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HM S 1. TNH N IU CA HM S
Dng 1: Tnh n iu ca hm s I. Kin thc c bn 1. nh ngha Gi s hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn K: + Hm s y = f(x) c gi ng bin trn khong K nu: x1, x2 K , x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) + Hm s y = f(x) c gi l nghch bin trn khong K nu: x1, x2 K , x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) 2. Qui tc xt tnh n iu a. nh l Cho hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn K: + Nu f(x) > 0 vi mi x thuc K th hm s ng bin + Nu f(x) < 0 vi mi x thuc K th hm s nghch bin b. Qui tc B1: Tm tp xc nh ca hm s B2: Tnh o hm ca hm s. Tm cc im xi (i = 1, 2,,n) m ti o hm bng 0 hoc khng xc nh. B3: Sp xp cc im xi theo th t tng dn v lp bng bin thin. B4: Nu kt lun v cc khong ng bin, nghch bin. II. Cc v d Loi 1: Xt s bin thin ca hm s V d 1. Xt s ng bin v nghc bin ca hm s: 1 1 2 a. y = x3 x 2x 2 b. y = -x 2 3x 4 e. y = x ( x 3), (x > 0) 3 2 x-1 c. y = x 4 2 x 2 3 d. y = x +1 V d 2. Xt s bin thin ca cc hm s sau: a. y = 3x 2 8 x3 b. y = x 4 8x 2 5 c. y = x 3 6 x 2 9 x

3- 2x x2 2x 3 e. y = f. y = 25-x 2 x+7 x 1 Loi 2: Chng minh hm s ng bin hoc nghch bin trn khong xc nh. Phng php + Da vo nh l. V d 3. d. y =
Chng minh hm s y V d 4
x 2 9 ng bin trn na khong [3; + ). a. Chng minh hm s y 4 b. Hm s y x nghc bin trn mi na khong [-2; 0) v (0;2] x V d 5. Chng minh rng 3 x a. Hm s y nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n. 2x 1 2 x 2 3x b. Hm s y ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n. 2x 1 2 x x 2 nghch bin trn on [1; 2]

c. Hm s y

x 2 8 nghch bin trn R.

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Dng 2. Tm gi tr ca tham s mt hm s cho trc ng bin, nghch bin trn khong xc nh cho trc Phng php: + S dng qui tc xt tnh n iu ca hm s. + S dng nh l du ca tam thc bc hai V d 6. 1 3 x ax 2 4 x 3 ng bin trn R. Tm gi tr ca tham s a hm s f ( x) 3 V d 7. x 2 5 x m2 6 Tm m hm s f ( x) ng bin trn khong (1; ) x 3 m V d 8. Vi gi tr no ca m, hm s: y x 2 ng bin trn mi khong xc nh ca n. x 1 V d 9 x3 Xc nh m hm s y (m 1) x 2 (m 3) x ng bin trn khong (0; 3) 3 V d 10 mx 4 Cho hm s y x m a. Tm m hm s tng trn tng khong xc nh b. Tm m hm s tng trn (2; ) c. Tm m hm s gim trn ( ;1) V d 11 Cho hm s y x3 3(2m 1) x2 (12m 5) x 2 . Tm m hm s: a. Lin tc trn R b. Tng trn khong (2; ) V d 12 (H KTQD 1997) Cho hm s y x3 ax 2 (2a2 7a 7) x 2(a 1)(2a 3) ng bin trn [2:+ ) Dng 3. S dng chiu bin thin chng minh BT Phng php S dng cc kin thc sau: + Du hiu hm s n iu trn mt on. + f ( x) ng bin trn [a; b] th f (a) f ( x) f () + f(x) nghch bin trn [a; b] th f (a) f ( x) f (b) V d 1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau: 1 x2 1 a. tanx > sinx, 0< x < b. 1 + x 1 x 1 x, 0 < x < + 2 2 8 2 x2 x3 c. cosx > 1 ,x 0 d. sinx > x , x>0 2 6 V d 2. Chohm s f(x) = 2sinx + tanx 3x a. Chng minh rng hm s ng bin trn na khong 0; b. Chng minh rng 2sin x tan x 3x, x (0; ) 2 V d 3 Cho hm s f ( x) t anx - x 2

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! a.Chng minh hm s ng bin trn na khong 0; b. Chng minh tan x V d 3 Cho hm s f ( x)
4

x , x (0; ) 3 2
] ]

x t anx, x [0;

a. Xt chiu bin thin ca hm s trn [0; b. Chng minh rng tan x

4 x, x [0; ] 4

CC TR CA HM S Dng 1. Tm cc tr ca hm s Phng php: Da vo 2 qui tc tm cc tr ca hm s y = f(x) Qui tc I. Qui tc II. B1: Tm tp xc nh. B1: Tm tp xc nh. B2: Tnh f(x). Tm cc im ti f(x) = 0 hoc f(x) B2: Tnh f(x). Gii phng trnh f(x) = 0 v k hiu khng xc nh. l xi l cc nghim ca n. B3. Lp bng bin thin. B3: Tnh f (xi) B4: T bng bin thin suy ra cc cc tr B4: Da vo du ca f (xi) suy ra cc tr ( f (xi) > 0 th hm s c cc tiu ti xi; ( f (xi) < 0 th hm s c cc i ti xi) * Ch : Qui tc 2 thng dng vi hm s lng gic hoc vic gii phng trnh f(x) = 0 phc tp. V d 1. Tm cc tr ca hm s y 2x3 3x2 36 x 10 Qui tc I. Qui tc II TX: R TX: R 2 y ' 6 x 6 x 36 y ' 6 x 2 6 x 36

y' 0

6 x 2 6 x 36 0 x x 2 3
-3 + 0 71 2 0 + + +

y' 0

6 x 2 6 x 36 0

x y' y

x 2 x 3 y= 12x + 6 y(2) = 30 > 0 nn hm s t cc tiu ti x = 2 v yct = - 54 y(-3) = -30 < 0 nn hm s t cc i ti x = -3 v yc =71

- 54

Vy x = -3 l im cc i v yc =71 x= 2 l im cc tiu v yct = - 54 Bi1. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau: 3

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a. y = 10 + 15x + 6x 2 c. y = x 3 3x 2 24 x 7

x3

b. y = x 4 8 x3 432 d. y = x 4 - 5x 2 + 4

e. y = -5x 3 + 3x 2 - 4x + 5 f. y = - x 3 - 5x Bi 2. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau: x+1 x2 x 5 (x - 4) 2 a. y = 2 b. y = c. y = 2 x 8 x 1 x 2x 5 2 9 x 3x 3 x d. y = x - 3 + e. y = f. y = 2 x-2 x 1 x 4 Bi 3. Tm cc tr cc hm s x+1 5 - 3x a. y = x 4 - x 2 b. y = c. y = x2 1 1 - x2 x x3 d. y = e. y = f. y = x 3 - x 10 - x 2 x2 6 Bi 4. Tm cc tr cc hm s: a. y = x - sin2x + 2 b. y = 3 - 2cosx - cos2x c. y = sinx + cosx 1 d. y = sin2x e. y = cosx + cos2x f. y = 2sinx + cos2x vi x [0; ] 2 Dng 2. Xc lp hm s khi bit cc tr tm iu kin sao cho hm s y = f(x) t cc tr ti x = a B1: Tnh y = f(x) B2: Gii phng trnh f(a) = 0 tm c m B3: Th li gi tr a c tho mn iu kin nu khng ( v hm s t cc tr ti a th f(a) = 0 khng k C hay CT) V d 1. Tm m hm s y = x3 3mx2 + ( m - 1)x + 2 t cc tiu ti x = 2 LG y ' 3x 2 6mx m 1 . Hm s t cc tr ti x = 2 th y(2) = 0 3.(2)2 6m.2 m 1 0 m 1 x 0 Vi m = 1 ta c hm s: y = x3 3x2 + 2 c : y ' 3 x 2 6 x y ' 0 ti x = 2 hm s t gi tr cc x 2 tiu Vy m = 1 l gi tr cn tm Bi 1. Xc nh m hm s y mx3 3x 2 5x 2 t cc i ti x = 2 2 ) x 5 c cc tr ti x = 1. Khi hm s c C hay CT Bi 2. Tm m hm s y x 3 mx 2 (m 3 x 2 mx 1 Bi 3. Tm m hm s y t cc i ti x = 2 x m Bi 4. Tm m hm s y x 3 2mx 2 m2 x 2 t cc tiu ti x = 1 Bi 5. Tm cc h s a, b, c sao cho hm s: f ( x) x 3 ax2 bx c t cc tiu ti im x = 1, f(1) = -3 v th ct trc tung ti im c tung bng 2 q Bi 6. Tm cc s thc q, p sao cho hm s f ( x ) xp t cc i ti im x = -2 v f(-2) = -2 x 1 q , x -1 Hng dn: f '( x ) 1 ( x 1)2 + Nu q 0 th f'(x) > 0 vi x -1. Do hm s lun ng bin . Hm s khng c cc tr. + Nu q > 0 th: 4

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f '( x ) x2 2x 1 q ( x 1)2 0 x 1 q

x 1 q Lp bng bin thin xem hm t cc ti ti gi tr x no. Dng 3. Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr Bi ton: Tm m hm s c cc tr v cc tr tho mn mt tnh cht no . Phng php B1: Tm m hm s c cc tr. B2: Vn dng cc kin thc khc Ch : Hm s y ax3 bx 2 cx d (a 0) c cc tr khi v ch khi phng trnh y = 0 c hai nghim phn bit. p( x ) Cc tr ca hm phn thc y . Gi s x0 l im cc tr ca y, th gi tr ca y(x0) c th c tnh Q( x ) P( x0 ) P '( x0 ) bng hai cch: hoc y( x0 ) hoc y(x0 ) Q( x0 ) Q '( x0 ) V d . Xc nh m cc hm s sau c cc i v cc tiu 1 x2 mx 2m 4 a. y = x 3 mx 2 (m 6) x 1 b. y = 3 x 2 Hng dn. a. TX: R y ' x 2 2mx m 6 .

hm s c cc tr th phng trnh: x 2 2mx m 6 0 c 2 nghim phn bit m 3 ' m2 m 6 0 m 2 b. TX: \

2

y'

(2 x m)( x 2) ( x 2 mx 2m 4) ( x 2)2 ' 0 4 8 4m 4 0 4 4m 4 0 m 0

x2

4 x 4m 4 ( x 2)2 x 2 4 x 4m 4 0

Hm s c cc i, cc tiu khi y ' 0 c hai nghim phn bit khc -2 m 0

Bi 1. Tm m hm s y Bi 2. Tm m hm s y

Bi 3. Cho hm s y 2 x3 cch u trc tung. m 3 x 2(m 1) x 2 4mx 1 . Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu. Bi 4. Hm s y 3 x 2 mx Bi 5. Cho hm y . Tm m hm s c cc tr 1 x x 2 mx 2m 4 Bi 6. Cho hm s y . Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu. x 2 Dng 4. Tm tham s cc cc tr tho mn tnh cht cho trc. Phng php + Tm iu kin hm s c cc tr

x3 3mx 2 2. Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s c C, CT? x 2 m(m 1) x m3 1 lun c cc i v cc tiu. x m 2 12 x 13 . Tm a hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc tiu ca th

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! + Vn dng cc kin thc v tam thc, h thc Viet tho mn tnh cht. V d . Bi1. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau: a. y = 10 + 15x + 6x 2 x3

b. y = x 4 8 x3 432 d. y = x 4 - 5x 2 + 4

c. y = x 3 3x 2 24 x 7

e. y = -5x 3 + 3x 2 - 4x + 5 f. y = - x 3 - 5x Bi 2. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau: x+1 x2 x 5 (x - 4) 2 a. y = 2 b. y = c. y = 2 x 8 x 1 x 2x 5 2 9 x 3x 3 x d. y = x - 3 + e. y = f. y = 2 x-2 x 1 x 4 Bi 3. Tm cc tr cc hm s x+1 5 - 3x a. y = x 4 - x 2 b. y = c. y = x2 1 1 - x2 x x3 d. y = e. y = f. y = x 3 - x 10 - x 2 x2 6 Bi 4. Tm cc tr cc hm s: a. y = x - sin2x + 2 b. y = 3 - 2cosx - cos2x c. y = sinx + cosx 1 d. y = sin2x e. y = cosx + cos2x f. y = 2sinx + cos2x vi x [0; ] 2 Bi 5. Xc nh m hm s y mx3 3x 2 5x 2 t cc i ti x = 2 2 ) x 5 c cc tr ti x = 1. Khi hm s c C hay CT Bi 6. Tm m hm s y x 3 mx 2 (m 3 x 2 mx 1 Bi 7. Tm m hm s y t cc i ti x = 2 x m Bi 8. Tm m hm s y x 3 2mx 2 m2 x 2 t cc tiu ti x = 1 Bi 9. Tm cc h s a, b, c sao cho hm s: f ( x) x 3 ax2 bx c t cc tiu ti im x = 1, f(1) = -3 v th ct trc tung ti im c tung bng 2 q Bi 10. Tm cc s thc q, p sao cho hm s f ( x ) xp t cc i ti im x = -2 v f(-2) = -2 x 1
Bi 11. Tm m hm s y Bi 12. Tm m hm s y

Bi 13. Cho hm s y 2 x3 cch u trc tung. m 3 x 2(m 1) x 2 4mx 1 . Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu. Bi 14. Hm s y 3 x 2 mx Bi 15. Cho hm y . Tm m hm s c cc tr 1 x x 2 mx 2m 4 Bi 16. Cho hm s y . Xc nh m hm s c cc i v cc tiu. x 2

x3 3mx 2 2. Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s c C, CT? x 2 m(m 1) x m3 1 lun c cc i v cc tiu. x m 2 12 x 13 . Tm a hm s c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc tiu ca th

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GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH NHT CA HM S DNG 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn a; b : +B1: Tnh o hm ca hm s y = f(x) + B2: Xt du o hm f(x), lp bng bin thin
x y' y GTN N a x0 + b x y' y a + GTLN x0 b

Trong ti x0 th f(x0) bng 0 hoc khng xc nh tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y = f(x) trn [a; b]: B1: Tm cac gia tr xi a; b (i = 1, 2, ..., n) lam cho ao ham bang 0 hoac khong xac nh . B2: Tnh f (a), f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn ), f (b) B3: GTLN = max{ f (a), f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn ), f (b) } GTNN = Min{ f (a), f ( x1 ), f ( x2 ),..., f ( xn ), f (b) } V d 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s y Hng dn: D thy h m s lin tc trn (0;
2

1 trn khong (0; x

x 0 +

1 0 +

y' 1 x 1 y' 0 x2 1 0 x 1. 2 2 y x x 1 (0; ) D thy x Vy Minf(x) = 2 khi x = 1 v hm s khng c gi tr ln nht. V d 2. x3 Tnh GTLN, GTNN ca hm s y 2 x 2 3x 4 trn on [-4; 0] 3 Hng dn Hm s lin tc trn [-4; 0], x 1 f '( x ) x 2 4 x 3 f '( x ) 0 x2 4x 3 0 x 3

y' 1

16 16 , f ( 3) 4, f ( 1) , f (0) 3 3 Vy Max y 4 khi x = -3 hoc x = 0 f ( 4)

x [-4;0]

16 khi x = -4 hoc x = -1 x [-4;0] 3 Bi 1. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s (nu c): a. f(x) = x3 3x 2 9 x 1 trn [-4; 4] Min y

b. f(x) = x3 5x 4 trn on [-3; 1] d. f(x) = x3 3x 2 9 x 7 trn on [-4; 3]

c. f(x) = x 4 8 x 2 16 trn on [-1; 3] Bi 2. Tm GTLN, GTNN ca hm s (nu c):

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a. f(x) =

x trn na khong (-2; 4] x+2

c. f(x) = x 1 - x 2

1 trn khong (1; + ) x- 1 1 3 d. f(x) = trn khong ( ; ) cosx 2 2 TIM CN CA HM S b. f(x) = x +2 +

I. Kin thc cn nm Cho hm s y = f(x) c th l (C) y = y0 l tim cn ngang ca nu mt trong hai iu kin sau c tho mn: lim f ( x ) y0 , hoc lim f ( x ) y0
x x

x = x0 l tim cn ng ca (C) nu mt trong cc iu kin sau c tho mn: lim , lim , lim , lim
x x0 x x0 x x0 x x0

ng thng y = ax + b ( a 0 ) c gi l tim cn xin nu mt trong hai iu kin sau tho mn: lim [f ( x ) (ax + b)] = 0 hoc lim [f (x ) (ax+b)]=0
x x

II. Cc dng ton Dng 1: Tim cn hm s hu t y

P( x ) Q( x )

Phng php Tim cn ng: Nghim ca mu khng phi l nghim ca t cho php xc nh tim cn ng. Tim cn ngang, xin: + Det(P(x)) < Det (Q(x)): Tim cn ngang y = 0 + Det(P(x)) = Det(Q(x)): Tim cn ngang l t s hai h s bc cao nht ca t v mu. + Det (P(x)) = Det(Q(x)) + 1: Khng c tim cn ngang; Tim cn xin c xc nh bng cch phn tch hm s thnh dng: f(x) = ax + b + ( x ) vi lim ( x ) 0 th y = ax + b l tim cn xin.
x

V d 1. Tm cc tim cn ca cc hm s: 2x- 1 x2 x 7 x+2 a. y = b. y = c. y = 2 x+2 x 3 x 1 Hng dn 2x 1 2x 1 ; lim a. Ta thy lim nn ng thng x= 2 l tim cn ng. x 2 x x 2 x 2 2 1 2 2x 1 x 2 nn y = 2 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s. lim V lim x x 2 x 2 1 x b. x2 x 7 + lim . Nn x = 3 l tim cn ng ca th hm s. x 3 x 3 1 1 0 Vy y = x+ 2 l tim cn xin ca th hm s. + y x 2 . Ta thy lim[y - (x + 2)]= lim x x x 3 x 3 x 2 . Nn x = 1 l ng tim cn ng. c. Ta thy lim x 1 x2 1 x 2 + lim 2 . Nn x = -1 l tim cn ng. x 1 x 1 1 2 x 2 x x2 0 . Nn y = 0 l tim cn ngang ca th hm s. + lim 2 x x 1 1 1 x2 8

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Dng 2. Tim cn ca hm v t y Phng php Ta phn tch
ax 2 bx c (a 0)

ax2 bx c

a x

Vi lim ( x ) 0 khi y
x

Vi lim ( x ) 0 khi y
x

b ( x) 2a b a(x ) c tim cn xin bn phi 2a b a(x ) c tim cn xin bn tr i 2a

9 x 2 18 x 20

V d Tm tim cn ca hm s: y H-ng dn
y 9( x 2)2 6

Cc tnh gii hn v cc ca hm s y

f ( x) g( x )

lim f ( x ) x 0 L
L>0 L<0

lim g( x ) x 0
0 0

Du ca g(x) Tu + +

f ( x) lim x x g( x ) 0 0 + + 5 2 - 3x -x + 3 g. y = x c. y =
c. y =

Bi 1. Tm tim cn cc hm s sau: 2x - 1 3 - 2x a. y = b. y = x+2 3x + 1 x+ 1 1 e. y = f. y = 4 + 2x + 1 x- 2 Bi 2. Tm tim cn ca cc hm s sau: x 2 12 x 27 x2 x 2 a. y = b. y = x2 4x 5 ( x 1)2

e. y = 2x -1 + 1 x f. y = x2 2 x x 3

-4 x+1 4-x h. y = 3x + 1 d. y =
x2 3x x2 4 1 2(x- 1)2 d. y = 2- x x 4x 3
2

g. y = x- 3 +

h. y =

2x3 x 2 x2 1

Bi 3. Tm tim cn cc hm s

a. y = b. y = c. y

x2 x x 1 x+ 3 x+ 1 x 1 x2 4
-5

-5

-5

5
-2

-2

-2

-4

-4

-4

Bi 4. Xc nh m th hm s: y

x 3 c ng 2 tim cn ng. 2(m 2) x m2 1

9

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Bi 5. Tnh din tch ca tam gic to bi tim cn xin ca th to vi hai trc to ca cc hm s: 3x2 x 1 -3x2 x 4 a. y = b. y = x 1 x 2 x 2 2(m 1) x 4m 3 Bi 6.(HSP 2000). Tm m tim cn xin ca th hm s y to vi hai trc to x 2 mt tam gic c din tch bng 8 (vdt) x 2 x(3m 2) 3 3m Bi 7. Cho hm s: y (1) x 1 a. Tm m tim cn xin ca th i qua im A(4; 3) b. Tm m -ng tim cn xin ca (1) ct Parabol y x 2 ti hai im phn bit. 4. kho st v v hm bc ba Dng 1: Kho st v v hm s y ax3 bx 2 cx d (a 0) Ph-ng php 1. Tm tp xc nh. 2. Xt s bin thin ca hm s a. Tm cc gii hn ti v cc v cc gii hn ti v cc (nu c). Tm cc -ng tim cn. b. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s, bao gm: + Tm o hm, xt du o hm, xt chiu bin thin v tm cc tr. + in cc kt qu vo bng. 3. V th ca hm s. + V -ng tim cn nu c. + Xc nh mt s im c bit: Giao vi Ox, Oy, im un. + Nhn xt th: Ch ra tm i xng, trc i xng (khng cn chng minh) V d 1. Cho hm s: y x 3 3x 2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s. b. Tu theo gi tr ca m, bin lun s nghim ca ph-ng trnh: x 3 3x 2 1 m H-ng dn a. 1. TX: D 2. S bin thin ca hm s a. Gii hn ti v cc 3 1 lim ( x 3 3x 1) lim x 3 (1 2 ) x x x x3 0 x 2 3 1 lim ( x 3 3x 1) lim x 3 (1 2 ) 3 + 0 y' 0 x x x x + 3 c. Bng bin thin y x 0 y' 3x 2 6 x y' 0 3x 2 6 x 0 x 2 -1 Hm s ng bin trn cc khong ( ;0) v (2; + ) V nghch bin trn khong (0; 2). Hm s t cc i ti im x= 2 ; v yC=y(2)= 3 Hm s t cc tiu ti im x =0 v yCT = y(1) = -1 3. th y 0 . Vy giao vi Oy ti im O(0; -1) + Giao vi Oy: cho x = 0 6 x 6 0 x 1 . im A (1; 1) + y '' 0 + Nhn im A lm tm i xng. b.
2 -5 -2

+ -

10

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! S nghim ca ph-ng trnh l s giao im ca 2 th y Da vo th ta c kt qu bin lun: m > 3: Ph-ng trnh c 1 nghim. m 3 phng trnh c 2 nghim -1< m < 3: Phng trnh c 3 nghim. m = -1: Phng trnh c 2 nghim m < -1: Phng trnh c 1nghim

x 3 3x 2 1 v y =m

Cc bi ton v hm bc ba Bi 1(TNTHPT 2008) Cho hm s y 2 x 3 3x 2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s. b. Bim lun theo m s nghim ca ph-ng trnh 2 x 3 3x 2 1 m Bi 2 (TN THPT- ln 2 2008) Cho hm s y = x3 - 3x2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s cho. b. Tm cc gi tr ca m ph-ng trnh x 3 3x 2 m 0 c 3 nghim phn bit. Bi 3 (TNTHPT - 2007) Cho hm s y= x3 3 x 2 c th l (C) . a/ Kho st v v th hm s . b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im A(2 ;4) . Bi 4 (TNTHPT - 2006) Cho hm s y= x 3 3 x 2 c th (C) . a/ Kho st v v th hm s . b/ Da vo th bin lun s nghim phng trnh :

x 3 3 x 2 -m=0 .

Bi 5 (TNTHPT 2004- PB) Cho hm s y= x3 6 x 2 9 x c th l (C) . a/ Kho st v v th hm s . b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im c honh l nghim ca phng trnh y=0 . c/ Vi gi tr no ca m th ng thng y=x+m2-m i qua trung im ca on thng ni cc i vo cc tiu . Bi 6 (TNTHPT 2004 - KPB) Cho hm s y= x3 3mx 2 4m3 . a/ Kho st v v th hm s khi m=1 . b/ Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ti im c honh x=1 . Bi 7 (H- A- 2002) Cho hm s y x3 3mx 2 3(1 m2 )x m3 m2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m= 1 b. Tm k ph-ng trnh: x 3 3x 2 k 3 3k 2 0 c 3 nghim phn bit. c. Vit ph-ng trnh -ng thng qua 2 im cc tr ca th hm s (1). Bi 8 (C SP MGTW- 2004) Cho hm s y = x3 - 3x2 + 4m 11

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! a. Chng minh th hm s lun c 2 cc tr. b. Kho st v v th hm s khi m = 1 Bi 9 (H-B- 2007) Cho hm s y x3 3x 2 3(m2 1) x 3m2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m =1 b. Tm m hm s c cc i cc tiu v cc im cc tr cch u im O. Bi 10 (H - D - 2004) Cho hm s y = x3 3mx2 + 9x + 1 a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 2 b. Tm m nghim ca phng trnh y= 0 thuc ng thng y = x+ 1

Bi 8 Cho hm s y = (x -1)(x2 + mx + m) a. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit b. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi m= 4 Bi 3 Cho hm s y 2 x 3 3(m 1) x 2 6(m 2) x 1 a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m =2 b. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s c cc i, cc tiu. Bi 5 (H 2006- D) Cho hm s y x 3 3x 2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s. b. Gi d l -ng thng qua im A(3; 20) v c h s gc m. Tm m -ng thng d ct (C ) ti 3 im phn bit. (Gi -ng thng d qua M(x0;y0) c h s gc m c dng: y = m(x - x0) + y 0) Bi 7 Cho hm s y = (x - m)3 - 3x a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 1 b. Tm m hm s cho t cc tiu ti im c honh x = 0 Bi 8 Cho hm s y = (x -1)(x2 + mx + m) c. Tm m th hm s ct trc honh ti 3 im phn bit d. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s vi m= 4 Bi 11 Cho hm s y = x 3 2mx 2 m2 x 2 a. Kho st v v th hm s khi m =1 b. Tm m hm s t cc tiu ti x = 1 Hm bc bn trng ph-ng v mt s bi tp c lin quan I. Mt s tnh cht ca hm trng ph-ng Hm s lun c cc tr vi mi gi tr ca tham s sao cho a 0 Hm s t gi tr cc i, cc tiu

y' 0

2 x(2ax 2 b) 0 c ba nghim phn bit

b 2a

th hm s lun nhn Oy l trc i xng. Nu hm s c ba cc tr tr chng to thnh mt tam gic cn. Dng ton: Kho st v v th ca hm s V d 1 (TNTHPT-2008) 12

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Cho hm s y x 2 x a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s. b. Vit ph-ng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s ti im c honh x = -2 V d 2. Cho hm s y x 4 4mx 3 3(m 1) x 2 1 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m =0 b. Vi gi tr no ca m hm s c 3 cc tr Bi tp hm s trng ph-ng Bi 1. Kho st v v th cc hm s sau: a. y= -x 4 2 x 2 b. y = x 4 x 2 2 c. y = x 4 6 x 2 1 1 5 d. y = x 4 3 x 2 e.y = -x 4 +2x 2 +3 f. y = x 4 +2x 2 +1 2 2 Bi 2. Cho hm s y x 4 2m2 x 2 1 a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m =1 b. Tm m th hm s c ba cc tr l ba nh ca tam gic vung cn. Bi 3 (H Lt - 2002) a. Gii ph-ng trnh x 4 2 x 2 1 0 b. Kho st v v th hm s y = x 4 2 x 2 1 c. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca ph-ng trnh x 4 2 x 2 1 m 0 Bi 4 (H Thi Nguyn - 2002) Cho hm s y x 4 2mx 2 (C m ) a. Kho st v v th hm s vi m = 1 b. Hy xc nh m hm s th hm s c 3 cc tr Bi 5. (H Vinh - 2002) 1. Kho st v v th hm s y x 4 5x 2 4
3 0 c 4 nghim phn bit. 2. Xc nh m ph-ng trnh x 4 5 x 2 m 2 Bi 6 x4 9 Cho hm s y 2x2 4 4 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th (C) ca hm s b. Bin lun theo k s giao im ca (C) vi th (P) ca hm s y k 2 x 2 Bi 7 Cho hm s y x 4 2mx 2 m3 m2 a. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca hm s khi m = 1 b. Xc nh m th (Cm ) ca hm s cho tip xc vi trc honh ti 2 im Bi 8. (H Cn th - 2002) Cho hm s y x 4 2 x 2 2 m (Cm) a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 0 b. Tm cc gi tr ca m th (Cm) ca hm s ch c hai im chung vi Ox c. Chng minh vi mi m tam gic c 3 nh l ba cc tr l mt tam gic vung cn.
4 2

13

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HO NG CONG
BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (Cm ) : y PHNG PHAP GIAI: Ta co : Ho ng cong (Cm ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y0 )

f ( x, m)

( m la tham so )

Bien luan theo m so ng cong cua ho (Cm ) i qua iem M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) cho trc.

y0

f ( x0 , m)

(1)

Xem (1) la phng trnh theo an m. Tuy theo so nghiem cua phng trnh (1) ta suy ra so ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M 0 Cu the: Neu phng trnh (1) co n nghiem phan biet th co n ng cong cua ho (Cm) i qua M 0 Neu phng trnh (1) vo nghiem th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu khong i qua M 0 Neu phng trnh (1) nghiem ung vi moi m th moi ng cong cua ho (Cm) eu i qua M 0 Trong trng hp nay ta noi rang M0 la iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm ) Dng 1: TM IEM CO NH CUA HO NG CONG BAI TOAN TONG QUAT: Cho ho ng cong (Cm ) : y PHNG PHAP GIAI

f ( x, m)

( m la tham so )

Tm iem co nh cua ho ng cong (Cm)

Bc 1: Goi M 0 ( x0 ; y0 ) la iem co nh (neu co) ma ho (Cm) i qua. Khi o phng trnh:

y0

f ( x0 , m) nghiem ung

(1)

Bc 2: Bien oi phng trnh (1) ve mot trong cac dang sau: Dang 1: Am B 0 m Am 2 Bm C 0 m Dang 2: A 0 Ap dung nh ly: Am B 0 m (2) B 0
A Am
2

0 0 (3) 0

Bm C

B C

Bc 3: Giai he (2) hoac (3) ta se tm c ( x0 ; y0 )

Bi tp Bi 1. Cho h (Cm) y x3 3(m 1) x2 2(m2 4m 1)x 4m(m 1) . CMR: Khi m thay i th h -ng cong lun qua mt im c nh. mx 1 Bi 2. Cho h th (Cm): . Tm cc im c nh m th ca hm s lun i qua vi mi m 1 x m x 2 mx m 1 Bi 3. Cho h (Cm) c ph-ng trnh: y . Chng minh rng (Cm) lun i qua mt im c nh. x 1 14

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Bi 4. Cho hm s (Cm): y x 3mx 2m a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 1. b. Chng minh rng h -ng cong lun i qua mt im c nh. mx 1 ,m 1 . Gi (Hm) l th ca hm s cho. Bi 5. Cho hm s: y x m a. Chng minh rng vi mi m 1 , h -ng cong lun qua 2 im c nh. b. Gi M l giao im ca 2 tim cn. Tm tp hp cc im M khi m thay i. Bi 6. Cho hm s: y (m 2) x 3 2(m 2) x 2 (m 3) x 2m 1 (C m ) . Chng minh rng h th lun qua ba im c nh v 3 im c nh cng nm trn mt -ng thng. Dng 2: Tm im h th hm s khng i qua Ph-ng php: B1: Gi s M(x0; y0) l im m h -ng cong khng th i qua. B2: Khi c ph-ng trnh: y0 f ( x0 , m) v nghim vi m t tm -c (x0; y0) B3: Kt lun v im m h -ng cong khng th i qua. Bi 1. Cho hm s y ( x 2)( x 2 2mx m2 1) (C m ) . Tm cc im m (Cm) khng th i qua.
3

(3m 1) x m2 m Bi 2. Cho hm s y x m a. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s vi m = 1. b. Tm cc im trn -ng thng x = 1, sao cho khng th c gi tr no ca m th hm s i qua. Bi 3. Cho th hm s y 2 x 3 3(m 3) x 2 18mx 8 (C m ) . Chng minh rng trn -ng cong y = x2 c hai im m (Cm) khng i qua vi m m.
CHUYN : PHNG PHP GII PHNG TRNH V T I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG 1. Bnh phng 2 v ca phng trnh a) Phng php Thng thng nu ta gp phng trnh dng : A B C D , ta thng bnh phng 2 v , iu i khi li gp kh khn hy gii v d sau
3

A B 3 3 A.B
3

v ta s dng php th : 3 A b) V d

C ta c phng trnh : A B 3 3 A.B.C

Bi 1.
Gii: k x

Gii phng trnh sau :

x 3

3x 1 2 x

2x 2

Bnh phng 2 v khng m ca phng trnh ta c: 1

x 3 3x 1

x 2 x 2 x 1 , gii phng

trnh ny d nhin l khng kh nhng hi phc tp mt cht . Phng trnh gii s rt n gin nu ta chuyn v phng trnh : Bnh phng hai v ta c : Th li x=1 tha

3x 1

2x 2

4x

x 3

6 x2 8x 2

4 x 2 12 x

x 1

Nhn xt : Nu phng trnh :

f x

g x

h x

k x

15

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! M c : f x

h x

g x

k x , th ta bin i phng trnh v dng :

f x
x3 1 x 3

h x

k x

g x

sau bnh phng ,gii phng trnh h qu

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau :

x 1

x2

x 1

x 3

Gii: iu kin : x 1 Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh ? Nu chuyn v th chuyn nh th no? Ta c nhn xt :

x3 1 . x 3 x 3
x 3 x2

x2
x 1
x2

x 1. x 1 , t nhn xt ny ta c li gii nh sau :

x 1
x 1 x2 2x 2 0 x 1 x 1 3 3

(2)

x3 1 x 3

x3 1 Bnh phng 2 v ta c: x 3
Th li : x 1

3, x 1

l nghim

Qua li gii trn ta c nhn xt : Nu phng trnh : M c : f x .h x

f x f x

g x h x

h x k x

k x g x

k x .g x

th ta bin i

2. Trc cn thc 2.1. Trc cn thc xut hin nhn t chung a) Phng php Mt s phng trnh v t ta c th nhm c nghim x0 nh vy phng trnh lun a v c dng tch x

x0 A x

0 ta c th gii phng trnh A x

0 hoc chng minh A x

0 v nghim , ch

iu kin ca nghim ca phng trnh ta c th nh ga A x b) V d Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh sau : Gii: Ta nhn thy : 3x 2

0 v nghim

3x 2 5 x 1
3x 2 3x 3
2x 4 3x 2 5 x 1

x2 2

3 x2

x 1

x 2 3x 4
3 x 2

5x 1

2 x 2 v x2 2
3 x2 x 1 x2 2

x 2 3x 4
3x 6 x 2 3x 4
x2 5

Ta c th trc cn thc 2 v :

D dng nhn thy x=2 l nghim duy nht ca phng t rnh . Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau (OLYMPIC 30/4 ngh) : Gii: phng trnh c nghim th :

x 2 12 5 3x

x 2 12

x2 5

3x 5 0

5 3

Ta nhn thy : x=2 l nghim ca phng trnh , nh vy phng trnh c th phn tch v dng x 2 A x 0 , thc hin c iu ta phi nhm , tch nh sau :

16

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x 2 12 4 3x 6 x 2 x x 2
2

x2 5 3 x 1 x
2

x2 4 x 2 12 4 3 0 x

3 x 2 2

x2 4 x2 5 3

12 4

D dng chng minh c :

5 3 x 2
x x3 1

x 2 x2 5 3

x 2 12 4

3 0, x

5 3

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh : 3 x 2 1

Gii :k x 3 2 Nhn thy x=3 l nghim ca phng trnh , nn ta bin i phng trnh
3

1 2 x 3

2 5

x 3 1
3

x 3 x2 1
2

x 3 x 2 3x 9 x3 2 5

2 3 x2 1 4
2

Ta chng minh : 1
3

x 3 x2 1
2

1
3

x 3 x2 1 1 3

x 2 3x 9 x3 2 5

2 3 x2 1 4

Vy pt c nghim duy nht x=3 2.2. a v h tm a) Phng php Nu phng trnh v t c dng A B C , m : A B C dy C c th l hng s ,c th l biu thc ca x . Ta c th gii nh sau :

A B A B

, khi ta c h:

A A

B B

2 A

b) V d Bi 4. Gii phng trnh sau : 2 x 2 x 9 Gii: Ta thy : 2 x 2 x 9 2 x2 x 1 2 x

2x2

x 1

x 4

4 khng phi l nghim Xt x 4 x

Trc cn thc ta c :

2x 8 2x
2

x 9
2 x2 2x
2

2x

x 4 x 1
2 x 4

2 x2

x 9

2x2
x

x 1 2
0 8 7

Vy ta c h:

2 x2 2x
2

x 9 x 9

x 1 x 1

2 2x

x 9

x 6

Th li tha; vy phng trnh c 2 nghim : x=0 v x=

8 7

Bi 5. Gii phng trnh : Ta thy : 2 x 2

x 1

2x2 x 1 x 2 x 1 3x x 2 x 1 x 2 2 x , nh vy khng tha mn iu kin trn.

Ta c th chia c hai v cho x v t t

1 th bi ton tr nn n gin hn x
17

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x 2 3x 1
2002)

x 3

x2 1

4 3 10 3x
2
3

x 2 (HSG Ton Quc

x 2 x 10 x

x2 1 3x3 2 3x 2 2 x2 11x 21 3 3 4 x 4 0 (OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)

3

2x2 1

x 2 3x 2
x2 1

2x2 x2 8

2x 3

x2

x 2

2 x 5 x
x2 4

2 x 2 16 x 18

2x 4

x 1 2x 3

x 2 15

3x 2

3. Phng trnh bin i v tch S dng ng thc

u v 1 uv

u 1 v 1

au bv
A2 B2

ab vu

u b v a
3

0
3 3

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : Gii: pt

3

x 1 1

x 2 1 x x 2 1 0 x
3

x 1

x 2 3x 2 0

1
x2 x

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : 3 x 1 Gii: + x 0 , khng phi l nghim + x

x2

0 , ta chia hai v cho x:

x 1 x

x 1

x 1
x2

x 1 1 x

x 1

x 1

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh: Gii: dk : x 1 pt

x 3 2x x 1

2x

4x 3

x 3 2x

x 1 1
x 3

x 1 x 0
4x x 3 4 x

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh : Gii: k: x

0
2

Chia c hai v cho

4x x 3: 1 x 3

4x 2 x 3
Bk

4x x 3

x 1

Dng hng ng thc k Bin i phng trnh v dng : A Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : Gii: k: 0

3 x

3 x
3

3 khi pt cho tng ng : x

3x

1 3

10 3 3

10 1 3

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau : 2 x 3 Gii:

9x2

x 4
18

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3 phng trnh tng ng : 1

3 x

9x

x 3 1 3x x 3 1 3x

x 1 x 5 18 97

2 Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau : 2 3 3 9 x x

2 x 3 3 3x x 2

Gii : pttt

x 2

3x

x 1

II. PHNG PHP T N PH 1. Phng php t n ph thng thng i vi nhiu phng trnh v v t , gii chng ta c th t t

v ch iu kin ca t nu phng trnh ban u tr thnh phng trnh cha mt bin t quan trng hn ta c th gii c phng trnh theo t th vic t ph xem nh hon ton .Ni chung nhng phng trnh m c th t hon ton t f x thng l nhng phng trnh d .

f x

Bi 1. Gii phng trnh: iu kin: x 1 Nhn xt. t t

x2 1 x2 1 1

x2 1

x 2 1. x

x 2 1 th phng trnh c dng: t

1 t

t 1

Thay vo tm c x 1 Bi 2. Gii phng trnh: 2 x2 Gii iu kin: x t t

6x 1

4x 5

4 5
0) th x
2. t4 t2 5 . Thay vo ta c phng trnh sau: 4 10t 2 25 6 2 (t 5) 1 t t 4 22t 2 8t 27 16 4 (t 2 2t 7)(t 2 2t 11) 0
1 2 2; t3,4 1 2 3

4 x 5(t

Ta tm c bn nghim l: t1,2 Do t

0 nn ch nhn cc gi tr t1

1 2 2, t3 1 2 3

T tm c cc nghim ca phng trnh l: x 1

2 va x

Cch khc: Ta c th bnh phng hai v ca phng trnh vi iu kin 2 x2 Ta c: x 2 ( x 3)2 ( x 1)2 0 , t ta tm c nghim tng ng. n gin nht l ta t : 2 y 3 Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau: x iu kin: 1 x 6 t y

6x 1 0

4 x 5 v a v h i xng (Xem phn dt n ph a v h)

x 1

6
y 5
21 2

x 1( y 5) ( y2

0) th phng trnh tr thnh: y 2 y 4)( y 2 y 5) 0

y 1

y 4 10 y 2
1 2 17

y 20 0 ( vi

(loai), y

19

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! T ta tm c cc gi tr ca x

11 2

17
2

Bi 4. (THTT 3-2005) Gii phng trnh sau : x Gii: k 0 t y

2004

x 1

x 1

x pttt

21 y

y2

y 1002

y 1

Bi 5. Gii phng trnh sau : x 2 Gii: iu kin:

2x x

1 x

3x 1

1 x 0

Chia c hai v cho x ta nhn c: x 2 x

1 x

1 x

1 , ta gii c. x Bi 6. Gii phng trnh : x 2

t t

x4

x2

2x 1

Gii: x t t= 3 x

0 khng phi l nghim , Chia c hai v cho x ta c: x

1 x

1 x

1 , Ta c : t 3 t 2 0 x

t 1

1 2

Bi tp ngh Gii cc phng trnh sau

15 x 2 x 2 5

2 x 2 15 x 11

x2

x 2 11

31
n

( x 5)(2 x) 3 x2 3x (1 x)(2 x) 1 2 x 2 x 2
x 17 x 2 x 17 x 2 9

2 n (1 x)2

3n 1 x2

(1 x)2

x (2004 x )(1 1 x )2 ( x 3 x 2)( x 9 x 18) 168 x

1 x2 2 3 1 x2 3

3x 2

x 1

4 x 9 2 3x 2 5 x 2

Nhn xt : i vi cch t n ph nh trn chng ta ch gii quyt c mt lp bi n gin, i khi phng trnh i vi t li qu kh gii 2. t n ph a v phng trnh thun nht bc 2 i vi 2 bin : Chng ta bit cch gii phng trnh: u 2 uv v2 0 (1) bng cch

u Xt v 0 phng trnh tr t hnh : v v 0 th trc tip

u v

Cc trng hp sau cng a v c (1)

a. A x
u v

bB x
mu 2

c A x .B x
nv 2
20

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Chng ta hy thay cc biu thc A(x) , B(x) bi cc biu thc v t th s nhn c phng trnh v t theo dng ny . a) . Phng trnh dng : a. A x Nh vy phng trnh Q x Xut pht t ng thc :

bB x

c A x .B x
P x Q x A x .B x aA x bB x

P x c th gii bng phng php trn nu

x3 1 x4

x 1 x2 x4

x 1 2x2 1 x2 x2 x 1 x2 x 1

x2 1
x2

x4 1

2x 1 x2

2x 1

4 x4 1

2 x2 2 x 1 2 x2

2x 1
bt c 0 gii

x4 1 Hy to ra nhng phng trnh v t dng trn v d nh: 4 x 2 2 2 x 4 c mt phng trnh p , chng ta phi chn h s a,b,c sao cho phng trnh bc hai at 2 nghim p
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 x 2 Gii: t u

2
x 1

5 x3 1

x 1, v

x2

u
Phng trnh tr thnh : 2 u
2

5uv
3 4 x 3

u
x2 1

2v 1 v 2

Tm c: x

5 2

37

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : x

3x 1

Bi 3: gii phng trnh sau : 2 x 2 Gii: k: x 1 Nhn xt : Ta vit

5 x 1 7 x3 1

x 1

x2

x 1 2 x2

7 x 1

x 1 x2 7

x 1 x 1
v 9u 1 u 4

ng nht thc ta c: 3 x 1 t u

x 1 x2
7 uv

x 1 0 ,v

x 1 0 , ta c: 3u 2v

Ta c : x

6
3

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh : x Gii: Nhn xt : t y

3x 2

x 2

6x

x3 3x 2

2 y3

x 2 ta hy bin pt trn v phng trnh thun nht bc 3 i vi x v y : x y 6x 0 x3 3xy 2 2 y 3 0 x 2y

Pt c nghim : x

2,

2 2 3
u v mu 2 nv 2
21

b).Phng trnh dng :

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Phng trnh cho dng ny thng kh pht hin hn dng trn , nhg nu ta bnh phng hai v th a v c dng trn. Bi 1. gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii: Ta t :

3 x2 1

x4

x2 1
3v u 2 v2 4x 1

u v

x2 x
2

khi phng trnh tr thnh : u

1
x2 2x 2x 1 3x 2

Bi 2.Gii phng trnh sau : Gii k x

1 . Bnh phng 2 v ta c : 2

x2 2x 2x 1
u v
1 2

x2 1
x
2

x2 2x 2x 1

x2 2x
u

2x 1
1 2 1 2 5 5 v v

Ta c th t :

2x

2x 1
5

khi ta c h : uv

u
x2 2x 1 2 5 2x 1

Do u , v

0. u

Bi 3. gii phng trnh : Gii: k x

5 x 2 14 x 9

x2

x 20

5 x 1

5 . Chuyn v bnh phng ta c: 2 x 2 5 x 2 5

,
: 2 x 2

x2

x 20 x 1
x 1 vy ta khng th t

Nhn xt : khng tn ti s

5x 2

x2

x 20

u v

x2 x 1

x 20

Nhng may mn ta c : x 2

x 20 x 1
4x 5

x 4 x 5 x 1
5 ( x2

x 4 x2 4x 5

Ta vit li phng trnh: 2 x 2

3 x 4

4 x 5)( x 4) . n y bi ton c gii quyt

. Cc em hy t sng to cho mnh nhng phng trnh v t p theo cch trn 3. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton T nhng phng trnh tch

x 1 1

x 1 x 2

0,

2x 3

2x 3

x 2

Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht . T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii:

x2

2 x 1 2 x2
t t 3 x 1

x2

2 , ta c : t 2

2 x t 3 3x

22

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : x 1 Gii:

x2 2x 3

x2 1
x2 1 x2 1 x 1t 0

t : t Khi phng trnh tr thnh : x 1 t x2 2 x 3, t 2 By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c chn : x2

2x 3

x 1t 2 x 1

t2

x 1t 2 x 1

t t

2 x 1
0 , khai trin ra ta s c pt sau

T mt phng trnh n gin :

1 x

2 1 x

1 x

1 x

1 x2 Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau : 4 x 1 1 3x 2 1 x Gii: Nhn xt : t t 1 x , pttt: 4 1 x 3x 2t t 1 x (1)

Ta rt x

1 t 2 thay vo th c pt: 3t 2

1 x t 4

1 x 1

0
2

Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t dng bnh phng . Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo C th nh sau : 3x
2

2 1 x

1 x
2

48

x 1 1 khng c

1 x ,

1 x

21 x

thay vo pt (1) ta c:

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh: 2 2 x Gii .

4 4 2 x

9 x 2 16

Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh: 4 2 x 4 Ta t : t

16 2 4 x 2

16 2 x
0
t

9 x 2 16

2 4 x2

0 . Ta c: 9 x 2 16t 32 8 x
9 2 x2 8

Ta phi tch 9 x 2

2 4 x2

lm sao cho

c dng chnh phng .

Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch 4. t nhiu n ph a v tch Xut pht t mt s h i s p chng ta c th to ra c nhng phng trnh v t m khi gii n chng ta li t nhiu n ph v tm mi quan h gia cc n ph a v h Xut pht t ng thc a b c
3

a3 b3 c3 3 a b b c c a , Ta c 0

a3 b3 c3
7x 1 3 3x 1
3 3

a b c

a b a c b c

T nhn xt ny ta c th to ra nhng phng trnh v t c cha cn bc ba .

x2 x 8 3 x2 8x 1 2 3 5 x 3 2x 9 3 4x 3 0 Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 x. 3 x

u
Gii : v

3 x. 5 x

5 x. 2 x
2 3 , gii h ta c: 5

2 x

2 u2 5 w2

uv vw wu uv vw wu uv vw wu

u v u w u v v w v w u w

3 x , ta c : 3 v 2 5 x
x 239 120

w
u 30 60

23

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Bi 2. Gii phng trnh sau : 2 x 2 1

x 2 3x 2

2 x2

2x 3

x2

x 2

a
Gii . Ta t :

2x2 1 x 2 3x 2 2x x2
2

b c d

, khi ta c :

a b c d a 2 b2 c2 d2

2x 3 x 2
x 1 9x 3
3

Bi 3. Gii cc phng trnh sau 1) 2)

4 x2 5x 1 2 x2
x
4

x 1 x

1 x

1 x

x3

x2 1 x

5. t n ph a v h: 5.1 t n ph a v h thng thng x ,v x v tm mi quan h gia t u Bi 1. Gii phng trnh: x 25

3
3

x v
30

t tm c h theo u,v

x3 x

25 x3

t y

35 x3

x3

y3

35
xy( x y3 y ) 30 35
, gii h ny ta tm c

Khi phng trnh chuyn v h phng trnh sau:

x3 ( x; y ) (2;3) (3; 2) . Tc l nghim ca phng trnh l x {2;3} 1 2 1 x 4x 4 Bi 2. Gii phng trnh: 2 iu kin: 0 x 2 1
t
4

2 1 x x v

0 u

2 1,0 v
1 4 2 v
v
4

2 1
u 1 2 v v
2

Ta a v h phng trnh sau:

u v u
2

2 1
1 4 2
2

1 4 2

v4

2 1

Gii phng trnh th 2: (v

1)

0 , t tm ra v ri thay vo tm nghim ca phng trnh.

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau: x iu kin: x 1 t a

x 1

x 1, b

x 1(a 0, b 0) th ta a v h phng trnh sau:

0 a b 1 0
x

a2 b 5 b2 a
Vy

(a b)(a b 1)
5 x 1

a
11

b 1
17 2
24

5
x 1 5 x

x 1 1

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Bi 8. Gii phng trnh: Gii iu kin: t u

6 2x 5 x

6 2x 5 x

8 3

5 x 5 5 x,v 5 y 0 u, v
u2

10 .

v2

10 z) 8 3

(u v) 2 (u v) 1

10 2uv 2 uv 4 3

Khi ta c h phng trnh:

4 u

4 2(u v

5.2 Xy dng phng trnh v t t h i xng loi II Ta hy i tm ngun gc ca nhng bi ton gii phng trnh bng cch a v h i xng loi II Ta xt mt h phng trnh i xng loi II sau :

x 1 y 1

2 2

y 2 x 2

(1) (2)

vic gii h ny th n gin

By gii ta s bin h thnh phng trnh bng cch t y ta c phng trnh : x 1 Vy gii phng trnh : x2
2

f x

sao cho (2) lun ng , y

x 2 1 , khi

( x 2 1) 1
2x

x2 2 x
x y
2 2

x 2
ay b ax b
2

x 2 ta t li nh trn v a v h
, ta s xy dng c phng trnh dng

Bng cch tng t xt h tng qut dng bc 2 : sau : t

ax b , khi ta c phng trnh :

ax b b

Tng t cho bc cao hn :

ax b b

Tm li phng trnh thng cho di dng khai trin ta phi vit v dng :

pn a' x b'

v t

y
Vic chn

ax b a v h , ch v du ca

???

thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng : Gii phng trnh: x2

pn a' x b'

l chn c.

Bi 1.
iu kin: x

2x

2 2x 1

1 2
2 2x 1

Ta c phng trnh c vit li l: ( x 1)2 1 t y 1

2 x 1 th ta a v h sau:

x2

2x

2( y 1)

Tr hai v ca phng trnh ta c ( x Bi 6. Gii phng trnh: 2 x Gii iu kin x

2

y 2 2 y 2( x 1) y )( x y ) 0

Gii ra ta tm c nghim ca phng trnh l: x

6x 1

4x 5

5 4
25

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Ta bin i phng trnh nh sau: 4 x 2 12 x 2 t 2 y 3 Vi x Vi x

2 4x 5

(2 x 3) 2

2 4 x 5 11

4 x 5 ta c h phng trnh sau: 2x 3 4x 5 x 2 3

(2 x 3) 2 (2 y 3) 2

4y 5 4x 5

(x

y )( x

y 1)

y 1 0

y 1 x

x 1

2; 1 Kt lun: Nghim ca phng trnh l {1 Cc em hy xy dng mt s h dng ny ? Dng h gn i xng

Ta xt h sau :

3}

(2 x 3) 2 (2 y 3)
2

2y

x 1

(1) y khng phi l h i xng loi 2 nhng chng ta vn gii h

3x 1

c , v t h ny chng ta xy dng c bi ton phng trnh sau : Bi 1 . Gii phng trnh: 4 x2 5 13x 3x 1 0

13 33 Nhn xt : Nu chng ta nhm nh nhng phng trnh trc : 2 x 3x 1 4 4 13 3x 1 th chng ta khng thu c h phng trnh m chng ta c th gii c. t 2 y 4 thu c h (1) ta t : y 3x 1 , chn , sao cho h chng ta c th gii c , (i xng
hoc gn i xng ) Ta c h :

3x 1 y

y2

y 3x y 5

1 0 (1) 0 (2)

4 x 2 13x 5
2

4 x 2 13x
2

(*)

gii h trn th ta ly (1) nhn vi k cng vi (2): v mong mun ca chng ta l c nghim x Nn ta phi c :

4
1 , t 3

3 13
3x 1

, ta chn c ngay

2;

Ta c li gii nh sau : iu kin: x

(2 y 3), ( y
2y x 1 3x 1

3 ) 2
(x y )(2 x 2 y 5) 0

Ta c h phng trnh sau: Vi x Vi 2 x

(2 x 3)2 (2 y 3)2

15 8

97 11 8 73

2y 5 0

Kt lun: tp nghim ca phng trnh l:

15 8

97 11 ;
;

73 8

Ch : khi lm quen, chng ta c th tm ngay ta vit li phng trnh nh sau: (2 x 3)

2

bng cch vit li phng trnh

3x 1 x 4

26

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! khi t 3x 1 2 y 3 , nu t 2 y 3 thy du ca cng du vi du trc cn. Mt cch tng qut . Xt h:

3x 1 th chng ta khng thu c h nh mong mun , ta

f ( x) f ( y)

A.x B. y m A '.x m '

(1) h c nghim x = y th : A-A=B v m=m, (2)

Nu t (2) tm c hm ngc y g x thay vo (1) ta c phng trnh Nh vy xy dng pt theo li ny ta cn xem xt c hm ngc v tm c v hn na h phi gii c. Mt s phng trnh c xy dng t h. Gii cc phng trnh sau 1)

4 x2 13x 5

3x 1 0 3x 1 0 4 2x2 x 2 3

2) 4 x2 13x 5 3) Gii (3): Phng trnh :

3

81x 8

x3

6 x 1 8 x3 4 x 1 15 5) 30 x 2 4 x 2004 30060 x 1 1 2 3 6) 3x 5 8x3 36 x2 53 25

4)
3

27 3 81x 8

27 x3 54 x2 36 x 54

27 3 81x 8

3x 2

46

Ta t : 3 y 2 3 81x 8 Cc em hy xy dng nhng phng trnh dng ny ! III. PHNG PHP NH GI 1. Dng hng ng thc : T nhng nh gi bnh phng : A2 T phng trnh
2

B2

0 , ta xy dng phng trnh dng A2

2

B2

5x 1 2 x

9 5x 2
9 5x

x 1 0 ta khai trin ra c phng trnh :

4 x 2 12

x 1 4 x 5x 1

2. Dng bt ng thc Mt s phng trnh c to ra t du bng ca bt ng thc: c ti x0 th x0 l nghim ca phng trnh A Ta c : 1 x

A m nu du bng (1) v (2) cng dt B m

1 x 1

B
x 1 2 , du bng khi v ch khi

1 x

2 Du bng khi v ch khi x 0 v

1 2008 x 1 2008 x

x=0. Vy ta c phng trnh:

1 x 1

1 x
khi : A

i khi mt s phng trnh c to ra t tng :

A B

f x f ( x)

A B

f x f x

Nu ta on trc c nghim th vic dng bt ng thc d dng hn, nhng c nhiu bi nghim l v t vic on nghim khng c, ta vn dng bt ng thc nh gi c Bi 1. Gii phng trnh (OLYMPIC 30/4 -2007):

2 2 x 1

x 9
27

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Gii: k x Ta c :

0
2 2 2

2 2 x 1

2 2

x 1

1 x 1

x x 1

x 9

Du bng

2 2 x 1

1 x 1

x
x4

1 7
9 x2 x4 16

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : 13 x 2 Gii: k: 1

x 1

Bin i pt ta c : x 2 13 1 x 2

9 1 x2
2 2

256

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki:

13. 13. 1 x

3. 3. 3 1 x

13 27 13 13x2 3 3x2
16 2
2

40 16 10 x2

p dng bt ng thc Csi: 10 x 16 10 x

64

Du bng

1 x2 1 x 3 10 x 2 16 10 x 2
2

x x

2 5 2 5

Bi 3. gii phng trnh: x3` 3x2 Ta chng minh : 8 4 4 x 4 Bi tp ngh . Gii cc phng trnh sau

8x 40 8 4 4 x 4

x 13 v x3 3x2 8x 40 0

x 3

x 3

x 13

1 2x
4

1 2x
x

1 x

1 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 2x 1 x 2 48
4 x4 4

16 x 4 5 6 3 4 x3 x x3` 3x2 8x 40 8 4 4 x 4
8 x3

2 x4 8 4 4 x4

2 x2

64 x3 x 4 8 x 2 28 1 1 2 2 4 x x x

3. Xy dng bi ton t tnh cht cc tr hnh hc 3.1 Dng ta ca vc t Trong mt phng ta Oxy, Cho cc vc t: u

x1 ; y1 , v

x2 ; y 2

khi ta c

2 2 y1 y2 x12 y12 x2 y2 x1 y1 Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi hai vc t u, v cng hng k x2 y2

u v

x1

x2

0 , ch t s phi dng
28

u.v

u . v .cos

u . v , du bng xy ra khi v ch khi cos

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3.2 S dng tnh cht c bit v tam gic Nu tam gic ABC l tam gic u , th vi mi im M trn mt phng tam gic, ta lun c MA MB MC OA OB OC vi O l tm ca ng trn .Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi M O . Cho tam gic ABC c ba gc nhn v im M ty trong mt mt phng Th MA+MB+MC nh nht khi im M nhn cc cnh AB,BC,AC di cng mt gc 1200 Bi tp 1) 2)

2 x2

2x 1

2x2

3 1 x 1

2 x2

3 1 x 1 3

x2 4x 5

x 2 10 x 50

IV. PHNG PHP HM S 1.Xy dng phng trnh v t da theo hm n iu Da vo kt qu : Nu y f t l hm n iu th f x f t x t ta c th xy dng c nhng phng trnh v t 2 x3 x 2 1 mi x 0 ta xy dng phng trnh : Xut pht t hm n iu : y f x

f x
2 x3

3x 1

2 x3

x2 1 2
3x 1

3x 1

(3x 1) 2 1 , Rt gn ta c phng trnh

x 2 3x 1 2 3x 1

T phng trnh f x 1

3x 1 th bi ton s kh hn 2 x3 7 x 2 5 x 4 2 3x 1

3x 1

gi hai bi ton trn chng ta c th lm nh sau : t y

3x 1 khi ta c h :
3

2 x3 7 x 2 5 x 4 2 y 3 3x 1 y 2

cng hai phng trnh ta c:

2 x 1

x 1 = 2 y3

y2
4 x2 4x 4
2

Hy xy dng nhng hm n iu v nhng bi ton v t theo dng trn ? Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : 2 x 1 2 Gii:
2

3x 2

9 x2 3

2x 1 2

2x 1

3x 2

3x

f 2x 1
1 5

3x

Xt hm s f t

t 2

t 2 3 , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c x
4 x2 5x 6
3

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh x3 Gii . t y

3

7 x2 9 x 4

7 x2

9 x 4 , ta c h :

x3 4 x 2 5 x 6 7x
2

9x 4

y3

x 1

x 1

Xt hm s : f t

t 3 t , l hm n iu tng. T phng trnh

x 5 f y f x 1 y
3

x 1

x 1
3

7x

9x 4 x

1 2

Bi 3. Gii phng trnh : 6 x 1 8x

4x 1
29

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! V. PHNG PHP LNG GIC HA 1. Mt s kin thc c bn: Nu x

1 th c mt s t vi t

sao cho : sin t

x v mt s y vi y

0;

sao cho

x cos y
Nu 0

x 1 th c mt s t vi t

0;

sao cho : sin t

x v mt s y vi y

0;

sao cho

x cos y
Vi mi s thc x c t sao cho : x tan t ; 2 2 Nu : x , y l hai s thc tha: x 2 y 2 1 , th c mt s t vi 0 t Nu : x Nu 0

T chng ta c phng php gii ton :

2 , sao cho x sin t , y cos t

0;

1 th t sin t

x vi t x , vi t
2

hoc x hoc x

cos y vi y cos y , vi y

x 1 th t sin t

Nu : x , y l hai s thc th a: x Nu x

2 1 , th t x sin t , y cos t vi 0 t 2
, tng t cho trng hp khc ; 2 2

0;

0;

a , ta c th t : x

a , vi t sin t

x l s thc bt k thi t : x

tan t , t

; 2 2

Ti sao li phi t iu kin cho t nh vy ? Chng ta bit rng khi t iu kin x f t th phi m bo vi mi x c duy nht mt t , v iu kin trn m bo iu ny . (xem li vng trn lng gic ) 2. Xy dng phng trnh v t bng phng php lng gic nh th no ? T cng phng trnh lng gic n gin: cos3t sin t , ta c th to ra c phng trnh v t

4cos3 t 3cos t ta c phng trnh v t: 4 x3 3x 1 Nu thay x bng ta li c phng trnh : 4 3x 2 x 2 x 2 1 x

Ch : cos 3t

1 x2

(1) (2)

2 x x2 Nu thay x trong phng trnh (1) bi : (x-1) ta s c phng trnh v t kh: 4 x3 12 x 2 9 x 1 (3) Vic gii phng trnh (2) v (3) khng n gin cht no ? Tng t nh vy t cng thc sin 3x, sin 4x,.hy xy dng nhng phng trnh v t theo kiu lng gic . 3. Mt s v d
Bi 1. Gii phng trnh sau : Gii: iu kin : x

1 x2

1 x

1 x

2 3

1 x2 3

1
1 x
3

Vi x [ 1;0] : th

1 x

0 (ptvn)
30

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x [0;1] ta t : x

cos t , t

0;

. Khi phng trnh tr thnh:

2 6 cos x 1

1 sin t 2

2 sin t 1 2x 1 2x

cos t

1 vy phng trnh c nghim : x 6

HD: tan x s: x

1 6

Bi 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau : 1) 2)

1 2x
1

1 2x

1 2x 1 2x

1 2cos x 1 2cos x

1 x2

x 1 2 1 x2

1 2
2 v nghim

3) x3

3x

x 2

HD: chng minh x

Bi 3 . Gii phng trnh sau:

6x 1 2x
6x 1 4 x3 3x 1 2

Gii: Lp phng 2 v ta c: 8 x3 Xt : x

1 , t x

cos t , t

0;

. Khi ta c S

5 7 cos ;cos ;cos 9 9 9

m phng trnh bc 3 c

ti a 3 nghim vy cng chnh l tp nghim ca phng trnh. Bi 4. .Gii phng trnh x 2 1 Gii: k: x

1 x2 1 1 ,t ; sin t 2 2 cos t 0

1 , ta c th t x

Khi ptt:

1 1 cot t sin 2 x

1
2

sin 2t
3 1

1 2
2

Phng trnh c nghim : x Bi 5 .Gii phng trnh : Gii: k x

x2 1

x2 1

2x

2 x 1 x2

0, x

Ta c th t : x

; 2 2 Khi pttt. 2sin t cos2t cos2t 1 0

Kt hp vi iu kin ta c nghim x

tan t , t

sin t 1 sin t 2sin 2 t

1 3
Bi tp tng hp

Gii cc phng trnh sau

x3

1 x2

x 2 2x2

x 1
4 2x 4

x3

x2

x 1 1
16 2 x

x4 1
9 x 2 16

16 2 4 x 2

31

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2 x2 2 x 30

2007. 30 4 x 2007 12 x 8 2x 4 2 2 x 9 x 2 16 3 x 1 3 x 1 x3 2 3 x 3 x 1 2x 1 4x 5 3x 1 2x 7 x 3
x 3 x2 1

30. 2007

x (2004 x )(1 1 x )2 ( x 3 x 2)( x 9 x 18) 168 x

x 2 3x 1
23 1 x
2

3 4 x 3
3 3 1 x2

x2 1
3

1 x

x 2 3x 1

2008x2 4 x 3 2007 4 x 3

4 3 10 3x
2
3 3

x 2 (HSG Ton Quc 2002)

x 2 x 10 x

3
x2

2 x2 1 1

x 1 3x 8 2 x 2 1

2 x 5 x
x2 4

x 12 x 1 36

x 1 2x 3

4x 1

x3 1 2 x3 2 x 1

x2 1 3x3 2 3x 2 2 x2 11x 21 3 3 4 x 4 0 (OLYMPIC 30/4-2007)

2x

x 1 x

1 x

3 x

1 x

2x2 1

x 2 3x 2

2x2

2x 3

x2

x 2

2 x 2 16 x 18 x2 1 2x 4 3x 2 3x 2 2 x x 2 3x 1 12 x 2 x 1 3x 9

x 1 x 1 4 x3 x 2 4 x 2 3x 3 4 x x 3 2 2 x 1
4

5 x 2 14 x 9 x 2 x 20 5 x 1 3 6 x 1 8 x3 4 x 1 15 30 x 2 4 x 2004 30060 x 1 1 2 4x 9 7 x2 7 x 28
4 x2 4 x 10 8 x 2 6 x 10

3 x

CHUYN : PHNG TRNH V T I. PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG x D (*) B A B 0 Dng 1 : Phng trnh A A B Lu : iu kin (*) c chn tu thuc vo phc tp ca A 0 hay B 0 B 0 Dng 2: Phng trnh A B A B2 Dng 3: Phng trnh A 0 B C B 0 +) A (chuyn v dng 2)
A B 2 AB C
3

+)

B
3

A B 3 3 A.B

v ta s dng php th : 3 A Bi 1: Gii phng trnh:

C ta c phng trnh : A B 3 3 A.B.C

f) g)

x2 1 x 1 b) x 2x 3 0
a)

3 x x 9

2 x 1 5 2x 4
32

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x 1 1 3x 2 x 1 3

h)

3x 4

2x 1
x2 x2

x 3
x 12

i) ( x 3) 10

Bi 2: Tm m phng trnh sau c nghim: Bi 3: Cho phng trnh: x 2 1 x m -Gii phng trnh khi m=1 -Tm m phng trnh c nghim.

x 2 3x 2

2m x x 2

Bi 4: Cho phng trnh: 2 x 2 mx 3 x m -Gii phng trnh khi m=3 -Vi gi tr no ca m th phng trnh c nghim. II.PHNG PHP T N PH Phng php t n ph thng thng. f ( x) (vi iu kin ti thiu l t -Nu bi ton c cha f ( x ) v f ( x ) khi t t phng trnh c cha tham s th nht thit phi tm iu kin ng cho n ph). -Nu bi ton c cha khi g ( x)

0 . i vi cc
f ( x) ,

f ( x) ,

g ( x ) v

f ( x). g ( x)

k (vi k l hng s) khi c th t : t

k t
f ( x) g ( x) ; f ( x).g ( x) v f ( x) g ( x)
k khi c th t:

-Nu bi ton c cha

f ( x)

g ( x) suy ra a2
x2

f ( x).g ( x)
x 2 th t x
a 2 th t x

t2 2

-Nu bi ton c cha -Nu bi ton c cha

a sin t vi
a vi t sin t

hoc x

a cos t vi 0 t
a vi cos t

2 2

\ 0 hoc x

0;

2
x2 a 2 ta c th t x
a .tan t vi t

-Nu bi ton c cha

; 2 2

Bi 1: Gii phng trnh: a) x 2 b) 2 x 2 c) x 2

x2 4x 6

2 x 8 12 2 x

f) g)

2 x2 5x 2 2 2 x2 5x 6 1

5 2 x 2 3x 9

3x 3 2
2 6

x 2 3x 2 2 2 x 2
x 2 11 31
x) 3 x2

6x 2
3x

2 x 2 8 x 12

h) x 2

d) 3x 2 15 x

2 x2 5x 1

i) ( x 5)(2

2 e) ( x 4)( x 1) 3 x 5 x Bi 2: Gii phng trnh:

a) x 3 b) c)

1 x2

x 2 1 x2

6 4 d) 64 x 112 x

1
1 x

1 x

1 x

1 x

1 x

e) x

x x2 1

56 x 2 7 35 12

2 1 x2

2 x 1 x2

2 x2 1 0
33

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4 x 3

x 1 x 3

1 x2 2 -Gii phng trnh vi m 2 3

-Tm m phng trnh c nghim.

1 x

Bi 4: Cho phng trnh: 2 x 2

2x

x2

2x 3 m

-Gii phng trnh vi m = 9 -Tm m phng trnh c nghim. 2. Phng php t n ph khng hon ton L vic s dng mt n ph chuyn phng trnh ban u thnh mt phng trnh vi mt n ph nhng cc h s vn cn cha x. -T nhng phng trnh tch

x 1 1

x 1 x 2

0,

2x 3

2x 3

x 2

Khai trin v rt gn ta s c nhng phng trnh v t khng tm thng cht no, kh ca phng trnh dng ny ph thuc vo phng trnh tch m ta xut pht. T chng ta mi i tm cch gii phng trnh dng ny .Phng php gii c th hin qua cc v d sau . Bi 1. Gii phng trnh : x 2 Gii: t

x2

2 x 1 2 x2
0 t t

2
3 x 1

x2

2 , ta c : t 2

2 x t 3 3x

Bi 2. Gii phng trnh : x 1 Gii: t : t

x2 2x 3

x2 1

2 Khi phng trnh tr thnh : x 1 t

x2 2x 3

x2 2 x 3, t

x2 1

x2 1

x 1t
chn

By gi ta thm bt , c phng trnh bc 2 theo t c

x 1t 2 x 1
1 x 2 1 x

t2
1 x

x 1t 2 x 1
2 1 x

t t

2 x 1

T mt phng trnh n gin :

0 , khai trin ra ta s c pt sau

1 x2 Bi 3. Gii phng trnh sau : 4 x 1 1 3x 2 1 x Gii: Nhn xt : t t 1 x , pttt: 4 1 x 3x 2t t 1 x (1)

Ta rt x

1 t 2 thay vo th c pt: 3t 2

1 x t 4

1 x 1

0
2

Nhng khng c s may mn gii c phng trnh theo t dng bnh phng . Mun t c mc ch trn th ta phi tch 3x theo C th nh sau : 3x
2

2 1 x

1 x
2

48

x 1 1 khng c

1 x ,

1 x

21 x

thay vo pt (1) ta c:

Bi 4. Gii phng trnh: 2 2 x

4 4 2 x

9 x 2 16
34

CtnSharing.Com Download Ebook Free..!!! Gii . Bnh phng 2 v phng trnh: 4 2 x 4 Ta t : t

16 2 4 x 2

16 2 x
0
t

9 x 2 16

2 4 x2

0 . Ta c: 9 x 2 16t 32 8 x
9 2 x2 8

Ta phi tch 9 x 2

2 4 x2

lm sao cho

c dng chnh phng .

Nhn xt : Thng thng ta ch cn nhm sao cho ht h s t do th s t c mc ch. Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau: a) (4 x 1) x 3 1

2 x3

2x 1

b) x 2 1

2 x x2

2x
4

c) x 2 1 2 x x 2 2 x d) x 2 4 x ( x 2) x 2 2 x 3. Phng php t n ph chuyn v h. x ,v x v tm mi quan h gia a) Dng thng thng: t u theo u,v. Chng hn i vi phng trnh:
m

x v

t tm c h
m

f x
vm c

f x

c ta c th t:

u v

a b

f x f x

suy ra u m

vm

a b . Khi ta c h

um u v

a b

Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau: a) 3 2 x 1 b) 3 9 x 2 c) x x 1 x 1 b) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc hai v ly tha bc hai:

x 1 ( x 1) x

x2

ax b

c(dx e)2
e

vi

d ac e bc
dy e
2 2

Cch gii: t: dy

ax b khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:

dy e dy e

ax b c(dx e)2 x

ax b x dy e

->gii

c dy e

Nhn xt: D s dng c phng php trn cn phi kho lo bin i phng trnh ban u v dng tha mn iu kin trn t n ph.Vic chn ; thng thng chng ta ch cn vit di dng :

x ax b

pn a' x b'
3

l chn c.

c) Dng phng trnh cha cn bc ba v ly tha bc ba.

3

c dx e

x
3

vi

d ac e bc
3 3

Cch gii: t dy

e
3

ax b khi phng trnh c chuyn thnh h:

dy e ax b x dy e c dy e
3

dy e

ax b x

acx bc (ac d ) x dy bc

dy e c dx e

c dx e

c(dx e)3

Bi tp: Gii cc phng trnh sau: 1) x 1 x2 4 x 5

7) 4 x2 13x 5 8) 4 x2 13x 5 9)
3

3x 1 4 x2 13x 5 3) x3 2 3 3 3x 2
2)

81x 8

x3

3x 1 0 3x 1 0 4 2x2 x 2 3
35

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4x 9 7 x2 7 x 28 3 5) x 1 2 3 2 x 1
4) 6) x 3 35 x3 x
3

x 0

35 x3

30

6 x 1 8 x3 4 x 1 15 11) 30 x 2 4 x 2004 30060 x 1 1 2 3 12) 3x 5 8x3 36 x 2 53 25

10)
3

II. PHNG PHP HM S S dng cc tnh cht ca hm s gii phng trnh l dng ton kh quen thuc. Ta c 3 hng p dng sau y: Hng 1: Thc hin theo cc bc: Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f ( x ) k Bc 2: Xt hm s y f ( x ) Bc 3: Nhn xt: Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do x0 l nghim Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do phng trnh v nghim Vi x x0 f ( x) f ( x0 ) k do phng trnh v nghim Vy x0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh Hng 2: thc hin theo cc bc Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng: f ( x) g ( x) Bc 2: Dng lp lun khng nh rng f ( x ) v g(x) c nhng tnh cht tri ngc nhau v xc nh x0 sao cho

g ( x0 ) Bc 3: Vy x0 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh.

Hng 3: Thc hin theo cc bc: Bc 1: Chuyn phng trnh v dng f (u ) f (v) Bc 2: Xt hm s y f ( x ) , dng lp lun khng nh hm s n iu u v Bc 3: Khi f (u ) f (v) V d: Gii phng trnh : 2 x 1 2 pt

f ( x0 )

4 x2

4x 4

3x 2
2

9 x2 3

2x 1 2

2x 1
t 2

3x 2

3x

f 2x 1
1 5

3x

Xt hm s f t

t 2 3 , l hm ng bin trn R, ta c x

Bi tp: Gii phng trnh:

4x 1

4 x 2 1 1, x 1

x3 4 x 5 , x 1 3 x x 2 , x 1 2 x 2 x 2
x2 3 4 x

x3 ,

x 1

x 2

3 , 2x 1

36