1

1
Cu 1.(3)
Trnh by s khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics. Hy nu 1 v d v
thut gii Heuristics
Cu 2.(7)
a. Trnh by thut gii Robinson.
b. p dng thut gii Robinson, chng minh bi ton sau:
p v q , (s v q) . (r v s) , p . u r, u
c. Hy xy dng cy nh danh v tm lut theo phng php vector c trng ca
Quinlan xc nh mt loi qu c hay khng c theo bng s liu sau.

Tn V Mu V c
A Ngt Nhn khng
B Cay Nhn khng
C Chua Vng C gai Khng
D Cay Vng c gai c
E Ngt Tm C gai Khng
F Chua Vng Nhn Khng
G Ngt Tm Nhn Khng
H Cay Tm c gai c

2 (c gii) trang 13)
Cu 1(3 )
Trnh by khi nim hm heuristics.: Xy dng hm nh gi h cho bi ton bng
1 gii bi ton TACI sau:
3 2 6 1 2 3
1 5 4 8 4
7 8 7 6 5
T
i
T
G

Bng 1
Cu 2(7 )
a. Trnh by thut gii A*.
b. Gii bi ton tm ng i ngn nht t A n B trong th khng gian trng
thi Hnh 1 theo thut gii A*. (Gi tr cnh cc nh l hm nh gi h(T), cnh cc
cung l di cung).















0
E

K

C

H
D
I
E
K
G
H

B
A
I

F

G

N
22
16
2
4
25
30
2
0
12
14
13
17
9
20
11
9
17
10
16
5
7
6
18
12 15
10
8
13
12
12
8
10
Hnh 1
2

3
Cu 1 (3)
a. Trnh by thut gii Vng Ho.
b. p dng thut ton Vng ho, chng minh bi ton sau:
p v q , (s v q) . (r vs) , p . u r v u
Cu 2 : (7)
a. Trnh by thut gii A
KT
.
b. Dng thut ton A
KT
gii bi ton TACI sau:






Trng thi ban u Trng thi kt thc
4
Cu 1: (4)
C 6 i bng thi u vng trn (lt i). Bit rng :
- i A u vi di B v i D.
- i C u vi di D v i F
- i D u vi di A v i F.
- i B u vi di E v i F.
A B C D E F
A AB AC AD AE AF
B BC BD BE BF
C CD CE CF
D DE DF
E EF
F
Mi i ch c c thi u 1 trn trong 1 tun.
Ch c 2 i thamgia 1 trn u.
Hy xp lch thi u sao cho s tun din ra cc trn u cn li l t nht ? (Dng thut
ton t mu)
Cu 2: (6) Cho bng quan st :
STT Quang cnh Nhit Gi Picnic
1 Nng Cao Nh Khng
2 Ma Thp Mnh Khng
3 Rm mt TB Nh c
4 Nng TB Mnh Khng
5 Ma Cao Mnh Khng
6 Rm mt Thp Mnh c
7 Ma TB Nh Khng
8 Nng TB Nh c
9 Ma Thp Nh Khng

Xc nh iu kin nh th no t chc c hay Khng bui picnic ?(Dng thut
ton Quinlan)
L E Y
O U
Q D N
L E
Q U Y
D O N
3
5:
BAI 1:(3 IEM)
Gia s co 9 cuoc minting a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i c to chc. Moi cuoc mitting
c to chc trong mot buoi. Cac cuoc mitting sau khong c dien ra
ong thi: ae,bc,cd,ed,abd,ahi,bhi,dfi,dhi,fgh. Hay s dung thuat toan to
mau toi u e bo tr cac cuoc mitting vao cac buoi sao cho so buoi
dien ra la t nhat.
BAI 2: (3 IEM)
Cho o th co ma tran chi ph nh sau









Hay s dung thuat giai GTS2 e tm hanh trnh tot nhat vi p = 4
(v1=1, v2=2, v3=4, v4=6.
BAI 3:(4 IEM)
S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai toan sau:
e xac nh ngi chau A hay ngi chau Au khi xem xet
mot nhom ngi can c tren hnh dang, chieu cao va gii tnh theo
bang sau:
ac iem
Ngi
Dang Chieu cao Gii tnh Thuoc chau
1 To Trung bnh Nam Chau A
2 Nho Thap Nam Chau A
3 Nho Trung bnh Nam Chau A
4 To Cao Nam Chau Au
5 Nho Trung bnh N Chau Au
6 Nho Cao Nam Chau Au
7 Nho Cao N Chau Au
8 To Trung bnh N Chau Au



1 2 3 4 5 6
1
2
3
4
5

20 42 30 6 25
12

16 7 33 19
23 5

28 14 9
12 9 24

31 15
14 7 21 15

45
6 36 15 16 5 20
5

4
6
BAI 1.:(3 IEM)
S dung Thuat giai A
KT
Tm kiem vi tri thc bo sung (Algorthm for
Knowled geable Tree Search) e giai bai toan Taci theo cac trang thai:

2 8 3
1 6 4
7 5
Trang thai au Trang thai ch
BAI 2.:(3 IEM)
Hay s dung thuat giai A* e tm ng i ngan nhat t thanh pho A
en thanh pho B biet khoang cach c lng t cac thanh pho en
thanh pho B c cho nh sau:
nh khoang cach c lng
Z 374
A 366
T 329
C 160
R 193
P 98
B 0
F 178
S 253
O 380

BAI 3.:(4 IEM)
S dung phng phap o o hon loan e giai bai toan sau:
Theo bang d lieu xac nh hieu qua cua viec s dung kem chay
nang
Ten Mau toc Chieu cao Can nang Dung kem Ket qua
1. Sarah Vang Trung bnh Nhe Khong Chay nang
2. Dana Vang Cao Trung bnh Co Khong chay nang
3. Alex Nau Lun Trung bnh Co Khong chay nang
4. Annie Vang Lun Trung bnh Khong Chay nang
5. Emily o Trung bnh Nang Khong Chay nang
6. Pete Nau Cao Nang Khong Khong chay nang
7. John Nau Trung bnh Nang Khong Khong chay nang
8. Katie Vang Lun Nhe Co Khong chay nang

1 2 4
8 5
7 6 3
O
Z
A
T
C
P
B
F
R
S
75
118
70
151
99
120
100
146
80
140
110
60
97
5
7
BAI 1:(3 IEM)
S dung thuat toan A* cho bai toan thap Ha Noi:
Cho 3 coc A,B,C. coc A ban au co n a sap xep theo th t co
kch thc ln dan t tren xuong. Hay dch chuyen n a o sang
coc C sao cho:
-Moi lan ch c di chuyen ch 1 a.
-Trong moi coc khong cho phep a co kch thc ln tren a co
kch thc nho hn.

BAI 2: (3 IEM)
S dung Thuat toan Vng Hao giai bai toan sau:
V du: Chng minh rang: Minh la sinh vien cua HKHTN. Biet:
- Minh la sinh vien nganh cong nghe thong tin.
- Cong nghe thong tin la mot nganh cua khoa tin hoc.
- Khoa tin hoc la mot bo phan cua HKHTN.

BAI 3:(4 IEM)

S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai toan sau:
Quyet nh mua hang hay khong mua theo bang sau:

STT

Kch c
Mau sac

Hnh dang

Quyet nh
1 Trung bnh o Cau Mua
2 Ln Vang Hop Mua
3 Trung bnh Xanh Tru Khong mua
4 Nho Xanh Cau Mua
5 Trung bnh Xanh Non Khong mua
6 Nho Xanh Non Khong mua
7 Trung bnh o Tru Mua

6
8
BAI 1.:(3 IEM)
S dung Thuat giai A
KT
Tm kiem vi tri thc bo sung
(Algorthm for Knowled geable Tree Search) e giai bai toan Taci theo
cac trang thai:


1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8
Trang thai au Trang thai ch

BAI 2.:(3 IEM)
Hay s dung thuat toan Robinson chng minh bai toan sau:
(i) {p->q,q->r,r->s,p}
Hoi: p^s?
(ii) {a^b->c,b^c->d,a^b}
Hoi d?

BAI 3.:(4 IEM)
S dung phng phap o o hon loan e giai bai toan sau:
Theo bang d lieu xac nh hieu qua cua viec s dung kem
chay nang

Ten Mau toc Chieu cao Can nang Dung kem Ket qua
1. Sarah Vang Trung bnh Nhe Khong Chay nang
2. Dana Vang Cao Trung bnh Co Khong chay nang
3. Alex Nau Lun Trung bnh Co Khong chay nang
4. Annie Vang Lun Trung bnh Khong Chay nang
5. Emily o Trung bnh Nang Khong Chay nang
6. Pete Nau Cao Nang Khong Khong chay nang
7. John Nau Trung bnh Nang Khong Khong chay nang
8. Katie Vang Lun Nhe Co Khong chay nang


9
1 2 3
5 7 6
4 8
7

BAI 1:(3 IEM)
(1) Phan cong, lch cong tac, lch thi au:
- Co mot cuoc hoi thao khoa hoc vi 9 chu e khac nhau, moi
chu e dien ra trong mot buoi.
- Cac chu e sau khong c ong thi: AE, BC, CD, ED, ABD,
AHI, BHI, DFI, DHI, FGH.
- Xay dng lch sao cho so buoi dien ra la t nhat.
Gi y: so mau = so buoi.
BAI 2: (3 IEM)

S dung Thuat toan Vng Hao giai bai toan sau:
V du: Chng minh rang: Minh la sinh vien cua HKHTN. Biet:
- Minh la sinh vien nganh cong nghe thong tin.
- Cong nghe thong tin la mot nganh cua khoa tin hoc.
- Khoa tin hoc la mot bo phan cua HKHTN.

BAI 3:(4 IEM)

S dung thuat toan QuinLan e giai quyet bai toan sau:
e xac nh ngi chau A hay ngi chau Au khi xem xet
mot nhom ngi can c tren hnh dang, chieu cao va gii tnh
theo bang sau:

ac iem
Ngi
Dang Chieu cao Gii tnh Thuoc chau
1 To Trung bnh Nam Chau A
2 Nho Thap Nam Chau A
3 Nho Trung bnh Nam Chau A
4 To Cao Nam Chau Au
5 Nho Trung bnh N Chau Au
6 Nho Cao Nam Chau Au
7 Nho Cao N Chau Au
8 To Trung bnh N Chau Au

8
B B SUNG
1(c gii trang 9)
Cu 1.
a. Trnh by s khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics.
b. p dng nguyn l th t ca k thut heuristics trnh by t tng ca bi ton
chia N vt c khi lng khc nhau thnh M nhm u nhau. Gii bi ton chia 8 vt
thnh 3 nhm, cc vt c trng lng nh sau:
n1 = 28, n2 = 12, n3 = 36, n4 = 16, n5 = 23, n6 = 32, n7= 21, n8 = 15.
c. Trnh by t tng v m gi ca thut gii leo i.




d. Gii bi ton tm ng
i t im A n im B
trong th cho hnh 1
theo thut gii leo i dc
ng.





Cu 2.
a. Trnh by thut gii Robinson.
b. p dng thut gii Robinson, chng minh tp mnh sau:
p v q , (s v q) . (r v s) , p . u r, u
c. Hy xy dng cy nh danh v tm lut theo phng php vector c trng ca
Quinlan xc nh mt loi qu c hay khng c theo bng s liu sau.

Tn V Mu V c
A Ngt Nhn khng
B Cay Nhn khng
C Chua Vng C gai Khng
D Cay Vng c gai c
E Ngt Tm C gai Khng
F Chua Vng Nhn Khng
G Ngt Tm Nhn Khng
H Cay Tm c gai c





Gii s 1
B

C

F

D
I
E
K
G
H

I

H
A
G

E

K


14
10
12
11
9
13
15
8
0
Hnh 1
9
Cu 1. (3 im)
a. S khc nhau gia thut ton v thut gii Heuristics. (0,5 im)
Thut ton l dy hu hn cc bc, mi bc m t chnh xc cc php ton hoc
hnh ng cn thc hin gii quyt mt vn .
Trong thut ton, mi bc phi c m t mt cch chnh xc sao cho mt bc
ch c hiu theo mt ngha nht nh, mi bi ton ch c mt thut ton duy nht hoc
khng gii c bng thut ton.
Trong thc t, nhiu bi ton c th gii bng nhng cch gii chp nhn c
nhng khng p ng y cc tiu chun ca thut ton, cc cch gii ny gi l thut
gii. Thut gii c cp n nhiu trong khoa hc tr tu nhn to l thut gii
heuristics, l cc quy tc th, phng php, chin lc hay mo rt ra t kinh nghim
gii quyt mt vn . Gii bi ton bng thut gii heuristics d dng a ra li gii
nhng c th khng phi l li gii ti u.
b. Chia N vt c khi lng khc nhau thnh M nhm c khi lng u nhau bng
nguyn l th t. (1,0 im)
* T tng: ( 0,25im)
1. Sp xp N vt theo th t c khi lng gim dn;
2. Lp li cho n khi khng cn vt no
2.1. Chn nhm M
i
c khi lng cc vt l nh nht
2.2. t vt N
j
c khi lng ln nht vo nhm M
i
.
2.3. Tnh li khi lng ca cc nhm.
* p dng: (0,75 im)
1. Sp xp cc vt theo th t trng lng gim dn.
n3=36, n6 = 32, n1 = 28, n5 =23, n7=21, n4=16, n8=15, n2=12.
2. Chn
Ln lp 1:
- Chn nhm M1, t n3 vo nhm M1
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:0, M3:0.
Ln lp 2:
- Chn nhm M2, t n6 vo nhm M2
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:0.
Ln lp 3:
- Chn nhm M3, t n1 vo nhm M3
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:28.
Ln lp 4:
- Chn nhm M3, t n5 vo nhm M3
- Tnh khi lng ca cc nhm: M1:36, M2:32, M3:51.
Tip tc lp cho n ht cc vt ta c kt qu:
Nhm M1 gm cc vt n3, n4, n2 c khi lng: 64
Nhm M2 gm cc vt n6, n7 c khi lng: 53
Nhm M3 gm cc vt n1, n5, n8 c khi lng: 66







c. T tng, m gi thut gii leo i (1,0):
10
* T tng (0,5 im):
1. Nu trng thi u cng l trng thi kt thc th thot, thng bo tm c li
gii. Ngc li t trng thi hin hnh (T
i
) l trng thi khi u.
2. Lp li cho n khi t n trng thi kt thc hoc cho n khi khng cn mt
trng thi tip theo hp l (T
k
) ca trng thi hin hnh:
2.1. t T
k
l trng thi tip theo hp l ca trng thi hin hnh T
i
.
2.2. nh gi trng thi T
k
mi:
2.2.1. Nu T
k
l trng thi kt thc th tr v trng thi ny v thot.
2.2.2. Nu T
k
khng phi l trng thi kt thc nhng tt hn trng thi
hin hnh th cp nht T
k
thnh trng thi hin hnh.
2.2.3. Nu T
k
khng tt hn trng thi hin hnh th tip tc vng lp.
* M gi (0,5 im):
T
i
:= T
0
; stop:=false;
While stop = false do
Begin
If T
i
T
G
then Begin <tm c kt qu>; stop:=true; End
else
Begin
Better:=false;
While (Better=false) And (stop=false) do
Begin
If <khng tn ti trng thi k tip hp l ca T
i
> then
Begin <khng tm c kt qu>; stop:=true; End
else
Begin T
k
:=<mt trn thi hp l k tip ca T
i
>;
If <h(T
k
) tt hn h(T
i
)> then
Begin T
i
:=T
k
; Better:=true; End;
End;
End; {while}
End;{else}
End;
d. Tm ng i t im A n im B theo
thut gii leo i dc ng (0,5).
Bc 1: t trng thi hin hnh l trng thi
A, pht trin cc trng thi hp l ca A, l C,
D, E. Trong cc trng thi trn D l trng thi
tt nht, chn D pht trin tip.

Bc 2. Pht trin D c cc trng thi F, I.
Trong 2 trng thi trn, I l trng thi tt hn,
chn I pht trin tip,
Bc 3> Chn I pht tin c B, G. Trong
2 trng thi hp l ca I, B l trng thi tt
hn, ng thi B l tng thi ch nn thut
gii kt thc. Cy tm kim nh hnh bn.





Cu 2 (2,0 im)
B

C

F

D
I
E
K
G
H

I

A
G

E


10
12
11
9
13
15
0
11
a. Pht biu thut gii Robinson. (0,5 im)
Thut gii Robinson hnh ng da trn phng php chng minh bng phn
chng.
b1: a vn v dng chun v pht biu gii thit v kt lun ca vn di
dng sau:
GT
1
, GT
2
, ...,GT
n
KL
1
, KL
2
,...,KL
m

Trong cc GT
i
v KL
j
c xy dng t cc bin mnh v cc php logic:
.,v, .
b2: Nu GT
i
c php . th thay bng du",". Nu KL
j
c php v th thay bng du
",".
b3: Bin i dng chun b1 v dng sau:
GT
1
, GT
2
, ...,GT
n
, KL
1
, KL
2
,..., KL
m

b4: Nu trong danh sch mnh b3 c mnh i ngu th mnh c
chng minh. Ngc li th chuyn sang b5.
b5: Xy dng mt mnh mi bng cch tuyn mt cp mnh trong danh sch
mnh . Nu mnh mi c cc bin mnh i ngu th loi b cc bin .
b6. Thay th hai mnh va tuyn trong danh sch mnh bng mnh mi.
b7. Nu khng xy dng c thm mt mnh mi no v trong danh sch mnh
khng c hai mnh no i ngu nhau th vn khng c chng minh. Nu
danh sch mnh khng cn mnh no (danh sch rng:u), vn c chng
minh.
b. p dng thut gii, chng minh tp mnh sau: (0,5 im)
p v q , (s v q) . (r v s) , p . u r, u
p v q , s v q, r v s , p , u r, u
p v q , s v q, r v s , p , u, r, u
(p v q , s v q), r v s , p , u, r, u
(p v s, r v s) , p , u, r, u
(p v r , p) , u, r, u
(r v r), u, u
u, u = u
Danh sch mnh tr thnh danh sch rng, vn c chmg minh.
c. Tnh vector c trng cho cc thuc tnh dn xut (1 im):
Thuc tnh mc tiu ca bi ton l qu c c ta chn thuc tnh dn xut phn
hoch:
- Thuc tnh v:
V
V
(Ngt) = (T(ngt, c), T(ngt, khng c)) = (0/3, 3/3).
V
V
(Cay) = (T(cay, c), T(cay, khng c)) = (2/3, 1/3).
V
V
(Chua) = (T(Chua, c), T(Chua, khng c)) = (0/2, 2/2).
- Thuc tnh mu:
V
Mu
() = (T(, c), T(, khng c)) = (0/2, 2/2).
V
Mu
(vng) = (T(vng, c), T(vng, khng c)) = (1/3, 2/3).
V
Mu
(tm) = (T(tm, c), T(tm, khng c)) = (2/3, 1/3).
- Thuc tnh v:
V
V
(nhn)=(T(nhn, c), T(nhn, khng c)) = (0/4, 4/4).
V
V
(gai)=(T(gai, c), T(gai, khng c)) = (3/4, 1/4).

Cc thuc tnh v, thuc tnh mu c 1 vector n v, thuc tnh v c 2 vector n
v vy ta chn thuc tnh v l thc tnh phn hoch, qu gch chn l qu c c (hnh a).
12





Cn li tp P
Cay
cn ln ln qu c v khng c, tip tc phn hoch thnh cc
tp con theo hai thuc tnh mu v v:
- Thuc tnh mu: V
Mu
() = (T(, c), T(, khng c)) = (0/1, 1/1).
V
Mu
(vng) = (T(vng, c), T(vng, khng c)) = (1/1,
0/1).
V
Mu
(tm) = (T(tm, c), T(tm, khng c)) = (1/1, 0/1).
- Thuc tnh v: V
V
(C gai)=(T(C gai, c), T(C gai , khng c)=(2/2, 0/2)
V
V
(Nhn)=(T(Nhn, c), T(nhn , khng c)=(0/1, 1/1)
Thuc tnh v c 2 vector n v, vy ta chon thuc tnh ny lm vector phn hoch
tip c cy nh danh nh (hnh b).
T cy inh danh ta c th suy ra h lut nh sau:
1. Qu c v ngt v qu c v chua khng c;
2. Qu c v cay v nhn khng c;
3. Qu c v cay v c gai c.




























Gii s 2(trang 2)
Cu 1. (3 im)
v
C, F
Chua
Ngt
A, E, G
cay
B, D, H
Hnh 1
v
C, F
Chua
Ngt
A, E, G
cay
v
D, H
B
Nhn C gai
Hnh 2
13
a. Trnh by khi nim hm heuristics. Xy dng hm nh gi cho bi ton Ta
canh (bi ton 8 s). (1 im)
Hm heuristics (k hiu h) l mt c lng v kh nng dn n li gii ca bi
ton. Vi mi tng thi T
i
bt k trong khng gian trng thi, xc nh mt gii tr h(T
i
) l
s o s nh gi v trng thi T
i
, hay chi ph i t trng thi T
0
n trng thi ch
T
G
. Hm h(T
i
) l hm thc dng, trong qu trnh tm kim gi tr hm h(T
i
) s gim dn.
Ti trng thi ch h(T
G
) = 0.
Trong bi ton Tacanh (8 s) c 2 cch xy dng hm nh ga h(T
i
).

3 2 6 1 2 3
1 5 4 8 4
7 8 7 6 5
T
i
T
G


Hm h
1
: vi mi trng thi T
i
, h(T
i
) l s qun khng nm ng v tr ca n trong
trng thi ch. h
1
(T
i
) = 5.
Hm h
2
: tnh theo tng cc dch chuyn ca cc qun nm sai v tr v v tr ca n
trong trng thi ch.
h
2
(T
i
)= 1 + 0 + 2 + 0 + 5 + 3 + 0 + 2 = 13.
b. Trnh by thut gii A* (1 im).
1. t OPEN ch cha T
0
; t g(T
0
)=0; h(T
0
)=0; f(T
0
)=0; t CLOSE l tp rng.
2. Lp li cc bc sau cho n khi gp iu kin ng.
2.1. Nu OPEN rng, bi ton v nghim: thot.
2.2. Ngc li chn T
max
trong OPEN sao cho f(T
max
) l nh nht.
2.2.1. Ly T
max
ra khi OPEN v a T
max
vo CLOSE.
2.2.2. Nu T
max
l

T
G
th thot, thng bo li gii l T
max

2.2.3. Nu T
max
khng phi T
G
, to danh sch tt c cc trng thi k tip ca
T
max
. Gi mt trng thi ny l T
k
. vi mi T
k
thc hin cc bc sau:
2.2.3.1. Tnh g(T
k
)=g(T
max
) + cost(T
max
, T
k
).
2.2.3.2. Nu tn ti T
k'
trong OPEN trng T
k

Nu g(T
k
)<g(T
k'
) th
t g(T
k'
)=g(T
k
)
Tnh li f(T
k'
)
t Cha(T
k'
) = T
max
2.2.3.3. Nu tn ti T
k'
trong CLOSE trng T
k

Nu g(T
k
)<g(T
k'
) th
t g(T
k'
)=g(T
k
)
Tnh li f(T
k'
)
t Cha(T
k'
) = T
max
Lan truyn s thay i gi tr g, f cho tt c cc trng thi
k tip ca T
i
( tt c cc cp) c lu tr trong
CLOSE v OPEN.
2.3.3.4. Nu T
k
cha xut hin trong c OPEN v CLOSE th
Thm T
k
vo OPEN
Tnh: f(T
k
) = g(T
k
) + h(T
k
).


c. Tm ng i t A n B theo thut gii A* (1 im)
B1: OPEN ={(A, g=0, h=0, f=0)}
14
CLOSE ={}
ly A ra khi OPEN t vo CLOSE
OPEN ={}
CLOSE ={(A, g=0, h=0, f=0)}
Pht trin A, c cc nh C, D, E, F. t 4 nh vo OPEN, tnh ga tr hm f:
f(C) = 42; f(D) =32; f(E) = 39; f(F) = 42;
OPEN = {(D, 12, 20, 32 ), (E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42))
B2: Chn D tt nht trong OPEN t vo CLOSE v loi D khi OPEN
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42))
CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ) cha(D)= A}
Pht trin D c cc nh H, E t vo OPEN, tnh f. V E c g(E)=20 >g(E)
eOPEN nn ta khng cp nht li nh E trong OPEN
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (H, 22, 16, 38)}
B3: H l nh tt nht trong OPEN, H khng c trong CLOSE, t H vo CLOSE
v loi H khi OPEN.
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42)}
CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ), (H, 22, 16, 38) cha(H) = D }
Pht trin H c cc nh K, B t vo OPEN, tnh f:
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (E, 20, 24, 44), (K, 33,
14,47), (B,31,0, 31)}
B4: Trong OPEN B l nh tt nht, nn t B vo CLOSE, loi B khi OPEN.
OPEN = {(E, 15, 24, 39), (C, 17, 25, 42), (F, 20, 22, 42), (E, 20, 24, 44), (K, 33,
14,47)}
CLOSE = {(A, g=0, h=0, f=0), (D, 12, 20, 32 ), (H, 22, 16, 38), (B,31,0, 31) cha(B)
= H }
Vy ng i ngn nht t A n B tm c l A DHB vi g(B) = 31.
Cy tm kim c dng nh sau:











Cu 2. (2im)
a. Thut gii Vng Ho (0,5 im).
b1: Pht biu li gi thit v kt lun ca vn theo dng chun sau:
GT
1
, GT
2
, ...,GT
n
KL
1
, KL
2
,...,KL
m

Trong cc GT
i
v KL
j
c xy dng t cc bin mnh v cc php logic:
.,v, .
b2: Chuyn v cc GT
i
v KL
j
l cc mnh c dng ph nh.
b3: Nu GT
i
c php . th thay bng du",". Nu KL
j
c du v th thay bng du
",".
b4: Nu GT
i
c php v th tch thnh 2 dng con. Nu KL
j
c php . th tch thnh
2 dng con.
E

K

C

H
D
E
K
G
H

B
A
F

42
39
42

32
14
44
31
38
E

15
b5: Mt dng c chng minh nu tn ti chung mt mnh c hai pha.
b6a: Nu mt dng khng cn php ni . hoc php hoc v c hai v v c hai
v khng c chung mt bin mnh , th dng khng c chng minh.
b6b: mt vn c chng minh nu tt c cc dng dn xut t dng chun ban
u u c chng minh.
b. Chng minh tp mnh : (0,5 im)
p v q , (s vq) . (r vs) , p . u r v u
p v q , s v q, r vs , p , u r, u
p v q , s v q, r vs , u r , u, p
p v q , s v q, r vs , u r , u, p
Tch php v: (p v q) thnh 2 dng con
1: p, s v q, r vs , u r , u, p (cm v c mnh p hai pha)
2:q , s v q, r vs , u r , u, p s v q, r vs , u r , u, p, q
Tch php v : s v q thnh 2 dng con
2.1: q, r vs , u r , u, p, q (cm v c mnh q hai pha)
2.2: s , r vs , u r , u, p, q r vs , u r , u, p, q, s
Tch php v: r v s thnh 2 dng con
2.2.1: s , u r , u, p, q, s (cm v c s, u c hai pha)
2.2.2: r , u r , u, p, q, s (cm v c r, u c hai pha)
Cc dng dn xut t dng chun ban u u c chng minh , vy vn c
chng minh.
c. Phng php phn hoch theo Quinlan xy dng cy nh danh (0,5 im).
Quinlan chn thuc tnh phn hoch bng cch xy dng cc vector c trng cho
mi gi tr ca tng thuc tnh dn xut v thuc tnh mc tiu. Cch tnh nh sau:
Vi mi thuc tnh dn xut A cn c th s dng phn hoch, tnh:
V
A
(j) = (T(j,r
1
), T(j,r
2
),..., T(j,r
n
))
Trong :





r
1
, r
2
, r
n
l cc gi tr ca thuc tnh mc tiu.

=
j
i
1 ) r T(j,
Mt vc t V
A
(j) c gi l vector n v nu n ch c duy nht mt thnh phn
c gi tr 1 v cc thnh phn khc c gi tr 0.
Thuc tnh c chn phn hoch l thuc tnh c nhiu vector n v nht.
Sau khi phn hoch xong, ta xy dng cy nh danh. Cn c vo cy nh danh,
pht sinh v i u tp lut.

(tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut A l j
v c gi tr thuc tnh mc tiu l r
i
)
T(j,r
i
)=
(tng s phn t trong phn hoch c gi tr thuc tnh dn xut A l j)
16

Lut Morgan
Ph nh ca ph nh
(P) P

(PQ) (P v Q)
Tng phn
(PQ) ( P Q)
De Morgan
(P v Q) (P . Q)

(P . Q) (P v Q)
Giao hon
(P . Q) (Q . P)

(P v Q) (Q v P)
Kt hp
(P . Q) . R (P .(Q . R))

(P v Q) v R (P v(Q v R))
Phn phi
P v( Q . R) (P v Q) .(P v R)

P .( Q v R) (P . Q) v(P . R)

P v P P

P . P P

P v P 1

P . P 0
. v