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been made to ensure the accuracy of this NORSOK standard, neither OLF nor The Federation of Norwegian
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administration and publication of this NORSOK standard.
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NORSOK STANDARD M-101
Edition 5, October 2011
Structural steel fabrication
NORSOK standard M-101 Edition 5, October 2011
NORSOK standard Page 3 of 62
Foreword 5
Introduction 5
1 Scope 6
2 Normative and informative references 6
2.1 Normative references 6
2.2 Informative references 7
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations 7
3.1 Terms and definitions 7
3.2 Abbreviations 7
4 Selection of steels 8
4.1 Design classes 8
4.2 Selection of steel quality level 8
5 Qualification of welding procedures and welders 8
5.1 Welding procedure specification (WPS) 8
5.2 Qualification of welding procedures 8
5.3 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) - Range of approval 9
5.4 Examination of the test weld 10
5.5 Welder and welding operators qualifications 12
6 Fabrication and welding requirements 12
6.1 General 12
6.2 Drawings for fabrication 12
6.3 Welding coordination 12
6.4 Welding inspection and qualification of welding inspectors 13
6.5 Forming 13
6.6 Assembly 13
6.7 Preparation for coatings 15
6.8 Preparation and fit-up of weld bevels 15
6.9 Welding processes 15
6.10 Welding consumables 15
6.11 Preheat and interpass temperature 15
6.12 Production welding 16
6.13 Post weld heat treatment (PWHT) 16
6.14 Grinding 17
6.15 Peening 17
7 Production tests 17
8 Fabrication tolerances 17
9 Non-destructive testing (NDT) 17
9.1 General 17
9.2 Qualification of non-destructive testing (NDT) operators 18
9.3 Extent of visual examination and non-destructive testing (NDT) 19
9.4 Visual examination and finish of welds 20
9.5 Radiographic testing 20
9.6 Ultrasonic testing 20
9.7 Magnetic particle and penetrant testing 21
9.8 Acceptance criteria 21
10 Repair 24
10.1 Definitions 24
10.2 Correction of welds containing defects 25
10.3 Repair by welding 25
10.4 Repair welding procedure 25
10.5 Correction of distortion 25
Annex A (Informative) Details for high fatigue utilisation 26
Annex B (Informative) Correlation between steel quality level, MDS number and steel
grade/designations 28
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Annex C (Normative) Qualification of welding consumables by data sheets 30
Annex D (Normative) Welding consumable documented by batch testing 32
Annex E (Normative) Fabrication tolerances 33
Annex F (Informative) Weld inspection, typical check points 57
Annex G (Normative) Components in stainless steel and Ni-alloys 59
NORSOK standard M-101 Edition 5, October 2011
NORSOK standard Page 5 of 62
Foreword
The NORSOK standards are developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry to ensure adequate safety,
value adding and cost effectiveness for petroleum industry developments and operations. Furthermore,
NORSOK standards are, as far as possible, intended to replace oil company specifications and serve as
references in the authorities regulations.
The NORSOK standards are normally based on recognised international standards, adding the provisions
deemed necessary to fill the broad needs of the Norwegian petroleum industry. Where relevant, NORSOK
standards will be used to provide the Norwegian industry input to the international standardisation process.
Subject to development and publication of international standards, the relevant NORSOK standard will be
withdrawn.
The NORSOK standards are developed according to the consensus principle generally applicable for most
standards work and according to established procedures defined in NORSOK A-001.
The NORSOK standards are prepared and published with support by The Norwegian Oil Industry Association
(OLF), The Federation of Norwegian Industry, Norwegian Shipowners Association and The Petroleum Safety
Authority Norway.
NORSOK standards are administered and published by Standards Norway.
Annex A, B and F are informative. Annexes C, D, E and G are normative.
Introduction
Edition 5 of this NORSOK standard has been necessary due to an extensive change in referenced
international standards. In addition new annexes have been included. Some corrections and improvements
have also been implemented
NORSOK standard M-101 Edition 5, October 2011
NORSOK standard Page 6 of 62
1 Scope
This NORSOK standard covers the requirements for fabrication and inspection of offshore steel structures
with SMYS < 500 MPa and with a minimum design temperature down to -14 C.
NOTE 1 Lower minimum design temperatures require project specific evaluations. For special application steels with SMYS up
to 690 MPa may be used.
NOTE 2 For highly fatigue utilized structures, more severe requirements may apply, and these will be shown on the design
drawings.
2 Normative and informative references
The following standards include provisions and guidelines which, through reference in this text, constitute
provisions and guidelines of this NORSOK standard. Latest issue of the references shall be used unless
otherwise agreed. Other recognized standards may be used provided it can be shown that they meet the
requirements of the referenced standards.
2.1 Normative references
BS 7448, Part 1, Fracture mechanics toughness tests
BS 7910, Guide on methods for assessing the acceptability of flaws in fusion welded
structures
DNV RP D404, Unstable fracture
IIW International Welder, Minimum requirements for education, training and qualification of welding
personnel
EN 287-1, Qualification test of welders Fusion welding Part 1: Steels
EN 473, Qualification and certification of NDT personnel General principles
EN 1011- (all parts), Welding Recommendation for welding of metallic materials - (all parts)
EN 1011-3, Welding Recommendation for welding of metallic materials Part 3: Arc
welding of stainless steels
EN 1090-1:2009
+ EN 1090-1:2009/AC:2010, Execution of steel structures and aluminium structures Part 1: Requirements
for conformity assessment of structural components
EN 10204, Metallic products Types of inspection documents
EN 10225, Weldable structural steels for fixed offshore structures Technical delivery
conditions
ISO 2553, Welded, brazed and soldered joints Symbolic representation on drawings
ISO 3452-1, Non-destructive testing Penetrant testing Part 1: General principles
ISO 3690, Welding Determination of hydrogen indeposited weld metal arising from the
use of covered electrodes for welding mild and low alloy steels
ISO 3834-2, Quality requirements for welding of metallic materials Part 2: Comprehensive
quality requirements
ISO 6520-1, Welding and allied processes Classification of geometric imperfections in
metallic materials Part 1: Fusion welding
ISO 6847, Welding consumables Deposition of a weld metal pad for chemical analysis
ISO 8062:1994, Castings System of dimensional tolerances and machining allowances
ISO 9016, Destructive tests on welds in metallic materials impact tests Test specimen
location, notch orientation and examination
ISO 9606-4, Approval testing of welders Fusion welding Part 4: Nickel and nickel alloys
ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing Qualification and certification of personnel
ISO 14731, Welding coordination Tasks and responsibilities
ISO 14732, Welding personnel Approval testing of welding operators for fusion welding
ISO 15607, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials
General rules
ISO 15609-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials
Welding procedure specification Part 1: Arc welding
ISO 15614-1, Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials
Welding procedure test Part 1: Arc and gas welding of steels and arc welding
of nickel and nickel alloys
ISO/TR 15608, Welding Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system
NORSOK standard M-101 Edition 5, October 2011
NORSOK standard Page 7 of 62
ISO 15792-1, Welding consumables Test methods Part 1: Test methods for all-weld metal
test specimens in steel, nickel and nickel alloys
ISO 17025, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration
laboratories
ISO 17636, Non-destructive testing of welds Radiographic testing of fusion-welded
ISO 17637, Non-destructive testing of welds Visual testing of fusion welded joints.
ISO 17638, Non-destructive testing of welds Magnetic particle testing.
ISO 17640, Non-destructive testing of welds Ultrasonic testing of welded joints.
ISO 22825, Non-destructive testing of welds Ultrasonic testing Testing of welds in
austenitic steels and nickel-based alloys
NORSOK M-120, Material data sheets for structural steel
NORSOK N-004, Design of steel structures
NORSOK M-601, Welding and inspection of piping
NS 477, Welding. Rules for approval of welding inspectors
2.2 Informative references
EN 10025-(all parts), Hot rolled products of structural steels (all parts)
EN 10210-(all parts), Hot finished structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels (all
parts)
EN 10219-(all parts), Cold formed welded structural hollow sections of non-alloy and fine grain steels
(all parts)
ISO 3834-3, Quality requirements for welding of metallic materials Part 3: Standard quality
requirements
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviations
For the purposes of this NORSOK standard, the following terms, definitions and abbreviations apply.
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
shall
verbal form used to indicate requirements strictly to be followed in order to conform to this NORSOK standard
and from which no deviation is permitted, unless accepted by all involved parties
3.1.2
should
verbal form used to indicate that among several possibilities one is recommended as particularly suitable,
without mentioning or excluding others, or that a certain course of action is preferred but not necessarily
required
3.1.3
may
verbal form used to indicate a course of action permissible within the limits of this NORSOK standard
3.1.4
can
verbal form used for statements of possibility and capability, whether material, physical or casual
3.2 Abbreviations
AFC approved for construction
BS British Standard
CEV carbon equivalent value (IIW, International Institute of Welding Formula
CEV
15 5 6
Cu Ni V Mo Cr Mn
C
+
+
+ +
+ +
CTOD crack tip opening displacement
DAC distance amplitude curve
DNV Det Norske Veritas
EN (pr EN) European Standard (proposal for EN)
EWF European Welding Federation
FCAW flux cored arc welding
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FSH full screen height
HAZ heat affected zone
H
DM
hydrogen content, deposit metal
IIW International Institute of Welding
IW International Welder
IWT International Welding Technologist
IWE International Welding Engineer
IWI International Welding Inspector
ISO International Organization for Standardization
MDS material data sheet
MSF main support frame
MT magnetic particle testing
NDT non destructive testing
OD outside diameter
P
cm
carbon equivalent (cold cracking susceptibility)
P
cm B
V Mo Ni Cr Cu Mn Si
C 5
10 15 60 20 30
+ + + +
+ +
+ +
PT penetrant testing
PWHT post weld heat treatment
RT radiographic testing
SAW submerged arc welding
SMYS specified minimum yield strength
SQL steel quality level
SS stainless steel
UT ultrasonic testing
VT visual testing
WPS welding procedure specification
WPQR welding procedure qualification record
4 Selection of steels
4.1 Design classes
The design classes will be decided by the designer and shall form the basis for selection of SQL. Reference
is made to NORSOK N-004.
4.2 Selection of steel quality level
The steel quality level will be decided by the designer in compliance with NORSOK N-004.
Annex B gives the correlation between the steel quality levels I, II, III and IV, and designations on equivalent
steels given in NORSOK M-120.
Selection of a better steel quality level in fabrication than the minimum required by the designer shall not lead
to more stringent requirements in fabrication.
5 Qualification of welding procedures and welders
5.1 Welding procedure specification (WPS)
Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials shall be in accordance with ISO
15607. WPS shall be established in accordance with ISO 15609-1.
5.2 Qualification of welding procedures
Welding procedures used for structures requiring steel quality level I and II for all strength levels and steel
quality level III for SMYS > 355 MPa shall be qualified in accordance with ISO 15614-1 and the additional
requirements in this NORSOK standard.
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The qualification is primarily valid for the workshop performing the welding tests, and other workshops under
the same technical and quality management. It may also be transferred to and used by a subcontractor,
provided the principles of ISO 3834-2 and ISO 14731 are implemented and documented.
Requirements to components in stainless steel and Ni-alloys are given in Annex G.
The WPQR documentation shall include the material certificates for the base material and filler materials
applied in the weld qualification test. PWHT report and chart shall be included in the WPQR.
5.3 Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) - Range of approval
5.3.1 For welding of steels in all strength classes
The WPQR is valid within the limitations specified in ISO 15614-1, with the following clarifications and
modifications:
a) control of heat input according to ISO 15614-1, 8.4.8, shall apply. If an approval testing have been
performed at both a high and a low heat input level (all specified mechanical testing to be performed for
both high and low heat input), then all intermediate heat inputs are also qualified;
b) when the steel to be welded has a P
cm
> 0,21, or a carbon content C > 0,13 %, then an increase of more
than 0,02 P
cm
units or 0,03 CEV (IIW formula) units over the value on the approval test shall require a
new qualification test;
c) a change from wrought (rolled, forged) steel to cast steel or converse;
d) for all strength levels for SQL I and II and for SMYS > 400 MPa for SQL III, a change in delivery condition
(normalised, thermomechanically controlled processed or quenched and tempered);
e) a change in microalloying element or manufacturing technique for steel with SMYS > 400 MPa;
f) a decrease in groove angle of more than 10 . For groove angles less than 30, the limitation is +20/- 0;
g) a qualification of fillet welds carried out on plate thickness equal to or greater than 30 mm, applies for all
plate and throat thicknesses. Single layer fillet welds qualifies multi-layer, but not the converse;
h) qualification of WPS with manual welding methods 135 and 136 applies also for partly mechanized and
mechanized welding, but not vice versa;
i) CTOD testing shall be included in the qualification of welding procedures for weldments with a plate
thickness above 50 mm for all strength levels for steel quality level I and II and for SMYS > 400 MPa for
steel quality level III. CTOD testing shall be included in the qualification of welding procedures for
weldments with a plate thickness below and equal 50 mm if requested by the designer for the specified
steel quality level.
CTOD testing shall be executed from as welded and PWHT weld assemblies as applicable, covering the
following combined conditions:
1) full penetration buttweld with K-, or half V -groove as deemed most representative for the actual
fabrication. V and X groove are acceptable for weld metal test;
2) a welding procedure representing the maximum heat input to be used in fabrication;
3) maximum joint thickness (within 10 %).
Assemblies shall be made and tested for the actual combination of steel manufacturer, welding process
and welding consumable (brand) used, except welding consumables used for root passes only, provided
these are removed completely by gouging and grinding.
NOTE The changes specified in d) and e) above need not require re-qualification if HAZ properties for the material to be welded have
been documented from the steel manufacturer for relevant thicknesses and heat input ranges. If sufficient documentation from the steel
manufacturer is not available, a change of material shall require re-qualification of a reduced number of procedures. The number of
procedures to be re-qualified shall be sufficient to verify that the HAZ properties of the new material is comparable with that used for the
previous qualifications.
5.3.2 For welding of steels with SMYS > 500 MPa
In addition to the requirements given in 5.3.1 the following additional requirements apply for welding of steels
with SMYS > 500 MPa:
a) a change in steel manufacturer;
b) CTOD testing as described in 5.3.1 i) shall be executed for thicknesses above 30 mm;
c) stress relieving if required/specified by designer.
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5.4 Examination of the test weld
5.4.1 General
The type and number of tests shall be in accordance with Table 1. Testing shall be performed in accordance
with ISO 15614-1 and the additional requirements given below.
The test weld shall be 100 % examined for both surface and volumetric defects with the relevant NDT
methods. The soundness of the weld shall comply with Clause 9.
Test laboratories shall have a quality system in compliance with ISO 17025 or equivalent.
Table 1 Type and number of tests
Mechanical testing
Joint
configuration
Joint
thickness
mm
Tensile
test
Bend
tests
a
Charpy V-
notch
tests
Hardness
and
macro
e
CTOD
Buttwelds
(Tubulars and
plates)
t 50
t > 50
2
2
4
4
4 sets
6 sets
1
1
See 5.3.1 i),
5.3.2 b) and
5.4.4
T-joints (plates)
d
t 50
t > 50
c
c
4 sets
b
6 sets
2
2
f
Tubular joints
d
t 50
t > 50
c
c
4 sets
b
6 sets
2
2
Fillet welds All 2
a
Bend tests shall consist of 2 face and 2 root bend specimen for t < 12 mm and 4 side bend
specimens for t > 12 mm.
b
If the dimensions of the joint does not allow Charpy V-notch testing, the Charpy V-notch
properties shall be documented on a butt weld joint made with the same consumable and same
base material, and welding parameters and thickness within the range qualified for the joint.
c
It shall be documented on a butt weld test that the welding consumable used will have sufficient
tensile strength.
d
T-joints on plates qualify for tubular joints, and vice versa.
e
For welds on submerged structures with cathodic protection, the hardness limits in NORSOK M-
001 shall apply in addition to the requirements of ISO 15614-1.
f
For T-joints with t > 50 mm, CTOD testing shall be documented on a buttweld.
5.4.2 Charpy V-notch testing
Sampling of Charpy V-notch impact tests shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 9016, with the notch in
the positions listed below. All specimens shall be machined with the notch through the thickness, 2 mm below
the surface of the material. Designation in parenthesis refers to Figure 1 and Table 2 in ISO 9016.
- Notch in centre of weld (VWT 0/2).
- Notch in fusion line (VHT 0/2).
- Notch in HAZ, 2 mm from fusion line (VHT 2/2).
- Notch in HAZ, 5 mm from fusion line (VHT 5/2).
For welds with a joint thickness T > 50 mm or more, two additional sets of Charpy V-notch tests shall be
taken from the root area, with the notch in the following positions:
- notch in centre of weld (VWT 0/b);
- notch in fusion line (VHT 0/b).
The test temperature and energy requirements shall comply with Table 2.
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Table 2 Charpy impact test temperatures and energy requirements for welding procedure
qualifications.
Material Steel quality level
thickness
I II III
(mm) SMYS
s400
C
400<
SMYSs
500
C
SMYS
>500
C
SMYS
s400
C
400<
SMYSs
500
C
SMYS
>500
C
355s
SMYSs
500
C
SMYS
>500
C
t s 12 0 -20 -20 0 -0 -20 -0 0
12 < t s 25 -20 -40 -40 0 -20 -40 0 -20
25 < t s 50 -40 -40 -40 -20 -40 -40 -20 -40
t > 50 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40 -40
Energy
requirement
a
36 J 42 J 60 J 27 J 42 J 60 J 27 J 42 J
a
The minimum average value is given in the table. No individual value shall be less than 70 % of the
minimum average value. Reduction factors of energy requirements for subsize specimens shall be
5/6 for 7,5 mm and 2/3 for 5 mm.
5.4.3 Transverse tensile testing
Testing shall be carried out in accordance with ISO 15614-1. The fracture shall be located outside the weld
metal, i.e. maximum 20 % of the fracture surface shall consist of weld metal/HAZ.
5.4.4 Crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) testing
The CTOD-technique with the Bx2B through-thickness notched type specimen according to BS 7448, Part 1,
should be used. Three valid test specimens shall be obtained for each test position.
CTOD-testing of welds shall be carried out with the fatigue notch tip positioned in the coarse grained region
of the heat affected zone and in the weld metal. For HAZ, determination of the actual location of the fatigue
crack tip shall be performed after testing, see EN 10225.
NOTE Test assemblies may be given hydrogen diffusion treatment prior to testing, and specimens may be precompressed.
If not specified otherwise, the test temperature for design temperature down to -14 C shall be
- -10 C for splash zone or above,
- 0 C for submerged parts.
Other test temperature may be prescribed by the designer.
The requirement for minimum CTOD value shall be prescribed by the designer. If not specified, the
requirement for minimum CTOD value shall be as for the steel purchase order.
CTOD-testing of HAZ can be omitted if relevant CTOD properties in HAZ have been documented previously
in accordance with requirements in this NORSOK standard, provided the requirements for the essential
variables are met.
CTOD-testing of weld metal can be omitted if relevant CTOD properties in weld metal have been
documented previously in accordance with requirements in this NORSOK standard, provided the
requirements for the essential variables are met.
The required fracture toughness level shall be decided in design for joints when steel quality level I and II are
required. Testing is normally not requested for structures with plate thickness below 40 mm for SMYS s 500
MPa or for structures with plate thickness below 25 mm for SMYS > 500 MPa.
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5.5 Welder and welding operators qualifications
The welders shall be certified by an accredited body according to EN 287-1 and/or ISO 9606-4.
Welding operators shall be certified according to ISO 14732.
For tack welders, an internal test according with EN 287-1 and/or ISO 9606-4 is accepted without use of 3
rd
part.
For welding in inspection category C, D and E, diploma as IW-International Welder (fillet- plate-pipe welder)
within actual welding method and material may be accepted, see IIW, Minimum requirements for the
education, training, examination and qualification of welding personnel.
For welding of single sided acute angled tubular joints with o < 70, welders shall be qualified with a realistic
joint, representing the minimum angle o to be used in production.
6 Fabrication and welding requirements
6.1 General
All welding work shall be according to recommendations given in relevant part of the EN 1011-series. The
manufacturer shall have an implemented and documented quality system according with ISO 3834-2.
For fabrication of structural steel in inspection category D and/or E, ISO 3834-3 may be accepted (used).
All types of inspection/examination shall be performed by personnel other than those performing and being
responsible for the production work.
The fabricator shall apply a weld numbering system for identification on all shop drawings and as reference in
all documentation.
6.2 Drawings for fabrication
Symbolic presentation of welds shall be according to ISO 2553.
Welds in inspection category A and B shall have unique weld number. Welds in inspection category C,D and
E may be group numbered, but only within the same node/essential member and same drawing sheet.
The shop drawings shall have enough information to enable correct selection of WPS. The following
information shall be used as relevant:
- material type/grade and grouping number (ISO/TR 15608);
- dimension (outside diameter and wall thickness);
- PWHT requirements, if relevant;
- required toe grinding;
- etc.
6.3 Welding coordination
All welding coordination shall be according to ISO 14731. The manufacturer shall appoint a responsible
authorized welding coordinator. The responsible welding coordinator shall be qualified as an IWE, see ISO
14731, Annex A.
The responsible welding coordinator may delegate welding coordination activities at fabrications sites to an
IWT, see ISO 14731.
If only fabrication/welding in inspection category D and/or E, an IWT may be accepted.
All other personnel who are carrying out one or more welding activities according to ISO 14731, Annex B, are
welding coordinators. The level of technical knowledge, tasks, responsibility and authority shall be identified
for each person/function in a job description.
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6.4 Welding inspection and qualification of welding inspectors
Welding inspectors tasks and responsibilities is to be familiar with all standards, rules and specifications, and
continuously verify that all requirements and adequate parts in ISO 3834-2 are implemented and followed.
Welding inspection shall be performed before, during and after welding according to typical check points
listed in Annex F.
All inspections shall be reported to the responsible welding coordinator.
The inspection frequency shall be sufficient to report weekly quality status during fabrication based on
welding inspection reports.
Prior to fabrication start-up, contractor shall implement a system for recording of quality status.
Causes for non-conformance shall be immediately investigated and corrective action shall be taken to
prevent further occurrence. Non-conformance shall require documented investigation/action by the
responsible welding coordinator.
Welding inspectors shall be qualified according to NS 477 or EWF/IIW rules for approval of IWI-International
Welding Inspector
6.5 Forming
Cold forming of steel (i.e. forming below 250 C) shall be carried out within the deformation range
recommended by the steel manufacturer. For steel quality level I and II, the deformation limit without
documentation of mechanical properties is 5 %.
If the deformation is more than the above given limits, either heat treatment shall be performed, or strain
ageing tests shall be carried out according to the following requirements:
- the material shall be permanently strained locally to the actual deformation;
- the material shall be artificially aged at 250 C for 1 h;
- one set of 3 impact test specimens shall be tested from the base material in the strained plus artificially
aged condition. The notch shall be located within the plastically strained portion of the material, in the part
of the cross section which have received the highest strain;
- the impact testing temperature shall be as specified for the actual steel grade in question;
- the Charpy-V impact value shall comply with the minimum requirements for the steel grade and shall not
be more than 25 % lower than the impact value for the material before deformation and strain ageing.
If forming is performed at temperature above 250 C, it shall be documented that the base material
properties, weldability, weldmetal and HAZ properties satisfy the actual MDS and this NORSOK standard.
The percentage strain due to forming is defined as follows:
% 100 x
diameter thickness mid Forming
thickness Wall
strain Percent =
6.6 Assembly
6.6.1 General
In tubular joints, circumferential and longitudinal weld joints should not be placed in the shaded areas shown
in Figure 1, unless otherwise shown on design drawings.
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W1
W1
W 1
W 1
W 2
W
3
D
W 2
W 2
W 2
Longitudinal welds Circumferential welds
W1 = 75 mm or minimum 2 times chord thickness
W2 = 150 mm or minimum D/4
W3 = 600 mm or minimum D
Figure 1 Prohibited location of welds in tubular joints
6.6.2 Splices
Splices shall not be located in areas, noted as restricted on design drawings.
6.6.3 Tapering
Tapering shall be in accordance with the requirements given in relevant standards or drawings. If no other
requirements are specified, a tapering of 1:4 should be used.
6.6.4 Bolting connection
Bolting material shall comply with requirements in NORSOK M-001. Holes shall be made by machine drilling.
6.6.5 Seal/blind-compartments.
Crevices and areas which become inaccessible after fabrication or assembly shall be sealed off from the
outside atmosphere. Seal welds shall have a throat thickness of at least 3 mm. Where steel items shall be
hot dip galvanised, hollow sections shall be ventilated.
6.6.6 Temporary cut-outs
Temporary cut-outs shall not be located in restricted areas as shown on design drawings. Temporary cut outs
shall have a corner radius not less than 100 mm. Temporary cut-outs shall be closed by refitting the same or
an equivalent plate and employing the same welding, inspection and documentation procedures and
requirements that govern the structural part in question.
6.6.7 Straightening of structural members
Members distorted by welding shall be straightened according to a detailed work instruction. The base
material properties shall satisfy the specified requirements after straightening.
Maximum temperature for straightening shall not exceed the temperature limit recommended by the steel
manufacturer, but it shall in no case be higher than 600 C.
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6.6.8 Doubler plates
All temporary attachments which shall be flame cut or welded under water shall be attached to the structure
by using doubler plates.
All attachments in the splash zone shall be attached to the structure by using doubler plates.
6.7 Preparation for coatings
Edges of plates and structural shapes which are intended to be coated shall be rounded to approximately 2
mm radius, unless otherwise indicated on fabrication drawings.
6.8 Preparation and fit-up of weld bevels
Permanent backing strips are not accepted, unless shown in fabrication drawings.
Buttering shall be welded in accordance with applicable WPS. The WPS shall be supported by a butt weld
WPQR. The responsible NDT-coordinator/personnel shall be notified every time buttering is performed in any
groove. Maximum buttering is limited to t/2, maximum 20 mm in the joint.
Tack welds shall normally have a length of minimum 100 mm.
For material thickness less or equal to 25 mm, tack length may be minimum 4 x plate thickness.
6.9 Welding processes
The welding processes listed in ISO 15614-1 are acceptable.
6.10 Welding consumables
The manufacturers shall ensure that welding consumables applied for joints where steel quality level I, II and
III are required, meet the requirements for mechanical properties as specified for the welding procedure
qualification, in both as welded and (where applicable) PWHT condition.
This may be achieved through (alternatively):
- batch testing including chemical analysis and mechanical properties, see Annex D;
- an established and reliable system of batch certification against accepted supplier data sheets, see Annex
C;
- for steels with SMYS > 500 MPa, Annex D is mandatory.
Except for solid wires such consumables shall be classified by the supplier as extra low hydrogen, i.e. H
DM
s
5 ml/100 g weld metal. For self shielded flux cored wire H
DM
s 8 ml/100 g may be accepted, provided
preheating temperature and post weld holding temperature and time is assessed to avoid hydrogen cracking.
Hydrogen testing shall be according to ISO 3690 or equivalent.
For all steels with SMYS > 500 MPa special precautions shall be taken to verify that selected consumables
comply with hydrogen requirements. Stricter requirements than given above may be relevant. Prequalification
with mock-up structures shall apply if there is a risk for high restraint in welding or erection.
Consumables for joints in steel quality level III (with SMYS < 355 MPa) and IV and for joining stainless to
carbon steel shall be selected with due consideration of base material properties, thickness and weldability, to
ensure sufficient weld strength, toughness and homogenity. Such consumables shall be delivered with
EN 10204, type 2.2, certificate, as a minimum.
All welding consumables shall be individually marked.
When certification according to Annex C is used, welding consumables (except welding fluxes) shall be
supplied with an inspection certificate type 3.1 in accordance with EN 10204, including a statement of
compliance with the welding consumable data sheet and the chemical composition of the weld deposit
(elements of the data sheet). Welding fluxes shall be supplied with a test report (EN 10204, type 2.2),
declaring conformity with the approved product type.
6.11 Preheat and interpass temperature
Preheating above 50 C should be achieved by electric heating elements. Cutting torches are not allowed for
preheating.
NORSOK standard M-101 Edition 5, October 2011
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The minimum interpass temperature shall not drop below the minimum required preheat temperature. If not
otherwise stated in the WPS, and qualified by the WPQR, the maximum interpass temperature shall not
exceed 250 C measured at the edge of the groove. For C- and C/Mn-steels, a maximum interpass
temperature of 250 C may be used, even if a lower temperature was recorded on the WPQR.
The preheat temperatures used during repair welding should be minimum 50 C higher than the preheat used
for the original weld.
NOTE Production welding of high strength steels with SMYS > 500 MPa is normally more sensitive to hydrogen cracking than
experienced during welding for qualification. Special precautions, including preheating temperature, minimum holding temperature and
extended post weld holding temperature for 24 h or more, shall be taken into consideration.
6.12 Production welding
6.12.1 General
Welding shall be carried out in accordance with the WPS and applicable drawings.
The applicable WPS shall be given directly to the welder and be available at the site of welding at all times
A collection of WPS`s on walls or boards are only for general information and not accepted used for welding.
Butt welds in joints where steel quality level I and level II for all strength levels, or steel quality level III for
SMYS > 400 MPa are required shall, whenever possible, be welded from both sides.
If any welding is conducted after PWHT, the PWHT shall be repeated.
For joints in inspection category A, the straight edges of K- and half V-butt weld grooves shall have a groove
angle of at least 10
, unless it is documented that possible defects can be detected by the UT technique used.
For K-grooves, the 10