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CH TH SINH THI MI TRNG

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi


8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc
8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t 8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

1. Khi nim
- Ch th MT (Environmental Indicator): l 1 hoc tp hp cc thng s MT (ha, l, sinh vt) ch ra c trng no ca MT. Thc t, MT cha v s cc thng s ha, l, sinh nn khng th xc nh ht tt c cc thng s m ch da vo mt s thng s c gi tr ch th. S bin ng, hin din mt s thng s xc nh c c im ca thnh phn MT: tc nhn c gi l ch th MT. - Ch th sinh thi MT (Environmental Ecological Indicator): n/c v cc khoa hc ly SV lm ch th cho tnh trng, mc trong lnh hay nhim, thch hp hay khng /vi SV ca MT sinh thi. - Ch th sinh hc (Bioindicator): n/c v mt loi hoc mt SV dng nh mc cht lng hoc s bin i ca MT.

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

1. Khi nim
- Sinh vt ch th (Bio-indicator): c th, qun th hay qun x c kh nng thch ng hoc rt nhy cm vi MT nht nh. SV ch th l cc loi SV m s hin din v thay i s lng cc loi ch th cho s nhim hay xo trn ca MT. Cc loi ny thng c tnh mn cm cao vi cc k sinh l- sinh ha. - Nhng i tng SV c yu cu nht nh v k sinh thi lin quan n nhu cu dinh dng, cng nh kh nng chng chu mt hm lng nht nh no ca yu t tc ng. - S hin din ca chng biu hin mt tnh trng nht nh ca k sinh thi nm trong gii hn nhu cu v kh nng chng chu ca SV .

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

1. Khi nim
- Sinh vt ch th c th l 1 loi, 1 nhm loi, tng quan gia cc nhm loi hoc tng s loi trong qun x v ch s a dng. - Ch s sinh hc: cc ch s dng quan trc cht lng MT da trn tnh mn cm ca SV vi s bin i ca MT. Woodiwiss(1964) tnh ton 1 ch th sinh hc bng cch cn trng lng cc SV c s mn cm vi s nhim MT. - Ch s sinh hc c dng nh gi mc nhim cht hu c theo thang 0-15 (0: nhim nng; 15: khng b nhim).

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

2. Ti sao dng SV lm vt ch thi MT?


- S thay i ca cc k MT gy nh hng n thnh phn SV trong qun x dn n s qun t khc nhau ca cc qun x. - MT ti mt a im quyt nh phn ln nhng c th no c kh nng c tr im , v nhng SV s l nhng ch th sinh hc cho nhng thay i MT . - Mt s loi c nhu cu ring bit i vi hm lng nht nh cc cht dinh dng hoc oxy ha tan (indicater species). - SV c th tn ti c trong MT b nhim nhng b bin i v s lng, tng trng, tp tnh - SV tch ly cht nhim v c nhng phn ng khc nhau i vi tng cht nhim.

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

3.Phn loi ch th SV MT:


- Mn cm: ch th c trng cho cc iu kin MT khng in hnh, dng d on MT. - Cc cng c thm d: cc loi xut hin t nhin trong MT dng o s phn ng ca loi vi s bin i MT (bin ng nhm tui, sinh sn, kch thc qun th, tp tnh) . - Cc cng c khai thc: cc loi ch th cho s xo trn hay nhim MT. - Cc cng c tch ly sinh hc: cc loi tch ly cc cht ha hc trong m t bo. - Cc SV th nghim: cc SV chn lc xc nh s hin din hay nng cc cht nhim.

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

4.ng dng ca ch th MT:


- nh gi sinh thi: c bit l cc khu vc cn bo tn. - nh gi MT: ch th s nhim, cung cp cc thng s MT, phc v cho cng tc QLMT.

- Xc nh yu t chnh: gy nh hng n MT nhm XD chin


lc u tin qun l v x l MT. - nh gi hiu qu cc chnh sch MT - Xy dng bn v s mn cm MT.

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

5. Cc c im ca SV ch th :
- D phn loi. - D thu mu - Tnh thch nghi cao, phn b rng - C cc dn liu t sinh thi hc phong ph - C tm kinh t quan trng (bao gm c li v c hi) - C s tch ly cht nhim do lin quan n s phn b v phn nh mc MT - D nui cy trong phng th nghim - C tnh bin d thp v mt di truyn v vai tr trong qun x - Nhy cm vi iu kin MT thay i bt li hay c li cho SV - SV c thch ng hp thng ch th tt hn loi thch ng rng - SV c c th ln thng c kh nng lm ch th tt hn nhng SV c c th nh

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi La chn SV ch th nh th no?


c tnh sinh hc ca SV c nh hng n nhiu loi m hnh quan trc sinh hc hu dng: - SV c i sng ngn, phn ng kp thi vi nhng thay i MT - SV c tc trao i cao, tng trng nhanh thng nhy cm vi cc cht nhim hn - SV tim sinh c th c cha cc cht nhim xm nhp vo MT nhanh chng nn s thay i v tc th tinh s l du hiu ca s thay i MT - Trong mt loi th mt s SV li ch th tt hn SV khc - Thc vt c mch ch th hiu qu cho nhim MT - To, a y ch th tt cho nhim khng kh - To v vi khun lam ch th tt cho MT nc - ng vt thn mm l cng c quan trc trong MT nc vi mng li quan trc ton cu

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

6. Cc phn ng ca SV ch th vi bin i MT :
Hnh thc thch nghi:
- To kh nng thch nghi: thch nghi hnh thi, thch nghi di truyn - Trn chy khi MT

Thch nghi hnh thi


- Phn ng thch nghi nhanh trong mt khong thi gian khi c s bin i ca MT - Bin dao ng ph thuc vo mc tc ng ca MT v tnh cht di truyn ca SV

Thch nghi di truyn:


- Hnh thnh cc c im c th khng ph thuc vo s xut hin cc yu t MT - Tng kh nng chu ng ca SV bng cc bin i sinh l, sinh ha, hnh thi sn sng i ph vi s bin i MT Bin ng v s lng: ch yu thng qua mi quan h dinh dng

8.1 Khi nim v nguyn tc c bn v ch th sinh thi

7. Cc yu t nh hng n SV ch th MT :
Cc yu t sinh thi MT Cc yu t gy nhim MT
- Ha cht (kim loi nng, thuc bo v thc vt) - t ph rng gy nh hng trc tip hoc gin tip n cu trc qun th, s a dng loi, bin ng s lng loi, s bng pht dch

Din th lm thay i kh hu, th nhng Din th lm thay i thnh phn thc vt, ng vt: th ha:
- Suy thoi HST rng: do hot ng sn xut, xy dng, dch v - t canh tc nng nghip b thu hp v gim cht lng - nhim t, nc, khng kh,

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc


Ch s mt , s lng Ch s u th: s lng v tn sut Ch s a dng (H) H < 1 : rt nhim
1< H < 2 : nhim 2< H < 3 : bt u nhim 3< H < 4: sch H > 4 : rt sch

Ch s sinh hc t hp (Intergrated biological index IBI)

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc Phn hng cht lng nc

ASPT(Average Score Per Taxon)

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc

Sinh vt ch th MT nc
1. VSV ch th nhim phn - Nhm coliform: c trng l Escherichia coli. - Nhm Streptococci: lin cu, c trng l Streptococc feacali ngun gc t ngi, S,bivis t cu, S.enquinus t nga - Nhm Clostridia: kh sunfit c trng l clostridium perfringens u dng pht hin s nhim phn trong nc

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc


1. VSV ch th nhim phn
Ti sao trong thc t thng dng E.coli (Escherichia coli.)? - nh gi v sinh ngun nc - C y cc tiu chun ca loi ch th l tng - C th xc nh trong iu kin thc a vi nhng phng php tng i n gin v tin cy - Xc nh coliform d hn cc nhm khc.
VK gy bnh: ch th ngun nc nhim khng th s dng c

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc 2. To


- Sinh vt ph du, c kh nng t dng, s dung Cacbon dng

CO2/Co3 2+ + phosphat + nit + vi lng - Pht trin mnh trong k nc m, giu cht hu c N v P t ngun nc thi sinh hot, CN ch bin thc phm v phn bn

- C sc chu ng vi cc cht hu c, nhng khng ch th


c cho MT nhim thuc tr su v kim loi nng To l SV ch th nh gi cht lng nc t nhin

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc

2. To
- Ch th cht lng nc hay s ph dng ha ngun nc

- Ch th cho thy vc b nhim nng cht hu c

SV ch th MT nc

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc 3. Thc vt


- TV ph du/ phiu sinh TV (phytoplankton): ch th ngun nc b

nhim do + nhim hu c (gy suy gim oxy ha tan) + Ph dng ha + nhim do ha cht c hi (kim loi nng, ha cht BVTV, hydrocacbon a vng) + nhim do du, m
- TV ln

+ Pht trin trong vng nc t ng, giu dinh dng nh bo + Ch th cho vng nc b ph dng ha

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc 4. ng vt


- V khng xng sng ln:

+ C nhiu PP phn tch s liu, d thc hin nhng thu thp nhiu mu gp kh khn do phn b ri rc + Sng c nh ti y thy vc, chu tc ng trc tip ca cht lng nc v ch thy vn (oxy ha tan, nhim cht hu c, cht BVTV, kim loi nng) + Thi gian pht trin lu + D thu mu + Tch ly cc cht BVTV, kim loi nng trong m t bo + Ch s quan trc sinh hc BMWP (Biological Monitoring Party) chu u da vo s lng laoif v phn b V y khng xng sng nh gi cht lng ngun nc.

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc 4. ng vt


- V y : Cc quc gia chu u dng V y khng xng sng

(nghu, s, c ) lm ch th sinh hc quan trc nhim nc do cc nguyn nhn + nhim hu c vi s suy gim oxy ha tan + nhim do cc cht dinh dng + nhim do kim loi nng v thuc BVTV
V y khng xng sng

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc 4. ng vt


- Chn V y lm ch th sinh hc ngun nc ? + Ph bin trong sng, h + a dng v loi + S pht trin ca chng c trng cho k thy vn, cu trc nn y v cht lng nc + Tng i c nh ti y sng, h, chu s thay i lin tc cht lng nc v ch thy vn trong ngy + Thi gian pht trin kh lu (vi tun n vi thng) d thu mu v d phn loi

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc V y khng xng sng

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc - V nguyn sinh (Protozoa): d thu mu v thch nghi cao trong MT giu cht hu c

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc

4. ng vt
- Phiu sinh V (zooplankton):

+ l thc n giu dinh dng cho nhiu loi c giai on u trng + l ch th cho nc nhim hu c
- C:

+ Cc loi c khc nhau v hnh th, ngun thc n, ni sinh sn v kh nng thch nghi vi MT + Dng xc nh cht lng nc v nhim ngun nc V d : pH 4-5 gim s lng trng c v tm nh

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc


Ch s Dinh dng Ch th Nit: N hu c + N tng Photpho ngha L 2 nguyn t quan trng cho cy pht trin, Nng cao ch th kh nng d tha dinh dng, c nguy c bng pht c di v to Nng cao cc cht ha tan ch th mc sn sng dinh dng s dng Th hin sinh khi to trong MT nc S gia tng Chlorophyll-a ch th kh nng ph dng ha ca h thng Nng Chlorophyll-a cao n nh ch th cho s bng pht to c th gy hi cho cc thy sinh khc Cc vt cht nh (t, phiu SV) l lng trong nc nng cao hn ch s xuyn thu ca nh sng tng bn vng y

Pht trin vi to

Chlorophyll-a

trong ca Cht l lng nc

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc


Ch s Ch th c su Secchi Oxy ngha hp th nh sng bi cc vt l lng su m cc vch trng v en trn a Secchi c th thy r t trn b mt nc

DO Oxy Cn thit cho a s SV nc ha tan Nng thp Oxy ch th s d tha cc cht hu c trong h thng Nng cao Oxy ch th s pht trin qu mc ca TV Nhiu SV nc b ngt th nu b thiu oxy BOD5 pH Lng oxy tiu th bi VSV khi chng phn gii hp cht hu c trong iu kin hiu kh 1 nhit xc nh Xc nh axit hoc kim ca nc Thay i pH c th l kt qu ca s bin i cht lng nc pH thp: do ra tri H2SO4 pH<6,5 hoc pH>9 c th c hi cho thy SV

Oxy pH

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc


Ch s Ch th mn Tnh dn ngha Xc nh nng mui ha tan trong nc Trong nc ngt, dn ch th cho s bn vng ca hot ng NN Nc mn: ch th s xm nhp mn ca nc ngt nh nc ma

Cc cht c hi trong cn y

Cc Nguyn t vt xut hin trong MT t nhin do s phong ha nguyn t t vt Nng cao cc nguyn t vt trong lng cn c th gy c cho h thy SV v c th ch th cho s tn d t cc ngun sn xut CN v sinh hot Thng thng s tch ly thuc tr su y thy vc c th gy c cho SV nc Theo hng dn ca T chc Y t v sc khe c: cc nguyn t vt c s dng nh gi s bn vng MT nc cho mc ch gii tr, dch v bi li, ln, cu c, bi thuyn Nhng T n sc khe con ngi s tng nu c thm s nhim phn t chn nui gia sc, vt cnh v V hoang d

8.2 Ch th sinh thi MT nc


Ch s Ch th ngha Xc nh mc sch ca nc v mt dch t - VSV ng rut, Salmonella, Shigella v Vibrio c th gy bnh cho con ngi ch th ngun nc c cht thi t V mu nng - E,coli: ch th trc tip c cht thi t V mu nng v c th gy bnh - C.perfringens: nc c ngun gc t nc thi VSV gy VSV phn (fecal bnh coliform)

V nguyn sinh

Cryptosporidium, Xut hin nhiu trong nc thi CN hn so Giardia vi cc ngun thi khc

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
- c im: + pH thp + giu cc cht c hi dng ion Al, Fe, SO4 + ngp nc quanh nm hay ngp mt thi gian + ha phn nhanh chng khi kh nc + thng c mu en hoc nu tng t mt + c mi c trng ca lu hunh v H2S - VSV trong t phn: Vi khun Thiobacillus thiodan, Thiobacillus femorxidans + sng c pH=2 + ly nng lng t phn ng oxy ha kh trong qu trnh to phn + Thiobacillus femorxidans c vai tr xc tc trong qu trnh oxi ha kh Fe

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
- TV trong t phn: thay i theo tnh cht t, chng bin i ty theo mc hm lng phn cha trong t Ch th u th vng t phn ngp nc thng xuyn

8.3 Ch th sinh hc MT t
1. Ch th vng t phn:
Ch th u th vng t phn ngp nc theo ma

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
Ch th u th vng t phn nhiu

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
TV ch th vng t phn tim tng (nm gia t mn v t phn)

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
Rng trm gia cc i ct: - ngp trn cc vng trng vo ma ma - Cao 8-10 m - Phn cnh sm, tn hnh d chim u th - Pha trn l tng cy trm - Pha i l cc loi cy choi, cy cng, hong du, c cy tng

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
Rng trm vng trng ni a: - Cao 10-15 m - Thn thng vt, tn hnh thp - Tng c st mt t rt rm rap vi loi choi, dn, mua, dnh dnh - Nhiu dy leo nh my nc, dy cng

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
Rng trm trn t than bn: - Kiu thoi ha ca cy do T ca la rng v con ngi cht ph hng nm - Trm thch nghi vi la rng v vy chim u th hn so vi cc loi cy khc - Trm cao n 10-15 m - ng knh thn cy 30-40 cm v nhiu dy leo qun quanh thn - Tng trng km Rng trm trn t st: - Rng b tn ph thng xuyn, lp than bn chy l ra lp st pha di - Ty c tnh t st, rng trm trn t than bn bin thnh rng trm-sy hoc rng trm-sy-nng - Tng trn : trm cao n 10-15 m - Tng di : trm cao 1-2 m

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


1. Ch th vng t phn:
V ch th MT phn: - Loi trai sinh sng c trong mt s thy vc ni ng nhim phn chua nh - Nhm c tuyt i khng sng c nhng ni nn y thy vc cn b nhim c do phn - Nhm cn trng thy sinh pht trin: u trng mui lc (Chiromidae) v u trng chun chun thy vc ni ng b nhim phn nng - Nhm giun t t

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


2. Ch th vng t ngp mn:
TV ch th cho rng ngp mn c c im: - Pht trin trn cc bi thy triu v vng ca sng ca MT nc mn v nc l - C cu to thch nghi vi MT

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


2. Ch th vng t ngp mn:
V ch th cho MT ngp mn: SV c coi l ch th cho MT ngp mn l a sm

8.3 Ch th sinh thi MT t


3. Ch th sinh hc rng:
Lan l loi TV ch th cho MT cnh quan, s c mt ca chng v s pht trin bnh thng th hin MT sinh thi rng t b thay i

8.3 Ch th sinh thi c MT t


3. Ch th sinh hc rng:
V ch th sinh hc rng: cc loi c hu, qu him - Phn b hp, thch ng vi MT sinh thi nht nh - Khi cc yu t MT vt qu gii hn cho php dn n s lng c th suy gim hoc khng cn hin din

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh


- Cc SV sng trong kh quyn tp trung ch yu tng i lu, hu nh khng vt qua khi tng zn - Thnh phn cc cht kh tng i lu tng i n nh, nhng nng CO2 v hi nc dao ng mnh v thay i theo thi tit kh hu - Phn loi sch khng kh theo VSV

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh - TV ch th


To, a y: thng rt nhy cm vi cht nhim khng kh hn c TV c mao dn - V chng hp th trc tip nc v cht dinh dng t khng kh v nc ma nn nng cc cht nhim v cht c cp tnh s vo c th nhanh hn TV c mao mch V d: Thnh ph Nam Kinh (Trung quc) pht hin vo ma xun khi cy tuyt tng mc cnh mi, l kim ca n ng mu vng ri kh ho iu tra do mt nh my cnh thi ra qu nhiu kh thi V vy khi thy tuyt tng c hin tng trn chng t xung quanh b nhim gi tuyt tng l my cnh bo nhim khng kh rt tt

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh - Cc du hiu tn thng TV do nhim khng kh


Ozon: thng rt nhy cm vi cht nhim khng kh hn c TV c mao dn - TV ch th O3 tt nht: cy thn g, cy bi thn g v cc loi c - Ozon d gy tn thng cho cc t bo nhu m u tin, sau n tht l L b lm m li ti tp trung gn nhau Du hiu c trng: l xut hin cc im c mu trng, en ,

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh - Cc du hiu tn thng TV do nhim khng kh


Hp cht Flo: thng rt nhy cm vi cht nhim khng kh hn c TV c mao dn - Tc ng: gy a vng TV, kh HF vsf SiF4 lm xut hin nhng m l mu vng, nu hoc nhng m chy tp vin v nh l cy l kim - TV mn cm vi hp cht Flo: chanh,layn, m

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh - Cc du hiu tn thng TV do nhim khng kh


Bnh m l do kh sunfua: xut hin gia cc gn l vin cc m bnh rt r rng, nht l nhng l non mi dui ra rt nhy cm Bnh m l do kh clo: gia cc gn l vin cc m bnh m nhe hoc mt khu qu , m hnh trn hoc di Bnh m l do axit nitric, peoxit acetyl: m mu trng hoc mu vng sau mt l Phn on s nhim v mc nghim trng ca n

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh - Cc du hiu tn thng TV do nhim khng kh


V d: - Cy anh o, c rt nhy cm vi kh sunfur - Cy thuc l, t kim hng, hng dng, i mch nhy cm vi kh sunfur - Cy ut kim cng, hnh, mai, b o c th gim st v o lng kh flo - Cy to, i mch, o, ng, hnh taay tng i nhy cm, c th gim st v o lng kh clo - Cy chn vt bnh thng l c mu xanh, nu b nhim, bc x tuy nng rt thp l cng c mu

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh

8.4 Ch th sinh thi MT khng kh - V ch th nhim MT khng kh


nhim ch v cadimi: c phn nh tng ng trong phn mm ca loi chim b cu sng trong vng Tc ng ca xng pha ch: c xc nh bng tng lng ch trong c th chim b cu bng cch o hm lng ch v ng v ca n - Cc chu M (American toad) c da rt mng, ph thuc k m cao (80-90%) - Ra hp (box turtle) sng trong MT m cao Khi k v m v nhit thay i, sc sng ca chng s b nh hng nng, c th gy ra t vong

Ch th sinh thi MT

Ch th sinh thi MT

Kt lun
- Sinh vt ch th lin quan mt thit vi MT - Cc tp qun, c im sinh, l, ha ca Sv ch th u lin quan n MT

- nh gi hin trng MT, d on s thay i ca MT v hoch nh chnh sch chin lc bo v MT

SINH THI QUN TH

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