NHIM NC VA CAC BIN PHAP KHC PHUC

Gvhd: Thy L Khanh Toan Nhom: 2

t vn
Nc rt cn thit cho hot ng sng ca con ngi cng nh cc sinh vt. Nc chim 74% trng lng tr s sinh, 55% n 60% c th nam trng thnh, 50% c th n trng thnh. Nc cn thit cho s tng trng v duy tr c th bi n lin quan n nhiu qu trnh sinh hot quan trng. Mun tiu ha, hp thu s dng tt lng thc, thc phm ... u cn c nc. Nhng hin nay tai nguyn nc ang bi khai thac qua mc ang bi suy thoai trm trng va hin tng thiu nc ngt cho s dng ngay cang gia tng.

Ni dung chinh.
1- Khai quat v nhim nc. 2- Thc trng tai nguyn nc Vit Nam 3- Nguyn nhn nhim nc 4- Hu qua nhim nc 5- Bin phap khc phc nhim nc

1- khai quat v nhim nc 1.1- Khai nim .n nc l s thay i thnh phn, tnh cht ca nc do s c mt ca mt hay nhiu cht l lm cho ngun nc tr nn c hi vi con ngi v sinh vt
Theo Hin chng Chu u v nc inh ngha nhim nc l s bin i ni chung do con ngi i vi cht lng nc lm .n nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi, giai tr, i vi ng vt nui v cc loi hoang di.

1.2- Cac ngun gy nhim nc

Ma, bng tuyt tan, gio bao lu lt -> a vao mi T nhin trng nc cht thai bn, SV va VSV co hi, k ca xac cht ca chung.

Ngun gy nhim nc

Thai cac cht c hi t Nhn to cht thai cng nghip, nng nghip, sinh hot..

A- Phn loi theo ban cht cac tac nhn nhim

.n sinh hc L do vi khun gy bnh, vi rt, k sinh trng v cc loi sv khc Gy ra nhng bnh: Ta, l, thng hn, bi lit, vim kt mc, giun .. .n hoa hc .n cht hu c d bi phn hy sinh hc (Cx(H2O)y, protein,cht bo) hoc cc cht tiu th oxy. .n cht CHC kh phn hy thng c c tnh cao, thuc bao v thc vt .n do cc cht v c (SO4, PO3-, NO3-,NH4+, NH3), kim loi nng (As, Hg, Pb, Cd) .n do cac cht hu c: xac thc, ng vt .n du m:Can tr trao i oxy kh quyn .n cht ty tng hp .n vt lys L s .n v mu, mi, vi, nhit , cht phng xS thay i bt thng v mu, mi, vi s lm giam gi tri s dng ca nc cng nh thm m .n nhit gy tc ng xu n cc h sinh thi di nc. .n phng x rt nguy him: lm cht TB, gy t bin t bo, ung th, t vong

B - Phn loi theo vi tri trong khng gian

.n nc mt

Ph dng .n do kim loi nng, ha cht c hi, thuc bao v thc vt. .n do vi sinh vt, vi khun

.n nc ngm .n bin

Do nhim mn, phn, do kim loi nng nhim bi vsv Suy thoi tr lng nc ngm

Do tng nng cht du, kim loi nng, ha cht c hi, Do suy thoi cc h sinh thai bin:san h, rng ngp mn Thy triu , giam a dng sinh hc bin

1.3 - MT S CH TIU CHT LNG NC

- Mu, mi vi

- Nhit
- trong, c, cht rn l lng - Tng cht rn ha tan, dn in - Oxy ha tan (DO) - Nhu cu oxy sinh hc (BOD):biu thi mc .n hu c

trong nc - Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD): ..

Chi tiu Mau sc

Ni dung - Nc bi .n la nc co mau, mau xanh m-> nc cha nhiu cac cht phu dng or cac TV ni or cac san phm phn hy. - Mau vang->nc chua nhiu axit humic, fulvic, or HC st=> giam k/n xuyn qua ca Mt tri -> anh hng HST nc.

Mui

- Nc bi .n la nc co mui, nc sch khng co mui

c Nhit

- Nhit nc thai thng cao hn 10 n 25 so vi nc thng. Nhit cang cao lam giam lng oxi hoa tan trong nc va nhu cu oxi ca thy sv ln, cn lm cho sv ph du pht trin.

cng
Cht rn - Nc kem cht lng la nc co ham lng cht rn cao trong - Chia 2 loi: cht rn l lng, cht rn hoa tan. nc - Nc trong c hm lg cht l lng <15, nc c > 50 mg/l

2- Thc trng
2.1- Trn th gii
Anh Quc chng hn: u th k 19, sng Tamise rt sch. No tr thanh ng

cng l thin vao gia th k nay. Cac sng khac cng co tnh trng tng t trc khi ngi ta a ra cac bin phap bao v nghim ngt. Hoa K tnh trng tham thng b phia ng cng nh nhiu vung khc. Vung i h bi nhim nng, trong o h Erie, Ontario c bit nghim trng 2.2- Vit Nam Trong tng s khi lng nc c khai thac s dng trn toan th gii hin nay la 3.800 t m3, th vic ti tiu nc trong nng nghip s dng 70% (2.700 t m3). Gn 95% lng nc ti cac nc ang phat trin c s dng ti tiu cho t nng nghip Theo thng k ca Cc Thu san, tng din tch mt nc s dng cho nui trng thu san n nm 2001 ca ca nc l 751.999 ha. _khoahoc.com_

3- Nguyn nhn
Co hai nguyn nhn chinh lam nhim ngun nc - Nguyn nhn t nhin:ma, bang, tuyt tan, gio, bao lt va cac san phm t hot ng sng ca sinh vt( xac cht). - Nguyn nhn nhn to: la cac cht thai t cac hot ng sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng, y tca con ngi to ra.

3.1- Nguyn nhn t nhin

Bin i ca kh hu ton cu a, ang v s tc ng ln n ti nguyn nc.

Theo anh gi bc u, vo khoang nm 2070, khi nhit khng kh tng thm 2,5 - 4,50C, lng dng chay sng ngi cng s bin i vi s bin i ca lng ma, nu lng ma giam 10% th dng chay nm c th giam 17 - 53% i vi kich ban nhit khng kh tng 2,50C v giam 26 - 90% vi kich ban nhit khng kh tng 4,50C. Mc bin i mnh nht xy ra Nam Trung B v ng Nam B. Tri t nng ln => nc bin c th dng cao thm 0,3 - 1,0 m v do o nhiu vng thp ng bng sng Cu Long, vng ng bng chu th Bc B v ven bin Trung B s bi ngp chm trong nc bin. Nu nc bin dng 1 m, din tch ngp lt l 40.000 km2, ch yu ng bng sng Cu Long, 1700 km2 vng t ngp nc cng bi e do v 17 triu ngi s chiu hu qua ca l lt. Lt li c th lm nc mt s trong sch, khuy ng nhng cht d trong h thng cng rnh, nc thai hoa cht ca cac nha may ra song,mang theo nhiu cht thai c hi t ni rc, v cun theo cc loi ho cht trc y a c ct gi. v..v => nhim nc do cc yu t t nhin c th rt nghim trng, nhng khng thng xuyn, v khng phai l nguyn nhn chnh gy suy thoi cht lng nc ton cu.

3.2 Nguyn nhn nhn to

* Nng nghip

76% dn s ang sinh sng nng thn l ni c s h tng cn lc hu, phn ln cc cht thai ca con ngi v gia sc khng c x l nn thm xung t hoc bi ra tri, ngoai ra. Do thc n, nc trong h, ao nui lu ngy bi phn hy khng c x l tt m xa ra sng sui, bin gy nhim ngun nc (ngun thc n d tha thi ra bi phn hy, cc cht tn d s dng nh ha cht v thuc khng sinh, vi). lm cho tnh trng nhim ngun nc ngay cang tng.
_tailieu.vn_

- Thuc bao v thc vt va phn bon hoa hc ngay cang

c s dng nhiu. Trong qua trnh s dng thuc bao v thc vt va phn bon hoa hc, mt lng ang k thuc va phn khng c cy trng tip nhn. Chung s lan truyn va va tich ly trong t, nc va cac san phm khac. - H thng ti tiu v hnh thc ti tiu khng hp l l nguyn nhn gy tht thot lu lng nc ln trong ngnh trng trt - t bi nhim mn ngay cang nhiu, do khai thac nc ngm vung ven bin qua mc, va nhiu vung vn bin cac ng rung tr thanh khu khai thac mui.

* Cng nghip
- Nhiu nha may, khu cng nghip

c m rng: cac khu khai thac khoang san, san xut gang thep, ch bin lng thc thc phmxa nc thai khng qua x ly vao sng sui. - T cc l nung v ch bin hp kim: Trong qu trnh san xut kim loi nh ng, nicken, km..thai ra mi trng: cac cht khi (HF, SO2, NO), cc kim loi (Pb, As, Ni, Cu). Nc thai cng nghip l nc thai t cac c s san xut cng nghip, tiu th cng nghip, giao thng vn tai. Nc thai thi, nc thai cng nghip khng co thanh phn c ban ging nhau, m ph thuc vo ngnh san xut cng nghip c th.

 thi hoa kha nhanh va s gia tng dn s gy p lc ngay

cang nng n di vi tai nguyn nc trong vung lanh th. Mi trng nc nhiu thi, khu cng nghip va lang ngh ngay cang bi nhim bi nc thai, kh thai v cht thai rn.

* Sinh hot
- S dng khng tit kim, hoc ro ri ng dn nc qua c.

- Tnh trng ln chim long ng, b sng knh rch sinh

sng. - Vt rc ba bai, ti cc khu thi, trung bnh thai 20.000tn/ngay cht thai rn nhng ch thu gom v a ra cc bi rc trn 60% tng lng cht thai. - Thanh phn c ban ca nc thai sinh hot la cac cht hu c d bi phn hy sinh hc (cacbohydrat, protein, du m), cht dinh dng (photpho, nit), cht rn v vi trng. Ty theo mc sng va li sng ma lng nc thai cng nh tai lng cc cht co trong nc thai ca mi ngi trong mt ngy l khc nhau. Nhn chung mc sng cang cao th lng nc thai va tai lng thai cang cao.

Ti 2 Thanh ph ln
* Ti Ha Ni - Tng lng nc thai thanh ph ln ti 300.000 - 400.000 m3/ngy; - Hin mi ch c 5/31 bnh vin c h thng x l nc thai,chim 25% lng nc thai bnh vin; - 36/400 c s san xut c x l nc thai; - Lng rc thai sinh hot cha c thu gom khoang 1.200m3/ngy ang xa vo cc khu t ven cc h, knh, mng trong ni thnh; => ch s BOD, oxy ho tan, cc cht NH4, NO2, NO3 cc sng, h, mng ni thnh u vt qu quy inh cho php. * thnh ph H Ch Minh th lng rc thai ln ti gn 4.000 tn/ngy; ch c 24/142 c s y t ln l c x l nc thai; khoang 3.000 c s san xut gy nhim thuc din phai di di.

Ngoai ra
Trn du bin Dich v du lich

 Nc thai bnh vin cha v s loi vi trng, virus v cc

mm bnh sinh hc khc trong mu m, dich, m, phn ca ngi bnh,thm ch ca cht phng xa va c xp vo danh mc cht thai nguy hi, gy nguy him cho ngi tip xc, nhim khng khi sau khi phn hy. Lan truyn i nhiu khu vc. Khai thc nc qu mc, thiu qui hoch, k hoch ng b. nhim khng khi, t cng la nguyn nhn gian tip lam nhim ngun nc do nc ma s keo theo cac cht khi , bit khi quyn va trong t theo dong chay lam nhim nc.

4- Hu qua

- Nc thai ca cac nha may cha qua x ly bi nhim

cha nhiu cht hoa hc khac nhau: cht thai nguy hi(Hg, Pb, Cd..)anh hng ti mi trng va anh hng ti con ngi. Nhu cu khai thac nc cao => qua trnh khai thac qua mc lam thiu ngun nc ngt. - Rac thai v nc thai trc tip trn b mt gy nhim nc can tr lu thong dng chay, tc nghn cng rnh to nc t. Mi trng ym kh gia tng phn hy cc hp cht hu c,gy mi kho chiu, nhim ngun nc v mi trng t, khng khi. dn ti tnh trng thiu nc sch phc v nhu cu con ngi.

 Nc thai sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip cha

nng N, P cao va la cht dinh dng cho cy, t l P/N cao do s tch lu tng i P so vi N, s ym kh, s pht trin mnh m ca tao v n hoa tao => anh hng HST nc => giam oxi tng nc.

Nguyn t

Ngun thai

Tac hai

As

Thuc tr su, cht Rt c, gy ung th. ri lon mch mu ngoi vi thai hoa hc v c triu chng lm sng nh l chn rng en.gy ho, tc ngc, kho th, mt thng bng, au u, nn ma. Nhim c kinh nin ti da.cac bnh tim mnh. Than a, nng lng ht nhn v cng nghip v tr. Msj kim loi c tnh mnh v bn, c kha nng gy ung th.

Be

Cr

Rt c co th gy ung th phi, gy loet d day, rut non, vim gan, vim thn, gy c cho h thn kinh va tim Nng 5mg/l gy pha hy xng va gy vt rang

F(ion)

Cac ngun i cht t nhin, cht thai cng nghip, cht b sung vao nc,

Hg

Cht thai cng nghip m, thuc tr su, than a

c tnh cao.Ho kho th, th gp, st, bun nn, cam giac au tht ngc. Gy ung th va bin i gen.Ri lan cam giac

Nc va sinh vt trong nc
Nc ngm: co cn l lng trong nc mt, cc cht thai nng

lng xung ay sng, sau khi phn hu, 1 phn lng cht c cc sinh vt tiu th, 1 phn thm xung mch nc ngm lm bin i tnh cht ca loi nc ny theo chiu hng xu. bn cnh o, vic khai thc nc ngm ba bi v ngi dn xy dng cc loi hm cha cht thai cng gp phn lm suy giam cht lng nc ngm=> thiu nc ngt. - Nc mt: Do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, gy ra s mt cn bng gia lng cht thai ra mi trng nc (rc thai sinh hot, cc cht hu c,) v cc sinh vt tiu th lng cht thai ny (vi sinh vt, tao,) lm cho cc cht hu c, cht rn l lng, khng c phn hu, vn cn lu li trong nc vi khi lng ln, dn n vic nc dn mt i s tinh khit ban u, lm cht lng ngun nc bi suy giam nghim trng. => Nhiu loi thu sinh do hp th cc cht c trong nc, thi gian lu ngy gy bin i trong c th, mt s trng hp gy t bin gen, to nhiu loi mi,hay mt s cht.

 c bit nc bin bi nhim trm trng, cha nhiu cac

cht c hi t nhiu nha may, khu cng nghip, nng nghip.=> sinh vt bin mt ni sng hay cht hang lot => giam a dng sinh hc.

t va sinh vt t
- Nc nhim thm vo t lm t bi nhim: Lin kt gia cc ht keo t bi b gy, cu trc t bi ph v. Thay i c tnh l hc, ha hc ca t. Vai tr m, tnh oxy ha, tnh dn in, dn nhit ca mi trng t thay i mnh. Thnh phn cht hu c giam nhanh lm kha nng gi nc v thot nc ca t bi thay i - Cc cht nhim lm giam qu trnh hot ng phn hy cht ca mt s vi sinh vt trong t, lm cho nhiu cy ci ci cc, kha nng chng chiu km,khng pht trin c hoc c th bi thi gc m cht. Nhiu cht c bn xm nhp tch ly trong c th sinh vt cn thi gian tch ly n lc t mc nng gy c

5- Bin phap

x ly nghim cac hanh vi gy nhim mi trng nc,

Thuc y cho nhang mi trng nganh cang hot ng tich cc anh gia ma nhim ca tng ni va hnh pht chinh ang

Mi ngi u c thc s dng tit kim nc v bao v mi trng mi lc mi ni

Chnh ph cn u t vo nhng d n nc sch v cc cng trnh x l nc thai

* - Nng nghip
bin phap ti tiu hp ly
Tn dng ngun nc ma

 M hnh VAC nn xy Biogas(an toan) l bin php thn

thin vi mi trng nc, li tn dng c phn chung hiu qua kinh t. Cht thai ca hm Biogas giu cht dinh dng l mt ngun phn bn c gi tri. Giam tn tht nc: Cng ho knh mng, Nng cp cng trnh u mi, nng cao hiu qua quan l, Quan l theo nhu cu dng nc khng phai quan l theo kha nng cng trnh.To iu kin thun li cho s tham gia quan l ca x hi, cng dn v cng ng. Tng cng nng lc quan l. Hn ch s dng cht ha hc, bao v thc vt

Trng mt s loi cy trong nc giup lam sch nc: cy beo, cy rau mung nc

cy rau mung nc( c kha nng phn hy hu c v hp th cc

cht dinh dng d tha nhm ngn can vic pht trin cc loi rong tao v cc mi hi thi cc b r ny gip tp trung cc ht bn en v kim loi nng ri lm chng bt ng chm xung ay tra li mu trong cho nc, b sung them lng oxi thiu ht).

* cng nghip
Nng cao hiu qua ti s dng nc. Xy dng h thng x l nc thai am bao vic x ly

nc thai trc khi thai vao sng h. Ngn cm vic thai cac nc thai cha c x vao nc. Coi trng vic phat trin kinh t gn lin vi cng tac bao v mi trng noi chung, bao v ngun nc noi ring. ng thi trong qua trnh san xut cac cht co kha nng thai ra mi trng cht nguy hi thi phai co ngay phng phap lam giam hoc ngn chn c th. To b lng lc nc thai. Xy dng cac nha may x ly rac thai, tai ch rac.(khu lin hip x ly rac thai Nam Sn Ha Ni). Cai tin cng ngh giam thiu lng nhim vi mi trng n mc ti u. Phng nga cc him ho nhim do khai thc du kh v cng nghip ho du.

 Dng bn x l nhim kim loai trong nc thai:

Bn l san phm (cht thai rn) ca qu trnh khai thc Boxit v tinh ch Alumina.Bun o lam giam c lng cht thai trong qu trnh khai thc, ch bin bauxite, va tn dng cht thai d tha trong khai thc, ch bin qung to ra loi vt liu c kha nng x l cc nhim ion kim loi nng, cc cht c hi khc trong mi trng nc. Thanh phn ca bun gm hn hp nhiu cht rn vi cac oxit kim loi nh Fe2O3, Al2O3, SiO2, Na2O -> Ty Nguyn a thu c mt s kt qua co li

M cac d an mang cp ia phng, cp quc gia va th gii bao v ngun nc

 Khng vt rac ba bai, va tai s dng rac. Hnh pht i vi hanh vi vt rac ba bai khng ung ni qui

inh. Giam nhu cu nc mt cch hp l, cai tin thit bi s dng nc Trng rng qui m ia phng ti cp huyn, cp tnh s giam c xoi mon, thin tai, lu lt=> giam s nhim ngun nc cng nh mi trng. ng thi cng giam hin tng m ln toan cu va s mt mi trng sng ca nhiu loai hoang da=>n inh h sinh thai t nhin va s a dng sinh hc. Bnh vin nn co cac phng phap x ly nc thai hp ly. Nh hin nay B Y t ang xy dng n u t l t khng khi cho mt s bnh vin ln nh Bch Mai, Vit c... v lng rc thai rn y t ca cc bnh vin ny trung mi ngy gn 7 tn. u t th nghim 6 l t cht thai rn y t bng cng ngh "Vi sng kt hp hi nc bo ho" ti mt s bnh vin c t l rc thai ngay hi cao nh: bnh vin Phi T, Bnh vin Bnh nhit i Trung ng.=> a cai tin cac phng phap x ly cht thai c th.

-Tuyn truyn cho mi ngi ni ma mnh sinh sng bit v vai tro ca nc va hu qua nghim trng ca s nhim nc mi ngi co y thc bao v ngun nc. - T chc cac chng trnh lao ng cng ich ti thn xom Dn v sinh H Gm Ha ni
Thanh nin tham gia tnh Ninh Thun

_baomoi.com_

 Quan l tng hp Ti nguyn nc. Cng c v xy dng

mi quan h hp tc vi cc nc lng ging v quan l ti nguyn nc i vi cc sng xuyn bin gii Bao v tai nguyn nc phai gn lin vi bao v cac ngun tai nguyn khac: nng lng, ia quyn va thy quyn. Khai thc s dng ngun nc i i vi bao v ngun nc,Bao am duy tr dng chay mi trng cho con sng kho mnh, bao v v pht trin bn vng, thit k vn hnh cc h cha nc thu li, thu in v p dng. C k hoch bin php b cp nc ngm nhng vng khai thc qu mc, phng chng hoang mc ho. Co chinh sach v dn s i kem vi giao dc kin thc v dn s chng li s gia tng v dn ,s qua mc so vi s tng trng kinh t va s phat trin v mi trng

 Nh nc sm ban hnh y ng b va sa i nhng

vn ban di Lut hng dn thi hnh Lut Bao v mi trng v cc Lut c lin quan n Ti nguyn nc. Nh nc sm tp trung thng nht c quan quan l Ti nguyn nc thng sut t Trung ng n ia phng v sm thnh lp cc T chc quan l lu vc sng thch hp vi nhim v chc nng r rang. Nh nc nn c c ch, chnh sch ngi dn, cc t chc cng ng tham gia thc s bao v Ti nguyn nc, bao v mi trng nc, to iu kin cho ngi dn tham gia ngay t khi lp qui hoch xy dng n khai thc s dng v bao v. Nh nc sm ban hnh vn ban qui inh tng bc am bao dng chay mi trng cho cc con sng con sng thc s c sng, kho v lnh mnh lm c s cho pht trin bn vng Ti nguyn nc.

KT LUN
Ti nguyn nc c th ti to nhng hu hn,phai khai thc hiu qua v s dng tit kim, tng hp, a mc tiu. Hn ch tht thot nc trong cc h thng cp nc;u ai i vi hot ng s dng nc tit kim, hiu qua; pht trin khoa hc cng ngh s dng nc tit kim v hiu qua nhm thc hin ch trng chng lng ph trong khai thc, s dng ti nguyn nc. ng thi, phai c cc bin php ch ng phng, chng nhim, suy thoi, cn kit ngun nc hiu qua bao v, gn gi ti nguyn nc, bao am khai thc bn vng, lu di. =>mi chng ta hy chung tay ,gp sc bao v tai nguyn nc,cng chnh l bao v mi trng sng ca chng ta va Vit nam s ngy cng Xanh sch p