1

MC LC
Trang ph ba
Li cam oan
Li cm n
MC LC
PHN M U ....................................................................................................4
PHN NI DUNG ................................................................................................6
CHNG I: TNG QUAN TI LIU
I.1. S lc v nc tng v bnh du phng .......................................................6
I.1.1. Nc tng.................................................................................................6
I.1.1.1. Nc tng l g?..................................................................................6
I.1.1.2. Vai tr ca nc tng..........................................................................7
I.1.2. Bnh du phng..........................................................................................7
I.1.2.1. Bnh du phng l g?...........................................................................7
I.1.2.2. Thnh phn chnh ca bnh du phng..................................................7
I.1.2.3. Cng dng.............................................................................................8
I.1.2.4. Cch bo qun.......................................................................................8
I.2. Cc quy trnh sn xut nc tng ...................................................................8
I.2.1. Sn xut nc tng bng phng php ha gii .......................................8
I.2.1.1. Quy trnh sn xut .................................................................................9
I.2.1.2. Gii thch quy trnh ..............................................................................10
I.2.1.3. u v nhc im ca phng php ....................................................10
I.2.2. Sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men.......................................10

I.2.2.1. Quy trnh sn xut ................................................................................11

I.2.2.2. Gii thch quy trnh ..............................................................................12
I.2.2.3. u v nhc im ca phng php ....................................................13
I.2.2.4. Gii thiu chng mc Aspergillus Oryaza ............................................13
I.2.3. Sn xut nc tng bng phng php ha gii kt hp ln men .............17
I.2.3.1. Quy trnh sn xut ................................................................................17
I.2.3.2. u v nhc im ca phng php ....................................................18
I.2.4. Cc phng php khc...............................................................................18
I.3. Tiu chun v nc tng ca B Y T ..........................................................18
I.3.1. Tiu chun v m................................................................................18
I.3.1.1. m trong nc tng l g? ...........................................................18
I.3.1.2. Phn loi hng nc tng da vo m .........................................19
I.3.1.3. nh gi cht lng nc tng da vo m.................................20
I.3.2. Phng php cm quan..............................................................................21
I.4. Cch xc nh m trong nc tng bng phng php Micro Kjeldahl...24
I.4.1. Cc c tnh k thut ca thit b UDK 142 ................................................24
I.4.2. Ni dung phng php Kjeldahl ...............................................................26
CHNG II: K THUT THC NGHIM.
II.1. Nguyn liu - dng c - ha cht....................................................................28
II.2. Xy dng quy trnh ch bin nc tng .......................................................29
II.2.1. Nui mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza.........................................................29
II.2.1.1. Nguyn liu chnh...............................................................................29

II.2.1.2. S lm mc ging ..........................................................................30

II.2. 2. Quy trnh lm nc tng .......................................................................31
II.2.2.1. Nguyn liu chnh...............................................................................31
II.2.2.2. S sn xut nc tng..................................................................31
II.3. Xc nh m ca nc tng sau khi sn xut .........................................32
II.3.1. Nguyn tc ...............................................................................................32
II.3.2. Dng c - thit b......................................................................................32
II.3.3. Ha cht ...................................................................................................32
II.3.4. Cch ly mu v chun b mu .................................................................33
II.3.5. Cch tin hnh..........................................................................................33
II.4. Phng php th cm quan phn tch cht lng nc tng ........................37
II.4.1 Chun b....................................................................................................37
II.4.2. Cch tin hnh..........................................................................................37
CHNG III: KT QU THO LUN
III.1. Quy trnh sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men...........................39
III.1.1. u im ..................................................................................................39
III.1.2. Nhc im ............................................................................................39
III.2. Xc nh m ca nc tng sau khi sn xut........................................39
III.3. Phng php cm quan cht lng nc tng.............................................42
PHN KT LUN KIN NGH .......................................................................44
TI LIU THAM KHO .....................................................................................46
PH LC..............................................................................................................47

PHN M U
I. L do chn ti.
Hin nay, vi pht trin nhanh chng ca ngnh cng nghip sn xut gia v
lng, trong c du n khin cho lng b u phng ph thi ngy cng nhiu.
Lng b u phng ny ch c dng lm thc n gia sc, gi th trng nm, ch
bin nc tng nhm tn dng ngun nguyn liu r tin v di do ny mt cch hp
l ch bin chng thnh nc tng c hm lng dinh dng cao, dng lm cht
iu v, kch thch tiu ha, gip n ngon ming, ng thi cung cp cho c th mt
lng m d hp thu nht nh. Nhng phn ln nc tng c sn xut t bnh
du phng iu p dng phng php ha gii. Vi phng php ny, thi gian phn
hy nhanh, gi thnh r, mi v c ngi tiu dng a chung, nhng c nhng
nhc im kh khc phc nh: gy nhim cho ngi trc tip sn xut, mi trng
xung quanh. Khng may, HCl khi thy phn Protein trong u cng phn hy lun cht
bo cn st li trong bnh du sinh ra c t 3-MCPD vi hm lng cao c th gy
ung th cho ngi tiu dng. Do , c gii php v nc tng an ton hin ang
l mi quan tm hng u ca cc nh khoa hc, nh sn xut, ngi tiu dng. Chnh
v th, hn ch 3-MCPD c trong nc tng ngoi vic la chn nguyn liu ti,
mi, khng c nm mc, cng cn phi la chn phng php sn xut ph hp nhm
hn ch vic sinh ra nm mc v 3-MCPD m bo an ton v sinh thc phm cho
ngi tiu dng. Xut pht t nhng l do trn ti chn ti: "Nghin cu ch bin
nc tng t bnh du phng bng phng php ln men truyn thng.
II. Mc tiu ti.
Nghin cu v xy dng quy trnh sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men
truyn thng t bnh du phng.

III. Nhim v ti.

Nghin cu cc ti liu v nc tng v bnh du phng.
Nghin cu cc quy trnh sn xut nc tng.
Xy dng quy trnh sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men truyn
thng t bnh du phng.
Kim tra cht lng ca sn phm sau khi ch bin:

Phng php cm quan v: mu sc, trong, mi, v.

Xc nh hm lng m ca nc tng sau khi sn xut bng phng
php Kjeldahl.
IV. Lch s nghin cu.
c nhiu phng php sn xut nc tng nh: phng php ha gii, phng
php ln men kt hp ha gii c nghin cu p dng trn i tng bnh du
phng; vi phng php ln men ch c p dng rng ri trn nguyn liu u nnh,
u phng; cn nguyn liu bnh du phng t c nghin cu.
V. Phng php nghin cu.
Nghin cu ti liu, l thuyt.
Nghin cu thc nghim.

PHN NI DUNG
CHNG I: TNG QUAN TI LIU
I.1. S lc v nc tng v bnh du phng.
I.1.1. Nc tng [11], [13].
I.1.1.1. Nc tng l g?
Nc tng (hay cn gi l nc chm) l mt loi gia v dng nc c hm
lng m cao v v mn.
Nc tng l dung dch thy phn ca Protein v gluxit (i vi 1 s loi nc
tng sn xut bng phng php ln men), ngoi ra cn c lipit, mui n v mt s
thnh phn khc.
Hin nay, nc tng c nhiu loi nhng c th da vo nguyn liu sn xut
chia thnh hai loi ch yu sau:
Nc tng c ngun gc ng vt: xng, lng g, lng vt...
Nc tng c ngun gc thc vt: u nnh, u phng...
Do c im nc tng l dung dch thy phn ca Protein nn v nguyn tc
sn xut nc tng loi ny da vo s thy phn Protein ca proteaza (ln men)
hoc axit (ha gii).

Phng trnh tng qut chung:

RCO-NHR' + HOH
RCOOH + R'NH2

Trong cng nghip, nc tng thng c sn xut t bnh du u phng (b

u phng sau khi p du) hoc bnh du u nnh (b u nnh).

I.1.1.2. Vai tr ca nc tng.

Nc tng khng phi l cht b sung m m ch l nc chm lm tng khu
v, ch khng c tc dng b sung dinh dng, khng nn n nhiu.
Theo cc nh y hc, mi ngy c th con ngi cn 60g cht m, nn nc
tng khng phi l cht cung cp m chnh.
m thp nht trong nc tng l 10N. Ngi bnh thng, ti a mi ngy
n 10ml nc tng th cht m do n mang li l khng ng k.
I.1.2. Bnh du phng [10], [14].
I.1.2.1. Bnh du phng l g?
Bnh du phng l phn b u phng cn li sau khi p u ly du.
Bnh du ny tn ti dng bnh kh v cha rt t cht bo.
L loi bnh c cha bt mn, rt d nghin nhuyn.
iu c bit l bnh du phng c tnh cht ht nc v n ra thnh bt mn rt
thm.
C hai loi bnh du phng:
Bnh du phng c v.
Bnh du phng khng v. Bnh du phng khng v p theo phng php
cng nghip cha Protein th 45,54%, cht bo 6,96%, cht x 5,25%.
Bn cnh nh hng ca v, cht lng bnh du cn ty thuc phng php p
du.
I.1.2.2. Thnh phn chnh ca bnh du phng.
Bnh du phng c hai thnh phn ch yu l:

Protein.
Cht bo.
Bnh du phng l ngun nguyn liu giu Protein v sinh t nhm B, nhng
Protein bnh du phng mt cn i axit amin thit yu (lizin v tryptophan).
I.1.2.3. Cng dng.
Bnh du phng ch yu dng lm nc chm nh: nc tng, nc mm
chay...
Ngoi ra trong thc t, ngi ta cn tn dng ti a lng sn phm ph bnh du
phng c cha m ny lm:
Phn bn cho cc loi cy cnh, cy king...
Gi th trng cy v nui nm.
Trong lnh vc chn nui: dng lm thc n cho gia sc v cc loi c...
I.1.2.4. Cch bo qun.
Do bnh du phng cha kh nhiu cht bo v n d b nhim nm mc to c t
(nht l c t afltoxin gy vim gan, st cn, sinh sn km). V th:
Cn d tr bnh du ni cao ro, kh v thong mt.
Ch nn d tr khng qu mt thng vo nhng lc nng m.
I.2. Cc quy trnh sn xut nc tng.
I.2.1. Sn xut nc tng bng phng php ha gii [12], [16], [17].
I.2.1.1. Quy trnh sn xut:

S I.1. S quy trnh sn xut nc tng theo phng php ha gii

Bnh du
phng
HCl 15-16%
Thy phn
Nc
Soa

Trung ha

Nc

Nc

Lc ln 1

NaCl 25%
Phi trn

Lc ln 2

Mu

Thanh trng

Lng

Lc mn

Cht bo qun
Hng
NaCl 25%

Ch bin

ng chai

Nc tng thnh phm

10

I.2.1.2. Gii thch quy trnh:

Nguyn liu ngm khong 4-5 gi, em nu nhit 110 1200C vi axit
clohidric 15-16% trong 18 24 gi cho si.
ngui hon ton, lc dch thu phn, trung ho axit bng natri hydroxit hoc
natri cacbonat n pH t 5 6 (pH thp hn 5 c v chua; pH cao hn 6 c v ng,
mi nng). Sau thm mui vo v tip tc c c n hm lng m cn thit (tiu
chun m: 10 22g/l).
Cui cng em thanh trng, v chai, bo qun v phn phi tiu th.
I.2.1.3. u v nhc im ca phng php.
a) u im.
Thi gian sn xut ngn.
Mi v c ngi tiu dng a chung.
Gi thnh r.
Chim t mt bng.
b) Nhc im.
C th sinh ra c t 3-MCPD vt mc cho php.
Thit b, dng c phi m bo an ton cho ngi trc tip sn xut.
I.2.2. Sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men [3], [4], [5], [6], [16], [17].
Phng php ln men l phng php sn xut m di tc dng ca enzym
(men) thu c t mc ging chn lc v nui cy thu phn protit v gluxit ca
nguyn liu thc vt.

11

p dng thnh cng phng php ln men th yu cu quan trng ch yu l

phi la chn mc ging tt cho ph hp. Do mc ging c nhiu loi, nhng lm
ra nc tng ngon th phi chn mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza.
I.2.2.1. Quy trnh sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men:
S I.2. S quy trnh sn xut nc tng theo phng php ln men
u nnh, u phng
Ngm 4 -5 gi
Hp 1000C
Mc ging
Aspergillus Oryaza

Ln men
Nc mui 25%
2-3 thng
Lc

Tng c

Nc tng
B

12

I.2.2.2. Gii thch quy trnh:

Quy trnh sn xut nc tng theo phng php ln men gm cc giai on sau:
X l nguyn liu :
u nnh, u phng ngm trong nc.
Hp.
Lm ngui.
Trn vi bt m nui nm mc Aspergillus Oryaza.
m - thy phn :
Thy phn protit u nnh di tc dng ca enzym sinh ra t nm mc.
Nguyn liu mc nm, trn u vi nc mui t trong mi trng m.
thnh khi 35 400C trong 3 4 ngy.
Nu nhit cao qu th phi tri mng ra h nhit xung di 35
400C.
Lc:
Khi mc cho vo thit b c van m y.
Dng nc mui cho vo khi mc, ngp v ngm 8 12 gi.
Rt ly nc tng c m cao.
Li tip tc cho mui vo b, ngm vi gi v rt ra nc tng c m
thp hn.
Thanh trng 90 1000C.
Cho Natri benzoat chng vng mc.

13

I.2.2.3. u v nhc im ca phng php.

u im:
t c kh nng sinh ra c t 3-MCPD, Afltoxin.
To ra 3 sn phm: nc tng, tng c v b.
Chng mc Aspergillus Oryaza c hot tnh Amilaza v Proteaza cao lm cho
qu trnh ln men n nh.
Nhc im:
Thi gian sn xut ko di 2-3 thng.
Mi v nc tng cha quen vi ngi tiu dng.
Chim mt bng.
Gi thnh tng i cao.
I.2.2.4. Gii thiu chng mc Aspergillus Oryaza:

Hnh I.1. Nm mc Aspergillus Oryaza

Nm mc Aspergillus Oryaza cn gi l mc tng, si nm c mu vng lc hay
vng hoa cau.
Aspergillus Oryaza l nm mc chnh trong qu trnh lm nc tng, nc
tng do nm Aspergillus Oryaza ln men ngon hn cc loi nc tng khc. V loi

14

mc ny c kh nng bin tinh bt ca go, np thnh ng lm cho nc tng c v

ngt.
y l loi nm s dng lm men ph bin nht trong qu trnh sn xut nc
tng bng phng php ln men hin nay. Ta c th cc loi mc ny bng cc cch
sau:
a) Nui cy trong bnh tam gic:
Cch lm mi trng trong bnh tam gic:
Mi trng go:
S I.3. Nui cy trn nguyn liu go t

Go t loi tt

Nu

Cm chn u

ngui

Cm ngui

Bp ri

Cm ti

Bnh tam gic

nui mc sch
Hp thanh trng 30
- 45 pht
Bnh tam gic
nui mc
y nt bng giy
ht m
Bnh tam gic
(lp dy 1cm)

15

Mi trng ng mnh:
S I.4. Nui cy trn nguyn liu ng mnh
Ng mnh
(0,2 - 0,5mm)
Ngm
nc
Hn hp ng
ngm nc
Trn u
Khay

1-2 gi
Ng ngm nc
u
Bp ti
Ng ti

Bnh tam gic

(lp dy 1cm)
y nt bng
giy ht m

Bnh tam gic

nui mc

Hp thanh trng
1200C, 60 pht

Bnh tam gic

nui mc sch

16

b) Nui cy mc trn khay:

S I.5. Nui cy trn nguyn liu ng mnh
Ng mnh
(0,2 - 0,5mm)

C s sn xut
Cung cp

Ngm nc
Dng sn
xut ngay

Hn hp ng
ngm nc
Trn u

Sy kh

60 gi ly ra

Khay nh
Mc mc thnh nm si
3-4 gi
Nui 34-36 gi, 34-350C
Ng ngm nc
u

Ri lung thnh lp mng

2-3 cm, t0<=360C

Hp 3-4 gi

6-8 gi, 34-350C

Ng chn u

trong khay thnh

lung, 30-320C

Cho ra

Lm ti
Khay ln

Trn vi nc mc
ging bnh tam gic

17

I.2.3. Sn xut nc tng bng phng php ha gii kt hp phng php ln

men [15], [16], [17].
Phng php ln men kt hp vi ha gii l phng php ci tin nht da trn s
kt hp hai phng php ln men v ha gii. Phng php ny s dng ging vi sinh
vt v enzym proteaza t sn xut trong nc tng nn gi thnh khng tng v mang
li cho ngi tiu dng mt loi nc tng m bo v nng 3-MCPD thp hn
mc cho php, mi v c chp nhn. Nhng phng php ny i hi phi s dng
thit b c tin nn rt t nh sn xut s dng phng php ny.
I.2.3.1. Quy trnh sn xut:
S I.6. S phng php ln men kt hp vi phng php ha gii
Bnh du phng
Mc ging
Aspergillus Oryaza
Thy phn 1

Axit HCl 15-16%

Thy phn 2
Trung ha, lc
bng Na2CO3
Dch lc
iu v, thanh trng,
v chai
Ln men,
sy kh
Nc tng

Ch phm sinh
hc

18

I.2.3.2. u v nhc im ca phng php:

a) u im:
Thi gian sn xut rt ngn cn 3 ngy.
Nng 3-MCPD mc cho php.
Mi v c ngi tiu dng a chung.
Gi thnh n nh.
b) Nhc im:
Cn thit b c tin v m bo an ton cho ngi trc tip s dng.
I.2.4. Cc phng php khc [15], [16], [17].
Ngoi cc phng php trn, ngi ta cn s dng axit clohidric nng cao cho
vo xng ng vt, lng g, lng vt (l nguyn liu giu m). Nn trong qu trnh
tip xc, HCl s phn ng vi cht bo trong nguyn liu, ri cho ra amino axit v c
t 3-MCPD.
Sau , trung ha bng natri hydroxit v dng mt ng to mu.
Tuy nhin, trong lng g, vt thng cha nhiu cht thch tn (arsenic) v ch l
nhng cht cc c i vi h tiu ha, h thn kinh, cha k n qu trnh thy phn
bng axit clohydric, sn phm c 3-MCPD v 1,3 - CDP l iu tt nhin.
Bn cnh , lng khi thu gom v, li rt d bn v khng hp v sinh. V th,
nc tng lm t lng g, vt c gi thnh rt r ch t 1.000 n 1.500 ng 1 lt.
I.3. Tiu chun v nc tng ca B Y T.
I.3.1. Tiu chun v m [9], [15], [16].
I.3.1.1. m trong nc tng l g?

19

m trong nc tng l nng Nit ton phn, ni cch khc n l ch s

Protein tnh theo n v g/lt.
I.3.1.2. Phn loi hng nc tng da vo m.
Theo ti liu Nc chm, yu cu k thut ca Tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN
1763-86), vic phn chia hng nc tng tu theo phng php sn xut v cht
lng m nc tng c chia thnh 3 hng I, II v III. Trong , cc ch tiu ho
hc ca nc tng:
Bng I.1. Tiu chun m trong nc tng Vit Nam
Hm lng Nit tng s
Phn hng

TCVN(1763-86)
(g/l)

Nc tng

N 12

N 10

II

N <10

III

Tuy nhin, cc n v sn xut li c cch phn loi nc tng ring, theo nhm
hoc ch s, a bn phn phi...
Dn chng:

20

Bng I.2. Ch tiu m ca cc c s sn xut

C s sn xut

Ch s m
Phn hng

Phn b, tiu th

12-18N

TPHCM, Ty Nam B

10-14N

II

Min Trung, min Bc

18-22N

Min Nam

14-16N

II

Min Nam

10-12N

III

Min Nam

Min Nam

II

Min Nam

> 6,5 N

Min Nam

6,5 N

II

Min Nam

( N hoc g Protein/100ml )
Mekng

Tng Thnh

4,32N
Hay 2,7g Protein/100ml
Nht Ca v Nh Ca

4,32 N

Hay 1,6g Protein/100ml

Ch Vn

Theo quy nh ca B Y t, sn phm nc tng ca cc c s sn xut trong

nc phi t m ton phn thp nht l 10N v buc phi ghi trn nhn.
iu c bit: Trong khi cc n v nc ngoi hoc lin doanh (nh Magi,
Chinsu, Ch Vn) li c php ghi nhn l hm lng Protein.
I.3.1.3. nh gi cht lng nc tng da vo m.
m cng cao th mi thm c trng ca bnh du, u nnh, u phngcng
thm, thi gian bo qun cng lu.

21

Sn phm c m cng cao th cha th khng nh l ngon, v theo nhn xt

ca cc nh sn xut: nc tng ngon thng c m t 18-25N, nhng loi tiu
th mnh nht li t 14-18N. Nc tng c mt trn th trng Vit Nam thng c
ch s t 10-22 N.
Sn phm c m qu cao t 27N tr ln thng c mi hc, v mn lm t
mi ca thc phm, mt i v c trng ca mn n. Do vy, khng cn phi b sung
lng Protein cho loi gia v ny.
Mt s loi nc tng c m t 25-26N, thi gian bo qun nc tng
trung bnh sau khi m np 3-6 thng trong iu kin thong mt, kh ro.
Vi nhng sn phm nc tng c m thp, th ch s mui m formol
cng thp, khng iu kin bo qun sn phm. Do vy, sau mt thi gian s dng
d sn sinh NH3 lm phn hu cc cht dinh dng, si bt khng tan, gy ri lon tiu
ho.
I.3.2. Phng php cm quan [7].
Phng php cm quan (hay trc quan) l quan st, nh gi cht lng sn phm,
hng ha bng cc gic quan: nhn, s, nim, ngi, nghephng php ny c ng
dng rng ri vi nhng sn phm hng ha m mt phn quan trng cht lng ca
n ph thuc vo c trng v thm m, v mu sc, hng v. Nhng c trng ny,
vi phng php ha - c - l, nhiu khi khng gii p c.
Tuy l cm gic nhng hin nay, phng php ny c nh gi cao, coi ngang
hng vi cc phng php hin i khc v n va t tn km, va khng km chnh
xc.
Thit b quan trng nht ca phng php ny l ngi th.
Do phng php cm quan tr thnh phng php chnh thc, khng th
thiu trong vic nh gi cht lng sn phm. C nhiu phng php nh gi cm

22

quan khc nhau, ty theo tng trng hp c th. nc ta, cht lng sn phm thc
phm c nh gi theo phng php cho im theo tiu chun Vit Nam (TCVN3215 -79). Khi phn tch cm quan cho im cc sn phm thc phm, tiu chun Vit
Nam s dng h 20 im c xy dng trn mt thang im thng nht c 6 bc t
0-6. Trong , im 5 l cao nht cho mt ch tiu v gim dn theo bc, 6 bc nh
gi phi tng ng vi tng ni dung m t sau:
Bng I.3. Bng phn cp cht lng sn phm
Tn ch

im

tiu

s
5

Mu sc

trong

Yu cu ch tiu ca tng sn phm

Sn phm mu nu nht n nu, khng c vng mc, khng c
mu khc l.
Sn phm c mu nu hi sm, khng c vng mc, khng c
mu khc l.
Sn phm mu nu en sm, khng c vng mc, c pha mu
thc phm t, khng c mu khc l.
Sn phm c mu en, khng c vng mc, c pha mu thc
phm nhiu.

Sn phm c mu khc l, c vng mc ni ln nhiu.

Sn phm khng t cc yu cu trn.

Dng lng, khng c cn en di y chai, khng c tinh th

mui l.
Dng lng, c ng cn en di y chai t, khng c tinh th
mui l.

23

Mi

tinh th mui l.

Dng sn st do ng cn qu nhiu, khng c tinh th mui l.

Dng st, c tinh th mui nh.

Khng m bo cc yu cu trn.

Sn phm c mi c trng, khng c mi khc l.

Sn phm t c hoc khng c mi c trng.

Sn phm c mi hi chua, hi kht.

Sn phm c mi chua, kht nhiu.

Sn phm c mi l.

Sn phm khng m bo cc yu cu trn.

Dng lng, c ng cn en di y chai nhiu, khng c

Sn phm c v mn, c v chua c trng, khng c v cht,

ng v v l khc.
Sn phm c v hi mm, c v chua c trng, khng c v cht,
ng, v l khc.
Sn phm c v mm nhiu, hi chua, khng c v cht, ng v
v khc.
Sn phm khng c v mn, qu chua, c v ng, khng c v
cht, v l khc.

Sn phm khng mn, qu chua, c v ng, cht, v l khc.

Sn phm khng t cc yu cu trn.

24

Sn phm c nh gi bng tng im trung bnh chung theo phng php

Duncan khng c h s quan trng K. Nu tng im trung bnh chung cha c h s
K t t 11,2 - 20 im l t.
I.4. Cch xc nh m trong nc tng bng phng php Micro Kjeldahl
[1], [2], [8].
I.4.1. Cc c tnh k thut ca thit b UDK 142:

1
2
3
4
5

7
6
Hnh I.2. Thit b chng ct m bng phng php Micro Kjeldahl
Ch thch:
1. ng dn c bo v bi lp Plastic.

5. Khay thu hi.

2. ng nghim.

6. B phn p.

3. ng Teflon.

7. Gi bnh.

4. Vnh chn an ton.

25

* Gm cc b phn:
1. Thit b chng ct kiu UDK 142.
2. ng nghim (42mm x 300mm).
3. Bnh Erlenmeyer (250ml) thu sn phm chng ct.
4. Km ht thi hi nng trong ng nghim t b phn chng ct.
5. ng dn kt ni vi vi nc.
6. ng dn c thit b cm bin nm ngang cha vt liu v o thi nhng cht
cn lng.
7. ng dn phng in.
8. Bn phm.
9. Thit b vn hnh bng tay.
* Cc phm chc nng:

ESC : Tr li mn hnh hoc danh mc nm ngang pha trn mn hnh.

 : Xem lin tip mn hnh khi la chn danh mc hoc tng thm gi tr cn
xem.

 : Xem lin tip mn hnh khi la chn danh mc hoc gim gi tr cn xem.

 : Thc hin lnh khi la chn danh mc hoc iu chnh mn hnh.
Vic chng ct hi nc c thc hin trong phng th nghim. Khi chng ct
phn on nhng cht lng khng tan, hoc nhng cht rn tun theo nh lut ca
Daton v p sut ring phn i vi mt hn hp kh. Thit b ny c s dng
chng ct phn nh trong ha hc t nhng hn hp, hay nhng cn bng ion trong
dung dch. Sau phn ng khi ta thm axit hoc baz vo. C th, l vic nh lng
m tng s bng phng php Kjeldahl. Mc khc, phng php Kjeldahl cn c

26

s dng nhiu trong vic xc nh Nit v hm lng Protein trong thc phm. Thit b
ny rt d s dng v cho kt qu chnh xc cao.
H thng chng ct hi nc t ng l mt thit b in t c iu khin bi b
vi x l, cho php thay i thi gian chng ct v s bc hi nc. Vic chng ct din
ra nhanh hay chm l ph thuc vo mu phn tch. C ngha l khi tin hnh xc nh
hm lng Protein bng phng php Kjeldahl th thi gian chng ct c th c
gim bt t 2-3 pht, trong khi nhng trng hp khc th c th ko di n 30
pht hoc lu hn na.
I.4.2. Ni dung phng php Kjeldahl.
a) Mc ch :
nh lng Nit tng s trong nguyn liu nh: bt u nnh, bt xng, bt c,
nc tng, nc mm
b) Nguyn l :
Di tc dng ca H2SO4 m c nhit cao v c cht xc tc, cc hp cht
hu c c cha Nit b phn hy v b oxi ho n CO2 v H2O, Nit chuyn thnh
Amoniac (NH3) v tip tc kt hp vi H2SO4 to thnh mui Amoni sunfat.
c) M t:
y l qu trnh nh lng Nit tng s theo phng php Kjeldahl c thc
hin theo 3 bc sau:
Bc 1 : V c ho nguyn liu:
Protein tc dng vi axit Sunfuric m c nhit cao trong mi trng c cht
xc tc.
R-CH(NH2)-COOH + H2SO4
CO2 + H2O + NH3 + SO2
2NH3 + 2H+
2 NH 4 +

27

2 NH 4 + + SO4 2 du
(NH4)2SO4
Bc 2 : Ct m:
(NH4)2SO4 + 2NaOH

Na2SO4 + 2NH3 + 2H2O

2NH3 + H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4 + H2SO4 d

Bc 3 : Chun lng H2SO4 cn tha bng NaOH:
T lng NaOH tiu tn trong chun vi ln th tht (mu l dung dch m
v c ho) v ln th khng (mu l nc ct), chng ta tnh ra c hm lng Nit
tng s trong mu nguyn liu.
d) Cng thc tnh m ton phn:
* Hm lng Nit tng s:
i vi mu rn (%):
X1 =

(V1 V2 ) * K * 0,0014 * 100

m

i vi mu long (g/l):
X1 =

(V1 V 2 ) * K * 0,0014 * 20 * 1000

10

Trong :
V1 : th tch ca dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng cho php th trng (ml).
V2 : th tch ca dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng chun mu tht (ml).
10 : th tch mu th pha long (ml).
m : khi lng mu th (g).
K: h s iu chnh NaOH (K=1).
20 : l pha long mu th.
0,0014 : s gam Nit tng ng vi 1ml NaOH 0,1N.
1000 : h s tnh ra g/l.
100 : h s tnh ra phn trm.
* Hm lng Protein (%):

X2 = 6,25* X1

28

CHNG II: K THUT THC NGHIM

II.1. Nguyn liu - dng c - ha cht.
II.1.1. Nguyn liu:
Bnh du phng loi tt, cn nguyn vn, khng nhim mc en v c mi thm
c trng c mua t ch Kim Bin Si Gn.
Go, np phi chn loi tt, loi b sn, t, ht h, thc, tru c mua Ch
Tn Tch thnh ph Cao Lnh.
L chui ra sch, lau kh.
Mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza.
II.1.2. Dng c
Nhit k cn, cc thy tinh 500ml.
H snh loi va c np y.
R nh, nia hoc xng ln.
1 ci thau va.
a tre di 1,5m.
Ni hp.
Mt ci bao b, mt ci gi, ....
Cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,0001g.
Bnh cu c nhnh, dung tch 250ml.
Bnh tam gic, dung tch 250ml v 50ml.
H thng sinh hn.

29

Bp un c chc nng kim sot nhit.

Buret 25ml.
Pipet 10ml v cc dng c thng thng khc trong phng th nghim.
II.1.3. Ha cht:
Mui n (NaCl).
Nc ct.
Hn hp xc tc K2SO4/CuSO4 (t l 10:1) theo khi lng.
H2SO4 m c, dung dch H2SO4 0,1N.
Dung dch NaOH 30%, dung dch NaOH 0,1N.
Cht ch th: Phenolphtalein 1% v ch th hn hp (Metyl : Metyl xanh).
II.2. Xy dng quy trnh ch bin nc tng.
II.2.1. Nui mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza:
II.2.1.1. Nguyn liu chnh:
Go, np (0,5kg).
L chui sch.
II.2.1.2. S lm mc ging:

30

S II.1. Quy trnh lm mc Aspergillus Oryaza

Go + np
i sch

Ngm nc 4-5 gi
Vt ra
Xng

Hp 2 gi

Xng go, np
chn u
Lm ti

ngui

Lm nhuyn
2 ngy
Phi nng

Ly mc ra

Mc vng, , xanh lc

Cho ra
Thau

M bao b
3 ngy

L chui lp dy
1,5-2cm

Bao b

Nia

y l chui khc kn li

31

II.2. 2. Quy trnh lm nc tng bng phng php ln men:

II.2.2.1. Nguyn liu chnh:
Bnh du phng (1,5 kg).
Mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza.
II.2.2.2. S sn xut nc tng:
S II.2. Quy trnh lm nc tng bng phng php ln men
Nc tng thnh
phm

Bnh du phng
Nghin
Phn loi kch c

Ch bin

Ngm nc 4-5 gi

Nc tng
II

Hp 5-6 gi
Chn u

Ln 2

Nc tng I
B

Thau
Ln 1

Ngui
Nia
Trn mc
lm trn
y l chui kn li

em lc
3 thng
cho ln men 50-600C
Nc mui 25%

Bao b
3 ngy

H snh c np y

Mc pht trin u

Ly hn
hp mc
M bao b

32

II.3. Xc nh m trong nc tng sau khi sn xut.

II.3.1. Nguyn tc:
Mu c v c ha bng axit Sunfuric m c, Nit c trong mu th chuyn
thnh Amoni sunfat. Dng kim mnh y Amoniac ra khi Amoni sunfat trong h
thng ct m to thnh Amoni hydroxyt ri nh lng bng axit.
II.3.2. Dng c - thit b:
Cn phn tch c chnh xc 0,0001g.
Bnh cu c nhnh, dung tch 250ml.
Bnh tam gic, dung tch 250ml v 50ml.
H thng sinh hn.
Bp un c chc nng kim sot nhit.
Buret 25ml, Pipet 10ml v cc dng c thng thng khc trong phng th
nghim.
II.3.3. Ha cht:
II.3.3.1. Hn hp xc tc K2SO4/CuSO4 (t l 10:1 theo khi lng)
Cn 10g K2SO4 v 1g CuSO4, nghin nhuyn ri trn u.
II.3.3.2. Axit H2SO4 m c trong phng th nghim.
II.3.3.3. Dung dch H2SO4 0,1N:
Dng Pipet ht 2,8ml H2SO4 m c cho vo bnh nh mc 1000ml, nh mc ti
vch.
II.3.3.4. Dung dch NaOH 30%:

33

Cn 150g NaOH rn ha tan bng nc ct n 500ml trong bnh nh mc, nh

mc ti vch.
II.3.3.5. Dung dch NaOH 0,1N:
Ha tan 2g NaOH rn pha thnh 500ml trong bnh nh mc, nh mc ti vch.
II.3.3.6. Phenolphtalein 1%:
Cn 1g phenolphtalein pha trong Etanol 600 trong bnh nh mc 100ml, nh mc
ti vch.
II.3.3.7. Hn hp ch th:
Cn 0,1g Metyl v 0,05g Metyl xanh pha trong Etanol 600 trong bnh nh mc
100ml, nh mc ti vch.
II.3.4. Cch ly mu v chun b mu:
i vi nc tng nn lc u hn hp trc khi ly mu i phn tch.
Khi ly mu phi bo qun trong cc dng c thch hp, sch, kn, trong cc iu
kin khng lm nh hng ti cht lng mu.
Chun b 2 mu:
Mu 1: cha qua ch bin (lc b b ly nc tng).
Mu 2: qua ch bin (sau khi lc xong, em nu si khong 1000C, sau cho
gia v v cht bo qun).
II.3.5. Cch tin hnh:
Gm 3 giai on c th sau:
II.3.5.1. Giai on v c ha mu:
Lc u mu nc tng, ly 5ml nc tng bng Pipet sch cho vo bnh nh
mc 100ml, nh mc bng nc ct cho ti vch, lc u.

34

Ht 20ml dung dch pha long bng pipet cho vo bnh cu c nhnh, cho 2g xc
tc vo v 5ml H2SO4 m c, y np kn li 30 pht.
Dng nt cao su c gn h thng sinh hn y ln bnh ph mu, t ln bp un ri
dn lung kh CO2 v SO2 i qua dung dch NaOH c trnh gy nhim mi
trng xung quanh.
Tin hnh un nh, sau tng nhit dn, nhng ch nhit un phi nh
hn 1000C.
Trong qu trnh un, thy mu khng trng th ngng un, ngui cho thm 0,5g
xc tc v 3ml H2SO4 m c vo v tip tc un.
Tin hnh un cho n khi dung dch c mu xanh trong, mt trong bnh khng
hon ton trong sch m c cn en th ngng un, ngui.

Hnh II.1. Thit b ph mu

Hnh II.2. Dung dch nc tng sau

khi ph mu.

35

II.3.5.2. Giai on chng ct mu:

Dng pipet ht 20ml H2SO4 0,1N cho vo bnh tam gic (bnh hnh nn hay elen)
hng ca b ct m v nh t t 3 git ch th hn hp vo bnh tam gic. Nhng u
di ng sinh hn ca b ct m ngp vo dung dch trong bnh tam gic trnh mt
m.
Cho mu v c ha vo bnh chng ct (bnh cu c nhnh), dng nc ct trng
bnh cu cha mu v c ha nhiu ln cho n khi nc trng ht phn ng vi axit
(th bng giy qu). Cho 5 git phenolphtalein 1% v 35ml dung dch NaOH 30%,
trng nc ct cho sch kim phiu.
Nu dung dch trong bnh cha c mu hng m th tip tc thm 5-10ml dung
dch NaOH 30% n khi dung dch c mu hng m. Thm nc ct n khong 2/3
th tch ca bnh v kha phiu li. Gi mt t nc ct trn phiu cao khong 2cm
trnh NH3 bay ln.
Tin hnh ct n khi bnh hng c khong 250ml th dng (th u ng sinh
hn bng giy qu nu khng c phn ng kim th qu trnh ct kt thc).
H bnh hng xung ng sinh hn khng chm mt nc v dng nc ct ra
sch u ng sinh hn cho chy vo bnh hng.

Hnh II.3. Dung dch

bnh hng.

Hnh II.4. Thit b chng

ct mu khi gn bnh hng.

36

Hnh II.5. Dung dch trong

bnh chng ct mu.

Hnh II.6. Thit b ang

tin hnh chng ct mu.

II.3.5.3. Giai on chun mu:

* Mu v c ha:
Ly bnh hng (bnh tam gic) ra chun lng axit d trong bnh bng NaOH
0,1N nng chnh xc. Ht 5ml dung dch trong bnh tam gic em chun .
Cho dung dch NaOH 0,1N vo Buret, nh mc ti vch 0. Nh t t dung dch
NaOH 0,1N vo bnh tam gic n khi dung dch chuyn t mu tm sang mu xanh l
m th dng chun .
* Mu trng (mu nc ct): Tng t v s dng cng lng thuc th nh trn.

Hnh II.7. Dung dch

em chun .

Hnh II.8. Dung dch

sau khi chun .

37

II.3.5.4. Tnh kt qu:

a) Hm lng Nit tng s tnh bng g/l: X 1 =
b) Hm lng Protein tnh theo %:

(V1 V2 ) * K * 0,0014 * 20 * 1000

10

X 2 = X 1 * 6,25

II.4. Phng php th cm quan phn tch cht lng nc tng.

II.4.1. Chun b:
Dng c v iu kin th cm quan theo TCVN 3215 79
Lc k chai ng mu th, m nt chai rt ra 15-20ml nc tng vo mt cc thy
tinh khng mu, kh, sch c dung tch 50ml xc nh ch tiu cm quan.
II.4.2. Cch tin hnh:
II.4.2.1. Xc nh mu sc:
Khi nhn xt mu sc phi t cc nh mu th ni sng, trn nn trng. Mt
ngi quan st phi cng pha ngun sng chiu vo mu th.
II.4.2.2. Xc nh trong:
t cc ng mu th gia ngun sng v mt ngi quan st, lc nh cc xc
nh trong.
II.4.2.3. Xc nh mi:
Sau khi rt nc tng t chai mu ra cc phi 5-10 pht mi xc nh mi. Cn
tin hnh ni thong, khng c mi l d nh hng n vic nhn xt mi ca mu
th.
II.4.2.4. Xc nh v:
Trc khi xc nh v ca nc tng phi sc ming bng nc l un si
ngui, khng c ht thuc l, ung nc tr trc khi xc nh v.

38

Sau khi dng mu nc tng xc nh cc ch tiu cm quan, khng c tr

li chai ng mu th v cng khng c dng xc nh cc ch tiu ha hc.
Hi ng cm quan gm 10 thnh vin vi cc ch tiu v mu sc, trong, mi,
v.
Ta t:
Mu 1: mu cha qua ch bin (lc b b ly nc tng).

Mu 2: mu qua ch bin (sau khi lc xong, em nu si khong 1000C, sau

cho gia v v cht bo qun).

Tin hnh cm quan hai mu trn.

39

CHNG III: KT QU THO LUN

III.1. Quy trnh sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men.
III.1.1. u im:
To ra sn phm nc tng sch khng c 3-MCPD m bo an ton sc khe
cho ngi tiu dng.
Khng s dng cc ha cht c hi.
S dng mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza lm t nguyn liu go, np.
III.1.2. Nhc im:
Cn c lu, h sch.
Thi gian sn xut di 3 thng mi cho sn phm.
Mi v cha quen vi ngi tiu dng.
Cn mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza, nhng vic lm mc rt kh.
III.2. Xc nh m ca nc tng sn xut c.
Trc khi tin hnh xc nh m ta chun b 2 mu:
Mu 1: cha qua ch bin (lc b b ly nc tng).
Mu 2: qua ch bin (sau khi lc xong, em nu si khong 1000C, sau
cho gia v v cht bo qun).
Kt qu:

40

Bng III.1. Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng chun mu trng.

Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N (ml)

Mu
Ln 1

Ln 2

Ln 3

V NaOH

10,95

10,94

10,93

10,94

11,04

11,03

11,03

11,03

Bng III.2. Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N dng chun mu v c ha.

Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1N (ml)

Mu
Ln 1

Ln 2

Ln 3

V NaOH

7,45

7,44

7,43

7,44

7,60

7,59

7,58

7,59

41

Bng III.3. Hm lng Nit v Protein trong nc tng

Mu
trng

Hm

Mu v

lng

Hm

c ha

V1-V2

(V1)

(V2)

ml

ml

ml

10,94

7,44

3,50

9,80

61,25

11,03

7,59

3,44

9,64

60,25

Mu

Nit
tng s
g/l

lng
Protein
%

 Kt lun: Nc tng qua ch bin c hm lng Nit tng s v hm lng

Protein nh hn nc tng cha qua ch bin khng nhiu, do nc tng qua ch
bin c b sung thm gia v, cht bo qun nhng khng nh hng nhiu n m.
Tuy nc tng qua ch bin c hm lng Nit t hn nhng vn gi c mi v
thm ngon c trng ca nc tng, l v mn v v ngt ca ng. Cn nc
tng cha qua ch bin c hm lng m cao hn mt t, c mi v c trng ring
ca nc tng, nhng c v mn l khng m nh nc tng qua ch bin.

42

Bng III.4. So snh vi tiu chun ca Vit Nam

Theo tiu chun Vit Nam 1763-86
Mu Hm lng Nit tng s(g/l) Hm lng Protein(%)

Phn hng

9,80

61,25

III

9,64

60,25

III

 Kt lun: Da theo TCVN 1763-86, nc tng sn xut c phn hng loi III,
v c m v hm lng Protein (theo bng I.1 trang 16).
Hm lng Nit tng s v hm lng Protein ca mu 2 tht thot khng nhiu so
vi mu 1, v mu 2 qua ch bin c b sung thm gia v, cht bo qun, nhng
khng nh hng nhiu n m.
III.3. Phng php cm quan cht lng nc tng:
Trc khi tin hnh cm quan ta chun b:
Dng c theo TCVN 3215-79
Mu phn tch: 2 mu.
 Mu 1: cha qua ch bin (lc b b ly nc tng).
 Mu 2: qua ch bin (sau khi lc xong, em nu si khong 1000C, sau cho
gia v v cht bo qun).
Kt qu:

43

Bng III.5. Kt qu cm quan

Mu 1

Mu 2

Tn
TB

H s

khng

quan

c K

trng K

4,7

0,5

4,0

Mi

ch
tiu
Mu
sc

trong

Tng
im

TB

H s

khng

quan

c K

trng K

2,35

4,9

0,5

2,45

1,5

4,4

1,5

6,6

3,3

0,5

1,65

3,2

0,5

1,6

2,8

1,5

4,2

3,5

1,5

5,25

14,8

14,15

16,0

15,90

TB
c K

TB
c K

Kt lun: Nc tng qua ch bin th thu c sn phm c cht lng

khng khc nhiu so vi sn phm cha qua ch bin. Bi v, nc tng cha qua ch
bin c mu nu m, mi c trng ca nc tng, v mn l hi kh nim. Cn
nc tng qua ch bin c: mu nu nht, mi c trng, v mn, ngt d n.
Cc mu nc tng do chng ti t sn xut ch t cht lng mc trung bnh,
bi v chng ti cha c kinh nghim v vn ny.

44

PHN KT LUN KIN NGH

I. Kt lun:
Nhng kt qu nghin cu t c ca ti:
Lm mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza t go, np.
Tin hnh thc nghim trn 1,5kg bnh du phng th cho ra 3 lt nc tng.
Thc nghim 3 thng cho ra 2 mu nc tng. Hin 2 mu ny c chng
ti tin hnh cm quan v phn tch hm lng m tng s, hm lng Protein
nh gi cht lng sn phm. Kt qu cho thy:
Hm lng Nit tng s: 9,64 - 9,80g/l.
Hm lng Protein: 60,25 - 61,25%.
Phn tch cm quan t 14,15 - 16,00 im ph hp vi TCVN 3215-79.
Tin hnh phn tch cm quan 2 mu: mu 1 (cha qua ch bin), mu 2 ( qua
ch bin). Kt qu sn phm qua ch bin c cht lng khng khc nhiu so vi
sn phm cha qua ch bin.
Thc nghim xc nh m 2 mu th thy mu 2 tht thot khng nhiu so
vi mu 1.
Cc mu nc tng do chng ti t sn xut ch t cht lng mc trung
bnh, bi v chng ti cha c kinh nghim v vn ny.
II. Kin ngh:
Mc d phng php sn xut nc tng bng phng php ln men t bnh
du phng s to ra sn phm ngon, sch v m bo sc khe cho ngi tiu dng.
Trong qu trnh sn xut nc tng c s dng mc ging Aspergillus Oryaza, nhng
vic lm mc ging rt kh. Nn y, hn ch ca chng ti l cha mua c mc

45

ging Aspergillus Oryaza c nui cy sn ca Vin Khoa hc cng ngh Thnh

Ph H Ch Minh.
Do chng ti ch s dng phng php th cng xc nh m trong nc
tng nn kt qu t c khng chnh xc tuyt i.
V vy, chng ti c kin ngh cho hng tip theo nh sau:
Nghin cu thm v vic sn xut mc ging.
Nn lin h vi Vin Khoa hc cng ngh Thnh Ph H Ch Minh mua mc
ging.
Nu c thi gian nn so snh nc tng sn xut t mc t lm vi nc tng
lm bng mc ging ca Vin Khoa hc cng ngh Thnh Ph H Ch Minh.
So snh m xc nh theo phng php th cng vi phng php xc nh
bng my bit thm v chnh xc.

46

TI LIU THAM KHO.

1. Phm Th Trn Chu (1987), Thc hnh ha sinh, NXB GD.
2. Nguyn Th Hin V Thy Th (2003), Ha sinh nng nghip, NXB HSP.
3. Nguyn c Lng (2004), Cng ngh enzym, NXB HQG TPHCM.
4. Nguyn c Lng, Cng ngh vi sinh vt - thc phm ln men truyn thng
(tp 3), NXB H K Thut TPHCM.
5. Nguyn c Lng, Cng ngh sinh hc, NXB H k thut TPHCM.
6. Nguyn Xun Thnh, Gio trnh vi sinh vt hc cng nghip, NXB GD.
7. Trung tm 3 - tng cc tiu chun o lng cht lng TPHCM (www.quatest
3.com.vn).
8. HouBenWeyl (1979), Cc phng php phn tch ha hc hu c (tp1,2),
NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut H Ni.
9. http://www.asimco.com.vn
10. http://www.dost-bentre.gov.vn
11. http://giaoanviolet.vn
12. http://www.hoahocvietnam.vn
13. http://www.H2.vn
14. http://www.medinethochiminhcity.gov.vn
15. http://sem.net
16. http://www.tiengiang.gov.vn
17. http://vietsciences.vn

47

PH LC
PHIU CHO IM CM QUAN NC TNG
Bng im chi tit:
Tn
ch
tiu

im
s

Yu cu ch tiu ca tng sn phm

Mu 1
Sn phm mu nu nht n nu,
5

khng c vng mc, khng c mu

khc l.

Sn phm c mu nu hi sm, khng

c vng mc, khng c mu khc l.
Sn phm mu nu en sm, khng c

Mu

sc

1
0

trong

vng mc, c pha mu thc phm t,

khng c mu khc l.

im cm quan

Sn phm c mu en, khng c vng

mc, c pha mu thc phm nhiu.
Sn phm c mu khc l, c vng
mc ni ln nhiu.
Sn phm khng t cc yu cu trn.
Dng lng, khng c cn en di
y chai, khng c tinh th mui l.
Dng lng, c ng cn en di
y chai t, khng c tinh th mui l.

Mu 2

Nhn xt

48

Dng lng, c ng cn en di
3

y chai nhiu, khng c tinh th

mui l.

Dng sn st do ng cn qu nhiu,
khng c tinh th mui l.

Dng st, c tinh th mui nh.

Khng m bo cc yu cu trn.

Sn phm c mi c trng, khng c

mi khc l.
Sn phm t c hoc khng c mi c
trng.

Sn phm c mi hi chua, hi kht.

Sn phm c mi chua, kht nhiu.

Sn phm c mi l.

Mi

Sn phm khng m bo cc yu cu
trn.
Sn phm c v mn, c v chua c

trng, khng c v cht, ng v v l

khc.
Sn phm c v hi mm, c v chua

c trng, khng c v cht, ng, v

l khc.

49

Sn phm c v mm nhiu, hi chua,

khng c v cht, ng v v khc.
Sn phm khng c v mn, qu chua,

c v ng, khng c v cht, v l

khc.

1
0

Sn phm khng mn, qu chua, c v

ng, cht, v l khc.
Sn phm khng t cc yu cu trn.
Cao Lnh, ngy..thngnm 2009
Ngi cm quan