Phng php

Phng php Bo ton nguyn t

I. PHNG PHP GII
- Nguyn tc chung ca phng php l da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t (BTNT); Trong cc
phn ng ha hc thng thng, cc nguyn t lun c bo ton
iu ny c ngha l: Tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X bt k trc v sau phn ng l lun
bng nhau
- im mu cht ca phng php l phi xc nh c ng cc hp phn c cha nguyn t X trc
v sau phn ng, p dng LBT nguyn t vi X rt ra mi quan h gia cc hp phn t a ra
kt lun chnh.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Phng php bo ton nguyn t c th p dng cho hu ht cc dng bi tp, c bit l cc dng bi
hn hp nhiu cht, xy ra nhiu bin i phc tp. Di y l mt s dng bi tp in hnh.
Dng 1. T nhiu cht ban u to thnh mt sn phm.
T d kin bi s mol ca nguyn t X trong cc cht u tng s mol trong sn phm to thnh
s mol sn phm.
- Hn hp kim loi v oxit kim loi hyroxit kim loi oxit
0

- Al v Al2O3 + cc oxit st
n Al2 O3 (cui) =

hn hp rn hyroxit Al2O3 + Fe2O3

n Al
+ n Al2 O3 (u) ; n Fe2 O3 (cui) =
2

Fe

(u)

Dng 2. T mt cht ban u to thnh hn hp nhiu sn phm

T d kin bi tng s mol ban u, s mol ca cc hp phn cho s mol ca cht cn xc
nh.
- Axit c tnh oxi ha (HNO3, H2SO4 c, nng)

Kim loi

Mui + kh

nX (axit) = nX (mui) + nX (kh) (X: N hoc S)

- Kh CO2 (hoc SO2) hp th vo dung dch kim:
CO2 CO32 + HCO3

SO2 SO32 + HSO3

n CO2 = n CO 2 + n HCO
3

n SO2 = n SO 2 + n HSO
3

- Tnh lng tnh ca Al(OH)3

Trng hp 1

Trng hp 2

OH
Al3+
Al(OH)3 + [Al(OH)4]

Al3+

= n [ Al(OH)

3]

+ n Al(OH)3

H
[Al(OH)4]
Al(OH)3 + Al3+

[ Al(OH) 4 ]

= n Al3+ + n Al(OH)3

t
- Hn hp cc oxit kim loi + CO (H2)
hn hp cht rn + CO2 (H2O)

Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t vi O:

* Khi H = 100%:

nO (oxit) = nO (rn) + nhn hp kh sau = nO (rn) + nhn hp kh trc

* Khi H < 100%:

nO (oxit) = nO (rn) +

mhn hp kh sau - mhn hp kh trc

16

- Bi ton cracking ankan:

Ankan X

cracking

hn hp Y

Mc d c nhng bin i ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh cracking, v Y thng l hn hp phc tp (c

th c H2), do phn ng cracking xy ra theo nhiu hng, vi hiu sut H < 100%. Nhng ta ch quan
tm n s bo ton nguyn t i vi C, H t d dng xc nh c tng lng ca 2 nguyn t ny.

n C(Y) = n C(X)
n H(Y) = n H(X)

Thng thng bi cho s mol ankan X

Dng 3. T nhiu cht ban u to thnh hn hp nhiu sn phm

Trong trng hp ny khng cn thit phi tm chnh xc s mol ca tng cht, m ch quan tm n h
thc:

X(u)

X(cui)

Tc l ch quan tm n tng s mol ca nguyn t trc v sau phn ng. Nu bit

X(u)

X(cui)

v ngc li.
Vi dng ny, bi thng yu cu thit lp mt h thc di dng tng qut v s mol cc cht.
Dng 4. Bi ton it chy trong ha hu c
t0 CO + H O + N
Xt bi t chy tng qut: CxHyOzNt + O2
2
2
2

nC = n CO2
Theo LBT nguyn t:

nH = 2. n H 2O n O(Cx H y Oz N t ) = 2. n CO2 + n H 2O - 2. n O2
nN = 2. n N2

Phng php bo ton khi lng nguyn t vi O c s dng rt ph bin trong cc bi ton ha hu c.
* Ch : i vi trng hp t chy hp cht hu c cha Nit bng khng kh, lng nit thu c
sau phn ng l: n N2

(sau phn ng)

= n N2

(t phn ng t chy)

+ n N2

(t khng kh)

p dng tt phng php BTNT, cn ch mt s im sau:

* Hn ch vit phng trnh phn ng m thay vo nn vit s phn ng (s hp thc, c ch
h s) biu din cc bin i c bn ca cc nguyn t quan tm.
* bi thng cho (hoc qua d kin bi ton s tnh c) s mol ca nguyn t quan tm, t xc
nh c lng (mol, khi lng) ca cc cht.

III. CC V D
V d 1: Ho tan hn hp X gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Fe2O3 vo dung dch HCl d c dung dch D.
Cho dung dch D tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta. Lc kt ta, ra sch em nung trong khng
kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn Y. Gi tri ca m l
A. 16,0.

B. 30,4.

C. 32,0.

D. 48,0.

Gii:

Fe
HCl FeCl 2 NaOH Fe(OH)2 t 0



Y{Fe 2O 3
Fe 2O 3
FeCl3
Fe(OH)3

S : X

Theo BTNT vi Fe: nFe2O3(Y) =

n Fe
0,2
+ n Fe2O3 (X) =
+ 0,1 = 0,2 mol
2
2

m = 0,2.160 = 32,0 p n C
V d 2: un nng hn hp bt X gm 0,06 mol Al, 0,01 mol Fe3O4, 0,015 mol Fe2O3 v 0,02 mol FeO
mt thi gian. Hn hp Y thu c sau phn ng c ho tan hon ton vo dung dch HCl d, thu c
dung dch Z. Thm NH3 vo Z cho n d, lc kt ta T, em nung ngoi khng kh n khi lng
khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,16.

B. 6,40.

C. 7,78.

D. 9.46

Gii:

Theo BTNT vi Al: n Al2O3 =

Theo BTNT vi Fe:

Fe 2O3

n Al
= 0,03 mol
2
=

n Fe 3n Fe3O4 (X)
+
+ n Fe2O3 (X) = 0,04 mol
2
2

m = n Al2O3 + n Fe2O3 = 0,06.102 + 0,04.160 = 9,46 p n D

V d 3: t chy 9,8 gam bt Fe trong khng kh thu c hn hp rn X gm FeO, Fe3O4 v Fe2O3.
ho tan X cn dng va ht 500ml dung dch HNO3 1,6M, thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht, do ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,16.

B. 10,08.

Gii:
+ O t0

HNO3
2,
S phn ng : Fe
X +
Fe(NO3 )3 + NO

C. 11,76.

D. 14,0.

Theo BNTN vi Fe: n Fe(NO3 )3 = nFe = 0,175mol

Theo BNTN vi N: nNO = n HNO3 3 n Fe(NO3 )3 = 0,5.1,6 3.0,175 = 0,275 mol

V = 0,275. 22,4 = 6,16 p n A

V d 4: Ly a mol NaOH hp th hon ton 2,64 gam kh CO2, thu c ng 200ml dung dch X.
Trong dung dch X khng cn NaOH v nng ca ion CO 32 l 0,2M. a c gi tr l :
A. 0,06.

B. 0,08.

C. 0,10.

D. 0,12.

Gii:
S phn ng :
CO2 + NaOH Na2CO3 + NaHCO3
Theo BNTN vi C : n NaHCO3 = n CO2 n Na 2CO3 =

2,64
0,2.0,2 = 0,02mol
44

Theo BNTN vi Na: a = 2 n Na 2CO 3 + n NaHCO 3 = 2. 0,04 + 0,02 = 0,1 p n C

V d 5: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm x mol FeS2 v y mol Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va ), thu c
dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. T s x/y l
A. 6/5.

B. 2/1.

C. 1/2.

D. 5/6.

Gii:
X ch cha 2 mui sunfat, kh NO l duy nht S chuyn ht thnh SO 24

2FeS2 Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 ; Cu 2S 2CuSO 4

0,5x
y
2y
x

S bin i:

Theo BTNT vi S: 2x + y = 3.0,5x + 2y 0,5x = y x/y = 2/1 p n B

V d 6: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm C3H8, C4H6, C5H10 v C6H6 thu c 7,92 gam CO2
v 2,7 gam H2O, m c gi tr l
A. 2,82.

B. 2,67.

C. 2,46.

Gii:
0

CO 2
H 2 O

O2 ,t
S phn ng: X {C3H8 , C4H6 , C5H10 , C6H6} +

Theo BTNT vi C v H: m = mc + mH =

7,92
2,7
x12 +
= 2,46 p n C
44
9

D. 2,31.

V d 7: Tin hnh cracking nhit cao 5,8 gam butan. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh X
gm CH4 , C2H6, C2H4, C3H6 v C4H10. t chy hon ton X trong kh oxi d, ri dn ton b sn phm
sinh ra qua bnh ng H2SO4 c. tng khi lng ca bnh H2SO4 c l
A. 9,0 gam.

B. 4,5 gam.

C. 18,0 gam.

D. 13,5 gam.

Gii:
0

+ O2,t
cracking
S phn ng : C4H10
X
H2O

Khi lng bnh H2SO4 c tng ln l khi lng ca H2O b hp th

Theo BTNT vi H: n H 2O =

n H 10n C4H10
5,8
=
= 5.
= 0,5 mol
2
2
58

n H 2O = 0,5.18 = 9,0 gam p n A

V d 8: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol anehit n chc X cn dng va 12,32 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu
c 17,6 gam CO2, X l anehit no di y?
A. CH=C-CH2-CHO.

B. CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO.

C. CH2=CH-CH2-CHO.

D. CH2=C=CH-CHO.

Gii:

n O2 = 0,55 mol; n CO 2 = 0,4 mol

Nhn xt: X l anehit n chc nO(X) = nX = 0,1 mol
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O :

n H 2O = n O(H 2O) = nX + 2 n O2 - 2 n CO 2 = 0,1+2.0,55-2.0,4 = 0,4 mol

Nhn thy:

n H 2O = n CO2 = 0,4mol
X l CH3 CH2 CH2 CHO p n B
n CO2 = 4n X

V d 9: X l mt ancol no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6 gam oxi, thu c hi nc
v 6,6 gam CO2. Cng thc ca X l
A. C2H4(OH)2

B. C3H7OH.

C. C3H6(OH)2

Gii:

n O2 = 0,175mol; n CO 2 = 0,15mol
S chy: X + O2 CO2 + H2O
V X l ancol no, mnh h n H 2O = n X + n CO2 = 0,05+0,15 = 0,2 mol
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O :
nO(X) = 2n CO2 + n H 2O 2n O2 = 2.0,15 + 0,2 2.0,175 = 0,15mol

D. C3H5(OH)3

n CO2 = 3n X
X l C3H5(OH)3 p n D
n O(X) = 3n X

Nhn thy

V d 10: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin n chc X bng lng khng kh va thu c
1,76 gam CO2; 1,26 gam H2O v V lt N2 (ktc). Gi thit khng kh ch gm N2 V O2 trong oxi
chim 20% v th tch. Cng thc phn t ca X v th tch V ln lt l
A. X l C2H5NH2 ; V = 6,72 1t.

B. X l C3H7NH2 ; V = 6,944 1t.

C. X l C3H7NH2 ; V = 6,72 1t.

D. X l C2H5NH2 ; V = 6,944 1t.

Gii:

n CO 2 = 0,04 mol; n H 2O = 0,07 mol

Nhn thy:

n H 0,07.2 7
=
= X l C2H5NH2
nC
0,04
2

S chy: 2C2H5NH2 + O2 4CO2 + 7H2O + N2

Theo LBT nguyn t vi N: n N 2 (t phn ng t chy) =
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O: nCO2 +

n H 2O
2

n X 0,02
=
= 0,01mol
2
2

= 0,04 +

0,07
= 0,075mol
2

n N 2 (t khng kh) = 4n O2 = 4. 0,075 = 0,3 mol

N 2 (thu c) =

n N 2 (t phn ng t chy) + n N 2

(t khng kh)=

0,01 + 0,3 = 0,31 mol

V= 22,4.0,31 = 6,944 lt p n D
IV. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Hn hp cht rn X gm 0,1 mol Fe2O3 v 0,1 mol Fe3O4. Ho tan hon ton X bng dung dch
HCl d, thu c dung dch Y. Cho NaOH d vo Y, thu c kt ta Z. Lc ly kt ta, ra sch ri
em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th thu c cht rn c khi lng l
A. 32,0 gam.

B. 16,0 gam.

C. 39,2 gam.

D. 40,0 gam.

Cu 2 : Cho 4,48 lt kh CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng thc ca oxit st
v phn trm th tch ca kh CO2 trong hn hp kh sau phn ng ln lt l:
A. FeO; 75%.

B. Fe2O3; 75%.

C. Fe2O3; 65%.

D. Fe3O4; 75%.

Cu 3 : Hn hp A gm etan, etilen, axetilen v butaien-1,3. t chy ht m gam hn hp A. Cho sn

phm chy hp th vo dung dch nc vi d, thu c 100 gam kt ta v khi lng dung dch nc
vi sau phn ng gim 39,8 gam. Tr s ca m l
A. 13,8 gam.

B. 37,4 gam.

C. 58,75 gam.

D. 60,2 gam.

Cu 4 : Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS2 v a mol Cu2S vo axit HNO3 (va ), thu c
dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,06.

B. 0,04.

C. 0,12.

D. 0,075.

Cu 5 : t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng kh
(trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v 9,9 gam nc. Th tch
khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l
A. 70,0 lt

B. 78,4 lt.

C. 84,0 lt.

D. 56,0 lt.

Cu 6 : Dn V lt ( ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v hiro i qua ng s ng bt niken nung nng, thu

c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO3 (hoc Ag2O) trong dung dch NH3 thu c 12 gam kt ta. Kh
i ra khi dung dch phn ng va vi 16 gam brom v cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton kh Z thu
c 2,24 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v 4,5 gam nc. Gi tr ca V bng
A. 5,6.

B. 13,44.

C. 11,2.

D. 8,96.

Cu 7: Ho tan hon ton 0,3 mol hn hp gm Al v Al4C3 vo dung dch KOH (d), thu c x mol
hn hp kh v dung dch X. Sc kh CO2 (d) vo dung dch X, lng kt ta thu c l 46,8 gam. Gi
tr ca x l
A. 0,55.

B. 0,60.

C. 0,40.

D. 0,45.

Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton m gam oxit FexOy bng dung dch H2SO4 c nng va , c cha 0,075 mol
H2SO4, thu c z gam mui v thot ra 168ml kh SO2 (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Oxit FexOy l
A. FeO.

B. Fe2O3

C. Fe3O4

D. FeO hoc Fe3O4

Cu 9: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,27 gam bt nhm v 2,04 gam bt Al2O3 trong dung dch
NaOH d thu c dung dch X. Cho CO2 d tc dng vi dung dch X thu c kt ta Y, nung Y
nhit cao n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Z. Bit hiu sut cc phn ng u t 100%.
Khi lng ca Z l
A. 2,04 gam

B. 2,31 gam.

C. 3,06 gam.

D. 2,55 gam.

Cu 10 : un nng 7,6 gam hn hp A gm C2H2, C2H4 v H2 trong bnh kn vi xc tc Ni thu c hn

hp kh B. t chy hon ton hn hp B, dn sn phm chy thu c ln lt qua bnh 1 ng H2SO4
c, bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 14,4 gam. Khi lng tng ln bnh 2 l
A. 6,0 gam

B. 9,6 gam.

C. 35,2 gam.

D. 22,0 gam.

Cu 11 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc cng dy ng ng dng va V lt

kh O2 (ktc), thu c 10,08 lt CO2 (ktc) v 12,6 gam H2O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 17,92 lt.

B. 4,48 lt.

C. 15,12 lt.

D. 25,76 lt.

Cu 12 : t chy mt hn hp hidrocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O. Th tch O2
tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 2,80 lt

B. 3,92 lt.

C. 4,48 lt.

D. 5,60 lt.

Cu 13 : Dung dch X gm Na2CO3, K2CO3, NaHCO3. Chia X thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1: tc dng vi nc vi trong d c 20 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c V lt kh CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24.

B. 4,48.

C. 6,72.

D. 3,36.

Cu 14 : Chia hn hp gm : C3H6, C2H4, C2H2 thnh 2 phn bng nhau:

- t chy phn 1 thu c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc).
- Hiro ho phn 2 ri t chy ht sn phm th th tch CO2 (ktc) thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt.

B. 1,12 lt.

C. 3,36 lt.

D. 4,48 lt.

P N
1D

2B

3A

4A

5A

6C

7B

8C

9D

10D

11C

12B

13B

14A