Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Bi tp ln mn hc
Truyn thng a phng tin
Gio vin hng dn
Lp
Mc lc
Mc lc................................................................................................................2
CHUN MPEG 1 v MPEG 2..................................................................................9
Tng quan v MPEG ........................................................................................9
MPEG 1.............................................................................................................9
Phn cp cu trc ca MPEG 1...................................................................10
Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 1......................................................................11
MPEG 2...........................................................................................................16
S nn v gii nn ca MPEG 2..............................................................16
Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 2......................................................................18
.......................................................................................................................19
Bin i DCT c thc hin trn mt mt macroblock ca nh tht ly
mu cho ra mt ma trn 8 x 8 vi cc im l cc h s DCT.Php DCT
thc hin chuyn cc h s khng gian sang min tn s .Mi mt phn t
im nh ma trn gc c biu din bng mt h s tn s no . C
nhiu nng lng nh tp trung vng tn s thp ( v d nh cc cnh bu
tri, cnh nn,..), cc chi tit ca nh li th hin tn s cao.Mt ngi tp
trung trc ht vo phn tn s thp ca nh v nng lng tp trung ch
yu vo phn ny.Nhng vng mang h s tn s cao li mang nhiu thng
tin hn vng tn s thp. V vy php DCT sp xp li thng tin, thun tin
cho cc bc m ha khc sau Cc h s DCT ni ln s bin i tn s gia
cc mu theo chiu ngang v dc. ...............................................................19
Php ton DCT c m t nh sau :.............................................................19
.......................................................................................................................19
.......................................................................................................................19
.......................................................................................................................20
Lng t ho l qu trnh b bt cc h s tn s, lng t ho l quy cho
(phn nh) phn gii cho tng h s tn s (s lng t bit), sau nn
s liu bng cnh quy cc bit c trng lng thp cho h s tng s cao, iu
ny t c ngha i vi ngi xem..................................................................20
Thc cht ca lng t ha l qu trnh chia cc h s F(u,v) cho cc h s
ln hn 1 cc v tr tng ng, trong cc h s ng vi tn s xut hin
thp ca phn t nh c chia cho cc gi tr nh (10, 11, 12, ...), ng vi
tn s cao c chia cho cc gi tr ln (100, 120, 121, ...) v b i phn thp
phn (chnh l sai s lng t ho). Qu trnh lng t ho to ra nhiu gi tr
0 trong ma trn cc h s, v lm nh i cc gi tr cn li, nh vy s lng
cc bit ca d liu c m ho gim i ng k m khng gy ra s khc
bit ng k di gc cm nhn ca mt ngi so vi nh gc ban u.. 20
2
Danh mc hnh v
Hinh 1 H thng gii m ca MPEG...................................................................10
Hinh 2 Video Sequence.....................................................................................10
Hinh 3 Thnh phn sng v thnh phn mu..........................................11
4
LI M U
Hin nay, chng ta ang sng trong thi i khoa hc k thut v cng ngh
cao, con ngi t nhiu thnh tu trong rt nhiu lnh vc, c bit l trong cng
ngh thng tin. Truyn thng a phng tin l mt mt ngnh trong cng ngh
thng tin, c mt hu ht mi ni, ng vai tr quan trng trong vic truyn ti
thng tin, xa nha cc khong cch a l v mang li cho con ngi nhiu li ch
to ln.
Trong truyn thng a phng tin, nn video l mt cng ngh v cng quan
trng. Ti sao ta phi nn video? Nhng video gc vi dung lng ln khng th
truyn ti nu khng c nn. Ty theo nhu cu v cc k thut thc hin, chng ta
pht minh ra nhiu chun nn video khc nhau, ph hp vi nhiu mc ch s
dng.
C cc loi chun nn video no, chng hot ng ra sao, cht lng hnh nh
v cc ng dng ca chng trong thc t nh th no, s khc bit gia chng nh
th no, y chnh l ch m chng em s tm hiu trong tiu lun ny:
So snh cc chun nn video trong truyn thng a phng tin.
Tiu lun ny ca chng em s c chia thnh 4 phn:
Chun Mpeg 1 v Mpeg 2, phn ny s trnh by v cc k thut nn, nh
hng ca phng nn ti cht lng nn video, v mt s so snh gia 2
chun nn ny.
Chun H261 v H262, phn ny s trnh by v cc k thut nn, nh hng
ca phng php nn ti cht lng nn video, v so snh gia k thut nn
ca dng H26X (ITU-T) vi dng MPEG (ISO).
Chun MPEG 4, phn ny s trnh by v cc kha cnh ca chun nn
MPEG 4 v so snh phng php nn gia MPEG 4 vi MPEG 1 v MPEG
2.
Phn cui cng l chun H264, tm hiu v cc k thut, cc ci tin trong
phng php nn ca H264 vi cc chun khc, mt s so snh gia H264
vi MPEG v cc chun H26X khc.
Cch thc hin mi phn trn do cc bn thc hin phn quyt nh ty theo
hng tm hiu ca tng ngi.
Chng em xin cm n c Nguyn Th Hong Lan gip chng em hon
thnh tiu lun ny.
MPEG 1
D liu MPEG gm 2 lp:
Lp h thng (System layer) cha thng tin v thi gian (Timing) v cc
thng tin khc cn thit cho vic tch cc dng d liu Video v Audio ng
thi ng b ha Video v Audio trong qu trnh pht (Playback)
9
H thng gii m s tch cc thng tin v thi gian t d liu h thng MPEG
v gi n n cc thit b h thng khc (vic ng b ha s cn thm nhiu thng
tin v thi gian). H thng gii m cng tch cc d liu Video v Audio t d liu
ban u, sau gi chng n b gii m thch hp.
B gii m Video (Video Decoder) v Audio (Audio Decoder) gii nn cc
dng d liu Video v Audio. Hu ht cc s nn MPEG u dng k thut ly
mu b xung (subsampling) v lng t ha (Quantization) trc khi m ha. Ly
mu b xung nhm mc ch lm gim kch thc khung hnh u vo theo c
chiu ngang v chiu dc, nh vy s gim s lng cc im nh trc m ha.
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cn ly mu b xung theo thi gian gim s
lng cc khung hnh trc khi m ha. y c xem nh l mt k thut rt c
bn nhm loi b s d tha da vo kh nng lu nh ca mt ngi cm th.
Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 1
Nn MPEG l s kt hp hi ha ca 4 k thut c bn: Preprocessing (tin
x l), Temporal Prediction (on trc s chuyn ng ca cc frame b m
ha), Motion compensation (b chuyn ng b gii m), Quantization Coding
(lng t ha).
Cc b lc tin x l s lc ra nhng thng tin khng cn thit t tn hiu
Video v nhng thng tin kh m ha nhng khng quan trng cho s cm th ca
mt ngi. K thut on chuyn ng da trn nguyn tc l cc khung hnh trong
mt cnh video (video sequence) dng nh c quan h mt thit vi nhau theo thi
gian: Mi khung hnh ti mi thi im nht nh s c nhiu kh nng ging vi
cc khung hnh ng ngay trc v ngay sau n. Cc b m ha s tin hnh qut
11
12
B m ha chn s B-frame nm gia mi cp tham chiu (I-frame hoc Pframe). Vic la chn ny da vo cc yu t nh khi lng b nh trong b m
ha v c trng ca thnh phn c m ha. Chng hn mt dy khung hnh
thng c hai khung hnh hai hng xen gia cc khung hnh tham chiu.
13
Motion compensation
B chuyn ng l cng ngh ci tin vic nn P-frame v B-frame bng vic
loi b d tha, thut ton b chuyn ng lm vic mc Macroblock. Khi
macroblock c b chuyn ng, file nn cha cc thng tin sau:
Vector khng gian gia Macroblock tham chiu v Macroblock c m ha
(Motion vertor).
S khc nhau gia Macroblock tham chiu v Macroblock c m ha
(Error Term).
K thut tin on b chuyn ng c s dng nh l mt trong nhng cng
c mnh lm gim s d tha v khng gian gia cc khung hnh. Khi nim v
b chuyn ng ca cc khung hnh tc l cc khung hnh thnh phn trong cnh
video s c thay th gn ng. K thu tin on b chuyn ng gia cc khung
hnh c xem nh l bin php hn ch bt cc thng s ca chuyn ng bi
vic dng cc Vector chuyn ng m t s dch chuyn cc im nh. Kt qu
tin on tt nht ca mt im nh l da trn s tin on b chuyn ng t mt
khung hnh m ha c truyn pha trc ca n. C hai thng s, sai d chuyn
ng (bin ) v cc vector chuyn ng (hng chuyn ng) u c truyn ti
pha bn nhn. Tuy nhin do c mi quan h tng quan cht ch gia cc im nh
v khng gian (trng v khng gian), mt vector chuyn ng c th c dng cho
mt kh cc im nh gm cc pixel ln cn nhau (MPEG-1 v MPEG-2 dng cc
khi 16x16 pixels).
Khng phi tt c cc thng tin trong khung hnh c th c d on t
khung hnh trc. Chng hn mt cnh vi ca phng m: cc chi tit ca cn
phng khng th d on c t cc khung hnh trc (khi ca ng). Trong
trng hp ny Macroblock trong P-frame khng th c miu t hiu qu bi b
chuyn ng.
S khc nhau gia b chuyn ng ca B-frame v P-frame l cc Macroblock
trong P-frame ch c tham chiu t cc khung hnh trc cn cc Macroblock
trong B-frame c m ha phi hp gia cc khung hnh tham chiu trc v sau
n.
M ha trong Mpeg 1
Hinh 6 M ha Macroblock
Hinh 7 SCRs
MPEG 2
MPEG 2 l chun nn trong b tiu chun MPEG dng m ha lung d liu
video kt hp vi cc thng tin v m thanh. y l phng php m ha d liu c
tn hao cho php lu tr v truyn phim nh trn nn h thng v bng thng hin
thi.
Chun nn MPEG 2 c nhm MPEG pht trin tip sau chun nn MPEG 1,
n c m rng v k tha nhm mc ch h tr vic truyn video s tc bt
ln hn 4 Mb/s, bao gm cc ng dng DSM (phng tin lu tr s), cc h thng
truyn hnh hin ti (PAL, NTSC, SECAM), cp, thu ln tin tc in t, truyn
hnh trc tip t v tinh, truyn hnh m rng (EDTV), truyn hnh phn gii cao
(HDTV),
S nn v gii nn ca MPEG 2
Di y l s nn v gii nn ca chun MPEG 2:
16
Hinh 8 S m ha
Hinh 9 S gii m
17
Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 2
Video filtering
L k thut nn tn hao dng gim d tha khng gian gia cc khi
macroblock trong mt frame. y l cng on x l cc frame nguyn gc trc
khi thc hin bin i DCT. Cc frame h mu RBG s c chuyn sang h mu
YCbCr , cng thc chuyn i :
Y= 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
Cb = 0.296 (B-Y ) +0.5 ; V = 0.435 ( R-Y ) =0.5
Vic chuyn t h RGB sang YCbCr loi b c c bn mutual
redundancies . Trong thc t, h mu RGB cho cht lng hnh nh tt hn nhng
li yu cu khng gian ln lu tr v truyn file.
Sau tn hiu s c ly mu v s ha, MPEG 2 chn 2 tiu chun ly mu
l 4:2:0 v 4:2:2
18
DCT
19
Lng t ha
20
M ha VLC
Hinh 14 S m ha VLC
Sau khi qut zic-zc s tin hnh nhm cc h s : (12), (6), (6), (0,4), (3), (0,
,0). Cc nhm ny s c m ha :
21
22
Bit rate control dng qun l b m,kim sot qu trnh lng t ha.y
l cng on dng kim sot cht lng video cng nh bit rate u ra thng qua
kim sot qu trnh lng t ha v qun l d liu nn trong b m
Cha kho iu khin tc truyn l trt t d liu nn trong b m
(Buffer).Vic nn c th c tin hnh vi vic loi b mt vi thng tin c
la chn. nh hng nh nht i vi cht lng ton b khung hnh c th t
c bng cch b bt cc thng tin chi tit. iu ny m bo gii hn t l nn d
liu trong khi cht lng ca khung hnh suy gim ti thiu
Lng t ha l k thut nn c tn hao, kim sot qu trnh ny c th kim
sot c cht lng video u ra. Con s cc bit c m ho th hin khi nh
ph thuc rt nhiu vo kt qu ca qu trnh lng t ho - y l cc gi tr
QF(u,v). y l c s hnh thnh c ch kim sot tc dng bit hoc cht
lng nh sau nn, da trn nguyn tc kim sot/thay i cc gi tr QF(u,v) thng
qua vic thay i gi tr ca:
Mc lng t ha QS (MQUANT)
Ma trn lng t ha QM
Hinh 17 Ba ma trn lng t ha: (a) MQUANT = 2, (b) MQUANT = 4, (c) MQUANT = 6
23
24
26
MainProfile@HighLevel:
27
MainProfile@High-1440Level:
MainProfile@MainLevel:
MainProfile@LowLevel:
28
SNRProfile@MainLevel:
29
SNRProfile@LowLevel
SpatialProfile@High-1440Level:
30
HighProfile@HighLevel:
31
HighProfile@High-1440Level
32
HighProfile@MainLevel
4:2:2Profile@MainLevel:
33
34
35
H261 v H262
H261
H261. L mt tiu chun m ha c s dng trong m ha video. Ban u
n cc ch nh dung trong mch k thut s tch hp cc dch v(ISDN) nhng
nhiu th nghim cho thy n c th s dng trong mng chuyn mch gi nh
internet.
H261 c t chc nh l mt h thng phn cp. Dng Video c bao gm
mt ngn xp ca cc image hay cc frame.cc image(frame) c t chc nh l
tp hp ca nhiu nhm cc khi(GoB). Mi GOB bao gm 3 dng mi dng 11
khi nh (MB). Mi MB mang thong tin ca mt nhm 16x16 pixels trong thng
tin v sng c cha trong 4 khi mi khi 8x8 pixels trong khi nhng thng tin
v mu sc c a bi hai mu v xanh ca cc thnh phn khc nhau trong
mt phn gii ca mi khi 8x8 pixels. Nhng thnh phn v cc m c i
din bi cc gi tr ly mu v c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ITU-R 601.
Vic chia nhm nh th ny ch r thng tin mi cp ca h thng phn
cp:
cp khung nh, thng tin c ch ra l tr t nh trc , nh dng
nh v cc ch s.
cp GOB, thng tin c ch ra l s hiu GOB v lng ha mc nh
s dng cho MBs
cp MB, thng tin c ch ra l cc khi c i din v nhng ci
khng thay i, cc ty chn lng t v vecto chuyn ng.
Nhng khi thay i c gii m bng tnh ton DCT cc h s thng k ca
chng sau khi c lng t v m ha Huffman.
M ha Huffman ca H261 chia ra 1 khi c bit l GOB start gm 15 s 0
tip n l 1 s 1. N khng th bt u m ha bng mt khi khc, v khun ny
bt u header ca mi GOB(v cng l u ca mi frame) nh du s tch
bit ca 2 GOB v ch ra GOB hin ti kt thc. Vic m ha cng bt u bng
mt m hnh gm 7 ch s 0 v pha sau l 1 ch s 1. M hnh c th ch c
chn gia vic m ha cc khi hoc ngay trc khi phn tch GOB.
36
37
Macroblocks:
Mi GOB(Group of Block) c chia thnh 33 macroblock ng vi 16*16
pixel ca cng sng v 2 thnh phn mu(8*8).
Trong
MBA: Macroblock Address: C di thay i dng ch v tr ca
macroblock trong mt group of block.Trt t c truyn i theo ng th t
nh hnh 5 trn.Cn i vi cc macroblock cui cng notice chuyn
i.Nhng macroblock no khng cha thng tin ca phn nh s khng
c chuyn i.
MITYPE: type Information L t m c di thay i cung cp thng tin v
macroblock v nhng yu t data c mt.
MQUANT: Quantizer(5 bit) Gi tr ca MQUANT cng ging nh
GQUANT.
MVD: Motion Vector Data Gi tr MVD tnh c t macroblock vetor bng
cch tr i vector ca macroblock i trc c xem l bng 0 trong 3 trng
hp sau:
o Macblock 1,12,23
o Cc macroblock m MBA c sai lch khc 1
o MTYPE ca macroblock trc khng phi l MC
o MDV bao gm mt word m ha thnh phn ngang v theo sau l mt
word m ha thnh phn dc.
CPB:Coded block pattern:Trng ny ch c khi n c ch nh bi trng
MTYPE.T m(codeword) cung cp 1 con s ch nh nhng block trong
macroblock no c t nht mt h s bin i c truyn i.
38
Block:
ng vi 8*8 pixel.D liu cho mi block bao gm cc codewords cho cc h
s bin i theo sau l k hiu kt thc block.Trt t ca cc block trong mt
macroblock nh sau:
Trong :
TCOEFF(Transform Coefficients) l h s bin i lun lun biu th cho tt c 6
blocks trong mt macroblock khi trng MTYPE ch nh l INTRA.Cc h s bin
i c lng t ha c truyn i mt cch tun t theo 1 dy nh sau:
39
Hinh 28 S m ha H261
40
Cc k thut nn ca H261
Frame coding
H261 s dng hai loi khung: intra-frame(I-frame) v Inter-frame (P-frame):
I-frame cung cp mt im truy cp, n s dng JPEG lm c bn
P-frames s dng "pseudo-differences" t frame trc ("Predicted"), do
, khung hnh ph thuc ln nhau.
Intra-frame Coding
41
42
Block transformation:
H261 h tr vic b p nhng mt mt ca qu trnh chuyn ng trong b
m ha nh mt ty chn.Trong vic bi thng chuyn ng,mt vng tm kim c
xy ng da trn frame trc xc nh macroblock tham chiu tt
nht(reference macroblock).C lch c tnh cng nh vector chuyn ng,xc
nh gi tr v hng di chuyn gia macroblock c m ha v vng tham chiu
chn u c gi i.Cng tm kim cng nh lm th no tnh ton vector
chuyn ng khng ty thuc vo s chun ha.Thnh phn nm ngang v thng
ng ca vector phi c gi tr nguyn trong khong t -15 n 15.
Trong s bin i khi nhng frame m ha theo kiu INTRA cng nh nhng
sai s d on u c vo trong khi 8*8.Mi khi s c x l bi mt hm
FDCT hai chiu.
43
Quantization&Entropy Coding:
Mc ch ca bc ny l t c s nn tt hn bng cc h s
DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) t c cht lng i hi.S lng t ha l
1 i vi cc h s INTRA v l 31 cho tt c cc h s khc.
M ha entropy ko theo s nn tt hn c thc hin bng cch gn nhng
t m ngn hn cho nhng s kin ph bin v s dng nhng s kin t ph bin
hn.M ha Huffman thng c s dng trong trng hp ny.
Ni cch khc,chng ta c th mt mt vi h s trong vic chuyn i bng
cch s dng t bit hn so vi s bit cn thit cho tt c cc gi tr.Chng ta s dng
nhng t m ngn hn i vi nhng gi tr thng thng(ging nh vic s dng 8
bit cho vic m ha 3 k t trong ting Anh).
45
46
H262
H.262 hay MPEG-2 Part 2 (thng c bit n l tiu chun ISO/IEC
13818-2, cng nh l chun MPEG-2 Video) l 1 chun nn v m ha video k
thut s c pht trin bi ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and
ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). N l phn th 2 ca chun
ISO/IEC MPEG-2. Ti liu ITU-T Recommendation H.262 v ISO/IEC 13818-2 l
nh nhau. H.262 l phn m rng ca chun nn quc t MPEG-1 (H261) dnh cho
video. H261 c thit k m ha nhng on video c tc t 1,2 Mbit/s n
1,5 Mbit/s dng ghi CD-ROM, VCD trong khi H262 c hng n m ha
nhng on video c tc cao hn t 10 Mbit/s n 15 Mbit/s dng cho DVD, TV
s v HDTV. H262 cung cp nhng thut ton m ha tt hn nhng video c
lin h vi nhau v h tr nhiu tc hn. H262 cung cp mt cng c m ha
tng nc m nhng video c th c ti to t nhng dng bit.
M hnh m ha H262
Trong h thng H.262, DCT v khi d on b chuyn ng gia cc frame
c kt hp vi nhau nh trong hnh 37. B m ha tr d on b chuyn ng t
nh gc to nn mt nh d bo li. nh d bo li c bin i cng vi
DCT, h s c lng t ha v gi tr ny c m ha s dng VLC. Li chi
c kt hp vi nhng thng tin ph m h thng gii m cn, nh vect chuyn
ng v thng tin ng b ha, v to thnh 1 chui cc bit truyn i. Hnh
38 ch ra khung cu trc ca 1 chui video m ha theo chun H.262.
47
48
Loi nh
Trong chun H262, c 3 loi nh c nh ngha. Loi nh li nh ngha ch
d on no c s dng m ha mi khi.
Intra pictures (I-pictures) c m ha m khng cn tham kho nhng nh
khc. Nn mt cch trung bnh t c bng cch gim i nhng d tha v khng
gian, nhng khng phi l nhng d tha v thi gian. Loi nh ny c s dng
cung cp im truy cp trong chui bit cng vic gii m c bt u.
Predictive' pictures (P-pictures) c th s dng nh loi I hoc nh loi P trc
b chuyn ng v c s dng nh l tham kho cho nhng d on tip
theo. Mi khi trong nh loi P c th c d on hoc m ha ni ti. Bng cch
gim bt s d tha v khng gian v thi gian, nh loi P to ra mt nn nhiu
hn so vi nh loi I.
'Bidirectionally-predictive' pictures (B-pictures) c th s dng nh loi I hoc
nh loi P trc v sau b chuyn ng, to ra mc nn cao nht. Mi nh loi B
c th c d on tin, li hay 2 chiu hoc m ha ni ti. kch hot vic d
on li t frame tip theo, b m ha s yu cu li nhng bc nh theo th t hin
th t nhin cho ti th t hin th trong chui bit v vy nh loi B c th c
truyn i sau khi nh trc v sau n tham kho.
S khc nhau gia cc loi nh xy ra trong nhng chui lp i lp li, c
gi l Nhm nh hay GOP. Mt nhm nh in hnh theo th t hin th:
B1 B2 I3 B4 B5 P6 B7 B8 P9 B10 B11 P12
Th t tng ng trong chui bit l:
I3 B1 B2 P6 B4 B5 P9 B7 B8 P12 B10 B11
Mt cu trc nhm nh thng thng c th c miu t vi 2 thng s: N, l
s nh trong nhm, v M, l s nh loi P trong nhm. Nhm nh y c m t
vi N = 12 v M = 3. Chun H262 khng nht thit l ng vi mt nhm nh thng
thng, v d 1 nh loi P theo sau bi 1 s thay i c th c d on khng
chnh xc v nh tham kho d on khc hon ton so vi nh ang c d
on. V vy, c th tt hn nu m ha n nh l nh loi I.
Vi cht lng ca 1 nh m ha, vic m ha s dng mi loi nh sinh ra
s bt khc nhau. Trong mt th t tiu biu, mt nh loi I c m ha th ln gp
3 ln 1 nh loi P m ha, v nh loi P ny li ln gp i nh loi B.
Kim sot b m
Bng cch b i rt nhiu s d tha t nh gc, b m ha c th cho ra rt
nhiu tc . Tc ph thuc vo phc tp v kh nng d on ca nh gc v
s hiu qu ca vic d on b chuyn ng.
Vi rt nhiu ng dng, dng bit cn c x l mt knh tc c nh.
Vi nhng trng hp ny, mt b m c t gia b m ha v knh. B m
c t tc no bi b gii m v c lm rng mt tc khng i
49
Cc profiles v cc bc
Profiles
C 2 profile khng theo nc c nh ngha trong ti liu chun H262. Profile
n gin hn khng s dng frame loi B, do s khng c d on li hoc d
on ni suy. V vy, khng cn sp xp li th t nh (vic sp xp li nh c th
khin cho vic m ha tr mt 120ms). Vi mt b m m ha nh, profile ny ph
hp cho nhng ng dng c tr thp nhng hi ngh qua video, ci m tr ton
cc ch khong 100ms. Vic m ha c tin hnh vi tn hiu video 4:2:0.
Profile chnh h tr thm nh loi B v l profile c s dng nhiu nht. S
dng nh loi B s tng cht lng ca nh, nhng thm 120 ms vo tr khi m
ha sp xp li th t nh. B gii m ca profile chnh cng gii m c video
nn theo chun H261. Hin nay, hu ht b gii m chun H262 u h tr profile
chnh nc chnh.
Cc profile tng nc: SNR profile h tr thm vic nng cao cc lp ca vic
l tinh ch cc h s DCT, s dng cng c h s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR). Hnh
39 cho thy 1 v d v b m ha v gii m s dng SNR.
50
51
52
Cc levels
H262 nh ngha 4 level m ha tham s. Bng 2 cho ta thy gii hn ca kch thc
nh, tc frame, tc bit v kch thc ca b m cho mi level c th. Ch
rng cc gii hn l gii hn trn v cc b gii m c th hot ng di cc gii
hn ny (v d b gii m 1440 c th gii m nh 720 pixel , 576 dng).
Level
Max. frame,
width, pixels
Low
352
Main
720
High-1440 1440
High
1920
Max. frame,
height, lines
288
576
1152
1152
Max. frame,
rate, Hz
30
30
60
60
Hinh 41 H262 levels: Gii hn kch thc nh, tc frame, tc bit, kch thc b m.
Kt lun.
H262 rt thnh cng trong vic nh ra cc chun p ng rt nhiu cc ng
dng, tc , cht lng v dch v. Cc tiu chun ny ch nh ngha cu trc ca
dng bit v qu trnh gii m. Ni chung, iu ny c ngha l bt k b gii no p
ng cc tiu chun ny c th to ra nhng bc nh gn ging nhau. Tuy nhin, b
53
54
Lt ct:
H261 Lt ct khng cn phi bt u v kt thc cng dng ca cc macroblock.
Do c th cho tt c cc macroblock ca cng 1 nh vo cng 1 lt ct duy
nahats.
H262 Lt ct lun bt u v kt thc cng 1 dng ca macroblock.
6 - nh:
H261 Mt c php c bit c nh ngha cho nh loi D (M loi nh = 4).
nh loi D ging nh loi I vi duy nht 1 h s Intra-DC, khng c kt thc Block,
v 1 m kt thc macroblock c bit = 1.
H262 - nh loi D (M loi nh = 4) khng c cho php.
Vect chuyn ng:
H261 Cc yu t full_pel_forward_vector v full_pel_backward_vector c th cho
bng 1. V khi iu ny xy ra, vect chuyn ng c th c m ha y thay
v mt na. Vect chuyn ng phi c nhn 2 trc khi c dng d on.
H262 Cc yu t full_pel_forward_vector v full_pel_backward_vector phi bng
0. Vect chuyn ng th lun c m ha mt na.
Thng tin t s:
H261 Gi tr 4 bit pel_aspect_ratio c m ha trong tiu th t.
H262 - Gi tr 4 bit aspect_ratio_information c m ha trong tiu th t.
9 - forward_f_code v backward_f_code:
H261 Gi tr f_code c s dng gii m vect chuyn ng l
forward_f_code v backward_f_code nm picture_header().
H262 - Gi tr f_code c s dng gii m vect chuyn ng l f_code[s][t],
nm picture_coding_extension().
10 - constrained_parameter_flag v maximum horizontal_size
H261 Khi constrained_parameter_flag c cho bng 1, iu ny cho thy mt vi
gii hn c xc nhn. Mt trong nhng gii hn l horizontal_size <= 768.
Cn lu rng mt dng bit theo chun H262 c th c cc bc nh vi kch thc
ngang ln ti 768 pels.
H262 C ch constrained_parameter_flag c thay th bng c ch profile v c
ch nc. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng cc chui bit MP @ ML khng th c kch thc
ngang ln hn 720 pels.
Bit_rate v vbv_delay:
H261 Bit_rate v vbv_delay c gn bng 3FFF v FFFF (hex) tng ng. Cc
gi tr khc cho cc tc c nh.
H262 Khi nim bit_rate thay i. Trong nhiu tc , vbv_delay c th c gn
ti FFFF (hex), nhng mt gi tr khc khng c ngha l tc khng i. Tc
bit khng i ch l trng hp c bit ca tc bit thay i.
VBV:
H261 VBV ch c nh ngha cho vic x l tc khng i.
H262 VBV ch c nh ngha cho vic x l tc thay i.
55
Temporal_reference:
H261 - Temporal_reference c tng ln 1 v chia ly d cho 1024 cho mi bc
nh c m ha v tr v mi tiu ca nh.
H262 Nu khng c nh ln, temporal_reference c tng ln 1 v chia ly d
cho 1024 cho mi bc nh c m ha, v c tr v 0 mi tiu nhm. Nu
c nh ln ( dng bit tr thp), th temporal_reference tun theo mt quy lut khc.
C php:
C th khin cho dng bit theo chun H262 c cng c php nh chun H261,
bng cch s dng mt vi gi tr c th cho nhng tham s ca chun H262 khng
xut hin trong chun H261. Ni cch khc, qu trnh gii m chun H261 ging vi
chun H262 khi:
progressive_sequence = 1 (th t tip din).
chroma_format = 01 (4:2:0)
frame_rate_extension_n = 0 v frame_rate_extension_d = 0 (tc frame ca chun
H261)
intra_dc_precision = 00 ( chnh xc 8-bit Intra-DC)
picture_structure = 11 (frame-picture bi v progressive_sequence = 1)
frame_pred_frame_dct = 1 (ch d on da trn frame v frame DCT)
concealment_motion_vectors = 0 (Khng c concealment motion vectors).
q_scale_type = 0 (linear quantiser_scale)
intra_vlc_format = 0 (Bng VLC Intra MBs).
alternate_scan = 0 (Th t sp xp scan chun H261)
repeat_first_field = 0 (Bi v progressive_sequence = 1)
chroma_420_type = 1 ( chi da trn frame)
progressive_frame = 1 (Bi v progressive_sequence = 1)
Thng qua vic so snh cc thng s k thut trn ta thy rng MPEG s cho ra
cht lng hnh nh tt hn so vi H261. Nhng b li H261 cng nh cc dng
H26X c th cho ty chnh c s bit rate cho video.
Ci gc ca s khc nhau gia MPEG v H26X l ch yu nm khu tin
on cc frame mi v cch thc tnh ton sai lch gia cc frame hin ti v frame
phng on. iu ny s dn ti cc khc nhau v cht lng hnh nh cng nh bit
rates.
Chun nn H.26x (gm cc th h H.261, H.262 v H.263...), thng c tc
m ho tn hiu thp hn MPEGx (khong 1.5 Mbit/s vi phn gii hnh 352 x
288) do dng ch yu trong vin thng, truyn ti video gia cc thit b di ng.
Trong khi , chun MPEG2 dng cho th trng gii tr hay truyn hnh cht
lng cao th c phn gii hnh cao hn, v mang li cht lng hnh nh tt
(cao hn 1,5Mb/s vi phn gii 352x288 hoc 6Mb/s cho phn gii hon chnh).
57
MPEG 4
nhin, khng bao gm cht lng cua dich vu c xem xet, ma MPEG-4
cung cp mt m ta chung cho QoS khac nhau cho cac phng tin truyn
thng. Cht lng cua dich vu mang la ngoai pham vi cua MPEG-4 va la vn
cua nha cung cp mang, con MPEG-4 cho phep ti u hoa vn chuyn
trong mang khng ng nht.
i vi ngi dung cui, MPEG-4 mang lai cp cao hn cua s tng tac
cac ni dung. No cung mang n truyn thng a phng tin cho cac mang
mi, bao gm nhng ngi co mc s dung thp, nhng ngi di chuyn
nhiu.
MPEG-4 tim cach tranh s c quyn, va cac inh danh khng lam anh
hng ln nhau va anh hng n ngi s dung. MPEG-4 a at c cac muc
tiu nay bng cach cung cp cac chun :
ai din cho cac thanh phn ni dung hinh anh m thanh nghe nhin, c goi la
cac i tng cua truyn thng a phng tin. Cac i tng nay co th c
tng hp hoc co ngun gc t nhin, co th c ghi vi mt may anh, micro
hoc tao ra t may tinh.
M ta cac thanh phn nay tao ra phng tin truyn thng hp nht cac
i tng nghe nhin.
Ghep knh va ng b hoa d liu vi cac i tng truyn thng, co the
vn chuyn qua cac knh mang li cung cp QoS phu hp.
Tng tac va tao cac canh nghe nhin vi ngi s dung cui.
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MPEG 4 video
Cc cng c i din cho video t nhin trong tiu chun hnh nh MPEG-4
cung cp cng ngh ct li tiu chun cho php hiu qu lu tr, truyn ti v x l
cc kt cu, hnh nh v d liu video cho cc mi trng a phng tin. Nhng
cng c ny cho php gii m v i din cc n v nguyn t ca hnh nh v ni
dung video, c gi l "i tng video" (VOS). Mt v d v mt VOS c th l
mt ngi ni (khng c nn), sau c th c sng tc vi AVO khc (m
thanh, hnh nh cc i tng) to ra mt cnh. Hnh ch nht hnh nh thng
thng c x l nh mt trng hp c bit ca cc i tng nh vy.
t c mc tiu rng ln hn l mt gii php cho mt phm vi hp ca
cc ng dng, chc nng ph bin cho nhiu ng dng c nhm. Do , phn
hnh nh ca tiu chun MPEG-4 cung cp gii php theo hnh thc cc cng c v
cc
thut
ton
cho:
63
Resynchronization
Cng c Resynchronization c gng kch hot resynchronization gia cc
b gii m v bitstream sau khi mt li cn st li hoc li c pht hin. Ni
chung, cc d liu gia cc im ng b ha trc khi thng bo li v im u
tin m ng b ha c ti lp, l b i.
Cch tip cn resynchronization c thng qua bi MPEG-4, c gi l mt
cch tip cn gi. Nhm cc khi s dng bi cc tiu chun ITU-T H.261 v
H.263. Trong cc tiu chun ny mt gob c nh ngha l mt hoc nhiu hng
macroblocks (MBs). Vo lc bt u ca mt gob mi, thng tin gi l tiu gob
c t trong lung bit ny. Thng tin ny c tiu cha m bt u gob, l
khc nhau t mt m s bt u hnh nh, v cho php cc b gii m xc nh v
64
tr ny gob. Hn na, tiu gob cha thng tin cho php qu trnh gii m c
khi ng li (tc l, ng b ho li cc b gii m cho cc bitstream v t li tt
c d liu predictively m ha).
Cc gi d liu video tip cn c thng qua bi MPEG-4 l da vo vic
cung cp du resynchronization nh k trong sut bitstream ny. Ni cch khc,
di ca cc gi d liu video khng da trn s lng macroblocks, nhng thay vo
s bit c trong gi . Nu s bit cha trong cc gi d liu video hin ti vt
qu mt ngng nh trc, sau mt gi tin video mi c to ra u ca cc
macroblock tip theo.
Mt im nh du resynchronization c s dng phn bit s bt u
ca mt gi tin video mi. im nh du ny l phn bit c tt c cc t m
VLC c th cng nh cc m bt u VOP. Tiu thng tin cng c cung cp
vo lc bt u ca mt gi tin video. C trong tiu ny l cc thng tin cn thit
khi ng li qu trnh gii m v bao gm: s macroblock ca macroblock u
tin c trong gi tin ny v tham s lng t ha cn thit gii m m
macroblock u tin. S macroblock cung cp cc resynchronization cn thit khng
gian trong khi cc tham s lng t cho php cc qu trnh phn gii m c
resynchronized.
Cng bao gm trong tiu gi tin video l phn m rng tiu m. HEC l
mt cht rng, khi kch hot, cho thy s hin din ca resynchronization thng tin
b sung, bao gm c c s thi gian un, VOP tng thi gian, loi d on VOP, v
m F VOP. Thng tin ny b sung c lm sn c trong trng hp tiu VOP
b hng.
Cn lu rng khi s dng cc cng c kh nng phc hi li trong vng
MPEG-4, mt s cng c hiu qu nn c sa i. V d, tt c cc thng tin
predictively m ha phi c gii hn trong mt gi tin video ngn chn s lan
truyn ca cc li.
Kt hp vi cch tip cn gi video resynchronization, mt phng php
th hai gi l c nh ng b ha khong cng c thng qua bi MPEG-4.
Phng php ny i hi VOP s bt u v nh du resynchronization (tc l
khi u ca mt gi d liu video) ch xut hin v tr c nh khong php l
trong bitstream ny. iu ny gip trnh cc vn lin quan bt u m phng m.
l, khi li c hin din trong mt bitstream, c th cho cc li ny gi lp
mt m bt u VOP. Trong trng hp ny, khi c nh khong cch ng b ha
c s dng b gii m ch cn thit tm kim mt m bt u VOP vo u mi
khong cch c nh. Cc phng php c nh ng b m rng khong cch tip
cn ny l bt k khong thi gian nh trc.
Phc hi d liu
Sau khi ng b ha c ti lp, cng c phc hi d liu c gng khi
phc d liu ni chung s b mt. Nhng cng c ny khng ch n gin l cc m
li sa cha, nhng thay v k thut m ha d liu mt cch kin cng li. V d,
mt cng c c bit c xc nhn bi Tp on Video l nghch bin di
65
66
Hinh 46 Phn loi cc hnh nh MPEG-4 v Video Coding thut ton v cng c
67
68
Tiu chun 8x8 hoc 16x16 pixel da trn khi chuyn ng v d ton bi
thng, vi chnh xc ln n PE.
Chuyn ng ton cu bi thng (GMC) cho cc i tng video: m ha
ca chuyn ng ton cu cho mt i tng s dng mt s lng nh cc
thng s. GMC c da trn c lng chuyn ng ton cu, cong hnh
nh, qu o chuyn ng m ha, v kt cu m ha cho cc li d bo.
Ton cu bi thng da trn chuyn ng cho cc tnh "sprites". Mt nhn
vt tnh l mt hnh nh vn cn c th ln, m t ton cnh nn. i vi mi
hnh nh lin tip trong mt chui, ch c 8 thng s chuyn ng trn ton
cu m t chuyn ng ca my nh c m ho ti to li cc i tng.
Nhng thng s ny i din cho chuyn i thch hp afin ca cc nhn vt
truyn trong khung u tin.
Qu PEL Motion tng cng chnh xc ca n n b chuyn ng, vi
chi ph ch c c php v tnh ton chi ph nh. Mt m t chuyn ng chnh
xc dn n mt li nh hn v d bo, do , cht lng hnh nh tt
hn.
Hnh dng, thch ng DCT: Trong lnh vc kt cu m ha, cc hnh dng,
thch ng DCT (SA-DCT) ci thin hiu sut m ha ca cc i tng hnh
ty . Cc thut ton SA-DCT da trn nh ngha trc b c s trc giao
ca cc chc nng mt chiu DCT.
Video theo chui bng cch s dng mt hnh nh ton cnh nhn vt. Ngi
ta cho rng cc i tng nn trc (qun vt, hnh nh trn cng bn phi) c th
c phn on t nn v hnh nh ton cnh nhn vt c th c chit xut t t
trc khi m ha. (Mt bc tranh ton cnh nhn vt l mt hnh nh vn cn m t
nh l mt hnh nh tnh ni dung ca nn trn tt c cc khung hnh theo th t).
Cc bc tranh ton cnh ln hnh nh nhn vt c chuyn n ngi nhn ch mt
ln nh khung u tin ca dy s m t nn - nhn vt ny vn cn c lu tr
trong mt b m ma. Trong mi khung hnh lin tc ch c cc thng s my nh
c lin quan cho nn c chuyn n ngi nhn. iu ny cho php ngi nhn
ti to li hnh nh nn cho mi khung hnh trong trnh t da vo Sprite. Cc i
tng nn trc di chuyn c truyn i mt cch ring bit nh l mt i tng
video ty , hnh dng. Ngi nhn son c nhng hnh nh nn trc v nn tng
xy dng li mt khung hnh (di hnh nh trong hnh di y). i vi cc
69
MPEG2 vs MPEG4 nn
Nen hinh anh hay m thanh l tt ca cac bin phap nhm duy tr cng mt cht
lng m thanh hoc video, nhng s dng kch thc b nh thp hn. MPEG-4
nn l mt s ci tin so vi nh dng MPEG-2.
Nu mt file m thanh hoc d liu tai phong thu ca mt b phim c pht
hnh m khng nn, n s mt t nht 20 DVD! Trong khi , nu n s dng nh
dng MPEG, Cung b phim o c th c cha trn mt a DVD duy nht! Lm
th no nh dng MPEG-2 t c iu ny? N t c iu ny bng cch
loi b mt s phn d tha t mt khung c lp li trong nhng ci sau ny.
l, cc b phn ca khung hnh m vn tnh c lu tr ch mt ln! Ch c nhng
s khc bit gia cc khung hnh k tip nhau s c lu tr sau . Bit rate cng
kim sot ph hp. C nhiu th thut khc cung tham gia lm gim kch thc ca
tp tin trong khi m ha. Bng cch ny cc file hinh anh c m ha theo nh
dng MPEG-2 v kch thc ca cc tp tin video c gim thiu ng k. V vy,
khi bn chay mt file a c m ha, thit bi chay video ca bn phi c b gii
m MPEG-2 tr li cc khung hnh gc t cc dang nn.
Nn MPEG-4 l kh phc tp so vi nn MPEG-2 khi n c thit k t
c cc video cht lng cao cho cc ng dng a phng tin vi bit rate tng
i thp. n gin, nen MPEG-4 loi b cc bit d tha bng cch so snh nhiu
khung hnh hn so vi MPEG-2 ti mt thi im bng cch iu chnh bit rate cho
ph hp. So MPEG-2, MPEG-4 la mt nh dng m ha linh hot hn rt nhiu.
MPEG2 vs MPEG4 Bitrate
Cac file c ma hoa bng inh dang MPEG-2 co mt khoang bit rate t 4 n
9 MB/s, trong khi cc file MPEG-4 c bit rate thp hn ng k (mt vai kb/s). iu
ny l do nh dng ny c thit k cho cc ng dng mng.
MPEG2 vs MPEG4 - Bng thng
Nu bn so sanh bng thng MPEG-2 vi MPEG-4, bn s tm thy mt s khc
bit ng k khi chng c thit k inh dang cho cc nn tng khc nhau.Trong
khi MPEG-2 c bng thng ln n 40 MB/s, MPEG-4 c bng thng khong 64
kbps.
72
Lc
trong Khng h tr
vng lp
DCT
8x8 DCT
De-blocking
Ch d D on trong nh nh(16x16,16x8)
on
Kt lun
C hai nh dng ang c s dng ngy nay cho cc ng dng khc nhau. MPEG2 vn c s dng trong ma hoa DVD v TV broadcast, trong khi cc nn tng
Internet v videophone thuc v cc nh dng MPEG-4.
73
H264
Tng quan v H264
Chun nn video mi nht H264, cn c bit vi tn gi MPEG-4 Part
10/AVC (Advanced Video Coding- M ha video nng cao). H264 c mong i
s tr thnh chun nn video c s dng rng ri nht trong thi gian sp ti.
H264 l mt chun m h tr hu ht cc cng ngh nn video hin nay. M
ha H264 c th gim kch c ca mt file video ti 80% so vi chun MPEG v
50% so vi chun MPEG 4 Part 2 m vn gi li c cht lng ca hnh nh. Do
, s dng H264 gip gim thiu bng thng truyn ti trong mng my tnh v
gip khng cn tn qu nhiu dung lng lu tr cc file video. Nhn theo mt
cch khc, vi mt s bit rate thp nhng chng ta vn c th c c cht lng
video tt.
c a ra bi cc t chc tiu chun quc t trong lnh vc thng tin truyn
thng v cng ngh thng tin, H264 c mong i l s c s dng rng ri hn
cc chun nn video trc . Mt s cc thit b in t gn y nh in thoi di
ng, u c video k thut s, camera c kh nng nn v c H264 v
nhanh chng c ngi s dng ng h. Cc nh cung cp dch v nh lu tr
video trc tuyn v cc cng ty truyn thng ang bt u s dng H264.
Trong ngnh cng nghip video dn dng, H264 nhanh chng tm c ch
ng trong cc khu vc m yu cu video vi phn gii ln v frame rate
cao nh ng cao tc, sn bay hay cc sng bc, ni m video phi t 30/25
khung hnh trn giy. l nhng ni m vic gim lu lng mng v dung lng
lu tr mang li s gim thiu chi ph rt ln. H264 c d on cng s nhanh
chng c s dng rng ri trong cc camera k thut s vi li th mang li t
cng ngh nn video cht lng cao gip gim kch c v bit rate ca cc video s
m vn gi li c cht lng hnh nh. Tuy vy, i li cho nhng li ch m
H264 mang li, s phi u t mt h thng network camera hin i v mt h
thng x l mnh hn.
74
S m ha khi ca H264
75
Hinh 50 S m ha H264
76
Gim bt d tha
Cng ging nh cc b lp gii m khc, H264 nn video bng cch gim bt
d tha c v khng gian v thi gian trong hnh nh. Nhng d tha v mt thi
gian l nhng hnh nh ging nhau lp i lp li t khung (frame) ny sang khung
khc, v d nh phn phng nn khng chuyn ng ca mt chng trnh i thoi
77
trn truyn hnh. D tha v khng gian l nhng chi tit ging nhau xut hin trong
cng mt khung, v d nh nhiu im nh ging nhau to thnh mt bu tri xanh.
Ngoi ra H264 cn c kh nng so snh nhiu khung hnh nh vi nhau c
th gim bt d tha tt nht, k thut ny cn c gi l Multiple Reference
Frames.
78
79
80
Cc u im ni bt ca chun nn H264
Chng ta hy xt cc u im ni bt ca chun H264 thy c s u vit ca
chun nn mi ny.
u im ca nn khng gian
Chun nn H264c hai ci tin mi trong lnh vc nn khng gian. Trc ht,
b lp m ny c th tin hnh nn khng gian ti cc macroblock 16x16 im nh
thay v cc block 8x8 nh trc y. iu ny gip tng cng ng k kh nng
nn khng gian i vi cc hnh nh c cha nhiu khong ln cc im nh ging
nhau.
Th hai l thao tc nn c tin hnh trong min khng gian trc khi cng
on DCT din ra. Chun nn H264so snh macroblock hin thi vi cc
macroblock k bn trong cng mt khung, tnh ton chnh lch, v sau s ch
gi on chnh lch ti DCT. Hoc l n c th chia nh macroblock 16x16 im
nh thnh cc khi 4x4 nh hn v so snh tng khi ny vi cc khi k bn trong
cng mt macroblock. iu ny gip ci thin kh nng nn nh chi tit.
u im ca nn thi gian
im ci tin ln nht H264l ch m ho gia. Nhng phng php tin
tin ch ny khin cho nn thi gian t n mt cp cao hn nhiu, cng
vi cht lng chuyn ng tt hn so vi cc chun MPEG trc y.
Kch c khi
ch gia khi, MPEG-2 ch h tr cc macroblock 16x16 im nh,
khng phn gii m ho chnh xc cc chuyn ng phc tp hoc phi
tuyn tnh, v d nh phng to thu nh. Ngc li, H264li tng cng hiu chnh
chuyn ng bng cch cho php b lp m bin i kch c thnh phn chi ca
mi macroblock. (B lp m s dng thnh phn chi nh vy l do mt ngi nhy
cm vi chuyn ng chi hn nhiu so vi chuyn ng mu.) Nh c th thy
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trong Hnh 2, H264c th chia thnh phn chi ca tng macroblock thnh 4 c:
16x16, 16x8, 8x16 hoc 8x8. Khi s dng khi 8x8, n cn c th chia tip 4 khi
8x8 ny thnh 4 c na l 8x8, 8x4, 4x8 hoc 4x4.
u im v lng t ho v bin i
Chm di ng 8x8 DCT cng vi dung sai ca li lm trn chnh l phn ct
li ca cc chun MPEG trc y. H264c o hn ch n s dng bin i
khng gian nguyn (gn ging nh DCT) i vi cc khi 4x4 im nh. Kch c
nh gip gim bt hin tng "kt khi", trong khi thng s nguyn tuyt i gip
loi b nguy c khng thch ng gia b lp m v gii m trong php bin i
ngc. Thm vo , dy h s xch lng t ln hn khin cho c ch kim sot
tc d liu b lp m hot ng mt cch linh hot hn da trn mt t l phc
hp vo khong 12,5% thay cho mt mc tng lng gia khng i.
u im i vi m ho entropy
Sau khi tin hnh hiu chnh, bin i v lng t ho chuyn ng, cc b lp
m MPEG trc y s vch ra cc symbol biu din vct chuyn ng v h s
lng t ho thnh cc bit thc s. V d nh chun nn MPEG-2 s dng phng
php m c chiu di bin thin tnh (VLC) khng th ti u ho trong mi trng
video thi gian thc (trong ni dung v cc cnh bin i theo thi gian).
H264s dng m ho thut ton nh phn theo tnh hung CABAC (ContextAdaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding). Hiu sut m ho ca CABAC cao hn hn
nh kh nng thch nghi vi cc thay i c th xy ra trong phn b symbol. V d,
n c th khai thc s tng quan gia cc symbol v t s dng s tng quan
bit v thut ton m ho. C ch ny c th gip tit kim thm mt lng bit vo
khong hn 5%.
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84
Kt lun v H264
H264 l mt bc tin ln trong cng ngh nn video. Nh c nhng kh nng
d on chnh xc cng nh kh nng phc hi tt khi b li, H264 cung cp nhng
b quyt mng li hiu qu nn cao hn.
H264 em n nhng c hi mi trong vic m ha video mt cch tt hn, t
thc hin c nhng dng video c cht lng cao hn, frame rate cao hn v
phn gii cao hn vi nhng bit rate n nh (so vi nhng tiu chun trc ),
hay ngc li, H264 to ra nhng video c cng cht lng nhng bit rate thp
hn. Ln u tin 3 t chc tiu chun ha quc t ITU, ISO v IEC cng i n kt
lun H264 l chun nn video quc t. Nh tnh nng linh hot, H264 c ng
dng trong a dng nhng lnh vc nh: HD DVD (v d nh Blu-ray), truyn
hnh k thut s bao gm c HD TV, lu tr video trc tuyn (v d nh YouTube),
in thoi di ng th h th 3, trong mt s phn mm nh QuickTime, h iu
hnh Mac OS X ca my tnh Flash v Apple, v cc my chi game gia nh nh
Play Station.
c p dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip v ng dng, p ng nhu cu
chuyn nghip cng nh nhu cu bnh dn, H264 c k vng s thay th nhng
tiu chun v cch thc nn khc ang c s dng hin nay. nh dng H264
ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong network camera, m ha video v phn
mm qun l video, do nhng nh thit k v tch hp h thng s cn phi m
bo chn c sn phm v nh cung cp ph hp vi chun m mi ny. Hin ti,
nhng sn phm video trong mng my tnh h tr c H264 v hnh nh JPEG l
nhng sn phm l tng, em n kh nng linh hot v s tch hp cao nht.
85
KT LUN
Cc chun nn video ang ngy cng c nghin cu v t nhiu thnh tu
ln hn. Cc chun nn v sau ra i cng ngy cng c cht lng cao hn v thch
hp vi nhiu mc ch s dng ca con ngi. Trong khun kh ca mt bi tiu
lun, vic trnh by v i su vo tm hiu cc chun nn l rt kh v cn nhiu
thiu st. Chng em s b sung v tip tc nghin cu tip khi c c hi.
Mt ln na chng em chn thnh cm n c Nguyn Th Hong Lan v
nhng gi v gip ca c trong qu trnh lm tiu lun ny.
86
3. Ti liu t iso.org:
Information technology -- Multimedia application format MPEG 1
Information technology -- Multimedia application format MPEG 2
Information technology -- Multimedia application format MPEG 4
4. MPEG digital video-coding standard - IEEE signal processing magazine
5. Tp bi ging Truyn Thng a Phng Tin ca c Nguyn Th Hong
Lan
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