Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chng 1: CU TO NGUYN T
1. Vn dng nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli tnh s electron ti a c trong mt phn lp (v
d phn lp 3d) v trong mt lp (v d lp N).
2. Trong mt nguyn t c bao nhiu electron ng vi:
a) n = 2
b) n = 2, = 1
c) n = 3, = 1, m = 0
d) n = 3, = 2, m = 0, ms = +
3. Lp cu hnh electron ca nguyn t zirconi (Z = 40) trng thi c bn. Nguyn t
zirconi c lp l thun hay nghch t?
4. Trong nhng cu hnh sau cho nguyn t niken (Z = 28):
a) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s0
b) 1s22s22p63s23p83d64s2
c) 1s22s22p63s23p63d84s2
d) 1s22s22p63s23p63d64s24p2
trong nhng cu hnh ny:
1) Cu hnh no khng tun theo nguyn l ngoi tr Pauli?
2) Cu hnh no biu th nguyn t niken trng thi c bn?
3) Cu hnh no khng c electron c thn?
5. Xc nh cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v ion sau y trng thi c bn: 8O,
3+
13Al , 17Cl , 19K, 26Fe, 80Hg.
6. Cho bit cc ion di y, mi ion c bao nhiu electron lp ngoi cng: 16S2-, 20Ca2+,
3+
2+
4+
24Cr , 30Zn , 35Br , 50Sn . Ion no c cu hnh tng t kh tr?
7. C th c mt electron trong mt nguyn t no c b bn s lng t nh sau
khng?
a) n = 3, = 3, m = + 1, ms = +
b) n = 3, = 2, m = + 1, ms = +
c) n = 2, = 1, m = + 2, ms =
d) n = 3, = 1, m = + 2, ms = +
e) n = 4, = 3, m = 4, ms =
f) n = 2, = 1, m = 1, ms =
8. Hy vit cc gi tr bn s lng t cho cc electron trng thi c bn ca nguyn t
c Z = 7 (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu m gim dn)
9. Cho bit gi tr cc s lng t n, ng vi cc AO 1s, 2p, 3d, 4s, 4f.
10. Hy cho bit tn ca cc AO c:
a) n = 4, = 0
b) n = 3, = 1, m = + 1
c) n = 6, = 2, m = 0
11. Cho bit electron c bn s lng t di y thuc lp no? Phn lp no? V l
electron th my ca phn lp ny? (gi thit electron in vo cc AO theo chiu m
tng dn)
a) n = 2, = 0, m = 0, ms = +
b) n = 3, = 2, m = + 2, ms = +
c) n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms =
d) n = 4, = 3, m = + 2, ms =
12. Electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t c bn s lng t nh sau:
a) n = 2, = 0, m = 0, ms =
b) n = 2, = 1, m = 0, ms =
c) n = 3, = 1, m = 1, ms = +
d) n = 4, = 2, m = 2, ms = +
Hy xc nh tn orbital ca cc electron ny v in tch ht nhn ca cc nguyn t.
13. Vit gi tr bn s lng t ca electron cui cng ca cc nguyn t: 17Cl, 26Fe, 20Ca,
34Se.
14. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t di dng ch v lng t ca cc nguyn t c Z
= 14, 22, 27, 34 v 37. nhng nguyn t ng vi s th t no c cha hai electron c
thn trng thi c bn?
15. Hy cho bit s th t ca cc nguyn t m nguyn t ca chng c cc phn lp
ha tr nh sau: 4s1, 4s23d7 v 4p5.
16. Trong s cc nguyn t di y, nhng nguyn t no c cu hnh electron nguyn
t bt thng, nguyn nhn dn n hin tng bt thng ?
a) 23V
3d34s2
b) 24Cr
3d54s1
5
2
c) 25Mn3d 4s
d) 28Ni
3d84s2
e) 29Cu
3d104s1
f) 30Zn
3d104s2
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
I1
5,392
9,322
8,298
11,26
14,534 13,618 17,442 21,564
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
I1
5,139
7,646
5,986
8,151
10,486
10,36
12,967 15,759
Hy v th I1 Z, nhn xt quy lut bin i ca I1 theo Z trong mt chu k v gii
thch quy lut .
12. V sao cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA v cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB u c 1
electron lp ngoi cng nhng cc nguyn t thuc nhm IA c nng lng ion ha
nh hn so vi cc nguyn t thuc nhm IB?
13. Gi tr nng lng ion ha th nht I1 (tnh ra eV) ca cc nguyn t p v nguyn t d
ca nhm V nh sau:
Cc nguyn t p
Cc nguyn t d
Z
I1
Z
I1
As
33
9,82
V
23
6,74
Sb
51
8,61
Nb
41
6,88
Bi
83
7,29
Ta
73
7,89
Nhn xt quy lut bin thin I1 hai nhm nguyn t trn. Dng quan nim hiu ng
chn v hiu ng xm nhp gii thch cc quy lut .
14. So snh nng lng ion ha th nht I1 v bn knh nguyn t R ca cc nguyn t
71Lu, 58Ce, 29Cu, 22Ti nh sau:
R(Lu) < R(Ce)
R(Cu) < R(Ti)
I1(Lu) > I1 (Ce)
I1(Cu) > I1(Ti)
Hy dng hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp gii thch hin tng trn.
Chng 3: LIN KT HA HC
V CU TO PHN T
1. Nu cc c trng c bn ca lin kt ha hc.
2. Da vo m in hy phn bit lin kt ion v cng ha tr.
3. Trong cc phn t sau: HF, HCl, HBr, HI phn t no phn cc nht? Ti sao?
4. Hin tng lai ha l g? iu kin cc AO tham gia lai ha v so snh khuynh
hng lai ha ca cc nguyn t trong cng mt chu k, phn nhm.
Hy nu c im ca cc kiu lai ha v gii thch trng thi lai ha ca cacbon trong
cc phn t : C2H6, C2H4, C2H2
5. Phn bit cc loi lin kt v .
6. Nguyn tc t hp tuyn tnh cc AO thnh cc MO? Th no l MO lin kt, phn
lin kt, khng lin kt ?
7. Lin kt hydro l g ? Cc yu t nh hng n bn ca lin kt hydro. nh hng
ca lin kt hydro n tnh cht vt l ca cc cht ? Nu v d.
8. Cho bit cu hnh khng gian ca cc phn t CO2 v SO2. So snh nhit si v
ha tan trong nc ca chng .
9. Th no l s phn cc ca lin kt, phn cc phn t v phn cc ion.
10. Hy gii thch v sao phn t NH3 c dng thp tam gic, cn phn t BH3 c dng
tam gic phng.
11. Hy so snh bn v di ca lin kt O O trong cc phn t O 2 , O 2 , O +2 , O 22
v cho bit t tnh ca cc ion, phn t .
12. Vit cu hnh electron phn t ca LiF, BeF v BF. So snh bn, v bi lin kt
ca cc phn t .
2
2
2
1
1
13. Hy gii thch cu hnh electron phn t ca BN : ( 2s ) ( *2s ) ( 2 p ) 2 p ( 2 p ) (z
l trc lin nhn)
14. Bn knh ion ca Na+ v Cu+ u bng 0,89. Hy gii thch v sao nhit nng
chy ca NaCl (8000C) li cao hn ca CuCl (4300C).
15. Bit nhit si (Ts) v nhit ha hi (Hhh) ca cc hp cht trong cc dy sau :
x
HF
HCl
HBr
HI
Ts (K)
292
189
206
238
32,6
16,3
17,6
19,7
Hhh (kJ/mol)
BF3
BCl3
BBr3
BI3
Ts (K)
172
286
364
483
Hy gii thch cc quy lut bin thin ca cc i lng ny v nhng trng hp
ngoi l so vi cc quy lut .
16. So snh v gii thch nguyn nhn c s khc bit:
a) Nhit si ca CO2 v CS2; CO2 v NH3; H2O, NH3 v HF.
b) tan trong nc ca NH3 v CH4 ; SO2 v CH4.
C
N
O
S
F
Cl
Br
I
716,7
472,7
249,2
278,8
79,0
121,7
111,9
106,8
413
391
463
339
563
432
366
299
348
292
351
259
441
328
276
240
615
615
728
477
185
203
Da vo bng nng lng trn tnh nhit to thnh tiu chun ca CCl2F2(k) ( dicloro
difluorometan hay cn gi l Freon-1,2, dng lm tc nhn lm lnh v c tnh d bay
hi v kh nng phn ng km; ngng s dng v ph hy tng ozon).
{ Hng dn: Phn tch qu trnh to thnh Freon-1,2 t n cht bn thnh 2 giai on:
C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) CCl2F2(k) ;
H0298 tt = ?
C(graphit) + Cl2(k) + F2(k) C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) ; H01
C(k) + 2Cl(k) + 2F(k) CCl2F2(k) ; H02 }
(S: - 420 kJ/mol )
7. Dng nng lng lin kt trung bnh bng 6 tnh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng
sau:
a) C3H8(k) + 5O2(k) 3CO2(k) + 4H2O(k).
(S: - 1580 kJ/mol)
b) C2H4(k) + H2(k) C2H6(k).
c) N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k).
8. Qu trnh ha tan canxi clorua trong nc:
CaCl2(r) Ca2+(dd) + 2Cl-(dd) ;
H0298 = ?
H0298 tt(kJ/mol): - 795,8 -542,83
-167,16
a)
Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu trnh ?
b)
Ha tan 20 gam CaCl2(r) vo 100 ml nc 20,00C. Tnh nhit cui cng ca
dung dch , gi s dung dch l l tng, c nhit dung gn ging 100 g nc nguyn cht
(= 418 J/K)
(S : a) -81,4 kJ
b) 55,10C )
9. Nhit ta ra khi trung ha CsOH bng tt c cc axit mnh l 13,4 kcal/mol. Nhit ta
ra khi trung ha CsOH bng axit yu HF l 16,4 kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca qu
trnh ion ha HF trong nc
(S: -3,0 kcal/mol)
10. Nhit ta ra khi ha tan CuSO4 khan l 17,9 kcal/mol. Nhit thu vo khi ha tan
CuSO4.5H2O l 1,3 kcal/mol. Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng chuyn ha:
CuSO4(r) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(r)
(S: - 19,2 kcal)
Bi tp Chng 5:
CHIU CA CC QU TRNH HA HC
I. CU HI L THUT
1. Trnh by nguyn l II ca nhit ng lc hc v nu ngha vt l ca entropi.
2. Trnh by ng dng nguyn l II ca nhit ng lc hc vo cc qu trnh khc nhau.
3. Phng trnh c bn v tng qut ca nhit ng ha hc? nhit v p sut khng
i, yu t no l ng lc pht trin, sinh cng c ch ca phn ng ha hc? Khi no h
t trng thi cn bng?
4. Cho bit iu kin phn ng ha hc c th t xy ra v gii hn ca qu trnh? Cho
v d minh ha.
5. Cc yu t H v S nh hng n du ca G nh th no?
6. Gia cu to v chiu ca phn ng lin h vi nhau nh th no? Cho v d. Cc phn
ng sau s xy ra iu kin no (nhit cao hay thp)? Ti sao?
C6H6(h) +
15
O2(k) 6CO2(k) + 3H2O(h),
2
H 0298 = 178,21kJ/mol
H 0298 = -3003,62kJ/mol
1
O2(k) SO3(k)
2
H 0298 = -99,12kJ/mol
11
12
13
10. Khi thm 0,1 mol KCl vo 1 lt dung dch bo ha AgCl th tan ca AgCl gim i
bao nhiu ln. Bit in ly biu kin ca KCl l 0,86 v TAgCl = 1,510-10.
14
Chng 8: IN HA HC
II. CU HI L THUYT
1. Phn ng oxy ha kh thng thng v phn ng oxy ha kh xy ra trong pin v
trong bnh in phn c g ging v khc nhau?
2. Trnh by nguyn tc bin ha nng thnh in nng. Pin in ha hc l g? Vit k
hiu ca pin, cc phn ng din ra in cc v trong pin khi pin hot ng, chiu
chuyn ng ca dng electron, dong in, ca cc ion, cch tnh sut in ng ca pin.
3. Th no l th in cc, th in cc tiu chun? Dng th in cc xt chiu ca
phn ng oxi ha kh nh th no?
4. Th no l sut in ng ca pin? Th in cc v sut in ng ca pin ph thuc
vo nhng yu t no?
5. Hy thit lp cng thc tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng oxi ha kh theo th in
cc tiu chun ca cc cp. Hy nhn nh v chiu v mc din ra ca cc phn ng
da vo hng s cn bng.
6. Cn bng cc phn ng sau y bng phng php ion electron. Xc nh cht oxi ha,
cht kh, qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh trong cc phn ng.
a) HI + H2SO4 = I2 + SO2 + H2O
b) NaNO2 + KMnO4 + H2SO4 = NaNO3 + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + H2O
c) H2S + HNO3 = S + NO2 + H2O
d) Cl2 + KOH = KCl + KClO3 + H2O
e) Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCl2 + Ca(ClO)2 + H2O
f) K2Cr2O7 + FeSO4 + H2SO4 = K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + Fe2(SO4)3 + H2O
7. Dng bng th in cc tiu chun, hy cho bit phn ng no sau y c th xy ra
iu kin tiu chun:
a) Zn + 2H+ = Zn2+ + H2
b) Cu + 2H+ = Cu2+ + H2
c) I2 + 2Fe2+ = 2I- + 2Fe3+
d) 2Fe3+ + Fe = 3Fe3+
e) Sn4+ + 2Fe2+ = Sn2+ + 2Fe3+
8. Bit th in cc ca mt s bn phn ng:
a) I2 + 2e = 2I0 = 0,536V
b) Br2 + 2e = 2Br0 = 1,065V
c) Cl2 + 2e = 2Cl0 = 1,359V
d) Cr2 O 72 + 14H+ +6e = 2Cr2+ + 7H2O
0 = 1,333V
e) MnO 4 + 8H+ + 5e = Mn2+ + 4H2O
0 = 1,507V
- Hy sp xp cc cht kh v cc cht oxi ha thnh mt dy mnh dn.
- iu kin tiu chun cht no c kh nng oxi ha Cl- thnh Cl2. Vit phng trnh
phn ng.
9. C pin to thnh t thanh km nhng vo dung dch Zn(NO3)2 0,1M v thanh ch
nhng vo dung dch Pb(NO3)2 0,02M. Tnh sut in ng ca pin. Vit cc phn ng
xy ra trn cc in cc v trong pin. Lp s pin v ch chiu chuyn ng ca cc
ion v electron.
II.BI TP
15
1. Xt phn ng:
Sn + Pb2+ = Sn2+ + Pb
0
0
Cho: Sn 2 + / Sn = 0,136V v Pb 2 + / Pb = 0,126V
a) iu kin tiu chun phn ng din ra theo chiu no? Tnh hng s cn bng
ca phn ng.
b) Gim nng Pb2+ cn 0,1M, phn ng xy ra theo chiu no?
2. Nng Zn2+ phi bng bao nhiu pin ( ) Mg Mg 1M Zn Zn ( +) c sut in
0
0
ng bng 1,16V? Bit Mg / Mg = 2,363V v Zn 2 + / Zn = 0,763V .
2+
2+
2+
0
0
3. Bit Co 2 + / Co = 0,277 V v Ni 2 + / Ni = 0,25V . Xt chiu phn ng oxi ha kh
gia hai cp Co2+/Co v Ni2+/Ni
a) Khi nng cc cht bng 1M.
b) Khi nng Co2+ bng 1M v nng Ni2+ bng 0,01M.
c) Khi nng Co2+ bng 0,01M v nng Ni2+ bng 1M.
Cho kin nhn xt v ca phn ng khi gim nng Co2+.
4. Dung dch KMnO4 c oxi ha c cc ion Cl- v Br- hay khng cc iu kin sau
(nu c, hy vit phng trnh phn ng):
a) iu kin chun.
b) Khi pH = 3, cc cht khc ly iu kin chun.
c) Khi pH = 5, cc cht khc ly iu kin chun.
5. Xc nh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau:
Cr2 O 72 + 6I- +14H+ = 2Cr3+ + +3I2 + 7H2O
Trn c s hy kt lun v kh nng oxy ha I- n iot t do bng Cr2 O 72 trong mi
trng axit.
0
Hg 22 + + 2Fe2+ = 2Hg + 2Fe3+ . Bit Hg 22 = / Hg = 0,788V v
6. Cho phn ng:
b) Cng 250C phn ng trn s t c cn bng khi nng Fe3+ l bao nhiu
nu C Hg 22 + = C Fe 2 + = 0,01M .
0
0
7. Cho bit AsO34 +4 H + / AsO2 +2 H 2O = 0,559V v I 2 / 2 I = 0,536V
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng gia chng iu kin chun.
b) Tm pH phn ng cn bng v xy ra theo chiu ngc li, khi nng cc
cht cn li u bng 1M.
8. Tnh hng s in ly ca axit axetic bit rng pin gm in cc hydro tiu chun v
in cc hydro nhng vo dung dch CH3COOH 0,1M, vi p sut hydro 1 atm c sut
in ng 0,1998V
0
9. Tch s tan ca AgI l 10-16, Ag / Ag = 0,7991V
a) Tnh th kh ca in cc bc nhng vo dung dch bo ha AgI.
b) Bc c th y c hydro ra khi dung dch HI 1M khng? V sao?
0
0
10. Bit Ag / Ag = 0,7991V v AgCl / Ag +Cl = 0,2225V . Tnh tch s tan ca AgI
+
16