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NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN

Vi nhu cu ngy cng tng v loi hnh dch v, tc v cht lng truyn dn
v tuyn dn n i hi ph nng cao hiu sut s dng ph tn hin nay. V
tuyn thng minh (Cognitive Radio) l mt cng ngh truy cp ph tn ng ha
hn s ci thin hiu qu s dng ph tn tnh nh hin nay bng cch tm ra
nhng ph tn cha c s dng (h ph) v chia s chng vi nhng ngi s
dng V tuyn thng minh. Tuy nhin, khi s dng ph tn, ngi dng V
tuyn thng minh lun phi m bo khng gy nhiu vi nhng ngi dng
chnh (ngi dng c cp php s dng ph tn ). Vic p dng k thut
ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM vi kh nng cm nhn v to
dng ph mt cch linh hot v thch ng vo V tuyn thng minh l mt s la
chn y ha hn. n tt nghip Phn b cng sut trong mng V tuyn
thng minh da trn nn tng OFDM ca sinh vin Nguyn Tin Tnh lp
D2007VT3 i su vo nghin cu vic s dng OFDM trong V tuyn thng
m bo ngi dng chnh khng b nh hng nhiu t ngi dng v tuyn
thng minh bng cch xem xt rng buc cng sut cc knh con v cng sut
tng trong h thng OFDM.
Trong thi gian thc hin n, sinh vin Nguyn Tin Tnh th hin c
cch hc tp v nghin cu tch cc, ch ng v c trch nhim.
ngh Hi ng cho php sinh vin c bo v v cng nhn tt nghip.

im: ..(Bng ch: .) Ngy ... thng ... nm 2011
Gio vin hng dn

NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN






















im: ..(Bng ch: .)

Ngy ... thng ... nm 2011
Gio vin phn bin

n tt nghip i hc Mc lc

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 ii
MC LC
DANH MC HNH V ................................................................................................. v
DANH MC BNG BIU ........................................................................................ vii
CC THUT NG VIT TT ............................................................................... viii
LI NI U ................................................................................................................ 1
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V TUYN THNG MINH ....................................... 3
1.1. Gii thiu chng............................................................................................. 3
1.2. nh ngha V tuyn thng minh ............................................................... 3
1.3. Hot ng ca v tuyn thng minh .............................................................. 4
1.4. Cc chc nng chnh ca v tuyn thng minh ............................................ 6
1.4.1. Cm nhn ph ............................................................................................. 7
1.4.2. Qun l ph ............................................................................................... 10
1.4.3. Dch chuyn ph ....................................................................................... 11
1.4.4. Chia s ph ................................................................................................ 11
1.5. Kin trc Vt l ca V tuyn thng minh ................................................... 12
1.6. M hnh thc hin V tuyn thng minh ..................................................... 15
1.6.1. V tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR). ........................................... 15
1.6.2. M hnh thc hin V tuyn thng minh .................................................. 16
1.7. Kt lun chng 1 .......................................................................................... 20
CHNG 2. K THUT GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO TN S TRC
GIAO (OFDM) ............................................................................................................. 21
2.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................... 21
2.2. Khi nim OFDM .......................................................................................... 21
2.3. Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM ........................................................................ 21
2.4. M hnh h thng OFDM .............................................................................. 24
2.5. Cc k thut iu ch s s dng trong OFDM .......................................... 27
2.5.1. iu ch QPSK ......................................................................................... 27
2.5.2. iu ch QAM .......................................................................................... 28
2.6. NC-OFDM ...................................................................................................... 29
2.6.1. Khi nim NC-OFDM ............................................................................... 29
2.6.2. Cu trc khung ca NC-OFDM ................................................................ 30
2.6.3. Hiu nng ca NC-OFDM ........................................................................ 33
n tt nghip i hc Mc lc

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 iii
2.7. u nhc im ca OFDM ........................................................................... 35
2.8. Kt lun chng 2 .......................................................................................... 36
CHNG 3. V TUYN THNG MINH TRN NN OFDM ............................ 38
3.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................... 38
3.2. V tuyn thng minh OFDM ..................................................................... 38
3.3. Ti sao OFDM thch hp vi V tuyn thng minh ................................... 40
3.3.1. Kh nng nhn bit v cm nhn ph ....................................................... 40
3.3.2. To dng ph ............................................................................................. 41
3.3.3. Thch ng vi mi trng ......................................................................... 43
3.3.4. Cc k thut anten nng cao...................................................................... 43
3.3.5. a truy nhp v cp pht ph tn .............................................................. 44
3.3.6. Kh nng tng tc ................................................................................... 44
3.4. Cc thch thc i vi h thng OFDM thng minh ................................. 45
3.4.1. To dng ph ............................................................................................. 46
3.4.2. Thit k thut ton ct xn hiu qu ......................................................... 46
3.4.3. Bo hiu cc tham s truyn dn............................................................... 47
3.4.4. S ng b ................................................................................................ 47
3.4.5. Nhiu ln nhau .......................................................................................... 47
3.5. OFDM a bng tn ........................................................................................ 50
3.6. Cc chun v cng ngh OFDM thng minh .............................................. 53
3.6.1. WiMAX - IEEE 802.16 ............................................................................. 53
3.6.2. IEEE 802.22 .............................................................................................. 57
3.6.3. IEEE 802.11 .............................................................................................. 58
3.7. Kt lun chng 3 .......................................................................................... 60
CHNG 4. PHN B CNG SUT TRONG MNG V TUYN THNG
MINH DA TRN NN OFDM ............................................................................... 61
4.1. Gii thiu chng........................................................................................... 61
4.2. M hnh h thng ........................................................................................... 62
4.2.1. H thng v tuyn thng minh v gii hn cng sut nhiu ..................... 62
4.2.2. V tuyn thng minh OFDM v rng buc cng sut pht trn mi knh
con ................................................................................................................... 63
4.3. Phn b cng sut cho h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM khng xt
ti cc sng mang con ln cn. ................................................................................ 65
n tt nghip i hc Mc lc

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 iv
4.3.1. Phn b cng sut trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng .................... 65
4.3.2. Phn b cng sut trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh-OFDM ....... 66
4.3.3. Thut ton y nc phn chia lp: iu kin cng sut pht tng .... 67
4.4. Phn b cng sut i vi cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM c
xt ti cc sng mang con bn. ................................................................................ 71
4.4.1. Vit li cng thc bi ton phn b cng sut. ......................................... 72
4.4.2. Phn b cng sut trong trng hp hai rng buc bt ng thc tuyn
tnh trng s khc khng. ........................................................................................ 74
4.4.3. Thut ton phn b cng sut quy cho cc trng hp tng qut ........ 76
4.5. Kt qu m phng .......................................................................................... 78
4.6. Kt lun chng 4 .......................................................................................... 81
KT LUN .................................................................................................................. 82
TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................... 84
PH LC ..................................................................................................................... 85
Ph lc 1. Chng minh nh l 1 ................................................................................ 85
Ph lc 2. Chng minh nh l 2 ................................................................................ 88
n tt nghip i hc Danh mc hnh v

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1. Minh ha h ph .............................................................................................. 5
Hnh 1.2. Chu trnh thng minh ....................................................................................... 5
Hnh 1.3. Cc chc nng truyn thng trong mng V tuyn thng minh. .................... 6
Hnh 1.4. Phn loi cc k thut cm nhn ph. ............................................................. 7
Hnh 1.5. M hnh nhit nhiu ......................................................................................... 9
Hnh 1.6. Phn loi cc cng ngh chia s ph tn ....................................................... 11
Hnh 1.7. Kin trc vt l ca V tuyn thng minh ..................................................... 13
Hnh 1.8. Cu trc tng qut b thu pht SDR .............................................................. 15
Hnh 1.9. So snh gia V tuyn thng thng, V tuyn c nh ngha bng phn
mm v V tuyn thng minh. ...................................................................................... 16
Hnh 1.10. Quan h gia V tuyn thng minh v SDR ............................................... 17
Hnh 1.11. S khi thc hin V tuyn thng minh da trn SDR. ........................ 18
Hnh 1.12. Kin trc phn lp tng qut cho V tuyn thng minh ............................. 19
Hnh 2.1. a sng mang trc giao (a) v a sng mang thng thng (b) ................... 22
Hnh 2.2. Ph ca mt sng mang con OFDM n l .................................................. 23
Hnh 2.3. Ph ca k hiu OFDM ................................................................................. 23
Hnh 2.4. S khi tng qut ca mt b thu pht OFDM ........................................ 25
Hnh 2.5. Biu tn hiu QPSK .................................................................................. 28
Hnh 2.6. Chm tn hiu M-QAM ................................................................................. 29
Hnh 2.7. Ph tn ca cc sng mang con NC-OFDM ................................................. 30
Hnh 2.8. S tng qut ca mt b thu pht NC-OFDM s dng khi La chn
sng mang con trng. .................................................................................................... 31
Hnh 2.9. Hiu nng BER ca b thu pht NC-OFDM (cc ng lin nt) v MC-
CDMA (cc ng gch) i vi mc chim gi (ISO) ph thay i. ................... 34
Hnh 3.1. S khi h thng v tuyn thng minh da trn OFDM. ......................... 39
Hnh 3.2. Cm nhn v to dng ph s dng OFDM .................................................. 42
Hnh 3.3. Cc cng ngh v tuyn da trn OFDM ...................................................... 45
Hnh 3.4. Cc thch thc trong h thng V tuyn thng minh v OFDM .................. 46
Hnh 3.5. Mt ph cng sut ca mt sng mang con OFDM ................................. 48
Hnh 3.6. Ca s cosin tng vi cc gi tr roll-off () khc nhau. ............................... 49
Hnh 3.7. Hiu ng trt (roll-off) trn PSD ca mt sng mang con OFDM n l. . 49
n tt nghip i hc Danh mc hnh v

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 vi
Hnh 3.8. Lp cc h ph s dng tn hiu SB-OFDM hoc MB-OFDM. ................... 51
Hnh 3.9. Lp cc h ph s dng cc tn hiu SB-OFDM hoc MB-OFDM. ............. 52
Hnh 3.10. Cc bng con ca cc h thng UWB da trn MB-OFDM trong min tn
s. ................................................................................................................................... 53
Hnh 3.11. Minh ha cu trc tn hiu OFDMA s dng trong WiMAX ..................... 55
Hnh 3.12. S pht trin cc chun v cc cng ngh ................................................... 59
Hnh 4.1. M hnh h thng V tuyn thng minh ....................................................... 62
Hnh 4.2. Ph ca SU trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM ................... 63
Hnh 4.3. Lc thu pht ca SU trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM
....................................................................................................................................... 64
Hnh 4.4. Ti u phn b cng sut trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng. ........... 66
Hnh 4.5. S phn b cng sut ti u vi cc iu kin cng sut pht knh con. ..... 68
Hnh 4.6. Qu trnh y nc phn chia lp ............................................................. 79
Hnh 4.7. Phn b cng sut ti u bi RPA ................................................................ 80
Hnh 4.8. Phn b cng sut ti u bng IPW khng xt ti cc sng mang cnh bn ....
....................................................................................................................................... 80

n tt nghip i hc Danh mc bng biu

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 vii
DANH MC BNG BIU
Bng 1.1. Thng s ca iu ch QPSK ....................................................................... 28
Bng 2.2. So snh cht lng ca h thng MC-CDMA, OFDM v NC-OFDM ........ 33
Bng 3.1. Cc chun v tuyn da trn OFDM ............................................................ 39
Bng 3.2. V tuyn thng minh OFDM ........................................................................ 40
Bng 3.1. Cc c tnh anten nng cao ca WiMAX. ................................................... 55
Bng 4.1. Thut ton IPW di iu kin Cng sut pht tng. .................................. 69
Bng 4.3. Thut thut ton phn b cng sut cho bi ton vi hai rng buc bt ng
thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng. ............................................................................ 76
Bng 4.4. Thut ton RPA cho bi ton vi M+1 rng buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh
trng s khc khng. ...................................................................................................... 76

n tt nghip i hc Cc thut ng vit tt

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 viii
CC THUT NG VIT TT
Thut ng Tn Ting Anh Ngha Ting Vit
AAS Adaptive Antenna System H thng anten thch ng
AMC Adaptive MIMO Switch Chuyn mch MIMO thch ng
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise Nhiu Gauss trng cng
BER Bit Error Rate Tc li bt
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha nh phn
CINR Carrier-to-Interference Noise
Ratio
T s nhiu trn sng mang
CP Cyclic Prefix Tin t vng
CR Cognitive Radio V tuyn thng minh
CSI Channel State Information Thng tin trng thi knh
D/A Digital to Analog S sang tng t
DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection La chn tn s ng
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Chuyn i Fourier ri rc
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting Truyn hnh s qung b
DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting
Terrestrial
Truyn hnh s qung b mt t
ETSI European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
Vin cc tiu chun v Vin thng
chu u
FCC Federal Communications
Commission
y ban Truyn thng Lin bang
FDM Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia tn s
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Chuyn i Fourier nhanh
FHDC Frequency Hopping Diversity
Coding
M ha phn tp nhy tn
FRC Federal Radio Commission y ban V tuyn Lin bang
I/Q In-phase and Quadrature-phase Trong pha v pha vung gc
n tt nghip i hc Cc thut ng vit tt

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 ix
ICI Inter-Carrier Interference Nhiu lin sng mang
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier
Transform
Chuyn i Fourier ri rc ngc
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force y ban chuyn trch v Internet
IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transform Chuyn i Fourier nhanh ngc
IPD Incumbent Profile Detection B pht hin cc thng tin v hot
ng ca thu bao c cp php
IPW Iteractive Partitioned Water-
filling
y nc phn chia lp
ISI Inter-symbol Interference Nhiu lin k t
ITM Interfence Temperature Model M hnh nhit nhiu
ITMA Interfence Temperature Multiple
Access
a truy nhp theo m hnh nhit
nhiu
JRRM Joint Radio Resource
Management
Qun l Ti nguyn V tuyn chung
LAN Local Area Network Mng vng ni ht
MAN Metropolitan Area Network Mng vng trung tm
MC-CDMA Multi-Carrier Code Division
Multiplexing Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m a
sng mang
MCM Multi-Carrier Modulation iu ch a sng mang
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output H thng a u vo a u ra
NC-OFDM Non-Contiguous Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao khng lin tc
NTIA National Telecommunication
and Information Administration
C quan qun l Vin thng v
Thng tin Quc gia
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
a truy nhp ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s trc giao
P/S Parallel-to-Serial Song song sang ni tip
n tt nghip i hc Cc thut ng vit tt

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 x
PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio T s cng sut nh trn cng sut
trung bnh
PSK Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha
PU Primary User Ngi dng chnh
QAM Quadrature Amplitute
Modulation
iu ch bin cu phng
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha cu phng
RAN Radio Access Network Mng truy nhp V tuyn
RE Radio Equipment Thit b v tuyn
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
RPA Recursive Power Allocation Phn b cng sut quy
RS Resource scheduling Lp lch ti nguyn
RSSI Received Signal Strength
Indicator
B ch th mc tn hiu thu
S/P Serial-to-Parallel Ni tip sang song song
SDR Software defined Radio V tuyn nh ngha bng phn
mm
SIR Signal-to-Interfence Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu
SM Spatial Multiplexing Ghp knh khng gian
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu
STC Space-Time Coding M ha khng gian-thi gian
SU Secondary User Ngi dng v tuyn thng minh
TPC Transmit Power Control iu khin cng sut pht
UWB Ultra Wide Band Bng siu rng
WLAN Wireless Local Area Network Mng v tuyn ni ht
WMAN Wireless Metropolitan Area
Networks
Mng v tuyn ni th
WPAN Wireless Personal Area
Networks
Mng v tuyn c nhn
n tt nghip i hc Cc thut ng vit tt

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 xi
WRAN Wireless Regional Area
Network
Mng v tuyn ni vng
WWRF Wireless World Research Forum

Din n nghin cu khng dy th
gii
n tt nghip i hc Li ni u

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 1
LI NI U
Ngy nay, Cng ngh thng tin v Truyn thng ang pht trin vi tc
chng mt, ko theo l s gia tng khng ngng ca cc ng dng v tuyn v cc
thit b v tuyn mi, i hi phi s dng ngun ti nguyn ph tn tit kim v hiu
qu hn. Tri li, vi chnh sch phn b ph tn v tuyn c nh nh hin nay v
vic s dng ph tn cp php li ty thuc vo nhu cu ca ngi dng nn tnh
trng s dng km hiu qu ph tn cp php ang din ra kh ph bin. Nh vy,
chnh sch gn ph tn c nh nh trc y s khng cn ph hp na, cn c mt
cng ngh truy nhp ph tn mi c th tn dng hiu qu cc phn ph tn cha c
s dng. Cng ngh truy nhp ph tn mi ny chnh l V tuyn thng minh (CR -
Cognitive Radio).
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) l mt phng thc truyn
dn ng tin cy cho cc h thng V tuyn thng minh. Th nht, OFDM l mt cng
ngh truyn dn xut sc ang c ng dng trong rt nhiu cng ngh mng v
tuyn hin ti v tng lai. Nn vic p dng OFDM trong V tuyn thng minh s
khin cho qu trnh ng b hot ng gia V tuyn thng minh v cc mng v
tuyn khc tr nn d dng hn bao gi ht. Th hai, vic phn b ti nguyn v tuyn
mt cch linh ng l mt thch thc ln trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh.
OFDM s cung cp mt phng php rt linh hot trong vic phn b cc ti nguyn
v tuyn trong mi trng ng. N cng m bo vic khng c can nhiu gia cc
knh v tuyn lin k nhau trong h thng. Cng sut cn c phn b hp l ti tt
c cc ngi s dng nhm m bo cho h thng vn hnh mt cch ti u nht, p
ng cc yu cu v cht lng dch v (QoS) cng nh nng cao hiu nng ca ton
b h thng V tuyn thng minh. Do vy, cn c nhng nghin cu ng n v ton
din v vn phn b cng sut trong cc mng v tuyn ni chung v trong V
tuyn thng minh ni ring.
c s nh hng v hng dn tn tnh ca c gio ThS. L Tng Hoa, em
thc hin n Phn b cng sut trong mng V tuyn thng minh da trn
nn tng OFDM. n bao gm bn chng, c th nh sau:
Chng 1: Tng quan v tuyn thng minh
Gii thiu chung v cu trc v hot ng ca mng V tuyn thng minh.
Trong nu r cc khi nim lin quan v V tuyn thng minh, ng thi phn tch
c im v hot ng ca V tuyn thng minh bao gm cm nhn ph, quyt nh
ph, linh hot ph v chia s ph.
Chng 2: K thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao - OFDM
n tt nghip i hc Li ni u

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 2
Trnh by tng quan v k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao. Ni
dung chng bao gm nguyn l truyn dn s dng trong OFDM, m hnh h thng
thu pht OFDM, cc phng php iu ch s dng trong OFDM v gii thiu tng
quan v k thut truyn dn OFDM khng lin tc (NC-OFDM), k thut c p
dng trc tip vo V tuyn thng minh.
Chng 3: V tuyn thng minh da trn nn OFDM
Trnh by kin trc ca mng V tuyn thng minh da trn nn tng cng
ngh OFDM - bao gm m hnh h thng v hot ng, cc thch thc cn tn ti v
cc chun p dng.
Chng 4: Phn b cng sut trong mng V tuyn thng minh OFDM
Ni dung chng i su phn tch v vn ti u phn b cng sut trong
mng V tuyn thng minh OFDM. C th ta s a ra cc thut ton phn b cng
sut ti u i vi h thng OFDM thng thng, t pht trin chung cho h thng
V tuyn thng minh OFDM.
Di s quan tm, gip , ch bo tn tnh trong nghin cu cng nh cung
cp ti liu ca c gio Ths. L Tng Hoa v n lc ca bn thn, n c hon
thnh vi ni dung ng k mc v phm vi nht nh. Tuy nhin, do trnh v
thi gian c hn nn n chc chn khng trnh khi c nhng sai st, knh mong
cc thy c gio v bn c ng gp kin cho ni dung n c hon thin hn
v nh hng cho cc nghin cu tip theo.
Em xin gi li cm n chn thnh nht ti c gio ThS. L Tng Hoa, ngi
trc tip nh hng em la chn n ny ng thi cng l ngi tn tnh
hng dn em trong sut qu trnh thc hin v hon thnh n. Em cng xin gi li
cm n chn thnh ti cc thy c gio trong b mn V tuyn khoa Vin thng I, v
cc bn b gip em trong qu trnh hc tp v lm n.




H ni, ngy 05 thng 12 nm 2011
Ngi lm n
Nguyn Tin Tnh

n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 3
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V TUYN THNG MINH
1.1. Gii thiu chng
V tuyn thng minh khng ch l mt cng ngh mi, m n cn l mt s
thay i mang tnh cch mng trong vic s dng ph tn v tuyn. Cng ngh V
tuyn thng minh c thit k nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng ph tn, cc ngi
dng thng minh c kh nng s dng ph chia s m khng gy nhiu ti cc ngi
dng c cp php. V tuyn thng minh cho php u cui c th cm nhn, hiu
bit v s dng mt cch linh hot ph tn sn c ti mt thi im nht nh. Chng
ny s cp mt cch tng quan nht v cng ngh V tuyn thng minh, cc khi
nim, c tnh cng nh hot ng ca V tuyn thng minh.
1.2. nh ngha V tuyn thng minh
V tuyn thng minh l mt cng ngh cn rt mi m, do nh ngha V
tuyn thng minh c cc c nhn v t chc v v tuyn trn th gii nhn nhn
theo rt nhiu cch khc nhau.
Thut ng V tuyn thng minh ln u tin xut hin trong mt t bo nm
1999, n c Joseph Mitola III nh ngha nh sau: V tuyn thng minh l m hnh
v tuyn s dng nhng suy lun cht ch t c mc tiu c th thit lp
trong cc min v tuyn lin quan.
Tuy nhin, trong kho st v V tuyn thng minh ca mt t bo, Simon
Haykin nh ngha V tuyn thng minh nh sau: V tuyn thng minh l mt h
thng truyn thng khng dy thng minh c kh nng nhn bit v mi trng xung
quanh n t hc hi thch nghi vi s thay i ca mi trng bng cch thay
i cc tham s hot ng c th (v d cng sut pht, tn s sng mang, phng
thc iu ch) trong thi gian thc, vi hai c tnh chnh:
- Truyn thng tin cy cao ti mi thi im
- S dng hiu qu ph tn s v tuyn
FCC nh ngha V tuyn thng minh da trn nn tng vn hnh ca my
pht nh sau: L mt v tuyn m c th thay i cc tham s ca my pht da trn
s tng tc vi mi trng m n hot ng.
Trong khi tr gip FCC n lc a ra nh ngha v tuyn thng minh, IEEE
USA a ra nh ngha sau: Mt b pht/thu tn s v tuyn m c thit k
pht hin mt cch thng minh cc phn on ring l ca ph tn ang c s
dng, t c th truy nhp vo cc ph tn cha c s dng mt cch nhanh
chng, linh hot, khng gy nhiu ti cc ngi dng c cp php.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 4
Da vo mt s nh ngha trn ta nhn thy V tuyn thng minh c mt s
c im c bn nh sau:
S quan st: d trc tip hay gin tip, v tuyn thng minh c kh nng thu
thp c thng tin v mi trng hot ng ca n.
Kh nng thch ng: v tuyn thng minh c th thay i cc tham s hot
ng ca n cho ph hp vi hon cnh.
Tnh thng minh: c kh nng s dng thng tin mt cch linh hot t
c mc tiu nh sn.
T y chng ta c th tin ti mt nh ngha chung nht v V tuyn thng minh
nh sau:
nh ngha: V tuyn thng minh l mt v tuyn c kh nng phn tch mi
trng xung quanh n, t thay i cc tham s truyn dn ca n s dng ph
tn sn c mt cch hiu qu.
1.3. Hot ng ca v tuyn thng minh
T nh ngha trn ta c th thy v tuyn thng minh c hai c im chnh sau:
- Kh nng thng minh: Kh nng thng minh ch kh nng m cng ngh v
tuyn nm bt hoc cm nhn cc thng tin t mi trng v tuyn. Kh nng
ny khng ch n gin l thc hin gim st cng sut trong mt s bng tn
s quan tm m cn yu cu nhiu cng ngh phc tp nm bt s bin i
ca mi trng v tuyn theo khng gian v theo thi gian nhm trnh nhiu
nh hng ti nhng ngi dng khc. Thng qua kh nng ny, cc phn ph
khng s dng ti mt thi im hoc v tr nht nh c th c xc nh. T
, ta c th la chn c ph tt nht v cc thng s hot ng ph hp
nht..
- Tnh t cu hnh: Tnh t cu hnh cho php V tuyn kh nng lp trnh t
ng theo s thay i ca mi trng v tuyn. c bit, V tuyn thng minh
c th c lp trnh truyn v nhn trn cc tn s khc nhau v s dng
cc cng ngh truy nhp truyn dn khc nhau c phn cng h tr. Mt s
thng s t cu hnh cn ch l: Tn s hot ng, iu ch, Cng sut pht,
Cng ngh truyn.
Mc tiu c bn ca V tuyn thng minh l tn dng c ph tn c sn tt
nht thng qua kh nng thng minh v tnh t cu hnh. V hu ht ph tn c
gn, nn thch thc quan trng nht l s dng chia s ph tn c cp php m
khng gy nhiu ti qu trnh truyn dn ca nhng ngi dng c cp php khc.
V tuyn thng minh cho php s dng nhng vng ph trng theo tng thi im,
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 5
ph ny m ch h ph hay khong trng (xem Hnh 1.1). Nu bng ph ny c
ngi dng chnh (ngi dng cp php) s dng tip th cc ngi dng v tuyn
thng minh phi chuyn n h ph khc hoc nu vn trong cng mt bng th phi
thay i mc cng sut pht hoc s iu ch trnh nhiu.
Cng sut
Tn s
Thi gian
H ph
Ph s dng

Hnh 1.1. Minh ha h ph
Hot ng ca V tuyn thng minh c th c m t theo mt chu trnh
thng minh nh Hnh 1.2 di y.
Mi trng V tuyn
CM NHN
PH
QUN L
PH
DCH CHUYN
PH
Tn hiu truyn i
Cc tc nhn
V tuyn
Thng tin v cc
h ph
Thng tin
Chuyn giao
Thng tin v cc
h ph
Cc tc nhn
V tuyn
CHIA S PH
Lp lch
Thng tin knh

Hnh 1.2. Chu trnh thng minh
Hnh 1.2 l mt chu trnh thng minh n gin nht bao gm cc nhim v chnh ca
mt mng V tuyn thng minh; cc nhim v ny c th c phn loi thnh:
- Cm nhn ph: V tuyn thng minh gim st cc bng ph sn c, nm bt cc
thng tin ca chng v sau pht hin ra cc h ph.
- Qun l ph: chim gi phn ph tn tt nht a ra cc k hoch phn b
ph cho cc ngi dng mt cch hp l.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 6
- Dch chuyn ph: m bo cc yu cu truyn thng c thng sut v lin
tc.
- Chia s ph: lp lch ph tn hp l gia cc ngi dng v tuyn thng minh
ang cng tn ti.
Cc nhim v ny s c phn tch chi tit hn cc phn sau ca chng.
Cc mng V tuyn thng minh cho php cc giao thc truyn thng nhn bit
ph. Tuy nhin, vic s dng ph tn ng gy ra cc nh hng bt li n hiu nng
ca cc giao thc truyn thng thng thng m c pht trin cho cc bng tn
s c nh.
Cc thnh phn trong mng V tuyn thng minh v tc ng gia chng c
minh ha trong Hnh 1.3. Chnh s tc ng ny i hi mng V tuyn thng minh
phi c chc nng thit k gia cc lp. c bit, vic cm nhn ph v chia s ph
phi c kt hp nng cao hiu qu ph. Trong chc nng chia s ph v dch
chuyn ph, cc chc nng lp ng dng, truyn ti, nh tuyn, truy nhp phng
tin v lp vt l c thc hin ng thi.
Chc nng
dch chuyn
ph
Chc nng
qun l
ph
ng dng
Truyn ti
Lp mng
Chia s
ph
Cm nhn
ph
Lp vt l
iu khin ng dng
Tn tht, tr chuyn giao
Thng tin nh tuyn
Thng tin
cm nhn
Tr lp
lin kt
Cc yu cu v QoS
T cu hnh
Thng tin nh tuyn/
T cu hnh
Thng tin lp lch/
T cu hnh
Thng tin
cm nhn/
T cu hnh
Quyt nh chuyn giao, thng tin v ph tn hin ti v tng lai
Lp lin kt d liu
Hnh 1.3. Cc chc nng truyn thng trong mng V tuyn thng minh.
Nh ta thy, chc nng cm nhn ph tn c thc hin ti lp vt l cn chc nng
chia s ph c thc hin ch yu ti lp lin kt d liu.
1.4. Cc chc nng chnh ca V tuyn thng minh
Cc k thut V tuyn thng minh cung cp kh nng s dng v chia s ph
theo c hi. Cc k thut truy nhp ph tn ng cho php V tuyn thng minh hot
ng trong knh tt nht c sn. C th hn, cng ngh V tuyn thng minh cho php
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 7
nhng ngi dng thng minh kh nng: (1) xc nh cc phn ph sn c v pht
hin ra nhng ngi dng chnh khi ngi dng hot ng trong bng cp php
(cm nhn ph), (2) la chn knh tt nht c sn (qun l ph), v (3) ng truy nhp
ti cc knh vi nhng ngi dng khc (chia s ph), v (4) b knh khi pht
hin c ngi dng chnh (dch chuyn ph).
1.4.1. Cm nhn ph
Mt yu cu quan trng ca mng V tuyn thng minh l cm nhn cc h
ph. Nh c cp, V tuyn thng minh c thit k c th hiu bit v
nhy cm vi s thay i ca mi trng xung quanh. Chc nng cm nhn ph cho
php V tuyn thng minh thch ng vi mi trng xung quanh bi vic pht hin
cc h ph.
Cch hiu qu nht pht hin cc h ph l pht hin cc ngi dng chnh
ang truyn nhn d liu trong vng hot ng ca n. Tuy nhin, trn thc t rt kh
cho mt V tuyn thng minh c th o trc tip cc thng s v knh ang s
dng gia my pht v thu ca ngi dng chnh. Do vy, phng php kh thi u
tin l tp trung vo vic pht hin my pht chnh da trn cc quan st cc b ca
cc ngi dng v tuyn thng minh.
Ni chung, cc k thut cm nhn ph c th c phn loi thnh: pht hin
my pht, pht hin cng tc v pht hin da trn nhiu c ch ra trn Hnh 1.4.
Cm nhn ph
Pht hin
my pht
Pht hin theo c
ch hp tc
Pht hin
da trn nhiu
Pht hin
da trn
b lc kt hp
Pht hin
nng lng
Pht hin
da trn
c tnh dng

Hnh 1.4. Phn loi cc k thut cm nhn ph.
1.4.1.1. Pht hin my pht (pht hin khng hp tc)
V tuyn thng minh phi phn bit gia cc bng tn cha s dng v cc
bng tn c s dng. Bi vy, V tuyn thng minh cn c kh nng xc nh
xem tn hiu t my pht ngi dng chnh c ang tn ti trong mt bng tn c th
hay khng. Phng php pht hin my pht l da trn vic pht hin tn hiu yu t
mt my pht chnh thng qua cc quan st cc b ca cc ngi dng v tuyn thng
minh.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 8
1.4.1.1.1. Pht hin da trn b lc kt hp
Khi bit c thng tin tn hiu ngi dng chnh, th phng php pht hin
tt nht trong mi trng nhiu Gauss khng i l b lc kt hp v n cho t s tn
hiu trn nhiu (SNR) ti a. Trong khi u im chnh ca b lc kt hp l yu cu t
thi gian t c li x l cao, th n i hi phi bit trc thng tin v tn
hiu ngi dng chnh chng hn nh phng thc iu ch, dng xung, v khun
dng gi. Bi vy, nu cc thng tin ny khng chnh xc th b lc kt hp t ra
khng hiu qu.
1.4.1.1.2. Pht hin da trn nng lng
Nu my thu khng th c c thng tin hu ch v tn hiu ngi dng
chnh, chng hn nu my thu ch bit c cng sut ca nhiu Gauss ngu nhin, th
b pht hin tt nht trong trng hp ny l pht hin da trn nng lng. o
nng lng ca tn hiu nhn c, tn hiu u ra ca b lc thng di vi bng
thng W c bnh phng v tch phn qua khong thi gian quan st T. Cui cng,
u ra ca b kt hp c so snh vi mt ngng quyt nh xem c ngi dng
chnh hay khng.
Hiu nng ca pht hin nng lng d b nh hng bi s thay i ca cng
sut nhiu. gii quyt vn ny, mt knh hoa tiu t my pht chnh c s
dng ci thin chnh xc ca b pht hin da trn nng lng. Mt thiu st
na l b pht hin da trn nng lng khng th phn bit cc loi tn hiu m ch
c th xc nh s c mt ca chng.
1.4.1.1.3. Pht hin da trn c tnh dng
Mt phng php pht hin khc l pht hin da trn c tnh dng. Cc tn
hiu iu ch thng thng c kt hp vi cc sng mang hnh sin, cc chui
xung, tri ph lp, nhy tn, hoc cc tin t vng. Nhng tn hiu iu ch ny
c m t nh c tnh dng v trung bnh v t tng quan ca chng tun hon theo
chu k. Nhng c tnh ny c pht hin nh phn tch hm tng quan ph. u
im chnh ca hm tng quan ph l n phn bit nng lng nhiu vi nng lng
tn hiu iu ch. Bi vy b pht hin c tnh vng tnh c th hot ng tt hn
b pht hin nng lng v n c th tch c nhiu ra tt hn b pht hin da trn
nng lng. Tuy nhin, n yu cu tnh ton phc tp v thi gian quan st s di hn
ng k.
1.4.1.2. Pht hin theo c ch hp tc
Pht hin theo c ch hp tc l phng php cm nhn ph tn m thng tin t
nhiu ngi dng v tuyn thng minh c kt hp li pht hin ngi dng
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 9
chnh. Pht hin hp tc c th c thc hin theo c phng n tp trung hay phn
tn. Trong phng n tp trung, trm gc ng vai tr thu thp ton b thng tin t
cc ngi dng v tuyn thng minh v pht hin cc h ph. Cn theo phng n
phn tn, n yu cu trao i cc thng tin quan st gia cc ngi dng trong mng
vi nhau.
Phng php ny cung cp hiu nng cm nhn chnh xc hn, tuy nhin n to
ra cc nh hng bt li trong cc mng hn ch ti nguyn do cc hot ng b xung
v cc lu lng mo u.
1.4.1.3. Pht hin da trn nhiu
Gn y mt m hnh o nhiu mi c FCC gii thiu, gi l phng
php nhit nhiu c ch ra trn Hnh 1.5.
Tn hiu cp
php
Cc c hi mi
cho truy cp ph
Vng phc v
nh nht vi
nh nhiu
Vng phc v ti
nhiu nn
Nhiu nn
Cng sut
ti my
thu Gii hn nhit
nhiu

Hnh 1.5. M hnh nhit nhiu
M hnh ny ch ra tn hiu ca mt trm v tuyn c thit k hot ng
trong mt di ti cng sut thu gn vi mc nhiu nn. Khi xut hin tn hiu gm
c nhiu th nhiu nn tng ln ti cc im khc nhau trong vng dch v, nh ch ra
bi cc nh pha trn ca nhiu nn ban u. Trong m hnh nhit nhiu cc thu bao
v tuyn thng minh c coi l cc thu bao c quyn u tin hn, cc thu bao khc
v can nhiu ch nh l mt ngun nhiu. Ngun nhiu s gii hn dung lng ca
h thng trn tng bng tn c th t h thng v tuyn thng minh s quyt nh
truyn hay khng.
Tuy nhin vn c mt s gii hn trong vic o c nhit nhiu. Phng php
ny xem xt cc nhn t nh phng php iu ch tn hiu khng cp php, cc
anten, kh nng pht hin cc knh cp php tch cc, iu khin cng sut v mc
hot ng ca cc ngi dng chnh v ngi dng v tuyn thng minh. Tuy nhin
m hnh ny khng xem xt nh hng ca nhiu ngi dng. Hn na, nu ngi
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 10
dng khng c kin thc v v tr gn ngi dng chnh th nhiu khng th o c
c bng phng php ny.
1.4.2. Qun l ph
Trong mng v tuyn thng minh, cc bng tn ph cha s dng s c tri
ra trn mt vng tn s rng bao gm c bng tn cp pht v khng cp pht. Cc
bng tn ph cha s dng ny c pht hin thng qua cm nhn ph cho thy cc
c im khc nhau khng ch thay i theo thi gian m cn theo cc thng tin bng
tn ph nh tn s v bng thng hot ng.
V mng V tuyn thng minh phi quyt nh c bng tn ph tt nht
p ng cc yu cu v QoS trn ton b cc bng tn c sn, nn cc chc nng qun
l ph mi c yu cu xem xt cc c im ph ng.
Chng ta phn loi cc chc nng ny thnh: cm nhn ph, phn tch ph, v
quyt nh ph. Trong , cm nhn ph nh cp trn l chc nng thuc lp
vt l, phn tch ph v quyt nh ph thuc chc nng ca cc lp cao hn.
1.4.2.1. Phn tch ph
Trong mng v tuyn thng minh cc h ph c sn cho thy cc c tnh khc
nhau ca ph bin i theo thi gian. Phn tch ph cho php phn loi cc bng tn
ph khc nhau, t c th la chn c bng tn ph hp vi yu cu ca ngi
dng. thy c cht lng ca cc bng tn ph c th cn phi phn tch cc
thng s nh mc nhiu, t l li knh, suy hao ng truyn, li lin kt v tuyn, tr
lp lin kt, v thi gian nm gi.
- Nhiu: cc bng tn ph khc nhau thng c cc mc nhiu khc nhau, do
cn xc nh cc c im nhiu ca knh. T mc nhiu ti my thu chnh, ta
s suy ra cng sut cho php ca ngi dng t s dng cho vic c tnh
dung lng knh.
- Suy hao ng truyn: khi tn s hot ng tng th suy hao ng truyn cng
tng. Do , nu cng sut pht ca ngi dng gi nguyn th phm vi truyn
s gim ti cc tn s cao hn. Nu ta tng cng sut pht b li suy hao
ng truyn th s tng nhiu i vi cc ngi dng khc.
- Li lin kt v tuyn: da vo s iu ch v mc nhiu ca bng tn ph, t
l li ca knh c thay i.
- Tr lp lin kt: xc nh suy hao ng truyn, li lin kt v tuyn, v
nhiu th yu cu cc giao thc lp lin kt d liu l khc nhau ti cc bng tn
khc nhau. iu ny dn ti tr truyn dn gi lp lin kt d liu khc nhau.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 11
- Thi gian nm gi: cc hot ng ca ngi dng chnh c th nh hng ti
cht lng knh trong cc mng v tuyn thng minh. Thi gian nm gi l
thi gian m ngi dng v tuyn thng minh chim gi mt bng tn c cp
php trc khi b ngt. Hin nhin l thi gian nm gi cng lu th cht lng
cng tt. C th tng thi gian nm gi bng k thut chuyn giao thng k.
1.4.2.2. Quyt nh ph
Khi tt c cc bng tn ph sn c, th cn phi la chn c bng tn ph
hp nht vi cc yu cu v QoS v cc c tnh ca ph. Do vy, qun l ph cn
phi bit c cc yu cu v QoS ca ngi dng. Da trn m tc d liu, t
l li chp nhn c, bin gii tr, m hnh truyn dn v bng tn truyn s c
xc nh. Sau da vo cc quy tc quyt nh m s chn la cc bng tn ph hp.
Cc quy tc chn la c xut da trn tnh cng bng v gi tr truyn thng.
1.4.3. Dch chuyn ph
Dch chuyn ph c th c nh ngha l qu trnh mt ngi dng V tuyn
thng minh thay i tn s hot ng ca n. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh
chuyn giao ph.
Trong mng V tuyn thng minh, chuyn giao ph xy ra khi cc iu kin
knh hin thi c biu hin xu i hoc c s tr li ca ngi dng chnh. Cc giao
thc i vi cc tng khc nhau ca ngn xp mng phi ph hp vi cc tham s
knh. Mc ch ca vic dch chuyn ph trong v tuyn thng minh l m bo
qu trnh truyn dn xy ra lin tc v cht lng.
1.4.4. Chia s ph
Trong mng v tuyn thng minh, mt trong nhng thch thc chnh khi s
dng ph tn m l vic chia s ph tn. Khng ging nh cm nhn ph lin quan
chnh ti lp vt l, hay qun l ph lin quan ti cc dch v lp cao hn, cc chc
nng chia s ph tng t vi cc cng ngh phn b ti nguyn v a truy nhp a
ngi dng trong lp MAC ca cc h thng truyn thng ang tn ti. Vn chnh
trong vic chia s ph l s cng tn ti ca cc ngi dng v tuyn thng minh v
cc ngi dng chnh v qun l cc bng thng khng lin tc c sn.
Da trn cc tiu chun khc nhau, cc k thut chia s ph c th c phn
loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
Cu trc mng
Tp trung Phn tn
Cch cp pht ph tn
Hp tc Khng hp tc
Cng ngh truy nhp ph tn
Overlay Underlay
Hnh 1.6. Phn loi cc cng ngh chia s ph tn
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 12
Theo cu trc mng, c th phn thnh chia s ph tp trung v khng tp trung
(phn tn), chia s ph tp trung ngha l ton b cc node trong mng gi thng tin
cm nhn ph ca chng ti n v iu khin trung tm, sau n v iu khin
trung tm s thit lp lc phn b ph; trong khi chia s ph phn tn ngha l
ton b cc node t quyt nh truy nhp ph theo cch ring.
Theo cch thc cp pht ph tn, c th phn loi thnh chia s ph hp tc v
khng hp tc, trong chia s ph hp tc mi node chia s kt qu cm nhn ph ca
n vi cc node khc, sau thut ton phn b ph s quyt nh da trn cc thng
tin ny; tri li chia s ph khng hp tc c ngha l cc node t n quyt nh chia s
ph.
Theo cng ngh truy nhp c th phn thnh chia s ph overlay v chia s ph
underlay. Overlay c ngha l ngi dng v tuyn thng minh truy nhp mng thng
qua h ph khng c s dng, thc t th l ghp knh phn chia thi gian gia cc
ngi dng v tuyn thng minh v ngi dng chnh, do nhiu ti ngi dng
chnh l nh nht. Underlay c ngha l mt ngi dng v tuyn thng minh c th
dng cng ngh tri ph nh CDMA (a truy nhp phn chia theo m) v UWB (siu
di ng bng rng) chia s cng mt bng tn vi ngi dng cp php, trong
trng hp ny th ngi dng cp php s coi cc ngi dng thng minh nh l
nhiu. Hin nhin, khi ngi dng v tuyn thng minh bit ton b thng tin v h
thng cp php th overlay th hin tt hn underlay, v ngc li.
1.5. Kin trc Vt l ca V tuyn thng minh
Kin trc tng quan ca b thu pht V tuyn thng minh c ch ra trn Hnh
1.7(a). Thnh phn chnh ca b thu pht V tuyn thng minh l u cui RF (RF
front-end) v khi x l bng gc. Mi thnh phn c th t cu hnh thng qua mt
bus iu khin thch ng vi mi trng RF bin i theo thi gian. Trong u cui
RF, tn hiu thu c khuch i, trn v chuyn i A/D. Trong khi x l bng gc,
tn hiu c iu ch/gii iu ch, c m ha/gii m. Khi x l bng gc ca V
tuyn thng minh v bn cht cng tng t nh b thu pht ang tn ti. Tuy nhin,
im mi V tuyn thng minh nm u cui RF. V vy, ta s tp trung vo u
cui RF ca V tuyn thng minh.
im mi ca b thu pht V tuyn thng minh l kh nng cm nhn bng
rng ca u cui RF. Chc nng ny lin quan ti cc cng ngh phn cng RF nh
anten bng rng, khuch i cng sut, v b lc thch ng. Phn cng RF cho V
tuyn thng minh c kh nng iu chnh ti bt k phn no ca di ph tn rng ln.
Cm nhn ph cng cho php vic o lng trong thi gian thc cc thng tin ph t
mi trng v tuyn.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 13
Tn s v
tuyn
(RF)
B chuyn i
tng t-s
(A/D)
X l bng
gc
T

i

n
g

i

d

n
g
T


n
g

i

d

n
g
iu khin
(T cu hnh)
T
h
u
P
h

t
(a)
u cui v tuyn
X l d liu

AGC A/D
PLL
Anten bng rng
LNA
B lc RF
B khuch i
tp m nh
VCO
B trn
B lc
la chn knh
iu khin
li t ng
B chuyn i
tng t-s
(b)
Hnh 1.7. Kin trc vt l ca V tuyn thng minh
(a) B thu pht ca V tuyn thng minh; (b) Kin trc u cui RF/tng t bng
rng.
Ni chung, kin trc u cui bng rng cho V tuyn thng minh c th miu
t nh trn Hnh 1.7(b).
u cui RF ca V tuyn thng minh bao gm cc thnh phn sau:
- B lc RF: B lc RF la chn bng mong mun bng cch lc thng di tn
hiu RF nhn c.
- B khuch i tp m nh (LNA): LNA khuch i tn hiu mong mun trong
khi ng thi gim thiu cc thnh phn tp m.
- B trn: Ti b trn, tn hiu nhn c c trn vi tn s RF ni, v c
chuyn i thnh tn s bng gc hoc tn s trung tn (IF).
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 14
- B dao ng iu khin bng in p (VCO): VCO to ra tn hiu ti mt tn s
nht nh vi in p cho trc trn vi tn hiu ti. Qu trnh ny chuyn
i tn hiu ti thnh tn s bng gc hoc tn s trung tn.
- Vng kha pha (PLL): PLL m bo rng tn hiu c kha mt tn s nht
nh v c th c s dng to ra cc tn s chnh xc.
- B lc la chn knh: B lc la chn knh c s dng la chn knh
mong mun v loi b cc knh ln cn. C hai loi b lc la chn knh. My
thu chuyn i trc tip s dng b lc thng thp la chn knh, cn my
thu superheterodyne li s dng b lc thng di.
- iu khin li t ng (AGC): AGC duy tr li hoc mc cng sut u
ra ca b khuch i khng i qua mt di rng cc mc tn hiu u vo.
Trong kin trc ny, tn hiu bng rng c nhn thng qua u cui RF, c
ly mu bi b chuyn i tng t-s (A/D) tc cao, v vic o c c thc
hin pht hin ra tn hiu ca ngi dng chnh. Tuy nhin, y cn tn ti nhiu
hn ch trong vic pht trin u cui ca V tuyn thng minh.
Anten RF bng rng nhn cc tn hiu t cc my pht khc nhau hot ng ti
cc mc cng sut, cc bng thng v cc v tr khc nhau. Kt qu l, u cui RF
phi c kh nng pht hin tn hiu yu trong mt di tn s ng ln. Tuy nhin, kh
nng ny i hi phi c b chuyn i A/D tc vi GHz vi phn gii cao, m
iu ny th rt kh thc hin.
Trc khi thc hin chuyn i, b chuyn i A/D tc vi GHz cn phi
gim bt di ng ca tn hiu. iu ny c th t c bng cch lc cc tn hiu
mnh. V cc tn hiu mnh c th nm bt c u trong di ph rng ln, nn cn
phi c cc b lc ch V kh chnh (tunable notch filters). Mt cch khc na l s
dng nhiu anten sao cho vic lc tn hiu c thc hin trong min khng gian hn
l trong min tn s. Nhiu anten c th nhn tn hiu mt cch chn lc bng cch s
dng cc cng ngh iu khin bp sng.
Thch thc ch yu trong kin trc vt l ca V tuyn thng minh l pht hin
chnh xc cc tn hiu yu ca nhng ngi dng chnh qua mt di ph tn rng. Do
vy, vic thc hin u cui RF bng rng v b chuyn i A/D l vn hng u
trong cc mng V tuyn thng minh.
Phn tip theo, chng ta s xem xt m hnh tham kho khi thc hin V tuyn
thng minh da trn V tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR Software Defined
Radio). T thy c s khc nhau c bn nht gia V tuyn thng minh v V
tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm, ng thi thy c cc u im vt tri ca V
tuyn thng minh.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 15
1.6. M hnh thc hin V tuyn thng minh
1.6.1. V tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR).
Trc khi trnh by kin trc ca V tuyn thng minh, ta s i s qua v v
tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm, n c coi l nn tng cho vic thc hin V tuyn
thng minh trong tng lai.
V tuyn nh ngha phn mm l mt h thng truyn thng khng dy c th
cu hnh li, trong cc tham s truyn dn (nh bng tn hot ng, phng thc
iu ch, giao thc ...) c th c iu khin mt cch t ng. Chc nng ny c
thc hin bi cc thut ton x l tn hiu c iu khin bng phn mm. SDR l
cha kha thc thi V tuyn thng minh. Da theo vng hot ng ca n th SDR
c th l:
- Mt h thng a bng tn: SDR s h tr nhiu bng tn khc nhau c s
dung bi mt v tuyn (v d, GSM 900, GSM 1800, GSM 1900).
- Mt h thng a chun: SDR s h tr nhiu chun khc nhau (v d GSM,
WCDMA, cdma2000, WiMAX, WiFi). Cc giao din v tuyn khc nhau vi
cng mt chun (v d IEEE 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n trong chun
WiFi) cng c th c h tr bi SDR.
- Mt h thng h tr a dch v: SDR s h tr nhiu loi hnh dch v, v d
nh thoi t bo hay truy cp Internet khng dy bng rng.
- Mt h thng a knh: SDR c th hot ng truyn/nhn d liu trn nhiu
bng tn cng lc.
V tuyn nh ngha phn mm s dng cc thit b k thut s kh lp trnh
thc hin x l d liu cn thit truyn v nhn cc thng tin bng tn c s ti tn
s v tuyn. Cu trc tng qut ca b thu pht SDR c m t nh Hnh 1.8:
X l d liu
X l bng tn
c s
A/D
u cui v
tuyn
Pht/
Thu
Tn hiu iu khin
D liu
vo
D liu
ra
Hnh 1.8. Cu trc tng qut b thu pht SDR
Hu ht cc thnh phn trong cu trc ca SDR (nh b x l tn hiu, b
chuyn i tng t - s, b x l bng tn c s...) u tng t vi v tuyn truyn
thng, ch khc ch l cc thnh phn ny trong SDR c th c iu khin bi cc
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 16
giao thc cc lp cao hn hoc c th c cu hnh li bi cc module v tuyn
thng minh.
Trong v tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm cc c tnh v tn s sng mang,
bng thng tn hiu, iu ch, v truy nhp mng u c nh ngha bng phn
mm. Ngy nay, cc SDR cng c thc hin cc mt m bo mt cn thit; m ha
sa li trc (FEC); v m ha ngun ting ni, hnh nh, hoc d liu trong phn
mm.
1.6.2. M hnh thc hin V tuyn thng minh
Nh cp trn SDR l c s thc hin V tuyn thng minh. L do rt
n gin: SDR cung cp mt mt bng v tuyn rt mm do, ta c th lp trnh
v iu khin thch ng bi mt khi gim st trung tm. Cc cng ngh in t hin
ti, bao gm ADC, DDC, b tng hp tn s tc cao, phng php ch to vi in
t, khin cho SDR c th thc hin c vi chi ph rt hp l v kch thc nh
gn. Cc SDR hin ti c th thc hin V tuyn thng minh thc s trong tng lai.
Hnh 1.9 so snh v tuyn thng thng, V tuyn c nh ngha bng phn
mm v V tuyn thng minh.
RF iu ch M ha To khung X l
Phn cng Phn mm
V tuyn
thng thng
RF iu ch M ha To khung X l
Phn cng Phn mm
V tuyn nh ngha
bng phn mm
RF iu ch M ha To khung X l
Phn cng Phn mm
V tuyn
thng minh
X l thng minh (cm nhn, quyt nh, chia s)
Hnh 1.9. So snh gia V tuyn thng thng, V tuyn c nh ngha bng phn
mm v V tuyn thng minh.
T s trn, ta c th thy rng, V tuyn thng minh c th thc hin c
hon ton ch da trn nhng thay i cu trc phn mm, ch khng phi thay i
cu trc phn cng bn trong nh cc h thng v tuyn trc y na. pht trin
V tuyn thng minh t SDR, ta ch cn thm vo SDR cc khi x l thng minh nh
DFS, TPC v IPD. im khc bit ch yu ca V tuyn thng minh so vi V tuyn
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 17
c nh ngha bng phn mm (SDR) l kh nng thng minh, t ng thch ng
nhanh chng vi s thay i ca mi trng v tuyn. Trong khi SDR ch c th thay
i cc quyt nh theo mi trng trong phm vi mt tp cc la chn c cu hnh
sn qua phn mm, th V tuyn thng minh c kh nng t cu hnh, tc l n c th
thch ng ngay vi iu kin ca mi trng m khng cn cu hnh trc. Nh vy,
V tuyn thng minh thch nghi vi mi trng ph; trong khi SDR li thch nghi vi
mi trng mng, v chng c mt phn chng ln nhau v chc nng.
SDR thch nghi
vi mi trng
mng

CR thch nghi
vi mi trng
ph

Hnh 1.10. Quan h gia V tuyn thng minh v SDR
S khi ca mt V tuyn thng minh da trn cc module SDR c ch ra
trn Hnh 1.11, y c hai khi quan trng nht, mt khi l module my thu bao bi
cc ng gch ngang pha trn, v mt khi l module my pht c bao bi khi
ng gch ngang pha di ca s .
Khi u tin bn tri hnh v l Anten bng rng, khi ny ging nh ci cng
vo V tuyn thng minh, n thc hin iu khin bng tn V tuyn thng minh hot
ng bng tn s RF ca n. Mt V tuyn thng minh c th qut mt bng tn tng
i rng p ng vi s thay i ca mi trng, v do , bng tn tng cng cho
mt V tuyn thng minh nht nh s ph thuc vo cc ng dng v dch v ca n.
Trn hnh v, bng tn tng cng cho anten bng rng c biu th bi

=
A
N
i
i
f
1
. Bng
tn tng cng ny phi c chia thnh N phn, mi phn c gn mt SDR nht
nh hot ng.
Sau anten bng rng, b ghp song cng s iu khin anten chia s vi cc tn
hiu thu v pht c th tch hiu qu cc tn hiu i vo v tn hiu ra ngoi. Khi
la chn tn s ng DFS c a vo trnh cc tn hiu radar ca mng IEEE
802.11a hot ng trong bng 5 GHz U-NII, v y DFS lin quan ti qu trnh la
chn tn s t ng, nhm t c mt s mc tiu nht nh (nh trnh nhiu c hi
nh hng ti h thng v tuyn vi u tin cao hn) trong V tuyn thng minh.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 18
Anten
bng rng
B ghp
song cng
Cng
nh
thi
iu khin
cng sut pht
(TPC)
B tng hp
thch ng
Pht hin thu bao c cp php
(IPD)
L

a

c
h

n

t

n

s

n
g
(
D
F
S
)
T cu hnh
thng tin/
Phi hp
la chn
SDR-1 (f
1
)
SDR-1 (f
2
)
SDR-1
(f
N
)
Nhiu anten
u ra
u vo
Bng tn = f
i
Hnh 1.11. S khi thc hin V tuyn thng minh da trn SDR.
C N khi SDR hot ng song song trong module my thu Hnh 1.11, v
mi khi s m nhim mt phn bng tn ring. L do s dng nhiu SDR song song,
thay v s dng mt SDR, l lng d liu cn x l trong mi phn bng tn khc
nhau (f
i
, trong i=1, , N), trc khi thc hin bt k loi quyt nh thng minh
no trong V tuyn thng minh, l rt ln. Mt khc, chng ta cng c th thc hin
mt V tuyn thng minh ch s dng mt khi SDR duy nht. Tuy nhin, trong
trng hp ny, SDR yu cu phi c nng lc x l cao thc hin tt c cc vic
x l d liu trong mt khong thi gian ngn.
Tt c d liu u ra sau s c a n mt khi, khi ny c nhim v
a ra cc quyt nh thng minh. Cc quyt nh ny bao gm vic la chn v kt
hp cc thng tin pht hin c, nhm c c cc thng tin u ra m ta thc
s mun.
Trong Hnh 1.11, module my pht thc hin nhim v gi thng tin. B tng
hp thch ng (Adaptive Synthesizer) c nhim v to ra sng mang tham kho chnh
xc thc hin qu trnh iu ch v hot ng bin i nng tn. lm c nh
vy, module my pht cng cn cc thng tin hu ch t khi IPD, khi ny cung cp
biu nh v tn s sng mang hin thi, thi gian biu chng trnh ca my cp
ph, v cc thng tin v cng sut pht, Thng tin ny cn thit xc nh mc
cng sut pht chnh xc m bo vic truyn t V tuyn thng minh khng gy
nhiu vi nhng ngi dng hot ng. Cc chc nng tng t s c thc hin
trong khi Cng nh thi (Timing Gate), khi ny iu khin cc khe thi gian
truyn, vic truyn t V tuyn thng minh s ch xy ra khi vng ph trng.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 19
Kin trc phn lp chung cho s V tuyn thng minh ch ra trong Hnh
1.11 c minh ha trong Hnh 1.12, trong ch c hai lp (vt l v lin kt d liu)
c trnh by chi tit v tt c cc lp cao hn khc l cc ng dng ph thuc v do
ta khng cn quan tm y.
Cc lp cao hn
Giao thc qun
l kt ni
Giao thc
MAC
Giao thc qun
l nhm
Lp con hi t
Ngn xp
WWAN
Ngn xp
WLAN
Ngn xp
WPAN
Lp lin kt d liu
Truyn d liu Qut ph o c knh
iu khin cng
sut truyn
Pht hin ngi
dng chnh
Lp Vt l
C

c

k

n
h

u

k
h
i

n

n
h

m

Hnh 1.12. Kin trc phn lp tng qut cho V tuyn thng minh
Qut ph (Spectrum scanning) l mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng nht
lp PHY ca V tuyn thng minh. y, tt c vng ph ca ton b bng tn hot
ng u c qut. Vic qut ny phi c thc hin lu li cc chu k ca tn s
sng mang, cho php V tuyn thng minh c th tm c ng khe thi gian trong
tn s sng mang ng gi d liu. iu ny s i hi kh nng x l bng tn ph
rng v sau l thc hin phn tch thi gian, khng gian v ph. V tuyn thng
minh cn trao i cc thng tin cm nhn trong vng n hot ng pht hin ra
nhng ngi dng ang gy nhiu ln nhau mt cch ti u. Vic hp tc gia nhng
ngi dng v tuyn thng minh khc nhau trong cng mt nhm truyn thng s rt
quan trng c tnh chnh xc nhiu.
o lng knh (Channel measurement) phi c s dng xc nh cht
lng ca cc knh qut c chia s vi nhiu ngi dng chnh. Cc thng s
knh ny (nh cng sut pht, tc bt, ) phi c xc nh da trn cc kt qu
o lng knh.
V tuyn thng minh phi c kh nng hot ng ti tc truyn d liu, dng
iu ch bin i, cc s m ha knh khc nhau, v truyn cc mc cng sut khc
nhau. H thng MIMO cng c th c s dng trit nhiu khng gian v tng
thng lng thng qua vic ghp knh. K thut OFDM cng c th c s dng
n tt nghip i hc Chng 1. Tng quan V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 20
nng cao hiu qu bng tn v hiu qu pht hin. Cc chc nng khc ca PHY, nh
TPC v IPD, c cp cc phn trc nn ta s khng trnh by y.
Lp lin kt d liu gm ba khi chnh, bao gm Giao thc qun l nhm, Giao
thc iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC), v Giao thc qun l kt ni. Gi s
rng bt k mt ngi dng thng minh no cng u thuc mt nhm ngi dng
thng minh cp nht nh. Giao thc qun l nhm s c s dng phi hp tt c
nhng ngi dng thng minh trong cng mt nhm. Bt k ngi dng mi no cng
c th ly thng tin cn thit v nhm khi tham gia vo mt nhm nht nh. Giao thc
lin kt d liu c s dng la chn mt knh ph hp to ra kt ni truyn
thng. La chn ny nn c thc hin da trn cc thng tin ly c t vic qut
ph v IPD. Mt khi kt ni th cp (secondary link) c thit lp, cc giao thc lin
kt d liu c trch nhim duy tr kt ni. Giao thc MAC hot ng da trn cc
thng tin t c t PHY, nh qut ph v IPD Giao thc MAC quyt nh
cch thc truy nhp vo knh, ph thuc vo kiu knh chia s hot ng bi ngi
dng chnh.
Lp con hi t (Convergence Sublayer) trong lp lin kt d liu cung cp mt k
thut phi hp trong V tuyn thng minh hot ng trong cc mi trng khng
dy khc nhau, nh WWAN, WLAN, v WPAN,
1.7. Kt lun chng 1
S ra i v pht trin ca V tuyn thng minh gii quyt c nhng hn
ch trong s dng ph tn hin nay. Cng ngh truy nhp ph tn ng cho php V
tuyn thng minh hot ng tt nht trong knh c sn. Chng 1 trnh by tng
quan v Cng ngh V tuyn thng minh gm nh ngha, cc nhim v chnh nh:
- Cm nhn ph: xc nh cc phn ph sn c v pht hin ra ngi dng c
cp php khi ngi dng hot ng trong bng cp php.
- Quyt nh ph: la chn knh tt nht c sn.
- Chia s ph: ng truy nhp ti cc knh vi nhng ngi dng khc.
- Dch chuyn ph: b knh khi pht hin c ngi dng c cp php
hoc iu kin knh xu.
Ngoi ra, Chng 1 cng trnh by hot ng ca V tuyn thng minh thng
qua chu trnh thng minh, kin trc ngn xp cng nh kin trc vt l ca V tuyn
thng minh.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 21
CHNG 2. K THUT GHP KNH PHN CHIA THEO
TN S TRC GIAO (OFDM)
2.1. Gii thiu chng
Phng thc truyn d liu bng cch chia nh ra thnh nhiu lung bit v s
dng chng iu ch nhiu sng mang c s dng cch y hn 30 nm.
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing) l mt trng hp c bit ca truyn dn a sng mang, tc l chia nh
mt lung d liu tc cao thnh nhiu lung d liu tc thp hn c truyn
ng thi trn cng mt knh truyn. OFDM l mt phng thc iu ch l tng
cho cc knh c p tuyn tn s khng bng phng.
Chng ny s gii thiu v khi nim, cc nguyn l c bn, v cc k thut
iu ch s dng trong OFDM. c bit, ta cng s phn tch k v k thut truyn
dn OFDM khng lin tc (NC-OFDM) m c ng dng chnh trong V tuyn
thng minh. ng thi phn tch v so snh hiu nng ca NC-OFDM vi cc phng
thc truyn dn khc. Cui chng s cp ti mt vi u nhc im ca h thng
OFDM.
2.2. Khi nim OFDM
OFDM l k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao. OFDM phn ton
b bng tn thnh nhiu knh bng hp, mi knh c mt sng mang. Cc sng mang
ny trc giao vi cc sng mang khc c ngha l c mt s nguyn ln lp trn mt
chu k k hiu. V vy, ph ca mi sng mang bng khng ti tn s trung tm ca
tn s sng mang khc trong h thng. Kt qu l khng c nhiu gia cc sng mang
con.
2.3. Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM
Nguyn l c bn ca h thng OFDM l phn chia lung d liu tc cao
(Bng thng W) thnh N lung d liu tc thp v sau truyn chng ng thi
qua nhiu sng mang con. Mt gi tr ln ca N to ra bng thng n l (W/N) ca
cc sng mang con hp hn bng thng nht qun ca knh (B
c
). Cc sng mang n
l ch c fading phng v iu ny c th c b p cho vic s dng mt b cn
bng phn nhnh n l min tn s thng thng. S la chn sng mang con n l
sao cho chng trc giao vi nhau cho php cc sng mang con c th chng ln ln
nhau bi v tnh trc giao m bo s ring r ca cc sng mang con ti u cui my
thu. Phng php ny em li hiu qu ph tn tt hn so vi cc h thng FDM
khng cho php chng ln ph gia cc sng mang con.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 22
Ch. 1 Ch. 10
Tn s
(a)
Tn s
(b)
Tit kim bng thng
Bng tn
bo v

Hnh 2.1. a sng mang trc giao (a) v a sng mang thng thng (b)
Hiu qu ph tn ca mt h thng OFDM c ch ra trong Hnh 2.1, trong
minh ha s khc nhau gia k thut a sng mang khng chng ln thng thng
(nh FDMA) v k thut iu ch a sng mang chng ln (nh DMT, OFDM, ).
Nh ch ra trong Hnh 2.1 vic s dng k thut iu ch a sng mang chng ln c
th t c hiu qu ph tn cao hn. Tuy nhin, vic chp nhn cc li ch ca k
thut a sng mang chng ln ng ngha vi yu cu phi gim xuyn nhiu gia
chng, l l do ta s dng tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang con iu ch.
Thut ng trc giao ch mt quan h ton hc c bit gia cc tn s ca cc
sng mang con trong cc h thng OFDM c s. Trong h thng ghp knh phn chia
theo tn s thng thng, cc sng mang c tch bit v mt khng gian sao cho cc
tn hiu c th c thu bng cch s dng cc b lc v cc b gii iu ch thng
thng. Trong cc my thu nh vy, cc bng tn bo v c t gia cc sng mang
con khc nhau trong min thi gian, dn ti s lng ph hiu qu ph tn. Tuy nhin,
c th sp xp cc sng mang con trong mt h thng OFDM sao cho cc cnh bn
ca ph chng ln ln nhau v cc tn hiu vn nhn c m khng c nhiu sng
mang ln cn. My thu OFDM v th c th c cu trc nh mt tp cc b gii iu
ch, chuyn mi sng mang xung b DC v sau ly tch phn trong mt chu k k
hiu khi phc d liu c pht. Nhng sng mang con ny c th c to ra c
lp tuyn tnh (v d trc giao) nu khong cch sng mang l bi s ca 1/T (T l chu
k k hiu).
Tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang con c duy tr c trong trng hp knh
phn tn bng cch s dng tin t vng (CP). CP l phn cui cng ca mt h thng
OFDM.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 23
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-6 -7 6 7

Hnh 2.2. Ph ca mt sng mang con OFDM n l
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0
0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-6 -7 6 7
0
Hnh 2.3 Ph ca k hiu OFDM
Hnh 2.2 m t ph ca mt sng mang n l v Hnh 2.3 m t ph ca mt
k hiu OFDM. Tn hiu OFDM c ghp knh bi cc ph ring l vi mt khong
cch tn s tng ng vi bng thng truyn dn ca mi sng mang con nh trn
Hnh 2.2. Hnh 2.3 ch ra ti tn s trung tm ca mi sng mang con khng c xuyn
nhiu t cc knh khc. Bi vy, nu my thu hot ng tng quan vi tn s trung
tm ca mi sng mang con, n c th khi phc li d liu truyn m khng b nhiu.
Thm vo , vic s dng k thut a sng mang da trn DFT, ghp knh phn chia
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 24
theo tn s c thc hin bi vic x l bng gc n gin hn x l thng di tn
km.
2.4. M hnh h thng OFDM
Mt vn quan trng trong h thng OFDM l vic ng dng bin i
Fourier (FT-Fourier Transform) vo iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu. K thut ny
phn chia tn hiu ra thnh tng khi N s phc. S dng bin i Fourier nhanh
ngc IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) cho mi khi v truyn ni tip. Ti pha
thu, bn tin gi i c phc hi li nh bin i Fourier nhanh FFT (Fast Fourier
Transform) cc khi tn hiu ly mu thu c. FFT l mt dng bin i Fourier ri
rc (DFT) nhng cho hiu qu tnh ton cao hn nn c dng trong cc h thng
thc t. K thut iu ch OFDM kt hp vi cc phng php m ha (coding) v
ghp xen (interleaving) thch hp cho php truyn d liu tc cao qua knh v
tuyn vi tin cy cao.
Mt lc khi tng qut ca mt h thng thu pht OFDM im-im n
gin c ch ra nh Hnh 2.4 di y. Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia lung
d liu tc cao t mt ngun d liu thnh N lung d liu tc thp hn. Cc
lung ny sau c iu ch mt cch c lp s dng MPSK (M-ary Phase Shift
Keying) hoc MQAM (M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). Cc lung ny
c truyn ng thi qua N sng mang con trc giao s dng b chuyn i ni tip
song song (S/P). Cc d liu qua cc sng mang con ny c tng hp li thnh
mt k hiu OFDM. Theo nh ngha ton hc, nu

, k = 0, 1, 2, , N 1, l cc
k t u vo phc ca sng mang con th k ti thi im th m, N l s sng mang
con, v T l khong thi gian k hiu, th mt k hiu OFDM bt u ti

trong
k hiu bng tn c s dng phc c th c vit thnh:

(2.1)
trong ,
Tn hiu OFDM bng tn c s phc c nh ngha trong cng thc (2.1)
tng ng vi bin i Fourier ngc ca N k hiu u vo M-PSK (hoc M-
QAM). Tng ng ri rc trong min thi gian l bin i Fourier ri rc ngc
(IDFT). Bi vy, IDFT v bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) c s dng cho iu ch
v gii iu ch cc chm sao d liu trn cc sng mang con trc giao.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 25
B iu
ch MPSK
(hoc
MQAM)
S/P
X
l
trn
min
tn
s
IFFT
X l
trn
min
thi
gian
P/S CP
B iu
ch MPSK
(hoc
MQAM)
P/S
X l
trn
min
tn
s
B
cn
bng
FFT
X
l
trn
min
thi
gian
Loi
CP
S/P
x(n) X
m
(n)
X
m.0
X
m,1
X
m,N-1
Y
m,0
Y
m,1
Y
m,N-1
s(n)
(a) My pht
(b) My thu
r(n)
x(n)
X
m
(n)
(OC
1
)
(OC
2
)
(OC
1
)
(OC
2
)
^
^
Hnh 2.4. S khi tng qut ca mt b thu pht OFDM
Cc thut ton x l tn hiu ny thay th cc b iu ch v gii iu ch trong pha v
pha vung gc (I/Q). Cc mu ri rc ca k hiu OFDM c cho bi:

) (2.2)
Khong bo v cho mi k hiu OFDM c chn ln hn tri tr knh mong
mun cc thnh phn a ng t mt k hiu khng th gy nhiu ti k hiu tip
theo. Khong bo v khng cn cha bt k tn hiu c bit no, nhng s m rng
theo chu k ca tn hiu OFDM trong khong bo v m bo rng cc bn sao tr ca
k hiu lun lun c mt s nguyn chu k vi khong FFT. iu ny c duy tr
cho ti khi tr nh hn khong bo v (v d nh tin t vng (CP)-l mt s lp li
ca mt on cui ca khi s liu v c gn ti u ca on ti s liu) v nh
hng ca knh phn tn theo thi gian bng vi mt vng cyclic. Da vo cc c
tnh ca vng cyclic, nhiu lin k t (ISI) c th c loi b bng phng php cn
bng n gin. Tr ngi duy nht i vi nguyn l ny l s gim hiu nng ca cc
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 26
truyn dn OFDM. Tip sau b chuyn i song song-ni tip (P/S), tn hiu OFDM
bng gc s(n) c ly mu ln cao v a qua b chuyn i s-tng t (D/A)
chuyn tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t. Tn hiu OFDM bng gc sau c lc
thng thp, nng tn ti tn s trung tm mong mun bng cch s dng mt b trn
v mt b to dao ng ni (LO), v c khuch i bi b khuch i cng sut
(PA).
Nh ch ra trn Hnh 2.4, my thu hot ng ngc li so vi my pht, trn
tn hiu RF thnh tn hiu bng gc cho x l. Sau , tn hiu c lc thng thp,
c chuyn i thnh tn hiu s s dng b chuyn i tng t-s (A/D), v ly
mu gim xung. Lung tn hiu ni tip ly mu theo thi gian ny c chuyn i
thnh cc lung song song vi mt b chuyn i S/P v tin t vng c loi b t
tn hiu tng hp nhn c, r
m,n
. Sau , DFT c s dng chuyn i d liu
min thi gian sang min tn s:

) (2.3)
Cc lung song song ny sau c gii iu ch thnh d liu s v c kt
hp vi nhau s dng b chuyn i P/S thnh lung bt ni tip, cui cng c phn
pht ti b gp d liu.
Ti my thu, pht hiu khung l mt nhim v quan trng. Hn na, s ng b
v nh thi tn s c yu cu trc khi k hiu OFDM c th c gii iu ch
ng. S c tnh v cn bng knh mt cch ph hp cng s c yu cu ty theo
cc i hi v BER ca h thng truyn thng. Mt on bit c gi trc mi
khung OFDM cho php my thu ng b v c tnh knh.
Da vo tng ca cc sng mang ti my pht, tn hiu OFDM tng hp trong
min thi gian c th th hin cc s bin i ln, m c c trng bi mt PAPR
ln. Khi xy ra PAPR cao, b chuyn i D/A v PA ca my pht phi c di ng
ln trnh s ct xn bin , dn n tng tiu th cng sut v gi thnh thit b
ca my pht. C th gim PAPR ca tn hiu OFDM bng cch sa i cc c trng
tn hiu trong min thi gian hoc min tn s, thng tin c pht ti my thu thng
qua knh iu khin (OC
1
) (nu cn thit). Thng tin ny s cho php my thu o
ngc cc thay i ti pha my pht gii iu ch chnh xc cc thng tin pht.
Tng t, nu tn hiu OFDM c thay i trong min thi gian, th thng tin c
truyn ti my thu thng qua knh iu khin (OC
2
) (nu cn thit) nh ch ra trn
Hnh 2.4.

n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 27
2.5. Cc k thut iu ch s s dng trong OFDM
2.5.1. iu ch QPSK
y l mt trong nhng phng php iu ch thng dng nht trong truyn
dn. Cng thc cho sng mang c iu ch PSK bn mc nh sau:
2
cos[2 ( ) ] 0
( )
0 0;
i
E
t t t T
S t
T
t t T
t u u

+ + s s
=

< >

(2.13)
Vi u l pha ban u ta cho bng 0, ( ) (2 1)
4
t i
t
u =
Trong : i = 1, 2, 3, 4 tng ng l cc k t c pht i l 00, 01, 11, 10
T = 2.T
b
(T
b
l thi gian ca mt bit, T l thi gian ca mt k t)
E l nng lng ca tn hiu pht trn mt k t.
Khai trin s(t) ta c :
2 2
cos[(2 1) ]cos(2 ) sin[(2 1) sin(2 ) (0 )
( )
4 4
0 ( 0; )
c c
i
E E
i f t i f t t T
S t
T T
t t T
t t
t t

s s

< >


(2.14)
Chn cc hm nng lng trc chun nh sau:
1
2
( ) sin[2 ]; 0
c
t f t t T
T
t u = s s
(2.15)
2
2
( ) sin[2 ]; 0
c b
t f t t T
T
t u = s s

(2.16)
Khi :
1 2
( ) ( ) sin[(2 1) ] ( ) cos[(2 1) ]
4 4
i
S t t E i t E i
t t
| | = +
(2,17)
Vy bn im bn tin ng vi cc vector c xc nh nh sau :
1
2
sin[(2 1) ]
4
( 1, 2, 3, 4)
cos[(2 1) ]
4
i
i
i
E i
S
S i
S
E i
t
t
(

(
(
= = = (
(
(

(


(2.18)
Quan h ca cp bit iu ch v to ca cc im tn hiu iu ch QPSK
trong khng gian tn hiu c cho bng sau:


n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 28
Bng 1.1. Thng s ca iu ch QPSK
Cp bit vo
Pha ca tn hiu
QPSK
im tn hiu
S
i

To cc im bn tin

1

2

00 4 / t S
1
2 / E 2 / E
01 4 / 3t S
2
2 / E 2 / E
11 4 / 5t S
3
2 / E 2 / E
10 4 / 7t S
4
2 / E 2 / E
Ta thy mt tn hiu PSK bn mc c c trng bi mt vector tn hiu hai chiu v
bn im bn tin nh hnh v:

Hnh 2.5. Biu tn hiu QPSK
2.5.2. iu ch QAM
h thng iu ch PSK, cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c kt hp
vi nhau sao cho to thnh mt tn hiu ng bao khng i. Tuy nhin, nu loi b
iu ny v cho cc thnh phn ng pha v vung pha c th c lp vi nhau th
ta c mt s iu ch mi gi l iu bin cu phng QAM (Quadrature
Amplitude Modulation: iu ch bin vung gc). s iu ch ny, sng
mang c iu ch c bin ln pha. iu ch QAM c u im l tng dung lng
ng truyn dn s.
Dng tng qut ca iu ch QAM m mc (m - QAM) c xc nh nh sau:
0 0
1
2 2
( ) cos(2 ) sin(2 ) (0 )
i c i c
E E
S t a f t b f t t T
T T
t t = s s
(2.19)
Trong : E
0
l nng lng ca tn hiu c bin thp nht.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 29
a
i
, b
i
: l cp s nguyn c lp c chn tu theo v tr bn tin.
QPSK
16-QAM
64-QAM

Hnh 2.6. Chm tn hiu M-QAM
Tn hiu sng mang gm hai thnh phn vung gc c iu ch bi mt tp
hp bn tin tn hiu ri rc v th c tn l iu ch bin vung gc.
C th phn tch S
i
(t) thnh cp hm c s:
1
2
2
( ) sin(2 ) (0 )
2
( ) sin(2 ) (0 )
i c
i c
t b f t t T
T
t a f t t T
T
t
t
u = s s
u = s s
(2.20)
2.6. NC-OFDM
2.6.1. Khi nim NC-OFDM
Nh cp trc, phng php iu ch a sng mang (MCM) rt thch
hp cho truyn dn d liu tc cao, nh vo kh nng x l hiu qu mo trong
knh chn lc tn s. Hn na, cc k thut MCM chng hn nh OFDM c th cung
cp vic s dng ph tn nhanh cn thit, khi cc phn ca ph tn cp php ch b
chim gi bi cc ngi dng cp php v ngi dng khng cp php. iu ny t
c bng cch loi b cc sng mang m c kh nng s gy nhiu vi cc ngi
dng khc. Dng tn hiu OFDM m trong vic la chn cc sng mang mt cch
khng lin tc t c tc d liu cao c gi l NC-OFDM.
Nh vy, NC-OFDM c th c nh ngha nh sau: NC-OFDM l k thut
truyn dn a sng mang da trn nn ca OFDM trong vic s dng cc sng
mang con cho truyn dn c la chn hp l m bo khng gy nhiu ti cc
ngi dng khc v tng dung lng ca h thng.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 30
Hnh 2.7 m t ph tn ca NC-OFDM 16 sng mang con vi 9 hot ng v 9
khng hot ng, trong cc sng mang con chng ln trc giao vi nhau.
Sng mang con hot ng Sng mang con tt
f
0
f
1
f
2
f
3
f
4
f
5
f
6
f
7
f
8
f
9
f
10
f
11
f
12
f
13
f
14
f
15
f
16
f

Hnh 2.7. Ph tn ca cc sng mang con NC-OFDM
Cc sng mang con tng ng vi ph ang b ngi dng chnh chim gi, c xc
nh t cc phng php cm nhn ph tn, s b tt. Trong cc phn tip theo ca
chng, chng ta s xem xt tng quan v cu trc khung lm vic ca NC-OFDM,
hiu qu thc hin ca cc b thu pht NC-OFDM, v phn tch hiu nng ca h
thng.
2.6.2. Cu trc khung ca NC-OFDM
S tng qut ca mt b thu pht NC-OFDM c ch ra nh Hnh 2.8. Xt
trong trng hp tng qut nht khng c tn hao, lung d liu tc cao x(n) c
iu ch s dng M-ary PSK hoc M-ary QAM. D liu sau iu ch c chia thnh
N lung c tc thp hn s dng b chuyn i S/P. y, cc sng mang con
trong b thu pht NC-OFDM khng cn phi hot ng tt c cng lc nh trong cc
truyn dn OFDM thng thng. Hn na, cc sng mang tch cc c t trong cc
bng ph khng b chim gi, c xc nh bi cc k thut cm nhn ph tn ng
v cc k thut c tnh knh. Sau cc lung d liu ny c iu ch ti cc tn
s trung tm sng mang con khc nhau s dng bin i Fourier nhanh ngc (IFFT).
Hnh bao ca tn hiu NC-OFDM bng tn c s dng phc, bao gm N sng mang
con lin tc trong khong thi gian [0,T] ti thi im th m, c cho bi cng thc
sau:

(2.21)
Trong ,

l k hiu ca sng mang con th k, T l thi gian k hiu OFDM, v


. K hiu sng mang con khng hot ng th k l X
m,k
= 0. Cc mu ri rc
ca tn hiu NC-OFDM c cho bi:

(2.22)
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 31
B iu
ch MPSK
S/P IFFT P/S CP
B gii
iu ch
MPSK
P/S
B
cn
bng
FFT
Loi
CP
S/P
x(n) Xm(n)
Xm.0
Xm,1
Xm,N-1
Ym,0
Ym,1
Ym,N-1
s(n)
(a) My pht NC-OFDM
(b) My thu NC-OFDM
r(n)
x(n)
Xm(n)
Thng tin Tt/M sng mang con
La chn sng mang
con trng
Thng tin Tt/M sng mang con
T cc php o
cm nhn ph tn

Hnh 2.8. S tng qut ca mt b thu pht NC-OFDM s dng khi La chn
sng mang con trng.
My thu hot ng ngc so vi my pht, trn tn hiu RF thnh bng tn c
s x l, r(n). Sau , tn hiu c chuyn i thnh cc lung song song s dng
b chuyn i S/P, CP c loi b, v k thut FFT c p dng chuyn d liu
t min thi gian sang min tn s. Sau khi b mo gy ra bi knh s dng cc k
thut cn bng, d liu trong cc sng mang con tch cc c ghp knh s dng b
chuyn i P/S, v c gii iu ch thnh tn hiu ti cu trc ca u vo tc
cao gc, .
Khi la chn sng mang con trng ti my pht NC-OFDM hot ng theo
chu k chn lc thng tin v ph chim gi t cc php o cm nhn ph. Sau ,
cc sng mang con ng vi cc truyn dn ngi dng hin thi c tt i ti my
pht trnh nhiu ti cc ngi dng cp php chnh. Thng tin ny c th c
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 32
truyn ti my thu thng qua knh iu khin trc khi xy ra bt k mt qu trnh
truyn dn d liu no, do d liu trn cc sng mang con tch cc c iu ch
mt cch ng n.
V c bn th s to v nhn tn hiu NC-OFDM kh ging vi tn hiu OFDM.
Tuy nhin, vi tnh trng thiu ph tn lin tc ang tng ln, th cc k thut NC-
OFDM a ra u th rt quan trng, v d nh n c th h tr hiu qu v phn pht
ph tn ng cho cc truyn dn tc d liu cao. Di y l mt s lnh vc
nghin cu pht trin v thc thi h thng NC-OFDM:
- c tnh hiu nng: NC-OFDM thch ng nhanh vi vic s dng ph tn,
in vo cc khong trng ph sn c mt truyn dn bng thng ri rc
chim gi bi cc ngi dng khc (hin ti hoc cp php) trong khi khng
gy ra li. V cng sut ca cc sng mang con trng c th c phn phi li
ti cc sng mang con hot ng ci thin t s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR)
trong cc h thng NC-OFDM, nn hiu nng tc li bt ca chng (BER) c
th c ci thin khi so snh vi h thng OFDM thng thng.
- Vn t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh: mt tn hiu OFDM l
tng ca cc tn hiu c lp c iu ch trn mt vi sng mang con trc
giao bng thng ging nhau. Bi vy, khi kt hp chng li, tn hiu OFDM c
th to ra cc nh cng sut ln, trong khi cng sut trung bnh vn gi mc
thp. L mt bin i ca OFDM, cc tn hiu NC-OFDM cng gp phi vn
tng t. Khi xy ra hin tng PAPR cao, b chuyn i D/A v b khuch
i cng sut ca my pht s yu cu di ng ln trnh hin tng ct xn
bin , do tng cng sut tiu th v gi thnh thit b b thu pht. Bi vy,
cn thit phi nghin cu gim PAPR ca tn hiu OFDM v NC-OFDM.
- Hiu qu iu ch v gii iu ch: nh chng ta thy cc phn trc, b
thu pht OFDM c s dng cc khi IFFT v FFT. Thut ton FFT lm cho
iu ch v gii iu ch cc sng mang con hiu qu cao hn lin quan ti
phn cng v s phc tp trong tnh ton. Tuy nhin, mt b thu pht NC-
OFDM c th c mt vi sng mang con khng c kch hot trnh nhiu
ti cc truyn dn ngi dng hin thi. Cc sng mang con khng hot ng
ny s c gi tr 0 khi vo cc khi IFFT v FFT. Do vy, cc ti nguyn phn
cng ca FFT khng cn x l qu ti v cc tnh ton vi u vo 0 l khng
cn thit.
K thut NC-OFDM a ra cch thc s dng cc sng mang con khng lin
tc rt linh hot i vi cc truyn thng d liu tc cao cho php bi V tuyn
thng minh.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 33
2.6.3. Hiu nng ca NC-OFDM
Vic la chn k thut truyn dn lp vt l l mt quyt nh rt quan trng
khi thc thi V tuyn thng minh. t c tc cn thit cho truyn dn vi
bng tn cp php chim gi bi nhng ngi dng chnh, cc b thu pht da trn a
sng mang l s chn la ph hp nht. Bn cnh kh nng v hiu cc sng mang
con c th gy nhiu vi ngi dng khc th cc b thu pht a sng mang cng c
th cung cp tc d liu cao ti mc li c th chp nhn c. Mc d c mt
vi b thu pht a sng mang ang c thc thi nhng ph bin nht l OFDM v
CDMA a sng mang (MC-CDMA). K thut NC-OFDM t c tc d liu cao
thng qua vic la chn s dng mt s lng ln sng mang con khng lin tc,
trong khi ng thi trnh nhiu ti cc truyn dn ngi dng chnh bng cch v hiu
cc sng mang con ln cn ca n.
Trong phn ny chng ta s i phn tch hiu nng ca NC-OFDM th hin qua
xc sut li ca b thu pht, ng thi so snh NC-OFDM vi MC-CDMA.
hiu c cc u im cng nh nhc im khi thc thi NC-OFDM trong
V tuyn thng minh, u tin chng ta so snh cht lng ca k thut ny vi MC-
CDMA v OFDM thng thng. Bng 2.2 th hin s so snh ny.
Bng 2.2. So snh cht lng ca h thng MC-CDMA, OFDM v NC-OFDM
Cc c tnh MC-CDMA OFDM NC-OFDM
S ng b -
Linh hot ph - -
Thng lng - -
Mo u -
S chu li N/A -
PAPR -
(Trong th hin b thu pht vi hiu nng tt nht)
Mt vi k thut iu ch da trn DFT rt nhy cm vi dch tn s v dch
thi. Tuy nhin, tn ti mt s k thut ng b s dng cc sng mang con hoa tiu
khong cch u nhau trong min tn s. Mc d OFDM thng thng c th tn dng
cc sng mang con hoa tiu v bng thng truyn dn ca n lin tc, nhng c NC-
OFDM v MC-CDMA khng th s dng cc sng mang con hoa tiu ny, v chng
c th c t trong ph b chim gi v b v hiu. Kt qu l gii php ny
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 34
khng p dng c vi hai k thut ny, do phi cn ti nhiu bin php phc tp
trong vic ng b ha.

(a) Knh AWGN

(b) Knh Rayleigh ba ng.
Hnh 2.9. Hiu nng BER ca b thu pht NC-OFDM (cc ng lin nt) v MC-
CDMA (cc ng gch) i vi mc chim gi (ISO) ph thay i.
C NC-OFDM v MC-CDMA u rt linh hot trong vic s dng ph tn,
in y cc khong ph c sn trong bng thng truyn dn ring r c chim
gi bi cc ngi dng khc (ngi dng ng thi v ngi dng khng cp php
khc). Tt c kh nng m OFDM thng thng c th lm l truyn trong phn ln
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 35
nht cha b chim gi, nu bng thng truyn dn ca n khp vi khong trng u
tin. Tuy nhin, s linh hot ph i vi NC-OFDM v MC-CDMA dn ti tng mo
u truyn dn, trong trng thi hot ng ca mi sng mang con phi c chia
s gia my pht v my thu. Hn na, nu ph b chim gi thay i nhanh th yu
cu phi cp nht thng xuyn.
V NC-OFDM da trn nn OFDM thng thng, nn cng b nh hng bi
PAPR, trong khi vn ny li t xy ra trong h thng MC-CDMA do n s dng
k thut tri ph trong min tn s. Mc d PAPR nh hng trong h thng NC-
OFDM nhng c mt vi k thut c th c p dng gim PAPR ca b thu pht.
Vi vic v hiu cc sng mang con trong vng ln cn cc ph chim gi,
NC-OFDM c th hon thnh nhim v ny m khng lm gim kh nng chu li v
cc sng mang con c lp tng i vi nhau. Tuy nhin, cc sng mang con ca b
thu pht MC-CDMA khng c lp nh vo tri ph trong min tn s. Kt qu l kh
nng chu li ca h thng MC-CDMA gim khi cc sng mang con b trng.
Hnh 2.9 (a) l kt qu phn tch hiu nng xc sut li bt (BER) ca b thu
pht NC-OFDM v b thu pht MC-OFDM hot ng trong knh AWGN vi t l
sng mang con b v hiu l khc nhau. Khi cc sng mang con b v hiu l 0% th c
hai b thu pht c cng hiu nng khi hot ng trong knh AWGN. Khi phn trm
sng mang con b v hiu tng ln th hiu nng ca hai b thu pht bt u khc nhau.
Hiu nng ca b thu pht NC-OFDM tng nh so vi ng 0%, cn hiu nng ca
b thu pht MC-CDMA gim nhanh theo s tng ca cc sng mang con b v hiu.
Hnh 2.9 (b) ta thy, trong knh Rayleigh ba ng th hiu nng ca hai b
thu pht khng khc nhau nhiu. Nhng nhn chung th hiu nng ca cc b thu pht
NC-OFDM tt hn so vi cc b thu pht MC-CDMA.
2.7. u nhc im ca OFDM
T nhng c im phn tch trong chng ny, ta c th rt ra mt vi u
v nhc im ca OFDM.
u im:
S dng bng tn hiu qu.
H thng OFDM c th loi b hon ton nhiu gia cc k hiu ISI v gia
cc sng mang ICI bng cch chn thm khong bo v.
Ph hp vi cc h thng truyn dn bng rng, do nh hng ca ca phn
tp v tn s i vi cht lng h thng c gim nhiu so vi h thng
truyn dn n sng mang.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 36
S dng vic m ha knh thch hp h thng OFDM c th khi phc li
cc k hiu b mt do hin tng chn la tn s.
t b nh hng vi khong thi gian ly mu hn so vi h thng n sng
mang.
H thng c cu trc thu n gin.
Nhc im:
ng bao bin ca tn hiu pht khng bng phng. iu ny gy ra
mo phi tuyn cc b khuch i cng sut pha pht v thu.
S dng khong bo v trnh c nhiu phn tp a ng nhng li gim
i mt phn hiu sut ng truyn, do bn thn khong bo v khng
mang thng tin.
Do yu cu v trc giao gia cc sng mang ph, h thng OFDM rt nhy
cm vi hiu ng Doppler cng nh s dch tn v dch thi gian do sai s
ng b.
2.8. Kt lun chng 2
Chng 2 cp mt cch tng qut v k thut ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s trc giao (OFDM), mt trng hp c bit ca truyn dn a sng mang,
nguyn l c bn l chia nh mt lung d liu tc cao thnh nhiu lung d liu
tc thp hn sau truyn ng thi trn cng mt knh truyn, cc sng mang con
ny l trc giao vi nhau nhm m bo trnh nhiu gia cc sng mang v tng tc
ca ton b h thng. OFDM p dng bin i Fourier vo vic iu ch v gii
iu ch tn hiu. Bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) v bin i Fourier nhanh ngc
(IFFT) c ng dng vo h thng OFDM lm tng tc v hiu nng tng th ca
h thng ln ng k. ng thi OFDM cng s dng cc phng php iu ch nh
M-PSK v M-QAM t c hiu nng mong mun. OFDM a ra mt vi u
im trong truyn dn nh: cho php d liu tc cao c truyn song song vi tc
thp trn cc bng hp, kh nng cho hiu sut ph cao, kh nng chng li fading
chn lc tn s, kh nng loi tr nhiu xung, v kh nng x l fadinh a ng v
fadinh chn lc tn s mnh m.
Bn cnh , Chng 2 cng gii thiu k thut truyn dn OFDM khng
lin tc NC-OFDM, NC-OFDM l mt k thut da trn OFDM trong n c kh
nng v hiu (tt) mt s sng mang con nht nh trnh gy nhiu nh hng ti
cc ngi dng hin thi v gim c cc x l khng cn thit cho phn cng.
Chnh u im ny khin cho NC-OFDM c ng dng trong cc h thng V
tuyn thng minh. Ngoi ra, ta cng phn tch v so snh c hiu nng ca h
n tt nghip i hc Chng 2. K thut ghp knh OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 37
thng NC-OFDM so vi cc h thng OFDM thng thng v h thng MC-CDMA,
t thy r c cc u th ca NC-OFDM trong mi trng truy nhp ph tn ng
c s bin i ca t l sng mang con b tt.
Chng sau ta s i tm hiu chi tit hn v h thng V tuyn thng minh ng
dng nn tng k thut truyn dn OFDM.

n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 38
CHNG 3. V TUYN THNG MINH TRN NN OFDM
3.1. Gii thiu chng
Nh cp trong Chng 2, OFDM l cng ngh v ang c ng dng
rng ri trong cc h thng truyn thng khng dy hin ti v n c tim nng c th
p ng trc tip cc yu cu ca V tuyn thng minh hoc vi mt vi thay i nh.
OFDM c s dng thnh cng trong nhiu cng ngh khng dy nh WLAN,
WMAN, v DVB Tip theo, ta s tho lun v ng dng ca OFDM v c th l
NC-OFDM trong vic thc thi V tuyn thng minh. Ta cng s a ra cc u th ca
OFDM so vi cc cng ngh khc v ng thi cng ch ra cc thch thc cn tn ti
trong h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM.
3.2. V tuyn thng minh OFDM
ng dng ca OFDM vo V tuyn thng minh em li nhiu xu hng cng
nh nhiu thch thc mi trong vic thit k h thng. M hnh V tuyn thng minh
trn nn OFDM c minh ha nh trong Hnh 3.1. Phn my thng minh chu trch
nhim to cc quyt nh thng minh v cu hnh cc tham s v tuyn cng nh cc
tham s tng vt l (PHY). Cc c hi ph c nhn dng bi n v quyt nh da
trn thng tin t b my chnh sch cng nh d liu cm nhn ph cc b v mng.
B my chnh sch cung cp thng tin lin quan ti cc chnh sch hin ti ti
b my thng minh xem xt da trn v tr ca h thng. iu ny m bo v
tuyn thng minh s khng s dng bt hp php cc dng sng hoc bt k chnh
sch no vi phm. Mt khc, n v cm nhn ph tn cc b x l thng tin ph tn
v xc nh cc ngi dng cp php ang truy nhp ph, cc c t tn hiu cng nh
bng thng hay mc cng sut ca chng v cc c hi ph pht hin c c th
c khai thc bi V tuyn thng minh.
Khi cc thng tin yu cu c, n v quyt nh c th to mt quyt nh
hnh ng tt nht cho h thng. Quyt nh bao gm vic la chn m ha knh,
phng thc iu ch, cc tn s hot ng, v bng thng ph hp. Ti giai on ny,
cng ngh OFDM t ra hiu qu hn so vi cc cng ngh truyn dn khc vi cc c
tnh thch ng v mm do ca n. Ch cn thay i cc tham s ca OFDM (Bng 3.1
ch ra mt vi tham s v d) v cc tham s v tuyn, h thng thng minh c th lin
lc vi nhiu cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc trong mi trng, hoc n c th ti
u s truyn dn da vo cc c im ca mi trng.
Mch v tuyn c chia thnh mt phn s (IF s, ADC, v DAC s) v mt
phn tng t (v tuyn tng t iu chnh c bng phn mm). C hai phn u
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 39
c th cu hnh li bi b my thng minh tng s linh hot ca h thng. iu ny
bao gm vic iu khin tn s hot ng, bng thng, cc b lc, v cc b trn.
Ngay c cc tham s anten (nh s anten, to bp) cng c th c cu hnh ci
thin hiu nng ca h thng.
B my chnh sch n v quyt nh
Cm nhn ph tn
cc b
V


t
u
y

n

t

n
g

t

u

c
h

n
h

b

n
g

p
h

n

m

m
D
A
C
A
D
C
RF
s
RF
s
S/P
FFT P/S
B cn
bng
M ha/
Map
Gii m/
Demap
IFFT
ng b &
c tnh knh
Cc tng
cao hn
V tuyn
Cc
chnh
sch
cc b
Thng
tin ph
t mng
B my thng minh
Tng vt l
Hnh 3.1. S khi h thng v tuyn thng minh da trn OFDM.
Tt c cc tng u lin h vi b my thng minh. Cc tham s OFDM v v tuyn
c cu hnh bi b my thng minh
Bng 3.1. Cc chun v tuyn da trn OFDM
Chun IEEE
802.11 (a/g)
IEEE 802.16
(d/e)
IEEE 802.22 DVB-T
Kch thc FFT 64 128, 256, 512,
1024, 2048
1024, 2048, 4096 2048,
8192
Kch thc CP 1/4 1/4, 1/8, 1/16,
1/32
Bin i 1/4 , 1/8,
1/16, 1/32
Bit trn k hiu 1, 2, 4, 6 1, 2, 4, 6 2, 4, 6 2, 4, 6
Hoa tiu 4 Bin i 96, 192, 384 62, 245
Bng thng (MHz) 20 1.75 20 6, 7, 8 8
a truy nhp CSMA OFDMA/TDMA OFDMA/TDMA N/A
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 40
3.3. Ti sao OFDM thch hp vi V tuyn thng minh
Vi kh nng cm nhn v to dng ph cng vi s linh hot v thch ng
khin cho OFDM l la chn tt nht cho h thng V tuyn thng minh. Trong phn
tip theo chng ta s cp ti cc yu cu i vi mt h thng V tuyn thng minh
ng thi gii thch ti sao OFDM c th hon ton p ng c cc yu cu ny.
3.3.1. Kh nng nhn bit v cm nhn ph
V tuyn thng minh c kh nng qut ph v o c cc c tnh khc nhau
ca knh nh cng sut kh dng, nhiu, v nhiu nhit. Thm vo , h thng c
kh nng xc nh cc tn hiu ngi dng khc nhau trong ph v xc nh c
ngi dng l cp php hay khng cp php. Nhng kh nng ny cho php h
thng V tuyn thng minh xc nh cc phn ph cha c s dng v cc c hi
ph.
Tuy nhin, vi mt h thng cp php th vic m bo khng gy nhiu vi
cc h thng cp php khc rt quan trng do cn phi thc hin nhiu o c cn
thit m bo mt truyn thng khng nhiu gia cc ngi dng. Mt phng
php c th s dng l chia s thng tin cm nhn ph gia cc thit b v tuyn thng
minh gim hoc thm ch loi b xc sut nhiu vi cc ngi dng cp php. Mt
khc, cc thut ton tinh vi hn c th c s dng cho vic cm nhn ph tn.
Bng 3.2. V tuyn thng minh OFDM
Cc yu cu v tuyn thng
minh
Kh nng ca OFDM
Cm nhn ph Thnh phn FFT vn c trong OFDM d dng cm
nhn ph tn trong min tn s.
Tn dng ph hiu qu Dng sng c th d dng to dng bng cch tt mt
vi sng mang con, ni cc ngi dng chnh tn ti.
Kh nng thch ng/M rng Cc h thng OFDM c th c thch ng vi cc
mi trng truyn dn khc nhau v cc ngun ti
nguyn c sn. Mt vi thng s bao gm: kch c
FFT, khong cch sng mang con, kch c CP, iu
ch, cng sut sng mang con.
Cc k thut anten nng cao Cc k thut MIMO c s dng ph bin vi
OFDM bi v gim s phc tp ca cc b cn bng.
OFDM cng h tr cc anten thng minh.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 41
Kh nng tng tc Cc cng ngh nh WLAN (IEEE 802.11), WMAN
(802.16), WRAN (802.22), WPAN (802.15.3a) u s
dng OFDM lm k thut trong lp vt l ca chng,
nn so vi cc cng ngh khc th kh nng tng tc
ca OFDM vt tri hn hn.
a truy nhp v phn b ph
tn
Phng php a truy nhp OFDMA h tr truy nhp
cho a ngi dng bng cch gn cc nhm sng
mang con vi cc ngi dng khc nhau.
Loi tr NBI NBI ch nh hng ti mt vi sng mang con trong
cc h thng OFDM. V cc sng mang con ny th c
tt i d dng.
Trong thc hin V tuyn thng minh yu t quan trng quyt nh n thnh
cng ca qu trnh ngoi hiu qu ca vic cm nhn v phn tch ph, th thi gian x
l cn nhanh chng. Chu k cm nhn ph phi ngn cho php quyt nh cc c
hi truy nhp ph mi ng thi pht hin cc ngi dng cp php ang truy nhp
vo cc phn ph cha c s dng pht hin trc . Mt khc, nu cm nhn
ph c thc hin thng xuyn qu th cc phn mo u chia s nh thng tin s
tng dn n gim hiu qu ph tn ca ton b h thng, cng nh tng phc tp
ca h thng. Trong h thng OFDM, s chuyn i t min thi gian sang min tn
s t c bng cch s dng DFT. Do , ton b cc im trong li thi gian-tn
s c th c qut m khng cn cc tnh ton v m rng phn cng no v c th s
dng li cc li FFT. Vic s dng li thi gian-tn s, s la chn cc h ph c th
thc hin c bng vic s dng cc gi thit kim tra n gin. Cc u ra DFT c
th c lc trong cc min thi gian v tn s cng nh gim s khng chc chn
trong pht hin ph tn. Ch rng phn gii trong li tn s l ph thuc vo
khong cch cc sng mang con.
3.3.2. To dng ph
Sau khi h thng V tuyn thng minh qut ph v xc nh c cc ngi
dng cp php hot ng v cc c hi ph c sn, th bc tip theo l to dng
ph. V mt l thuyt, to dng ph cho php cc ngi dng thng minh s dng
cc phn ph cha c dng mt cch t do.
Cc ngi dng thng minh cn c kh nng to dng ph tn hiu pht mt
cch linh hot. Mong mun l c th iu khin c thng qua cc tham s dng
sng nh bng thng tn hiu, mc cng sut, tn s trung tm, v hu ht cc mt n
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 42
ph linh hot. Cc h thng OFDM c th cung cp c cc yu cu nh vo tnh
n nht t nhin ca tn hiu OFDM. Bng vic v hiu mt tp cc sng mang con,
ph ca cc tn hiu OFDM c th c to dng ph hp vi mt n ph yu cu. Gi
s rng mt n ph c cc h thng V tuyn thng minh bit trc, vic la
chn cc sng mang con v hiu l mt tin trnh tng i n gin.
Cc tham s chnh ca h thng OFDM c th c s dng to dng ph
tn hiu bao gm: s sng mang con, cng sut sng mang con, v cc b lc to dng
xung. Vic tng s sng mang con i vi mt bng tn c nh cho php h thng
OFDM c c phn gii cao hn trong min tn s. Tuy nhin, iu ny s lm tng
s phc tp trong cc hot ng ca FFT v do tng phc tp ca ton b h
thng.
Cng sut sng mang con c th c s dng to dng tn hiu vo mt n
mong mun. Mt l do gn cho cc sng mang con cc cng sut khc nhau l
ph hp hn vi cc p ng knh. V d, cc sng mang con c SNR cao hn c th
c gn cng sut thp hn cc sng mang con c SNR thp hn ci thin BER
ton h thng. Mt l do khc l gim nhiu knh ln cn t h thng OFDM bng
cch gim cng sut gn cho cc sng mang con bin.
Ch s sng mang con
B
i

Ngi dng cp
php
Cm nhn ...
To dng...
Ch s sng mang con
B
i

Hnh 3.2. Cm nhn v to dng ph s dng OFDM


Hnh 3.2 l mt v d v cc th tc cm nhn v to dng ph trong cc h
thng V tuyn thng minh da trn OFDM. Hai ngi dng cp php c pht hin
ang s dng u ra ca khi FFT, v cc sng mang con c kh nng gy nhiu ti
ngi dng cp php c tt i. My pht sau s dng cc phn ph trng
truyn tn hiu. Thm vo , cc b lc to dng xung cng c th c s dng
gim nhiu ti cc bng tn ln cn.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 43
3.3.3. Thch ng vi mi trng
Kh nng thch ng l mt trong nhng yu cu chnh ca V tuyn thng
minh. Bng vic kt hp cc thng tin o c c vi s hiu bit v cc kh nng
cng nh cc gii hn ca h thng hin ti, V tuyn thng minh c th thch ng cc
dng sng hot ng cng vi cc thit b truyn thng khc, la chn cc knh
truyn thng hoc cc mng thch hp nht cho qu trnh truyn dn, phn b tn s
ph hp truyn trong mt vng ph m, thch ng dng sng b fadinh knh, v
v hiu tn hiu gy nhiu.
OFDM c kh nng thch ng rt cao v s tham s cho s thch ng l kh ln.
Cc tham s truyn dn m c th c thay i da trn s hiu bit ph bao gm
bng thng, kch thc FFT, cc b lc, cc ca s, phng thc iu ch, cng sut
pht, v cc sng mang tch cc s dng cho truyn dn. Hn na, cc tham s m c
th c thch ng da vo cc c tnh ca mi trng ti u s truyn dn bao
gm kch thc tin t vng, loi/tc m ha, loi iu ch, phng thc chn, mu
hoa tiu, phng thc song cng.
S thch ng trong cc h thng OFDM c th c chia thnh hai nhm: thch
ng mc la chn thut ton v thch ng mc tham s thut ton. Trong cc h thng
v tuyn c in, thng th cc tham s ca cc thut ton nh tc m ha c
thch ng ti u s truyn dn. Tuy nhin, trong cc h thng OFDM thng minh,
loi thut ton, v d nh phng php m ha knh, cng c th c thch ng c
th hot ng cng vi cc h thng khc v/hoc ti u truyn dn. c c s
thch ng nh vy, s cn mt nn tng phn cng c th cu hnh y .
3.3.4. Cc k thut anten nng cao
Cc k thut anten nng cao khng cn thit phi yu cu c trong V tuyn
thng minh. Tuy nhin, chng rt ng quan tm v s cung cp hiu qu s dng ph
tn tt hn, v y li chnh l mc tiu chnh ca V tuyn thng minh. Cc anten
thng minh v cc h thng MIMO c th c s dng khai thc vng khng gian
ca khong trng ph (v d thng qua qu trnh to bp) nng cao hiu qu. Trong
cc h thng a anten c bn c th gip tm cc c hi ph trong tng min khng
gian v c th gip tn dng trit cc c hi ny. S dng cc k thut MIMO cho
ta mt vi li th quan trng bao gm mc di ca khng gian, tng hiu qu v
phn tp ph. Nhng u im ny c th c s dng tng hiu qu s dng ph
ca ton b h thng. Hn th na, to bp, kt hp phn tp, v cn bng khng gian
- thi gian cng c th c s dng cho cc h thng OFDM thng minh. ng dng
khc ca cc k thut anten thch ng l gim nhiu trong cc h thng OFDM.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 44
Cc h thng MIMO thng thng s dng OFDM lm k thut truyn dn bi
v s kt hp v cn bng phn tp n gin, c bit ti cc tc d liu cao. Trong
MIMO-OFDM, p ng knh tr thnh mt ma trn. V mi tone c th c cn
bng mt cch c lp nn trnh c s phc tp ca cc b cn bng khng gian-
thi gian, v cc tn hiu c th c x l s dng i s ma trn tng i n gin.
Hn na, cc u im ca OFDM trong a ng c bo m trong h thng
MIMO-OFDM nh s chn lc tn s gy ra bi a ng, tng dung lng h
thng.
3.3.5. a truy nhp v cp pht ph tn
Cc ti nguyn sn c i vi h thng V tuyn thng minh thng phi c
chia s gia cc ngi s dng. Mt vi k thut c th c s dng t c cc
yu cu trn. OFDM h tr cc k thut a truy nhp ph bin bit nh TDMA,
FDMA v CDMA. Hn na, CDMA cng c th c s dng vi OFDM ghp
knh cc ngi dng khc nhau, trng hp truyn dn ny chnh l a truy nhp
phn chia theo m a sng mang (MC-CDMA) hoc a truy nhp phn chia theo m
tri ph trc tip (DS-CDMA).
OFDMA l mt trng hp c bit ca FDMA, gn y n c c bit
quan tm s dng trong WiMAX c nh v di ng. Trong OFDMA, cc sng mang
con c nhm li thnh cc tp hp v c gn cho cc ngi dng khc nhau. Cc
chin lc an xen, ngu nhin ha, hoc gn cm c th c s dng cho mc ch
ny. Do , n a ra phng php a truy nhp v cp pht ph tn rt linh ng i
vi cc V tuyn thng minh m khng lm tng bt k s phc tp no trong h
thng cng nh phn cng thit b. S phn b ca sng mang con c th c bin
i da vo kh dng ca ph tn. S linh hot v kh nng h tr nhiu phng
thc a truy nhp ca cc h thng OFDM cho php V tuyn thng minh OFDM c
kh nng tng tc cao.
3.3.6. Kh nng tng tc
Mt c tnh ng gi khc ca V tuyn thng minh l kh nng tng tc.
Kh nng tng tc c th c nh ngha l kh nng trao i v s dng thng tin
ca hai hay nhiu h thng hoc thnh phn. V cc h thng V tuyn thng minh
phi tha thun vi cc ngi dng cp php cng nh cc ngi dng thng minh
khc, nn kh nng pht hin v m ha cc tn hiu ca ngi dng ang tn ti c
th gii quyt s chp nhn v nng cao hiu nng ca cc h thng V tuyn thng
minh. Hn na, mt vi s kin khng may gn y chng t tm quan trng ca
s tng tc lin quan ti cc truyn thng khng dy i vi cc b pht p u tin.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 45
i vi cc vn v kh nng tng tc, V tuyn thng minh c th ci thin cc
vn trong vn hnh bng cch pht trin s kt hp gi cc b pht p u tin.
i vi cc nhim v nh vy th OFDM l mt trong nhng ng vin tt nht v tn
hiu OFDM c s dng thnh cng trong nhiu cng ngh. Cc h thng da
trn OFDM bao gm cc chun LAN khng dy nh 802.11a v 802.11g, pht qung
b audio s (DAB), DVB v WiMAX.
Hnh 3.3 ch ra mt s cng ngh khng dy da trn OFDM theo bn knh
ph. Nh ch ra trn hnh, OFDM c s dng trong c h thng truyn thng vng
ph rng v hp. Do , h thng V tuyn thng minh s dng OFDM c th thng
tin vi cc h thng khc c cng ngh da trn nn OFDM. V h thng ch cn bit
cc tham s tn hiu mong mun c cc ngi dng s dng (xem Bng 3.1). Tuy
nhin, thc hin thnh cng cc yu cu nh vy th h thng V tuyn thng minh
nn c xy dng trn kin trc ca v tuyn nh ngha bng phn mm. Thm vo
, h thng V tuyn thng minh nn c ton b thng tin lin quan ti chun yu
cu gii m cc tn hiu khc, chng hn nh d liu v hoa tiu nh x ti tn s
cc sng mang con, cu trc khung, loi m v tc m ha.
* D kin

Hnh 3.3. Cc cng ngh v tuyn da trn OFDM
3.4. Cc thch thc i vi h thng OFDM thng minh
Nh mt h thng thng minh, vi cc c tnh nh s hiu bit, tnh thch ng
v hc hi, V tuyn thng minh a ra mt tng lai ca truyn thng khng dy
vi cc ha hn s gii quyt cc vn gp phi trong v tuyn. Tuy nhin, vi cng
ngh v cng mi m ny, cc thch thc mi cng xut hin v l cc vn cn
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 46
c nghin cu v gii quyt. Trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh - OFDM
ang xem xt, nhng thch thc c th c nhm thnh ba loi nh minh ha trong
Hnh 3.4 di y.
Cc thch thc
OFDM
Cc thch thc
V tuyn thng minh
Cc thch
thc V
tuyn
thng
minh-
OFDM
- ICI
- PAPR
- ng b
- ...
- Cm nhn
ph
- Thch ng
- Trnh nhiu
- ...

Hnh 3.4. Cc thch thc trong h thng V tuyn thng minh v OFDM
Loi u tin bao gm cc thch thc ca ring h thng OFDM bao gm T s
cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR), s nhy cm vi dch tn v nhiu
pha, vn ng b, Loi th hai bao gm cc vn gp phi trong h thng V
tuyn thng minh nh cm nhn ph, thch ng lp cho, v trnh nhiu. Trong
chng ny ta s tp trung vo loi th ba: cc thch thc gp phi khi k thut
OFDM c ng dng vo cc h thng V tuyn thng minh.
3.4.1. To dng ph
Mt trong nhng th thch chnh trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh-
OFDM l to dng ph. Trong cc h thng da trn OFDM, to dng ph c ngha l
xc nh cc sng mang con c th s dng c bi h thng OFDM trong khi gi
cho mc nhiu vi cc ngi dng chnh trong gii hn chp nhn c. Khi c
c cc thng tin cm nhn ph, kin thc ny s c s dng la chn cc sng
mang con cho cc ngi dng thng minh s dng. Vn ny c th gii quyt bng
cch s dng cc b pht hin nng lng trn mi sng mang con. Hn na, mt tiu
chun pht hin c s dng pht hin cc sng mang con s dng. Cm nhn
ph chnh l qu trnh xc nh cc h ph. Tuy nhin, V tuyn thng minh c th b
qua mt vi c hi ph thuc vo cc yu cu v cng sut v lu lng mng.
3.4.2. Thit k thut ton ct xn hiu qu
Mt khi xc nh c cc sng mang s dng, c th c nhiu sng
mang b tt. Trong trng hp nh vy, hiu qu ca cc thut ton FFT c th c
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 47
tng v/hoc thi gian thc hin c th gim bi loi b cc gi tr bng khng u
vo, qu trnh c gi l ct xn. Vic thit k cc thut ton ct xn hiu qu l
rt quan trng i vi cc h thng V tuyn thng minh t c hiu nng cao
hn.
3.4.3. Bo hiu cc tham s truyn dn
H thng OFDM c th iu chnh dng sng ca n bng cch tt mt vi sng
mang con tn dng cc h ph sn c (xem Hnh 3.2 Mc 3.3.2). Tuy nhin, my
thu nn c thng bo v cc sng mang con b tt v cc sng mang con s dng
c. Vic bo hiu cc thng tin phi c thc hin cn thn trnh nhiu ti cc
ngi dng chnh trong khi gi cho tn tht bng thng mc nh nht. Vic pht
hin cc sng mang con khng c s dng cng c th c thc hin mt cch m
mm. S bt/tt cc sng mang con c thc hin thng qua mt khi cc sng mang
con thay v mi sng mang con ring l. Do , mo u bo hiu c th gim theo h
s ca kch thc mi khi. Hn na, da vo cht lng knh v cc ti nguyn sn
c, cc tham s nh kch thc FFT, kch thc CP, c th c thay i v cc
thng tin ny cng c truyn t ti my thu.
3.4.4. S ng b
ng b l mt vn quan trng khc cn c tnh n trong khi thit k cc
h thng OFDM. Nhiu bng hp (NBI), tc nhiu m nng lng tp trung trong mt
dy tn s hp v c th gy nhiu ti phn m u, l mt trong nhng vn gp
phi. Hn na, cc phn m u c th gy ra cc tp sng mang cha hon chnh, v
cc hoa tiu nu c s dng c th thuc v cc sng mang trng. Ngoi ra, nu
nhiu ngi dng cng truy cp, cc sng mang con c th c gn ti cc ngi
dng khc. gi tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang con v trnh nhiu, tt c cc
ngi s dng phi c ng b ti my thu.
3.4.5. Nhiu ln nhau
Vn nhiu ln nhau nn c xem xt cn thn khi thit k cc h thng V
tuyn thng minh. Cc thy bn ca cc sng mang con OFDM iu ch c bit
l ngy cng rng nh ch ra trn Hnh 3.5. Kt qu l c s r r cng sut t cc sng
mang con s dng ti cc sng mang con trng, do gy nhiu ti cc ngi dng
cp php. Nhiu phng php c a ra gim s r r ny v cho php cc
h thng OFDM thng minh cng tn ti vi cc h thng ngi dng c cp php.
Mt phng php l to ra hm sinc (xem Hnh 3.5) gim nhanh hn bng cch to
ca s cc mu OFDM trong min thi gian.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 48
P
S
D

c
h
u

n

h

a

(
d
B
)
Cng sut tn hiu mong
mun
Nhiu ti bng con ln
cn u tin, I
1
Hnh 3.5. Mt ph cng sut ca mt sng mang con OFDM
Cc k thut tng t cng c nghin cu k gim ICI v s pht x ngoi
bng trong cc h thng OFDM. Trong mt s ti liu p dng ca s cosin tng.
Bng vic thay i h s roll-off ca ca s cosin tng, c th gim nhiu ti 6 dB.
Hnh 3.6 v 3.7 ch ra hnh dng ca s cosin tng i vi cc gi tr roll-off
khc nhau v cc mt ph cng sut tng ng. Hn ch ca phng php ny l
gim thng lng ca h thng do tng thi gian ca tn hiu min thi gian duy tr
tnh trc giao. Mt phng php khc gim nhiu l thch ng cc sng mang con
tt gn vi cc sng mang con b chim gi bi cc ngi dng cp php. Cch ny c
th gim ng k nhiu t cc sng mang ln cn. Tuy nhin, hin nhin iu bt li
ca phng php ny l gim hiu qu ph tn. Thay v tt cc sng mang ln cn, cc
gi tr ca chng c th c xc nh mt cch tch cc loi nhiu trong cc bng
tn tt. Mc d hiu nng c th c ci thin nhng vic xc nh cc gi tr cc
sng mang con b tt rt phc tp v cc yu cu ti u ha. Phng php gim nhiu
i vi cc ngi dng chnh bng hp l xc nh trng s sng mang con. Trong
phng php ny, cc trng s sng mang con c xc nh theo cch m cc thy
bn ca tn hiu truyn dn c ti thiu theo mt thut ton ti u ha m cho php
mt vi iu kin ti u. Vi phng php ny, ta c th gim c hn 10dB sn
bn ca tn hiu OFDM.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 49

Hnh 3.6. Ca s cosin tng vi cc gi tr roll-off () khc nhau.
P
S
D

c
h
u

n

h

a

(
d
B
)
Hnh 3.7. Hiu ng trt (roll-off) trn PSD ca mt sng mang con OFDM n l.
Vic nh trng s sng mang con yu cu s iu ch ng bao l c nh v d nh
QPSK hoc BPSK. Hn na, my thu khng cn bit dy trng s khi thng tin pha
khng thay i.
Ngoi cc thch thc ni trn, cn c mt vi vn khc trong vic thc
thi cc h thng V tuyn thng minh-OFDM. i vi mt cng ngh ha hn nh V
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 50
tuyn thng minh th cn nhiu nghin cu hn na xy dng c mt h thng
thc t vi s phc tp chp nhn c.
3.5. OFDM a bng tn
Trong cc phn trc, chng ta mi ch cp ti cc h thng OFDM n
bng tn (SB-OFDM). Trong phn ny, ta s tho lun vic s dng cc tn hiu
OFDM trn nhiu bng tn vi cc u th v cc s thc y vic s dng OFDM a
bng tn (MB-OFDM). Ta cng xut ng dng MB-OFDM cho h thng UWB.
Tuy nhiu, MB-OFDM khng hn ch ti mt ng dng c th no nhng tt hn c
l n c a ra t mt quan im rng hn.
i vi cc h thng bng rng, phng php bo hiu a bng tn trong
tng bng thng c chia thnh cc bng tn nh hn t ra nhiu u th hn so vi
vic s dng bo hiu n bng tn. Trong khi vic s dng mt bng tn n l lm
cho vic thit k h thng n gin hn, th vic x l tn hiu bng rng li yu cu
xy dng cc mch RF c phc tp cao hn i vi vic truyn/nhn tn hiu.
Thm vo , cc ADC tc cao c yu cu ly mu v s ha tn hiu. Hn
na, cc b cn bng knh phc tp hn cng cn c c nng lng tn hiu a
ng hiu qu i vi vic x l tn hiu v sau. Mt khc, bo hiu a bng tn lm
gim cc yu cu trong phn cng h thng khi cc phn nh hn ca ph c x l
ti mt thi im. Hn na, vic chia ph thnh cc bng tn nh hn cho php phn
b ph tn tt hn. H thng c th loi b mt vi bng tn c sn t c cc
mc tiu khc (v d: trnh nhiu, tit kim cng sut, hay cho php truy cp a ngi
dng).
i vi V tuyn thng minh da trn nn OFDM, cu hi t ra l khi no s
dng a bng tn v khi no s dng n bng tn. Gi s c dng ph c th, vic
la chn s bng tn da vo nhiu tham s. Thng lng yu cu, cc gii hn v
phn cng, s phc tp trong tnh ton, s h ph v cc bng thng ca chng l cc
tham s v d c th la chn trong h thng V tuyn thng minh. Chng ta s minh
ha c th hn v tm quan trng ca bo hiu a bng tn trong v d tip theo.
Xem xt trong trng hp sau, trong mt V tuyn thng minh cm nhn
ph tn v tm ra cc kt qu nh ch ra trong Hnh 3.8. Hai h ph c pht hin vi
bng thng ln lt l 10 v 15 MHz. Mt trong cc h ph c cha nhiu bng hp.
Cc khong trng trong ph pht hin l 1 GHz v tch bit nhau. Trong hon cnh
nh vy, nu h thng la chn s dng SB-OFDM, th bng thng ca tn hiu
OFDM s l 1.025 GHz. Mt tn hiu vi bng thng nh vy yu cu cc ADC c tc
ly mu rt cao. Ngoi ra, yu cu c mt s lng ln sng mang con m bo
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 51
cc sng mang con c th thch hp hn vi cc h ph cng nh gi cho knh
sng mang con l gn phng. Tht khng may, s lng sng mang con ln s lm cho
hot ng FFT phc tp hn. Hn na, trnh nhiu bng hp trong bng tn 15
MHz, h thng loi b hai trong ba sng mang con m s c s dng in vo
cc h ph, kt qu l hiu qu s dng ph tn thp. Bng cch s dng MB-OFDM,
cc h ph c th c in vi hai tn hiu OFDM vi cc bng thng 10 v 15 MHz.
H ph
15 MHz 1 GHz
10 MHz
15 MHz
10 MHz
1.025 GHz
(a) Cm nhn ph v pht hin cc h ph
(b) Khai thc cc h ph s dng phng php SB-OFDM
(c) Khai thc cc h ph s dng phng php MB-OFDM
f
f
f
Hnh 3.8. Lp cc h ph s dng tn hiu SB-OFDM hoc MB-OFDM.
Do , cc ADC vi tc ly mu thc t by gi c th c s dng. Mt s lng
ln cc sng mang con l khng cn thit i vi cc tn hiu OFDM trong trng hp
ny. Ngoi ra, h thng c nhiu quyn iu khin hn trn ph tn hiu trong mi
bng tn nh vo khong cch sng mang con nh. Do , vic trnh nhiu bng hp
c thc hin vi tn hao ph nh hn. Tuy nhin, h thng by gi phi x l hai
tn hiu OFDM. Trong khi tn s ly mu c gim trong trng hp MB-OFDM, th
h thng ang vn hnh cc thut ton my thu (v d ng b, c tnh knh, v cn
bng) ring r i vi mi bng tn.
Mt v d khc c ch ra trong Hnh 3.9 vi nm h ph c pht hin,
trong mt h ph c cha nhiu bng hp. Ta cng ln lt s dng SB-OFDM v
MB-OFDM khai thc cc h ph pht hin. Trong v d ny c th thy rng vic
s dng mt lung SB-OFDM c th l la chn tt hn cho h thng so vi vic s
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 52
dng mt lung MB-OFDM nm bng tn. S ci thin hiu qu ph tn t c
bng phng php MB-OFDM khng c ngha l tng phc tp trong h thng.
(a) Cm nhn ph v pht hin cc h ph
(b) Khai thc cc h ph s dng phng php SB-OFDM
(c) Khai thc cc h ph s dng MB-OFDM
1.025 GHz
Bng 1 Bng 2 Bng 3 Bng 4 Bng 5
Hnh 3.9. Lp cc h ph s dng cc tn hiu SB-OFDM hoc MB-OFDM.
MB-OFDM cng c s dng trong mt vi h thng UWB. Thay v s dng
mt tn hiu UWB n bng tn, ph c chia thnh cc bng tn con (vi bng
thng mi bng con xp x 500 MHz) v cc tn hiu OFDM c s dng truyn
d liu qua mi bng con. Hnh 3.10 minh ha tn hiu UWB trong min tn s. Tuy
nhin, trong khi UWB l mt trong nhng ng dng ca MB-OFDM, n ch c gii
hn ti mt hon cnh c th trong tt c cc bng tn con phi c kch thc tng
ng v cc tn hiu OFDM s dng trong cc bng tn con l ging nhau trong
nhiu tham s khc nhau nh CP v khong cch sng mang con.
Tm li, la chn gia SB-OFDM v MB-OFDM, h thng cn xc minh
mt vi tham s h thng v tham s mi trng. Phng php MB-OFDM ch hiu
qu nu cc h ph cch xa nhau hoc nu bng thng bao ph l tng i rng. MB-
OFDM c th gim bt gnh nng trong tc ly mu ADC yu cu, kch thc b
nh, v tc . Mt khc, s phc tp ca vic x l tn hiu bng tn c s tng khi
h thng cn thc hin cc thut ton thu trn nhiu tn hiu OFDM. Trong phn ny,
chng ta xem
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 53
Bng #1 Bng #2 Bng #3
3169 MHz 3696 MHz 4224 MHz 4752 MHz
Tn s
Hnh 3.10. Cc bng con ca cc h thng UWB da trn MB-OFDM trong min tn
s.
xt tng quan v vic bo hiu a bng tn v n bng tn. Tuy nhin, trong thc
nghim, cn phi xem xt nhiu tham s hn khi thit k h thng v cc thut ton m
c kh nng nhn bit la chn bo hiu l tt nht. Do , yu cu cn c nhiu
nghin cu hn na v vn ny.
3.6. Cc chun v cng ngh OFDM thng minh
Khi khi nim V tuyn thng minh ang ngy cng thu ht nhiu s quan tm
hn, th cc chun pht trin gn y ang xem xt nhiu hn cc c tnh thng
minh. Phn b tn s ng, iu khin cng sut pht (TPC), v cm nhn ph tn mi
ch l mt vi v d nh v cc c tnh c bao gm trong mt s chun hin ti.
Nhng chun ny c th c xem xt hng ti vic thc thi ca V tuyn thng
minh trong tng lai. iu ng ni l hu ht cc chun ny u s dng OFDM lm
cng ngh truyn dn ca chng (xem Hnh 3.4).
3.6.1. WiMAX - IEEE 802.16
Mt trong nhng cng ngh m c c s quan tm trong c gii hc vin v
cng nghip chnh l WiMAX. Chun u tin ca WiMAX, IEEE 802.16a, hot
ng di tn 10-66 GHz. Trong di tn s ny, ch truyn thng c LOS. Chun
sau pht trin nm 2004 IEEE 802.16-2004; c bit n l 802.16d. Chun IEEE
802.16-2004 h tr hot ng trong di tn s 2-11 GHz cho php cc truyn thng
NLOS. N a ra quan im v truy nhp a im i vi cc thu bao c nh.
Chun IEEE 802.16e-2005 cp nht v m rng chun ny cho php i vi cc
trm thu bao di ng di chuyn ti tc ca phng tin. Phin bn c kh nng m
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 54
rng ca OFDMA c gii thiu ci thin hiu nng ca ton b h thng. Trong
khi vai tr ca IEEE l pht trin cc chun i vi cc tng PHY v MAC, din
n WiMAX li m bo kh nng tng thch v tng tc gia cc thit b ca cc
nh cung cp thng qua qu trnh xc thc ca chng.
Phng php OFDMA PHY c l l phng php ng quan tm nht c h
tr bi WiMAX. Bng vic s dng bo hiu OFDM, phng php OFDMA PHY cho
php mt trm gc (BS) WiMAX h tr nhiu ngi dng c nh hoc di ng ti
cng mt thi im. Trong phng php ny, mt h thng BS tn dng knh c sn
bng cch chia cc thu bao c sn thnh cc knh con. Mt s knh con c nhm
li vi mt s k hiu OFDMA to thnh mt khe (slot). Mt slot c nh ngha nh
l n v phn b d liu nh nht. nh ngha slot ch ra rng cc ti nguyn h thng
c chia s gia cc ngi dng trong hai min. Min th nht l min tn s m
c biu din bi s knh con trong mi slot. Min th hai l min thi gian c
biu din bi s k hiu OFDMA.
Hnh 3.11 ch ra cu trc tn hiu OFDMA s dng trong WiMAX. Ch rng
hnh ny ch dnh cho mc ch minh ha v do s sng mang con hoc kch thc
slot khng phn nh s lng thc t c s dng bi chun.
Trong cc h thng da trn WiMAX, cc ngi dng c th c gn cc
bng thng, cc khong thi gian, cc mc cng sut pht, v cc cch thc iu ch
khc nhau (xem Bng 3.1) da trn nhiu tham s chng hn nh t s nhiu tp m
trn sng mang (CINR), b ch th mc tn hiu thu (RSSI), hoc bng thng c
sn. Hn na, OFDMA PHY a ra nhiu kch thc FFT, kch thc CP, v cc
phng php phn b hoa tiu. Kch thc FFT c th c la chn l 128, 256, 512,
1024, hoc 2048 da vo bng thng truyn dn (y c gi l OFDMA c kh
nng thay i. Cc kch thc FFT c s dng gi khong cch sng mang con
khng i i vi cc bng thng truyn dn khc nhau). Tng t, di CP c th
c thit lp l 1/4, 1/8, 1/16 v 1/32 ln chiu di k hiu OFDM. Kch thc ca
CP c th c thay i da vo cc c im ca mi trng. Vi tt c cc c
trng thch ng ny, WiMAX c kh nng thch ng vi nhiu iu kin knh v kch
bn truyn thng. Thc vy, mt BS WiMAX o c knh c sn v cc tham s tn
hiu thu, to ra mt k hoch c cc thit lp ph hp nht cho truyn thng vi cc
thu bao hin ti (vi cc mc ch c th nh thng lng ti a, cht lng dch v
(QoS).), v thc hin k hoch ny.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 55
Sng mang con DC
Tn s
Bng tn bo v
Bng tn bo v
Knh con 1
Knh con 2
Knh con 3
Knh con 4
Cc sng mang con v hiu
Cc hoa tiu
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
User 6
Mt slot
Trong trng hp ny, n
l mt knh con bi 2 k
hiu OFDMA
K

n
h

c
o
n
(
M
i

n

t

n

s

)
K hiu OFDMA
(Min thi gian)
Hnh 3.11. Minh ha cu trc tn hiu OFDMA s dng trong WiMAX
Chun WiMAX cng lin quan nhiu ti cc k thut anten nng cao. Bng 3.1
ch ra cc c tnh MIMO c sn trong chun WiMAX di ng, IEEE 802.16E-2005.
Mc d cc k thut anten thng minh ny khng bt buc yu cu, nhng chng kh
ph hp vi V tuyn thng minh v gip t c tc d liu cao.
Chun IEEE 802.16 sa i l 802.16h, hin ti ang c pht trin, a ra
cc c tnh thng minh cho WiMAX. Mc tiu l cc thit b WiMAX c th cng
tn ti trong cc bng tn khng cp php. Hn na, cc phng php cng tn ti
vi cc ngi dng chnh cng c pht trin.
Bng 3.1. Cc c tnh anten nng cao ca WiMAX.
K thut M t u th
To bp H
thng anten thch
ng (AAS)
BS s dng nhiu anten to dng
bp theo hng ca mt sng mang
con.
M rng vng v tng
dung lng nh vo
mc nhiu thp hn.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 56
M ha khng
gian - thi gian
(STC)
Phn tp pht chng hn nh s dng
m Alamouti.
Tng li h thng
thng qua phn tp
khng gian v gim suy
hao bin.
Ghp knh khng
gian (SM)
Cc tn hiu d liu m ha c lp v
ring r c truyn qua nhiu anten.
Tng dung lng (tc
d liu cao hn).
Phn tp khng
gian cng tc
Hai ngi dng ng ln c th
truyn hp tc trong cng slot nu
c ghp knh ring r t hai anten
ca cng mt ngi dng.
Tng vng ph v thng
lng.
La chn anten Bt k s kt hp no ca cc anten
c la chn (loi la chn tt-m
ca nhm anten t cc anten c sn)
u da trn phn hi knh.
Hiu qu s dng cng
sut c sn
Nhm anten BS c th nhm nhiu anten i vi
cc sng mang con khc nhau trong
cc cch khc nhau da trn phn hi
t cc BS. V d, nu ta c ba anten
Tx, BS c th nhm hai anten u tin
trong mt vi sng mang, v hai anten
cui cng trong mt vi sng mang
khc.
Ti a phn tp / tng
dung lng
Tin m ha
MIMO
Cc phn t anten c tng trng
lng vi mt ma trn trc khi nh
x chng ti cc anten pht da trn
phn hi t cc trm sng mang con.
Chin thut ny tng t vi gii thut
y nc.
Tng li dung lng
Kt hp gi con
STC
Trong truyn dn ban u, cc gi
c truyn trong ch ghp knh
khng gian MIMO y (khng
phn tp). Nu d liu khng th c
gii m ng (CRC khng kim tra),
Cung cp s tng phn
d
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 57
th cc gi c gi trong ch STC
y (ch phn tp pht y ).
My thu kt hp d liu ban u v d
liu sau la chn tt hn.
M ha phn tp
nhy tn (FHDC)
K hoch ny (nh i vi STC) pht
hai k hiu phc tp s dng knh
MISO (nhiu u vo mt u ra).

Chuyn mch
MIMO thch ng
(AMC)
STC hoc SM c la chn mt cch
thch ng thng qua cc iu kin
knh.
Ti u hiu qu ph tn
3.6.2. IEEE 802.22
Mt chun khc na ang c pht trin gn y l chun IEEE 802.22. IEEE
802.22 c thit k hot ng trong cc bng tn TV. Tuy nhin, cc h thng da
trn IEEE 802.22 cn trnh gy nhiu ti cc tn hiu hin thi. Cc h thng cn c
kh nng cm nhn knh, pht hin cc tn hiu hin thi trong ph, v iu chnh tn
s hot ng v cng sut pht ca chng theo thng tin . Vi cc c tnh nh cm
nhn knh, pht hin cc ngi dng cp php, la chn tn s ng (DFS), v TPC,
IEEE 802.22 c th c xem xt nh mt chun ca V tuyn thng minh. Mc d
chun ny vn cha c hon thnh, nhng n c d on rng cng s da trn
truyn dn OFDM.
S khc nhau chnh gia WiMAX v chun IEEE 802.22 l chun IEEE 802.22
c mc tiu chnh vn ti cc vng nng thn v vng xa, do n s dng li cc
bng tn TV. Tuy nhin, iu ny to cho 802.22 c c vng s dng rng ri hn.
Mt din tch bao ph ln ti 100 km c th to ra chun mng vng nng thng
khng dy (WRAN) u tin. Cc c im k thut hin ti c th thit lp mt din
tch ph ln ti 33 km.
Chun 802.22 c thit k cho topo truyn thng im-a im c nh, trong
BS ng vai tr nh my ch (Master) y quyn tt c cc tham s hot ng ca
ngi dng vi ca n. V trong khi cc ngi dng (Slaves) c th chia s thng tin
cm nhn vi BS thng qua cm nhn phn phi, cho BS thay i cng sut pht,
phng php iu ch, m ha hoc tn s hot ng ca ngi dng. Trong topo nh
vy, trch nhim ca ngi cung cp dch v l m bo tn hiu ngi dng khng
gy nhiu ti cc tn hiu hin thi trong vng ph. y l mt vn ct yu
chun chung sng c vi cc dch v TV ang c.
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 58
Mt thch thc khc trong vic thit k chun 802.22 l s khi to ngi dng
mi lin li vi BS. Khng ging nh cc cng ngh khng dy hin ti, tn s v
thi gian trong qu trnh khi to knh khng c xc nh trc. Ni cch khc, cc
ngi dng ban u s phi qut cc phn (hoc qut ton b) bng tn TV tm ra
tn s v thi gian hot ng ca BS hin ti. Thm vo , cc ngi dng cn c
kh nng phn bit cc tn hiu ng thi v tn hiu BS. iu ny c th l rt kh
khn nu BS ang hot ng trn nhiu bng tn kt hp vi nhau.
3.6.3. IEEE 802.11
Chun WLAN ni ting IEEE 802.11a/g c sa i thnh cc chun nh
IEEE 802.11h v IEEE 802.11k c cc c tnh thng minh. IEEE 802.11h c
thit k cho php c tnh cc c tnh knh v DFS, vi kh nng chuyn mch ti
cc knh RF vt l khc nhau cho hot ng truyn v nhn da trn cc o c knh.
Ngoi ra, TPC cng c kt hp vo, cung cp cho h thng nhiu kh nng iu
khin hn trn vng tn hiu v mc nhiu. Mc ch ca chun IEEE 802.11h l cho
php cc h thng WLAN chia s ph 5 GHz vi cc ngi dng chnh (v d cc h
thng radar qun i).
DFS pht hin cc thit b s dng cng mt knh v tuyn v h thng chuyn
mch ti cc knh v tuyn khc nu cn thit trnh nhiu vi cc ngi dng
chnh khc ang tn ti. Trm WLAN bo co mt danh sch cc knh rng n c th
h tr ti mt im truy nhp (access point - AP). Khi cn chuyn mch ti mt knh
mi, AP s dng d liu ny quyt nh knh tt nht. Mt khc, TPC c s
dng gim nhiu t cc trm ti cc thit b khc bng vic iu khin mc cng
sut ca tn hiu c pht. Ngoi ra, TPC c s dng qun l s tiu th cng
sut ca cc thit b khng dy v vng gia cc im truy nhp ti cc thit b khng
dy.
Mt khc, chun IEEE 802.11k c xut cho qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
Mc ch l ci thin s phn phi lu lng trong mng WLAN. Chun ny nh
ngha mt danh sch cc tham s v tuyn c c tnh bi h thng. Trong khi danh
sch ny b hn ch v s dng cho cc chun IEEE 802.11, th n ci thin hn so vi
cc chun trc y. Cc thit b WLAN c th c ci thin h tr chun mi, t
n c thit k c thc thi bng phn mm. Chun cho php cc im truy
nhp la chn d liu t cc client lin quan ti cc im truy nhp chng c th pht
hin v cng sut tn hiu ca chng. Sau khi d liu la chn c phn tch, cc
im truy nhp trong vng ca mt client c t vo trong mt danh sch da theo
mnh tn hiu ca chng, cc dch v, v cc loi m ha h tr bi client. Danh
n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 59
sch ny c gi l bo co a im (site report). Cc im truy nhp cung cp cho
cc client site report v do ci thin cc quyt nh chuyn vng v tng thng
lng ton b mng.
WLAN
WMAN
WRAN
IEEE
802.11
IEEE 802.16
IEEE 802.22
802.11h & 802.11k
DFS, TPC
Site report
o c knh RF
Cm nhn cc node n
Cc thng k chia s
802.16-2004 & 802.16e-2005
Phn b bng thng, hoa tiu, CP
v kch thc FFT thch ng
S dng li cc bng tn TV
(cm nhn ph)
DFS, TPC
Hnh 3.12. S pht trin cc chun v cc cng ngh
im truy nhp c th thu thp cc thng tin t cc client v knh RF. V d,
im truy nhp c th yu cu client o c mc nhiu knh, hoc cung cp cho im
truy nhp cc thng tin lin quan ti ti lu lng trn knh v khong thi gian knh
b chim gi. S dng thng tin ny, im truy nhp c th a ra quyt nh knh
ang qu ti hoc knh c cha mc nhiu cao.
Cc c tnh khc bao gm theo di cc node n v thng k cc client chia s
cng c trong chun. Bng vic p dng c hai chun 802.11h v 802.11k vo h
thng WLAN da trn 802.11, hiu nng v hiu qu ca hot ng mng khng dy
c th c ci thin ng k. Vic thm cc c tnh thng minh nh cm nhn v
c tnh knh, cc thng k phn phi, DFS, TPC vo cc thit b WLAN s sm thc
hin c. Hnh 3.12 minh ha v cc cng ngh v cc chun hin ti v tng lai
tho lun trn.

n tt nghip i hc Chng 3. V tuyn thng minh trn nn OFDM

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 60
3.7. Kt lun chng 3
Chng 3 m t chi tit cc c tnh ca OFDM thch hp vi vic thc thi
V tuyn thng minh, bao gm kh nng nhn bit v cm nhn ph, to dng ph,
kh nng thch ng vi mi trng, cc k thut anten nng cao, a truy nhp v cp
pht ph tn, kh nng tng tc. Vic p dng truyn dn OFDM trong cc h thng
V tuyn thng minh to ra cho cc h thng kh nng thch ng, hiu bit v linh
hot v c th lin kt hot ng c vi cc cng ngh v tuyn hin ti. Tuy nhin,
cc thch thc ch ra cn c nghin cu su hn na tm ra cc gii php chc
chn. Vic p dng OFDM trong cc v tuyn thng minh c th theo hai cch: cc
cng ngh khng dy hin ti c th tin ha c nhiu hn cc c tnh thng minh
hoc cc h thng mi c th c pht trin vi y cc c tnh thng minh.
Trong c hai trng hp, chng ta u thy trc rng OFDM s l mt cng ngh
truyn dn lp Vt l vt tri cho V tuyn thng minh.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 61
CHNG 4. PHN B CNG SUT TRONG MNG V
TUYN THNG MINH DA TRN NN OFDM
4.1. Gii thiu chng
Trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh - OFDM, vic cu hnh cc sng
mang con thch ng khng ch da trn thng tin trng thi knh (CSI Channel state
information) nh trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng, m cn cn xem xt ti cc
kt qu cm nhn ph ca ngi dng v tuyn thng minh (SU) v cc gii hn nhiu
ca cc ngi dng chnh (PU). Chng 4 tp trung vo vic nghin cu cc kh khn
v a ra gii php ti u trong vic phn b cng sut i vi cc h thng V tuyn
thng minh OFDM.
Thut ton phn b cng sut ti u i vi cc h thng OFDM thng thng
vi mc ch ti a dung lng knh truyn nh bit l y nc, xut pht t
vic gii quyt bi ton ti u ha li da trn rng buc cng sut pht tng. Trong
cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM, bng tn ca SU c th c chia thnh
mt s knh con, mi mt knh tng ng vi mt bng tn c cp php ca mt h
thng PU. V gii hn nhiu ca mi PU a ra rng buc v cng sut pht knh con
i vi SU, nn vic phn b cng sut trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh
OFDM khng nhng phi tha mn rng buc v cng sut pht tng m cn tha
mn cc rng buc v cng sut pht ca cc knh con. Bi vy, thut ton y
nc thng thng khng p dng c trong trng hp ny.
Cng sut pht trong mi knh con bao gm cng sut phn b ti cc sng
mang con bn trong knh con v cc cng sut nhn c t cc sng mang con trong
cc knh con ln cn. Trong chng ny, u tin ta xem xt bi ton phn b cng
sut trong trng hp loi b nh hng ca cc sng mang con bn cnh, tc l c
bng tn bo v hiu qu gia hai sng mang con bt k. Da trn nguyn l ti u
ha hi t, thut ton y nc phn chia lp (IPW Interative Power Allocation)
c xut t c s phn b cng sut ti u m ti a dung lng trong khi
tha mn c rng buc v cng sut pht tng v cc cng sut pht knh con. Sau ,
ta m rng kt qu cho bi ton phn b cng sut trong cc h thng V tuyn thng
minh OFDM chung, trong nh hng ca cc sng mang con bn c quan tm
c bit. Trong trng hp ny, ta xut thut ton phn b cng sut quy (RPA
Recursive Power Allocation) c c s phn b cng sut ti u bng cch tch
pha cc rng buc cng sut knh con.


n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 62
4.2. M hnh h thng
4.2.1. H thng V tuyn thng minh v gii hn cng sut nhiu
Mt h thng V tuyn thng minh in hnh c ch ra trong Hnh 4.1. Mt
knh c th c cp php ti h thng PU. Khi h thng PU khng chim gi knh
bt k ni no ti bt k thi im no, th knh khng c tn dng trong c min
thi gian v min tn s. Mt knh c coi l mt c hi ph nu nhiu ti cc my
thu PU gy ra bi truyn dn SU c th b qua c. SU c chp nhn cho truy cp
knh nu knh c pht hin l mt c hi ph. Vi s tham gia ca SU, cc c hi
ph c th c nhn dng v tn dng do hiu qu ph ca ton b h thng c
ci thin.
d
SU
PU
1
PU
2
R
PU Tx
SU Tx
PU Rx
SU Rx
Vng cm
nhn tin cy
Vng
bo v

Hnh 4.1. M hnh h thng V tuyn thng minh
Vic m bo nhiu ti cc PU c th b qua c l mt bi ton cc k quan
trng trong khi vn hnh cc h thng V tuyn thng minh. Nhn chung, SU phi cm
nhn knh quyt nh v tr cc c hi ph trc khi truyn dn. SU c cho php
truyn trong mt knh cp php tr phi cc tn hiu PU tng ng vng mt. Nh
trn Hnh 4.1, SU c th pht hin ra tn hiu PU
1
khi trng thi tch cc v do
nhiu ti my thu PU
1
gy ra bi truyn dn SU c th trnh c. Tuy nhin, do t s
tn hiu trn nhiu l gii hn, SU ch c th pht hin tn hiu ca PU vi xc sut
pht hin yu cu trong mt vng c th, gi l vng cm nhn tin cy nh ch ra trong
Hnh 4.1. Do , i vi my pht PU
2
nm ngoi vng cm nhn tin cy ca SU, SU
khng th pht hin tn hiu ca PU
2
vi xc sut pht hin yu cu, nh ch ra
trong Hnh 4.1. Trong tnh hung ny, PU
2
xc nh mt vng bo v bn knh R v
yu cu cng sut nhiu ti bt k my thu tim nng no trong vng ny phi thp
hn mt gi tr c th. Do , khi mt tn hiu PU vng mt, cng sut pht SU trn
knh cp php PU l P
tx
phi tun theo mt iu kin, c cho bi cng thc:
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 63
P
tx
(d - R)

(4.1)
trong d l khong cch gia my pht SU v my pht PU khng th pht hin gn
nht (my pht PU ngoi vng cm nhn tin cy), l cng sut nhiu ln nht cho
php v h s suy gim ng. n gin nht chng ta ch quan tm ti tn hao
ng theo khong cch, v SU bit trc d.
Nu SU khng bit v tr ca PU, th phi s dng mt vi k hoch d phng c
tnh P
tx
. V d, d c thit lp l bn knh ca vng cm nhn tin cy, tc l, my
pht PU c gi s ch ra ca vng cm nhn tin cy.
4.2.2. V tuyn thng minh OFDM v rng buc cng sut pht trn mi knh
con
tn dng hiu qu cc c hi ph do cc h thng PU khc nhau to ra, mt
h thng V tuyn thng minh cn linh hot hn trong vic to dng ph ca tn hiu
pht. iu ch OFDM l mt ng vin ha hn cho mt h thng linh hot nh vy
bi cu trc sng mang con c th cu hnh li ca n. Hn na, thnh phn FFT trong
my thu OFDM c th c s dng bi b pht hin nng lng ca cc SU pht
hin knh, ng thi gim mo u trong vic thc thi kh nng thng minh.
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con j Knh con M
1 2
.
m
j
... ...
N

Hnh 4.2. Ph ca SU trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM
Nh ch ra trong Hnh 4.2, trong mt h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM,
ph c th s c s dng bi SU c chia thnh M knh con. Mi knh con tng
ng vi mt bng tn cp php PU. Tng s sng mang con gi s l N v m
j
l ch s
ca sng mang con u tin trong knh con th j.
Trc khi truyn dn, u tin SU cm nhn v tr mi knh con b chim gi,
bng cc phng php cm nhn ph tn thch hp. Sau , da theo cc kt qu cm
nhn v CSI ca mi sng mang con trn mi lin kt truyn dn SU, SU c th quyt
nh chin lc phn b cng sut, loi iu ch v cc tham s cho truyn dn SU
khc ph hp. Do , lc thu pht tng c th c ch ra trong Hnh 4.3. Ti my
pht trong Hnh 4.3, cc tham s truyn dn c quyt nh trc khi qua chuyn i
S/P, hot ng IFFT, chuyn i P/S, chn CP v lc. Theo , ti my thu, thng tin
v cc tham s truyn dn trn mi lin kt phi c c thng qua bo hiu nhn
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 64
v gii iu ch cc tn hiu OFDM. Sau tn hiu nhn c ca sng mang con
th i vi mt k hiu OFDM c th c m t nh sau y:
y
i
=

x
i
+ n
i

(4.2)
trong x
i
l tn hiu c pht trn sng mang con th i bi my pht SU, h
i
l li
knh v n
i
l nhiu Gauss trng cng vi trung bnh 0 v phng sai 1. Nu my pht
PU tng ng c pht hin trong mt knh con, th ton b sng mang con trong
knh con ny s c iu ch bng 0 trong sut qu trnh truyn, tc cng sut tng
ca cc sng mang con trong knh ny c thit lp bng 0. Trng hp khc th SU
c th s dng knh con ny nhng vi iu kin cng sut c th c miu t
trong mc 4.2.1. Gi s G
j
l rng buc cng sut trn knh con th j sau khi cm
nhn, ta c



(4.3)
trong

l mc cng sut nhiu ln nht cho php ca PU


j
, R
j
l bn knh vng bo
v ca PU
j
, d
j
l khong cch gia my pht SU v my pht PU
j
khng th pht hin
gn nht, v
j
l h s suy gim.
Ngun
M ha
knh v
iu ch
S/P IFFT P/S +CP Lc
CSI, kt qu cm nhn ph, rng
buc cng sut nhiu PU
B
thu
Gii m
knh v
gii iu
ch knh
IFFT P/S -CP Lc
Bo hiu thch ng lin
kt
My pht
My thu
S/P

Hnh 4.3. Lc thu pht ca SU trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 65
4.3. Phn b cng sut cho h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM khng xt
ti cc sng mang con ln cn.
Trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng, khi cho cc iu kin v cng sut
pht hoc tc mc tiu, vic ti u phn b cng sut vi cc mc nh ti a tc
tng hoc ti thiu cng sut yu cu c th t c bi thut ton y nc
bit. Trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM, phn b cng sut cn phi
tha mn cc iu kin cng sut pht knh con a ra bi gii hn cng sut nhiu
ca cc PU. Do , thut ton y nc cn c sa i. Trong phn ny, trc
ht ta xem li bi ton phn b cng sut trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng sau
tnh ton n trong mi trng V tuyn thng minh.
4.3.1. Phn b cng sut trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng
M hnh tn hiu i vi cc h thng OFDM nh ch ra trong (4.2). Bi ton
phn b cng sut trong h thng OFDM thng thng c th c phn thnh hai
loi. Loi th nht l ti u phn b cng sut trn cc sng mang con bng cch ti
a tc tng khi cho cng sut pht. Loi th hai l ti u phn b cng sut trn
cc sng mang con bng vic ti thiu cng sut pht yu cu trong khi tha mn tc
mong mun t ra. Trong n ny ch gii thiu bi ton phn b cng sut
theo loi th nht. Gi s rng rng buc cng sut pht tng ca mt khi OFDM l
P
t
, cng sut tn hiu phn b trn sng mang con th i l P
i
v s sng mang con l
L. S phn b cng sut ti u c th c cho bi

, i=1, 2, 3, , L (4.4)
trong ()
+
max{, 0}, h
i
l li knh con i, v l mc nc c xc nh
bi
(

(4.5)
y chnh l gii thut y nc bit, trong mc nc c tnh theo (4.5).
Mt kt qu v d ca thut ton y nc thng thng c ch ra trong
Hnh 4.4 di y, trong s sng mang con l L = 15. Ta thy cc sng mang con
u c y nc ti mc nc chung . Sng mang con th 10 c vng y
nc vt qu iu kin cng sut pht nn lng cng sut phn b ti sng mang
con bng khng.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 66
Cng sut
P
i
1/|h
i
|
2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Sng
mang con
Hnh 4.4. Ti u phn b cng sut trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng.
4.3.2. Phn b cng sut trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh-OFDM
Bi ton phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh OFDM bn cnh iu
kin cng sut pht tng hoc tc ch cn cn xt thm cc iu kin cng sut
pht knh con. Gi s

l cng sut phn b ti knh con th j, vi


P
i
l cng sut tn hiu phn b trn sng mang con th i. Bi ton phn b cng
sut ti u vi iu kin cng sut pht tng P
t
c th c tnh ton nh bi ton ti
u ha sau y:


Vi

i = 1, 2, 3, , N


F
j
G
j
j = 1, 2, 3, , M.
(4.6)
Trong , hm

{| } tc l tp hp cc gi tr ca x
m f(x) t gi tr ln nht.
Ch rng SU cng chu nhiu gy ra bi PU. Nhiu c th c coi nh nhiu trng
bi SU c th gy ra cc mc nhiu khc nhau trong cc knh con khc nhau. Mc
d cng sut nhiu trong mi knh con c thit lp cn bng vi nhau, tuy nhin,
iu ny khng nh hng ti cc cng thc tnh v ta c th thay i t l li knh.
R rng l bi ton ti u ha trn l bi ton ti u ha li vi cc rng buc tuyn
tnh. Tuy nhin, ta s pht trin cc thut ton hiu qu hn trong hai phn sau y.

n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 67
4.3.3. Thut ton y nc phn chia lp: iu kin cng sut pht tng
y ta xem xt ti (4.6) bi ton phn b cng sut vi iu kin cng sut
pht tng. Thut ton c pht trin theo ba bc. Bc u tin l phn tch cu trc
gii php ti u ca (4.6) da trn nguyn l ti u li. Sau thut ton c xut
nh gi qua th nghim da vo cc phn tch trong bc 1. Cui cng thut ton
c chng minh hi t v im ti u.
4.3.3.1. Phn tch cu trc gii php ti u
Trong (4.6) nu

th iu kin cng sut pht tng tr nn v ngha.


(4.6) suy bin thnh bi ton phn b cng sut ch vi cc iu kin cng sut pht
knh con v gii php l thut ton y nc n gin trn cc sng mang con
trong mi knh con c lp vi rng buc cng sut pht knh con tng ng. Bi
vy, ta ch nhn mnh trng hp m

. miu t cu trc ca vecto


phn b cng sut ti u ta a ra nh l sau:
nh l 1: Vi gi s

, vecto phn b cng sut P l li gii cho (4.6) nu


v ch nu:


(4.7)
trong i = 1, 2, , N v j l ch s knh con m sng mang con th i thuc vo. Gi
s rng {|

} {|

}. Sau mc nc w
j
c xc nh nh sau:
1. i vi j A:

(4.8a)
(

(4.8b)
2. Nu B , i vi j B:
(

(4.9a)

(4.9b)
So snh (4.7) vi (4.4), chng ta c th thy rng s phn b cng sut trong
mi knh con l ging vi kt qu thut ton y nc thng thng. Tuy nhin,
cc mc-nc ca cc knh con khc nhau c th l khc nhau trong (4.7). T nh l
1, ta bit rng cc knh con vi s phn b cng sut ti u c th c chia thnh hai
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 68
tp hp: tp hp A vi cc knh con c cng sut phn b hon ton nh hn iu kin
cng sut pht knh con tng ng v tp hp B vi cc knh con c cng sut c
phn b bng vi iu kin cng sut pht knh con tng ng. i vi cc knh con
trong A, cng sut phn b l kt qu ca y nc trn ton b cc sng mang
con thuc v cc knh con vi cng sut



. Do , tt cc cc knh con
trong A c mt mc-nc chung . i vi mi knh con trong B, chng hn nh
knh con j vi jB, cng sut phn b l kt qu ca y nc trn cc sng
mang con thuc v knh con j vi cng sut G
j
. Bi vy, mi knh con trong B c mt
mc-nc ring w
j
tha mn w
j
, mc-nc ca knh con c mc-nc ring l
nh hn hoc bng so vi mc-nc chung.
Cng sut
P
i
1/|h
i
|
2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Sng
mang con
w
4
w
2
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con 3 Knh con 4
w
2

Hnh 4.5. S phn b cng sut ti u vi cc iu kin cng sut pht knh con.
Mt kt qu phn b cng sut tha mn nh l 1 c ch ra trn Hnh 4.5.
Vi mi knh con, th s phn b cng sut l ging vi kt qu y nc thng
thng. Tuy nhin, mc-nc ca mi knh con l khc nhau gia cc knh con khi so
snh vi Hnh 4.4. Knh con 1 v 3 c cng mc-nc , v mi cng sut phn b
l hon ton thp hn so vi iu kin cng sut pht knh con tng ng. Knh con 2
v 4 c cc mc-nc ring ln lt l w
2
v w
4
, v mi cng sut c phn b tng
ng vi iu kin cng sut pht knh con tng ng. Cng nh vy, trong Hnh
4.5, ta thy rng cc mc-nc ring w
2
v w
4
thp hn mc-nc chung .
4.3.3.2. y nc phn chia lp
T cc phn tch trn, chng ta c th suy ra rng nu ta bit cc phn chia
ca cc knh con, tc cc phn t ca A v B, th c th t c s phn b cng sut
ti u bng vic y nc trc ht trn tng sng mang con trong mi knh con
thuc v tp hp B vi iu kin cng sut pht knh con tng ng, v sau y
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 69
nc phn cn li ca cc sng mang con vi cng sut



. Da trn nh
l 1 v tnh lm ca hm i tng th ta c th kt lun ch c duy nht mt vecto
phn b cng sut tha mn ton b cc iu kin t ra. Tuy nhin bi ton y
nc truyn thng rt kh tm c vecto phn b cng sut ti u. Ta c th thy
rng thut ton p dng y chnh l thut ton tm kim vt cn, c th m t nh
sau:
1. Chia ton b knh con thnh hai tp hp, gi l A v B v ta c tng 2
M
cch
chia.
2. i vi mi phn chia, thc hin y nc thng thng trn cc sng mang
con trong mi knh con thuc v tp hp B vi iu kin cng sut pht knh
con tng ng. Sau ta c cc mc-nc ring w
i
, .
3. Loi b cc phn chia ging nhau m c



< 0. Thc hin y
nc thng thng trn cc sng mang con trong tt c cc knh con thuc v
tp hp A vi cng sut



. Sau ta c c mc-nc chung .
4. Xc minh mi phn chia tha mn F
j
< G
j
vi v

vi . Theo
nh l 1, ch c mt phn chia v vecto phn b cng sut tng ng l li
gii.
Tuy nhin, thut ton tm kim vt cn l rt phc tp. Trong tnh hung c bit,
ta cn xem xt c 2
M
trng hp phn chia bng thut ton. Do vy, ta pht trin mt
thut ton hiu qu hn tn l y nc phn chia lp (IPW). tng c bn l
xc nh cc phn t ca A v B lp i lp li hn l bi s tm kim vt cn. Thut
ton IPW c miu t trong Bng 4.1.
Bng 4.1. Thut ton IPW di iu kin Cng sut pht tng.
I. Khi to:
{| }


C = {i| sng mang con th i thuc knh con th j, jA}.
II. Lp:
1. Thc hin y nc thng thng trn cc sng mang con trong C vi cng
sut

thu c cc P
i
, i C. Kt qu ta c mc nc

.
2.

trong {|

};
3.

cp nht C.
4. Nu D , k = k + 1 v chuyn ti bc 1.
5. i vi mi knh con th j, , thc hin y nc thng thng c lp
trn cc sng mang con tng ng vi iu kin cng sut pht knh con tng
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 70
ng G
j
ta c ton b P
i
, i

. Kt qu mc nc ca knh con th j l w
j
.
III. Kt thc.
Cui cng ta c mc cng sut phn b ti u ti tng knh con.
Nh ch ra trong Bng 4.1, trong ln lp th k, thut ton thc hin y nc
thng thng ch vi iu kin cng sut pht tng

trn cc sng mang con trong C.


Sau cc knh con m cng sut vt qu iu kin cng sut pht knh con ca
n c ly ra t tp A v c y nc vi cc iu kin cng sut pht knh
con tng ng mt cch c lp. Qu trnh lp dng li khi tt c cc knh con trong A
tha mn iu kin cng sut pht knh con ca n. Thut ton IPW hiu qu hn so
vi thut ton tm kim vt cn. Khi ta gi s

, phi tn ti ti thiu mt
knh con nh th m c F
j
< G
j
, tc A . Bi vy, s vng lp khi thut ton hi t
l


4.3.3.3. Chng minh tnh ti u
chng minh tnh ti u ca IPW, ta cn gii thch c rng thut ton IPW
hi t v im tha mn cc iu kin trong nh l 1. Thc t, ta ch cn chng minh
bt ng thc (4.9b) khi cc iu kin khc vn tha mn.
Chng ta a ra hai b n gin v y nc thng thng trc khi
chng minh. Gi s P l vecto phn b cng sut ca y nc trn N sng mang
con vi cng sut 1
T
P v mc-nc l w, trong 1 l vecto ct ca tt c.
B 1: Nu ta ly ra n sng mang con t N sng mang con ny v vecto phn b
cng sut tng ng ca n sng mang con ny l P
n
, th P
n
cng l vecto phn b
cng sut ca y nc trn n sng mang con vi cng sut 1
T
P
n
.
B 2: Nu y nc c thc hin trn N sng mang con ny vi cng sut P
v mc-nc tng ng l w. Ta c w w nu P 1
T
P v ngc li.
Hai b c th d dng c c t (4.4) v (4.5). Da trn B 1 v B 2, ta c
th chng minh nh l sau y.
nh l 2: Thut ton IPW hi t ti im tha mn w
j
<

, trong jB, tc l mi
mc-nc ring l l nh hn hoc bng mc-nc chung.
Chng minh: Trong sut ln lp th k, ta c c ton b P
i
, jC v mc nc


sau Bc II-1. Nu ta tm thy j m

, th knh con j cn c ly ra t tp A.
Ti Bc II-4, y nc thng thng c thc hin c lp trn mi sng mang
con trong mi knh con tng ng vi cng sut G
j
ti bc II.5 v cho kt qu cc
mc-nc ring bit w
i
khi thut ton hi t. T B 1, nu thc hin y nc
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 71
thng thng trn cc sng mang con ny vi cng sut F
j
, th ta cng c c mc-
nc

. T B 2, khi

, ta c

(4.10)
sau ln lp th k.
Theo B 1, i vi cc knh con cn li ca tp A tha mn

, nu
thc hin y nc thng thng trn cc sng mang con tng ng vi cng sut



, ta cng c c mc-nc

. Trong ln lp tip theo, ta cn thc hin


y nc thng thng trn cc sng mang con ny vi cng sut



v kt qu em li l mc-nc c gi s l

. Da vo B 2, khi


ta c

(4.11)
Khi thut ton hi t sau

ln lp, ta c mc nc ca cc knh con trong A l

. T (4.11), ta c

trong k = 1, 2, ,

. Tng t, theo (4.10), khi


, ta c , do

. Bi vy, ta i n kt lun rng


, tc l mi mc-nc ring l nh hn hoc bng mc-nc chung.


n y, ta chng minh rng thut ton IPW hi t ti im tha mn cc iu kin
trong nh l 1 do s phn b cng sut ti u c th t c bi thut ton IPW.
4.4. Phn b cng sut i vi cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM c
xt ti cc sng mang con bn.
Thut ton y nc phn chia lp (IPW) a ra trn c th t c s
phn b cng sut ti u i vi h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM trong trng
hp ch c nhiu ti PU gy ra bi cc sng mang con bn trong knh con tng ng
c xem xt. Tuy nhin, r rng l PU cng chu nhiu gy ra bi cc sng mang con
bn cnh ca cc knh con ln cn. Do vy, vic ta gi s trong phn trn thc t
ni rng c mt bng tn bo v hiu qu gia hai knh con bt k nn nh hng ca
cc sng mang con cnh bn c th loi tr. Trong phn ny, chng ta s m rng cc
kt qu ca phn trn v xc nh bi ton phn b cng sut trong cc h thng V
tuyn thng minh OFDM tng qut. Ta xut thut ton phn b cng sut m ti
a dung lng trong khi tha mn c iu kin cng sut tng v cng sut pht knh
con.
Trong phn tip theo, u tin ta vit li cng thc m hnh h thng bi ton
ti u ha c xt ti cc sng mang con ln cn. Sau a ra thut ton i vi
trng hp c th ch vi hai iu kin bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng.
Cui cng thut ton cp trn s c m rng ra cc trng hp tng qut vi
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 72
nhiu iu kin bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng, thut ton m rng c
gi l phn b cng sut quy (RPA).
4.4.1. Vit li cng thc bi ton phn b cng sut.
M hnh h thng n gin c s dng y ging nh Hnh 4.1. v Hnh
4.2. Cng sut pht ca SU trong knh cp php ca PU P
tx
vn b rng buc cng sut
nh (4.1). Tuy nhin, khi xt nh hng ca cc sng mang con cnh bn, khng bt
buc yu cu cng sut pht trong knh con khng kh dng bng 0 nh (4.3), v cc
cnh bn ca cc sng mang con trong cc knh con khc lm cho cng sut pht
trong knh con khng kh dng l khc khng. Bi vy ta t mt ngng cng sut
pht cho knh con th j khi PU
j
c pht hin, gi l

. iu kin cng sut pht


trn knh con th j sau khi cm nhn (G
j
) c chnh sa t (4.3) thnh



(4.12)
Nh cp trong Mc 4.2, trong cc h thng V tuyn thng minh
OFDM, cc iu kin cng sut pht knh con chu thm cc s hn ch trn phn b
cng sut ngoi iu kin cng sut pht tng. Trn thc t, cng sut pht trong mt
knh con khng ch bao gm cng sut phn b ti cc sng mang con bn trong
m c cng sut ca cc sng mang con bn cnh trong cc knh con khc. Ta nh
ngha J
i,j
nh l cng sut pht trong knh con th j gy ra bi sng mang con th i vi
cng sut n v. Theo (Weiss et al., 2004), ta c

)
(

)

(
( )

)


(4.13)
Gi s P
i
l cng sut phn b ti sng mang con th i. Th cng sut pht
trn knh con th j c th c din t bng

. Do , cc iu kin cng sut


pht knh con trong (4.12) a ra M bt ng thc iu kin trn phn b cng sut:

(4.14)
Sau , bi ton ti u ha lc u nh (4.6) i vi phn b cng sut trong
cc h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM c th c sa li nh sau:
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 73


Vi P
i
0 i=1,2,,N


(4.15)
trong P
*
l vecto phn b cng sut ti u, h
i
l li knh ca sng mang con th
i, P
t
l cng sut pht ti a ca my pht SU.
Mc 4.3, cc iu kin cng sut knh con c xp x bng cch loi b cc sng
mang con bn cnh, tc
{


(4.16)
Khi (4.16) c tha mn, c th thy rng M iu kin cng sut knh con trong
(4.40) thc t c ghp li vi nhau lin quan ti cc bin ti u ha. Da vo c
tnh ny, ta tm c mt thut ton hiu qu tn l thut ton y nc phn chia
lp. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp c xem xt ti cc sng mang con bn cnh, bi ton
tr nn phc tp hn.
R rng (4.15) l mt bi ton ti u ha li vi cc rng buc bt ng thc tuyn
tnh. (4.15) c th c din t gn nh sau:


Vi P
i
0 i=1,2,,N


(4.17)
trong J
i,0
= 1 vi i = 1, 2, , N bt k v G
0
= P
t
. Trong khi N iu kin dng d
dng x l, th M+1 iu kin cn li, gi l cc rng buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh
trng s khc khng, li gy ra cc kh khn chnh trong s pht trin thut ton.
tm thut ton phn b cng sut i vi (4.17), ta bt u vi bi ton ch
c hai iu kin bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng. Sau a ra thut
ton phn b cng sut quy (RPA) cho trng hp tng qut. Sau y, ta s i phn
tch tng trng hp c th.

n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 74
4.4.2. Phn b cng sut trong trng hp hai rng buc bt ng thc tuyn
tnh trng s khc khng.
Bi ton vi hai rng buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng c th
c din t nh sau


Vi P
i
0 i=1,2,,N


(4.18)
4.4.2.1. Cc trng hp suy bin
Ta bt u x l bi ton vi vic loi b C
k
. Vic gii quyt bi ton ny tng
t nh h qu ca thut ton y nc thng thng. Li gii, tha mn C
l
, c th
c din t nh sau:


(4.19)
trong

c xc nh bi


Thay th (4.19) vo iu kin loi b C
k
, nu C
k
cng tha mn, tc l

(4.20)
th (4.19) cng l li gii ca bi ton ban u (4.18).
Nu (4.20) khng tha mn, ta chuyn sang xem xt bi ton vi vic loi b C
i
.
Tng t, li gii cho trng hp suy bin ny c th c din t nh sau:


(4.21)
trong

c xc nh bi


Nu C
l
cng tha mn (4.21), tc l
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 75

(4.22)
th (4.21) cng l li gii ca (4.22).
Bi vy, s phn b cng sut ti u i vi (4.22) d dng thc hin c
trong hai trng hp suy bin trn, tc (4.20) hoc (4.22) tha mn.
4.4.2.2. Thut ton cho cc trng hp tng qut.
c li gii trong trng hp m c (4.20) v (4.22) u khng tha mn,
trc ht ta a ra B sau y.
B 3. nh ngha bi ton ti u ha li (OP
0
) vi hm i tng khc nhau v cc
rng buc bt ng thc tha mn cc iu kin Slater:


(4.23)
v t x
0
l im ti u ha bt k ca OP
0
. Gi s x
k
l im ti u bt k ca mt
bi ton con ca OP
0
(OP
-k
) vi n-1 rng buc bt ng thc h
i
(x) 0, i = 1,, k-1,
k+1, , n. Sau , nu h
k
(x
k
) 0, ta c h
k
(x
0
) = 0.
Da vo B 3, li gii ti u ca (4.18) phi tha mn hai rng buc C
k
v C
l
vi
cc ng thc trong trng hp c (4.20) v (4.22) u thay i. Bi vy, vic gii
(4.18) trong trng hp ny tng ng vi gii bi ton sau:


Vi P
i
0 i=1,2,,N


(4.24)
tm li gii, ta lp phng trnh Lagrange:

)
i=1,2,,N.
(4.25)
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 76
Phn b cng sut ti u c th t c bng cch gii iu kin KKT u tin

vi iu kin P
i
>0, cho bi


(4.26)
trong

c xc nh bi cc phng trnh sau:


{


Vic kt hp cc dn xut trn, thut ton phn b cng sut cho bi ton vi hai rng
buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng c ch ra Bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3. Thut thut ton phn b cng sut cho bi ton vi hai rng buc bt
ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng.
Bc 1: Tnh ton s phn b cng sut ti u P
*
loi b C
k
da vo (4.19);
Bc 2: Kim tra P
*
cng tha mn C
k
. Nu C
k
cng c tha mn, thot;
Bc 3: Tnh ton s phn b cng sut ti u P
*
loi b C
l
da vo (4.21);
Bc 4: Kim tra P
*
c tha mn C
l
khng. Nu C
l
cng c tha mn, thot;
Bc 5: Tnh ton s phn b cng sut ti u P
*
da vo (4.26).
4.4.3. Thut ton phn b cng sut quy cho cc trng hp tng qut
Thut ton trn y c th m rng hn na cho bi ton (4.18) gm M+1 rng
buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng. Tng t, u tin ta xem xt
M+1 trng hp suy bin vi mi trng hp loi b mt rng buc. Mi M+1 bi
ton ti u ha suy bin c th c gii quyt bi thut ton cho bi ton vi M rng
buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng. Nu li gii ca mt trong M+1
trng hp suy bin ny u tha mn rng buc loi b tng ng, th ta t c
phn b cng sut ti u. Trong trng hp khc, li gii ti u ca bi ton ban u
phi tha mn M+1 rng buc vi cc ng thc da trn B 3.
Bng 4.4. Thut ton RPA cho bi ton vi M+1 rng buc bt ng thc tuyn
tnh trng s khc khng.
Khi to:
Gi M+1 rng buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khng l C
0
, C
1
, , C
M
.
m=M+1, A={C
0
, C
1
, , C
M
}.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 77
Begin
P
*
=PAA(m,A).
end
function:PAA (m,A)
begin
Case m=1:
Return f(A)
Case m>1:
Khi to:
t n = 1. Xc nh tp B.
Begin:
Bc 1: B=A/a
n
,P
*
=PAA(m-1,B);
Bc 2: Nu P
*
cng tha mn iu kin a
n
, ti Bc
5;
Bc 3: N=n+1. Nu nm, ti Bc 1;
Bc 4: P
*
= f (A);
Bc 5: tr li P
*

end
end
Tng t nh trong Mc 4.3.2.2, ta vit biu thc Lagrange:

)
i=1,2,,N.
(4.27)
S phn b cng sut ti u c th t c bi gii iu kin KKT u tin

vi P
i
> 0, c cho bi

(4.28)
trong

c xc nh bi M+1 phng trnh sau:


n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 78
V thut ton i vi bi ton gm hai rng buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng
s khc khng t c trong Mc 4.4.2.2, nn bi ton i vi trng hp tng
qut gm nhiu rng buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng c th c
gii bng phng php quy, tc l thut ton phn b cng sut quy (RPA).
d dng suy lun, ta nh ngha hm f (A) trong A l mt tp bao gm
ton b cc rng buc bt ng thc tuyn tnh trng s khc khng ca bi ton ti
u ha vi dng nh (4.17). Hm f (A) tr li li gii ti u tha mn tt c cc iu
kin cha trong A. V d, f (A) tr li gi tr xc nh bi (4.19) khi A = {C
k
} v gi tr
xc nh bi (4.26) khi A = {C
k
, C
l
}. Ta gi s rng

ch phn t th i ca A. Thut
ton phn b cng sut cho trng hp tng qut c ch ra trong Bng 4.4.
4.5. Kt qu m phng
Trong phn ny ta s a ra hai kt qu m phng chng minh cho cc thut
ton phn b cng sut cho h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM m xut
trn.
Phn A: Thut ton IPW khng xt ti cc sng mang con bn.
Trong phn ny, ta t N = 16, M = 4, tc l mi knh con c bn sng mang
con. Qu trnh thc hin IPW nh ch ra trong Hnh 4.6.
Hnh 4.6(a) minh ha cho nghch o ca li knh trong mt knh fading chn lc
tn s, tc l y ca vng y nc. Kt qu phn b cng sut sau Bc II-1
trong Bng 4.1 trong ln lp th nht c ch ra trong Hnh 4.6(b), trong s phn
b cng sut mi ch l kt qu ca y nc thng thng vi ch c rng buc
cng sut pht tng. Ti Bc II-2 trong Bng 4.1, ta thy rng cng sut phn b
ti Knh con 1 vt qu iu kin cng sut pht knh con G
j
ca n. Bi vy, Knh
con 1 c ly ra t tp A v thc hin y nc thng thng trn cc sng mang
con trong cc sng mang con cn li ca tp A vi cng sut P
t
G
1
v cho kt qu
phn b cng sut nh trong Hnh 4.6(c). Cui cng iu kin cng sut trn Knh con
3 b loi b ti Bc II-2 Bng 4.1. Kt qu, ta thc hin li Bc II-3 v II-4 trong
Bng 4.1 sau vo vng lp th 3. Hnh 4.6(d) minh ha s phn b cng sut sau
Bc II-1 trong Bng 4.1 trong vng lp th 3 m ch cn li knh con 2 v 4 trong tp
A. Ti Bc II-2 mi iu kin cng sut pht knh con u c tha mn v do
ta c th kt thc lp vi C = 0. Cui cng, s phn b cng sut trong Hnh 4.6(d) l
ti u nht m ti a tc tng trong khi tha mn c cc iu kin cng sut pht
knh con v iu kin cng sut pht tng.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 79
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con 3 Knh con 4
Ch s sng mang con
5
10
15
0
1/|h
i
|
2
10
15
15
10
15
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
Ch s sng mang con
5
10
0
Ch s sng mang con
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con 3 Knh con 4
1/|h
i
|
2
P
i
Ch s sng mang con
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con 3 Knh con 4
1/|h
i
|
2
P
i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con 3 Knh con 4
1/|h
i
|
2
P
i
Hnh 4.6. Qu trnh y nc phn chia lp
(a) Minh ha nghch o li knh trong mt knh fading chn lc tn s; (b), (c) v
(d) l kt qu phn b cng sut sau Bc II-1 (Bng 4.1) ca ln lp 1, 2, ba tng
ng. Thut ton hi t sau ba ln lp.
Phn B: Thut ton RPA xt ti cc sng mang con bn.
Trong phn ny, knh fading chn lc tn s c khi to da theo m hnh
knh Typical Urban (TU), bao gm 6 ng c cc tham s tr l [0.0 0.2 0.5 1.6 2.3
5.0] s v cng sut l [0.189 0.375 0.239 0.095 0.061 0.037]. Bng thng ca SU l 5
MHz v c chia thnh M = 4 knh con cn bng. S sng mang con gi s l N = 64
v mi knh con c 16 sng mang con. Ta cho P
t
= 640, tc t s tn hiu trn nhiu
khong 10 dB khi cng sut nhiu trn mi sng mang con c thit lp l 1. Bn
iu kin cng sut knh con ln lt l 80, 480, 1.6 v 480. iu kin cng sut trn
Knh con 3 l khong 25 dB thp hn cc knh con bn cnh, ni rng SU c th l
rt gn hoc c th ngay bn trong vng bo v ca PU. Do , iu kin v cng
sut pht trong Knh con 3 kh nghim ngt tha mn gii hn cng sut nhiu ca
PU
3
. S phn b cng sut ti u c ch ra trong Hnh 4.7 i vi mt knh TU.
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 80
1 16 32 48
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con 3 Knh con 4
Ch s sng mang con
5
10
15
0
64
20
25
30
C

n
g

s
u

t
1/|h
i
|
2
P
I
35

Hnh 4.7. Phn b cng sut ti u bi RPA
1 16 32 48
Knh con 1 Knh con 2 Knh con 3 Knh con 4
Ch s sng mang con
5
10
15
0
64
20
25
30
C

n
g

s
u

t
1/|h
i
|
2
P
I

Hnh 4.8. Phn b cng sut ti u bng IPW khng xt ti cc sng mang cnh bn
Kt qu phn b cng sut s dng thut ton IPW loi b nh hng ca cc
sng mang con bn cng c ch ra trn Hnh 4.8 so snh. Trong Hnh 4.8 ta c
th thy rng cng sut phn b trn mi knh con thp hn so vi iu kin cng
n tt nghip i hc
Chng 4. Phn b cng sut trong V tuyn thng minh

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 81
sut pht ca knh con tng ng, cng sut pht thc trn Knh con 3, bao gm cng
sut phn b trn Knh con 3 v cng sut thm vo t cc knh con ln cn, l
khong su ln iu kin cng sut pht ca n, dn ti s ph hoi nghim trng ti
iu kin nhiu ca PU
3
. Bi vy, thut ton IPW khng thch hp cho cc knh nh
Knh con 3 v cc knh con ln cn n trong trng hp ny. Tri li, thut ton RPA
nh ch ra trong Hnh 4.7 c th ti a dung lng trong khi tha mn cc iu kin
cng sut pht knh con. So snh Hnh 4.7 vi Hnh 4.8, ta c th thy rng cng sut
phn b ti cc sng mang con gn Knh con 3 b trit tiu ngay c khi cc trng
thi knh tt trong khi cng sut c phn b nhiu hn ti cc sng mang con cch
xa Knh con 3. Mt khc, cng c th thy rng s phn b cng sut trong Knh con
1 hu nh ging vi khi khng xt ti cc sng mang con bn cnh, ni rng c th
loi b cc sng mang con bn cnh hp l khi c bng tn bo v hiu qu gia hai
knh con. Bi vy, thut ton IPW c th p dng c vi cc knh con nh Knh
con 1 vi hiu qu cao hn so vi thut ton RPA.
4.6. Kt lun chng 4
Trong chng ny ta nghin cu bi ton phn b cng sut trong cc h
thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM.
Trong mi trng v tuyn thng minh, cc hn ch v nhiu ca cc ngi
dng chnh to ra cc iu kin v cng sut knh con cho s truyn dn ca SU. Bi
vy, s phn b cng sut gia cc sng mang con phi tha mn c iu kin cng
sut pht tng, nh trong h thng OFDM thng thng, v cc iu kin cng sut
pht knh con, y chnh l l do khin thut ton y nc ni ting p dng
trong cc h thng OFDM thng thng khng p dng c trong trng hp ny.
tm ra s phn b cng sut ti u, u tin ta a ra thut ton y nc
phn chia lp IPW (Iteractive Partitioned Water-filling), trong cc n v tnh ton
chnh l y nc truyn thng. Thut ton c chng minh l hi t ti s phn
b cng sut ti u, v ti a tc tng khi cho iu kin cng sut pht tng
hoc ti thiu cng sut yu cu khi cho tc ch, sau mt s vng lp nht nh.
Hn na, ta xem xt nh hng ca cc sng mang con bn cnh trn s
phn b cng sut trong cc h thng thc t. Cng sut pht thc t trong mt knh
con bao gm cng sut phn b cng nh cng sut sng mang con bn t cc knh
con ln cn. Thut ton phn b cng sut quy RPA (Recursive Power Allocation)
c xut cho trng hp ny. Thut ton tm kim s phn b cng sut ti u
quy bng cch tch cc iu kin cng sut knh con theo pha. Cc kt qu m phng
ch ra thut ton IPW khng p dng c khi cc bng tn bo v gia cc knh con
khng ln, trong khi thut ton RPA c th p dng c trong trng hp ny.
n tt nghip i hc Kt lun

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 82
KT LUN
n Phn b cng sut trong mng V tuyn thng minh da trn nn
tng OFDM t c mt s kt qu nh sau:
- Gii thiu tng quan v h thng V tuyn thng minh, cc khi nim, c im
cng nh m hnh v qu trnh hot ng ca n. V tuyn thng minh ra i l
gii php cho tnh trng khan him ph tn ang ngy cng tr nn nghim trng
hin nay.
- Trnh by s lc v phng thc ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). OFDM l mt k thut
truyn dn a sng mang c nhiu tnh u vit v ang c ng dng trong rt
nhiu cng ngh mng khng dy mi. Trong n ny nu c cc khi
nim, m hnh h thng thu pht, cc phng thc iu ch s dng trong OFDM
c bit l k thut NC-OFDM. NC-OFDM l k thut truyn dn a sng mang
OFDM khng lin tc, n da trn nn tng ca OFDM v tng cng thm kh
nng tt cc sng mang con khng cn thit trit nhiu v ci thin hiu nng h
thng. Chnh v vy n c ng dng trong mi trng V tuyn thng minh.
- Tip theo n trnh by vic p dng k thut OFDM trong mi trng V
tuyn thng minh. Bao gm m hnh h thng, hot ng, cc kh nng p ng
ca OFDM trong V tuyn thng minh, ng thi cng nu ln mt s thch thc
gp phi trong h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM v cc chun p dng
trong h thng ny.
- Cui cng, n i su phn tch v qu trnh ti u ha vic phn b cng
sut cho cc ngi dng trong h thng V tuyn thng minh OFDM. Trong mi
trng V tuyn thng minh, vic m bo nhiu gia ngi dng chnh v ngi
dng thng minh l v cng quan trng. Bi vy, vic phn b cng sut gia cc
sng mang con phi tha mn cc rng buc v cng sut pht tng, nh trong h
thng OFDM, cng nh cc rng buc cng sut cc knh con. tm ra phng
php phn b cng sut ti u, y a ra hai thut ton: thut ton IPW
(Iteractive Partitioned Water-filling) cho vic ti u phn b cng sut trong
trng hp c cc bng tn bo v hiu qu gia cc sng mang con, v thut ton
RPA (Recursive Power Allocation) cho vic ti u phn b cng sut khi xt ti
nh hng gia cc sng mang con vi nhau. Cc kt qu m phng ch ra rng
thut ton IPW khng th p dng khi bng tn bo v gia cc sng mang con
khng rng, trong khi thut ton RPA li t ra hiu qu trong trng hp
ny.
n tt nghip i hc Kt lun

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 83
Mc d c nhiu c gng nhng n khng trnh khi c nhng hn ch
nht nh. Em mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca cc thy c gio n
c th hon thin hn.
Cui cng em xin gi li cm n su sc nht ti c gio ThS. L Tng Hoa,
ngi trc tip nh hng em la chn n ny ng thi cng l ngi tn
tnh hng dn em trong sut qu trnh thc hin v hon thnh n. Em cng xin
gi li cm n chn thnh ti cc thy c gio trong b mn V tuyn khoa Vin
thng I, v cc bn b gip em trong qu trnh hc tp v lm n.

n tt nghip i hc Ti liu tham kho

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 84
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Alexander M. Wyglinski, Ph.D., Maziar Nekovee, Ph.D., Y. Thomas Hou, Ph.D.,
Cognitive Radio Communications and Networks Principles and Practice,
ELSEVIER Inc., 2010.
[2] Hseyin Arslan, Cognitive Radio, Software Defined Radio, and Adaptive
Wireless., University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA, Springer, 2007.
[3] Ekram Hossain, Vijay Bhargava, Cognitive Wireless Communication
Network, Springer Science & Business Media, LLC, 2007.
[4] Rakesh Rajbanshi, OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio for DSA Networks, The
University of Kansas, September 2007.
[5] Lars Berlemann , Stefan Mangold , Cognitive Radio and Dynamic Spectrum
Access, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2009.
[6] Ian F. Akyildiz, Won-Yeol Lee, Mehmet C. Vuran, and Shantidev Mohanty,
Georgia Institute of Technology , A Survey on Spectrum Management in
Cognitive Radio Networks, IEEE Communications Magazine, April 2008.
[7] Wei Wang, Cognitive Radio Systems, In-Tech, November 2009.
[8] S.Boyd and L. Vandenberghe, Convex Optimization, Cambridge University
Press, 2004.
[9] Peng Wang, Ming Zhao, Limin Xiao, Shidong Zhou, Jing Wang, Power
Allocation in OFDM-based Cognitive Radio Systems, IEEE Communications
Society, 2007.

n tt nghip i hc Ph lc

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 85
PH LC
Ph lc 1. Chng minh nh l 1
Cng thc (4.6) c th c vit li di dng ti u li chun nh sau:
min |


vi

i=1, 2, , N


F
j
G
j
0 j=1, 2, , M
(1)
Cc iu kin rng buc hin nhin tha mn cc iu kin Slater, bi vy cc iu
kin Karush-Kuhn-Tucker (KKT) l hiu qu v cn thit cho vect ti u P (Boyd &
Vandenberghe, 2004). Hai iu kin KKT u l cc iu kin rng buc ca (1) cc
iu kin khc c cho bi

(2a)

(2b)
(2c)
Trong , i=1,2,..., N; j=1, 2, , M.

(3a)

) (3b)
(

) (3c)
Trong i=1, 2, , N; j=1, 2, , M.

(4)
Trong i=1, 2, , N v j l ch s ca knh con m sng mang con th i thuc vo.
I. Chng minh phn ch nu:
Cng thc (4) c th c vit nh sau:

(5)
Thay (5) vo (2a) v (3a) ta c
n tt nghip i hc Ph lc

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 86

(6)
(

(7)
Nu

, ta c P
i
> 0 bi (6). Sau (7) a ra

(8)
Nu

, t (5) ta c

. Sau da trn (6), P


t
= 0.
T (5) ta cng c:

. trong j=1,2,,M. (9)


C

) . Sau


(10)
Trong i=1,2,,N v j l ch s knh con m sng mang con th i thuc vo.
Cc knh con c chia thnh hai tp hp A v B. Khi ta gi s

, phi tn
ti t nht mt knh con nh th m F
j
< G
j
, tc A .
1) Vi tt c j A, v F
j
< G
j
, ta c

da trn (3b). Ly , sau W


j

tha mn iu kin (4.8a) w
j
=. T (9), ta c > 0. Mt cc tun t, (3c) dn ti

. Bi vy, ta a ti phng trnh (4.8b)


(


(11)
2) Vi tt c j B, iu kin (4.9a) hin nhin tha mn. V

, ta c

(12)
Bi vy, bt ng thc (4.9b) c gi nguyn.
n tt nghip i hc Ph lc

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 87
Ti y, chng ta chng minh c phn ch nu trong nh l 1.
II. Chng minh phn Nu
Ta cn chng minh rng tt c cc iu kin KKT c th nhn c t vecto
phn b cng sut nh ngha trong nh l 1. D dng thy rng hai iu kin
KKT u tin, tc l, cc iu kin rng buc trong (1), vn gi nguyn.
1) Da trn (4.80b) v A , ta c > 0. nh ngha , > 0. T (4.8b) ta
cng c c


= P
t

(13)
Do , (2c) v (3c) u c gi nguyn.
2) nh ngha

, t (4.8a) v (4.9b), ta c th kt lun rng


{


(14)
Bi vy, (2b) gi nguyn. V i vi j B, ta c F
j
=G
j
, (3b) cng gi nguyn.
3) nh ngha

, trong j l ch s knh con m sng mang con


th i thuc vo. Th (4) vn gi nguyn. Nu

, da vo (4.7), ta c

(15)
V ta c th suy ra

) t cc nh ngha ca

v , (15) c th c
vit nh sau

(16)
Sau , =0. Bi vy, cho

, th (2a) v (3a) gi nguyn. Mt khc, nu

, th P
i
t (4.7). Sau , ta c
|

(17)
n tt nghip i hc Ph lc

Nguyn Tin Tnh, D2007VT3 88
Do , cho

th (2a) v (3a) cng gi nguyn.


Kt lun, chng ta suy ra tt c cc iu kin KKT do cc phn Nu cng gi
nguyn. nh l 1 c chng minh.
Ph lc 2. Chng minh nh l 2
Gi s trong ln lp th k, cng sut

s dng trong Bc II-1, mc-nc


ca cc sng mang con thuc cc knh con trong tp A sau Bc II-1 v tp tm thi
C c biu th ln lt l

, w
k
v C
k
. Nu ta tm thy j m

, th knh con j
cn c ly ra t tp A v t vo trong tp C
k
. Ti Bc II-4, y nc thng
thng c thc hin c lp trn mi sng mang con trong mi knh con jC
k
vi
iu kin cng sut pht knh con tng ng G
j
. Kt qu a ra cc mc-nc ring
bit w
i
khi thut ton hi t. T B 1, nu y nc thng thng c thc
hin trn cc sng mang con trong mi knh con j m jC
k
vi cng sut F
j
c lp, ta
cng c c mc-nc w
k
. T B 2, khi

, ta c

(18)
sau ln lp th k.
Theo B 1, i vi cc knh con cn li ca tp A tha mn

, nu
y nc thng thng c thc hin trn cc sng mang con tng ng vi cng
sut

, ta cng c c mc-nc w
h
. Trong ln lp tip theo, ta cn thc
hin y nc thng thng trn cc sng mang con ny vi cng sut

v kt qu em li l mc-nc c gi s l w
h+1
. Da vo B 2,
khi


ta c

(19)
Khi thut ton hi t sau

ln lp, ta c

. T (19), ta c

trong k
= 1, 2, ,

. Tng t, theo (18), khi


, ta c , do

. Bi vy, ta i n kt lun rng

, tc l mi mc-nc ring
bit l nh hn hoc tng ng vi mc-nc chung.

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