Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A. Cu hi l thuyt
1/. Gi s thi tit nng ln lm cho ng cu v kem dch chuyn sang phi. Gii thch
ti sao gi kem s tng n mc th trng n nh mi.
GII THCH : V l do thi tit nng bt thng l tng lng cu tt c cc gi mt
hng lnh, nh l kem ngha l ng cu dch chuyn ln trn hay sang phi.
Vi ng cung ngn hn khng i, s dch chuyn ng cu ny to ra s vt cu
trong ngn hn, i hi mt s hnh thc nh lng. Mt trong cc hnh thc nh lng
c th l s xp hng, hoc kem s tng gi v ngi tiu dng mun tr gi cao hn. Gi
tng lm cho lng cu v lng cung ngang bng nhau. Nh vy mt hu qur ca vog
cu l nhng ngi cung cp ring l c th i gi cao hn v c th cung mt lng ln
hn.
2/. Gi s gi bp tng ln 3% lm cho lng cu gim 6%. co gin ca cu i vi
gi bp nh th no?
GII THCH
P/P=3%
v QD/QD=-6%
ln
S
Xem hnh bn ta c
a) V to lm tng sc khe.
b) ngi tiu th thay cam bng to.
D
D
S
S
nhiu hn.
B. Bi tp
Bi 1. Xem xt mt th trng cnh tranh, lng cu v lng cung (mi nm) cc mc
gi khc nhau nh sau:
Gi (dollar)
Cu (triu)
Cung (triu)
60
22
14
80
20
16
100
18
18
120
16
20
a) Xc nh phng trnh hm s cung v hm s cu.
b) Lng v gi cn bng bao nhiu?
c) Hy tnh co gin ca cu theo gi khi gi l $80, khi gi l $100.
d) Hy tnh co gin ca cung theo gi khi gi l $80, khi gi l $100.
e) Gi s nh nc n nh gi trn l $80. C s thiu hng khng? Nu c lng
thiu l bao nhiu?
f) mc gi ti a (P=$80) tr thnh mc gi cn bng, nh nc phi tng lng
cung mi mc gi l bao nhiu.
GII THCH:
a/. Xc nh phng trnh hm s cung, hm s cu:
Hm s cu c dng P=a+bQD (1)
- Xc nh h s dc b:
P 100 80 20
b
10
Q 18 20 2
Ti mc gi P=80 ta c QD=20.
Th vo (1) ta c : 80=a-10*20
a = 280.
Vy hm s cu c dng P=280 -10QD.
Hm s cung c dng P=c+dQS (2)
- Xc nh h s dc d:
P 100 80 20
d
10
Q 18 16
2
Ti mc gi P=80 ta c QS=16.
Th vo (1) ta c : 80=c+10*16
c =-80
Vy hm s cung c dng P=-80 + 10QS
b/. Lng v gi cn bng l bao nhiu:
Theo bng s liu cho ta nhn thy
- Gi cn bng P*=100 (dolar)
- Sn lng cn bng Q*=18 (triu)
0.4
P Q P Q 10 20
Q
Tng t khi P=100 th QD=18
QD P
1
P
1 100
ED
0.56
P Q P Q 10 18
Q
co gin ca cung theo gi
Ti P=80 th QS=16.
QS P
1
P 1 80
0.5
P
Q 10 16
P Q
Q
Tng t khi P=100 th QS=18
ED
QS P
1
P 1 100
0.56
P
P Q
Q 10 18
Q
e). Vi gi trn ti a l $80, ngi tiu dng mun mua 20 triu nhng ngi sn xut
ch cung cp 16 triu. Do o thiu ht sn phm l 4 triu.
ED
QS = 1800 + 240.P
QS = 1800 + 240.2,26
Qs = 2342,4 (triu gi)
Lng c l: QS = 1800+240.P
QS = 1800 + 240.1,8
QS = 2232(triu gi)
Lng tng l: 2342,2 2232 = 110,4 (triu gi)
Bi 3. C quan qun l nh ca TPHCM thy rng tng cu l QD=100-5P vi n v
tnh l chc ngn cn h. Gi tin thu trung bnh hng thng l 100 ngn. C quan cng
nhn thy rng vic tng nhu cu thu nh (Q1) vi mc gi thp (P) l do cc gia nh c
trn 3 ngi thnh ph t nng thn. Ban bt ng sn ca thnh ph thng bo cung
nh cho thu l QS=50+5P.
a) Nu c ban qun l thu nh v ban kinh doanh bt ng sn u d on ng v
cung v cu th gi trn th trng t do l bao nhiu? Dn s thnh ph thay i
ra sao nu gi thu trung bnh hng thng mc ti a l 100 ngn, v tt c
nhng ai khng tm c cn h u phi ri thnh ph.
Lng gi tng chnh l phn thu ngi tiu dng chu 0,2835 (ngn ng/kg)
Phn thu nh sn xut chu l: 0,5 - 0,2835 = 0,2165 (ngn ng /kg)
P* : gi cn bng
Q*: lng cn bng
QD = 0,8 QD
QD = 0,8 ( 13,5 - 8P )
Mt khc, lng cung khng thay i :
QD = QS
0,8 ( 13,5 - 8P ) = -4,5 + 16P
P = 0,683 (la / kg)
Vy gim cu 20% c tc ng lm gim gi 0,067 (la/kg) , tc l gi gim 8,93%
ED = a . ( P* / Q* )
Cu th gii
Cung cnh tranh
NGN HN
-0.05
0.10
DI HN
-0.4
0.40
c= 5.4
V QS=5.4 + 0.15P.
Tng t ta tnh c cc thng s trong hm cu nh sau
vi dng (QD=a + bP),
Vi ED=b x (P*/Q*)
a= 18.9
V QD=18.9 - 0.225P.
b) Tng t ta tnh theo co gin di hn ED=-0.4 v ES=0.4
cho hm cung
ES=d (P*/Q*)
0.4=d (4/6)
d=0.6
QS=c+dP
6=c+dP
6=c+0.6*4
=>
c=3.6 hay QS=3.6+ 0.6P
cho hm cu
ED=b (P*/Q*)
-0.4=b (4/18)
b=-1.8
QD=a+bP
18=a+bP
18=a - 1.8*4
=>
b=25.2 hay QD=25.2-1.8P
c) Phn tch nh hng ca vic gim 6 t thng du/nm do OPEC, ta thy rng c
cung ngn hn v cung di hn u thay i. Vi s cung ng ca OPEC gim t 12
7.5
= 0.375P
P
= $20 trong ngn hn v
9.6 + 0.6P
= 25.2 - 1.8P
15.6
= 2.4 P
P
= $6.5 trong di hn.
Bi 7. Da trn nghin cu kinh t v th trng kh thin nhin v bin ng ca cc th
trng ny mt khi cc ch kim sot dn dn c bi b trong nhng nm 1980,
nhng s liu sau y m t th trng vo nhng nm 1975. Gi kh thin nhin trn th
trng t do l ra khong 2dollar cho 1 cmf (triu pht khi), sn xut v tiu dng l ra
khong 20 Tcf (t pht khi. Gi xng trung bnh (k c lng nhp v sn xut trong
nc) vo khong 8 dollar/thng, chnh gi ny lm nh hng ti c cung v cu kh
thin nhin.
co gin ca cung theo gi l 0.2. Gi xng tng cao cng dn ti vic sn xut kh
thin nhin nhiu hn, co gin cho ca cung l 0.1. Cn i vi cu co gin theo
gi l -0.5 v co gin theo gi cho l 1.5.
a) Hm s cung v hm s cu ca kh thin nhin (gi s tuyn tnh)? (Vi Q lng
kh thin nhin tnh theo Tcf, Pg l gi kh thin nhin tnh theo dollar/mcf v Po
l gi du tnh theo dollar/thng.
Hm cu c dng : QD= a+bPg+ eP0
Hm cung c dng : QS= c+dPg+ gP0
b) Gi s gi c iu chnh ca kh thin nhin nm 1975 l 1.5 dollar/mcf thay
v l 2dollar/mcf, lng cu s vt l bao nhiu?
c) Gi s th trng kh thin nhin khng c iu chn. Nu gi du tng t 8
dollar ln 16 dollar th diu g s xy ra vi gi th trng t do ca kh thin
nhin?
GII THCH :
a) Xc nh co gin gi cho ca cu
co gin ca cu i vi kh thin nhin lin quan vi gi du l:
Eg0=Qg/P0* P0/Qg
y Qg/P0 l s thay i lng cu kh thin nhin, kt qu t s thay i nh ca
gi du i vi cc hm cu tuyn tnh Qg/P0 l khng i.
Nu chng ta biu th cu l :
Qg=a+bPg + eP0
(Vi thu nhp khng i), lc Qg/P0=e thay n vo co gin cho,
Ep0=e(P*0/Q*g). y P*0v Q*g l gi v lng cn bng..
Chng ta bit rng P*0=$8 v Q*g=20, chng ta tm c
1.5=e(8/20) e=3.75
= 540
= 120
= 420
= (Q/P)*(P/Q)
= (-0.1) 2000/ 280 = -0.7 |-0.7|<1