng cc cuc gi qua tng nt mng); d liu o cht lng truyn dn; cc d liu qun l phn mm nt chuyn mch bao gm cc s liu v cp nht phn mm, s c phn mm, h thng t khi ng li; d liu v cc m chn cui ca cc nt chuyn mch; d liu khiu ni khch hng; d liu t pha i tc, . . . T cc loi s liu thu thp ni trn tin hnh chn lc d liu, nh gi mc phn nh nhiu t n hiu qu khai thc mng trn c hai mt k thut v kinh t. T cc s liu thng k hng ngy, hng thng, hng nm phn tch a ra xu th hot ng ca mng trn cc tiu ch: lu lng, li v s c, cht lng tin cy thit b, kh nng p ng ca ngi khai thc v hng lot s liu khc, a ra xu th ca mng trong tng lai gn v xa c k hoch b sung cn thit. 2.5.1.1 Gim st hot ng c chia ra thnh gim st trng thi lu lng, gim st hot ng lu lng, cung cp trng thi hin ti ca mng, l cc phn t mng v cc dch v c cung cp bi mng. Cc bn tin chc nng gi tr dch v ca NE nh trng thi bn hoc ri ca nhm mch, trng thi tc nghn ca tng i, s nhn tn hiu iu khin tc nghn v trng thi tc nghn ca mng bo hiu. Chc nng gim st hot ng lu lng nh gi hot ng ca mng v lu lng c ti trn mng. Chc nng thng bo d liu nhm mch v thng s trn c s lit k, nh gi ti chuyn mch, tc nghn chuyn mch v nh gi ti ca mng bo hiu. 2.5.1.2 iu khin qun l hot ng c chia thnh iu khin lu lng v chc nng qun l lu lng. Chc nng iu khin lu lng quan tm ti s thit lp di chuyn th cng hay t ng trn lu lng mng. Chc nng qun l lu lng ch n cc hot ng nh thit lp, chuyn i, di chuyn, nh gi lit k, mc (ngng) hot ng, lp k hoch, qun l c s d liu mng. 2.5.1.3 Phn tch hot ng

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Ch ti s phn tch v d liu hot ng dch v c thu thp bi chc nng gim st hot ng. D liu hot ng c th yu cu x l thm v phn tch nh gi mc hot ng ca ton b mng. Hnh v ch ra mu n gin ca qun l mng v iu khin m t ging nh ba chu trnh hoc ba vng. Mi vng bao gm gim st mng, x l d liu v cc li ra hoc cc hot ng iu khin ca mt s kiu. Yu t quan trng ca cc vng ny l thi gian dnh cho mi vng.

iu khin iu khin Qun l thit b Phn tch & d bo lu lng A o c Lp k hoch

Phn tch li B

Mng C iu khin lu lng

Phn tch lu lng

Hnh 2.16: Cc vng qun l mng.

Vng A l vng d phng mng. Vng ny s dng cc php o mng nh l mt gi tr u vo d bo lu lng v qu trnh nh ra kch c mng c th. Kt qu l mt s nhn bit v nhu cu dung lng qua mng trong tng lai c th dng trong vic thit lp k hoch chng trnh xy dng mng. Thi gian cho qu trnh ny l vi nm k t khi o c n khi xy dng hon chnh mng mi. Vng B l vng phn tch hot ng ca mng. Hot ng ca mng c gim st v phn tch kt qu ch r cc xu hng li. Cc chng trnh qun l c th c s dng sa li bt k cc vn li no. Gim st v phn tch c th vt qu chu k ngy, tun hoc mt s thng. Cc kt qu cng s dng nh mc ch lp k hoch cho cc chc nng ny. Vng C l vng qun l lu lng mng. Hot ng ca mng c gim st trong thi gian thc v cc chin lc iu khin thc hin vt qua s v ca mng mt cch nhanh nht khi n xy ra. Thi gian cho qu trnh ny l t vi pht n vi gi.

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Mt tnh hung l di s nghin cu iu khin, cc nguyn nhn c bn c th a ra h tr cho ngi s dng trong tng lai hoc sa li thit b hay li thit k. 2.5.1.4 m bo cht lng hot ng Ch ti cc hot ng m bo cht lng ca dch v v thng bo kt qu phn tch. Cc hot ng ny bao gm gim st v m bo cht lng kt ni, tnh trng nguyn vn ca bn tin, cng tc vi qun l li thit lp nguyn nhn ca li ti nguyn v kt hp vi qun l cu hnh thay i nh tuyn v tham s iu khin ti.

2.5.2 Qun l s c
Qun l s c l tp hp cc chc nng cho php pht hin, c lp v sa cc s c nhng hot ng khng bnh thng ca mng vin thng v mi trng ca mng. Bao gm 3 chc nng chnh: gim st cnh bo, c lp s c, sa cha v kim tra li.

Thu thp v i chiu

Cc ch th qun l

S liu th

Pht hin cc trng thi hot ng bt thng Cc s liu khc Phn tch vn Cnh bo v bo co

Nhn dng vn

Gii php Mng

X l

Hnh 2.17: Lu gim st mng

Gim st cnh bo bao gm: phn tch s liu thu c t cc cnh bo khc nhau, ch lc s liu cnh bo so snh tm ra mi tng quan gia cc thnh phn mng v tng quan theo thi gian. Chc nng ny cung cp kh nng gim st trng thi ca NE trong thi gian gn vi thi gian thc. Khi c li xut hin, NE s thng bo li ln h thng iu hnh, da vo TMN quyt nh tnh cht v mc ca li. C lp s c: T cc thng tin v li v s c xy ra trn mng, phn tch v cn thit th dng cc phng tin o kim tra mng xc nh nguyn nhn gy ra li, v tr xy ra li v s c trn mng. Vic kim tra li c th thc hin bng mt trong hai cch sau

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y: TMN ch th cho NE thc hin vic phn tch mch hoc cc hot ng thit b, vic x l c thc hin hon ton bn trong NE v kt qu c t ng a ti TMN. Cch th hai l vic phn tch c thc hin bn trong TMN, trong trng hp ny TMN ch yu cu NE cung cp truy nhp ti mch hoc thit b quan tm v khng c cc tin bo no khc trao i vi NE. Sa cha v kim tra li: Kim tra thc trng v mc nguy him ca li, phm vi nh hng ca li v x l li bng cc phng tin nh hiu chnh cc ch tiu, khi phc hoc khi to li cu hnh h thng. Khi thng tin s c ban u khng xc nh li th thng tin b sung do cc th tc xc nh v tr li cung cp, cc th tc ny c th s dng cc h thng kim tra bn trong v bn ngoi v c th t di s iu khin ca h thng qun l mng vin thng.

2.5.3. Qun l cu hnh

Qun l cu hnh thc hin vic lp k hoch v ci t NE, lin kt NE vi mng v hnh thnh nhng dch v khch hng s dng mng. Theo khuyn ngh M3400 (1992) ca ITU-T vic qun l cu hnh c chia lm 3 ni dung chnh: cung cp; trng thi v iu khin NE; v ci t NE. Cung cp cu hnh mng t khi mi lp t v s thay i cu hnh n hin ti. Qun l Trng thi cu hnh ang lm vic. Qun l vic lp t phn cng theo cu hnh c thit k. Qun l vic khi to h thng theo cu hnh nh. Qun l s lng thit b, ph tng thay th v c thay th c c cu hnh hin ti. Qun l vic sao lu cu hnh c thay i theo qu trnh khai thc v bo dng mng li trn c phn cng v phn mm, cht lng khi thay i cu hnh trn thc t, khi phc li cu hnh 2.5.3.1 Cung cp L mt b th tc mang nhng thit b c ci t vo dch v v c chia thnh nhng nhm chc nng khc nhau. Mt l cu hnh NE cung cp mt b nhng chc nng qun l cu hnh ca mt NE. Bao gm nhng nhim v nh bo co cu hnh thng tin ti mt h thng bn ngoi v thay i cu hnh ph hp vi s thm vo, xo i hay s sa i cu hnh ca NE. Mt chc nng khc l qun l NE lin quan ti h thng qun l. Nhng nhim v gm t ng h, lu tr, khi to x l v tt my. Nhm chc nng cn li qun l c s d liu NE nhm cung cp kh nng xp xp, lu gi v cp nht c s d liu. 2.5.3.2 Trng thi v iu khin NE Cung cp mt b chc nng thc hin bo co trng thi, lit k cc bn tin trng thi v chp nhn yu cu ca bn tin trng thi. N c th l bn tin trng thi mng, trng thi mng vng thu bao, trng thi mng truyn dn hoc kt hp cc mng trn. 2.5.3.3 Ci t NE. Cung cp s ci t cho thit b v nhng phn mm to nn mng vin thng. Cng vic bao gm s xc dnh mt b hot ng ci t, cng vi s lin tc v lit k hot ng t c hiu xut cao nht v tr ngi ti thiu vi hot ng ang din ra.

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2.5.4 Qun l ti khon.

Cung cp vic thit lp cc chc nng cho php vic s dng dch v mng c o c v gi thnh cho vic s dng c xc nh. N cung cp cc kh nng: Thu thp s liu lin quan ti tnh cc. Thit lp cc tham s phc v cho vic lp ha n. Thu thp s liu cuc gi khch hng, knh thu ring theo tc v dung lng khch hng thu v cht lng dch v t cc h thng thng k t ng v nhn cng trn mng tnh cc khch hng theo cc quy nh hin hnh hp php hp l, cung cp ho n chi tit hoc tng hp cho khch hng tu theo quy nh hp php. Khi thu thp c nhng s liu sai dn n s v l lm thit hi n khch hng th phi sa cho ph hp thc t khch quan v ng tin cy khch hng khi b thit thi. Gii quyt cc khiu ni khch hng l cng vic rt a dng, phc tp trong nhiu khi vt khi kh nng cc phng tin k thut

2.5.5 Qun l bo mt.

y l chc nng cung cp v m bo kh nng truy cp an ton ti cc chc nng v nng lc ca cc thnh phn cu thnh mng li (Network Element NE). y l chc nng cung cp kh nng truy cp an ton ti cc thnh phn thuc h thng mng iu hnh mng vin thng (TMN) nh: cc h thng khai thc (OS Operation System), cc b iu khin mng cp di (SNC Subnetwork Control) v cc thit b trung gian (MD Mediation Device). Nhm qun l v iu khin quyn truy nhp ti cc ti nguyn trn mng, qun l bo mt bao gm cc chc nng sau: Xc nh quyn truy nhp. iu khin truy nhp. M ha v kim sot kha m ha. y quyn truy nhp. ng k bo mt. Ngoi cc chc nng trn cn c mt s cc chc nng qun l mng quan trng khc cha c chun ha, mc d l mt phn ca c cu qun l mng tng th: Lp k hoch: Ci t cc ti nguyn, pht trin v s dng cc dch v... Qun l lc lng lao ng: Lp k hoch v iu khin cc hot ng ca nhm cn b iu hnh... Qun l vt t: Lu gi cc thit b s dng ci t, sa cha mng...

2.6 KIN TRC THNG TIN

Kin trc thng tin s dng cch tip cn TMN da trn m hnh tham chiu cc h thng m OSI. TMN s dng cng mt khi nim qun l-tc nhn (manager-agent) nh trong m hnh OSI. Kin trc thng tin TMN l mt bn sao ca kin trc thng tin OSI, v vy chng ta s khng cp nhiu v kin trc thng tin TMN. Cc thng tin qun l TMN c xem xt t hai kha cnh sau y:

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M hnh thng tin qun l: M hnh thng tin qun l th hin mt cch tng qut cc xu hng qun l ti nguyn mng v cc hot ng qun l h tr c lin quan. M hnh thng tin xc nh c th trao i thng tin theo cc tiu chun xc nh. Hot ng ny nhm h tr m hnh thng tin ti mc ng dng v bao hm c cc chc nng ng dng qun l nh lu tr, ti hin v x l thng tin. Cc chc nng c bao hm ti mc ny c xem nh l Cc khi chc nng TMN. Trao i thng tin qun l: Trao i thng tin qun l bao gm cc DCF c kt hp nh mt mng thng tin v cng vi MCF cho php cc thnh phn vt l xc nh lin kt ti mt mng vin thng thng qua mt giao din no . Mc hot ng ny ch bao gm cc c cu thng tin nh cc giao thc ngn xp. i tng trao i thng tin trong cc h thng qun l c m hnh ho di dng cc i tng qun l, i tng qun l c nh ngha bi: Cc thuc tnh r rng ti ranh gii ca n; Cc hot ng qun l c th c s dng i vi n; Cc tc ng m i tng thc hin nhm p ng cc hot ng qun l hoc cc hot ng thuc loi kch hot. N c th l cc b hoc m rng; Cc nt m i tng a ra. Ngoi ra, mt s vn cn quan tm thm khi xem xt m hnh kin trc thng tin ca TMN l: Khng cn xp xp tng ng mt mt gia cc i tng qun l v cc ti nguyn thc (c th l vt l hoc logic). Mt ti nguyn c th c th hin bi mt hoc nhiu i tng. Khi mt ti nguyn c th hin bi nhiu i tng qun l th mi i tng s cung cp mt cch nhn khc nhau i vi ti nguyn. lu rng cc i tng ny c th c ghp cp trong cc tc ng ca chng thng qua cc quan h vt l hoc logc. Cc i tng qun l tn ti v n th hin l cc ti nguyn logic ca TMN hn l ti nguyn ca mng vin thng. Nu mt ti nguyn khng c th hin bi mt i tng qun l, n khng th c qun l thng qua giao din qun l. Ni cch khc l n khng c h thng qun l nhn thy. Mt i tng qun l c th cung cp mt cch nhn tng qut i vi cc ti nguyn c th hin bi cc i tng qun l. Cc i tng qun l c th c gn lin, ngha l i tng qun l c th th hin cc ti nguyn ln bao hm cc ti nguyn c m hnh ha nh mt thnh phn ca i tng ln.

2.6.1. M hnh i tng trn c s OSI

cho php nh ngha cc ngun ti nguyn b qun l mt cch hiu qu, kin trc thng tin TMN s dng cc nguyn l qun l OSI v c da trn m hnh hng i tng. Cc h thng qun l trao i thng tin c m hnh ho di dng cc i tng qun l, l cch nhn tru tng i vi cc ngun ti nguyn ang c qun l, ngha l cc

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h thng qun l xc nhn cc hot ng qun l ti cc giao din m cc h thng truyn thng qun l tng tc vi nhau. N khng hn ch vic trin khai thc hin bn trong ca cc h thng qun l vin thng. i tng qun l c nh ngha bi: Cc thuc tnh c th nhn thy c ti ranh gii ca n Cc hot ng qun l c th c p dng cho n Hot ng ca i tng qun l p li cc hot ng qun l hoc phn ng vi cc kch thch lin quan ti cc loi qun l khc (bn trong: vt qu ngng, hoc bn ngoi: tng tc vi cc i tng khc) Cc thng bo do i tng pht ra

2.6.2. M hnh i tng phn tn

Qun l mi trng vin thng l mt ng dng x l thng tin. Do mi trng b qun l b phn tn, qun l mng cng l mt ng dng phn tn bao gm vic trao i cc thng tin qun l gia cc tin trnh qun l nhm mc tiu gim st, iu khin cc ngun ti nguyn vt l cng nh logic ca mng (truyn dn, chuyn mch).

Nh qun l

Thao tc qun l Thng bo

Tc nhn

Thao tc qun l Thng bo

Hnh 2.18: Mi quan h nh qun l/ tc nhn/ i tng

i vi mt tng tc qun l nht nh, tin trnh qun l c th ng mt trong hai vai tr sau: Vai tr nh qun l: a ra cc ch th, yu cu thao tc qun l v nhn thng bo hot ng qun l Vai tr tc nhn: qun l cc i tng b qun l lin quan v tr li cc lnh do nh qun l ca tc nhn pht ra. N cng phn nh s liu ca cc i tng ny cho nh qun l, ng thi thng bo cho nh qun l v ng x ca nhng i tng ny. Mi s trao i qun l gia nh qun l v tc nhn c thc hin trong mt tp hp nht qun cc hot ng qun l ( khi to thng qua vai tr nh qun l v cc thng bo do cc tc nhn pht ra). Phng thc cc tc nhn tng tc vi cc ngun ti nguyn m chng chu trch nhim qun l ph thuc vo cc nh ch to.

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CU HI N TP CHNG 2

1. Theo m hnh tham chiu OSI, mt h thng TMN c bao nhiu lp A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 7

2. Trong m hnh chc nng TMN, cc khi chc nng chnh ca TMN c th thc hin c chc nng qun l (manager) v tc nhn (agent) A. true B. false 3. Giao din Q3 l giao din duy nht m QA, MD hoc NE c th s dng giao tip trc tip vi OS. A. true B. false 4. C bao nhiu khi chc nng trong m hnh chc nng TMN A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

5. Khi chc nng no trong TMN cung cp chc nng cho hot ng lin kt gia ngi s dng vi OSF A. NEF B. WSF C. QAF D. MF

6. Khi chc nng no cung cp s chuyn i kt ni NEF hoc OSF ti TMN, hoc nhng phn t mng khng thuc TMN vi TMN mt cch c lp A. NEF B. OSF C. QAF D. MF

7. Khi chc nng no c hai nhim v chnh l truyn ti thng tin v x l thng tin A. NEF B. OSF C. QAF D. MF

8. Kin trc phn lp logic chia m hnh qun l ca TMN thnh bao nhiu lp A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

9. Kt ni gia cc lp qun l trong m hnh LLA ca TMN thng qua im tham chiu A. q B. f C. x D. m

10. Trong m hnh LLA ca TMN, lp ______ va c nhim v qun l cc thc th trong lp va c nhim v cung cp cc thng tin qun l cho lp NML.

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A. Lp qun l phn t mng (NEML- Network Element Managerment Layer) B. Lp qun l mng (NML- Network Managerment Layer) C. Lp qun l dch v (SML- Service Managerment Layer) D. Lp qun l kinh doanh (BML- Business Managerment Layer) 11. C bao nhiu chc nng qun l trong m hnh TMN A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6

12. Trong TMN, nh ngha bao nhiu im tham chiu TMN A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

13. Trong TMN, nh ngha bao nhiu im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

14. Gia trm lm vic WSF v ngi dng l im tham chiu A. q B. x C. f D. g

15. im tham chiu gia QAF v thc th phi TMN b qun l l ____ A. q B. x C. m D. g

16. Khi ni n TMN, im tham chiu no sau y l im tham chiu TMN A. q B. x E. m 17. Khi ni n TMN, im tham chiu no sau y l im tham chiu phi TMN (non-TMN) A. q B. x E. m 18. im tham chiu ____ nm gia OSF ca hai h thng TMN A. q B. x E. m 19. Khi nim mng qun l vin thng TMN c ITU-T cng b ln u tin vo nm no? A. 1985 B. 1990 C. 1988 D. 1995 C. f D. g C. f D. g C. f D. g

20. TMN ch s dng duy nht mt h iu hnh OS thc hin chc nng qun l?

46

A. ng

B. Sai

21. Hai chc nng h iu hnh OSF ca hai TMN c kt ni thng qua im tham chiu: A. q B. m C. f D. x

22. Trong mt TMN, chc nng trung gian MF c kt ni vi chc nng WSF thng qua im tham chiu ____ A. q B. g C. f D. x

23. Kt ni trc tip hai QAF trong TMN thng qua im tham chiu ___ A. q B. g C. f D. x

24. Giao tip gia NE v MD s dng giao din ____ A. Q3 B. Qx C. F D. X

25. kt ni hai h thng TMN vi nhau, giao din ____ c s dng A. Q3 B. Qx C. F D. X

26. Tt c cc thc th c kt ni trc tip vi OS thng qua giao din ____ A. Q3 B. Qx C. F D. X

27. Trong kin trc phn lp logic TMN, _____ l lp qun l mng A. NEML B. NML C. SML D. BML

28. Trong kin trc phn lp logic TMN, _____ l lp qun l kinh doanh A. NEML B. NML C. SML D. BML

29. im tham chiu ____ phn chia hai lp qun l SML v NML A. q3 B. qx C. f D. x

30. Qun l hiu nng bao gm 4 nhm chc nng c bn no? A. Gim st, pht hin li, cnh bo v khc phc li B.Gim st, iu khin qun l, phn tch v m bo cht lng c tnh. C. Gim st, pht hin li, phn tch v khc phc li D. Gim st, iu khin qun l, phn tch v khc phc li

47

31. Trong cc chc nng qun l ca TMN, __________ l tp hp cc chc nng cho php pht hin, c lp v sa cc s c nhng hot ng khng bnh thng ca mng vin thng v mi trng ca mng. A. Qun l hiu nng B. Qun l s c C. Qun l cu hnh D. Qun l ti khon E. Qun l bo mt 32. Theo khuyn ngh M3400 (1992) ca ITU-T vic qun l cu hnh c chia lm 3 ni dung chnh: A. Lp cu hnh; qun l trng thi v ci t B. Qun l trng thi NE; ci t NE v cnh bo C. Cung cp; trng thi v iu khin NE; v ci t NE D. Cung cp, qun l cu hnh v cnh bo 33. Trong cc chc nng qun l, _________ cung cp v m bo kh nng truy cp an ton ti cc chc nng v nng lc ca cc thnh phn cu thnh mng li A. Qun l hiu nng B. Qun l s c C. Qun l cu hnh D. Qun l ti khon E. Qun l bo mt 34. C th ni kin trc thng tin TMN l mt bn sao ca OSI? A. ng B. Sai

48

CHNG 3 GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP

Mc ch ca chng 3 l cung cp cho ngi c nhng khi nim c bn nht v giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP: cc thnh phn, chc nng v phng thc hot ng ca giao thc, ng thi gii thiu cc phin bn ng dng mi nht ca SNMP. Phn u chng gii thiu tng quan v SNMP, cu trc v c im cng nh hot ng ca giao thc ny. Sau gii thiu cc phin bn sau ca SNMP v phn tch c nhng khc bit ca cc phin bn sau vi phin bn SNMP u tin. Qun l mng vin thng l mt ni dung rt quan trng trong vic nghin cu, vn hnh vin thng ni chung v c bit l mng vin thng trn nn IP ni ring. V vy cn tm hiu chi tit v cc thnh phn SNMP v hot ng ca giao thc thng qua nhiu lnh khc nhau do cc chun phin bn SNMP cung cp. Hc vin cn phi nm c cc khi nim c bn v qun l vin thng, t m hnh mng trn nn IP n nhng m hnh mng qun l vin thng hin i v cch thc hot ng, iu hnh mng vin thng qua cc giao thc qun l mng n gin.

3.1 GII THIU CHUNG V SNMP

Trong lnh vc Internet, vic qun l mng, thit b v cc trm c gi l hot ng qun mng, i chiu vi thut ng s dng trong TMN. Bt k cun sch no khi cp n qun l mng TCP/IP u khng th khng tho lun chi tit v vai tr ca giao thc qun l mng n gin SNMP v gim st t xa (RMON) cho php thc hin gim st trng thi ca cc mng t xa qua nhng cng c gim st mng din rng c tc kh thp. S pht trin rt nhanh ca SNMP song song vi s tin trin ca chng giao thc TCP/IP. Vi mong mun gim st c hin nng ca cc cng giao thc kt ni cc mng c lp vo mng Internet dn ti vic pht trin giao thc gim st cng n gin (SGMP-Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol), c coi l t tin ca giao thc SNMP. S cn thit c nhng chuyn i v ci thin cho SGMP dn n vic thnh lp IAB Hi ng hot ng Internet (Internet Activities Board), trong nm 1992 i tin thnh Hi ng kin trc Internet (Internet Architecture Board) khuyn ngh s pht trin ca chun qun l mng Internet m rng trong RFC. Vi s ng h ca IAB, T chc h tr k thut Internet (IETF) chu trch nhim cho vic thit k, th nghim v trin khai chun qun l mng Internet mi ny. Kt qu ca nhng n lc trn l nhm cc nh nghin cu v k s IETF xut bn ba RFC vo thng 8 nm 1988, to c s cho giao thc SNMP (Bng 3.1). Trong bng 3.1, l RFC khng phi l nhng ti liu c ni dung c nh, chng s c xem xt nhiu ln v hiu chnh trc khi chnh thc chp nhn l mt chun trong cng ng Internet. Mt khi c chun ha, theo thi gian nu thay i th n thng c thay th bng mt RFC khc.

49

Bng 3.1 : Nhng RFC ban u nh ngha SNMP RFC 1065 RFC 1066 RFC 1067 Kin trc v nhn dng thng tin qun l cho cc lin mng da trn nn giao thc TCP/IP. C s thng tin qun l cho vic Qun l mng ca cc lin mng da trn nn giao thc TCP/IP. Giao thc qun l mng n gin

Sau khi ra i SNMP nhanh chng tr thnh mt giao thc qun l mng thng dng cho cc mng my tnh da trn c s TCP/IP. SNMP lm cho vic trao i thng tin qun l gia cc thit b mng hot ng ti tng ng dng ca ISO/ISO tr nn thun tin hn song bn cnh n cng c nhng hn ch (xem phn tch c tnh ca SNMP trong bng 3.2). Bng 3.2: c tnh ca SNMP u im C th gim c chi ph cho vic trin khai phng thc i l dng giao thc SNMP. Vic ci t SNMP vo thit b trong cu hnh mng n gin. C th b sung thm mt cch khng hn ch thit b v cc nh cung cp cng nh l nhng i tng qun l. SNMP l mt gii php c hiu qu cho vic qun l thit b nhiu nh cung cp. Khuyt im SNMP lm tng lu lng ng k. SNMP khng cho php phn b tc ng trc tip cho cc i l. Khng c s iu khin tng hp ca nhiu ni qun l.

IETF to ra SNMP nhm cho php qun l t xa cc thit b da trn nn tng IP. N h tr mt cch rng ri cc thit b nh my ch, my in, b ni, b nh tuyn, hub... Giao thc ny c trnh by mt cch chi tit trong ti liu RFC 1157 ca IETF. Nm 1993, SNMP Version 2 (SNMPv2) c IETF a ra vi mc ch gii quyt vn tn ti trong SNMPv1 l c ch m bo bo mt. SNMPv2 c nhiu thay i so vi SNMPv1 nh h tr cc mng trung tm cp cao, mng phn tn, c ch bo mt, lm vic vi khi d liu ln... Tuy nhin SNMPv2 khng c chp nhn hon ton bi v SNMPv2 cha tho mn vn bo mt v qun tr bi vy nm 1996 nhng phn bo mt trong SNMPv2 b b qua v SNMPv2 c gi l SNMPv2 trn c s truyn thng hay SNMPv2c. Nm 1998, IETF bt u a ra SNMPv3 c nh ngha trong RFCs 2571-2575. V bn cht, SNMPv3 m rng t c c hai mc ch l bo mt v qun tr. SNMPv3 h tr kin trc theo kiu module c th d dng m rng. Nh th nu cc giao thc bo mt c m rng chng c th c h tr bi SNMPv3 bng cch nh ngha nh l cc module ring. Bn cnh mt phn quan trng ca qun tr mng l kim sot t xa. Tnh nng kim sot t xa (Remote Monitoring - RMON) nh ngha thm vo SNMP MIB nhm h tr vic qun tr lin mng. RMON to cho ngi qun tr mng kh nng kim sot ton b mng con hn l cc thit b n l trong mng con.

50

3.2. QUN L TRUYN THNG TRONG SNMP

SNMP hot ng da trn m hnh Manager/Agent. Manager c gi l trm qun l mng (QLM). Thng tin c trao i gia Agent v Manager. Cc phn t mng s tip nhn cc yu cu truy nhp t h thng qun l mng vo c s d liu. Giao thc SNMP s dng kiu kt ni khng nh hng trao i thng tin gia cc phn t v h thng qun l mng (trng hp ny l s dng UDP). UDP truyn cc gi tin theo cc khi ring bit. Tuy vy c th ty s dng cc giao thc khc truyn cc gi tin SNMP. Cc gi tin sau khi truyn qua mng, cc phn t mng hay h thng qun l mng vn gi nguyn nh dng ca SNMP. Hnh 3.1 cho thy v tr giao thc SNMP trong m hnh chng giao thc TCP/IP. Ta thy, SNMP s dng giao thc d liu ngi s dng (UDP) lm giao thc lp vn chuyn trn mng IP.

Application layer
Ping SMTP FTP Telnet NNTP etc...
RPC
NFS

DNS SNMP BOOTP etc...

Transport layer
OSPF ICMP IGMP BGP

TCP

UDP
RIP

Internet layer ARP Network Access layer

IP RARP
Data link Media (physical)

Hnh 3.1: SNMP trong TCP/IP 3.2.1 Qun l lin lc gia nh qun l vi cc tc nhn
Nhn trn phng din truyn thng, nh qun l (manager) v cc tc nhn (agent) cng l nhng ngi s dng, s dng mt giao thc ng dng. Giao thc qun l yu cu c ch vn ti h tr tng tc gia cc tc nhn v nh qun l. Nh qun l trc ht phi xc nh c cc tc nhn m n mun lin lc. c th xc nh c ng dng tc nhn bng a ch IP ca n v cng UDP c gn cho n. Cng UDP 161 c dnh ring cho cc tc nhn SNMP. Chng trnh nh qun l gi lnh SNMP vo mt phong b UDP/IP. Phong b ny cha cng ngun, a ch IP ch v cng 161. Mt thc th IP ti ch s chuyn giao khung UDP ti h thng b qun l. Tip , mt thc th UDP ti ch s chuyn pht n ti cc tc nhn. Tng t nh vy, lnh TRAP cng cn xc nh nhng nh qun l m n cn lin h. Chng s dng a ch IP cng nh cng UDP dnh cho nh qun l SNMP, l cng 162.

51

3.2.2

C ch vn chuyn thng tin gia nh qun l v tc nhn

Vic la chn c ch vn chuyn c tnh trc giao vi giao thc truyn thng . SNMP ch i hi c ch truyn ti khng tin cy d liu (datagram) truyn a cc PDU (n v d liu giao thc) gia nh qun l v cc tc nhn. iu ny cho php s nh x ca SNMP ti nhiu nhm giao thc. M hnh vn chuyn datagram gim c phc tp ca nh x tng vn chuyn. Tuy nhin, vn phi nhn thc thy s tham gia ca mt s la chn tng vn chuyn. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th s dng nhiu k thut nh a ch khc nhau. Cc tng vn chuyn khc nhau c th a ra nhng hn ch quy m ca PDU. nh x tng vn chuyn c trch nhim phi x l cc vn nh a ch, hn ch quy m PDU v mt s tham s tng vn chuyn khc. Trong phin bn th hai ca SNMP, ngi ta s dng kinh nghim lm sc nt v n gin ha qu trnh nh x ti cc chun vn chuyn khc nhau. Giao thc qun l c tch khi mi trng vn chuyn mt cch trc giao, iu ny cng c khuyn khch s dng cho bt c nhm giao thc no.

3.2.3

Bo v truyn thng lin lc gia nh qun l v cc tc nhn khi s c

Trong iu kin mng thiu n nh v thiu tin cy th s lin lc qun l cng tr nn quan trng. Lm th no cc nh qun l lin lc vi cc tc nhn mt cch tin cy? Vic SNMP s dng c ch UDP lin lc c ngha l thiu i tin cy ri. SNMP hon ton li cho chng trnh nh qun l chu trch nhim v x l vic mt thng tin. Cc lnh GET, GET-NEXT, v SET u c phc p bng mt lnh GET-RESPONSE. H thng c th d dng pht hin ra vic b mt mt lnh khi khng nhn c lnh tr li. N c th lp li yu cu mt ln na hoc c nhng hnh ng khc. Tuy nhin, cc bn tin TRAP do tc nhn to ra v khng c phc p khng nh. Khi lnh TRAP b tht lc, cc chng trnh tc nhn s khng bit v iu (tt nhin l nh qun l cng khng hay bit v iu ny). Thng thng cc bn tin TRAP mang nhng thng tin ht sc quan trng cho nh qun l, do vy nh qun l cn ch v cn bo m vic chuyn pht chng mt cch tin cy. Mt cu hi t ra l lm th no chuyn pht cc bn tin TRAP trnh mt mt, tht lc? Ta c th thit k cho cc tc nhn lp li bn tin TRAP. Bin s MIB c th c s ln lp li theo yu cu. Lnh SET ca nh qun l c th t cu hnh cho bin s ny. C mt cch khc l tc nhn c th lp li lnh TRAP cho n khi nh qun l t bin s MIB chm dt s c. Hy ghi nh rng, c hai phng php trn u ch cho ta nhng gii php tng phn. Trong trng hp th nht, s ln lp li c th khng m bo lin lc mt cch tin cy. Trong trng hp th hai, mt s c mng c th dn n vic hng lot bn tin TRAP b mt ty thuc vo tc m cc tc nhn to ra chng. iu ny lm cho s c mng tr nn trm trng hn. Trong c hai trng hp, nu ta cn chuyn pht nhng bn tin TRAP ti nhiu nh qun l, th c th xy ra tnh trng khng nht qun gia cc nh qun l hoc xy ra hin tng tht lc thng tin rt phc tp. Nu cc tc nhn phi chu trch nhim v thit k cho vic phc hi nhng bn tin TRAP th cng lm tng thm phc tp trong vic qun l cc tc nhn trong mi trng a nh ch to. Ngi ta cng theo ui ci tin c ch x l bn tin s c cho phin bn th hai ca SNMP. Th nht l n nguyn TRAP c b i v thay th n bng mt lnh GET/RESPONSE khng yu cu. Lnh ny do tc nhn to ra v chuyn n cho nh qun l by ti cng UDP-162. iu ny phn nh mt quan im l nh qun l s c c th thng nht

52

cc bn tin s c ri tr li cho cc yu cu o. Bng cch b i mt n th, giao thc c n gin ha. Ngi ta cng b sung thm mt c s thng tin qun l c bit TRAP MIB thng nht vic x l s c, cc nh qun l nhn bn tin v cc s c ny v vic lp li ci thin tin cy trong chuyn pht thng tin.

3.2.4

nh hng ca tng vn chuyn ti kh nng qun l mng

Vic s dng mng b qun l h tr cc nhu cu thng tin lin lc qun l (qun l trong bng) gy ra nhiu vn th v. Vic qun l trong bng v ngoi bng l hon ton trc giao vi vic la chn giao thc qun l. Qun l trong bng c th dn n tnh trng mt lin lc vi mt tc nhn ng lc tc nhn cn s ch v qun l (ty thuc vo ngun ca s c). Ngi ta c th lm gim nh c vn ny nu chnh cc thc th m tc nhn qun l li bo v ng truy nhp ti cc tc nhn ny. C mt nh hng nh v kh nng qun l xut hin trong bi cnh nh a ch tng vn chuyn. V d: c th xc nh c tc nhn SNMP mt cch duy nht bng a ch IP v s cng UDP. iu ny c ngha l vi mt a ch IP cho trc th ta ch c th tip cn c mt tc nhn duy nht. Hn th na, tc nhn ny li ch duy tr mt c s thng tin qun l MIB duy nht. Do vy, vi mt a ch IP duy nht ch tn ti mt MIB. Vic gn kt MIB vi a ch IP c th hn ch c phc tp ca bin s liu m tc nhn cung cp. Xem xt trong cng mt hon cnh trong h thng yu cu nhiu MIB qun l cc thnh phn khc nhau ca n. Cn phi thng nht cc MIB khc nhau ny di mt cy MIB tnh duy nht c th truy nhp chng thng qua mt tc nhn duy nht. Trong mt s hon cnh nht nh, vic thng nht khng th thc hin c. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, mi MIB i hi phi c ring mt nhm giao thc SNMP/UDP/IP. iu ny dn ti s phc tp cao trong vic t chc qun l (cc thng tin tng quan t nhiu MIB thuc mt h thng cho trc) cng nh vic truy nhp n (thng qua nhiu a ch IP). C mt cch khc l mt tc nhn duy nht trong mt h thng c th gi vai tr nh mt proxy m rng cho cc tc nhn ph ng gi nhng MIB khc nhau cng lin quan ti mt phn h cho trc. Cc phin bn m rng SNMPv2 h tr phng php ny x l nhu cu truyn thng ca nh qun l. Cc phin bn m rng ny cho php tc nhn ng vai tr nh mt nh qun l ca cc tc nhn con ti ch, do vy cho php tip cn hng lot cc tc nhn con.

3.3 CU TRC V C IM CA THNG TIN QUN L

SMI nh ngha mt c cu t chc chung cho thng tin qun l. SMI nhn dng cc kiu d liu trong MIB v ch r cch thc miu t v t tn cc ti nguyn trong MIB. SMI duy tr tnh n gin v kh nng m rng trong MIB. V th MIB ch lu nhng loi d liu n gin: cc i tng v hng v cc mng hai chiu ca cc i tng v hng. SNMP ch c th truy lc cc v hng, gm cc thc th trong bng. SMI khng cung cp cch to hoc truy xut cc cu trc d liu phc tp. Cc MIB s cha cc loi d liu do nh cung cp to ra. cung cp phng php tiu chun biu din thng tin qun tr, SMI cn lm nhng cng vic sau: Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cu trc ca MIB c bit. Cung cp k thut tiu chun nh ngha cc i tng n l, bao gm c php v gi tr ca mi i tng. Cung cp k thut tiu chun m ho cc gi tr i tng.

53

S m t cc i tng b qun l c SMI thc hin thng qua ngn ng m t ASN.1. Vic nh ngha loi i tng gm 5 trng: Object: Tn ca i tng, cn c coi nh l phn m t i tng cho mi loi i tng cng vi phn nhn dng i tng tng ng ca i tng. Syntax: C php cho loi i tng. c th l mt trong cc loi c php n gin nh: Integer, Octet String, Object Identifier, Null hay mt c php ng dng nh: a ch mng, b m, kiu Gauss, Time Ticks, dng d liu khng trong sut, hay cc loi d liu ng dng m rng (c th xem thm trong RFC 1155 bit thm chi tit). Definition: Cc nh ngha m t ng ngha ca loi i tng. Truy nhp (Access): Phng php truy nhp c th l: ch c, c-ghi hay khng th truy nhp. Trng thi (Status): C th l cng ch, ty chn hay khng cn hiu lc.

3.4 C S THNG TIN QUN L (MIB)

3.4.1 Cu trc ca MIB
Cc i tng qun l trong mi trng SNMP c sp xp theo cu trc hnh cy c th bc. Cc i tng l ca cy l i tng qun l thc, mi thnh phn trong biu th cho ti nguyn, s hot ng hoc cc thng tin lin quan c qun l. SNMP tn dng cy ng k ca OSI nh l mt th mc thng tin b qun l. Cc cy con c s dng biu th ni dung logic, cn cc bin s b qun l c lu tr ti cc l cy. Ngi ta s dng cc bin s ny biu din cc thi im ca thc th tng ng. Cu trc cy c s d liu ny c cc nh thit k MIB nh ra theo kiu tnh. Ch c s thay i m rng trong cc gi tr ca c s d liu v trong vic to ra hay xa i cc hng ca bng. Nh minh ha ti Hnh 3.2 , ngi ta s dng cy ng k nh du cc nh ngha ca cc tiu chun khc nhau. Mi nt thuc cy c nh du bng mt tn (c im nhn dng chung) v mt con s (c im nhn dng tng i). Mt nt c xc nh duy nht bng cch ni cc s t gc n nt . V d: mt cy con c nhn Internet c xc nh bng ng 1.3.6.1. Cy con ny c t trong t chc Internet ghi li cc tiu chun ca n. Cy Internet c ba cy con lin quan n qun l, l qun l (management), thc nghim (experimental) v c nhn (private). Cc cy con ny c s dng ghi li cc MIB khc nhau theo tiu chun Internet (MIB-II). Mi dng i tng lin kt trong mt MIB l mt nhn din ca kiu ASN.1 OBJECT IDENTIFIER. Vic nhn dng phc v cho vic t tn ca i tng v cng phc v cho vic nhn din cu trc ca cc dng i tng. Nhn din i tng l mt nhn din duy nht i vi mt lot i tng c th. Gi tr ca n bao gm mt dy cc s nguyn. Tp cc i tng nh ngha c cu trc hnh cy vi gc ca cy l i tng da vo chun ASN.1. Hin ti, hai phin bn ca MIB c pht trin l MIB-I v MIB-II. Trong MIB-II l s m rng ca MIB-I. Nm 1990, MIB-I c cng b theo RFC 1156, MIB-I phn tch i tng qun tr thnh tm nhm l: System, Interfaces, Address Translation, IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, v EGP. Nm 1991, MIB-II c a ra theo RFC 1213, MIB-II l siu tp ca MIB-I, c b sung mt vi i tng v nhm. MIB-II phn tch i tng qun tr thnh 10 nhm.

54

Hnh 3.2: Cy ng k ca OSI Hnh 3.3 minh ha t chc ca cy MIB-II Internet. Mc tiu ca MIB ny l cung cp cc bin s b qun l x l nhm giao thc Internet (IP, UDP, TCP, ICMP). Ngi ta chia MIB-II thnh 11 cy chc nng con. Mi cy con i din cho mt nhm bin s lin quan trc tip n thc th b qun l (thc th giao thc IP hoc TCP). Cc cy ny li tip tc c chia ra thnh cc cy con di na. Ti y ca cy l l, l c s dng nh du cc bin s b qun l thuc mt loi nht nh. Mt s l (nh sysDesc m t h thng) ch nh du mt thi im duy nht ca bin s b qun l v ch i hi mt t bo lu tr duy nht. Nhng l khc (nh tepConnState m t trng thi mt ng kt ni TCP) c th ch dn nhiu thi im khc nhau. Cc thi im khc nhau ny c t chc thnh cc ct ca t bo. Cc ct ny to thnh mt bng m cc hng ca bng ny biu din nhng thi im khc nhau ca mt thc th (nh mt ng kt ni TCP hoc mt giao din).

55

Hnh 3.3: Cy MIB-II Internet Vic nh ch dn truy nhp i vi cc thi im l mt vn n gin. T bo lin quan ti l nh vy c coi l con ca l v c nh nhn l O. V d, bin s b qun l cha s nhn dng vt th ca h thng (t bo bn di sysObject) c xc nh bi 1.3.6.2.1.1.2.0. iu ny c ngha l ng ti sysObject lin kt vi O. Tuy nhin cc s liu c xp thnh bng li i hi mt c ch ch dn phc tp hn, bi v ta cn phi xc nh mi hng trong bng mt cch duy nht (mt thi im ca thc th).

3.4.2 Truy nhp MIB

C th nhn nhn MIB nh mt ngn ng i hi vi cy MIB. Chng trnh qun l s dng cc n nguyn GET, GET-NEXT truy xut d liu t MIB. li hai n nguyn ny l GET-RESPONSE tr li d liu di dng i bin s. Ta c th s dng c hai n nguyn truy xut nhiu bin s b qun l. Lnh GET trc tip ch ra tp hp cc bin s b qun l thng qua c im nhn dng ng dn ca chng. iu ny rt hu ch cho vic truy xut d liu dng thng thng (khng theo dng bng) bi v ng truy nhp l tnh v bit trc. GET-NEXT c s dng i li trn cy v p dng cho s liu dng bng. Ta c th t truy xut s liu bng cch i li trn cy MIB. Theo quy nh ca th t ny th h thng truy xut s liu ti nt m trc ri mi n nt con t tri qua phi. Trong bng, cc ct c nh 56

th t t tri qua phi v cc hng c th t t trn xung di. Th t ny c gi l th t tin t (preorder). GET v GET-NEXT cho ta phng tin truy xut d liu MIB. Bng n nguyn SET ta c th iu khin c ng x ca thit b. SET thng c s dng khi to hnh ng ca tc nhn lm hiu ng b sung i vi nhng thay i ca MIB. V d: ta c th khi ng mt th tc kim tra chun on bng cch t trng thi hnh chnh ca thit b (thng qua SET) l th nghim. iu ny c ngha l cc tc nhn phi ch ng gim st nhng thay i ca MIB v khi to cc hnh ng cn thit. iu ny khng ging vi cc h thng c s d liu th ng m s cp nht s liu ch n thun l vic ghi li s liu. C mt nhc im ca vic truy xut s liu bng lnh GET-NEXT trong SNMP, l h thng cn phi truy nhp mt hng ti mt thi im. iu ny c th lm chm qu trnh i li trn cy, c bit trong trng hp bng c kch thc ln. Thng th h thng phi qut v truy cp ton b bng. khc phc nhc im ny, trong phin bn th hai SNMPv2 ngi ta thay lnh GET-NEXT bng lnh GET-BULK. Lnh GET-BULK truy cp mt s hng lin tc va vo mt khung UDP. Ta c th nhn nhn vic ny nh l vic tng quan ha lnh GET-NEXT ci thin thi gian truy cp i vi d liu dng bng.

3.4.3

Ni dung ca MIB

Cu trc thng tin qun l (SMI) cho ta mt m hnh n gin v s liu b qun l. M hnh ny c nh ngha bng ngn ng m phng c php d liu ASN.1. SMI m phng su loi d liu, l b m, kiu (gauge), tch tc thi gian, a ch mng, a ch IP v s liu m khng trong sut (opaque). B m c s dng din t s ly mu tch t ca chui thi gian. Kiu (gauge) din t cc mu ca chui thi gian, tch tc thi gian c s dng o thi gian tng i, cn loi s liu khng trong sut th c s dng m t mt chui bt bt k. Ngi ta cng s dng cc loi d liu c s chung nh s nguyn chui octet, c im nhn dng vt th xc nh s liu b qun l. Vic gii hn cc loi d liu trong SMI v hn ch quy m ca cc hng mc s liu trong MIB lm gim nhiu phc tp ca vic t chc lu tr, m ha, gii m s liu. Trong mi trng tc nhn c ngun ti nguyn hn ch th s n gin ha v vic iu khin ngun ti nguyn hn ch gi mt vai tr trung tm trong vic thit k SNMP. SMI cng bao gm mt MACRO m rng c bit ca ASN.1 l OBJECT-TYPE. Macro ny phc v nh mt cng c chnh xc nh cc vt th b qun l ti l ca cy MIB. Macro OBJECT-TYPE cho ta phng tin nh ngha bin s b qun l v gn cho n mt loi d liu, mt phng php truy nhp (c, vit, c/vit), mt trng thi (bt buc, ty ) v mt v tr cy MIB tnh (c im nhn dng ng). nh ngha ca Macro OBJECT-TYPE v ca cc bin s b qun l c trnh by trong bng vi phn th nht ca nh ngha MIB cho ta cc c tnh nhn dng ng ny i vi cc mode bn trong ca cy MIB v c gn vo nhiu loi d liu nhn dng vt th. Ta c th xc nh c im nhn dng ca mt nt bng cch buc mt con s vi c im nhn dng nt m ca n. Khi cc nt bn trong c xc nh, bng Macro OBJECT-TYPE h thng c th to ra cc nt ti l cy. Cc nt ti l cy ny xc nh loi d liu (c php) ca cc bin s b qun l m chng lu tr. Cc nt l cy cng iu khin vic truy nhp, xc nh trng thi v ng c im nhn dng vt th truy nhp bin s b qun l. Di y l mt s im hu ch cn lu v cc nh ngha ny v cch s dng chng: 1. Cc c im nhn dng vt th xc nh v tr ca cc nt bn trong (nh system, 57

interface) hoc l trn cy MIB (sysDescr, ifInError). Ta c th to ra c im nhn dng ng bng cch ghp ng m vi nhn ca nt (v d sysDescr={system 1}). 2. Cc bng c to nn di dng chui ca cc hng. Cc hng xc nh ra cc ct ca bng. V d: bng to giao din c thit lp t cc ct c dnh ring cho cc tham s giao din khc nhau (ifSpeed, ifInError). Cc tham s ct khc nhau ny c ng k nh l di cy con ifEntry m t trong bng. Cc nh ngha cu trc MIB ch n gin cho ta mt cu trc v c php. Ting Anh c s dng gii ngha cho cc bin s khc nhau ny. Hai phin bn trin khai thc hin MIB khc nhau c th din gii ngha ca mt s bin khc nhau. i khi ta khng th m bo vic tun th cc ng ngha. H thng c th s dng cc nh ngha chnh thc ca MIB to ra MIB v cu trc truy nhp chng. B phin dch s dng cc nh ngha ny to ra cu trc c s d liu cho vic lu tr MIB. iu ny lm n gin ha qu trnh pht trin MIB. Vic trin khai thc hin MIB l r rng. Ta c th lu tr cc s liu khng phi dng bng trong cu trc d liu tuyn tnh c nh. H thng cn to kh nng cho s liu dng bng thu nh hoc m rng khi cc hng ca bng b xa i hay c b sung. Ta c th dng cu trc ca mt danh sch lin kt hoc cy biu din cc s liu ng nh vy (cc bn ghi ca bng c lu tr ti l cy).

3.

4.

5.

Chng ta cn nhn nhn cu trc MIB theo cc h thng c s d liu truyn thng. Ngi ta c th s dng ngn ng x l d liu (DML) to ra h thng c s d liu v m t cu trc ca c s d liu. Ta c th coi m hnh SMI hoc cc phin bn m rng ca ASN.1 nh l ngn ng DML xy dng MIB. B bin dch MIB cng tng t nh b bin dch DL, c s dng to ra cu trc c s d liu t mt chng trnh tru tng. Ta cng c th coi cc n nguyn truy nhp giao thc nh ngn ng x l d liu DML. Nhn trn quan im h thng c s truyn d liu truyn thng th ta c th coi SNMP nh l mt h thng c s d liu th bc n gin m bn cht ca n do cc ngn ng DL (SMI) v DML xc nh (cc n nguyn giao thc).

3.4.4 Cc i tng ca MIB-II

Nh gii thiu trong Phn 3.4.1, MIB-II c a ra theo RFC 1213. MIB-II phn tch i tng qun tr thnh 10 nhm (trong 11 nhm a ra trong bng 3.3, nhm s 9 mang tnh cht lch s). Bng 3.3: Cc nhm i tng trong MIB-II Nhm System Group ng i {1.3.6.1.2.1.1} Vai tr Nhm h thng m t tng quan v h thng b qun l di dng vn bn k t ASCII. Bao gm OID, di thi gian t thi im ti khi ng thc th qun l mng v nhng chi tit qun tr khc. Nhm giao din: D liu giao din phn cng trn thit b chu s qun l khi khai thc ng v tnh. Thng tin ny

Interface Group

{1.3.6.1.2.1.2}

58

c trnh by di dng bng. i tng u tin (ifNumber) ch s giao din trn thit b. Mi giao din s c mt dng tng ng trong bng vi 22 ct/dng. Cc ct mang thng tin v giao din nh: tc giao din, a ch (phn cng) vt l, trng thi vn hnh hin thi v thng k v gi. Address Translation Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.3} Nhm phin dch a ch gm bn a ch IP v a ch thun vt l (c trong MIB-I nhng b phn i trong MIBII). Phn i ngha l MIB-II vn c nhm ny tng thch vi MIB-I, song c l s b loi tr trong nhng phin bn sau. Nhm phin dch a ch cung cp mt bng phin dch gia a ch IP v a ch (phn cng) vt l. Trong MIB-II v nhng phin bn sau, mi nhm giao thc s cha bng phin dch ring ca n. N cha mt bng vi mi dng gm 3 ct. Nhm giao thc Internet ny l bt buc vi tt c cc nt v cung cp thng tin trn cc my trm v router s dng IP. Nhm ny cha mt con s ca cc i tng v hng cung cp s liu thng k d liu lin quan ti IP v ba bng sau: bng a ch (ipAddrTable), bng phin dch a ch IP sang a ch vt l (ipNetToMediaTable) v bng hng i IP (ipForwardTable). RFC 1354 nh ngha ipForwardTable, thay th ipRoutingTable trong MIB-II. Nhm giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet l thnh phn bt buc ca IP v c nh ngha trong RFC 792. Nhm ICMP cung cp cc bn tin iu khin ni mng v thc hin nhiu vn hnh ICMP trong thc th b qun l. Nhm ICMP gm 26 i tng v hng duy tr s liu thng k cho nhiu loi bn tin ICMP nh s lng cc bn tin ICMP Echo Request nhn c hay s lng bn tin ICMP Redirect gi i. Nhm giao thc iu khin truyn ti l bt buc v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti vn hnh v kt ni TCP. Nhm ny c 14 i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny ghi li cc tham s TCP v s liu thng k, nh s lng kt ni TCP m thit b h tr, hoc tng s lng phn on (segment) TCP truyn. Bng tcpConnTable cha thng tin lin quan ti kt ni TCP c th. Nhm giao thc d liu ngi s dng l bt buc v cung cp thng tin lin quan ti hot ng UDP. V UDP l kt ni v hng nn nhm ny nh hn nhiu so vi nhm TCP c hng. N khng phi bin dch thng tin ca nhng n lc kt ni, thit lp, ti lp Nhm UDP cha bn i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny duy

IP Group

{1.3.6.1.2.1.4}

ICMP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.5}

TCP Group

{1.3.6.1.2.1.6}

UDP Group

{1.3.6.1.2.1.7}

59

tr thng k d liu lin quan ti UDP, v d: s lng d liu gi t thc th ny. Bng udpTable cha thng tin a ch v cng. EGP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.8} Nhm giao thc cng ngoi l bt buc vi mi h thng c trin khai EGP. EGP truyn t thng tin gia cc h thng t tr (autonomous systems), v c m t chi tit trong RFC 904. Nhm EGP gm 5 i tng v hng v mt bng. Nhng i tng v hng ny duy tr nhng thng k bn tin lin quan ti EGP. Bng egpNeighTable cha thng tin EGP ln cn. CMOT (OIM) Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.9} Trong qu trnh pht trin ca Khung cng vic qun l mng Internet (Internet Network Management Framework), c lc c gng s dng SNMP lm mt bc chuyn tip trong hon cnh thc bch c chun qun l mng, v to Giao thc thng tin qun l chung (CMIP) trn nn TCP/IP (CMOT) gii php di hn OSIcompliant. Kt qu l, nhm CMOT c t trong MIB-II. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim cho thy l SNMP khng phi l gii php chuyn tip, v giao thc qun l mng lin quan ti OSI ch yu cu cc MIB. V vy, khng chc chn l bn s gp nhm OIM trong bt k thit b qun l hoc agent SNMP thng mi no trn th trng. Tuy nhin, nhm CMOT c gi ch {1.3.6.1.2.1.9 } trong MIB-II. RFC 1214 chi tit ha cy con ny, c t OSI Internet Management (OIM) MIB. Hin ti, RFC 1214 c xp loi l giao thc lch s.

Transmission {1.3.6.1.2.1.10} Nhm truyn dn cha cc i tng lin quan n vic truyn dn d liu. RFC 1213 khng nh ngha nhng i Group tng ny r rng. Tuy nhin, ti liu ny cho bit l nhng i tng truyn dn ny s nm trong cy con thc nghim {1.3.6.1.3} cho ti khi chng c chng minh. SNMP Group {1.3.6.1.2.1.11} Nhm SNMP cung cp thng tin v cc i tng SNMP. C tng cng 30 i tng v hng trong nhm ny, bao gm nhng thng k bn tin SNMP, s lng i tng MIB khi phc (retrieved) v s lng by SNMP gi.

Mi nhm m t mt cch tng quan v thuc tnh i tng. Bng 3.4 cho ta ni dung chi tit v nhm h thng . Bng 3.4: Nhm h thng trong MIB-II Cy con nhm h thng 1.2.1.1.2 sysDescr sysObjectID (1) (2) Ni dung M t vn bn ca mt h thng b qun l Nhn dng nh ch to ca h thng di dng cy con MIB thu ring

60

sysUpTime sysContact sysName sysLocation sysServices

(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)

Thi gian theo thang 1/100 giy tnh t khi bt u qun l mng ca h thng Thng tin v tn v truy nhp ca ngi chu trch nhim Tn h thng V tr h thng Cc dch v h thng

3.5 IU HNH SNMP

3.5.1 Cc thnh phn ca SNMP
H thng qun l mng da trn SNMP gm ba thnh phn: b phn qun l (manager), i l (agent) v c s d liu gi l C s thng tin qun l (MIB). Mc d SNMP l mt giao thc qun l vic chuyn giao thng tin gia ba thc th trn, song n cng nh ngha mi quan h client-server (ch t). y, nhng chng trnh client l b phn qun l, trong khi client thc hin cc thit b t xa c th c coi l server. Khi , c s d liu do agent SNMP qun l l i din cho MIP ca SNMP. Hnh 3.4 minh ha mi quan h gia ba thnh phn SNMP ny.

3.5.1.1 B phn qun l (manager)

B phn qun l l mt chng trnh vn hnh trn mt hoc nhiu my tnh trm. Ty thuc vo cu hnh, mi b phn qun l c th c dng qun l mt mng con, hoc nhiu b phn qun l c th c dng qun l cng mt mng con hay mt mng chung. Tng tc thc s gia mt ngi s dng cui (end-user) v b phn qun l c duy tr qua vic s dng mt hoc nhiu chng trnh ng dng m, cng vi b phn qun l, bin mt bng phn cng thnh Trm qun l mng (NMS). Ngy nay, trong thi k cc chng trnh giao din ngi s dng ha (GUI), hu ht nhng chng trnh ng dng cung cp mi trng ca s ch v click chut, thc hin lin vn hnh vi b phn qun l to ra nhng bn ha v biu cung cp nhng tng kt hot ng ca mng di dng thy c. Qua b phn qun l, nhng yu cu c chuyn ti mt hoc nhiu thit b chu s qun l. Ban u SNMP c pht trin s dng trn mng TCP/IP v nhng mng ny tip tc lm mng vn chuyn cho phn ln cc sn phm qun l mng da trn SNMP. Tuy nhin SNMP cng c th c chuyn qua NetWare IPX v nhng c cu vn chuyn khc.

3.5.1.2 Agent
Thit b chu s qun l (Managed device): L mt nt mng h tr giao thc SNMP v thuc v mng b qun l. Thit b c nhim v thu thp thng tin qun l v lu tr phc v cho h thng qun l mng. Nhng thit b chu s qun l, i khi c gi nhng phn t mng, c th l nhng b nh tuyn v my ch truy nhp-Access Server, nhng switch v nhng bridge, nhng hub, my tnh hay l nhng my in trong mng. Mi thit b chu s qun l bao gm phn mm hoc phn sn (firmware) di dng m phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP v p ng ca nhng yu cu . Phn mm hoc phn sn ny c coi l mt agent. Mc d mi thit b bt buc bao gm mt agent chu qun l trc tip,

61

nhng thit b tng thch khng theo SNMP cng c th qun l c nu nh chng h tr mt giao thc qun l c quyn. thc hin c iu ny, bn phi ginh c mt agent y nhim (proxy agent). Proxy agent ny c th c xt nh mt b chuyn i giao thc v n phin dch nhng yu cu SNMP thnh giao thc qun l c quyn ca thit b khng hot ng theo giao thc SNMP. Mc d SNMP ch yu l giao thc p ng thm d (poll-respond) vi nhng yu cu do b phn qun l to ra dn n nhng p ng trong agent, agent cng c kh nng xng ra mt p ng t nguyn. p ng t nguyn ny l iu kin cnh bo t vic gim st agent vi hot ng c nh ngha trc v ch ra rng ti ngng nh trc. Di s iu khin SNMP, vic truyn cnh bo ny c coi l ci by (trap).

Hnh 3.4: Mi quan h gia cc thnh phn SNMP.

3.5.1.3 C s thng tin qun l - MIB

Mi thit b chu s qun l c th c cu hnh, trng thi v thng tin thng k rt a dng, nh ngha chc nng v kh nng vn hnh ca thit b. Thng tin ny c th bao gm vic thit lp chuyn mch phn cng, nhng gi tr khc nhau lu tr trong cc bng ghi nh d liu, b h s hoc cc trng thng tin trong h s lu tr cc file v nhng bin hoc thnh phn d liu tng t. Nhn chung, nhng thnh phn d liu ny c coi l C s thng tin qun l ca thit b chu s qun l. Xt ring, mi thnh phn d liu bin i c coi l mt i tng b qun l v bao gm tn, mt hoc nhiu thuc tnh, v mt tp cc hat ng (operation) thc hin trn i tng . V vy MIB nh ngha loi thng tin c th khi phc t mt thit b chu s qun l v nhng b tr (settings) thit b m bn c th iu khin t h thng qun l.

3.5.2

Cc lnh c bn trong SNMP

SNMP s dng cc dch v chuyn ti d liu c cung cp bi cc giao thc UDP/IP. Mt ng dng ca Manager phi nhn dng c Agent cn thng tin vi n. Mt ng dng ca Agent c nhn dng bi a ch IP ca n v mt cng UDP. Mt ng dng Manager ng gi yu cu SNMP trong mt UDP/IP, UDP/IP cha m nhn dng cng ngun, a ch IP ch v m 62

nhn dng cng UDP ca n. Khung UDP s c gi i thng qua thc th IP ti h thng c qun l, ti khung UDP s c phn phi bi thc th UDP ti Agent. Tng t cc bn tin TRAP phi c nhn dng bi cc Manager. Cc bn tin s dng a ch IP v m nhn dng cng UDP ca Manager SNMP. SNMP s dng 3 lnh c bn l Read, Write, Trap v mt s lnh ty bin qun l thit b. Lnh Read: c SNMP dng c thng tin t thit b. Cc thng tin ny c cung cp qua cc bin SNMP lu tr trn thit b v c cp nht bi thit b. Lnh Write: c SNMP dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b bng cch thay i gi tr cc bin SNMP. Lnh Trap: Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b n SNMP. Mi khi c mt s kin xy ra trn thit b mt lnh Trap s c gi ti NMS.

SNMP iu khin, theo di thit b bng cch thay i hoc thu thp thng tin qua cc bin gi tr lu trn thit b. Cc Agent ci t trn thit b tng tc vi nhng chip iu khin h tr SNMP ly ni dung hoc vit li ni dung (hnh 3.5).

Trm qun tr SNMP

SNMP Agent

Cc ti nguyn c qun tr ng dng qun tr ng dng qun tr cc i tng GetReponse Trap Cc i tng c SNMP qun tr GetRequest GetNextRequest SetRequest GetReponse Trap UDP IP Cc giao thc ph thuc mng Mng hoc Internet
Hnh 3. 5: M hnh giao thc hot ng SNMP

GetRequest GetNextRequest SetRequest

SNMP Manager UDP IP Cc giao thc ph thuc mng Cc thng bo SNMP

SNMP Agent

63

Hnh 3.6: Hot ng giao thc SNMP

3.6 SNMPv2
3.6.1 Cc thc th ca SNMPv2
Trong SNMPv2 c mt s thay i sau so vi SNMPv1 l : Thay i trong cu trc thng tin qun l SMI Nhng giao thc cho php hot ng v tng thch vi SNMPv2. Trao i thng tin cp qun l

Do vy v c bn nhng thc th trong SNMPv2 cng tng t nh trong phin bn mt, tuy nhin phc v cho thng tin cp qun l nhng thc th cp qun l cn c thm vo MIB.

3.6.2

Cu trc lnh v bn tin trong SNMPv2

Trong SNMPv2 vic trao i thng tin gia trm qun l v cc i tng qun l nhm ly thng tin v thit lp cc tham s c thc hin thng qua 5 lnh c bn (phin bn 1) cng thm 2 lnh (trong phin bn 2), thng tin trao i s dng dng bn tin. 3.6.2.1 Cu trc bn tin Thng tin trao i s dng dng bn tin SNMPv2 cha cc n v d liu giao thc (PDU). Trong SNMPv2 c tm kiu bn tin PDU. Cu trc cc bn tin ny gm cc trng nh hnh v 3.1. Trong : Trng Version: c gi tr l 1 th hin y l SNMPv2. Cc trng khc tng t nh trong SNMPv1. iu ny ch ra, hin nay, bt k mt bo mt no cng c cung cp cho SNMPv2 phi da vo khi nim truyn thng SNMPv1. Nu c mt tho thun trong tng lai v cu trc bo mt mi, n phi c thc hin di dng mt kiu bn tin mi.

64

SNMPv2 Message Version Community SNMPv2 PDU

PDU Type

Request ID

Error Status or Non-Rptr

Error Index Or Max-Reps

Object1, Value1

Object2, Value2 Variable

.....

Hnh 3.7: Cu trc dng bn tin SNMPv2

GetRequest, GetNextRequesst, SetRequest v SNMPv2-Trap PDu c cng dng vi Response v InformRequest PDu vi cc trng error-status v error-index lun l 0. Trng request-id: gi tr ca trng ny trong mt p ng PDU p ng phi bng gi tr trong trng tng ng ca PDU yu cu. Ngi qun tr c th gn mt s duy nht cho mi yu cu cn li n cng mt Agent c th phn bit cc p ng cho cc yu cu kp. Trong trng PDU Type, cc gi tr th hin nh sau: Kiu PDU GetRequest GetNextRequest Response SetRequest GetBulkRequest InformRequest SNMPv2-Trap Report Gi tr 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Trng error-status c s dng trong cc dng bn tin nh trong bng 3. sau: Bng 3.5: S dng trng trng thi li trong cc bn tin bn tin

SNMPv2 Error

Get

GetNext

GetBulk

Set

Inform

noError tooBig noSuchName1 badValue1

x x

x x

x x

x x

65

readOnly1 genErr noAccess wrongType wrongLength wrongEncoding wrongValue noCreation inconsistentValue resourceUnavailable commitFailed undoFailed authorizationError notWritable inconsistentName x
2

x x x x x x x x x x x

x2 x x

x2

Vi 1: Khng c s dng bi i tng SNMPv2 (ch c nng lc u quyn). Dng tng thch vi SNMPv1. Vi 2: Khng s dng n trong SNMPv2 ch tng thch vi SNMPv1 Trng error-index: Khi trng error-status khc 0, gi tr error-index th hin bin (i tng) trong danh sch lin kt bin gy ra li. Bin u tin trong danh sch c ch mc l 1. Bin th hai l 2 Trng cc bin lin kt: Trng ny cho php mt ton t n c p dng trong mt nhm phin bn i tng. N bao gm mt chui cc cp, phn t u tin l nhn dng i tng v thnh phn th hai l mt trong s sau: value: gi tr lin quan vi mi phin bn i tng; c m t trong mt PDU yu cu. unspecified: gi tr NULL khi s dng trong yu cu ly thng tin. noSuchObjecbn tin: th hin mt Agent khng th thc hin vi i tng c tham chiu bi nhn dng i tng . noSuchInstance: phin bn i tng khng tn ti cho ton t ny. endOfMibView: th hin mt c gng tham chiu n mt nhn dng i tng bn ngoi phn cui ca MIB ti Agent.

3.6.2.2 Truyn mt bn tin SNMPv2 Qui tc gi v nhn bn tin ca Manager v Agent c th hin trong bng 3.6.

66

Bng 3.6 : Quy tc gi v nhn mt bn tin

SNMPv2 PDU

Agent Generate

Agent Receive

Manager Generate

Manager Receive

GetRequest GetNextRequest Response SetRequest GetBulkRequest InformRequest SNMPv2-Trap x x

x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau truyn mt PDU cho mt phn t SNMPv2 khc: S dng ASN.1 m t mt PDU. PDU ny c chuyn sang dch v xc nhn cng vi cc a ch ngun v ch ca truyn thng v mt tn truyn thng. Dch v xc nhn sau thc hin nhng bin i bt k theo yu cu cho s trao i ny nh m ho hoc thm m xc nhn v tr li kt qu. Phn t giao thc sau lp nn bn tin, gm trng s hiu phin bn, tn truyn thng vo kt qu ca bc trn. i tng ASN. 1 mi ny sau c m ho s dng BER v gi n dch v giao vn.

3.6.2.3 Nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2 Mt phn t SNMPv2 thc hin cc hnh ng sau nhn mt bn tin SNMPv2: Kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b bn tin nu c php sai. Kim tra s hiu phin bn v loi b bn tin nu khng tng hp. Phn t giao thc sau chuyn trn ngi s dng, phn PDU ca bn tin v cc a ch ngun v ch ca bn tin ti dch v xc nhn. Nu xc nhn b sai, dch v xc nhn bn tin cho phn t giao thc SNMPv2 ni to ra Trap v loi b bn tin. Nu xc nhn hon thnh dch v xc nhn tr li mt PDU theo dng ca mt i tng ASN.1. Phn t giao thc thc hin kim tra c php c bn ca bn tin v loi b bn tin nu c php sai. Ngc li dng truyn thng theo tn, chnh sch truy cp SNMPv2 tng ng s c chn v PDU c s l tip theo.

3.6.3 MIB cho SNMPv2

3.6.3.1 C s thng tin qun tr (MIB) trong SNMPv2.

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MIB trong SNMPv2 nh ngha cc i tng m t tc ng ca mt phn t SNMpv2. MIB ny gm 3 nhm: Nhm h thng (System group): l mt m rng ca nhm system trong MIB-II gc, bao gm mt nhm cc i tng cho php mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn ca n. Nhm SNMP (SNMP group): mt ci tin ca nhm snmp trong MIB-II gc, bao gm cc i tng cung cp cc cng c c bn cho hot ng giao thc. Nhm cc i tng MIB (MIB objects group): mt tp hp cc i tng lin quan n cc SNMPV2-Trap PDU v cho php mt vi phn t SNMP 2 cng hot ng, thc hin nh trm qun tr, phi hp vic s dng ca chng trong ton t Set ca SNMPv2.

Nhm h thng: Nhm system nh ngha trong SNMPv2 ging trong MIB-II v b sung mt vi i tng mi. Cc i tng mi ny c tn bt u bng sysOR, chng lin quan n ti nguyn h thng v c s dng bi mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn m vic iu khin chng tu thuc vo cu hnh ng bi mt qun tr. Nhm SNMP: Nhm ny gn ging nh nhm SNMP c nh ngha trong MIB-II nhng c thm mt s i tng mi v loi b mt s i tng ban u. Nhm snmp cha mt vi thng tin lu lng c bn lin quan n ton t SNMPv2 v ch c mt trong cc i tng l b m ch c 32-bit. Nhm cc i tng MIB: Nhm cc i tng MIB cha cc i tng thch hp thm vo vic iu khin cc i tng MIB. Phn u ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpTrap, bao gm hai i tng lin quan n Trap: snmpTrapOID: l nhn dng i tng ca Trap hoc thng bo c gi hin thi. Gi tr ca i tng ny xut hin nh mt varbind th hai trong mi SNMPv2-Trap PDU v InformRequest PDU. snmpTrapEnterprise: l nhn dng i tng ca t chc lin quan n Trap c gi hin thi. Khi mt Agent u quyn SNMPv2 nh x mt Trap PDU sang mt SNMPv2-Trap PDU, bin ny xut hin nh mt varbind cui cng.

Phn th hai ca nhm ny l mt nhm con, snmpSet, bao gm mt i tng n snmpSerialNo. i tng ny c s dng gii quyt hai vn c th xut hin khi s dng ton t Set: Th nht l mt qun tr c th s dng nhiu ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB. Cc ton t ny cn thc hin theo mt trt t c a ra thm ch khi chng c truyn khng theo th t. Th hai l vic s dng ng thi cc ton t Set trn cng mt i tng MIB bi nhiu qun tr c th gy ra mt s mu thun hoc c s d liu sai. i tng snmpSet c s dng theo cch sau: Khi mt qun tr mun t mt hay nhiu gi tr i tng trong mt Agent, u tin n nhn gi tr ca i tng snmpSet. Sau n gi SetRequest PDU c danh sch bin lin kt bao gm c i tng snmpSet vi gi tr nhn c ca n. Nu nhiu qun tr gi cc setRequestPDU s dng cng mt gi tr ca snmpSet, ci n Agent trc s c thc hin (gi s khng c li) kt qu lm tng snmpSet; cc ton t set cn li s b li v khng ph hp vi gi tr snmpSet. Hn na, nu mt qun tr mun gi mt 68

chui cc ton t set v m bo rng chng c thc hin theo mt trt t nht nh th i tng snmpSet phi c gp vo trong mi ton t. 3.6.3.2 Cc trng thi thch ng cho SNMPv2 Mc ch ca cc trng thi thch ng l nh ngha mt thng bo dng ch r mc gii hn thp nht c th chp nhn khi thc hin mc thng thng. C 4 macro c nh ngha: Macro OBJECT-GROUP: Macro ny dng ch r mt nhm cc i tng c qun tr c lin quan v l n v c bn ca tnh thch ng. N cung cp mt phng thc cho mt nh sn xut m t tnh thch ng v cp ca n bng cch ch ra nhng nhm no c b sung. Macro OBJECT-GROUP gm cc mnh chnh sau: Mnh OBJECTS: lit k cc i tng trong nhm c gi tr mnh MAXACCESS l accessible-for-Notify, read-Only, read-write hoc read-create. Mnh STATUS: ch ra nh ngha ny l hin thi hay qua. Mnh DESCRIPTION: cha mt nh ngha nguyn bn ca nhm cng vi mt m t ca bt k quan h no vi nhm khc. Mnh REFERENCE: dng gp mt tham chiu qui li vo mt nhm c nh ngha trong mt vi khi thng tin khc.

Macro NOTIFICATION-GROUP: c dng nh ngha mt tp hp cc thng bo cho cc mc ch thch ng, gm cc mnh chnh sau: Mnh NOTIFICATIONS: Lit k mi thng bo cha trong nhm thch ng. Mnh STATUS: ch ra khi no nh ngha ny l hin thi hay qua. Mnh DESCRIPTION: cha mt nh ngha nguyn bn ca nhm cng vi mt m t ca bt k quan h no vi nhm khc. Mnh REFERENCE: c th c s dng gp mt tham chiu qua li vo mt nhm c nh ngha trong mt vi khi thng tin khc.

Macro MODULE-COMPLIANCE: Ch ra mt tp nh nht ca cc yu cu lin quan n vic thm mt hay nhiu khi MIB. Cc mnh STATUS, DESCRIPTION, v REFERENCE c ngha tng t nh trong cc macro OBIECTS-GROUP v NONTIFICATION-GROUP. Macro AGENT-CAPABILITIES: Dng cung cp thng tin v cc kh nng c trong mt phn t giao thc Agent SNMPv2. N c s dng m t mc h tr c bit, m mt Agent yu cu, lin quan n mt nhm MIB. V bn cht, cc tnh kh nng th hin cc ci tin hoc bin i nht nh lin quan n cc macro OBJECT-TYPE trong cc khi MIB. 3.6.3.3 S pht trin ca nhm interfaces trong MIB - II Nhm interfaces ca MIB-II nh ngha mt tp cc i tng qun tr bt k giao tip mng no cng c th c qun l c lp vi dng nht nh ca giao tip. Nhm interfaces: Bao gm i tng ifNumber v bng ifTable. i tng ifNumber phn nh s lng giao tip v do vy l s lng hng trong bng ifTable. Tuy nhin khng cn

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gii hn s lng s cc giao tip trong di 1 n gi tr ca ifNumber. iu ny cho php thm/bt ng cc giao tip. Bng m rng giao tip: Bng m rng giao tip ifXTable cung cp thng tin thm cho bng ifTable. Bng ifXTable m rng bng ifTable c sa i, do vy n c sp xp bng ifIndex t bng ifTable. Bng giao tip khi: Bng ifstackTable a ra cc quan h gia cc hng trong ifTable m c h tr bi cng giao tip vt l vi mc trung bnh. N th hin cc lp con no ang chy trn cc lp con khc. Mi mc trong ifStackTable nh ngha mt quan h gia hai mc trong ifTable. Bng giao tip kim tra: Bng ifTestTable nh ngha cc i tng cho php mt qun tr hng dn mt Agent kim tra mt giao tip vi nhiu li. Bng cha mt mc cho mt giao tip. Bng nhn a ch chung: Bng ny cha mt mc cho mi a ch m t h thng s nhn cc gi tin trn mt giao tip c th, ngoi tr khi hot ng trong ch ngu nhin. Tc l bng ny lit k cc a ch m h thng ny chp nhn v t h thng ny s gi li cc gi cha mt trong cc a ch ny nh l a ch ch.

3.7 SNMPv3
Nh trnh by trong chng trc, bn thn SNMPv2 c phn bo m bo mt c thm vo, tuy nhin phn ny cha to c s ng thun ca ngi s dng do tnh tin li v bo mt ca n. sa cha nhng thiu ht SNMPv3 c gii thiu nh mt chun ngh cho lnh vc qun tr mng v c trnh by chi tit ln u tin vo nm 1998 vi cc ti liu RFC2271 - RFC2275. Chun ny a ra nhm hon thin hn vn qun tr v bo mt. Thng 4 nm 1999 v thng 12 nm 2002, nhng ci tin, b sung nhm lm hon thin hn SNMPv3 c trnh by trong cc ti liu RFC2570-RFC2576 (nm 1999) v RFC3410RFC3418 (nm 2002). Cc ti liu t RFC3410 n RFC3418 trnh by mt cch chi tit v y nht v SNMPv3, c s thng tin qun tr SNMPv3, cu trc thng tin qun tr SNMPv3, s tng thch gia SNMPv1, SNMPv2, SNMPv2c v SNMPv3... Mc ch chnh ca SNMPv3 l h tr kin trc theo kiu module c th d dng m rng. Theo cch ny, nu cc giao thc bo mt mi c m rng chng c th c h tr bi SNMPv3 bng cc nh ngha nh l cc module ring. C s thng tin qun tr v cc dng bn tin s dng trong SNMPv3 cng hon ton tng t trong SNMPv2.

3.7.1

Cc c im mi ca SNMPv3

SNMPv3 da trn vic thc hin giao thc, loi d liu v u quyn nh SNMPv2 v ci tin phn an ton. SNMPv3 cung cp an ton truy cp cc thit b bng cch kt hp s xc nhn v m ho cc gi tin trn mng. Nhng c im bo mt cung cp trong SNMPv3 l: Tnh ton vn thng bo : m bo cc gi tin khng b sa trong khi truyn. S xc nhn: Xc nhn ngun ca thng bo gi n. M ho: o ni dung ca gi tin ngn cn vic gi thng bo t ngun khng c xc nhn.

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SNMPv3 cung cp c m hnh an ton v cc mc an ton. M hnh an ton l thc hin vic xc nhn c thit lp cho ngi s dng v nhm cc ngi s dng hin c. Mc an ton l mc bo m an ton trong m hnh an ton. S kt hp ca m hnh an ton v mc an ton s xc nh c ch an ton khi gi mt gi tin. Tuy nhin vic s dng SNMPv3 rt phc tp v cng knh. Tuy y l s la chn tt nht cho vn bo mt ca mng. Nhng vic s dng s tn rt nhiu ti nguyn do trong mi bn tin truyn i s c phn m ha BER. N s chim mt phn bng thng ng truyn do lm tng ph tn mng. Mc d c coi l phin bn ngh cui cng v c coi l y nht nhng SNMPv3 vn ch l tiu chun d tho v vn ang c nghin cu hon thin.

3.7.2 Nhng thay i h tr bo mt v nhn thc trong SNMPv3

3.7.2.1 Cc thnh phn v nguyn tc trao i thng tin

Cu trc phn t SNMP Tt c cc Agent SNMP v trm qun tr SNMP trc y nay c gi l cc phn t SNMP. Mt phn t SNMP c to ra t hai phn: mt cng c SNMP (SNMP engine) v cc phn mm ng dng SNMP (application(s)). SNMP engine Cng c SNMP cung cp cc dch v cho qu trnh gi v nhn cc bn tin, chng thc v m ho cc bn tin, iu khin truy cp ti cc i tng qun l. C mt s kt hp 1-1 gia cng c SNMP v phn t SNMP cha n.
Cng c SNMP cha bn thnh phn l: Dispatcher: B iu vn. Message Processing Subsystem: Phn h x l bn tin. Security Subsystem: Phn h bo mt. Access Control Subsystem: Phn h iu khin truy cp.

B iu vn: Trong mi phn t SNMP ch c mt b iu vn duy nht. N cho php s h tr tn ti nhiu phin bn khc nhau ca bn tin SNMP. B iu vn c trch nhim: Gi v nhn cc bn tin SNMP. Xc nh cc phin bn ca bn tin v tng tc tng ng vi cc m hnh x l bn tin. Khi nhn c mt bn tin, b iu vn xc nh s hiu phin bn ca bn tin v sau chuyn bn tin n khi x l bn tin tng ng. Nu bn tin khng th phn tch xc nh phin bn th b m snmpInASNParseErrs tng ln v bn tin b loi b. Nu phin bn khng c h tr bi phn h x l bn tin th b m snmpInBadVersions tng ln v bn tin b loi b. Cung cp mt giao din tru tng ti ng dng SNMP cho s gi v nhn ca PDU ti ng dng. Cung cp mt giao din tru tng ti cc ng dng SNMP m n cho php chng gi mt PDU ti mt phn t SNMP xa. 71

Phn h x l bn tin: Phn h x l bn tin c trch nhim: chun b cc bn tin gi i v trch d liu t cc bn tin nhn c. Phn h x l bn tin c to thnh t mt hoc nhiu khi x l bn tin. S sau a ra mt phn h x l bn tin h tr cc m hnh SNMPv3, SNMPv1, SNMPv2 v mt vi m hnh khc. Phn h bo mt: Cc phn h bo mt cung cp cc dch v bo mt nh: xc nhn bn tin, m ho v gii m cc bn tin m bo b mt.

SNMP entity Phn t SNMP SNMP engine Cng c SNMP Message Processing Subsystem H thng con x l bn tin Security Subsystem H thng con bo mt Access Control Subsystem H thng con iu khin truy cp

Dispathcher B iu vn

Application(s) Mt (nhiu) ng dng Command Generator B to lnh Command Responder B p ng lnh Notification Receiver B nhn bn tin Notification Originator B pht bn tin Proxy Forwarder B chuyn tip u quyn Other Cc b khc

Hnh 3.8 Cu trc phn t SNMP S sau a ra phn h bo mt h tr cc m hnh cho SNMPv3, m hnh trn c s truyn thng v vi m hnh khc. M hnh trn c s truyn thng h tr SNMPv1 v SNMPv2c.

Security Subsystem Phn h bo mt User-Based Security Model M hnh bo mt ngi dng Community-Based Security Model M hnh bo mt truyn thng
Hnh 3.9 Phn h bo mt

Other Security Model M hnh bo mt khc

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M hnh bo mt trn c s ngui dng s bo v cc bn tin SNMPv3 t cc mi nguy him: Mt ngi c php gi mt bn tin m c th b sa trong khi truyn bi mt phn t SNMP khng c php. Ngi dng khng c php c gng gi trang nh ngi dng c php. Sa chui bn tin SNMP da trn c s UDP l dch v vn chuyn khng lin kt. Cc bn tin c kh nng b bt gi v sp xp li, lm chm v c th chuyn li sau . Nghe trm, do cc bn tin cho php c m ho, mt ai nghe trm trn ng dy s khng th phn on rng h nhn c g.

Phn t SNMP Mt (nhiu) ng dng B pht bn tin B nhn bn tin B to lnh

B iu vn iu vn PDU

H thng con bo mt v1MP * v2cMP *

H thng con x l bn tin M hnh bo mt khc

iu vn bn tin

v3MP * otherMP *

M hnh bo mt ngi dng

C ch

UDP

IPX

......

Loi khc * : Mt hoc nhiu m hnh hin hu

Mng

Hnh 3.10: Cc thnh phn ca mt SNMP Manager.

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Phn h iu khin truy cp : Trch nhim ca phn h iu khin truy cp l: xc nh khi no vic truy cp vo mt i tng qun tr l c php. Hin nay mi nh ngha mt m hnh: m hnh iu khin truy cp trn c s thm tra (View-base Access Control ModelVACM). Cu trc SNMPv3 cho php cc m hnh iu khin truy cp b sung c nh ngha trong tng lai.

Phn mm ng dng SNMPv3

Phn t SNMP MIB

ng dng B p ng lnh

iu khin truy cp

ng dng B pht bn tin

ng dng B chuyn tip u quyn

B iu vn iu vn PDU

Phn h bo mt v1MP * v2cMP *

H thng con x l bn tin M hnh bo mt khc

iu vn bn tin

v3MP * otherMP *

M hnh bo mt ngi dng

C ch

UDP

IPX

......

Loi khc * : Mt hoc nhiu m hnh hin hu

Mng

Hnh 3.11 Cc thnh phn ca mt SNMP Agent. i vi SNMPv3 khi ni n cc ng dng, ta cn xem y l cc ng dng ni b bn trong phn t SNMP. Cc ng dng ni b ny thc hin cng vic nh to ra cc bn tin SNMP, 74

p ng li cc bn tin nhn c, nhn cc bn tin v chuyn tip cc bn tin gia cc phn t. Hin c nm loi ng dng c nh ngha: Cc b to lnh (Command Generator): To ra cc lnh SNMP thu thp hoc thit lp cc d liu qun l. Cc b p ng lnh (Command Respoder): Cung cp vic truy cp ti d liu qun l. V d cc lnh Get, GetNext, Get-Bulk v Set PDUs c thc hin bi cc b p ng lnh. Cc b to bn tin (Notification Originator): Khi to Trap hoc Inform. Cc b nhn bn tin (Notification Receiver) Nhn v x l cc bn tin Trap hoc Inform. Cc b chuyn tip u nhim ( Proxy Forwarder): Chuyn tip cc thong bo gia cc phn t SNMP.

SNMP Manager: Mt phn t SNMP bao gm mt hoc nhiu cc b to lnh v/hoc cc b nhn bn tin gia cc phn t SNMP. Mt SNMP Manager c gii thiu di: SNMP Agent: Mt phn t SNMP bao gm mt hoc nhiu cc b p ng lnh v/hoc cc b to bn tin (cng vi cng c SNMP kt hp chng) c gi l mt SNMP Agent. Mt SNMP Agent c gii thiu hnh 3.11 Gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu Qu trnh gi mt bn tin hoc mt yu cu gm cc bc sau: Yu cu ng dng c to ra nh sau Nu gi tr messageProcessingModel khng miu t mt m hnh x l bn tin c bit ti t b iu vn th gi tr errorIndication c tr li cho ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. B iu vn to ra sendPduHandle cho qu trnh x l tip theo. B iu vn bn tin gi yu cu ti module x l bn tin phin bn c trng v c xc nh bi messageProcessingModel Nu statusInformation biu th li, th gi tr errorIndication c tr li cho ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. Nu statusInformation biu th s chp thun, th sendPduHandle c tr v ng dng v outgoingMessage c gi i. Truyn thng c s dng gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v a ch m n gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress. Qu trnh x l mt bn tin gi i hon tt.

Gi mt p ng ti mng Qu trnh gi mt p ng mt bn tin din ra nh sau:

To ra mt ng dng cha yu cu s dng

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B iu vn bn tin s gi yu cu ti m hnh x l bn tin thch hp c nhn bit qua gi tr messageProcessingModel. Khi mt p ng chun b c gi i Nu result l errorIndication th errorIndication s tr li ng dng gi ti v khng c hnh ng no c x l na. Nu result c chp nhn th outgoingMessage c gi i.Truyn thng c s dng gi outgoingMessage c tr v qua destTransportDomain v a ch m n gi c tr v qua destTransportAddress.

Qu trnh iu phi bn tin ca bn tin SNMP nhn c

Gi tr snmpInPkts c tng ln. Nu gi tin khng phn tch c y phin bn ca bn tin SNMP hoc nu phin bn khng c h tr th gi tr snmpInASNParseErrs c tng ln v bn tin nhn c b loi b v khng x l na. Ngun gc ca transportDomain v transportAddress c xc nh. Bn tin chuyn qua m hnh x l bn tin v thnh phn d liu tru tng c tr v bi b iu vn: Nu result l errorIndication khng thch hp th bn tin b hu b v qu trnh x l kt thc. Tip theo, tu vo gi tr ca sendPduHandle l rng hay khng rng ta c hai hng x l tip.

iu phi PDU ca bn tin SNMP nhn c Nu sendPduHandle l rng th bn tin nhn c l mt yu cu hoc mt bn tin. Qu trnh x l nh sau:
Gi tr ca contextEngineID v pduType c phi hp quyt nh xem ng dng ng k cho mt bn tin hay mt yu cu. Nu khng c ng dng no c ng k: 9 snmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln. 9 Mt p ng c chun b to ra 9 Nu result l thnh cng th bn tin chun b c gi i. Qu trnh x l kt thc. Trng hp cn li: Pdu c x l

Bn tin n l mt p ng: Gi tr sendpduHandle c xc nh. ng dng ang i p ng ny c xc nh thng quan sendpduHandle. Nu khng c ng dng no i , bn tin b hu b v qu trnh x l kt thc. stateReference c gii phng. nmpUnknownPDUHandlers c tng ln. Qu trnh x l kt thc.

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Nu xut hin ng dng ang i th p ng c tr v:

3.7.2.2 M hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng

Cc giao din dch v tru tng Cc giao din dch v tru tng c nh ngha m t cc giao din khi nim gia cc phn h khc nhau bn trong mt phn t SNMP. Mt cch tng t, mt tp cc giao din dch v tru tng c nh ngha bn trong m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng (USM: User-base Security Model) m t cc giao din khi nim gia cc dch v USM chung v cc dch v ring v xc thc c lp.
Nhng giao din dch v tru tng ny c nh ngha bi mt tp cc giao din nguyn thu m xc nh cc dch v cung cp v cc phn t d liu tru tng m phi c truyn i khi cc dch v c gi. Phn ny lit k cc giao din nguyn thu m c nh ngha cho m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng.

Cc giao din nguyn thu xc thc m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng M hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng cung cp cc giao din nguyn thu bn trong truyn d liu i v n gia bn thn m hnh bo mt v dch v xc thc Cc giao din nguyn thu bo mt ca m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng M hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng cung cp cc giao din nguyn thu truyn d liu i v v gia bn thn m hnh bo mt v dch v bo mt (privacy service) Ngi dng ca m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng Cc hot ng qun l s dng m hnh bo mt ny phi s dng mt tp nh ngha trc cc ID ngi dng. i vi bt c ngi dng no m vi t cch ca h, cc hot ng qun l c xc thc ti mt phn t SNMP no , m phn t SNMP phi c thng tin v ngi dng . Mt phn t SNMP m mun giao tip vi mt phn t SNMP khc cng phi c thng tin v mt ngi dng c bit bi my , bao gm thng tin v cc thuc tnh c th dng c ca ngi dng .
Mt ngi dng v cc thuc tnh ca h c xc nh nh sau: UserName: Mt chui th hin tn ca ngi dng. securityName: Mt chui c th c c th hin ngi dng theo mt khun dng, l tnh c lp ca m hnh bo mt. C mt mi quan h mt-mt gia userName v securityName. authProtocol: Mt du hiu cho bit cc bn tin gi vi vai tr ca ngi dng ny c c xc thc hay khng, v nu c, kiu giao thc xc thc c s dng l g. C hai giao thc nh vy c nh ngha trong ghi ch ny: 9 Giao thc xc thc HMAC-MD5-96. 9 Giao thc xc thc HMAC-SHA-96. authKey: Nu cc bn tin c gi vi vai tr ngi dng ny c xc thc, kho xc thc (bo mt) i vi vic s dng cng gioa thc xc thc. Ch rng kho xc thc ca ngi dng thng thng s khc nhau i vi cc phn t

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SNMP xc thc khc nhau. authKey khng th truy nhp thng quaSNMP. Cc yu cu chiu di ca authKey c nh ngha bi authProtocol c s dng. authKeyChange v authOwnKeyChange: Cc duy nhn cp nht t xa kho nhn thc. Lm nh vy theo mt cch bo mt, v th vic cp nht c th c hon thnh m khng cn s dng bo v ring (privacy protection). privProtocol: Mt du hiu cho bit cc bn tin gi vi vai tr ngi dng ny c c bo v khi bi l khng, v nu nh vy, kiu giao thc bo mt no c s dng. Mt giao thc nh vy c nh ngha trong ghi ch ny: giao thc m ho i xng CBC-DES. privKey: Nu cc bn tin gi vi vai tr ngi dng ny c th c m ho/gii m, kho bo mt i vi vic s dng giao thc bo mt l g. Ch rng kho bo mt ca ngi dng thng thng s khc nhau i vi cc phn t SNMP xc thc khc nhau. privKey khng th truy cp thng qua SNMP. Cc yu cu di ca privKey c nh ngha bi privProtocol c s dng. privKeyChange and privOwnKeyChange: Cch duy nht cp nht t xa kho m ho. Lm nh vy l mt cch bo mt, do vic cp nht c th c hon thnh m khng cn ti bo v ring.

Cc bn tin SNMP s dng m hnh bo mt C php ca mt bn tin SNMP s dng m hnh bo mt ny gi vng khun dng bn tin nh ngha trong ti tiu M hnh x l bn tin cc phin bn trc (v d nh RFC3412).
Trng msgSecurityParameters trong cc bn tin SNMPv3 c kiu d liu OCTET STRING. Cc gi tr ca n l chui BER theo th t ASN. 1 Cc dch v c cung cp bi m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng Phn ny m t cc dch v c cung cp bi m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng vi cc u vo v u ra ca chng. Cc dch v cho vic sinh ra mt bn tin SNMP gi i: Khi mt phn h x l bn tin (MP) gi module bo mt da trn ngi dng bo v mt bn tin SNMP gi i, n phi s dng dch v thch hp c cung cp bi module bo mt. C hai dch v c cung cp:
-

Mt dch v sinh ra mt bn tin yu cu Mt dch v sinh ra mt bn tin tr li

Cho n khi tin trnh hon thnh, module bo mt da trn ngi dng tr li statusInformation. Nu tin trnh thnh cng, bn tin hon thnh vi vic bo mt v xc thc c p dng nu n c yu cu nh vy th securityLevel c th c tr li. Nu tin trnh khng thnh cng, th mt errorIndication c tr li.

Cc dch v cho vic x l bn tin SNMP n: Khi phn h x l bn tin (MP) gi module bo mt da trn ngi dng kim tra bo mt ng n ca bn tin n, n phi s dng dch v c cung cp cho mt bn tin n. Cho n khi hon thnh tin trnh, module bo mt da trn ngi dng tri li statusInformation, v nu tin trnh thnh cng, cc phn t d liu thm vo cho vic x l su hn bn tin. Nu tin trnh khng thnh cng, 78

th mt errorIndication, c th vi mt OID v cp gi tr ca mt b m li m c tng ln. To ra mt bn tin SNMP gi i Phn ny m t th tc c sinh ra bi mt phn t SNMP khi n sinh ra mt bn tin cha mt hot ng qun l (nh mt yu cu, mt phn hi, mt bn tin, mt bo co) vi vai tr ca mt ngi dng, vi mt securityLevel c th. Nu mt securityStateReference c truyn i (bn tin phn hi hoc bo co), thng tin lin quan n ngi dng c trch ra t cachedSecurityData. cachedSecurityData by gi c th b loi b. securityEngineID c thit lp v snmpEngineID cc b. securityLevel c thit lp v mt gi tr c th c ch ra bi module gi. Da trn securityName, thng tin lin quan n ngi dng ti snmpEngineID ch, c ch ra bi securityEngineID, c trch ra t b lu tr d liu cu hnh cc b (LCD, usmUserTable). Nu thng tin v ngi dng khng c LCD, th mt du hiu li (unknownSecurityName) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, nhng ngi dng khng h tr c giao thc xc thc v bo mt, th bn tin khng c gi i. Mt du hiu li (unsupportedSecurityLevel) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, nhng ngi dng khng khng h tr mt giao thc xc thc, th bn tin khng c gi i. Mt du hiu li (unsupportedSecurityLevel) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c bo v khi s bi l, th chui octet th hin scopedPDU a ra c m ho theo giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng. lm nh vy, mt li gi c thc hin cho module bo mt m thc thi giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng theo giao din nguyn thu tru tng. Nu module bo mt tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th c gi i v mt du hiu li (encryptionError) c tr li cho module gi. Nu module bo mt tr li thnh cng, th privParameters tr v c a vo trng msgPrivacyParameters ca securityParameters v encryptedPDU phc v nh l trng ti ca bn tin ang c chun b. Ngc li, nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin khng c bo v khi s bi l, th mt OCTET STRING c chiu di bng khng c m ho vo trng msgPrivacyParameters ca securityParameters v scopedPDU thun vn bn phc v nh l trng ti ca bn tin ang c chun b. securityEngineID c m ho thnh mt OCTET STRING vo trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID ca securityParameters. Ch rng mt securityEngineID rng (chiu di bng khng) l chp nhn c i vi bn 79

tin yu cu, bi v n s lm cho phn t SNMP (xc thc) xa tr li mt bo co PDU vi sercurityEngineID chnh xc c t trong msgAuthoritativeEngineID trong sercurityParameters ca phn t tr li bo co PDU. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, th cc gi tr hin thi ca snmpEngineBoots v snmpEngineTime p ng cho securityEngineID t LCD c s dng. Ngc li, nu y l mt bn tin bo co hoc phn hi, th gi tr hin thi ca snmpEngineBoots v snmpEngineTime p ng cho snmpEngineID cc b t LCD c s dng. Ngc li, nu y l mt bn tin yu cu, th gi tr zero c s dng cho c snmpEngineBoots v snmpEngineTime. Gi tr zero ny c s dng nu snmpEngineID rng. Cc gi tr c m ho thnh INTEGER vo cc trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots v msgAuthoritativeEngineTime ca securityParameters. userName c m ho thnh mt OCTET STRING vo trng msgUserName ca securityParameters. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, bn tin c xc thc theo giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng. lm nh vy mt li gi c thc hin i vi module xc thc m thc thi giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng. Nu module xc thc tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th c gi i v mt du hiu li (authenticationFailure) c tr li cho module xc thc. Nu module xc thc tr li thnh cng, th trng msgAuthenticationParameters c t vo securityParameters v authenticatedWholeMsg th hin s pht hnh ca bn tin xc thc ang c chun b. Ngc li, nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin khng c xc thc th mt OCTET STRING chiu di bng khng c m ho vo trng msgAuthenticationParameters ca securityParameters. wholeMsg by gi c pht hnh v sau th hin bn tin xc thc ang c chun b. Bn tin hon thnh vi chiu di ca n c tr li cho module gi vi statusInformation thit lp v thnh cng.

X l mt bn tin SNMP n Phn ny m t cc th tc c sinh ra bi mt phn t SNMP bt c khi no n nhn c mt bn tin cha mt hot ng qun l vi vai tr ca mt ngi dng, vi mt securityLevel c th. n gin ho cc thnh phn ca th tc, vic gii phng thng tin trng thi khng phi lun c ch ra mt cch r rng. Nh mt nguyn tc chung, nu 80

thng tin trng thi l c sn khi mt bn tin b loi b, thng tin trng thi cng c loi b. Hn na, mt du hiu li c th tr li mt OID v gi tr cho mt b m tng dn v mt gi tr tu chn cho securityLevel, v cc gi tr cho contextEngineID hoc contextName cho b m. Thm vo , d liu securityStateReference c tr li nu bt c thng tin no nh vy c sn ti im m li c pht hin. Nu securityParameters nhn c khng phi l s pht hnh lin tc ca mt OCTET STRING c nh dng theo UsmSecurityParameters nh ngha trn, th b m snmpInASNParseErrs [RFC3418] c tng ln, v mt du hiu li (parseError) c tr li cho module gi. Ch rng chng ta tr li m khng c OID v gi tr ca b m c tng ln, bi v trong trng hp ny khng thng tin sinh ra bo co PDU. Cc gi tr ca cc trng tham s bo mt c trch t securityParameters. securityEngineID c tr li cho bn gi l gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID. cachedSecurityData c chun b v mt sercurityStateReference c chun b tham chiu ti d liu ny. Cc gi tr c lu tr l: msgUserName. Nu gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID trong securityParameters l khng bit th: Mt phn t SNMP khng xc thc m thc hin khi phc c th to ra mt mc mi mt cch tu chn trong kho d liu cu hnh cc b (LCD) ca n v tip tc x l, hoc b m usmStatsUnknownEngine c tng ln v mt du hiu li (unknownEngineID) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Ch rng s kin nhn c msgAuthoritativeEngineID c chiu di bng khng, hoc c kch c khng hp l khc nn c chn lm cho vic khi phc engineID tr nn thun li. Mt khc, vic la chn gia a v b l mt vn pht sinh trong ci t. Thng tin v gi tr ca cc trng msgUserName v msgAuthoritativeEngineID c trch ra t kho d liu cu hnh cc b(LCD, usmUserTable). Nu khng c thng tin no c sn cho ngi dng, th b m usmStatsUnknownUserNames c tng ln v mt du hiu li (unknownSecurityName) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu thng tin v ngi dng ch ra rng n khng h tr securityLevel c yu cu bi bn gi, th b m usmStatsUnsupportedSecLevels c tng ln v mt du hiu li (unsupportedSecurityLevel) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c xc thc, th bn tin c xc thc theo giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng. lm nh vy, phi thc hin mt li gi n module xc thc m thc thi giao thc xc thc ca ngi dng theo giao din nguyn thu ca dch v tru tng. 81

Nu module xc thc tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th trung thc c, v th b m usmStatsWrongDigests c tng ln v mt du hiu li (authenticationFailure) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu module xc thc tr li thnh cng, th bn tin l xc thc v c th tin cy c, v th vic x l c tip tc. Nu securityLevel ch ra mt bn tin xc thc, th cc gi tr cc b ca snmpEngineBoots, snmpEngineTime v latestReceivedEngineTime p ng cho gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID c trch t kho d liu cu hnh cc b. Nu gi tr trch ra ca msgAuthoritativeEngineID ging vi gi tr ca snmpEngineID ca phn t SNMP x l (ngha l y l mt phn t SNMP xc thc), th nu bt c iu kin no sau y l ng, th bn tin c xem l ngoi ca s thi gian:
9 Gi tr cc b ca snmpEngineBoots l 2147483647. 9 Gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots khc vi gi tr cc b ca snmpEngineBoots; hoc gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime khc vi khi nim cc b ca snmpEngineTime nhiu hn 150 giy.

Nu bn tin c xem l ngoi ca s thi gian, th b m usmStatsNotInTimeWindows c tng ln v mt du hiu li (notInTimeWindow) cng vi OID, gi tr ca b m tng ln , v mt du hiu rng li phi c bo co vi mt securityLevel ca authNoPriv, c tr li cho module gi. Nu gi tr trch ra c ca msgAuthoritativeEngineID khng ging vi gi tr snmpEngineID ca phn t SNMP x l (ngha l khng phi l phn t SNMP xc thc) th t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau l ng:
9 Gi tr trch ra c ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots ln hn khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineBoots, v gi tr trch ra c ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime ln h n gi tr ca latestReceivedEngineTime, th mc LCD p ng cho gi tr trch c ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineID c cp nht, bng cch thit lp. 9 Khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineBoots bng gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots. 9 Khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineTime bng gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime v latestReceivedEngineTime bng gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime.

82

Nu bt c iu kin no sau y ng, th bn tin c xem l ngoi ca s thi gian:

9 Khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineBoots l 2147483647. 9 Gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots l nh hn khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineBoots hoc gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineBoots bng vi khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineBoots v gi tr ca trng msgAuthoritativeEngineTime ln hn 150 giy nh hn khi nim cc b ca gi tr snmpEngineTime.

Nu bn tin c xem l ngoi ca s thi gian th mt du hiu li (notInTimeWindow) c tr li cho module gi. Nu securityLevel ch ra rng bn tin c bo v khi s bi l, th OCTET STRING th hin encryptedPDU c gii m theo giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng t c gi tr scopedPDU pht hnh khng c m ho. lm nh vy, phi thc hin mt li gi n module bo mt m thc thi giao thc bo mt ca ngi dng theo giao din nguyn thu tru tng. Nu module bo mt tr li tht bi, th bn tin khng th x l c, do b m usmStatsDecryptionErrors c tng ln v mt du hiu li (decryptionError) cng vi OID v gi tr ca b m tng ln c tr li cho module gi. Nu module bo mt tr li thnh cng, th scopedPDU gii m l trng ti bn tin c tr li cho module gi. Ngc li, thnh phn scopedPDU c gi thit l thun vn bn v l trng ti bn tin c tr li cho module gi. maxSizeResponseScopedPDU c tnh ton. y l kch c ti a c cho php cho mt scopedPDU i vi mt bn tin phn hi. S cung cp c thc hin i vi mt tiu bn tin m cho php cng securityLevel nh trong yu cu nhn c. securityName cho ngi dng c khi phc t usmUserTable. D liu bo mt c lu tr l cachedSecurityData, v th mt phn hi c th thc hin c cho bn tin ny c th v s s dng cng xc thc v cc bo mt. statusInformation c thit lp l thnh cng v mt kt qu tr li c thc hin cho module gi truyn v cc tham s OUT nh c ch ra trong giao din nguyn thu processIncomingMsg.

Trong chng ny mi ch cp n tng bc trong qu trnh x l bn tin cn chi tit hn v cu lnh sinh vin cn nghin cu thm ti liu tham kho.

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CU HI N TP CHNG 3
1. SNMP l A. Giao thc qun l mng n gin B. Giao thc qun l Internet n gin C. Giao thc qun l mng ng b D. Giao thc gim st mng n gin 2. SNMPv3 b sung ... so vi phin bn SNMP u tin A. Nhn thc B. Tnh di ng 3. C cc phin bn SNMP A.SNMPv1 B. SNMPv2 C. SNMPv3 D. SNMPv4 4. Trong cu trc cy MIB-II c i tng : A. 8 B. 10 C. 12 D. 14 5. SNMP l giao thc ng dng s dng giao thc lp vn chuyn: A. UDP B. TCP C. FTP 6. Phin bn no ca giao thc SNMP h tr tnh bo mt v nhn thc A. A.SNMPv1 B. SNMPv2 C. SNMPv3 7. Trong m hnh TCP/IP, SNMP nm lp: A. Vt l B. Mng C. Vn chuyn D. ng dng 8. SNMP s dng lnh c bn l Read A. c thng tin t thit b B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b 9. SNMP s dng lnh c bn l Write C. Bo mt D. Tnh chnh xc

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A. c thng tin t thit b B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b 10. SNMP s dng lnh c bn l Trap A. c thng tin t thit b B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. Dng nhn cc s kin gi t thit b 11. C bao nhiu cy con lin quan ti qun l trong cy Internet? A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 12. H thng qun l mng da trn SNMP c bao nhiu thnh phn? A. 2 B. 4 C. 4 13. SNMP s dng cc lnh qun l thit b, trong lnh Read dng A. Nhn cc s kin gi t thit b n SNMP B. Ghi cc thng tin iu khin ln thit b C. c thng tin t thit b. D. c thng tin qun l. 14. Phn t Agent trong SNMP c nhim v: A. Thu thp thng tin qun l B. Lu tr thng tin qun l phc v cho h thng qun l mng. C. iu khin v qun l cc phn t trong SNMP 15. Cu trc thng tin qun l (SMI) m phng bao nhiu loi d liu? A. 3 B. 4 C.5 D. 6 16. Trong SNMPv2 c mt s thay i sau so vi SNMPv1 l : A.Thay i trong cu trc thng tin qun l SMI B. Nhng giao thc cho php hot ng v tng thch vi SNMPv2. C. Trao i thng tin cp qun l D. C ba trn 17. Cu trc bn tin SNMPv2 bao gm c . A.3 phn l Version, Community v PDU

85

B 2 phn l Version v Community C c PDU. D.4 phn l Version, Community, PDU v CRC 18. Trong SNMPv2 c kiu PDU A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8 19. Bn tin GetRequest c gi t A. Phn t qun l n phn t b qun l B. Phn t b qun l n phn t qun l C. Gia cc phn t qun l D. Gia cc phn t b qun l 20. Bn tin Response c gi t A. Cc phn t b qun l B. Cc phn t qun l C. C hai phn t trn D. Khng t phn t no c 21. Nhngloi bn tin no c gi gia hai phn t qun l A. GetRequest B. GetNextRequest C. Response D. Response v InformRequest 22. Nhng loi bn tin no c gi bi phn t b qun l A. SetRequest B. GetBulkRequest v InformRequest C. Response D. SNMPv2-Trap 23. MIB trong SNMPv2 nh ngha cc i tng m t tc ng ca mt phn t SNMpv2 gm .. A. 2 nhm B. 3 nhm C. 4 nhm D. 5 nhm 24. Trong SNMPv2, nhm.: l mt m rng ca nhm system trong MIB-II gc, bao gm mt nhm cc i tng cho php mt Agent SNMPv2 m t cc i tng ti nguyn ca n. A. Nhm h thng (System group)

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B. Nhm SNMP (SNMP group) C. Nhm cc i tng MIB (MIB objects group) D. Nhm qun l (managing group) 25. Nhng c im bo mt cung cp trong SNMPv3 l A. Tnh ton vn thng bo : m bo cc gi tin khng b sa trong khi truyn. B. S xc nhn: Xc nhn ngun ca thng bo gi n. C. M ho: o ni dung ca gi tin ngn cn vic gi thng bo t ngun khng c xc nhn. D. C ba trn 26. Trong SNMPv3, mt phn t SNMP c to ra t A. Hai phn: mt cng c SNMP (SNMP engine) v cc phn mm ng dng SNMP (application(s)). B. Cc cng c SNMP (SNMP engine) C. Cc phn mm ng dng SNMP (application(s)). D. Mt agent ca SNMP 27. Trong SNMPv3, cng c SNMP cha A. Bn thnh phn l: B iu vn, phn h x l bn tin, phn h bo mt, phn h iu khin truy cp. B. Ba thnh phn l: B iu vn, phn h x l bn tin, phn h bo mt. C. Hai thnh phn l: B iu vn, phn h x l bn tin. D. duy nht b iu vn. 28. M hnh bo mt trn c s ngui dng s bo v cc bn tin SNMPv3 t cc mi nguy him: A. Mt ngi c php gi mt bn tin m c th b sa trong khi truyn bi mt phn t SNMP khng c php. B. Ngi dng khng c php c gng gi trang nh ngi dng c php. C. Sa chui bn tin SNMP da trn c s UDP l dch v vn chuyn khng lin kt. Cc bn tin c kh nng b bt gi v sp xp li, lm chm v c th chuyn li sau . D. Nghe trm, do cc bn tin cho php c m ho, mt ai nghe trm trn ng dy s khng th phn on rng h nhn c g. E. C bn mi nguy him trn 29. Trong m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng, mt ngi dng v cc thuc tnh ca h c xc nh nh A. 6 tham s B. 7 tham s C. 8 tham s D. 9 tham s

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30. Cc dch v c cung cp bi m hnh bo mt da trn ngi dng bao gm A. 2 dch v B. 3 dch v C. 4 dch v D. 5 dch v

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THUT NG VIT TT

DES ICMP IETF IP ISO MIB OS OSI RFC RMON SGMP SMI SNMP TCP UDP

Data Encryption Standard Internet Control Message Protocol Internet Engineering Task Force Internet Protocol International Standard Organisation Management Information Base Operating System Open System Interconnection Requests For Comments Remote Network Monitoring Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol Structure of Management Information Simple Network Management Protocol Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol

Tiu chun mt m ho d liu Giao thc kim sot thng bo Internet T chc h tr k thut Internet Giao thc Internet T chc tiu chun ho quc t C s thng tin qun l H iu hnh H thng lin kt m Kim sot mng t xa Giao thc kim sot cng n gin Cu trc thng tin qun l Giao thc qun l mng n gin Giao thc iu khin giao vn Giao thc d liu ngi dng

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Divakara K. Udupa: Telecommunications Management Network. McGraw-Hill, 1999. Gilbert Held: Managing TCP/IP Networks. John Wiley & Sons, 2000. Tarek N. S., Mostafa H. A.: Fundamentals of Telecommunications Networks. John Wiley and Sons, 1994. Understanding Telecommunications. Studentliteratur Ericsson, 1997. Salah Aidarous, Thomas Plevyak: Telecommunication Network Management into the 21st Century Techniques, Standards, Technologies, and Applications. IEEE Press, 1994. Qun l mng trong xu th pht trin mng vin thng th h sau. Nguyn Qu Minh Hin. NXB Bu in, 2003. Cng ngh qun l mng hin i. Bin dch: Nguyn Hi Yn, NXB Bu in, 2001. Essential SNMP, 2nd Edition, Douglas Mauro, Kevin Schmidt, O'Reilly, 2005.

[6] [7] [8]

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MC LC

LI NI U........................................................................................................................... 1 CHNG I : TNG QUAN V QUN L MNG VIN THNG ................................. 3 1.1. KHI NIM V QUN L, KHAI THC V BO DNG MNG................ 3 1.2. M HNH TNG QUT H THNG MNG ....................................................... 3 1.3. CC YU CU QUN L ......................................................................................... 4 1.3.1. Cc chc nng qun l lp cao ................................................................................ 4 1.3.2. Cc yu cu qun l ca ngi s dng................................................................... 5 1.3.3. Cc ng lc thc y cng ngh qun l mng .................................................. 5 1.4. CC QUAN IM V CCH TIP CN TRONG QUN L MNG ............... 6 1.4.1. Cc thc th ca h thng qun l mng ................................................................. 6 1.4.2. Quan im qun l Manager-Agent.........................................................................7 1.4.3. M hnh quan h Manager-agent ............................................................................ 8 1.4.4. Cc min qun l...................................................................................................... 9 1.5. H THNG QUN L M................................................................................... 10 1.5.1. M hnh h thng qun l m ................................................................................ 10 1.5.2. Cc yu cu i vi h thng qun l m .............................................................. 11 1.6. H THNG QUN L PHN TN 12 1.6.1. Kin trc h thng qun l phn tn ......................................................................13 1.6.2. H thng qun l trong bng v ngoi bng .......................................................... 14 CU HI N TP CHNG 1...................................................................................... 15 CHNG 2: MNG QUN L VIN THNG TMN .....................................................18 2.1 NGUYN L CHUNG V CC KHUYN NGH TMN ............................................ 18 2.1.1 Khi nim v nguyn l ca TMN ......................................................................... 18 2.1.2 Quan h gia TMN v mng vin thng............................................................... 19 2.1.3 Cc khuyn ngh ca TMN .................................................................................... 20 2.2 KIN TRC CHC NNG .......................................................................................22 2.2.1. Chc nng phn t mng NEF .............................................................................. 23 2.2.2. Chc nng h iu hnh OSF................................................................................ 23 2.2.3. Chc nng trm lm vic WSF. ............................................................................24 2.2.4. Chc nng thch ng Q ......................................................................................... 24 2.2.5. Chc nng trung gian MF ..................................................................................... 24 2.3 KIN TRC VT L ................................................................................................. 25 2.3.1. Cc khi vt l .......................................................................................................25 2.3.2. Cc giao tip.......................................................................................................... 30 2.3.3 Cc giao din.......................................................................................................... 32 2.3.4 Giao din X ............................................................................................................ 33 2.3.5 Giao din F............................................................................................................. 33 2.4 KIN TRC PHN LP LGIC ............................................................................. 33 2.4.1. Lp qun l phn t NEML...................................................................................34 2.4.2. Lp qun l mng NML ........................................................................................35 91

2.4.3. Lp qun l dch v SML...................................................................................... 35 2.4.4. Lp qun l kinh doanh BML ............................................................................... 36 2.5 CC CHC NNG QUN L TRONG TMN ........................................................ 36 2.5.1 Qun l hiu nng.................................................................................................. 38 2.5.2 Qun l s c ......................................................................................................... 40 2.5.3. Qun l cu hnh................................................................................................... 41 2.5.4 Qun l ti khon................................................................................................... 42 2.5.5 Qun l bo mt..................................................................................................... 42 2.6 KIN TRC THNG TIN 42 2.6.1. M hnh i tng trn c s OSI........................................................................ 43 2.6.2. M hnh i tng phn tn ................................................................................. 44 CU HI N TP CHNG 2 ..................................................................................... 45 CHNG 3 : GIAO THC QUN L MNG N GIN SNMP ................................ 49 3.1 GII THIU CHUNG V SNMP ............................................................................. 49 3.2. QUN L TRUYN THNG TRONG SNMP ...................................................... 51 3.2.1 Qun l lin lc gia nh qun l vi cc tc nhn............................................ 51 3.2.2 C ch vn chuyn thng tin gia nh qun l v tc nhn .............................. 52 3.2.3 Bo v truyn thng lin lc gia nh qun l v cc tc nhn khi s c ....... 52 3.2.4 nh hng ca tng vn chuyn ti kh nng qun l mng............................ 53 3.3 CU TRC V C IM CA THNG TIN QUN L .................................. 53 3.4 C S THNG TIN QUN L (MIB).................................................................... 54 3.4.1 Cu trc ca MIB ............................................................................................. 54 3.4.2 Truy nhp MIB ................................................................................................. 56 3.4.3 Ni dung ca MIB ............................................................................................ 57 3.4.4 Cc i tng ca MIB-II ..................................................................................... 58 3.5 IU HNH SNMP.................................................................................................... 61 3.5.1 Cc thnh phn ca SNMP ............................................................................... 61 3.5.2 Cc lnh c bn trong SNMP ........................................................................... 62 3.6 SNMPv2........................................................................................................................ 64 3.6.1 Cc thc th ca SNMPv2................................................................................ 64 3.6.2 Cu trc lnh v bn tin trong SNMPv2........................................................... 64 3.6.3 MIB cho SNMPv2 ............................................................................................ 67 3.7 SNMPv3........................................................................................................................ 70 3.7.1 Cc c im mi ca SNMPv3....................................................................... 70 3.7.2 Nhng thay i h tr bo mt v nhn thc trong SNMPv3 .......................... 71 CU HI N TP CHNG 3 ..................................................................................... 84 THUT NG VIT TT ..................................................................................................... 89 TI LIU THAM KHO ..................................................................................................... 90

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QUN L MNG VIN THNG

M s: 411QLM460
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1