Chng 6:

Mch khuch i a tng

6.1 Cc quan h li trong mch khuch i a tng Trong nhiu ng dng, mt mch khuch i n khng th cho tt c mi li theo yu cu ca tng loi ti ring bit. V d, mt h thng loa l mt ti nng trong h thng khuch i m thanh, nhiu tng khuch i c t ra nhm nng mc tn hiu gc t microphone hoc u c bng t ln n mc hiu qu c th cho ra cng sut ln ti loa. Ta bit n cc mch tin khuch i, mch khuch i cng sut v mch khuych i ng ra, cc mch khuych i ny u l cc mch khuch i c cu to nhiu tng trong mt h thng. Tht ra bn thn mi b phn ny c th bao gm nhiu tng khuch i bn dn ring. Cc mch khuch i to ra li p, dng hay cng sut thng qua vic s dng t hai tng tr ln gi l mch khuch i a tng. Khi ng ra ca mt tng khuch i c ni vi ng vo ca mt tng khuch i khc th gi l ghp Cascade

Hnh 6.1: Hai tng khuch i ghp cascade Tng li p ca h thng c tnh nh sau: Xem ng vo tng 1 l 10 mV rms v li p ca mi tng l A1=A2=20, ng ra tng 1 l A1vi1=20(10 mV rms)= 200 mV rms. Nh vy ng vo tng 2 l 200 mV rms. Tng t ng ra tng 2 l A2vi2=4 V rms. li tng s l:

ch l Hnh 6-2 l mt h thng gm n tng ghp Cascade. Ng ra ca mi tng chnh l ng vo ca tng k tip ( vo1 = vi2, vo2 = vi3,). Ta s bt u t vic biu din li p tng vo,n/vi1 theo tng li tng A1, A2 ,, An. Xem li mi tng nh l gi tr li p gia ng vo v ng ra ca tng khi cc tng c ghp vi nhau.

Hnh 6.2: n tng khuch i c ghp cascade. p ng ra ca mi tng l ng vo ca tng k tip

Theo nh ngha: (6-1) (6-2) thay vo1 t (6-1) vo (6-2): (6-3) Tng t: t (6-3): Theo cch ny ta tm c: T : (6-4) Phng trnh 6-4 cho thy tng li p ca n tng cascade l tch li tng tng (khng phi tng). Tng qut, bt k mt hay nhiu tng c li m th tng gy ra mt s o pha 180 o. Theo phng trnh 6-4, mch khuch i cascade s c ng ra tng cui cng khng cng pha vi ng vo tng th nht nu s tng o pha l s l, v cng pha nu l s chn (hoc bng 0). tm li p tng ca h thng ghp Cascade theo Decibel, ta b qua du i s ca li mi tng v tnh nh sau:

(6-5)

Phng trnh 6-5 cho thy li p tng theo dB l tng cc li tng phn biu din theo dB. Tng t ta c th d dng tm c li dng, li cng sut tng theo li cc tng. Kt qu ca phng trnh 6-4 khng tnh n nh hng ca in tr ngun v in tr ti ln li p tng. in tr ngun rs to ra phn p u vo ca tng th nht, v in tr ti to ra phn p gia in tr ti v tng tr ra ca tng cui cng. Trong trng hp ny, li p tng gia ti v ngun tn hiu tr thnh:

(6-6) Vi ri1 l in tr ng vo tng u tin v ro,n l in tr ng ra tng cui. V d 6-1: Hnh 6-3 l mt mch khuch i 3 tng v in p ti cc im trong mch khuch i l in p hiu dng AC. Cho v1 l in p ngun tn hiu khng tr u vo v v3 l in p ra khng ti 1. Tm li p mi tng v li p tng v3/v1. 2. Lm li cu 1 theo dB 3. Tm li p tng vL/vs khi mch khuch i a tng c in tr ngun l 2000 v in tr ti l 25. Tng 1 c in tr vo l 1k v tng 3 c in tr ra l 50. 4. Lm li cu 3 theo dB vi li p tng th 2 c gim xung 6dB. 5. Tnh li cng sut theo dB vi d liu ca cu 3. 6. Tnh li dng tng iL/i1 cu 3.

Hnh 6.3: (th d 6 -1) Gii: 1.

Ch rng tch cc li p bng li p tng. Trong v d ny, c th tnh li p tng trc tip: 2. .

l 3. T phng trnh 6-6:

4. 4. li p c ngun v ti l li tng l: 5. Khi in tr ngun l 2000 c a vo ng vo th v1 tr thnh: . Do li tng 2 gim i 6dB nn

Cng sut ng vo l:

Khi in p qua ti 25 l:

Cng sut ng ra c ti l

Cui cng:

6. Nhc li ti l:

. Dng kt qu cu 5, li cng sut gia ng vo v tng th nht, v

7.

li p gia ng vo v tng th nht, v ti l:

Do :

iu quan trng cn nh l phng trnh li ta c c l da trn gi tr A1, A2 xc nh trong mch, ngha l da trn cc li tng khi tt c cc tng c ghp vi nhau. Do suy ra rng mi gi tr li c tnh vo ti ca tng trc v ti th tnh vo tng k tip. Nu bit li p h mch v gi tr tng tr vo v ra, ta c th tnh c li tng bng cch tnh tc ng ca ti ca mi tng ln cc tng khc. V mt l thuyt, ti ca mt tng cho trc ph thuc vo tt c cc tng nm bn phi n, tng tr vo ca mt tng bt k ph thuc vo tng tr ti ng ra ca n cng l tng tr vo ca tng tip theo. Trong thc t, ta c th b qua tc ng ti tch ly ca cc tng ngoi tr mt tng ghp ngay vi tng ang xt, hoc gi s rn g in tr vo l ti ca mt tng k cn. Hnh 6-4 l mt mch khuch i 3 tng, cho trc li p h mch ca cc tng l A 01,A02, v A03, in tr vo v ra ca mi tng.

Hnh 6.4: Mt b khuch i 3 tng. Ao1, Ao2, v Ao3 l 3 li p h mch (khng ti) ca cc tng Phn p ti cc nt trong h thng ta c:

Kt hp li ta c:

(6-7)

Kt hp cc mi quan h ny, ta c:

Phng trnh 6-7 cho thy li p tng ca mch khuch i a tng l php nhn li h mch vi t s phn p tnh vo ti ca mi tng. Ch rng t s phn p tnh cho ti gia cc cp tng khuch i. Ni cch khc, khng c tnh hiu ng ti hai ln: mt ln xem in tr vo nh l ti ca tng trc v ln th hai li xem in tr ra ca tng trc l in tr ngun ca tng tip theo. V d 6-2: li p h mch ca mch khuch i 3 tng v cc gi tr in tr vo, ra c cho trong bng 6-1. Nu 3 tng ghp Cascade v tng th nht c ngun tn hiu 10mV rms, in tr ngun l 12k, tnh in p qua ti 12 ghp vo ng ra ca tng th 3. Tng khuch i 1 2 3 li p khng ti (dB) 24 20 12 in tr ng vo (k ) 10 20 1.5 in tr ng ra (k ) 4.7 1.5 0.02

Bng 6.1: (Th d 6 2) Gii:

Tng t:

T phng trnh 6-7:

Do vy:

p ng tn s ca cc tng ghp Cascade Tn s ct thp ca mt tng khuch i n chu nh hng ca khng nhiu hn 3 im gy tn s khc nhau, c gi tr da trn cc thnh phn RC thay i trong mch. Nu cc im gy tn s c gi tr khng gn nhau ta c th xem nh tn s ct thp thc t trong mch xp x bng vi im gy tn s ln nht. Tng t, xem tn s ct trn xp x vi im gy tn s nh nht nh hng ti p ng tn s trong mch. p dng tng t vi cc tng khuch i Cascade. Nu tn s ct thp ca cc tng ring l khng gn nhau th tn s ct thp chung ca c mch bng tn s ct thp ln nht ca cc tng. Nu tn s ct cao ca cc tng ring l khng gn nhau th tn s ct cao chung ca c mch bng tn s ct cao nh nht ca cc tng. Trong thc t, mt mch khuch i a tng c th c mt vi im gy tn s thp bng nhau, tng t i vi tn s cao. Trong trng hp ny, tnh tn s ct thp v ct cao ca mt mch khuch ai a tng l mt vn phc tp. Tn s ct phi c xc nh bng thc nghim thng qua mt chng trnh my tnh tnh ton p ng tn s chung. Trong cc trng hp c bit khi tt c cc tng c tn s ct thp, ct cao xc nh, th tn s ct chung l (6-8) (6-9) Trong : 1(overall)= Tn s ct thp chung ca mch a tng 2(overall)= Tn s ct cao chung ca mch a tng n = S tng c tn s ct thp v/hay cao xc inh 1 =Tn s ct thp ca mi tng 2 = Tn s ct cao ca mi tng Bng 6-2 l gi tr ca 1(overall) v 2(overall) theo 1 v 2, vi n c gi tr t 1 n 5. Ch rng s tng khuch i cng nhiu, tn s ct thp cng ln v tn s ct cao cng nh. Ni cch khc, cc tng khuch i ghp Cascade c p ng tn s xc nh lm gim bng thng chung ca c mch. Khi n tng c p ng tn s xc nh ghp Cascade, th p ng tn s chung ca c mch s gim tim cn vi ng dc 20n dB/decade (6n dB/octave) ti tn s nm ngoi khong bng thng gia. Cc im tn s gy trong mi trng hp u bng vi tn s ct ca mt tng n.

S tng 1 2 3 4 5

f1(tng) f1 1.55 f1 1.96 f1 2.30 f1 2.59 f1

f2(tng) f2 0.64 f2 0.51 f2 0.43 f2 0.39 f2

Bng 6 2: Tn s ct thp v ct cao ca mt b khuch i n tng, mi tng c tn s ct thp f1 v tn s ct cao f2 V d 6-3: Mt mch khuch i m thanh 4 tng c tn s ct thp chung v tn s ct cao chung l 20Hz v 20kHz. Tnh tn s ct cao v tn s ct thp ca mi tng. Gii: T bng 6-2, vi n=4, 2.3f1=20 v 0.43f2=20.103. Do , f1= 20/2.3=8.7Hz, v f2=20.103/0.43=46.5kHz. Nh vy, mi tng phi c bng thng xp x 46kHz mi t c bng thng chung vo khong 20kHz

6.2 Cc phng php ghp L thuyt mch kt ni ng ra ca mt tng trong mt mch khuch i a tng v ng vo ca tng k tip gi l phng php mc hay ni mch. Trong chng trc ta n phng php mc t gi l ghp RC v l thuyt mch lin tng tng ng vi mch RC thng thng. Trong chng ny ta s xt thm hai cch mc mch khc l mc trc tip v mc bin th. Mc tiu ca cch ghp RC l hn dng dc. Thng thng cn phi hn dng DC gia ng vo ca mt mch khuch i v tn hiu ngun cng nh gia ng ra v ti. Tng t, cch ghp RC dng hn dng DC gia ng ra ca mt tng khuch i v ng vo ca tng k tip. Ghp in dung vo gia cc tng khuch i lm cho n c kh nng c in p phn cc ti ng ra ca 1 tng khc vi in p phn cc tai ng vo ca tng k tip. tng ny c m t trong hnh 6-5, ng ra ca mt tng khuch i ni vi ng vo ca ca mt tng khc thng qua ghp t. Cc C ca tng 1 l 9V v cc B ca tng 2 l 3V. in p lm vic ca t l 9-3=6V.

Hnh 6-5: T c s dng trong phng php ghp RC c th lm thay i p phn cc tnh cc tng khuch i. Ch rng p trn t in l 6V v cc dng ca n c ni vi phn cc dng hn (9V).

Ghp t cho php dng tn hiu ac i qua cc tng, to tn s cao gi cho gi tr in khng nh. Khuyt im ca cch ghp RC l n tc ng n p ng tn s thp ca mch khuch i nn i khi ta phi chn mt gi tr in dung ln khng thc t v mt tn s ct thp nh v l. Ghp RC khng dng trong mch tch hp v n kh v khng kinh t ch to t in trn chip. Ghp ni tip l cch ghp m ng ra ca mt tng c ghp trc tip vi ng vo ca tng k tip. Ni cch khc, c p AC v DC ti ng ra ca mt tng l xc nh so vi cc ga tr ti ng vo ca tng k tip. R rng trong mi trng hp, p DC ti ng ra ca mt tng to ra mt thay i nht nh trong p DC ti ng vo ca tng tip theo. Do mch khuch i ghp trc tip hot ng ging mch khuch i dng ni tip. Trong chng ny ta s xt mt s v d ca cc mch khuch i ghp trc tip ri rc. Mt phng php na l ghp tn hiu ac t mt tng sang tng khc m vn duy tr cch ly DC gia chng thng qua mt bin p. Cun s cp ca bin p ng ra ca mt tng v cun th cp ng vo ca tng k tip. Theo cch ny, tn hiu ac i qua m khng b nh hng ca dng dc. u im ca ghp bin p bao gm c vic trit tiu DC ln kh nng thit k mt t s bin p cho cng sut chuyn i gia cc tng l cc i. Ta cng tm hiu mt s v d v vic s dng kt hp vi cc TST lng cc. Khuyt im ca ghp bin p l kch thc v chi ph ca my bin p v c im p ng tn s km. t cm bin p v s vng dy c xu hng lm gim bng thng s dng c ca cc mch khuch i ny. Tuy nhin, n thng c s dng trong cc ng dng c bng thng hp nh cc mch khuch i m tn. 6.3 Mch khuch i BJT ghp RC

V d 6-4: Hnh 6-6 l hai tng khuch i E-C, t ghp. Tn hiu AC ng ra ca tng th nht (cc C ca Q1) c ghp vi ng vo ca tng th hai (cc B ca Q2) thng qua mt t 0.85F. Gi s BJT l tng c =100, rc=1M, re=25, xc nh tn hiu nh, li p v li dng gii gia?

Hnh 6-6: (Th d 6 4) Gii: 1. in tr vo ca tng th nht l:

in tr ra ca tng th nht (ti cc C ca Q1):

li p khng ti ca tng th nht:

in tr vo tng th 2:

in tr ra ca tng th 2 ( ti cc C ca Q2):

li p khng ti ca tng th 2:

Mch khuch i hai tng by gi c biu din nh hnh 6-7. Trong hnh ny khng c t in v ta ang xt hot ng di tn gia. T phng trnh 6-7 ta tm c:

Gi tr dng cho thy vL cng pha vi vS Cch khc tm li p chung l tm li p A1, A2 c ti v tnh in tr ti ac rL ca mi tng:

li p c ti l:

Hnh 6-7: (Th d 6 4) B khuch i 2 tng ca hnh 6 6 Khi , li p chung l:

B qua sai s do lm trn th cch ny cng cho kt qu tng t. 2. xc nh li dng c mch, ta a v mch tng ng tn hiu nh, v tm dng ac chy trong mch khuch i. p dng lut phn dng ti mi nt xc nh dng qua ti. Hn h 6-8 l mch tng ng tn hiu nh ca tng th nht. p dng lut phn dng pha u vo ca tng th nht trong hnh 6-8 ta c:

Kt qu ny cho thy mi dng in t ngun u vo cc base ca Q1. Ti ng ra ca tng th nht ta c:

Hnh 6-8: (Th d 6 4) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh cho tng u tin ca b khuch i trong hnh 6 6. Mch ny c dng tnh dng ib1 theo iS. tm ib1 vo cc base ca Q2 ta phi xt tt c cc nhnh song song trong mch trong mch lin tng gia Q1 v Q2. Hnh 6-9 l mch tng ng ca tng th 2 v ng ra ca tng th 1. ch rng r0 song song vi rc/ v Rc1 v khi ny li song song vi R1 v R2 ti ng vo tng th 2. Tng tr tng ng ti ng vo ca Q2 l:

Dng ib2 vo cc base ca Q2 theo quy tc phn dng l:

Hnh 6-9: (Th d 6 4) Mch tng ng tn hiu nh ca ng ra tng 1 c ni vi tng 2. Mch ny c s dng tnh iL theo iS. Suy hao dng trong mch lin tng l do cc nhnh r xung mass: cha ti 1/10 ic1 ti c cc base ca Q2.

Do Rc2, rc/ v RL song song nn:

li dng t ngun ti ti l:

V d ny cho thy li dng ca mch khuch i BJT hai tng c th tm c bng tng quan sau:

(6-10) Trong : rin1, rin2 = in tr nhn t ng vo ca Q1 v Q2 rSH = r0(stage 1) || RB2 RB1, RB2 = tng tr tng ng ng vo ca tng 1 v 2 V d 6-5 Hnh 6-10 l mch khuch i a tng gm c mt tng EC v mt tng E chung. Transitor c cc gi tr sau:

li p di gia vL/vs v tn s ct thp.

Hnh 6-10: (Th d 6 5)

Gii: 1. in tr cc E tng 1 c b qua do tc dng ca t nn in tr vo ca tng th nht l:

in tr ra ca tng th nht, coi ro1 = l:

li p khng ti tng th nht l:

Ti ca tng th hai l rL= (10K)// (50)= 50, nn tng tr vo tng 2 l:

Ch rng tc dng ca in tr phn cc 68K ln li ca mch khuch i khi ta xt n phn p gia tng th nht v tng th 2. Do vy ta khng tnh n tc dng phn p ti ng ra ca mch E chung. Ngha l ta b qua gi tr RB// rs/(+1) trong phng trnh tnh tng tr ra ca tng th 2. Tng tr ra ca tng th 2 ch bao gm RE// re2 = 10K//40 40. li p khng ti tng 2 l:

Hnh 6-6 l mch khuch i 2 tng tng ng.

in p ti ngc pha vi in p ngun. Tnh li li c ti v xc nh rng li c mch c gi tr nh tm c trn. 2. tm tn s ct thp ta phi tm tn s gy theo cc t C1, C2, C3 v C4 trong hnh 6-10. T phng trnh 10-16,

Hnh 6-6: Mch tng ng ca b khuch i 2 tng trong hnh 6 10 Trong , v:

Do :

tm tn s gy theo C3 ta xem ro(tng 1) nh l in tr ngun v rin(tng 2) nh l in tr ti.

tm tn s ct thp theo t ghp C4 10F ng ra ta phi tnh r0(stage 2) v c tnh n in tr phn cc 68K v 47K .

Trong :

Cui cng,

Trong v d ny tn s gy ln nht l f1(C2)=265.3 Hz v f1(C4)=122.6 Hz. Ta c th kt lun tn s ct thp ca mch phi ln hn tn s ln hn la 265.3 Hz, nhng do 2 tn s khng cch xa nhau c th ni f1 = 265.3 Hz. f1 phi c gi tr no ln hn 265.3 Hz. tnh gi tr ny rt phc tp. Trong v d ny f1 thc t l 330 Hz Hnh 6-12 l phc ho gin Bode. Ch rng li gim xung vi mt t l tng theo 20dB/decade pha di tn s gy tm c trong v d trn.

Hnh 6-12: Biu Bode ca li mch khuch i a tng trong hnh 6 10. Ch ng tim cn tng dc mi on 20dB/decade ti cc tn s gy.

6.4 Mch khuch i BJT ghp trc tip Trong chng 6 cp n phng php phn nh dng loi tr t ghp trong mch tch hp. Hnh 6-14 l v d ca mch khuch i ghp trc tip s dng cc phng php phn cc thng thng. Ng ra ca tng th nht (cc thu Q1) c ghp trc tip vo ng vo ca tng th 2 (cc nn Q2). Trc tin, phn tch phn cc DC ca mch ri xt n p ng AC. Dng qua RC1 l tng ca IC1 v IB2. n gin ho ta xem nh IB2 nh hn ng k so vi IC1. Hnh 6-14: Cc tng khuch i CE ghp trc tip dng cc phng php thng thng

Gi s tng th 1 xc lp, in p cc base VB1 xc nh theo phn p R1-R2 nh sau:

(6-12) Ta cng c: (6-13) Khi , IC1=IE1=VE1/RE1. Vi gi thit IB2 khng ng k so vi IC1, dng qua RC1 l: IC1+IB2 IC1, do in p tnh gia cc C v mass l: (6-14) Gi tr tnh ca VCE1 l: V VC1=VB2 nn: (6-15) (6-16) Nn v in p tnh cc thu tng 2 l: (6-17) (6-18) Phn tch DC hon ton khng phc tp, ch vic p dng nguyn tc phn cc hc. im quan trng cn ch l VC1=VB2. Phn tch li AC cng d hiu. li p ca tng 1 l: (6-19) trong , r0(stage 1) RC1 v rin(stage 2)
2(re2+RE2).

li p tng 2 l: (6-20)

li c mch l:

(6-21) Nu ti c ghp trc tip gia ng ra ( cc C ca Q2) v mass th ti AC tng 2 l rL = RC2//RL v phng trnh 6-20 tr thnh: (6-22) Ghp trc tip ti ng ra lm thay i gi tr DC ca VC2 v VCE2. Xem transitor nh mt ngun dng c nh nh trong hnh 6-15(b), p dng nguyn l chng chp tnh VL theo tng ngun trong mch, xem hnh 6-15(c) v 6-15(d). Kt hp tc dng ca mi ngun dn ti:

(6-23)

a) Tng ng ra vi ti ghp trc tip

b) Mch tng ng DC ca a)

c) p DC trn RL theo VCC Bng php chng cht in p, ta c:

d) p DC trn RL theo IC

Hnh 6-15: Tnh p DC trn ti ghp trc tip RL, s dng php chng cht in p.

Phng trnh 6-23 cho thy in p cc thu bng vi gi tr in p khng ti ( VCC - ICRC ) chia cho phn p qua RL v RC. Khi VCE=VC-VE, mt gi tr RL rt nh c th lm gim VC ti im m VCE tin gn ti 0. V d 6-7 Transitor trong hnh 6-16 c cc thng s sau:

1. 2. 3.

tm gi tr tnh ca VCE1, IC2, IT, VC2 v VCE2 Tm li p vo/vi Lm li (1) v (2) nu mc trc tip mt ti 10K

gia cc thu ca Q2 v mass.

Hnh 6-16: (Th d 6 7) Gii: 1. in tr DC ng vo nhn t cc base ca Q1 l: cc B ta phi tnh n tc dng

Khi in tr ny khng qu ln so vi in tr phn p 11K ca ti n gy ra trn phn p. T phng trnh 6-18:

Suy ra,

B qua dng IB2 v VC1, th

Khi : Cho Do , , ta c:

Khi khng mc ti Q2, IT=IC2=3.25mA (Ch : v IB2=IC2/ p VC2 v VCE2 l: =(3.25mA)/60=0.054mA rt nh so vi IC1=4.26mA)

2.

3. Gi tr tnh ca VCE1 khng b nh hng bi in tr ti ghp vo cc C ca Q2 nn VCE1=3.63 V, IC2=3.25mA ( nh cu 1). T phng trnh 6-23:

Do :

nn,

li p tng 1 vn l -53.8. li p tng 2 l:

 li p c mch vi ti 10K l in p cc thu ca transitor NPN lun dng hn in p cc base. Khi TST ghp ni tip, p cc thu ca mt tng bng vi p cc base ca tng k tip. Do , p cc thu ca mi tng NPN phi ln hn p cc thu ca tng NPN k cn n. Khi s TST ghp ni tip tng ln, th p cc thu cng tng theo. Trong thc t, mt s tng ghp trc tip c th c ghp Cascade trc lm p cc thu b tng khng hp l vt qu in p ngun cung cp. gii quyt vn ny, dng TST thay th loi (NPN, PNP) ghp cascade ni tip. Trong ng dng ny, cc TST c gi l b sung v hnh 6-17 l v d 2 tng. Cch ghp ny hot ng tt v cc Base ca TST PNP phi tch cc hn cc C ca n, ngc vi iu kin ca TST NPN. Hnh 6-17: Ghp trc tip s dng cc transitor b ph. Ch transitor PNP c phn cc bng cch ni ngun p dng vo pha cc E.

in p dng cung cp c a vo cc E ca TST v cc C ni mass. TST PNP c p cc E v mass l 0.7V ln hn p cc Base v mass. Do , VE2=19.4+0.7=20.1 V. St p trn in tr cc E l: v R rng:

Cp BJT ghp Darlington Khi cc C ca 2 BJT ghp chung v cc E ca TST ny ghp ni tip vi cc B ca TST kia nh trong hnh 6-18, ta c cch ghp Darlington. Hnh 6-18: Cp Darlington c s dng nh 1 transitor n c cc thu, cc nn, cc pht l C, B, v E.

Phn tch cch ghp Darlington thy h s tnh tn hiu nh ca n. Gi v l h s v Nhng do IE1=IB2 nn: v Khi , ta c

ca TST m n i din cng nh mt vi c

ca Q1 v Q2. Theo nh ngha,

hay, (6-24)

H s lun c

ca cp Darlington trong phng trnh 6-24 l tng ca cc h s nn: (6-25)

thnh phn. Ta

Cp Darlington thng c lm trn mt chip sao cho c tnh Q1 v Q2 ph hp nhau. Khi ta c : (6-26) V d, n TST c h s , th v cng ln. , th phn tch tn hiu nh v . Ta c th = 10000+200 10000. Cp Darlington c th xem nh l mt

Trong khi cc phn tch trn biu din c dng DC v h s cho thy rng gi tr tn hiu nh ca

l tng ca gi tr tn hiu nh ca

kt lun rng gi tr tn hiu nh v gi tr DC ca l bng nhau. Xc nh h s tn hiu nh ca in tr vo t cc B n cc E, rin(DP), v in tr cc E, re(DP), ca TST ghp nh th no? T phng trnh 5-22: (6-27) V ta c: (6-28) Theo hnh 6-18, thy rng v nn (6-28) c th vit li thnh: (6-29) in tr ac nhn t cc B ca Q2 l: (6-30) v (6-31) khi ta c: (6-32) thay (6-32) vo (6-31) ta c:

(6-33) H s tn hiu nh tn hiu vo ca cp Darlington l (6-34) thay vo phng trnh (6-33): (6-35)

Do

, nn h s in tr cc E, re(DP) l: (6-36)

V d 6-8: Mt cp Darlington c dng cc C tng l 2mA. Nu rin(DP), v re(DP) nhit phng. Gii: 1. 2. =110 v =100, tm cc gi tr ,

T phng trnh 6-29,

T phng trnh 6-35, 3. T phng trnh 6-36, V d ny cho thy cp Darlington c th c s dng lm tng ng k in tr vo BE so vi BJT thng thng. Cp Darlington thng s dng vi dng E chung v kh nng m tt gia tr khng cao ca ngun v tr khng thp ca ti. Vi in tr ti ac ghp vo cc E, tng tr vo l: (6-37) Khi mch E chung tch cc, li dng t cc Base ca Q1 ti cc E ca Q2 l Ai = ie2/ib1. Do ie1=ib2, ta c:

(6-38) V d sau s m t mt trng hp cn c kh nng m tt khi in tr ngun l 5 tr ti l 10 V d 6-9: Hnh 6-19 l mt tng CE mc Darlington nh mt mch E chung. Transistor c:

v in

=200,

=100 v =100. 1. tm vL/vS 2. Tm vL/vS nu khng c cp Darlington v tr ti 10 c ghp vi t v cc C ca Q1

Hnh 6-19: (th d 6 9) Gii:

1.

cc C ca Q1 ghp trc tip vi cc base ca Q2 trong cp Darlington nn:

p DC cc E ca Q3 l 1.4V nh hn p cc nn B ca Q2, do c hai mi ni BE phn cc thun gia hai im:

Thy rng Q1 v Q2 trong phn tch trc by gi l Q3 v Q4, t phng trnh 6-28 ta c:

T 6-36,

t 6-26

t 6-35:

t 6-37, tng tr nhn vo cp Darlington khi c ti l:

Gi tr in tr vo ny qu ln so vi in tr cc thu ca Q1 nn:

li p ca tng E chung l ( t 5-59)

a rS vo tnh ton ti th li p c mch l:

2. Vi ti 10

ni vi cc C ca Q1, ti ac Q1 l:

do :

li c mch l:

Nu khng c cp Darlington m th p ng ra s nh hn mc tn hiu vo, nh vy s khng cn chc nng khuch i na. Cp Darlington tng li p ln 41.3/0.22=187.7 ln.

Mch khuch i ghp Cascode Mt v d khc ca ghp ni tip Transistor l khuch i cascode gm mt TST CE v mt TST CB. Hnh 6-20 l mt v d. Q1 l mt tng CE dng RB1 khc phc phn cc. T CB ni t tn hiu ac t cc base ca Q2, Q2 l mt tng CB. N hot ng nh ti cc thu ca Q1. Q1 c ghp ni tip vo ng vo ca Q2 v ng ra ca mch khuch i Cascode l cc thu ca Q2. Cc in tr R1 v R2 to phn p cho Q2.

Hnh 6-20: Mt v d mch khuch i cascode. Q1 l tng E chung c ni trc tip vi tng B chung ca Q2. u im ca cch ghp cascode l n c in dung nh, yu cu quan trng cho cc mch khuch i tn s cao. in dung vo nh do li p ca Q1 gn bng 1, ngha l in dung Millers b thu nh. Mi li p u thu c t tng CB. li p Q1 nh v in tr ti mch thu ca n l in tr u vo nh ca tng CB. Tnh dng v p phn cc: (6-39) (6-40)

(6-41) (6-42) (6-43) (6-44) Q1 c th c phn cc bng cch dng phng php phn p v mt in tr pht. Hnh 6-21 l mch tng ng tn hiu nh ca mch khuch i Cascode.

Hnh 6-21: Mch tng ng tn hiu nh ca khuch i cascode Theo mch tng ng ta c: (6-45) in tr vo ca Q2 l in tr pht re2 ca tng CB. Nhnh song song rc1/ 1 v re2 to thnh ti ac cc thu ca Q1. khi rc1/ >> re2 ,

(6-46) v vy: (6-47) Phng trnh 6-47 cho thy li p ca Q1 gn bng 1, tc l IE2 = IE1 lm cho re2 = re1. Ti AC cc thu ca Q2 l: (6-48) Do li p tng th 2 l: (6-49) li p c mch Cascode l: (6-50) Phng trnh 6-50 cho thy tng CB cung cp li p. li dng ca mch khuch i Cascode khng k n phn dng ng vo hoc ng ra l: v Tng tr ra ca mch khuch i l : (6-52) V d 6-10 (6-51)

Transistor trong hnh 6-22 c cc thng s sau:

Tm: 1. 2. 3.

Dng v p DC: IC1 ,IC2, VC1, VC2 li p tn hiu nh vL/vS Tn s gy f2(CA) do in dung r nhnh ti ng vo Q1.

Hnh 6-22: (th d 6 10) Gii: 1. in p gia cc B va mass ti tng vo (Q1) c xc nh bng phn p ti :

Do :

p gia cc B v mass ca Q2 :

Do :

2.

Khi IE1=IE2,

3. in dung Miller ti ng vo Q1 c xc nh bng li p ca tng 1:

Tng in dung vo l: Khi :

Tn s gy do in dung vo gy ra l rt ln. Mch khuch i Cascode c th loi tr nhng vn ca ngun suy hao tn s cao thng qua in dung Miller ng vo.