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1. Khi nim
- Ch th MT (Environmental Indicator): l 1 hoc tp hp cc thng s MT (ha, l, sinh vt) ch ra c trng no ca MT. Thc t, MT cha v s cc thng s ha, l, sinh nn khng th xc nh ht tt c cc thng s m ch da vo mt s thng s c gi tr ch th. S bin ng, hin din mt s thng s xc nh c c im ca thnh phn MT: tc nhn c gi l ch th MT. - Ch th sinh thi MT (Environmental Ecological Indicator): n/c v cc khoa hc ly SV lm ch th cho tnh trng, mc trong lnh hay nhim, thch hp hay khng /vi SV ca MT sinh thi. - Ch th sinh hc (Bioindicator): n/c v mt loi hoc mt SV dng nh mc cht lng hoc s bin i ca MT.
1. Khi nim
- Sinh vt ch th (Bio-indicator): c th, qun th hay qun x c kh nng thch ng hoc rt nhy cm vi MT nht nh. SV ch th l cc loi SV m s hin din v thay i s lng cc loi ch th cho s nhim hay xo trn ca MT. Cc loi ny thng c tnh mn cm cao vi cc k sinh l- sinh ha. - Nhng i tng SV c yu cu nht nh v k sinh thi lin quan n nhu cu dinh dng, cng nh kh nng chng chu mt hm lng nht nh no ca yu t tc ng. - S hin din ca chng biu hin mt tnh trng nht nh ca k sinh thi nm trong gii hn nhu cu v kh nng chng chu ca SV .
1. Khi nim
- Sinh vt ch th c th l 1 loi, 1 nhm loi, tng quan gia cc nhm loi hoc tng s loi trong qun x v ch s a dng. - Ch s sinh hc: cc ch s dng quan trc cht lng MT da trn tnh mn cm ca SV vi s bin i ca MT. Woodiwiss(1964) tnh ton 1 ch th sinh hc bng cch cn trng lng cc SV c s mn cm vi s nhim MT. - Ch s sinh hc c dng nh gi mc nhim cht hu c theo thang 0-15 (0: nhim nng; 15: khng b nhim).
5. Cc c im ca SV ch th :
- D phn loi. - D thu mu - Tnh thch nghi cao, phn b rng - C cc dn liu t sinh thi hc phong ph - C tm kinh t quan trng (bao gm c li v c hi) - C s tch ly cht nhim do lin quan n s phn b v phn nh mc MT - D nui cy trong phng th nghim - C tnh bin d thp v mt di truyn v vai tr trong qun x - Nhy cm vi iu kin MT thay i bt li hay c li cho SV - SV c thch ng hp thng ch th tt hn loi thch ng rng - SV c c th ln thng c kh nng lm ch th tt hn nhng SV c c th nh
6. Cc phn ng ca SV ch th vi bin i MT :
Hnh thc thch nghi:
- To kh nng thch nghi: thch nghi hnh thi, thch nghi di truyn - Trn chy khi MT
7. Cc yu t nh hng n SV ch th MT :
Cc yu t sinh thi MT Cc yu t gy nhim MT
- Ha cht (kim loi nng, thuc bo v thc vt) - t ph rng gy nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n cu trc qun th, s a dng loi, bin ng s lng loi, s bng pht dch
Din th lm thay i kh hu, th nhng Din th lm thay i thnh phn thc vt, ng vt: th ha:
- Suy thoi HST rng: do hot ng sn xut, xy dng, dch v - t canh tc nng nghip b thu hp v gim cht lng - nhim t, nc, khng kh,
Sinh vt ch th MT nc
1. VSV ch th nhim phn - Nhm coliform: c trng l Escherichia coli. - Nhm Streptococci: lin cu, c trng l Streptococc feacali ngun gc t ngi, S,bivis t cu, S.enquinus t nga - Nhm Clostridia: kh sunfit c trng l clostridium perfringens u dng pht hin s nhim phn trong nc
CO2/Co3 2+ + phosphat + nit + vi lng - Pht trin mnh trong k nc m, giu cht hu c N v P t ngun nc thi sinh hot, CN ch bin thc phm v phn bn
2. To
- Ch th cht lng nc hay s ph dng ha ngun nc
SV ch th MT nc
nhim do + nhim hu c (gy suy gim oxy ha tan) + Ph dng ha + nhim do ha cht c hi (kim loi nng, ha cht BVTV, hydrocacbon a vng) + nhim do du, m
- TV ln
+ Pht trin trong vng nc t ng, giu dinh dng nh bo + Ch th cho vng nc b ph dng ha
+ C nhiu PP phn tch s liu, d thc hin nhng thu thp nhiu mu gp kh khn do phn b ri rc + Sng c nh ti y thy vc, chu tc ng trc tip ca cht lng nc v ch thy vn (oxy ha tan, nhim cht hu c, cht BVTV, kim loi nng) + Thi gian pht trin lu + D thu mu + Tch ly cc cht BVTV, kim loi nng trong m t bo + Ch s quan trc sinh hc BMWP (Biological Monitoring Party) chu u da vo s lng laoif v phn b V y khng xng sng nh gi cht lng ngun nc.
(nghu, s, c ) lm ch th sinh hc quan trc nhim nc do cc nguyn nhn + nhim hu c vi s suy gim oxy ha tan + nhim do cc cht dinh dng + nhim do kim loi nng v thuc BVTV
V y khng xng sng
8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc - V nguyn sinh (Protozoa): d thu mu v thch nghi cao trong MT giu cht hu c
4. ng vt
- Phiu sinh V (zooplankton):
+ l thc n giu dinh dng cho nhiu loi c giai on u trng + l ch th cho nc nhim hu c
- C:
+ Cc loi c khc nhau v hnh th, ngun thc n, ni sinh sn v kh nng thch nghi vi MT + Dng xc nh cht lng nc v nhim ngun nc V d : pH 4-5 gim s lng trng c v tm nh
Pht trin vi to
Chlorophyll-a
DO Oxy Cn thit cho a s SV nc ha tan Nng thp Oxy ch th s d tha cc cht hu c trong h thng Nng cao Oxy ch th s pht trin qu mc ca TV Nhiu SV nc b ngt th nu b thiu oxy BOD5 pH Lng oxy tiu th bi VSV khi chng phn gii hp cht hu c trong iu kin hiu kh 1 nhit xc nh Xc nh axit hoc kim ca nc Thay i pH c th l kt qu ca s bin i cht lng nc pH thp: do ra tri H2SO4 pH<6,5 hoc pH>9 c th c hi cho thy SV
Oxy pH
Cc cht c hi trong cn y
Cc Nguyn t vt xut hin trong MT t nhin do s phong ha nguyn t t vt Nng cao cc nguyn t vt trong lng cn c th gy c cho h thy SV v c th ch th cho s tn d t cc ngun sn xut CN v sinh hot Thng thng s tch ly thuc tr su y thy vc c th gy c cho SV nc Theo hng dn ca T chc Y t v sc khe c: cc nguyn t vt c s dng nh gi s bn vng MT nc cho mc ch gii tr, dch v bi li, ln, cu c, bi thuyn Nhng T n sc khe con ngi s tng nu c thm s nhim phn t chn nui gia sc, vt cnh v V hoang d
V nguyn sinh
Cryptosporidium, Xut hin nhiu trong nc thi CN hn so Giardia vi cc ngun thi khc
8.3 Ch th sinh hc MT t
1. Ch th vng t phn:
Ch th u th vng t phn ngp nc theo ma
Ch th sinh thi MT
Ch th sinh thi MT
Kt lun
- Sinh vt ch th lin quan mt thit vi MT - Cc tp qun, c im sinh, l, ha ca Sv ch th u lin quan n MT