Trng THCS Bnh Thnh

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CHUYN 1

.c
o

TM CC TR (HAY TM GI TR NH NHT - GI TR LN NHT)

CA BIU THC

I. Cc kin thc thng dng:

ie
t

+ Vi mi x thuc R
* x2 0, tng qut: [f(x)]2k 0 (k Z)
* [f(x)]2k + m m (k R)
+ Vi mi x thuc R
-x2 0, tng qut: -[f(x)]2k 0 (k Z)
m - [f(x)]2k m
+ Cc bt ng thc cha du tr tuyt i thng dng: vi mi x, y thuc R ta
c:
* x 0
* x b b x b (b 0)
* x y x y du "=" xy ra x.y 0
* x y x y du "=" xy ra x.y 0
+ Bt ng thc c-si
a + b 2 ab ( vi a 0, b 0 ) du "=" xy ra a = b
a b
2 ( vi a.b > 0) du "=" xy ra a = b
b a
+ Vi a 0, b 0, a + b = k ( k l s khng i )
th tch a.b ln nht a = b
+ Vi a 0, b 0, a . b = k ( k l s khng i )
th tng a + b nh nht a = b

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II. Phng php tm gi tr ln nht (GTLN) v gi tr nh nht

(GTNN) ca biu thc f(x) ( hoc f(y) ....):

1. Tm GTNN (Min) ca f(x)

Bc 1: Tm iu kin xc nh ca f(x)
Bc 2: Bin i f(x) a ( a l hng s )
Bc 3: khng nh f(x) c GTNN l a. T ch ra c x = x0 tha mn iu
kin bc 1 sao cho f(x0) = a
2. Tm GTLN (Max) ca f(x) :
Bc 1: Tm iu kin xc nh ca f(x)
Bc 2: Bin i f(x) b ( b l hng s )
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Bc 3: Khng nh f(x) c GTLN l b. T ch ra c x0 tha mn iu

kin bc 1 sao cho f(x0) = b

III. Mt s dng ton tm GTLN - GTNN thng gp:

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o

1.Dng a thc 1 bin:

Cch gii:
- S dng bt ng thc A2m 0 hoc A2m + k k (k hng s)
- Bin i a dn cc bin vo hng ng thc (a + b)2 hoc (a - b)2
- Nu f(x) l a thc bc 2 dng f(x) = ax2 + bx + c ta c th bin i nh sau:

b
b
b2
b2
f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = a x 2 x c a x 2 2.x. 2 c
a
2 a 4a
4a
2

b
4ac b
= a x
2a
4a

4ac b 2
4ac b 2
hay GTNN ca f(x) =
4a
4a
2
4ac b
4ac b 2
Nu a < 0 f ( x)
hay GTLN ca f(x) =
4a
4a

Nu a > 0 f ( x)

3
2
Gii: a. K: x R

V d: Tm GTLN ca biu thc sau:

a. -x2 -3x + 4

ie
t

b. -2x2 + 4x -

-x2 -3x + 4 = -(x2 + 3x) + 4 = -(x2 + 2.x.

3
9
9
+ )+4+
2
4
4

3 2 25
) +
2
4
3
3
25
25
V -(x + )2 0 nn -(x + )2 +

2
2
4
4
3
25
25
3
3
Suy ra -(x + )2 +
c GTLN l
khi -(x + )2 = 0 x + = 0
2
4
4
2
2
3
x= 2
25
3
2
Vy -x -3x + 4 c GTLN l
khi x = 4
2
b. K: x R
3
3
3
-2x2 + 4x - = -2(x2 - 2x) - = -2(x2 -2x + 1) - + 2
2
2
2
1
1
= -2(x - 1)2 + v -2(x - 1)2 0
2
2
1
1
Suy ra GTLN ca -2(x - 1)2 + l khi -2(x - 1)2 x - 1 = 0 x = 1
2
2

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= -(x +

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Vy -2x2 + 4x -

Bin son: L Cng Thun

3
1
c GTLN l khi x = 1
2
2

2.Dng biu thc f(x) l phn thc mt bin:

m
(vi m l hng s)
A( x)

2.1.Trng hp 1: Nu f(x) c dng f(x) =

- Kim tra

.c
o

Cch gii:
m
0
A( x)

1
x 2x 2

b. B =

a. A =

- f(x) c GTLN khi A(x) c GTNN v ngc li f(x) c GTNN khi A(x)
c GTLN
V d: Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
5
4 x 8x 7
2

1
>0
( x 1)2 1

Gii:
a. Ta c: x2 -2x + 2 = x2 - 2x + 1 + 1 = (x-1)2 + 1 > 0
2

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ie
t

A c GTLN (x - 1) + 1 c GTNN m (x - 1) + 1 1
2
Min (x - 1) + 1 = 1 khi v ch khi x = 1
1
Max A = = 1 khi v ch khi x = 1.
1
2
b. Ta c: 4x - 8x + 7 = 4x2 - 8x + 4 + 3 = (2x - 2)2 + 3 3
B>0
Vy B c GTLN (2x - 2)2 + 3 c GTNN
M (2x - 2)2 + 3 3 Min(4x2 - 8x + 7) = 3 2x - 2 = 0 x = 1
5
Max B =
x=1
3
B ( x)
2.2. Trng hp 2: f(x) c dng f(x) =
A( x)

Cch gii: Nu bc ca a thc B(x) ln hn bc ca a thc A(x) ta chia a

thc B(x) cho a thc A(x), thc hin php chia c dng:

Q( x)
+ f(x) = m +

P( x)

Suy ra Min f(x) = m

Q( x)
=0
P ( x)
2

Q( x)
+ Hoc dng f(x) = -
+n
P( x)
Q( x)
Suy ra Max f(x) = n
= 0 (vi m, n l hng s)
P ( x)

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Bin son: L Cng Thun

Nu B(x) l a thc bc 1 v Q(x) l a thc bc 2. ta gi s y l mt gi tr no

ca f(x). Khi ta c phng trnh:
B ( x)
y.A(x) - B(x) = 0 (*)
A( x)
Xt trng hp y = 0 B(x) = 0 ta tm c x
Xt trng hp y 0 th (*) c nghim 0. T tm ra x

.c
o

y=

Lu : + Trng hp biu thc l nhng phn thc 2 bin, 3 bin ta cng xt cc dng
tng t nh trn.
+ Nu f(x) = c - A(x) (c l hng s ) f(x) c GTLN A(x) c GTNN
a ( a b ) b ( a b)
a (a 2) 3(a 2 b 2 ) ab(ab 2b)
3

(a b)

V d 1. Cho biu thc A =

a. Rt gn A
b. Vi gi tr no ca a v b th A t GTLN

Gii:
a. Rt gn t thc v phn tch mu thc thnh nhn t ta c:

a 2 b2
1
A= 2 2 2
2
a b a 2a 3 a 2a 3
1
a 2a 3

b. A =

1
a = -1
2

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Max A =

ie
t

Ta c: a2 + 2a + 3 = (a + 1)2 + 2 2
A>0
2
A c GTLN a + 2a + 3 c GTNN
M Min(a2 + 2a + 3) = Min[ (a + 1)2 + 2] = 2 a = -1
V d 2: Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
B=
Gii:

5 x 2 26 x 41

x 2

5 x 2 26 x 41

x 2

B=

K: x 2

5( x 2 4 x 4) 6( x 2) 9
( x 2)2

5( x 2)2 6( x 2)
9
=

2
2
( x 2)
( x 2)
( x 2) 2
2

6
3
3
3
= 5

.1 1 4
=
2.
x2 x2
x2
x2

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Bin son: L Cng Thun

=
1 4 4
x2

3
1 0 3 x 2 0
x2
vy Min B = 4 x = 5

.c
o

Min B = 4

V d 3: Tm GTNN v GTLN ca biu thc sau:

C=

4x 3
x2 1

4x 3
x2 1

Gi y l mt gi tr ca C =

Gii: x2 +1 1 C c ngha vi mi x R

4x 3
c nghim
x2 1
2
2
(x + 1)y = 4x + 3 yx - 4x + y - 3 = 0 (*)

phng trnh y =

Nu y = 0 th (*) 0.x2 - 4.x + 0 - 3 = 0 4x - 3 = 0 x =

3
(1)
4

ie
t

y40
(I )

y 4 0

( II )
y 1 0

Nu y 0 th (*) c nghim ' 0 4 - y(y - 3) 0

2
-y + 3y + 4 0 (y - 4)(-y - 1) 0

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Gii h (I) v nghim

Gii h (II) c nghim: -1 y 4
Vi y = -1 thay vo phng trnh (*) ta c -x2 - 4x -1 - 3 = 0 -x2 - 4x - 4 = 0
Gii phng trnh -x2 - 4x - 4 = 0 ta c x = -2
(2)
2
Vi y = 4 thay vo phng trnh (*) ta c 4x - 4x + 1 = 0

Gii phng trnh 4x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 ta c x =

1
2

T (1), (2), (3) ta c:

Max C = 4 khi x =

1
2

Min C = -1 khi x = -2
3. Dng 3: Biu thc c cha du gi tr tuyt i:
Cch gii:
Cch 1: S dng cc bt ng thc:
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(3)

Trng THCS Bnh Thnh

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Bin son: L Cng Thun

A B A B du bng xy ra A.B 0
A B A B du bng xy ra A.B 0

1
1
2 A.
2 du bng xy ra A = 1
A
A

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A b(b 0) -b A b

Cch 2: Lp bng xt du:

VD: f(x) = ax + b 0

f(x)

Tri du
vi a

Cng du
vi a

b
a

Bt ng thc C-si:

ie
t

x 8 x x8 x

Cch 3: Xt trong tng khong kh du gi tr tuyt i, t tm c

GTNN, GTLN
V d 1: Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
a. A = x 8 x
b. B = x 5 x 2
Gii:
a. p dng bt ng thc A B A B . Ta c:
x 8 x 8

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Biu thc x 8 x c GTNN x 8 x 8 xy ra du "="

x(8-x) 0
Lp bng xt du:
x
0
8
x
0
+
+
8-x
+
+
0
x(8 - x)
0
+
0
Da vo bng xt du ta c:
Min A = 8 0 x 8
b. Cch 1: Gii nh bi a
Cch 2: Ta xt trong tng khong cc gi tr ca x b du
x 5 x 2 nu x > 5
B = x 5 x 2 = x 5 x 2 nu 5 x -2

x 5 x 2 nu x < -2

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Bin son: L Cng Thun

2 x 3 nu x > 5
B = 7
nu 5 x -2

2 x 3 nu x < -2

.c
o

Trng hp B = 2x - 3 nu x > 5 nn B > 2.5 - 3 = 7

B>7
Trng hp B = -2x + 3 nu x < -2 nn B = -2x + 3 > -2.(-2) + 3 = 7
B>7
Vy Min B = 7 nu 5 x -2
Ch : - Nn gii theo cch 2 khi s du phi xt trong biu thc l 2 hoc 3 du .
Trng hp s du nhiu hn 3 ta nn gii theo cch 1 th li gii ngn gn hn.

- Ta c th chuyn dng B = M N thnh B = M 2 N 2 dng biu thc

cha cn bc hai gii.

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ie
t

V d 2: Tm GTNN ca biu thc

C = x 2 2 x 3 x 2 2 x 15
Gii:
Nhn xt: Biu thc trong du u cha x2 + 2x nn ta p dng A A
c:
C = x 2 2 x 3 15 x 2 2 x x 2 2 x 3 15 x 2 2 x = 18 = 18
Du "=" xy ra (x2 + 2x + 3)(15 - x2 -2x) 0
M x2 + 2x + 3 = (x + 1)2 + 2 > 0
2
15 - x - 2x 0
2
-(x + 1) +16 0 -4 x + 1 4
-5 x 3
Vy Min C = 18 -5 x 3

4. Dng 4: Biu thc c cha cn thc:

Cch gii: - Vn dng bt ng thc c-si
a + b 2 ab vi a 0, b 0
- 2n A c ngha A 0. Du "=" xy ra A = 0 ( n N* )

V d :1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc

a. A = x + x
b. B =
Gii:
a. A = x + x , A c ngha x 0

x2 4 x 3

c. C = x -

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x2 + 5

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A=x+

x 0
Vy Min A = 0 x = 0
x2 4 x 3 =

x 2

b. B =

2
1 1 11
x 2 2. x 2.
2 4
4

.c
o

B c ngha (x - 2) - 1 0
2
B c GTNN (x - 2) - 1 = 0 (x - 3)(x - 1) = 0
Vy Min B = 0 x = 3 hoc x = 1
c. K: x + 2 0 x -2
C = x - x2 + 5 = x + 2 - x2 + 3

1
11 11
= x 2
2
4 4

11
1
1
7
x2 = 0 x + 2 = x
( tha mn K )
GTNN ca C =
4
2
4
4
11
7
Vy Min C =
x
4
4

ie
t

2. Tm GTLN ca biu thc A = x 2 8 x 7

Gii:
A = x 2 8 x 7 = x 1 7 x
A c ngha (x -1)(7 - x) 0
1 x 7

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x 1 0

7 x 0

x 1 0

7 x 0

Vi 1 x 7 x 1 0, 7 x 0
p dng bt ng thc cho hai s khng m x - 1 v 7 - x ta c:
x 1 7 x
3
2
A c GTLN l 3 x - 1 = 7 - x x = 4 ( du "=" xy ra x - 1 = 7 - x )
Vy Max A = 3 x = 4

x 1 7 x

A=

V d 3: Tm GTNN ca biu thc sau:

B = x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1
Gii: K: x -1 0 x 1
B = x 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 =
=

x 1 1

x 1 1

x 1 2 x 1 1 x 1 2 x 1 1

x 1 1

x 1 1

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=

Bin son: L Cng Thun

x 1 1 1 x 1

B=

x 1 1 1 x 1

x 1 11 x 1 = 2

Vy Min B = 2 x 1 11 x 1 0

p dng bt ng thc a b a b ta c:

.c
o

x 1 1 0

1 x 1 0

1 x 2 ( tha mn K )

x 1 1 0

1 x 1 0

ie
t

Vy vi 1 x 2 th B c GTNN l 2.
5. Dng biu thc l a thc nhiu bin:
Cch gii: Vi dng ny ta thng bin i v dng tng cc bnh phng v
ch yu l 2 php bin i sau:
- Thm bt hng t a dn cc bin vo hng ng thc
- Tch hng t phn thnh tng nhm c cha hng ng thc
V d: 1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc sau:
a. A = x2 - 2x + y2 - 4y + 6
b. B = x - 2 xy + 3y - 2 x + 1
Gii:
a. A = x2 - 2x + y2 - 4y + 6 = x2 - 2x + 1 + y2 - 4y + 4 + 1
= (x - 1)2 + (y - 2)2 + 1 1

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x 1 0
x 1
A=1

y 2 0
y 2
x 1
Vy Min A = 1
y 2
x 0
b. K:
y 0

B = x - 2 xy + 3y - 2 x + 1 = x - 2 xy + y + 2y - 2 x + 1

=
=

y 1
y 1

x
x

x y 1 2 y 2 y

2 2y 2 y

x y 1

x y

2
1
4y 4 y
2
2
2
1
1
1
2 y 1
2
2
2
2

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.c
o

0
1

B c GTNN l
2
y 1
2 y 1 0

4
3

1
Vy Min B = 2
2
y 1

Bin son: L Cng Thun

2. Tm GTLN ca biu thc sau:

C = -x2 - 5y2 + 4xy - 6x + 14y -15
Gii:
C = -x2 - 5y2 + 4xy - 6x + 14y -15
= -(x2 + 5y2 - 4xy + 6x - 14y + 15)
= -[x2 - 2x(2y - 3) + (2y - 3)2 + 5y2 - (2y - 3)2 - 14y +15]
= -{[x - (2y - 3)]2 + (y2 -2y + 1) + 5}
= - (x - 2y + 3)2 - (y - 1)2 + 5 5

ie
t

x 2 y 3 0
x 1
C c GTLN l 5

y 1 0
y 1
x 1
Vy Max C = 5
y 1

6. Biu thc c dng: [f(x) + a][f(x) + b]

Cch gii:

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Bc 1: t n ph t = f(x) +

ab
2

Bc 2: Thay n ph vo biu thc v tin hnh tm cc tr ( GTNN - GTLN )

theo n ph t.
V d: Tm GTNN ca biu thc A = (x - 3)2 + (x + 7)2
Gii:
3 7
=x+2
2

t t = x +

Ta c A = (t - 5)4 + (t + 5)4
= t4 - 20t3 + 150t2 - 500t + 625 + t4 + 20t3 150t2 + 500t + 625
= 2t4 + 300t2 + 1250 1250
A c GTNN l 1250 t = 0 x + 2 = 0 x = -2
Vy Min A = 1250 x = -2

IV. Bi tp p dng:
1. Tm GTNN ca cc biu thc sau:
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a. 4x2 + 4x + 11

b. 3y2 - 6y - 1

c. (x - 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 6)

d. 2x2 + y2 - 2xy - 2x - 2y +12

1
4 x 20 x 29

f. x2 + 5y2 + 3z2 - 4xy + 2xz - 2yz -6z +

2014
g. x 2 2 x 1 x 2 6 x 9

h.

x 1
vi x 0
x2
x 2 2 x 2000
m.
x2

k.

1
9 x 12 x 11
d. x 1 y 1

3x 3
x x2 x 1
x
3

vi x > 0

f. x 1 x 2
h. (x - 3)4 + (x + 7)4

x2 2

ie
t

3. Cho biu thc A =

x 2000

b.

c. 3 x 6 x

x y
x2 y2
2 2 3
2
y
x
y x

n.

a. -x2 + 2xy - 4y2 + 2x + 10y - 3

g.

x 3 4 x 1 x 15 8 x 1

l. x 1 x 2 x a theo tham s a

2. Tm GTLN ca biu thc sau:

e.

.c
o

e.

x4

3 2 x2 6

a.

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a. Rt gn biu thc A
b. Tm GTLN ca A
4. Tm GTLN v GTNN ca biu thc:
8 x 2 6 xy
x2 y2

b. x 2 6 x

5. Cho x, y l hai s tha mn x + 2y = 3. Tm GTNN ca biu thc B = x2 +

2y2

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