Lifes Structure and Function - Origins 6.

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What is Science?
1. A branch of knowledge dealing with a body of ______________ or ______________ systematically arranged. 2. Systematic knowledge of the ______________ or material world gained through ______________ and ______________. 3. Knowledge, as of facts or principles; knowledge gained by ______________ study.

Scientific Method
Ask a _________________ Do Background research Construct Hypothesis Test with _________________ Analyze results Hypothesis is true or false ---> think, try again _________________ findings

The Unknown Past/Historical Science

Scientists who study the past need to use ____________________ methods than those who study things that are observable. They are like detective, putting clues together, trying to paint a picture of what occurred. They use what they know about the ___________________ and what they know about cause-and-effect relationships. How do we test something that occurred in the past? something that occurs very slowly? We must use ____________________ science to determine what happened in the past. You start with the _________________ and with other knowledge you have about the world. You work backwards to what probably happened when you were not there to observe it. The best explanation will be the one that explains ___________ of the evidence.

Various Views on the Origin of Species Creationism

A doctrine or ______________ holding that matter, the various forms of life, and the world were ______________ by ______________ out of nothing and usually in the way described in Genesis

Intelligent Design
The ______________ of intelligent design holds that certain features of the universe and of living things are best explained by an ______________ ______________, not an ______________ process such as natural selection.

Evolution
Biological evolution is ______________ with modification. This definition encompasses small-scale evolution, ______________ - changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next and... ...large-scale evolution macroevolution - the descent of different species from a common ___________________ over _____________ generations. Biological evolution is not simply a matter of change over time. Lots of things change over time: trees lose their leaves, mountain ranges rise and erode, but they aren't examples of biological evolution because they don't involve descent through _____________ inheritance. The central idea of biological evolution is that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor. Through the process of descent with modification, the common ancestor of life on Earth gave rise to the diversity of the various species.

Charles Darwin
What book did Darwin write explaining his theory of evolution? On the Origin of ______ Darwin travelled from England to the _____________ Islands on the HMS _________.

Video Notes
Darwin envisioned that the finches he brought back to England had originated from finches from _____________________. Darwins bold insight was to apply this model to ____________________________.

Darwins Theory: Evolution through Natural Selection

Darwin studied 13 species of finches. They were all similar, except for their: body ______, beak shape and eating _______________. Darwin thought the varieties of plants and animals could be best explained by descent from a common ancestor. He used the plants and animals of the Galapagos Islands as an example. The mechanism Darwin thought that was responsible for evolution was ___________ Selection. He argued that it had the ________________ to make ____________ forms of life.

Natural Selection
Darwins idea became known as the theory of evolution by ________________ selection. Natural Selection means that organisms with ________________ best ________________ to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Overtime, as new data was ________________ and reported, ________________ were made to Darwins original ideas about evolution by natural selection.

The Principles of Natural Selection

1. Organisms produce more offspring than can ________________ . 2.Differences, or variations, occur among ________________ of a species. 3.Some variations are ________________ to offspring. 4.Some variations are ________________ . Individuals with helpful variations survive and reproduce ________________ than those without these variations. 5.Over time, the offspring of individuals with helpful variations make up more of a ________________ and eventually may become a separate species.

Adaptation
An adaptation is any variation that makes an organism better ___________ to its environment. Over time, the genetic makeup of a species might change its ______________________. Many kinds of ________________________ factors help bring about changes. When individuals of the same species move into or out of an area, they might bring in or remove genes and variations.

Variation
A variation is an ____________ trait that makes an individual different from other members of its species. Variations result from ________________. Some gene changes produce small variations, such as differences in the shape of human hairlines. Other gene changes produce large variations, such as an albino animal in a population of normal colored animals. If individuals with these variations continue to survive and reproduce over many generations, a new species can evolve.

Darwins Theory have Evolved

Darwin did not understand __________________, like you do. He did not know how traits are passed from one generation to another. Once scientists learned more and more about genetics and mutations, Darwins Theory was modified. The modern theory is called ______-Darwinism.

Neo-Darwinism
The theory of evolution based on Darwins original theory of evolution of species through the process of natural ______________ together with current understandings and theories of _________________ and inheritance.

Video Notes
How many species of birds have been identified in that area? _______. The scientists were comparing species of birds in which two different ecosystems? ___________________________ and ________________________________. What tool do these scientists have that Darwin never even dreamed of?____________. Mistakes in copying DNA could lead to ______________________________. Laboratory analysis shows that the DNA of the rainforest hummingbird and the highland hummingbird differs __________________________. What species were they discussing in this video clip? ___________________________. It appears to look like a _________________________. Natural Selection acts only by taking advantage of ______________, successive variations. She can never take a ____________ and ____________ leap, but must advance by ____________ and ____________, though ____________ steps. Charles Darwin

Which Theory is Right?

There still remains much _____________ over the origin of species. Sometimes the evidences can be explained in more than _________ way -- this is where different theories and debates are made. The claims of the theories cannot be tested, but by looking at all the evidence ___________, we can decide which theory seems more ____________. Our goal, grade 8 students, is to examine the scientific evidences and make our own educated ______________ on the origin of life.