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TRNG AI HOC BACH KHOA HA NI

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN VA TRUYN THNG


B mn truyn thng v mng my tnh
********************

Bi tp ln mn hc
Truyn thng a phng tin
Gio vin hng dn

: PGS-TS Nguyn Th Hong Lan

Sinh vin thc hin

: Nguyn Thnh Nam B (trng nhm) - 20062201


o Vit Phng - 20062418
V Vn Thnh - 20062900
Nguyn Hoi Nam - 20062194
Phm Ngc Quang - 20062504
Hong Anh Minh - 20062101
Trnh Ngc c - 2006C078
Nguyn An Hng - 20061531

Lp

: Truyn thng va Mang may tinh K51

Mc lc
Mc lc................................................................................................................2
CHUN MPEG 1 v MPEG 2..................................................................................9
Tng quan v MPEG ........................................................................................9
MPEG 1.............................................................................................................9
Phn cp cu trc ca MPEG 1...................................................................10
Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 1......................................................................11
MPEG 2...........................................................................................................16
S nn v gii nn ca MPEG 2..............................................................16
Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 2......................................................................18
.......................................................................................................................19
Bin i DCT c thc hin trn mt mt macroblock ca nh tht ly
mu cho ra mt ma trn 8 x 8 vi cc im l cc h s DCT.Php DCT
thc hin chuyn cc h s khng gian sang min tn s .Mi mt phn t
im nh ma trn gc c biu din bng mt h s tn s no . C
nhiu nng lng nh tp trung vng tn s thp ( v d nh cc cnh bu
tri, cnh nn,..), cc chi tit ca nh li th hin tn s cao.Mt ngi tp
trung trc ht vo phn tn s thp ca nh v nng lng tp trung ch
yu vo phn ny.Nhng vng mang h s tn s cao li mang nhiu thng
tin hn vng tn s thp. V vy php DCT sp xp li thng tin, thun tin
cho cc bc m ha khc sau Cc h s DCT ni ln s bin i tn s gia
cc mu theo chiu ngang v dc. ...............................................................19
Php ton DCT c m t nh sau :.............................................................19
.......................................................................................................................19
.......................................................................................................................19
.......................................................................................................................20
Lng t ho l qu trnh b bt cc h s tn s, lng t ho l quy cho
(phn nh) phn gii cho tng h s tn s (s lng t bit), sau nn
s liu bng cnh quy cc bit c trng lng thp cho h s tng s cao, iu
ny t c ngha i vi ngi xem..................................................................20
Thc cht ca lng t ha l qu trnh chia cc h s F(u,v) cho cc h s
ln hn 1 cc v tr tng ng, trong cc h s ng vi tn s xut hin
thp ca phn t nh c chia cho cc gi tr nh (10, 11, 12, ...), ng vi
tn s cao c chia cho cc gi tr ln (100, 120, 121, ...) v b i phn thp
phn (chnh l sai s lng t ho). Qu trnh lng t ho to ra nhiu gi tr
0 trong ma trn cc h s, v lm nh i cc gi tr cn li, nh vy s lng
cc bit ca d liu c m ho gim i ng k m khng gy ra s khc
bit ng k di gc cm nhn ca mt ngi so vi nh gc ban u.. 20
2

Lng t ha c thc hin bi cng thc sau :..........................................20


T[u][v] = ....................................................20
Trong :........................................................................................................20
T : ma trn DCT.............................................................................................20
T: ma trn sau lng t ha.........................................................................20
QM : ma trn lng t ha c xc nh bi chun MPEG 2.........................20
QS = 40, Quantizer scale...............................................................................20
.......................................................................................................................20
nh hng ca k thut nn ln cht lng hnh nh.....................................25
So snh gia MPEG 1 v MPEG 2....................................................................34
H261 v H262...................................................................................................36
H261..............................................................................................................36
Group of Block (GOB)..................................................................................37
M hnh m ha v gii m ca H261.........................................................40
Cc k thut nn ca H261..........................................................................41
H262..............................................................................................................47
M hnh m ha H262.................................................................................47
Loi nh...................................................................................................... 49
Kim sot b m.......................................................................................49
Cc profiles v cc bc...............................................................................50
Kt lun...................................................................................................... 53
So snh H261 v H262...................................................................................54
So snh gia MPEG v H26X..........................................................................56
MPEG 4..............................................................................................................58
Gii thiu chung.............................................................................................58
Pham vi va tinh nng cua chun MPEG-4.......................................................58
K thut m ha Video ca chun MPEG4......................................................59
S t hp khung hnh trong MPEG 4...........................................................59
Cu trc b m ha v gii m ca MPEG 4...............................................61
Cac Profiles va Levels trong chun MPEG-4................................................62
MPEG 4 video.................................................................................................62
Kh nng m rng m ha cc i tng Video ........................................64
Kha nng khc phuc li manh me..............................................................64
3

Ci thin s n nh vi phn gii thi gian tr thp.............................67


Thut ton nn ca MPEG 4........................................................................68
So snh MPEG 4 vi MPEG 2 .........................................................................71
H264.................................................................................................................74
Tng quan v H264........................................................................................74
S pht trin ca H264..................................................................................74
S m ha khi ca H264.........................................................................75
Cc phng php nn ca H264....................................................................77
Gim bt d tha...................................................................................77
Chn ch , phn chia v ch ng............................................................78
Nn theo min thi gian............................................................................79
Nn theo min khng gian..........................................................................80
Cc u im ni bt ca chun nn H264....................................................81
u im ca nn khng gian......................................................................81
u im ca nn thi gian..........................................................................81
Kch c khi.................................................................................................81
u im v lng t ho v bin i..........................................................83
u im i vi m ho entropy................................................................83
So snh H264 vi cc chun nn khc...........................................................84
Kt lun v H264...........................................................................................85
KT LUN..........................................................................................................86
TI LIU THAM KHO.........................................................................................87

Danh mc hnh v
Hinh 1 H thng gii m ca MPEG...................................................................10
Hinh 2 Video Sequence.....................................................................................10
Hinh 3 Thnh phn sng v thnh phn mu..........................................11
4

Hinh 4 Cc khung hnh trong chun MPEG........................................................13


Hinh 5 Cc khung hnh trong 1s........................................................................13
Hinh 6 M ha Macroblock................................................................................15
Hinh 7 SCRs.......................................................................................................16
Hinh 8 S m ha.........................................................................................17
Hinh 9 S gii m.........................................................................................17
Hinh 10 Hai tiu chun ly mu 4:2:0 v 4:2:2.................................................18
Hinh 11 Bin i DCT........................................................................................19
Hinh 12 S bin i DCT...............................................................................20
Hinh 13 Mt s v d v bin i DCT...............................................................20
Hinh 14 S m ha VLC................................................................................21
Hinh 15 Blocks trc v sau khi qut Zig-zag...................................................22
Hinh 16 Bit rate control.....................................................................................23
Hinh 17 Ba ma trn lng t ha: (a) MQUANT = 2, (b) MQUANT = 4, (c)
MQUANT = 6.....................................................................................................23
Hinh 18 Dung lng d liu nn ng vi lng t ha ca hnh 17...................24
Hinh 19 Hai ma trn lng t ha tiu chun W(u,v) vi MQUANT = 2.............24
Hinh 20 Dung lng d liu nn vi ma trn lng t ha trn hnh 19............25
Hinh 21 MPEG 2 Profiles....................................................................................26
Hinh 22 MPEG 2 Levels......................................................................................27
Hinh 23 Trt t ca mt GOB trong nh............................................................37
Hinh 24 Cu trc ca GOB header....................................................................37
Hinh 25 Trt t ca macroblock trong mt GOB................................................38
Hinh 26 Cu trc ca mt lp Macroblock.........................................................38
Hinh 27 Trt t ca blocks trong Macroblock.....................................................39
Hinh 28 S m ha H261.............................................................................40
Hinh 29 S gii m H261..............................................................................40
Hinh 30 Intra frame v Inter frame...................................................................41
Hinh 31 Intra-frame coding...............................................................................41
Hinh 32 Inter-frame coding...............................................................................42
Hinh 33 H261 frame encoder............................................................................43
Hinh 34 Phng php tm kim Motion Vector..................................................44
Hinh 35 Two-Dimensional Logarithmic..............................................................45
5

Hinh 36 Hierarchical Motion Estimation............................................................46


Hinh 37 (a) H thng m ha b chuyn ng DCT..........................................47
Hinh 38 Cu trc ca chui cc bit video m ha theo chun H262.................48
Hinh 39 (a)B m ha video SNR......................................................................51
Hinh 40 (a) B m ha video s dng profile nh gi khng gian...................52
Hinh 41 H262 levels: Gii hn kch thc nh, tc frame, tc bit, kch
thc b m....................................................................................................53
Hinh 42 S t hp khung hnh trong MPEG-4....................................................60
Hinh 43 Cu trc ca b m ho v gii m video MPEG-4...............................61
Hinh 44 S cu trc gii m video MPEG-4..................................................61
Hinh 45 The VLBV Core and the Generic MPEG-4 Coder....................................63
Hinh 46 Phn loi cc hnh nh MPEG-4 v Video Coding thut ton v cng c
..........................................................................................................................67
Hinh 47 S khi c ban cua MPEG-4 Video coder.........................................68
Hinh 48 V d v Sprite m ca chui Video.....................................................70
Hinh 49 S m ha khi ca H264...............................................................76
Hinh 50 S m ha H264.............................................................................76
Hinh 51 S gii m H264..............................................................................77
Hinh 52 Multiple Reference Frames...................................................................78
Hinh 53 Profiles ca H264.................................................................................79
Hinh 54 S khi m ho MPEG, ng t nt c trng cho phn b sung
ca H264...........................................................................................................80
Hinh 55 H264 c th phn chia thnh phn chi ca tng MacroBlock............82

LI M U
Hin nay, chng ta ang sng trong thi i khoa hc k thut v cng ngh
cao, con ngi t nhiu thnh tu trong rt nhiu lnh vc, c bit l trong cng
ngh thng tin. Truyn thng a phng tin l mt mt ngnh trong cng ngh
thng tin, c mt hu ht mi ni, ng vai tr quan trng trong vic truyn ti
thng tin, xa nha cc khong cch a l v mang li cho con ngi nhiu li ch
to ln.
Trong truyn thng a phng tin, nn video l mt cng ngh v cng quan
trng. Ti sao ta phi nn video? Nhng video gc vi dung lng ln khng th
truyn ti nu khng c nn. Ty theo nhu cu v cc k thut thc hin, chng ta
pht minh ra nhiu chun nn video khc nhau, ph hp vi nhiu mc ch s
dng.
C cc loi chun nn video no, chng hot ng ra sao, cht lng hnh nh
v cc ng dng ca chng trong thc t nh th no, s khc bit gia chng nh
th no, y chnh l ch m chng em s tm hiu trong tiu lun ny:
So snh cc chun nn video trong truyn thng a phng tin.
Tiu lun ny ca chng em s c chia thnh 4 phn:
Chun Mpeg 1 v Mpeg 2, phn ny s trnh by v cc k thut nn, nh
hng ca phng nn ti cht lng nn video, v mt s so snh gia 2
chun nn ny.
Chun H261 v H262, phn ny s trnh by v cc k thut nn, nh hng
ca phng php nn ti cht lng nn video, v so snh gia k thut nn
ca dng H26X (ITU-T) vi dng MPEG (ISO).
Chun MPEG 4, phn ny s trnh by v cc kha cnh ca chun nn
MPEG 4 v so snh phng php nn gia MPEG 4 vi MPEG 1 v MPEG
2.
Phn cui cng l chun H264, tm hiu v cc k thut, cc ci tin trong
phng php nn ca H264 vi cc chun khc, mt s so snh gia H264
vi MPEG v cc chun H26X khc.
Cch thc hin mi phn trn do cc bn thc hin phn quyt nh ty theo
hng tm hiu ca tng ngi.
Chng em xin cm n c Nguyn Th Hong Lan gip chng em hon
thnh tiu lun ny.

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

CHUN MPEG 1 v MPEG 2


Tng quan v MPEG
Chun MPEG (moving picture experts group) l chun nn, gii nn v ng
b ha cc tn hiu video v audio. Vi cc t l nn 1.2 Mbps, vi phn gii
352x240 qut 30Hz thng thng th cht lng video c th so snh c vi
chun VHS
Cht lng hnh nh c th c ci thin ng k bng cch dng t l nn d
liu ln hn m khng cn thay i phn gii. MPEG khng phi l cng c nn
n l m u im ca nn MPEG chnh l ch n c mt tp hp cc cng c m
ha chun, chng c th c kt hp vi nhau mt cch linh ng phc v cho
mt lot cc ng dng khc nhau.
Cc chun MPEG hin c gm:
MPEG-1 l chun lu tr v phc hi nh ng v Audio trong lu tr
Media. MPEG-1 c th nn tn hiu video ti 1.5 Mbps vi cht lng VHS
v m thanh lp th (stereo audio) vi tc 192 bps. N c dng lu
tr video v m thanh trn CD-ROM.
MPEG-2 l chun cho TV s.
MPEG-4 l chun cho cc ng dng Multmedia. MPEG-4 tr thnh 1 tiu
chun cho nn nh k thut truyn hnh s, cc ng dng v ha v video
tng tc hai chiu (Games, Video conferencing) v cc ng dng
Multimedia tng tc hai chiu (world wide web hoc cc ng dng nhm
phn pht d liu video nh truyn hnh cp, internet video). MPEG-4
tr thnh mt tiu chun cng ngh trong qu trnh sn xut, phn ph v truy
cp vo cc h thng video. N gp phn gii quyt vn dung lng
cho cc thit b lu tr, gii quyt vn v bng thng ca ng truyn tn
hiu video hoc kt hp c hai vn trn.
MPEG-7 cha c t thng tin, giao din cho vic tm kim thng tin
MPEG-1 v MPEG-2 c chun ha trong khi MPEG-4 v MPEG-7 ang
c pht trin.

MPEG 1
D liu MPEG gm 2 lp:
Lp h thng (System layer) cha thng tin v thi gian (Timing) v cc
thng tin khc cn thit cho vic tch cc dng d liu Video v Audio ng
thi ng b ha Video v Audio trong qu trnh pht (Playback)
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Lp d liu nn (Compress Layer) bao gm cc dng d liu Video v


Audio.

Hinh 1 H thng gii m ca MPEG

H thng gii m s tch cc thng tin v thi gian t d liu h thng MPEG
v gi n n cc thit b h thng khc (vic ng b ha s cn thm nhiu thng
tin v thi gian). H thng gii m cng tch cc d liu Video v Audio t d liu
ban u, sau gi chng n b gii m thch hp.
B gii m Video (Video Decoder) v Audio (Audio Decoder) gii nn cc
dng d liu Video v Audio. Hu ht cc s nn MPEG u dng k thut ly
mu b xung (subsampling) v lng t ha (Quantization) trc khi m ha. Ly
mu b xung nhm mc ch lm gim kch thc khung hnh u vo theo c
chiu ngang v chiu dc, nh vy s gim s lng cc im nh trc m ha.
Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta cn ly mu b xung theo thi gian gim s
lng cc khung hnh trc khi m ha. y c xem nh l mt k thut rt c
bn nhm loi b s d tha da vo kh nng lu nh ca mt ngi cm th.

Phn cp cu trc ca MPEG 1


Chun MPEG nh ngha mt kiu phn cp cu trc trong d liu Video nh
sau:

Video Sequence (Cnh): bt u vi mt Sequence Header, bao gm mt


hoc mt nhm khung hnh v kt thc vi m End-of-sequence.

Hinh 2 Video Sequence

GOP (Group of picture): mt dy lin tip cc nh (picture) trong cnh.


Frame/Picture (khung hnh): l thnh phn m ha chnh, thng chng ta c
th phn bit s thay i v sng ca nh (Brightness) tt hn s thay i
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

v mu (Chromiance), do trc ht cc s nn MPEG s tin hnh


chia khung hnh thnh cc thnh phn sng Y v thnh phn mu Cb,
Cr; mt khung hnh s gm c ba ma trn ng vi cc thnh phn v sng
Y v mu Cb, Cr

Hinh 3 Thnh phn sng v thnh phn mu

Ma trn Y c s hng v ct bng nhau (ma trn vung). Ma trn Cb v Cr c


s hng v ct bng na ma trn Y. C 4 gi tr Y li c 2 gi tr kt hp mt
ca Cb v mt ca Cr (V tr ca gi tr Cb v Cr l tng ng).
Slice: Dy cc Macroblock, th t ca Macroblock bn trong Slice c xc
nh t tri qua phi, t trn xung di. Slice rt quan trong trong vic nh
li. Nu dng d liu (Bitstream) c cha li, b gii m c th b qua v
tip tc Slice k tip. Nhiu slice trn dng d liu cho php che giu li tt
hn v c dng ci thin cht lng hnh nh.
Macroblock: 16 pixel trong 16 hng ca thnh phn Y tng ng vi 8 pixel
trong 8 hng ca thnh phn Cb v Cr. Mt Macroblock cha 4 Y Block vi
1 Cb Block v 1 Cr Block vi cc con s ng vi th t trong cc dng d
liu.
Block: l tp hp 8 pixel trong 8 hng cc gi tr ca thnh phn Y hoc Cb,
C

Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 1
Nn MPEG l s kt hp hi ha ca 4 k thut c bn: Preprocessing (tin
x l), Temporal Prediction (on trc s chuyn ng ca cc frame b m
ha), Motion compensation (b chuyn ng b gii m), Quantization Coding
(lng t ha).
Cc b lc tin x l s lc ra nhng thng tin khng cn thit t tn hiu
Video v nhng thng tin kh m ha nhng khng quan trng cho s cm th ca
mt ngi. K thut on chuyn ng da trn nguyn tc l cc khung hnh trong
mt cnh video (video sequence) dng nh c quan h mt thit vi nhau theo thi
gian: Mi khung hnh ti mi thi im nht nh s c nhiu kh nng ging vi
cc khung hnh ng ngay trc v ngay sau n. Cc b m ha s tin hnh qut
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

ln lt tng phn nh trong mi khung hnh gi l Macroblock, sau n s pht


hin Macroblock no khng thay i t khung hnh ny n khung hnh khc. B
m ha s tin on trc s xut hin ca cc Macroblock khi bit v tr v hng
chuyn ng ca n. Do d ch nhng s thay i gia cc Macroblock trong khung
hnh hin ti v cc Macroblock c tin on mi c truyn ti bn pha thu.
Pha thu (b gii m) lu tr sn nhng thng tin m khng thay i t khung
hnh ny ti khung hnh khc trong b nh m ca n v chng c dng in
thm mt cch u n vo cc v tr trng trong khung hnh c khi phc.
Nn tn hiu video c thc hin nh vic loi b c s d tha v khng
gian (Spatial Coding) v thi gian (Temporal Coding). Trong MPEG, vic loi b
d tha v thi gian c thc hin nh s dng cc tnh cht ging nhau gia cc
khung hnh lin tip. Chng ta c th s dng tnh cht ny to ra cc khung hnh
mi nh vo nhng thng tin t nhng khung hnh mi nh vo nhng thng tin t
nhng khung hnh gi trc n. Do vy pha b m ha ch cn gi nhng
khung hnh c thay i so vi nhng khung hnh trc, sau dng phng php
nn v khng gian loi b s d tha v khng gian trong chnh nhng khung
hnh sai khc ny. Nn v khng gian da trn nguyn tc l pht hin s ging
nhau ca cc im nh ln cn nhau.

Cc kiu khung hnh trong MPEG 1


Chun MPEG nh ngha c th 3 kiu khung hnh: I-frame, B-frame, P-frame.
I-frame (Intra frame - khung hnh c lp): I-frame l khung hnh c m
ha c lp m khng cn tham kho ti cc khung hnh khc. Hiu qu nn
tn hiu t c do loi b s d tha v khng gian (khng c yu t thi
gian tham gia qu trnh). I-frame c dng mt cch tun hon to cc
im ta cho dng d liu trong qu trnh gii m. I-frame cung cp kh nng
truy xut ngu nhin cc im trong d liu video nn v cung cp nn
va phi c dng vi 2 bit mi pixel.
P-frame (Predicted frame - khung hnh d on): P-frame c th s dng cc
I-frame hay P-frame ngay trc n b chuyn ng. Cng ngh ny gi l
cng ngh d on tip (Forward prediction). Mi Macroblock trong Pframe c th c m ha ha theo kiu tin on (Predicted) hoc c m
ha c lp (intra-coded)Cng nh I-frame, P-frame c dng nh mt
tham chiu cho vic d on B-frame v P-frame k tip. P-frame dng b
chuyn ng v cng cp nhiu kh nng nn hn I-frame do s dng c nn
khng gian v thi gian. P-frame c th sinh ra cc li do P-frame c d
on t I-frame hoc P-frame trc .

12

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

B-frame (Bidirectional frame - khung hnh hai hng): B-frame l cc khung


hnh s dng cc khung hnh trong qu kh v tng li tham kho. Bframe cung cp kh nng nn ln hn v khng sinh ra li do n khng c
dng cho vic tham chiu.

Hinh 4 Cc khung hnh trong chun MPEG

Thut ton MPEG cho php m ha chn ra cc tn s v v tr ca I-frame.


Vic la chm ny da vo s cn thit ca ng dng trong truy xut ngu nhin v
v tr ca cnh. i vi cc ng dng m vic truy xut ngu nhin quan trng th Iframe lun c s dng 2 ln mt giy.
B-frame c th s dng cc nh I-frame hoc P-frame pha trc hoc pha sau
n cho vic b chuyn ng v do vy cho kt qu nn cao nht. Mi khi trong Bframe c th c tin on theo chiu ngc, xui, c hai hng hoc c m
mt cch c lp. c th tin on ngc t mt khung hnh pha sau n, b m
ha s tin hnh sp xp li cc khung hnh t th t xut hin mt cch t nhin
sang mt th t khc ca cc khung hnh trn ng truyn. Do vy t u ra ca b
m ha, B-frame c truyn sau cc khung hnh dng tham kho pha trc v
pha sau ca n. iu ny s to tr do phi sp xp li thng tin, tr ny ln
hay nh l ty thuc vo s cc B-frame lin tip nhau c truyn

Hinh 5 Cc khung hnh trong 1s

B m ha chn s B-frame nm gia mi cp tham chiu (I-frame hoc Pframe). Vic la chn ny da vo cc yu t nh khi lng b nh trong b m
ha v c trng ca thnh phn c m ha. Chng hn mt dy khung hnh
thng c hai khung hnh hai hng xen gia cc khung hnh tham chiu.

13

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Motion compensation
B chuyn ng l cng ngh ci tin vic nn P-frame v B-frame bng vic
loi b d tha, thut ton b chuyn ng lm vic mc Macroblock. Khi
macroblock c b chuyn ng, file nn cha cc thng tin sau:
Vector khng gian gia Macroblock tham chiu v Macroblock c m ha
(Motion vertor).
S khc nhau gia Macroblock tham chiu v Macroblock c m ha
(Error Term).
K thut tin on b chuyn ng c s dng nh l mt trong nhng cng
c mnh lm gim s d tha v khng gian gia cc khung hnh. Khi nim v
b chuyn ng ca cc khung hnh tc l cc khung hnh thnh phn trong cnh
video s c thay th gn ng. K thu tin on b chuyn ng gia cc khung
hnh c xem nh l bin php hn ch bt cc thng s ca chuyn ng bi
vic dng cc Vector chuyn ng m t s dch chuyn cc im nh. Kt qu
tin on tt nht ca mt im nh l da trn s tin on b chuyn ng t mt
khung hnh m ha c truyn pha trc ca n. C hai thng s, sai d chuyn
ng (bin ) v cc vector chuyn ng (hng chuyn ng) u c truyn ti
pha bn nhn. Tuy nhin do c mi quan h tng quan cht ch gia cc im nh
v khng gian (trng v khng gian), mt vector chuyn ng c th c dng cho
mt kh cc im nh gm cc pixel ln cn nhau (MPEG-1 v MPEG-2 dng cc
khi 16x16 pixels).
Khng phi tt c cc thng tin trong khung hnh c th c d on t
khung hnh trc. Chng hn mt cnh vi ca phng m: cc chi tit ca cn
phng khng th d on c t cc khung hnh trc (khi ca ng). Trong
trng hp ny Macroblock trong P-frame khng th c miu t hiu qu bi b
chuyn ng.
S khc nhau gia b chuyn ng ca B-frame v P-frame l cc Macroblock
trong P-frame ch c tham chiu t cc khung hnh trc cn cc Macroblock
trong B-frame c m ha phi hp gia cc khung hnh tham chiu trc v sau
n.

M ha trong Mpeg 1

4 kiu m ha cho mi Macroblock trong B-frame:


Intra Coding: khng b.
Forward Prediction: khung hnh trc c dng tham chiu.
Backward Prediction: khung hnh tip theo c dng tham chiu.
Bidirection Prediction: c hai khung hnh trc v sau u c s dng.
14

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Backward Prediction c th c s dng d on nhng v tr khng xut


hin trong khung hnh trc. Cc phng php dng tin on cc Macroblock
trong cng mt khung hnh cng c th khng ging nhau. Hai trng (fields) trong
cng mt Macroblock cng c th c tin on theo hai cch khc nhau dng cc
vector c lp nhau hoc c th dng chung mt vector. i vi mi Macroblock,
b m ha s chon cc phng php tin on thch hp, c gng m bo cht
lng nh tt nht khi c gii m. Cc thng s lin quan ti vic chon phng
php tin on cng c truyn ti b gii m cng vi d on sai s nhm khi
phc gn chnh xc khung hnh gc.
Thut ton m ha bin i MPEG gm cc bc:
Bin i Cosine ri rc (DCT).
Lng t ha.
M ha dc (Run-length Encoding).
C Block nh v Block d on li u c khng gian d tha rt ln. gim
s d tha, thut ton MPEG bin i Block t min khng gian sang min tn s
vi bin i Cosine.
Tip theo, thut ton lng t ha cc h s tn s. Lng t ha l qu trnh
lm xp x mi h s tn s thnh cc s hu hn. B m ha chn m ha trn
lng t ha xc nh mi h s tn s trong Block c lng t ha nh th no.

Hinh 6 M ha Macroblock

S kt hp gia DCT v lng t ha cho kt qu l rt nhiu tn s c gi tr


0, nht l cc h s c tn xut ln. tn dng ti a iu ny, cc h s c t
chc theo ng zigzag, sau cc h s c chuyn thnh dy cc cp ch s bin
, mi cp biu th s lng cc h s 0 v bin ca cc h s khc 0. Cc cp
ch s bin sau c m ha bng cc m c di thay i, cc m c di
ngn hn cho cc cp hay xut hin cn cc m di hn cho cc cp t xut hin hn.
Mt vi Macroblock cn m ha chnh xc hn. gii quyt s khng ng
u gia cc block, thut ton MPEG cho php khi lng lng t c th thay i
cho mi Macroblock. C ch ny c th c dng cung cp s iu chnh t l
Bit rate (t l truyn bit).
Chun MPEG cung cp c ch timing m bo ng b gia video v
audio. Chun bao gm hai tham s SCR (system clock reference) v PTS
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(Presentation Timestamp). Theo l thuyt ca MPEG, SCR chy mc 90kHz. Cc


gi tr SCR v PTS c m ha trong dng d liu MPEG s dng 33 bit.
SCR l nh ca xung nhp b m ha. Trong qu trnh gii m, cc gi tr ny
c dng cp nht vo b m xung nhp CL480.

Hinh 7 SCRs

PTS l nhng mu ca xung nhp b m ha c kt hp gia b pht video


v Audio. B pht gii m cnh Video hoc Audio. PTS th hin thi gian khung
hnh Video c hin th hoc thi gian bt u pht on Audio.
B gii m cng gi hoc pht li cc khung. Nu PTS sm hn (c gi r nh
hn) SCR hin thi th b gii m s b qua khung hnh. Nu PTS chm hn (c gi
tr ln hn) SCR hin ti, b gii m s lp li khung hnh.

MPEG 2
MPEG 2 l chun nn trong b tiu chun MPEG dng m ha lung d liu
video kt hp vi cc thng tin v m thanh. y l phng php m ha d liu c
tn hao cho php lu tr v truyn phim nh trn nn h thng v bng thng hin
thi.
Chun nn MPEG 2 c nhm MPEG pht trin tip sau chun nn MPEG 1,
n c m rng v k tha nhm mc ch h tr vic truyn video s tc bt
ln hn 4 Mb/s, bao gm cc ng dng DSM (phng tin lu tr s), cc h thng
truyn hnh hin ti (PAL, NTSC, SECAM), cp, thu ln tin tc in t, truyn
hnh trc tip t v tinh, truyn hnh m rng (EDTV), truyn hnh phn gii cao
(HDTV),
S nn v gii nn ca MPEG 2
Di y l s nn v gii nn ca chun MPEG 2:

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Hinh 8 S m ha

Hinh 9 S gii m

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Cc k thut nn ca MPEG 2

Video filtering
L k thut nn tn hao dng gim d tha khng gian gia cc khi
macroblock trong mt frame. y l cng on x l cc frame nguyn gc trc
khi thc hin bin i DCT. Cc frame h mu RBG s c chuyn sang h mu
YCbCr , cng thc chuyn i :
Y= 0.299R + 0.587G + 0.114B
Cb = 0.296 (B-Y ) +0.5 ; V = 0.435 ( R-Y ) =0.5
Vic chuyn t h RGB sang YCbCr loi b c c bn mutual
redundancies . Trong thc t, h mu RGB cho cht lng hnh nh tt hn nhng
li yu cu khng gian ln lu tr v truyn file.
Sau tn hiu s c ly mu v s ha, MPEG 2 chn 2 tiu chun ly mu
l 4:2:0 v 4:2:2

Hinh 10 Hai tiu chun ly mu 4:2:0 v 4:2:2

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DCT

Hinh 11 Bin i DCT

Bin i DCT c thc hin trn mt mt macroblock ca nh tht ly mu


cho ra mt ma trn 8 x 8 vi cc im l cc h s DCT.Php DCT thc hin chuyn
cc h s khng gian sang min tn s .Mi mt phn t im nh ma trn gc
c biu din bng mt h s tn s no . C nhiu nng lng nh tp trung
vng tn s thp ( v d nh cc cnh bu tri, cnh nn,..), cc chi tit ca nh li
th hin tn s cao.Mt ngi tp trung trc ht vo phn tn s thp ca nh v
nng lng tp trung ch yu vo phn ny.Nhng vng mang h s tn s cao li
mang nhiu thng tin hn vng tn s thp. V vy php DCT sp xp li thng tin,
thun tin cho cc bc m ha khc sau Cc h s DCT ni ln s bin i tn s
gia cc mu theo chiu ngang v dc.
Php ton DCT c m t nh sau :

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Lng t ha

Hinh 12 S bin i DCT

Lng t ho l qu trnh b bt cc h s tn s, lng t ho l quy cho (phn


nh) phn gii cho tng h s tn s (s lng t bit), sau nn s liu bng
cnh quy cc bit c trng lng thp cho h s tng s cao, iu ny t c ngha i
vi ngi xem
Thc cht ca lng t ha l qu trnh chia cc h s F(u,v) cho cc h s ln hn
1 cc v tr tng ng, trong cc h s ng vi tn s xut hin thp ca phn t
nh c chia cho cc gi tr nh (10, 11, 12, ...), ng vi tn s cao c chia cho
cc gi tr ln (100, 120, 121, ...) v b i phn thp phn (chnh l sai s lng t
ho). Qu trnh lng t ho to ra nhiu gi tr 0 trong ma trn cc h s, v lm
nh i cc gi tr cn li, nh vy s lng cc bit ca d liu c m ho gim i
ng k m khng gy ra s khc bit ng k di gc cm nhn ca mt ngi
so vi nh gc ban u.
Lng t ha c thc hin bi cng thc sau :
T[u][v] =
Trong :
T : ma trn DCT
T: ma trn sau lng t ha
QM : ma trn lng t ha c xc nh bi chun MPEG 2
QS = 40, Quantizer scale

Hinh 13 Mt s v d v bin i DCT

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M ha VLC

Hinh 14 S m ha VLC

Cn gi l m ho Huffman hay m ho entropy. K thut ny quan tm n


kh nng c th xy ra ca cc thng tin ging nhau trong mt nh, gn cc t m
ngn (s bit nh) cho cc gi tr c kh nng xut hin cao v cc t m di (s bit
ln) m ho nhng gi tr t kh nng xy ra. K thut ny cn c kt hp vi
k thut m ha chiu di chy RLC : : to ra cc m c bit nh du s bt
u v kt thc ca mt chui cc gi tr lp li, vi k thut ny ch c cc gi tr
khc 0 c m ho song song vi cc gi tr mu Zero sut theo dng qut.Vic kt
hp 2 k thut s lm gim ng k s h s cn m ha.B m ha s qut zic-zc
khi cn m ha to ra danh sch cc h s, sau s dng k thut RLC lm
gim s h s cn m ha trc khi tin hnh m ha bng k thut VLC.
V d : cho mt DCT

Sau khi qut zic-zc s tin hnh nhm cc h s : (12), (6), (6), (0,4), (3), (0,
,0). Cc nhm ny s c m ha :

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Nh vy, t 64 h s, chng ta ch cn m ha v truyn i 6 h s

Hinh 15 Blocks trc v sau khi qut Zig-zag

Motion Compensated Inter Frame Prediction


Phn ny tng t nh bn MPEG 1, k thut ny c s dng nn cc
nh P,B c tc dng lm gim cc d tha thi gian gia cc frame.Frame P lun
c d on tin (d on ch da trn frame c m ha ), frame B dng d
on 2 chiu (d on chuyn ng da trn nh c m ha v sp c m
ha). Phng php d on cuyn ng gm 2 giai on :
nh gi chuyn ng xc nh vector chuyn ng gia cc khi
B chuyn ng xc nh nh b sai s d on
Phng php nh gi chuyn ng da trn nguyn tc: mi khi trong frame
hin ti tm khi ph hp nht trong khi frame c tham chiu .Vecto chuyn
ng chnh l vecto c ta tnh t tm khi hin ti n tm khi tham chiu
Nh vy, thay v phi m ha nh gc vi t l bit ln, chng ta ch cn m ha
vecto chuyn ng v nh b chuyn ng.

Bit rate control

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Hinh 16 Bit rate control

Bit rate control dng qun l b m,kim sot qu trnh lng t ha.y
l cng on dng kim sot cht lng video cng nh bit rate u ra thng qua
kim sot qu trnh lng t ha v qun l d liu nn trong b m
Cha kho iu khin tc truyn l trt t d liu nn trong b m
(Buffer).Vic nn c th c tin hnh vi vic loi b mt vi thng tin c
la chn. nh hng nh nht i vi cht lng ton b khung hnh c th t
c bng cch b bt cc thng tin chi tit. iu ny m bo gii hn t l nn d
liu trong khi cht lng ca khung hnh suy gim ti thiu
Lng t ha l k thut nn c tn hao, kim sot qu trnh ny c th kim
sot c cht lng video u ra. Con s cc bit c m ho th hin khi nh
ph thuc rt nhiu vo kt qu ca qu trnh lng t ho - y l cc gi tr
QF(u,v). y l c s hnh thnh c ch kim sot tc dng bit hoc cht
lng nh sau nn, da trn nguyn tc kim sot/thay i cc gi tr QF(u,v) thng
qua vic thay i gi tr ca:
Mc lng t ha QS (MQUANT)
Ma trn lng t ha QM

Hinh 17 Ba ma trn lng t ha: (a) MQUANT = 2, (b) MQUANT = 4, (c) MQUANT = 6

Hnh trn biu din tng quan ca cc h s lng t ha khi s dugj 3 mc


lng t ha khc nhau : 2,4,6. thy r s khc bit v cht lng nn khi s
dng cc mc nn khc nhau ta theo di s sau :

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Hinh 18 Dung lng d liu nn ng vi lng t ha ca hnh 17

hnh trn, ng mu xanh th hin qu trnh nn khng tn tht ng W(u,v) =1


i vi tt c.
Dng rng ca ca cc biu s bit trung bnh trn hnh 18 l kt qu ca qu
trnh b chuyn ng, trong cc gi tr cao hn ( nh rng) l s bit th hin cc
phn t nh I, kt qu ca nn trong nh (intra pictures). Cc gi tr nh hn lin k
l s bit th hin cc phn t nh d bo trn c s b chuyn ng v cc nh c
m ha t qu trnh tham chiu nh I (nh P v B). Ti y chng ta cng nhn thy
c s dao ng ca s lng bit trung bnh trn mi phn t nh trong phm vi vi
chc khung hnh. y chnh l tc ng ca c ch kim sot duy tr cht lng nh
thch nghi vi phc tp khc nhau t cnh ny sang cnh khc. C ch ny
lm vic ngay khi c s thay i t ngt ca tng cnh trn video, lm mt kh
nng ca thut ton b chuyn ng. Khi m ha MPEG-2 c th m ha tng
khi nh nh l mt phn t nn trong nh (Intra Frame Compression).
Mt kh nng khc thay i gi tr QF(u,v) l thay i ma trn lng t ha,
minh ha ta theo di 2 hnh sau, mc lng t ha l ging nhau:

Hinh 19 Hai ma trn lng t ha tiu chun W(u,v) vi MQUANT = 2


(a)W(u,v) vi dc thoi (b) W(u,v) vi dc ln

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Hinh 20 Dung lng d liu nn vi ma trn lng t ha trn hnh 19

C hai phng php kim sot qu trnh lng t ha trn - nh bt k thut


ton nn c tn tht no khc - khi cc gi tr MQUANT v W(u,v) t n cc gi
tr cc tr s to ra cc hiu ng ph (artifact) m mt ngi c th nhn bit c.
Cc hiu ng ph ny khc nhau v bn cht trong hai trng hp, v u lm suy
gim nhiu cht lng nh. Khi tng qu mc gi tr MQUANT (hnh 17) s dn
n hnh thnh cc khi 8x8 phn t trn cc nh thu c. i vi trng hp th
hai (hnh 19), khi tng qu mc dc ca ma trn W(u,v) s dn
n hin tng nhiu tn s cao, c gi l nhiu "mui, lm suy gim nt v
xut hin hin tng mo ng cho trong cc hnh. Cc hiu ng ny cng ln
khi kch thc nh cng rng, yu cu phn gii nh cao (trng hp in nh
s). Qu trnh ci t ch kim sot lng t ho trong cc thit b nn MPEG-2
cn xc nh phm vi cc gi tr cho php ca Mc lng t ho MQUANT hay
dc ca ma trn W(u,v) khng xut hin cc hiu ng ph ni trn. Phm vi cc
gi tr ny s thay i v ph thuc vo tng trng hp ng dng c th
(multimedia trn mng, truyn hnh, telecine hay in nh s...).
Bit rate l yu t quan trng quyt nh n cht lng video u ra. MPEG 2
h tr nhiu ng dng u ra vi bit rate khc nhau. Chng ta s tm hiu vn ny
phn sau.

nh hng ca k thut nn ln cht lng hnh nh


Nh chng ta bit, MPEG 2 c pht trin da trn MPEG 1, cc k thut
nn, s nn v c bn l hon ton ging MPEG 1. Tuy nhin MPEG 2 li c th
nn video vi cc cht lng u ra khc nhau, phc v cc ng dng rt a dng.
V vy b m ha vi c ch nn phi c nhiu mc ph hp vi tng trng hp
u ra. MPEG 2 nh ngha ra cc profile v level din t cc mc nn video ca
mnh.
Cc yu t chnh nh hng n cht lng video video trong MPEG 2 l: bit
rate, buffer size, tc ly mu, kiu ly mu, vector ranger. Vic kim sot bit rate
v buffer size c thc hin trong cng on bit rate control. Cc vic cn li c
thc hin cng on tin x l, video filtering.
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Hinh 21 MPEG 2 Profiles

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Hinh 22 MPEG 2 Levels

Sau y l cc profiles v levels ca MPEG 2 cng vi cc thng s k thut


ca chng:
SimpleProfile@MainLevel:

MainProfile@HighLevel:

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MainProfile@High-1440Level:

MainProfile@MainLevel:

MainProfile@LowLevel:
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SNRProfile@MainLevel:

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SNRProfile@LowLevel

SpatialProfile@High-1440Level:

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HighProfile@HighLevel:

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HighProfile@High-1440Level

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HighProfile@MainLevel

4:2:2Profile@MainLevel:

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So snh gia MPEG 1 v MPEG 2


V c bn, MPEG 1 v MPEG 2 l ging nhau. Tuy nhin vn c nhng khc
bit trong cc k thut nn gia 2 chun ny:
MPEG 2 h tr thm nh dng 4:2:2, iu ny cho php MPEG 2 h tr cc
nh dng nn video cht lng cao.

Trong k thut qut cc h s ph v vic m ha, MPEG 2 h tr thm


kiu qut Alternate Zic-zc, tp trung nhiu nng lng hn ( do trong ma
trn sau lng t ha, cc h s khc khng thng tp trung gc trn bn
tri ma trn),lm cho m ha RLC v VLC t hiu qu cao hn

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MPEG 1 h tr 1 loi frame c bit m khng th tm thy cc i MPEG


sau l D-frame. Frame ny c lp, khng c quan h g vi cc frame I, B,C.
N dng fast preview video.
Ch dnh gi chuyenr ng trong MPEG 2 chnh xc ti pixel, trong khi
MPEG 1 ch l full pixel. iu ny cho php MPEg 2 nn video tt hn,
u ra cht lng tt hn.
MPEG 2 h tr 2 kiu qut video l qut tun t v qut xem k. Trong khi
MPEG 1 ch h tr kiu qut tun t.

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H261 v H262
H261
H261. L mt tiu chun m ha c s dng trong m ha video. Ban u
n cc ch nh dung trong mch k thut s tch hp cc dch v(ISDN) nhng
nhiu th nghim cho thy n c th s dng trong mng chuyn mch gi nh
internet.
H261 c t chc nh l mt h thng phn cp. Dng Video c bao gm
mt ngn xp ca cc image hay cc frame.cc image(frame) c t chc nh l
tp hp ca nhiu nhm cc khi(GoB). Mi GOB bao gm 3 dng mi dng 11
khi nh (MB). Mi MB mang thong tin ca mt nhm 16x16 pixels trong thng
tin v sng c cha trong 4 khi mi khi 8x8 pixels trong khi nhng thng tin
v mu sc c a bi hai mu v xanh ca cc thnh phn khc nhau trong
mt phn gii ca mi khi 8x8 pixels. Nhng thnh phn v cc m c i
din bi cc gi tr ly mu v c nh ngha trong khuyn ngh ITU-R 601.
Vic chia nhm nh th ny ch r thng tin mi cp ca h thng phn
cp:
cp khung nh, thng tin c ch ra l tr t nh trc , nh dng
nh v cc ch s.
cp GOB, thng tin c ch ra l s hiu GOB v lng ha mc nh
s dng cho MBs
cp MB, thng tin c ch ra l cc khi c i din v nhng ci
khng thay i, cc ty chn lng t v vecto chuyn ng.
Nhng khi thay i c gii m bng tnh ton DCT cc h s thng k ca
chng sau khi c lng t v m ha Huffman.
M ha Huffman ca H261 chia ra 1 khi c bit l GOB start gm 15 s 0
tip n l 1 s 1. N khng th bt u m ha bng mt khi khc, v khun ny
bt u header ca mi GOB(v cng l u ca mi frame) nh du s tch
bit ca 2 GOB v ch ra GOB hin ti kt thc. Vic m ha cng bt u bng
mt m hnh gm 7 ch s 0 v pha sau l 1 ch s 1. M hnh c th ch c
chn gia vic m ha cc khi hoc ngay trc khi phn tch GOB.

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Group of Block (GOB)


ng vi CIF(Common Image Format) picture hoc l 1/3 QCIF(Quarter
Common Image Format)

Hinh 23 Trt t ca mt GOB trong nh

D liu cho mt group of block bao gm mt GOB header theo sau l


macroblock data.Cu trc ca n nh sau:

Hinh 24 Cu trc ca GOB header

Hnh 24. Cu trc ca GOB header


Trong :
GBSC: Group of blocks Start Code(16 bit) Mt word 16 bits c gi tr l
0000 0000 0000 0001
GN: Group of Number(4 bits) 4 bits ny dng ch v tr ca group of
blocks
GQUANT: Quantizer Information(5 bits) Dng ch ra lng t
ha(quantizer) c dng trong group of block cho n khi b loi b bi bt
k mt MQUANT no theo sau.y l gi tr ca lng t c tr s t 1-31.
GEI: Extra Insertion Information(1 bit) c bt ln 1 khi c trng data.
GSPARE: Spare Information(0,8,16,......bits) Khi thng s GEI bt ln th 9
bits theo sau s bao gm 8 bits data v 1 bit GEI khc dng 9 bits tip theo
v c tip tc nh th cho n khi gp bit GEI=0.

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Macroblocks:
Mi GOB(Group of Block) c chia thnh 33 macroblock ng vi 16*16
pixel ca cng sng v 2 thnh phn mu(8*8).

Hinh 25 Trt t ca macroblock trong mt GOB

Hinh 26 Cu trc ca mt lp Macroblock

Trong
MBA: Macroblock Address: C di thay i dng ch v tr ca
macroblock trong mt group of block.Trt t c truyn i theo ng th t
nh hnh 5 trn.Cn i vi cc macroblock cui cng notice chuyn
i.Nhng macroblock no khng cha thng tin ca phn nh s khng
c chuyn i.
MITYPE: type Information L t m c di thay i cung cp thng tin v
macroblock v nhng yu t data c mt.
MQUANT: Quantizer(5 bit) Gi tr ca MQUANT cng ging nh
GQUANT.
MVD: Motion Vector Data Gi tr MVD tnh c t macroblock vetor bng
cch tr i vector ca macroblock i trc c xem l bng 0 trong 3 trng
hp sau:
o Macblock 1,12,23
o Cc macroblock m MBA c sai lch khc 1
o MTYPE ca macroblock trc khng phi l MC
o MDV bao gm mt word m ha thnh phn ngang v theo sau l mt
word m ha thnh phn dc.
CPB:Coded block pattern:Trng ny ch c khi n c ch nh bi trng
MTYPE.T m(codeword) cung cp 1 con s ch nh nhng block trong
macroblock no c t nht mt h s bin i c truyn i.

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Block:
ng vi 8*8 pixel.D liu cho mi block bao gm cc codewords cho cc h
s bin i theo sau l k hiu kt thc block.Trt t ca cc block trong mt
macroblock nh sau:

Hinh 27 Trt t ca blocks trong Macroblock

Cn di l cu trc ca block layer:

Trong :
TCOEFF(Transform Coefficients) l h s bin i lun lun biu th cho tt c 6
blocks trong mt macroblock khi trng MTYPE ch nh l INTRA.Cc h s bin
i c lng t ha c truyn i mt cch tun t theo 1 dy nh sau:

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

M hnh m ha v gii m ca H261

Hinh 28 S m ha H261

Hinh 29 S gii m H261

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Cc k thut nn ca H261
Frame coding
H261 s dng hai loi khung: intra-frame(I-frame) v Inter-frame (P-frame):
I-frame cung cp mt im truy cp, n s dng JPEG lm c bn
P-frames s dng "pseudo-differences" t frame trc ("Predicted"), do
, khung hnh ph thuc ln nhau.

Hinh 30 Intra frame v Inter frame

Intra-frame Coding

Hinh 31 Intra-frame coding

MB l 16x16 pixel trn vng Y ca t chc nh. Mt MB thng bao gm 4


khi Y, 1 khi Cr v 1 khi Cb.
Lng t ha bng 1 gi tr khng i cho tt c cc h s DCT
Inter-frame (P-frame) Coding

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Hinh 32 Inter-frame coding

nh pha sau c gi l nh tham chiu, nh c m ha c gi l target


image.
Ch :
Cc nh khc nhau th c m ha.
Cn s dng cc nh c gii m nh l nh tham chiu, khng phi nguyn
gc.
Chng ta s dng Mean Absulate Error(MAE) chn block tt . Cng c
th s dng Mean Squared Error(MSE) = Sum(E*E)/N
H. 261 Frame Encoder
Hnh di l s ca b m ha frame ca H261. Trong :
Control iu khin tc dng bit. Nu b m truyn qu y th tc
bit s c gim bng cch thay i cc yu t lng t.
Memory S dng cha cc nh c ti to(block) cho mc ch ca
vecto chuyn ng tm ra P-frame tip theo.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hinh 33 H261 frame encoder

Block transformation:
H261 h tr vic b p nhng mt mt ca qu trnh chuyn ng trong b
m ha nh mt ty chn.Trong vic bi thng chuyn ng,mt vng tm kim c
xy ng da trn frame trc xc nh macroblock tham chiu tt
nht(reference macroblock).C lch c tnh cng nh vector chuyn ng,xc
nh gi tr v hng di chuyn gia macroblock c m ha v vng tham chiu
chn u c gi i.Cng tm kim cng nh lm th no tnh ton vector
chuyn ng khng ty thuc vo s chun ha.Thnh phn nm ngang v thng
ng ca vector phi c gi tr nguyn trong khong t -15 n 15.
Trong s bin i khi nhng frame m ha theo kiu INTRA cng nh nhng
sai s d on u c vo trong khi 8*8.Mi khi s c x l bi mt hm
FDCT hai chiu.
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Quantization&Entropy Coding:
Mc ch ca bc ny l t c s nn tt hn bng cc h s
DCT(Discrete Cosine Transform) t c cht lng i hi.S lng t ha l
1 i vi cc h s INTRA v l 31 cho tt c cc h s khc.
M ha entropy ko theo s nn tt hn c thc hin bng cch gn nhng
t m ngn hn cho nhng s kin ph bin v s dng nhng s kin t ph bin
hn.M ha Huffman thng c s dng trong trng hp ny.
Ni cch khc,chng ta c th mt mt vi h s trong vic chuyn i bng
cch s dng t bit hn so vi s bit cn thit cho tt c cc gi tr.Chng ta s dng
nhng t m ngn hn i vi nhng gi tr thng thng(ging nh vic s dng 8
bit cho vic m ha 3 k t trong ting Anh).

Phng php tm kim Motion Vector

Hinh 34 Phng php tm kim Motion Vector

C(x + k, y + l) l pixels trong MB gc bn tri pha trn (x, y) trong Target


frame.
R(x + i + k, y + j + l) l pixels trong MB gc tri pha trn ca (x + i, y + j)
trong Reference frame.
Hm tnh ton gi tr:
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Mc ch l tm ra (u,v) MAE(u,v) nh nht.


Phng php tm kim y :
Ln lt tm kim ton b vng pxp => rt chm
Phng php Two-Dimensional Logarithmic
Tng t nhu tm kim nh phn. Hm MAE s c bt u tnh ton trong
mi vng [-p/2;p/2] trong 9 vng c ch trong hnh v.
Lp li cho ti khi kch thc ca vng tm kim ch bng 1pixel.
1. Tm kim 1 trong 9 vng m MAE nh nht
2. Thit lp vng tm kim mi vi kch thc mi chiu bng na so vs ban
u vi trung tm l im va tm kim c bc 1.

Hinh 35 Two-Dimensional Logarithmic

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Phng php Hierarchical Motion Estimation

Hinh 36 Hierarchical Motion Estimation

To mt s phin bn phn gii thp ca target image v reference image.


Tm kim vector chuyn ng ph hp nht trong phn gii thp nht.
Sa i vector chuyn ng dn dn theo mc i dn ln.
Mt s vn :
Trnh li khi truyn:
o Phi s dng truyn 1 I-frame trong mi ln truyn
o Phi s dng cc frame c gi m so snh.
iu khin dng truyn: Da trn thng ip phn hi v y ca b m,
nu b m qu y phi tng cc yu t lng t ha gim dng d liu.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

H262
H.262 hay MPEG-2 Part 2 (thng c bit n l tiu chun ISO/IEC
13818-2, cng nh l chun MPEG-2 Video) l 1 chun nn v m ha video k
thut s c pht trin bi ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and
ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). N l phn th 2 ca chun
ISO/IEC MPEG-2. Ti liu ITU-T Recommendation H.262 v ISO/IEC 13818-2 l
nh nhau. H.262 l phn m rng ca chun nn quc t MPEG-1 (H261) dnh cho
video. H261 c thit k m ha nhng on video c tc t 1,2 Mbit/s n
1,5 Mbit/s dng ghi CD-ROM, VCD trong khi H262 c hng n m ha
nhng on video c tc cao hn t 10 Mbit/s n 15 Mbit/s dng cho DVD, TV
s v HDTV. H262 cung cp nhng thut ton m ha tt hn nhng video c
lin h vi nhau v h tr nhiu tc hn. H262 cung cp mt cng c m ha
tng nc m nhng video c th c ti to t nhng dng bit.

M hnh m ha H262
Trong h thng H.262, DCT v khi d on b chuyn ng gia cc frame
c kt hp vi nhau nh trong hnh 37. B m ha tr d on b chuyn ng t
nh gc to nn mt nh d bo li. nh d bo li c bin i cng vi
DCT, h s c lng t ha v gi tr ny c m ha s dng VLC. Li chi
c kt hp vi nhng thng tin ph m h thng gii m cn, nh vect chuyn
ng v thng tin ng b ha, v to thnh 1 chui cc bit truyn i. Hnh
38 ch ra khung cu trc ca 1 chui video m ha theo chun H.262.

Hinh 37 (a) H thng m ha b chuyn ng DCT

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51


(b)H thng gii m b chuyn ng DCT.

Hinh 38 Cu trc ca chui cc bit video m ha theo chun H262.

Trong h thng gii m, nhng h s lng t ha DCT c xy dng li v


ly nghch o to ra d on li, sau s c a vo vic d on b
chuyn ng c to ra t nhng nh c m ha t trc to ra nh c
m ha.
Trong m b m ha theo chun H262, khi d on b chuyn ng trong
hnh 2 h tr rt nhiu phng thc d on chuyn ng. V d, khi c th
c d on tin t nh trc, hay li t nh sau, hoc d on hai chiu bng
cch ly trung bnh ca nh trc v nh sau. Phng thc c s dng d on
khi c th thay i. Thm na, 2 vng trong 1 khi c th c d on ring r
vi vect chuyn ng ring ca n. Mt la chn khc l to ra 1 d on mang gi
tr 0, v d nh l khi nh gc hn l khi c d on li c m ha bi
DCT. Vi mi khi c m ha, b m ha s la chn trong nhng ch d
on ny, c gng ti a ha cht lng ca nh trong gii hn tc . S la chn
ch d on s c truyn cho b gii m, cng vi li d on, v vy n c
th ti lp c li d on ng.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Loi nh
Trong chun H262, c 3 loi nh c nh ngha. Loi nh li nh ngha ch
d on no c s dng m ha mi khi.
Intra pictures (I-pictures) c m ha m khng cn tham kho nhng nh
khc. Nn mt cch trung bnh t c bng cch gim i nhng d tha v khng
gian, nhng khng phi l nhng d tha v thi gian. Loi nh ny c s dng
cung cp im truy cp trong chui bit cng vic gii m c bt u.
Predictive' pictures (P-pictures) c th s dng nh loi I hoc nh loi P trc
b chuyn ng v c s dng nh l tham kho cho nhng d on tip
theo. Mi khi trong nh loi P c th c d on hoc m ha ni ti. Bng cch
gim bt s d tha v khng gian v thi gian, nh loi P to ra mt nn nhiu
hn so vi nh loi I.
'Bidirectionally-predictive' pictures (B-pictures) c th s dng nh loi I hoc
nh loi P trc v sau b chuyn ng, to ra mc nn cao nht. Mi nh loi B
c th c d on tin, li hay 2 chiu hoc m ha ni ti. kch hot vic d
on li t frame tip theo, b m ha s yu cu li nhng bc nh theo th t hin
th t nhin cho ti th t hin th trong chui bit v vy nh loi B c th c
truyn i sau khi nh trc v sau n tham kho.
S khc nhau gia cc loi nh xy ra trong nhng chui lp i lp li, c
gi l Nhm nh hay GOP. Mt nhm nh in hnh theo th t hin th:
B1 B2 I3 B4 B5 P6 B7 B8 P9 B10 B11 P12
Th t tng ng trong chui bit l:
I3 B1 B2 P6 B4 B5 P9 B7 B8 P12 B10 B11
Mt cu trc nhm nh thng thng c th c miu t vi 2 thng s: N, l
s nh trong nhm, v M, l s nh loi P trong nhm. Nhm nh y c m t
vi N = 12 v M = 3. Chun H262 khng nht thit l ng vi mt nhm nh thng
thng, v d 1 nh loi P theo sau bi 1 s thay i c th c d on khng
chnh xc v nh tham kho d on khc hon ton so vi nh ang c d
on. V vy, c th tt hn nu m ha n nh l nh loi I.
Vi cht lng ca 1 nh m ha, vic m ha s dng mi loi nh sinh ra
s bt khc nhau. Trong mt th t tiu biu, mt nh loi I c m ha th ln gp
3 ln 1 nh loi P m ha, v nh loi P ny li ln gp i nh loi B.

Kim sot b m
Bng cch b i rt nhiu s d tha t nh gc, b m ha c th cho ra rt
nhiu tc . Tc ph thuc vo phc tp v kh nng d on ca nh gc v
s hiu qu ca vic d on b chuyn ng.
Vi rt nhiu ng dng, dng bit cn c x l mt knh tc c nh.
Vi nhng trng hp ny, mt b m c t gia b m ha v knh. B m
c t tc no bi b gii m v c lm rng mt tc khng i
49

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

bi knh. phng vic b m b trn, mt c ch thng bo hot ng iu


chnh tc trung bnh c m ha nh l 1 chc nng ca b m. V d, tc
trung bnh c m ha c th c h thp bng cch tng lng t ha p dng
cho cc h s DCT. Ci ny lm gim bt s bit c sinh ra bi VLC, nhng lm
tng s mo m ca nh c m ha. B gii m cng phi c 1 b m gia knh
v nhiu tc u vo cho qu trnh gii m. Kch thc ca b m b m ha
v b gii m phi ging nhau.
Chun H262 nh ngha mt b m m ha v gii m vi kch thc ti a,
mc d b m ha c th ch cn s dng 1 phn ca b m ny. tr qua b m
m ha v gii m bng kch thc ca b m chia cho tc knh. V d, 1 b m
ha H262 hot ng tc 6Mbit/s vi kch thc b mlaf 1,8Mbits s c tng
tr qua b m m ha v gii m vo khong 300ms. Gim kch thc b m
s gim tr, nhng s nh hng n cht lng nh nu b m tr nn qu nh
thch ng vi s thay i tc t khi m ha VLC.

Cc profiles v cc bc
Profiles
C 2 profile khng theo nc c nh ngha trong ti liu chun H262. Profile
n gin hn khng s dng frame loi B, do s khng c d on li hoc d
on ni suy. V vy, khng cn sp xp li th t nh (vic sp xp li nh c th
khin cho vic m ha tr mt 120ms). Vi mt b m m ha nh, profile ny ph
hp cho nhng ng dng c tr thp nhng hi ngh qua video, ci m tr ton
cc ch khong 100ms. Vic m ha c tin hnh vi tn hiu video 4:2:0.
Profile chnh h tr thm nh loi B v l profile c s dng nhiu nht. S
dng nh loi B s tng cht lng ca nh, nhng thm 120 ms vo tr khi m
ha sp xp li th t nh. B gii m ca profile chnh cng gii m c video
nn theo chun H261. Hin nay, hu ht b gii m chun H262 u h tr profile
chnh nc chnh.
Cc profile tng nc: SNR profile h tr thm vic nng cao cc lp ca vic
l tinh ch cc h s DCT, s dng cng c h s tn hiu trn nhiu (SNR). Hnh
39 cho thy 1 v d v b m ha v gii m s dng SNR.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hinh 39 (a)B m ha video SNR


(b)SNR-scalable video decoder.

B m ha hot ng gn ging nh b m ha c nhn thy hnh 2 vi s


khc bit l thm 1 bc lng t ha na. B m ha lng t ha h s DCT ti 1
chnh xc no , m ha di ca chng ri truyn chng nh l nc thp hay
dng bit tng di. Li lng t ha gp phi ln lng t ha u tin t n s
li lng t ha, c m ha v c truyn i nh l tng trn hay chui bit
tng tng cng. Thng tin ph cn c cho b gii m nh vect chuyn ng ,
c truyn tng di.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Dng bit tng di c th c m ha ging nh trong hnh 2. gii m


s kt hp gia tng di v tng nng cao, c 2 tng cn phi c nhn, nh trong
hnh 4b. Vic tinh ch h s tng nng cao c a vo h s ca tng di theo
h s lng t ha nghch o. H s cui cng sau c gii m theo cch ging
nh vi trng hp non-scalable. Profile SNR c khuyn co dng cho v tuyn
mt t.
Profile khng gian h tr cho cc tng nng cao x l nh m ha nhng
phn gii khc nhau, s dng cng c nh gi khng gian. Hnh 40 l v d v b
m ha v gii m s dng profile khng gian.

Hinh 40 (a) B m ha video s dng profile nh gi khng gian

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51


(b) B gii m video s dng profile nh gi khng gian

nh gi khng gian c miu t bng vic s dng nhng nh c gii m


t tng di nh l d on tng cao hn. Nu tng cao hn ang x l nh
phn gii ln hn th nh c gii m t tng thp hn phi c chuyn thnh
phn gii ln hn.
Trong b gii m trn hnh 5(a), hai vng lp m ha hot ng vi nhng
phn gii khc nhau to ra nhng lp c s v lp nng cao. B m ha lp c s
to ra 1 dng bit c th c gii m ging nh trng hp non-scalable. B m ha
tng nng cao c cung cp nhng nh c gii m t tng c c, nh l s d
on cho cc tng trn. S d on ny b sung thm vo s d on b chuyn
ng t cc tng trn. Chc nng nh gi W trong hnh 5(a), la chn trong cc
d on t tng trn v tng di.
Profile khng gian c khuyn ngh nh l 1 cch pht nhng dch v TV
c phn gii co cng vi 1 profile chnh tng thch vi nhng dch v chun.
Profile cao h tr thm cho vic m ha tn hiu video 4:2:2 v bao gm nhng
cng c nh nh gi ca SNR v profile khng gian.

Cc levels
H262 nh ngha 4 level m ha tham s. Bng 2 cho ta thy gii hn ca kch thc
nh, tc frame, tc bit v kch thc ca b m cho mi level c th. Ch
rng cc gii hn l gii hn trn v cc b gii m c th hot ng di cc gii
hn ny (v d b gii m 1440 c th gii m nh 720 pixel , 576 dng).
Level

Max. frame,
width, pixels
Low
352
Main
720
High-1440 1440
High
1920

Max. frame,
height, lines
288
576
1152
1152

Max. frame,
rate, Hz
30
30
60
60

Max. bit rate, Buffer size,


Mbit/s
bits
4
475136
15
1835008
60
7340032
80
9781248

Hinh 41 H262 levels: Gii hn kch thc nh, tc frame, tc bit, kch thc b m.

Kt lun.
H262 rt thnh cng trong vic nh ra cc chun p ng rt nhiu cc ng
dng, tc , cht lng v dch v. Cc tiu chun ny ch nh ngha cu trc ca
dng bit v qu trnh gii m. Ni chung, iu ny c ngha l bt k b gii no p
ng cc tiu chun ny c th to ra nhng bc nh gn ging nhau. Tuy nhin, b
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

gii m c th khc nhau cch chung x l cc li trong qu trnh truyn. V d,


mt b gii m tin tin c gng che giu li trong nh m ha nu n pht hin li
trong dng bit. p ng nhng tiu chun ny, mt b m ha ch cn phi to ra
1 chui bit hp chun. iu kin ny mt mnh n khng nh hng n cht lng
nh trong qu trnh nn v c s khc nhau trong vic m ha gia nhng h thng
m ha c thit k khc nhau. V d, hiu qu ca vic m ha c th ph thuc
vo cht lng ca vic nh gi vect chuyn ng, k thut kim sot tc bit,
phng thc c s dng la chn gia nhng ch d on khc nhau, mc
nh c tin x l v cch m b lng t ha c p ng da trn ni dung
ca nh. Cht lng nh qua b iu ch theo chun H262 da trn phc tp v
kh nng d on c ca nh gc. B m ha v gii m thi gian thc lm vic
tt vi nh cht lng cao tc khong 6 Mbit/s.

So snh H261 v H262


Tt c b gii m theo chun H262 u p ng tiu chun gii m chun
H261. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, chun H262 c xem nh l mt chun cao
hn chun H261. V d, th t scan zigzag cc h s ca chun H261 l 1 trong 2
ch scan h s ca chun H262. Tuy nhin, trong mt vi trng hp, c nhng
yu t chun H261 m khng tm c mt khi nim tng ng chun H262.
Sau y l nhng c im nh vy.
IDCT mismatch:
H261 Khi kim sot li IDCT bao gm vic thm hoc bt 1 vo cho mi h s
khc 0 sau nghch o ca h s lng t.
H262 Khi kim sot li IDCT bao gm vic thm hoc bt 1 vo h s [7] [7]
nu tng ca tt c h s l chn sau khi nghch o h s lng t ha.
Macroblock:
H261 M VLC 0000 0001 111 c th c n vo bao nhiu ln ty trc mi
a ch ca Macroblock. M ny s phi c b i bi b gii m.
H262 M VLC ny c gi li v khng c s dng trong chun H262. Trong
chun H262, vic ny c lm bng cch ch cn nht nhng byte 0 vo trc on
m bt u.
C php m thot:
H261 Gi tr m khng th m ha vi VLC c m ha bi m gii thot 0000
01 theo sau bi 1 FLC 14 bit (127 <= level <= 127), hoc 1 FLC 22 bit (255 <=
level <= 255).
H262 Gi tr m khng th m ha vi VLC c m ha bi m gii thot theo
sau bi 1 FLC 18 bit (2047 <= level <= 2047).
V tr sng ca mu dc:
H261 V tr dc ca mu sng nm gia nhng mu chi.
H262 V tr dc ca mu sng nm cng ch vi nhng mu chi.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Lt ct:
H261 Lt ct khng cn phi bt u v kt thc cng dng ca cc macroblock.
Do c th cho tt c cc macroblock ca cng 1 nh vo cng 1 lt ct duy
nahats.
H262 Lt ct lun bt u v kt thc cng 1 dng ca macroblock.
6 - nh:
H261 Mt c php c bit c nh ngha cho nh loi D (M loi nh = 4).
nh loi D ging nh loi I vi duy nht 1 h s Intra-DC, khng c kt thc Block,
v 1 m kt thc macroblock c bit = 1.
H262 - nh loi D (M loi nh = 4) khng c cho php.
Vect chuyn ng:
H261 Cc yu t full_pel_forward_vector v full_pel_backward_vector c th cho
bng 1. V khi iu ny xy ra, vect chuyn ng c th c m ha y thay
v mt na. Vect chuyn ng phi c nhn 2 trc khi c dng d on.
H262 Cc yu t full_pel_forward_vector v full_pel_backward_vector phi bng
0. Vect chuyn ng th lun c m ha mt na.
Thng tin t s:
H261 Gi tr 4 bit pel_aspect_ratio c m ha trong tiu th t.
H262 - Gi tr 4 bit aspect_ratio_information c m ha trong tiu th t.
9 - forward_f_code v backward_f_code:
H261 Gi tr f_code c s dng gii m vect chuyn ng l
forward_f_code v backward_f_code nm picture_header().
H262 - Gi tr f_code c s dng gii m vect chuyn ng l f_code[s][t],
nm picture_coding_extension().
10 - constrained_parameter_flag v maximum horizontal_size
H261 Khi constrained_parameter_flag c cho bng 1, iu ny cho thy mt vi
gii hn c xc nhn. Mt trong nhng gii hn l horizontal_size <= 768.
Cn lu rng mt dng bit theo chun H262 c th c cc bc nh vi kch thc
ngang ln ti 768 pels.
H262 C ch constrained_parameter_flag c thay th bng c ch profile v c
ch nc. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng cc chui bit MP @ ML khng th c kch thc
ngang ln hn 720 pels.
Bit_rate v vbv_delay:
H261 Bit_rate v vbv_delay c gn bng 3FFF v FFFF (hex) tng ng. Cc
gi tr khc cho cc tc c nh.
H262 Khi nim bit_rate thay i. Trong nhiu tc , vbv_delay c th c gn
ti FFFF (hex), nhng mt gi tr khc khng c ngha l tc khng i. Tc
bit khng i ch l trng hp c bit ca tc bit thay i.
VBV:
H261 VBV ch c nh ngha cho vic x l tc khng i.
H262 VBV ch c nh ngha cho vic x l tc thay i.
55

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Temporal_reference:
H261 - Temporal_reference c tng ln 1 v chia ly d cho 1024 cho mi bc
nh c m ha v tr v mi tiu ca nh.
H262 Nu khng c nh ln, temporal_reference c tng ln 1 v chia ly d
cho 1024 cho mi bc nh c m ha, v c tr v 0 mi tiu nhm. Nu
c nh ln ( dng bit tr thp), th temporal_reference tun theo mt quy lut khc.
C php:
C th khin cho dng bit theo chun H262 c cng c php nh chun H261,
bng cch s dng mt vi gi tr c th cho nhng tham s ca chun H262 khng
xut hin trong chun H261. Ni cch khc, qu trnh gii m chun H261 ging vi
chun H262 khi:
progressive_sequence = 1 (th t tip din).
chroma_format = 01 (4:2:0)
frame_rate_extension_n = 0 v frame_rate_extension_d = 0 (tc frame ca chun
H261)
intra_dc_precision = 00 ( chnh xc 8-bit Intra-DC)
picture_structure = 11 (frame-picture bi v progressive_sequence = 1)
frame_pred_frame_dct = 1 (ch d on da trn frame v frame DCT)
concealment_motion_vectors = 0 (Khng c concealment motion vectors).
q_scale_type = 0 (linear quantiser_scale)
intra_vlc_format = 0 (Bng VLC Intra MBs).
alternate_scan = 0 (Th t sp xp scan chun H261)
repeat_first_field = 0 (Bi v progressive_sequence = 1)
chroma_420_type = 1 ( chi da trn frame)
progressive_frame = 1 (Bi v progressive_sequence = 1)

So snh gia MPEG v H26X


Chng ta hy cng tham kho bng so snh gia MPEG v H261 di y:
MPEG
H261
S dng CIF v SIF hoc loi nh c S dng QCIF v CIF
phn gii cao hn
T l nh a dng
C nh t l 4:3
S dng GOPs
Khng s dng GOPs
C cc MB : I, B, P
Khng s dng MB B
56

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

T l bit rate c trng khong 1,1


Mbit/s
Khng hn ch s lng Frame b qua
chnh xc ca vector chuyn ng
nh hn 1pixel: Mpeg 2: half-pel Mpeg
4 quarter-pel
Gii hn ca vector chuyn ng +/-15
pixel

Bit rate khong 384 kbit/s ti a l


2Mbit/s
Ch b qua ti a 3 frame
chnh xc ca vector chuyn ng l
1 pixel
Gii hn vector chuyn ng +/- 7 pixel

Thng qua vic so snh cc thng s k thut trn ta thy rng MPEG s cho ra
cht lng hnh nh tt hn so vi H261. Nhng b li H261 cng nh cc dng
H26X c th cho ty chnh c s bit rate cho video.
Ci gc ca s khc nhau gia MPEG v H26X l ch yu nm khu tin
on cc frame mi v cch thc tnh ton sai lch gia cc frame hin ti v frame
phng on. iu ny s dn ti cc khc nhau v cht lng hnh nh cng nh bit
rates.
Chun nn H.26x (gm cc th h H.261, H.262 v H.263...), thng c tc
m ho tn hiu thp hn MPEGx (khong 1.5 Mbit/s vi phn gii hnh 352 x
288) do dng ch yu trong vin thng, truyn ti video gia cc thit b di ng.
Trong khi , chun MPEG2 dng cho th trng gii tr hay truyn hnh cht
lng cao th c phn gii hnh cao hn, v mang li cht lng hnh nh tt
(cao hn 1,5Mb/s vi phn gii 352x288 hoc 6Mb/s cho phn gii hon chnh).

57

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

MPEG 4

Gii thiu chung


MPEG-4 l chun ISO/IEC c pht trin bi nhm MPEG (Moving Picture
Expert Group), nhm ny cng xy dng cc chun MPEG-1 v MPEG-2. Cc
chun ny m t phng php tng tc hnh nh trn CD-ROM, DVD v truyn
hnh s. MPEG-4 vi tn gi chnh thc do ISO/IEC t tn l "ISO/IEC 14496"
hon thnh 10/1998 v tr thnh tiu chun quc t 1/1999. Cc m rng tng
thch hon ton vi cc chun trc c hon thnh vo cui nm 1999, phin
bn ny c gi l MPEG-4 Version 2, c cng nhn l chun quc t u nm
2000. Mt s m rng c cc nhm lm vic trong MPEG tip tc a vo k t
n nay.
MPEG-4 da vo s thnh cng ca ba lnh vc:
Truyn hnh s
Cc ng dng tng tc ho
Tng tc a phng tin
Tiu chun MPEG-4 v hnh nh bao gm mt s cc cng c dng m ho
cc hnh nh t nhin nh chui cc nh lin tc (Video) cng nh cc nh tnh
(Visual Texture - cu trc nghe nhn). y, vic m ho video c da trn c s
ca s m ho DCT lai c b chuyn ng, cn m ho cu trc nghe nhn
(Visual texture) - VTC th da trn c s chuyn i Wavelet v m ho cy Zero.
M ho MPEG-4 ngoi vic quan tm n cc hiu qu m ho ging nh cc tiu
chun m ho trc y cn b xung thm mt s cng c cho cc chc nng khc
nh: M ho cc i tng c hnh dng bt k; nn hiu qu ca cc tn hiu video
lin tc v hnh nh tnh trn mt phm vi rng ca t l bt; phn cp v khng gian
thi gian v cht lng; kh nng truyn dn tt trong mi trng truyn dn khc
nhit.

Pham vi va tinh nng cua chun MPEG-4


Cac tiu chun MPEG-4 cung cp mt b cng ngh ap ng nhu cu cua cac
tac gia, nha cung cp, ngi s dung nh nhau
i vi tac gia, MPEG-4 cho phep san xut cac ni dung xa hn la co th tai
s dung, linh hoat hn, tin dung hn vi cng ngh ca nhn nh truyn hinh
ky thut s, hoa hoat hinh, World Wide Web va cac ng dung m rng.
Ngoai ra no hoan toan co th quan ly tt hn va bao v ban quyn.
i vi cac nha cung cp dich vu. MPEG-4 cung cp thng tin minh bach, co
th c hiu va dich ra cac tin hiu thich hp tuy thuc vao mi mang cung
vi s tr giup cua ban thn cac chun co lin quan. Nh a noi trn, tuy
58

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

nhin, khng bao gm cht lng cua dich vu c xem xet, ma MPEG-4
cung cp mt m ta chung cho QoS khac nhau cho cac phng tin truyn
thng. Cht lng cua dich vu mang la ngoai pham vi cua MPEG-4 va la vn
cua nha cung cp mang, con MPEG-4 cho phep ti u hoa vn chuyn
trong mang khng ng nht.
i vi ngi dung cui, MPEG-4 mang lai cp cao hn cua s tng tac
cac ni dung. No cung mang n truyn thng a phng tin cho cac mang
mi, bao gm nhng ngi co mc s dung thp, nhng ngi di chuyn
nhiu.
MPEG-4 tim cach tranh s c quyn, va cac inh danh khng lam anh
hng ln nhau va anh hng n ngi s dung. MPEG-4 a at c cac muc
tiu nay bng cach cung cp cac chun :
ai din cho cac thanh phn ni dung hinh anh m thanh nghe nhin, c goi la
cac i tng cua truyn thng a phng tin. Cac i tng nay co th c
tng hp hoc co ngun gc t nhin, co th c ghi vi mt may anh, micro
hoc tao ra t may tinh.
M ta cac thanh phn nay tao ra phng tin truyn thng hp nht cac
i tng nghe nhin.
Ghep knh va ng b hoa d liu vi cac i tng truyn thng, co the
vn chuyn qua cac knh mang li cung cp QoS phu hp.
Tng tac va tao cac canh nghe nhin vi ngi s dung cui.

K thut m ha Video ca chun MPEG4


S t hp khung hnh trong MPEG 4
Trn hinh th hin mt trng hp in hnh ca t hp khun hnh MPEG-4,
cho thy nhiu i tng (bn, qu cu, bng en, ngi hng dn v audio) c
t vo mt h thng to khng gian 3 chiu (3-D) i vi v tr ngi xem gi
nh. Cc thit b m ho v gii m video u p dng s m ho nh nhau cho
mi i tng video VO (Video Object) ring bit (hnh 2), nh vy ngi s dng
c th thc hin cc hot ng tng tc ring vi tng i tng (thay i t l, di
chuyn, kt ni, loi b, b xung cc i tng) ngay ti v tr gii m hay m
ho.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hinh 42 S t hp khung hnh trong MPEG-4

Cc b phn chc nng chnh trong cc thit b MPEG-4 bao gm:


B m ho hnh dng ngoi Shape Coder dng nn on thng tin, gip
xc nh khu vc v ng vin bao quanh i tng trong khung hnh
scene;
B d on v tng hp ng gim thng tin d tha theo thi gian.
B m kt cu mt ngoi Texture coder dng x l d liu bn trong v
cc d liu cn li sau khi b chuyn ng.
c th thc hin vic t hp khung hnh, MPEG-4 s dng mt ngn ng
m t khung hnh ring, c gi l nh dng nh phn cho cc khung hnh BiFS
(Binary Format for Scenes). BiFS khng ch m t u v khi no cc i tng
xut hin trong khung hnh, n cng m t cch thc hot ng ca i tng (lm
cho mt i tng xoay trn hay chng m hai i tng ln nhau) v c iu kin
hot ng i tng v to cho MPEG-4 c kh nng tng tc. Trong MPEG-4, tt
c cc i tng c th c m ho vi s m ho ti u ring ca n video
c m ho theo kiu video, text c m ho theo kiu text, cc ho c m
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

ho theo kiu ho - thay v vic x l tt c cc phn t nh pixels nh l m ho


video nh ng. Do cc qu trnh m ho c ti u ho cho tng loi d liu
thch hp, nn chun MPEG-4 s cho php m ho vi hiu qu cao tn hiu nh
video, audio v c cc ni dung tng hp nh cac b mt va c th hoat hinh.

Cu trc b m ha v gii m ca MPEG 4

Hinh 43 Cu trc ca b m ho v gii m video MPEG-4

Hinh 44 S cu trc gii m video MPEG-4

Nhiu i tng nh ngi, bn , bn tin, c tch ra khi video u vo.


Mi i tng video sau c m ha bi b m ho i tng video VO (Video
Object) v sau c truyn i trn mng. Ti v tr thu, nhng i tng ny
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

c gii m ring r nh b gii m ring VO v gi ti b compositor. Ngi s


dng c th tng tc vi thit b cu trc li khung hnh gc, hay x l cc
i tng to ra mt khung hnh khc. Ngoi ra, ngi s dng c th download cc
i tng khc t cc th vin c s d liu (c sn trn thit b hay t xa thng qua
mng LAN, WAN hay Internet) chn thm vo hay thay th cc i tng c
trong khun hnh gc.

Cac Profiles va Levels trong chun MPEG-4


Chun MPEG-4 bao gm nhiu tnh nng u vit khc nhau, v khng phi
bt k ng dng no cng i hi tt c cc tnh nng ca MPEG-4. s dng
cng c MPEG-4 mt cch hiu qu nht, mi thit b chun MPEG-4 s ch c
trang b mt s tnh nng ph hp vi mt phm vi ng dng nht nh, v to
iu kin cho ngi s dng la chn cng c MPEG-4, cc thit b MPEG-4 chia
thnh cc nhm cng c gi l cc Profiles, mi nhm (Profiles) ch cha mt vi
tnh nng cn thit ca chun m ho thch hp cho mt phm vi ng dng no .
iu ny cho php ngi s dng d dng la chn b cng c h tr cc tnh nng
m h cn t v s cc b cng c MPEG-4 khc nhau. Mi Profiles li c mt s
cc mc Levels khc nhau, th hin mc phc tp x l tnh ton d liu ca
cng c (thng qua vic nh r tc bit, con s ti a ca cc i tng trong
khung hnh, phc tp ca qu trnh gii m audio).

MPEG 4 video
Cc cng c i din cho video t nhin trong tiu chun hnh nh MPEG-4
cung cp cng ngh ct li tiu chun cho php hiu qu lu tr, truyn ti v x l
cc kt cu, hnh nh v d liu video cho cc mi trng a phng tin. Nhng
cng c ny cho php gii m v i din cc n v nguyn t ca hnh nh v ni
dung video, c gi l "i tng video" (VOS). Mt v d v mt VOS c th l
mt ngi ni (khng c nn), sau c th c sng tc vi AVO khc (m
thanh, hnh nh cc i tng) to ra mt cnh. Hnh ch nht hnh nh thng
thng c x l nh mt trng hp c bit ca cc i tng nh vy.
t c mc tiu rng ln hn l mt gii php cho mt phm vi hp ca
cc ng dng, chc nng ph bin cho nhiu ng dng c nhm. Do , phn
hnh nh ca tiu chun MPEG-4 cung cp gii php theo hnh thc cc cng c v
cc
thut
ton
cho:

Hiu qu nn hnh nh v video.


Hiu qu nn ca kt cu lp bn kt cu trn 2-D v mt li 3-D
Hiu qu nn ca vt ngm 2-D
Hiu qu nn ca thi gian hnh hc khc nhau sui ng mt li
62

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hiu qu ngu nhin truy cp vo tt c cc loi ca cc i tng trc quan


Thao tc m rng chc nng cho hnh nh v chui video
Ni dung da trn m ha hnh nh v video
Ni dung da trn kh nng m rng ca kt cu, hnh nh v video
Khng gian, thi gian v cht lng kh nng m rng
Li vng mnh v kh nng phc hi trong mi trng d b li
Nh cp trc, MPEG-4 Video h tr hnh nh thng thng hnh ch
nht v video cng nh hnh nh v video ca cc hnh dng ty . Khi nim
ny c minh ha trong hnh 45 di y.

Hinh 45 The VLBV Core and the Generic MPEG-4 Coder

Cc m ha hnh nh thng thng v video cng tng t nh ma hoa thng


thng MPEG-1 / 2. N lin quan n chuyn ng d bo / bi thng theo sau bi
kt cu m ha. i vi cc chc nng da trn ni dung, ni m cc u vo trnh
chiu hnh nh c th c hnh dng bt k v a im, phng php ny l ko di
cng c m ha hnh dng v tnh minh bch thng tin. Hnh dng c th l i din
bi mt thnh phn trong sut 8 bit - cho php cc m t v tnh minh bch, nu VO
l mt trong nhng sng tc vi cc i tng khc - hoc bi mt mt n nh phn.
Vic m rng MPEG-4 phng php tip cn da trn ni dung c th c
xem nh l mt phn m rng hp l ca MPEG-4 thng thng VLBV Core hoc
tc bit cao i vi cc cng c u vo ca hnh dng bt k.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Kh nng m rng m ha cc i tng Video


MPEG-4 h tr vic m ha cc hnh nh v video vi kh nng m rng
khng gian v thi, c hai hnh ch nht vi thng thng cng nh vi cc hnh
dng ty . Kh nng m rng cp n kh nng gii m ch l mt phn ca mt
bitstream v ti to li hnh nh hoc cc chui hnh nh vi:
gim phc tp gii m v do lm gim cht lng
gim phn gii khng gian
gim phn gii thi
vi phn gii thi gian v khng gian ngang nhau, nhng vi cht lng
gim.
Chc nng ny l mong mun cho tin b m ha hnh nh v video gi qua
mng khng ng nht, cng nh cho cc ng dng m ngi nhn khng c kh
nng hin th phn gii y hoc cht lng hnh nh y hoc chui
video. iu ny chng hn c th xy ra khi ch bin in hoc phn gii mn
hnh hin th c gii hn.
C mt s phng n c th m rng m ha trong MPEG-4 Visual: kh nng
m rng khng gian, kh nng m rng thi gian, kh nng m rng chi tit tt
v i tng da trn kh nng m rng khng gian.

Kha nng khc phuc li manh me.


MPEG-4 cung cp kh nng phc hi mnh m li v cho php truy cp hoc
cc thng tin hnh nh video qua mt lot cc phng tin lu tr v truyn ti in.
c bit, do s tng trng nhanh chng ca truyn thng di ng, n l v cng
quan trng l truy cp c sn thng tin m thanh v video qua mng khng dy.
iu ny c ngha l cn thit cho hot ng hu ch ca cc thut ton nn m
thanh v video trong mi trng d b li mc bit thp (tc l t hn 64 kbit / s).
Cc kh nng phc hi li cng c pht trin cho MPEG-4 c th c chia thnh ba
khu vc chnh: resynchronization, phc hi d liu, v che giu li.

Resynchronization
Cng c Resynchronization c gng kch hot resynchronization gia cc
b gii m v bitstream sau khi mt li cn st li hoc li c pht hin. Ni
chung, cc d liu gia cc im ng b ha trc khi thng bo li v im u
tin m ng b ha c ti lp, l b i.
Cch tip cn resynchronization c thng qua bi MPEG-4, c gi l mt
cch tip cn gi. Nhm cc khi s dng bi cc tiu chun ITU-T H.261 v
H.263. Trong cc tiu chun ny mt gob c nh ngha l mt hoc nhiu hng
macroblocks (MBs). Vo lc bt u ca mt gob mi, thng tin gi l tiu gob
c t trong lung bit ny. Thng tin ny c tiu cha m bt u gob, l
khc nhau t mt m s bt u hnh nh, v cho php cc b gii m xc nh v
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

tr ny gob. Hn na, tiu gob cha thng tin cho php qu trnh gii m c
khi ng li (tc l, ng b ho li cc b gii m cho cc bitstream v t li tt
c d liu predictively m ha).
Cc gi d liu video tip cn c thng qua bi MPEG-4 l da vo vic
cung cp du resynchronization nh k trong sut bitstream ny. Ni cch khc,
di ca cc gi d liu video khng da trn s lng macroblocks, nhng thay vo
s bit c trong gi . Nu s bit cha trong cc gi d liu video hin ti vt
qu mt ngng nh trc, sau mt gi tin video mi c to ra u ca cc
macroblock tip theo.
Mt im nh du resynchronization c s dng phn bit s bt u
ca mt gi tin video mi. im nh du ny l phn bit c tt c cc t m
VLC c th cng nh cc m bt u VOP. Tiu thng tin cng c cung cp
vo lc bt u ca mt gi tin video. C trong tiu ny l cc thng tin cn thit
khi ng li qu trnh gii m v bao gm: s macroblock ca macroblock u
tin c trong gi tin ny v tham s lng t ha cn thit gii m m
macroblock u tin. S macroblock cung cp cc resynchronization cn thit khng
gian trong khi cc tham s lng t cho php cc qu trnh phn gii m c
resynchronized.
Cng bao gm trong tiu gi tin video l phn m rng tiu m. HEC l
mt cht rng, khi kch hot, cho thy s hin din ca resynchronization thng tin
b sung, bao gm c c s thi gian un, VOP tng thi gian, loi d on VOP, v
m F VOP. Thng tin ny b sung c lm sn c trong trng hp tiu VOP
b hng.
Cn lu rng khi s dng cc cng c kh nng phc hi li trong vng
MPEG-4, mt s cng c hiu qu nn c sa i. V d, tt c cc thng tin
predictively m ha phi c gii hn trong mt gi tin video ngn chn s lan
truyn ca cc li.
Kt hp vi cch tip cn gi video resynchronization, mt phng php
th hai gi l c nh ng b ha khong cng c thng qua bi MPEG-4.
Phng php ny i hi VOP s bt u v nh du resynchronization (tc l
khi u ca mt gi d liu video) ch xut hin v tr c nh khong php l
trong bitstream ny. iu ny gip trnh cc vn lin quan bt u m phng m.
l, khi li c hin din trong mt bitstream, c th cho cc li ny gi lp
mt m bt u VOP. Trong trng hp ny, khi c nh khong cch ng b ha
c s dng b gii m ch cn thit tm kim mt m bt u VOP vo u mi
khong cch c nh. Cc phng php c nh ng b m rng khong cch tip
cn ny l bt k khong thi gian nh trc.

Phc hi d liu
Sau khi ng b ha c ti lp, cng c phc hi d liu c gng khi
phc d liu ni chung s b mt. Nhng cng c ny khng ch n gin l cc m
li sa cha, nhng thay v k thut m ha d liu mt cch kin cng li. V d,
mt cng c c bit c xc nhn bi Tp on Video l nghch bin di
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Codes (RVLC). Trong phng php ny, cc t m c di bin c thit k sao


cho chng c th c c c pha trc cng nh hng ngc li.
Ni chung, trong mt tnh hung nh th ny, ni mt v n ca cc li b
hng mt phn ca d liu, tt c cc d liu gia cc im ng b ha hai s b
mt. Tuy nhin, nh trong hnh ny, RVLC mt cho php mt s trong d liu
c phc hi. Cn lu rng cc thng s, QP v HEC th hin trong hnh s, i
din cho cc lnh vc dnh ring trong tiu gi video cho tham s lng t ha v
m rng u m, tng ng.
Che giu li
Li che giu l mt thnh phn cc k quan trng ca li codec mnh m bt
k video. Tng t nh cc cng c kh nng phc hi li ni trn, hiu qu ca
mt chin lc che giu li ph thuc nhiu vo vic thc hin cc n
resynchronization. V c bn, nu phng php hiu qu resynchronization c th
khoanh vng cc li th vn tr nn che giu li d lm hn nhiu. i vi cc
ng dng bitrate thp, cc ng dng chm tr thp resynchronization hin n
cung cp kt qu rt chp nhn c vi mt chin lc che giu n gin, chng
hn nh sao chp cc khi t cc khung hnh trc .
Trong cng nhn s cn thit cung cp kh nng che giu nng cao, cc
on Video pht trin mt ch n hi li b sung ci thin hn na kh nng
ca b gii m cc a phng ha mt li.
C th, phng php ny s dng d liu phn vng bng cch tch bit cc
chuyn ng v kt cu. Cch tip cn ny yu cu mt du resynchronization th
hai c chn vo gia chuyn ng v thng tin kt cu. Nu thng tin b mt kt
cu, phng php ny s dng cc thng tin chuyn ng che giu cc li ny.
l, do s sai st thng tin kt cu c b i, trong khi chuyn ng c s
dng chuyn ng bi thng cho ngi c gii m trc VOP.
Nhanh chng phc hi trong thi gian thc m ha
Mt k thut mi c pht trin trong MPEG, gi l NEWPRED, cung cp
mt s phc hi li nhanh trong thi gian thc cc ng dng m ha. N s dng
mt knh u ngun t b gii m m ha cc. B m ha Cc thit b chuyn
mch khung tham chiu adaptively theo cc iu kin li ca mng. NEWPRED
khng s dng lm mi trong ni b v n cung cp hiu qu m ha cao. K thut
ny c chng minh lm vic trong iu kin li cng thng:
Burst li trn cc mng khng dy (trung bnh t l li bit l 10e-3, 1ms burst
chiu di).
Packet Loss trn internet (t l mt gi l 5%)

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Ci thin s n nh vi phn gii thi gian tr thp


Mt k thut c bit s dng trong cc tnh hung m ha thi gian thc hin
chuyn i phn gii ng (DRC), mt cch n nh t ng truyn ti chm
m bng cch gim thiu cc jitter ca s lng cc bit u ra c m ha trn
mi VOP. b qua khung hnh ln cng c ngn chn v cc b m ha c th iu
khin phn gii thi ngay c trong nhng cnh nh gi cao hot ng. k thut
ny i hi thng tin backchannel c gi n cc b m ha, iu ny gii thch
ti sao n ch hu dng trong cc tnh hung thi gian thc.
Cc MPEG-4 hnh nh v video m ha cc thut ton cho mt i din hiu
qu ca cc i tng trc quan ca hnh dng bt k, cng h tr ci c gi l
chc nng da trn ni dung. H h tr hu ht cc chc nng c cung cp bi
MPEG-1 v MPEG-2, bao gm nn hiu qu ca cc chui hnh nh chun hnh ch
nht c kch thc cp khc nhau ca cc nh dng u vo, t l khung hnh,
su pixel, t l bit, v mc khc nhau ca khng gian, thi gian v cht lng
kh nng m rng.
Mt phn loi c bn ca cc t l bit v chc nng hin ang c cung cp
bi cc tiu chun MPEG-4 Visual cho hnh nh t nhin v video c m t trong
hnh 46 bn di, m cc cm tc bit mc so vi cc b chc nng.

Hinh 46 Phn loi cc hnh nh MPEG-4 v Video Coding thut ton v cng c

cui mt "VLBV Core" (VLBV: Rt thp t l Bit-Video) cung cp cc


thut ton v cc cng c cho cc ng dng hot ng mc bit-thng t 5 ... 64
kbits / s, h tr cc trnh t khng gian hnh nh vi phn gii thp (thng l ln
n phn gii CIF) v t l khung hnh thp (thng ln n 15 Hz). Cc ng
dng c bn cc chc nng c th c h tr bi Core VLBV bao gm:
M ha cc trnh t thng thng hnh ch nht kch thc hnh nh vi hiu
qu cao v m ha mnh m li cao kh nng phc hi /, tr thp v phc
tp thp cho thi gian thc cc ng dng a phng tin truyn thng.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

"Truy cp ngu nhin" v "chuyn tip" v "nhanh chng o ngc" hot


ng cho VLB, c s lu tr d liu a phng tin v cc ng dng truy
cp.

Cc chc nng c bn ging nhau nu trn cng c h tr mc bit cao hn


vi tm cao hn ca cc thng s u vo khng gian v thi ln n ITU-R Rec.
601 ngh quyt v ln hn - s dng cc thut ton ging nhau hoc tng t v cc
cng c nh l Core VLBV. Cc bit t l hnh dung phm vi thng thng t 64
kbits / s ln ti 10 Mb / s v cc ng dng hnh dung bao gm a phng tin pht
sng, thu hi tng tc ca cc tn hiu vi mt cht lng tng ng vi truyn
hnh k thut s. i vi cc ng dng ny ti bit cao hn t gi, cn xen k c th
c i din bi MPEG-4 cng c m ha.
Ni dung da trn cc chc nng h tr vic m ha ring bit v gii m ni
dung (tc l cc i tng vt l trong mt cnh, VOS). y MPEG-4 tnh nng
cung cp c ch c bn nht cho tng tc, linh hot, i din v thao tc vi / ca
V ni dung ca hnh nh hoc video trong lnh vc nn, m khng cn phn khc
thm hoc chuyn m ngi nhn.
i vi hybrid m ha ca t nhin cng nh d liu hnh nh tng hp (v d
cho s hin din o hoc mi trng o) l m ha ni dung da trn chc nng cho
php pha trn mt s V t cc ngun khc nhau vi cc i tng tng hp, chng
hn nh l mt nn o.
Vic m rng MPEG-4 thut ton v cc cng c cho cc chc nng da trn
ni dung c th c xem nh l mt tp cha ca li VLBV v tc bit cng c
cao - c ngha l nhng cng c c cung cp bi cc VLBV v cao hn li bitrate
c b sung bi cc yu t b sung.
Thut ton nn ca MPEG 4

Hinh 47 S khi c ban cua MPEG-4 Video coder

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Cu trc m ha c bn lin quan n hnh dng m ha bi thng chuyn


ng (cho t VOS hnh) v cng nh kt cu da trn m DCT (s dng tiu
chun 8x8 DCT hoc hnh dng thch ng DCT).
Mt li th quan trng ca phng php m ha ni dung da trn MPEG-4 l
hiu sut nn c th c ci thin ng k i vi mt s trnh t video bng cch
s dng thch hp v dnh ring cho i tng chuyn ng da trn d bo "cng
c" cho tng i tng trong mt cnh. Mt s k thut d on chuyn ng c th
c s dng m ha cho php trnh by hiu qu v linh hot ca cc i tng:

Tiu chun 8x8 hoc 16x16 pixel da trn khi chuyn ng v d ton bi
thng, vi chnh xc ln n PE.
Chuyn ng ton cu bi thng (GMC) cho cc i tng video: m ha
ca chuyn ng ton cu cho mt i tng s dng mt s lng nh cc
thng s. GMC c da trn c lng chuyn ng ton cu, cong hnh
nh, qu o chuyn ng m ha, v kt cu m ha cho cc li d bo.
Ton cu bi thng da trn chuyn ng cho cc tnh "sprites". Mt nhn
vt tnh l mt hnh nh vn cn c th ln, m t ton cnh nn. i vi mi
hnh nh lin tip trong mt chui, ch c 8 thng s chuyn ng trn ton
cu m t chuyn ng ca my nh c m ho ti to li cc i tng.
Nhng thng s ny i din cho chuyn i thch hp afin ca cc nhn vt
truyn trong khung u tin.
Qu PEL Motion tng cng chnh xc ca n n b chuyn ng, vi
chi ph ch c c php v tnh ton chi ph nh. Mt m t chuyn ng chnh
xc dn n mt li nh hn v d bo, do , cht lng hnh nh tt
hn.
Hnh dng, thch ng DCT: Trong lnh vc kt cu m ha, cc hnh dng,
thch ng DCT (SA-DCT) ci thin hiu sut m ha ca cc i tng hnh
ty . Cc thut ton SA-DCT da trn nh ngha trc b c s trc giao
ca cc chc nng mt chiu DCT.

Video theo chui bng cch s dng mt hnh nh ton cnh nhn vt. Ngi
ta cho rng cc i tng nn trc (qun vt, hnh nh trn cng bn phi) c th
c phn on t nn v hnh nh ton cnh nhn vt c th c chit xut t t
trc khi m ha. (Mt bc tranh ton cnh nhn vt l mt hnh nh vn cn m t
nh l mt hnh nh tnh ni dung ca nn trn tt c cc khung hnh theo th t).
Cc bc tranh ton cnh ln hnh nh nhn vt c chuyn n ngi nhn ch mt
ln nh khung u tin ca dy s m t nn - nhn vt ny vn cn c lu tr
trong mt b m ma. Trong mi khung hnh lin tc ch c cc thng s my nh
c lin quan cho nn c chuyn n ngi nhn. iu ny cho php ngi nhn
ti to li hnh nh nn cho mi khung hnh trong trnh t da vo Sprite. Cc i
tng nn trc di chuyn c truyn i mt cch ring bit nh l mt i tng
video ty , hnh dng. Ngi nhn son c nhng hnh nh nn trc v nn tng
xy dng li mt khung hnh (di hnh nh trong hnh di y). i vi cc
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

ng dng chm tr thp c th truyn ti cc nhn vt trong nhiu phn nh hn


khung hnh lin tip hoc xy dng cc nhn vt trong b gii m dn dn.

Hinh 48 V d v Sprite m ca chui Video

M ca Texture v hnh nh tnh:


Coding hiu qu ca kt cu hnh nh v hnh nh tnh (v d nh c nh
x vo mt li hot hnh) c h tr theo phng thc kt cu hnh nh ca
MPEG4. Hnh thc ny c da trn mt thut ton wavelet zerotree cung cp rt
cao hiu qu m ha trong mt phm vi rt rng cc bitrate. Cng vi hiu sut nn
cao, n cng cung cp scalabilities khng gian v cht lng (ln n 11 cp ca
kh nng m rng khng gian v kh nng m rng cht lng lin tc) v i
tng cng ty hnh m ha. Vic xy dng cung cp cho bitstream wavelet c th
m rng m ha trong cc hnh thc phn gii hnh nh ca mt kim t thp
truyn tin b v nng cao thi gian ca hnh nh tnh. Cc lung bit m ha cng
dnh cho ti ca h thng phn cp phn gii hnh nh vo thit b u cui c
nh dng l "kt cu MIPmap 'nh c s dng trong cc h thng dng hnh 3-D.
Cng ngh ny cung cp kh nng m rng phn gii i ph vi mt lot cc
iu kin xem chi tit in hnh ca cc ng dng tng tc v lp bn hnh nh
vo 2-D v 3-D th gii o.
Wavelet p lt cho php hnh nh c chia thnh mt s gch ngi tng c
m ha c lp. iu ny c ngha l hnh nh ln c m ha / gii m vi yu
cu b nh rt thp, v truy cp ngu nhin ti gii m c tng cng ng k.
Kh nng m rng hnh dng m ha cho php m ha ca kt cu hnh ty
v vn cn hnh nh trong mt thi trang c th m rng. S dng cng c ny, mt
70

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

b gii m c th gii m mt hnh nh bt k hnh bt k phn gii mong


mun. Cng c ny cho php cc ng dng s dng scalabilities i tng da
trn, khng gian v cht lng cng mt lc.
gii m vn cn hnh nh, MPEG-4 tiu chun cung cp kh nng m rng
khng gian vi ln n 11 mc chi tit v cng c kh nng m rng cht lng
n mc bit.
Tng hp cc i tng hnh thnh mt tp hp con ca lp ln hn ca
ha my tnh. MPEG-4 h tr cc hnh nh cc i tng sau y tng hp:
Tham s m t
o Mt tng hp cc mt v c th (c th hot hnh trong phin bn 2)
o Tnh v ng Mesh m vi bn kt cu
Kt cu m ha cho cc ng dng ph thuc.
So snh MPEG 4 vi MPEG 2
MPEG2 v MPEG4 l hai phin bn c s dng nn d liu m thanh v
video tp tin, bi vy vic truyn ti v s dng ca chung l n gin. Nhng ky
thut ma hoa, nhng cai la mt tp hp cac chng trinh nen d liu c cp bng
sang ch, nhm muc ich chuyn i d liu m thanh/hinh anh, do o thi gian
truyn d liu giam va no nm trong kha nng lu tr va xu ly cua cac phng tin
truyn thng. Trong khi nn, cn quan tm n vic rng cht lng m thanh v
video khng b mt mat. Chung ta bt u so snh ca gia hai nh dng m ha.
MPEG2 vs MPEG4 - Cht lng
MPEG-2 l chun kinh doanh v cc on video m bn xem trn DVD v
truyn hnh k thut s c m ha bi chun MPEG-2. Cht lng MPEG-2 l
hon ho, nhng nh dng ny khng phi dnh cho cc ng dng a phng tin
mng. N khng c lm cho streaming video trn in thoi hoc cho cc ng
dng broadcast. V vy, cht lng ca mt video nn nh dng MPEG-2, nu
xem trc tuyn, s b nh hng.
Mt khc, cc nh dng MPEG-4 c pht trin cho cc ng dng a
phng tin trc tuyn trn Internet. V vy, mt on video c m ha theo nh
dng MPEG-4 s cung cp cht lng hinh anh va m thanh tt hn hn khi c
xem trc tuyn, bi n c thit k cho cc ng dng mng hoc a phng
tin. Vi nh dng MPEG-4, chung ta co th s dung video conferencing.
MPEG2 vs MPEG4 - Kch thc tp tin
So snh file MPEG-2, file MPEG-4 chim b nh t hn. iu ny l do thut
toan nen MPEG-4 c thit k to cc file ma c th c vn chuyn qua
Internet, v xem trc tip trn cac nn tng mng khc nhau.
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

MPEG2 vs MPEG4 nn
Nen hinh anh hay m thanh l tt ca cac bin phap nhm duy tr cng mt cht
lng m thanh hoc video, nhng s dng kch thc b nh thp hn. MPEG-4
nn l mt s ci tin so vi nh dng MPEG-2.
Nu mt file m thanh hoc d liu tai phong thu ca mt b phim c pht
hnh m khng nn, n s mt t nht 20 DVD! Trong khi , nu n s dng nh
dng MPEG, Cung b phim o c th c cha trn mt a DVD duy nht! Lm
th no nh dng MPEG-2 t c iu ny? N t c iu ny bng cch
loi b mt s phn d tha t mt khung c lp li trong nhng ci sau ny.
l, cc b phn ca khung hnh m vn tnh c lu tr ch mt ln! Ch c nhng
s khc bit gia cc khung hnh k tip nhau s c lu tr sau . Bit rate cng
kim sot ph hp. C nhiu th thut khc cung tham gia lm gim kch thc ca
tp tin trong khi m ha. Bng cch ny cc file hinh anh c m ha theo nh
dng MPEG-2 v kch thc ca cc tp tin video c gim thiu ng k. V vy,
khi bn chay mt file a c m ha, thit bi chay video ca bn phi c b gii
m MPEG-2 tr li cc khung hnh gc t cc dang nn.
Nn MPEG-4 l kh phc tp so vi nn MPEG-2 khi n c thit k t
c cc video cht lng cao cho cc ng dng a phng tin vi bit rate tng
i thp. n gin, nen MPEG-4 loi b cc bit d tha bng cch so snh nhiu
khung hnh hn so vi MPEG-2 ti mt thi im bng cch iu chnh bit rate cho
ph hp. So MPEG-2, MPEG-4 la mt nh dng m ha linh hot hn rt nhiu.
MPEG2 vs MPEG4 Bitrate
Cac file c ma hoa bng inh dang MPEG-2 co mt khoang bit rate t 4 n
9 MB/s, trong khi cc file MPEG-4 c bit rate thp hn ng k (mt vai kb/s). iu
ny l do nh dng ny c thit k cho cc ng dng mng.
MPEG2 vs MPEG4 - Bng thng
Nu bn so sanh bng thng MPEG-2 vi MPEG-4, bn s tm thy mt s khc
bit ng k khi chng c thit k inh dang cho cc nn tng khc nhau.Trong
khi MPEG-2 c bng thng ln n 40 MB/s, MPEG-4 c bng thng khong 64
kbps.

72

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Chng ta c th tham kho thm bng di y.


Mpeg 2
MPEG 4
S dng lu tr DVD,truyn hnh S dng cho cc ng dng
s v tinh, truyn hnh s mt t
mobile
device,
video
conferencing,
internet
streaming
D
on M ha MB, DC predictor
S dng trong cc khng
trong
mt
gian 4x4, 16x16
mt frame
chnh xc 1 pixel v pixel
1pixel, 1/2pixel v pixel
ca
vector
chuyn ng
P Frame
Tham chiu n
Tham chiu n v a tham
chiu
B frame
Mt tham chiu cho mi ng
1 tham chiu
a tham chiu
ng dng

Lc
trong Khng h tr
vng lp
DCT
8x8 DCT

De-blocking

Ch d D on trong nh nh(16x16,16x8)
on

4x4 Interger DCT


8x8 Integer DCT
D
on
lin
nh
(16x16,8x16,16x8,8x8, 4x4)

Kt lun
C hai nh dng ang c s dng ngy nay cho cc ng dng khc nhau. MPEG2 vn c s dng trong ma hoa DVD v TV broadcast, trong khi cc nn tng
Internet v videophone thuc v cc nh dng MPEG-4.

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

H264
Tng quan v H264
Chun nn video mi nht H264, cn c bit vi tn gi MPEG-4 Part
10/AVC (Advanced Video Coding- M ha video nng cao). H264 c mong i
s tr thnh chun nn video c s dng rng ri nht trong thi gian sp ti.
H264 l mt chun m h tr hu ht cc cng ngh nn video hin nay. M
ha H264 c th gim kch c ca mt file video ti 80% so vi chun MPEG v
50% so vi chun MPEG 4 Part 2 m vn gi li c cht lng ca hnh nh. Do
, s dng H264 gip gim thiu bng thng truyn ti trong mng my tnh v
gip khng cn tn qu nhiu dung lng lu tr cc file video. Nhn theo mt
cch khc, vi mt s bit rate thp nhng chng ta vn c th c c cht lng
video tt.
c a ra bi cc t chc tiu chun quc t trong lnh vc thng tin truyn
thng v cng ngh thng tin, H264 c mong i l s c s dng rng ri hn
cc chun nn video trc . Mt s cc thit b in t gn y nh in thoi di
ng, u c video k thut s, camera c kh nng nn v c H264 v
nhanh chng c ngi s dng ng h. Cc nh cung cp dch v nh lu tr
video trc tuyn v cc cng ty truyn thng ang bt u s dng H264.
Trong ngnh cng nghip video dn dng, H264 nhanh chng tm c ch
ng trong cc khu vc m yu cu video vi phn gii ln v frame rate
cao nh ng cao tc, sn bay hay cc sng bc, ni m video phi t 30/25
khung hnh trn giy. l nhng ni m vic gim lu lng mng v dung lng
lu tr mang li s gim thiu chi ph rt ln. H264 c d on cng s nhanh
chng c s dng rng ri trong cc camera k thut s vi li th mang li t
cng ngh nn video cht lng cao gip gim kch c v bit rate ca cc video s
m vn gi li c cht lng hnh nh. Tuy vy, i li cho nhng li ch m
H264 mang li, s phi u t mt h thng network camera hin i v mt h
thng x l mnh hn.

S pht trin ca H264


H264 l kt qu ca mt d n hp tc gia t chc ITU-Ts Video Coding
Experts Group v ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). ITU-T l mt
b phn ca Lin minh vin thng quc t ITU c chc nng a ra cc chun vin
thng. Cn ISO v IEC l 2 t chc quc t a ra cc tiu chun cho tt c lnh vc
in, in t v cc ngnh cng ngh lin quan. H264 l tn gi do ITU-T t, trong
khi ISO/IEC gi n l MPEG-4 Part 10/AVC bi v n c gii thiu nh l mt

74

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

phn ca b chun MPEG-4. B chun MPEG-4 c s dng trong cc b m ha


video chy trn nn IP v cc network camera.
c thit k nhm gii quyt cc yu im trong cc chun nn video trc
y, H264 c t ra vi cc mc tiu sau:
Gim c s bit rates trung bnh ti 50% v vn a ra c mt cht lng
video c nh so snh vi bt k chun video no khc.
Gim thiu li khi truyn video qua nhiu mng khc nhau.
Mang li kh nng truyn video vi tr thp (ph hp trong video
conferencing), tr cao hn i km vi cht lng tt hn.
Cu trc r rng gip n gin ha qu trnh hot ng.
C qu trnh gii m ton chnh xc, a ra chnh xc cn bao nhiu php
tnh s hc cn c b m ha v b gii m thc hin, do trnh c li
trong qu trnh tch ly.
H264 cn c th linh hot h tr mt s lng ln cc ng dng vi nhiu yu
cu bit rate khc nhau. V d nh trong cc ng dng video gii tr bao gm truyn
hnh cp, v tinh v DVD, H264 c th truyn video c bit rate t 1-10 Mbit/s vi
tr cao, trong khi vi cc dch v vin thng, H264 c th truyn vi bit rate
di 1 Mbit/s vi tr thp.

S m ha khi ca H264

75

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hinh 49 S m ha khi ca H264

Hinh 50 S m ha H264

76

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hinh 51 S gii m H264

Cc phng php nn ca H264


Vi chun nn H264, mi hnh nh c phn chia thnh nhiu Block, mi
block tng ng vi mt s lng nht nh cc MacroBlock. V d mt hnh nh
c phn gii QCIF (tng ng vi s lng im nh 176x144) s c chia
thnh 99 MacroBlock vi kch c 16x16. Mt s phn on cc MacroBlock tng
t c s dng cc kch c nh khc. Thnh phn chi ca nh c ly mu tng
ng vi phn gii ca nh , trong khi thnh phn mu CR v CB c ly
mu vi tn s thp hn theo 2 chiu ngang v dc. Thm vo mi hnh nh c
th c phn thnh s nguyn ln cc lt mng (slice), vic ny rt c gi tr cho
vic ti ng b trong trng hp li d liu.
Mi hnh nh thu c c xem nh mt nh I. nh I l nh c m ho bi
vic p dng trc tip cc php bin i ln cc MacroBlock khc nhau trong nh.
Cc nh I c m ho s c kch c ln bi n c xy dng t mt khi lng
ln thng tin ca bn thn nh hin ti m khng s dng bt c thng tin no t
min thi gian trong qu trnh x l m ho tng hiu qu x l m ho bn trong
trong H264.

Gim bt d tha
Cng ging nh cc b lp gii m khc, H264 nn video bng cch gim bt
d tha c v khng gian v thi gian trong hnh nh. Nhng d tha v mt thi
gian l nhng hnh nh ging nhau lp i lp li t khung (frame) ny sang khung
khc, v d nh phn phng nn khng chuyn ng ca mt chng trnh i thoi
77

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

trn truyn hnh. D tha v khng gian l nhng chi tit ging nhau xut hin trong
cng mt khung, v d nh nhiu im nh ging nhau to thnh mt bu tri xanh.
Ngoi ra H264 cn c kh nng so snh nhiu khung hnh nh vi nhau c
th gim bt d tha tt nht, k thut ny cn c gi l Multiple Reference
Frames.

Hinh 52 Multiple Reference Frames

Chn ch , phn chia v ch ng


B lp gii m bt u bng vic quyt nh loi khung cn nn ti mt thi
im nht nh v chn ch m ho ph hp. Ch "trong khi" to ra nh "I",
trong khi ch "gia khi" to ra khung "P" hoc "B". Sau , b m ho s chia
nh thnh hng trm hng v ct cc im nh ca nh video s cha nn thnh cc
khi nh hn, mi khi c cha mt vi hng v ct im nh.
H264 c 4 profiles ng vi cc ch m ha khung hnh khc nhau, dn ti
mc ch s dng khc nhau: Baseline, Main, Extended v High

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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hinh 53 Profiles ca H264

Nh chng ta thy qua hnh trn, ng vi mi profiles H264 li cho ra hnh nh


ph hp vi cc mc ch s dng khc nhau nh: hi ngh truyn hnh, gi in
thoi hnh, lu tr hay dng trong ci studio,

Nn theo min thi gian


Khi b m ho ang hot ng ch "gia khi" (inter), khi ny s phi
qua cng on hiu chnh chuyn ng. Qu trnh ny s pht hin ra bt k chuyn
ng no din ra gia khi v mt khi tng ng mt hoc hn mt nh tham
chiu c lu tr t trc, sau to ra mt khi "chnh lch" hoc "li". Thao
tc ny s gim bt d liu trong mi block mt cch hiu qu do ch phi trnh by
chuyn ng ca n m thi. Tip n l cng on bin i csin ri rc (DCT)
bt u nn theo min khng gian. Khi b m ho hot ng ch "trong khi"
(intra), khi ny s b qua cng on hiu chnh chuyn ng v ti thng cng
on DCT.

79

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Hinh 54 S khi m ho MPEG, ng t nt c trng cho phn b sung ca H264


trong vic nn theo min khng gian.

Nn theo min khng gian


Cc khi thng c cha cc im nh tng t hoc thm ch ging ht nhau.
Trong nhiu trng hp, cc im nh thng khng thay i my (nu c). Nh
vy c ngha l tn s thay i gi tr im nh trong khi ny l rt thp. Nhng
khi nh th c gi l khi c tn s khng gian thp. B lp m li dng c
im ny bng cch chuyn i cc gi tr im nh ca khi thnh cc thng tin tn
s trong cng on bin i csin ri rc.
Bin i cosin ri rc:
Cng on DCT bin i cc gi tr im nh ca khi thnh mt ma trn gm
cc h s tn s ngang, dc t trong khng gian tn s. Khi khi ban u c tn s
khng gian thp, DCT s tp hp phn ln nng lng tn s vo gc tn s thp
ca mng. Nh vy, nhng h s tn s thp gc s c gi tr cao hn.
Mt s lng ln cc h s khc cn li trn ma trn u l cc h s c tn s
cao, nng lng thp v c gi tr thp. H s DC v mt vi h s tn s thp s
hm cha phn ln thng tin c m t trong khi ban u. iu ny c ngha l
b lp m c th loi b phn ln h s tn s cao cn li m khng lm gim ng
k cht lng hnh nh ca khi.
B lp m chun b cc h s cho cng on ny bng cch qut cho mng
li theo ng zig-zag, bt u t h s DC v qua v tr ca cc h s ngang dc
tng dn. Do vy n to ra c mt chui h s c sp xp theo tn s.
Lng t ho v m ho entropy:

80

Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

Ti y thao tc nn khng gian mi thc s din ra. Da trn mt h s t l


(c th iu chnh bi b m ho), b lng t ho s cn i tt c cc gi tr h s.
Do phn ln h s i ra t DCT u mang nng lng cao nhng gi tr thp nn b
lng t ho s lm trn chng thnh 0. Kt qu l mt chui cc gi tr h s
c lng t ho bt u bng mt s gi tr cao u chui, theo sau l mt hng
di cc h s c lng t ho v 0. B lp m entropy c th theo di s lng
cc gi tr 0 lin tip trong mt chui m khng cn m ho chng, nh vy gim
bt c khi lng d liu trong mi chui.

Cc u im ni bt ca chun nn H264
Chng ta hy xt cc u im ni bt ca chun H264 thy c s u vit ca
chun nn mi ny.

u im ca nn khng gian
Chun nn H264c hai ci tin mi trong lnh vc nn khng gian. Trc ht,
b lp m ny c th tin hnh nn khng gian ti cc macroblock 16x16 im nh
thay v cc block 8x8 nh trc y. iu ny gip tng cng ng k kh nng
nn khng gian i vi cc hnh nh c cha nhiu khong ln cc im nh ging
nhau.
Th hai l thao tc nn c tin hnh trong min khng gian trc khi cng
on DCT din ra. Chun nn H264so snh macroblock hin thi vi cc
macroblock k bn trong cng mt khung, tnh ton chnh lch, v sau s ch
gi on chnh lch ti DCT. Hoc l n c th chia nh macroblock 16x16 im
nh thnh cc khi 4x4 nh hn v so snh tng khi ny vi cc khi k bn trong
cng mt macroblock. iu ny gip ci thin kh nng nn nh chi tit.

u im ca nn thi gian
im ci tin ln nht H264l ch m ho gia. Nhng phng php tin
tin ch ny khin cho nn thi gian t n mt cp cao hn nhiu, cng
vi cht lng chuyn ng tt hn so vi cc chun MPEG trc y.

Kch c khi
ch gia khi, MPEG-2 ch h tr cc macroblock 16x16 im nh,
khng phn gii m ho chnh xc cc chuyn ng phc tp hoc phi
tuyn tnh, v d nh phng to thu nh. Ngc li, H264li tng cng hiu chnh
chuyn ng bng cch cho php b lp m bin i kch c thnh phn chi ca
mi macroblock. (B lp m s dng thnh phn chi nh vy l do mt ngi nhy
cm vi chuyn ng chi hn nhiu so vi chuyn ng mu.) Nh c th thy
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Nhm 4 - lp Truyn thng v mng my tnh K51

trong Hnh 2, H264c th chia thnh phn chi ca tng macroblock thnh 4 c:
16x16, 16x8, 8x16 hoc 8x8. Khi s dng khi 8x8, n cn c th chia tip 4 khi
8x8 ny thnh 4 c na l 8x8, 8x4, 4x8 hoc 4x4.

Hinh 55 H264 c th phn chia thnh phn chi ca tng MacroBlock


theo nhiu cch ti u ho vic b chuyn ng

Vic phn chia cc macroblock cho php b lp m x l c mt vi loi


chuyn ng tu theo phc tp ca chuyn ng cng nh ngun lc v tc
bit. Nhn chung, kch c phn chia ln ph hp vi vic x l chuyn ng ti
cc khu vc ging nhau trong nh, trong khi kch c phn chia nh li rt c ch
khi x l chuyn ng ti cc ch c nhiu chi tit hn. Kt qu l cht lng hnh
nh cao hn, t b v khi hn.
Cc cuc th nghim ch ra rng vic sp xp hp l cc khung c th tng
t l nn thm 15%. H264ly phn chi ca nh gc v s dng cc macroblock
c chia nh ti cc khu vc c nhiu chi tit nhm tng cng kh nng hiu
chnh chuyn ng.
chnh xc trong hiu chnh chuyn ng:
Trong a s trng hp, chuyn ng ti ra mi macroblock hay khi thng
din ra vi phn gii nh hn mt im nh. Do vy, chun nn H264c th m
bo chnh xc trong hiu chnh chuyn ng ln ti 1/4 hoc 1/8 im nh, trong
khi cc chun MPEG trc y ch dng li mc 1/2 im nh. Kh nng t mc
chnh xc 1/8 nh im ca H264gip tng hiu sut m ho ti tc bit cao v
phn gii video cao. Cc th nghim cho thy chnh xc n 1/4 im nh c th
lm gim tc bit xung hn 15% so vi chnh xc 1 im nh.
Chn nhiu hnh tham chiu:
Chun nn MPEG-2 ch da trn 2 khung tham chiu d on cc chuyn
ng mang tnh chu k, ging nh trong tr ko qun. Tuy nhin, khi camera thay
i gc quay hay chuyn qua chuyn li gia cc cnh, vic ch s dng 2 khung
tham chiu khng cn ph hp d on chnh xc chuyn ng. Tng t nh
vy, on trc cc chuyn ng phc tp nh sng bin hay mt v n, ta cn
phi c nhiu hn 2 khung tham chiu. V th, chun H264cho php c ti 5 khung
tham chiu phc v cho vic m ho gia khung. Kt qu l cht lng video tt
hn v hiu sut nn cao hn.
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Gii khi tch hp:


Video s sau khi nn thng to ra mt hiu ng gi l "kt khi", c th thy
r ti im giao nhau gia cc khi, c bit l khi c tc bit thp. Hiu ng ny
l do cng on x l s dng nhiu loi chuyn ng v b lng t khc nhau.
i vi MPEG-2, cch duy nht ngn chn hiu ng ny l s dng cc c ch
hu x l ph hp, tuy nhin cc c ch ny li khng tng thch c vi tt c
cc my thu. Chun nn H264a vo s dng mt b lc gii khi hot ng hai
cp : macroblock 16x16 v khi 4x4. Vic gii khi thng to ra mt t s tn
hiu trn nhiu (PSNR) cc im thp hn, tuy nhin nhn mt cch ch quan th n
to ra hnh nh cht lng tt hn.

u im v lng t ho v bin i
Chm di ng 8x8 DCT cng vi dung sai ca li lm trn chnh l phn ct
li ca cc chun MPEG trc y. H264c o hn ch n s dng bin i
khng gian nguyn (gn ging nh DCT) i vi cc khi 4x4 im nh. Kch c
nh gip gim bt hin tng "kt khi", trong khi thng s nguyn tuyt i gip
loi b nguy c khng thch ng gia b lp m v gii m trong php bin i
ngc. Thm vo , dy h s xch lng t ln hn khin cho c ch kim sot
tc d liu b lp m hot ng mt cch linh hot hn da trn mt t l phc
hp vo khong 12,5% thay cho mt mc tng lng gia khng i.

u im i vi m ho entropy
Sau khi tin hnh hiu chnh, bin i v lng t ho chuyn ng, cc b lp
m MPEG trc y s vch ra cc symbol biu din vct chuyn ng v h s
lng t ho thnh cc bit thc s. V d nh chun nn MPEG-2 s dng phng
php m c chiu di bin thin tnh (VLC) khng th ti u ho trong mi trng
video thi gian thc (trong ni dung v cc cnh bin i theo thi gian).
H264s dng m ho thut ton nh phn theo tnh hung CABAC (ContextAdaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding). Hiu sut m ho ca CABAC cao hn hn
nh kh nng thch nghi vi cc thay i c th xy ra trong phn b symbol. V d,
n c th khai thc s tng quan gia cc symbol v t s dng s tng quan
bit v thut ton m ho. C ch ny c th gip tit kim thm mt lng bit vo
khong hn 5%.

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So snh H264 vi cc chun nn khc

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Kt lun v H264
H264 l mt bc tin ln trong cng ngh nn video. Nh c nhng kh nng
d on chnh xc cng nh kh nng phc hi tt khi b li, H264 cung cp nhng
b quyt mng li hiu qu nn cao hn.
H264 em n nhng c hi mi trong vic m ha video mt cch tt hn, t
thc hin c nhng dng video c cht lng cao hn, frame rate cao hn v
phn gii cao hn vi nhng bit rate n nh (so vi nhng tiu chun trc ),
hay ngc li, H264 to ra nhng video c cng cht lng nhng bit rate thp
hn. Ln u tin 3 t chc tiu chun ha quc t ITU, ISO v IEC cng i n kt
lun H264 l chun nn video quc t. Nh tnh nng linh hot, H264 c ng
dng trong a dng nhng lnh vc nh: HD DVD (v d nh Blu-ray), truyn
hnh k thut s bao gm c HD TV, lu tr video trc tuyn (v d nh YouTube),
in thoi di ng th h th 3, trong mt s phn mm nh QuickTime, h iu
hnh Mac OS X ca my tnh Flash v Apple, v cc my chi game gia nh nh
Play Station.
c p dng trong nhiu ngnh cng nghip v ng dng, p ng nhu cu
chuyn nghip cng nh nhu cu bnh dn, H264 c k vng s thay th nhng
tiu chun v cch thc nn khc ang c s dng hin nay. nh dng H264
ngy cng c ng dng rng ri trong network camera, m ha video v phn
mm qun l video, do nhng nh thit k v tch hp h thng s cn phi m
bo chn c sn phm v nh cung cp ph hp vi chun m mi ny. Hin ti,
nhng sn phm video trong mng my tnh h tr c H264 v hnh nh JPEG l
nhng sn phm l tng, em n kh nng linh hot v s tch hp cao nht.

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KT LUN
Cc chun nn video ang ngy cng c nghin cu v t nhiu thnh tu
ln hn. Cc chun nn v sau ra i cng ngy cng c cht lng cao hn v thch
hp vi nhiu mc ch s dng ca con ngi. Trong khun kh ca mt bi tiu
lun, vic trnh by v i su vo tm hiu cc chun nn l rt kh v cn nhiu
thiu st. Chng em s b sung v tip tc nghin cu tip khi c c hi.
Mt ln na chng em chn thnh cm n c Nguyn Th Hong Lan v
nhng gi v gip ca c trong qu trnh lm tiu lun ny.

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TI LIU THAM KHO


1. Ti liu t itu.int/itu-t:
ITU-T. H261
ITU-T. H262
ITU-T. H264
2. Axis Communication. H264

3. Ti liu t iso.org:
Information technology -- Multimedia application format MPEG 1
Information technology -- Multimedia application format MPEG 2
Information technology -- Multimedia application format MPEG 4
4. MPEG digital video-coding standard - IEEE signal processing magazine
5. Tp bi ging Truyn Thng a Phng Tin ca c Nguyn Th Hong
Lan

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