CH TH SINH HC MI

TRNG NC
NHM 1 L B CHN TRN VN SNH THI GIANG

H THNG CH TH SINH HC NH GI CHT LNG NC 1. GII THIU Qun x sinh vt l mt hp phn sng ca h sinh sinh thi gm: - Sinh vt sn xut. - Sinh vt tiu th. - Sinh vt phn hu. Trong h sinh thi nc c nhiu sinh vt vi mc phc tp khc nhau v c xem xt qua cc kha cnh.
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Qua , ta tm c nhng qun x qun th c th l nhng sinh vt ch th nhim. Mc nhim c nh gi thng qua sinh vt ch th. S thay i ca cc iu kin mi trng c nh hng ti thnh phn ng thc vt trong qun x. iu ny gy nn s qun t ca cc qun x l khc nhau. Theo Warren mi trng ti mt a im quyt nh phn ln nhng c th no c kh nng c tr im , v nhng sinh vt s l nhng ch th sinh hc cho nhng thay i mi trng.
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2.H thng hoi sinh a. Cht lng nc Kolenati v Cohn nhn xt, nhng sinh vt nht nh th hin mi quan h i vi sch hoc mc nhim tng ng ca nc. Nm 1983 Mez khi phn tch vsv nc chia thnh bn loi: + Loi c trong nc rt sch. + Loi c trong nc nhim nh. + Loi c trong nc nhim trung bnh. + Loi c trong nc nhim nng.
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Nm 1902, ng Kolkwitz v ng Marsson a ra khi nim v cc ch th sinh hc ca nhim trong h thng gi l h hoi sinh. H ny da vo nhng vng c lm giu cht hu c khc nhau, mi mt vng c c trng bi nhng loi ng v thc vt c trng. Khi nim ca cc tc gi da vo vic pht hin thy khi nc thi hoc cc cht thi hu c thi ra c x thi vo sng, s dn n chui cc hin tng v ph thuc khong cch ca dng s xc tin nhng iu kin mi trng khc nhau v do to ra din th nhng qun x nc xm nhp vo sng.
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T 2 ng xut ra khi nim t lm sch sinh hc, tha nhn 3 mc : a. Vng c nhng qu trnh kh chim u th. Rt bn . b. Vng m cc qu trnh kh t t chm dt v chuyn qua nhng qu trnh xy ho. Bn trung bnh . c. Vng ch c nhng qu trnh xh. t bn. phn chia cc vng sng tip nhn cht thi hu c, c nhiu h thng c a ra. Tm li, tt c cc h thng ging nhau v nguyn tc nhng khc nhau v danh php v nh ranh gii vng.
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Nc sch

Suy thoi Phn hu Phc hi mnh

Nc sch hn

Whipple, Fair 1927

Nc sch Hin anh Nhim nhim trng Phc hi Nc sch hn

Suter 1922
Nc sch Nc sch Nhim trng nhim Nhim bn Nc sch hn

Forbes v Richardson 1913 Nhim Chng Chng Nc trng chu chu v sch hn nhim chng chu yu 7

b.Ch th cht lng nc. Nm 1922 Suter v moore chia ra cc vng, din bin nhim mi ph vng theo thi gian tnh ra ngy v khong cch tnh ra dm tun t k hiu = cc ch ci a,b,c . Ph vng im khi u a.Mt dng sng thng thng khng nhim c xem l im khi u. b. Chu trnh sng trong mt th cn bng n nh, thch hp. c. lng ln loi tn ti, nhng khng mt ging hay loi no chim u th.
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d. Cc sinh vt ang sng thch ng vi hng lot cc yu t l ho thng thng c trng cho vng. Ph vng nhim a.Vi s xut hin nhim hu c, mt lot cc thay i bt u. b. S lng loi hin din c xu hng gim cng vi nhim. c. S lng cc th mi loi c xu hng tng cng vi nhim. d. t l gia cc loi sinh vt b o ln do nhim.
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 Ph vng mi b nhim. a.Vng mi b nhimbt u hot ng x thi d tha cc cht hu c. b. Tip theo l thi k hn hp cc yu t vt l. c.Nhiu ng thc vt b cht ngt hoc b che lp bi vt liu l lng. d.Vi vic cung cp nhiu vt liu thc n, vi khun v vi sinh vt hoi sinh bt u tng mnh. e. S hn ch nhng ng vt n tht khng chng chu to ra s pht trin mnh hn nhng vi sinh vt hoi sinh v chim u th hon ton trong iu kin ny .
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f. S pht trin mnh m nhng sinh vt, c bit l nm v vi khun, to sc p mnh n oxy t do ho tan h hp v c th hn ch h hp. g. S lng cc chng loi sinh vt b gim thiu, nhng s lng cc c th ca cc loi chng chu c th tng. Ph vng nhim trng a. Mt s v tr c th bt u nhim trng. Nu nhim trng xy ra, s bin i theo ma v cc hon cnh khc. b. S thiu oxy t do ho tan git hi nhiu vi sinh vt v gn nh tt c ng vt thc vt c ln v li c b sung khi lng vt liu hu c cht. c. Cc loi sinh vt ln, nh v cc loi khng bt buc c th sng khng c oxy t do s chim u th.
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d. nhng sinh vt ny tip tc n nhng thc n phong ph cho n khi n b nh tr hot ng. e. s lng cc loi sinh vt tr nn ti thiu, s lng cc c th c hoc khng th t n cc i. ph vng phc hi a. Vng nhim trng dn ho nhp vo vng phc hi. b. Khi d tr thc n gim th s lng cc sinh vt k kh v cc c th chng chu nhim khc cng gim.
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c. Khi nhu cu ln v oxy gim th oxy t do ho tan bt u xut hin v tng t l nhng sinh vt i hi oxy. d. Khi vt liu l lng gim v cht dinh dng khong d tiu tng do hot ng do hot ng vi sinh vt to bt u tng v thng rt phong ph. e. Quang hp xy ra do to gii phng nhiu oxy hn, cn tr s phc hi. f. To cn oxy cho h hp v s pht trin mnh m ca to s gim oxy t do ho tan vo ban m do khng c b xung bi quang hp.
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g. Mt cch tun t, vng ny c c trng bi nhng thay i cc tr vo ban ngy v xy ho tan. h. Cng vi lng xy tng i h hp v to dng lm thc n, s tng trng ng vt ni chung li bt u tip din. i. Dng sng c th vo thi k c sc sn xut di do v n ko di n khi d tr nng lng hoc thc n b tiu tan. ph vng nc sch a. Nhng iu kin nc sch li c xc lp khi sc sn xut chuyn v trng thi bnh thng
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 mc tng i ngho v khu h ng thc vt thay i, th cn bng tt li xut hin cc iu kin thng c cc c trng nh sau. b. Cc tnh cht chung: Ging vi nc sch u ngun ngoi tr trng hp hin ti n l mt dng sng rng ln hn. c. Khu h sinh vt c trng: Ging vi h sinh vt nc sch u ngun, ngoi tr cc loi bn a thch ng vi dng chy rng ln hn. Theo kolwitz, massonva liebmann cho rng trong nh gi cht lng nc, iu cn nhn mnh l khng nn da vo nhng c th sinh vt, ma l qun x sinh vt.
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c. V s lng Trong tin trnh thit lp h thng hoi sinh nhiu phng php a ra nhm pht hin v gim thiu c lng ln cc s liu thnh cc d liu n ginbng cng thc ton hc. Phng php ca knopp 1=ch pht hin c 1 loi n gin 2=ch pht hin c mt s 3=ch pht hin c s lng t ti trung bnh 4=pht hin s lng trung bnh 5=pht hin s lng trung bnh n nhiu 6=nhiu 7=phong ph
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 Pantle v buck 1995 ngh chnh sa ch s hoi sinh : s = tng (s.h)/tng h. S c xp loi t 1 n 4. 1 l ch th hoi sinh yu . 2 l ch th hoi sinh trung bnh . 3 l ch th hoi sinh trung bnh . 4 l ch th hoi sinh mnh. Phng php ny khng tnh n tn s m ch c on. Ch s hoi sinh s t l vi mi trng nhim nh sau.
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Ch s hoi sinh 1 -> 1,5 1,5 -> 2,5 2,5 -> 3,5 3,5 -> 4

Mc nhim Rt nh Trung bnh Nng Rt nng (hoi sinh mnh)

Zelinka v marvan 1961 ngh phng php hoi sinh da trn vic phn tch sinh vt y. 3.Cc h thng khc ca sinh vt ch th. Khc vi cc h hoi sinh ch yu tp trung vo cc sinh vt nh hu ht cc h thng khc s dng vkxs c ln sng y l cc ch chnh Nm 1928 Richardson phn loi vkxs theo sc chng chu ca chng lin quan n vic x thi vo nc chy.
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ng chia nh cc sinh vt thnh nhm nhim, nhm cn nhim v cc loi nc sch hn. Mackenthun a ra phng php quan st bng mt ca mt s vkxs c ln di y chng chu, mn cm v trung gian. Mt khi nim khc ca nh khoa hc Wooddiwiss 1964 Ch s sinh hc trent c ni dung l dng li tay thu mu. Mu vt thu bng tay v bng ch p,phi ly vt liu cha tt c vkxs c ln v phn nh lp ct ngang ca khu h ng vt.
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1970 Chandler ngh trong h thng cho im c gi l ch s bn nh lng 5 mc

Mc S c th trong 5 Nhn xt p ly mu 12 Khu h ng vt c th b tri dt t thng ngun 3 10 C th loi bn a 11 50 51 100 100
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C mt

C t
Thng gp Phong ph Rt phong ph

II.Cc ch s a dng Qun x sinh vt lun thay i cng vi mi trng sng. Gim s lng cc loi tng s lng 1 loi l kt qu ca vic a cc cht thi phn hu sinh hc vo ao h. Khi nhng vt liu c hi c thi vo mi trng th qun x sinh vt thay i rt khc nhau v gy nn s gim a dng trong qun x. 1962 Kothe son tho cc loi - s thiu ht phng php nh mt th tc sinh hc inh lng. Nhiu tc gi s dng ch s a dng diversity indises nh mt ch th sinh hc nhim
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Cairn v cc tc gi pht trin phng php ch s so snh lin hon nhm p ng cho phng php nh s nhanh nh gi cho hu qu sinh hc nhim. Phng php trc nhim tn hiu v l thuyt vn hnh. iu duy nht c th l kh nng ca nh nghin cu nhn bit c nhng khc bit trong hnh dng mu v kch c sinh vt.

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III. Sinh vt ch th ph dng. 1.H nng. y h bao ph thc vt ln khng c s phn tng n nh hm lng xy y = 0. 2.H su. C th xy ra 2 kh nng trong iu kin tng i xy th Fe, Mn, PO4 s tn ti dng phc khng ho tan. xy tng su ch cho qu trnh phn hu hu c trong thi gian ngn nn ny sinh tnh trng cc tr
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3.Cc du hiu ph dng. - Thay i h thc vt. - Thay i h ng vt. - Thay i l ho tnh. 4. Nguyn nhn ph dng. Nguyn nhn l cc ngun thi c cha N v P - Ngun im. - Ngun din hay phn tn. - Dinh dng a lng. - Yu t vt l sinh hc. - Trao i trm tch. - Xm nhp cc cht dinh dng t bn ngoi. - Xm nhp t kh quyn. - Nc x thi thnh ph.

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5.Tc ng ca ph dng. - Tch cc: Lm tng sinh khi, cung cp thc n cho c - Tiu cc: Tc ng n con ngi, nn thu triu , tc nghn, mi kh chu, mt thm m. 6.Bin php k thut phc hi ph dng. - To thng thong. - Lm tun hon nc v to bong bng. - Thu hoch to, vt rc. - Tc ng n dng dinh dng i vo h - Bin php tc ng n cht hu c i vo
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7.Chng trnh gim st sinh hc ph dng. Gm cc bc: Thu mu. X l mu. Xc nh cc sinh vt. o c. nh gi s liu. Th hin kt qu.

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IV.Gim st sinh hc i vi kim loi nng trong nc ngt. 1.Ngun gy nhim kim loi nng a. Ngun t nhin. b. Ngun nhn to. 2.Ch th sinh hc nh c. C l mt ch th rt tt cho kim loi nng trong nc. Mohamet 1990 s dng c lm ch th sinh hc cho nhim kim loi nng sng Nile.
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Theo Munir Ziya (2005) th nhiu kim loi nng c mt mt cch t nhin trong mi trng bin v laf nhng tc nhn gy nhim mi trng nc bin khi chng hm lng cao. Cc tc gi tin hnh nghin cu s tch t kim loi nng nh st, km, cacdimi trong cc loi sinh vt thu sinh.

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