1.

ABSTRACT A portable equipment is designed to measure the oxygen percentage in blood and

also to detect the heart beat on human. This device will display the measured parameters using the LCD Display. The designing process is divided into three major parts which are circuit design, display circuit and programming part. In the circuit design part, nine types of circuits with their own specification are built which are Voltage Regulator Circuit, Timer Circuit, Detector Circuit, Separation Circuit, Buffer Circuit, Low Pass Filter Circuit, Deduction Circuit and Amplifier Circuit. For the display circuit, PIC 16F877A microcontroller is used as the interface between the overall circuit and LCD Display. The programming part is the important as it perform the operation and also responsible to display the result on the LCD Display. The programming code in the microcontroller is stored to make sure it works as needed. Then the equipment is tested to identify their ability to measure the SPO2 and heart beat reading and displays the parameter as the result on the LCD Display.

2.0

INTRODUCTION The circuits are designed according to the specification based on its operation

requirement, which are to detect heart beat and oxygen contents in blood. At the beginning, The Timer 555 Circuit is used to give the frequency of time of all the electronic circuits that has been created. While, LED Triggered Circuit is employed to switch on and off alternately between the red LED and the infrared LED. Photodetector will detect the light from the red and infrared LED after penetrate through the thumb. Noises are separated from the light that has been detected by using Separation Circuit, Buffer Circuit, and Filter. Moreover, Deduction Circuit is used before the Amplifier Circuit in order to ensure that only the right signals are displayed. Beside that, PIC 16F877A is used in LCD Display Circuit as an important media to read the result. Schematic diagram for overall flow in this project is presented in the Figure 1. Implementations of the circuits are discussed in detailed in the following subtopic in this chapter.

Figure 1: Block diagram for the overall circuit of the project

3.0

CIRCUIT DESIGN

Universal 5V Voltage Regulator The universal 5V voltage regulator is created to provide fixed 5V voltage to all of the overall circuit. The IC 7805 is used to realize the objective. Input for this circuit is in the range of 7 V to 25V to produce 5V of output. To ensure that the voltage input is suitable for the specification, a battery with 7.2V and 0.62mA is used as a voltage supply. The voltage regulator to produce 5V for overall circuit supports this voltage supply. Figure 2 shows the schematic circuit of universal 5V voltage regulator.

Figure 2: Schematic circuit of universal 5V voltage regulator

The Timer 555 Circuit

Figure 3: Schematic circuit of The Timer 555 Circuit The Timer Circuit is used to give the continuous ON-OFF voltage input to the LED Triggered Circuit. The circuit operates using IC 555 and combine with the resistor of 50 and 680 . With this value, the total cycle is 0.946 second which is 1057 Hz for the timer circuits frequency. This circuit is design to create the 50% cycle of ON-OFF voltage.

LED Triggered Circuit The focus for this circuit is to provide a standard operation for the Infra Red and Red LED. The voltage input for this circuit is fixed and has been supplied by the Timer Circuit. The schematic circuit of LED Triggers Circuit is presented in Figure 4. Suitable and small in size LED have been used in the overall project design. Infra Red and Red LED are placed in the same container to realize their function as the transceiver on the finger thumb. The light from the LEDs directly pass through the thumb with the frequency of 1057 Hz. A frequency of 1 kHz is suitable because such a frequency is well above the maximum frequency present in the arterial pulse. After the lights passed through the thumb, the light then is detected using the Detector Circuit.

Figure 4: Schematic circuit of LED Triggered Circuit The Detector Circuit

Figure 5: Schematic circuit of The Detector Circuit Photodiode detectors normally operate with reverse bias applied to the pn junction, which is in photoconductive mode. When the light from both LED go through the thumb, the photodiode which is the main part of the circuit, will detect the amount of light intensity in terms of current and then will converted to voltage. Photodiode is very sensitive to light and will be generate the electron to flow if it detect the light is around. The energy that generate then will create the current. Lights around are directly proportional to current produce which is, if the light are bright there are more current will be produce by the circuit.

Separation Circuit

Figure 6: Schematic circuit of Separation Circuit From the detector circuit, there are two outputs, which is Red and Infra Red voltage signal. Two of the signal should be separate to use for the oxygen percentage calculation. Separation Circuit is function to make sure the signal is genuine and useful for next circuit. All of the transistors are operated in saturated region which is when input signal triggered, maximum collector current will be created and flow through the transistor. In easy to understand, when transistor is ON, input to Buffer Circuit will be ground. Only useful and wanted signal only will be passing through to other circuit.

The Buffer Circuit

Figure 7: Schematic circuit of Buffer Circuit

The buffer circuit also called voltage follower circuit because of their function to follow whatever the inputs are. This circuit is only built using the operational amplifier. Other function for this circuit is to stabilize the signal from the circuit. Filter The 4th order Butterworth Low Pass Filter type is selected to remove the noise because of its ability to stabilized the output signal that pass through. Since this filter has a flat and stable pass area, it is easier to gain stable result. This circuit only allow Red and Infra Red signal of frequency of 20 Hz to pass through it and filtered the noise such as light from lamp and sun (100Hz) and the electrical noise signal (50Hz). Figure 8: Schematic diagram of Filter Circuit

Reduction Circuit

Figure 9: Schematic diagram of Reduction Circuit As the noise are filtered or removed from Filter Circuit, to make sure that the circuit signal are genuine, the Reduction Circuit will be use. From this circuit, the noise

signal is reduced and only the useful signal is created. It also prevents the uncertainty error in reading the Infra Red and Red signal. Amplifier Circuit This amplifier circuit is to amplify the input signal from Reduction Circuit by four times. The component used is also can easily be found in the market. Every single circuit, Infra Red and Red have their own amplifier circuit. The output from the circuit is connected to the next circuit, which is microcontroller circuit that represents the overall analog output of the project.

Figure 10: Schematic diagram of Amplifier Circuit PIC Microcontroller Circuit This circuit is the interface unit between output of the PCB circuit and LCD display. The microcontroller that have been used is PIC 16F877A which is the common PIC microcontroller for the small and cheaper project. It has 40 pins, which divided in 4 different ports; port A, port B, port C and port D. Port B is the port to control the LCD display while Port C4 is a switch for the changes the mode in the result. The circuit contains of two 27 nF capacitors and 20MHz crystal to stabilize and hold the input data.

LCD Display

LCD Display is the last output and its function is to display the result of the measurement. This display is after the PIC Microcontroller Circuit. Its specification is from 16x2 characters that have two lines and 16 characters on every line. This component is very sensitive. Only 5V input can active the LCD as the exceed voltage will burn it.
LCD1
LM016L

V D D

V S S

V E E

R W

R S

D 0

D 1

D 2

D 3

D 4

D 5 P B 5

D 6 P B 6

G N D

1 0

1 1

1 2

1 3

G N D

V C C

V O

3 0

3 1

3 2

P B 0

P B 1

P B 2

P B 3

P B 4

27nF 20MHZ 13 14 CRYSTAL

U1
OSC1/CLKIN OSC2/CLKOUT RB0/INT RB1 RB2 RB3/PGM RB4 RB5 RB6/PGC RB7/PGD 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 15 16 17 18 23 24 25 26 19 20 21 22 27 28 29 30 D0 D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7

C2

27nF

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

VCC

RA0/AN0 RA1/AN1 RA2/AN2/VREF-/CVREF RA3/AN3/VREF+ RA4/T0CKI/C1OUT RA5/AN4/SS/C2OUT RC0/T1OSO/T1CKI RE0/AN5/RD RC1/T1OSI/CCP2 RE1/AN6/WR RC2/CCP1 RE2/AN7/CS RC3/SCK/SCL RC4/SDI/SDA MCLR/Vpp/THV RC5/SDO RC6/TX/CK RC7/RX/DT RD0/PSP0 RD1/PSP1 RD2/PSP2 RD3/PSP3 RD4/PSP4 RD5/PSP5 RD6/PSP6 RD7/PSP7 PIC16F877A

P B 7 SW ITCH

C1

Figure 11: Schematic circuit for PIC Microcontroller and LCD Display 4.0 RESULT

Printed Circuit Board (PCB) As the convenient and effective way of the circuits arrangement, Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is used as the best solution to obtain the objective. The overall circuits are first build on the protoboard before transferred to PCB after the testing and obtaining the preliminary result. PCB is started by drawing the schematic circuits in the layout in the PROTEUS 7 software, which is the specific software for PCB. Then the layout of the schematic circuits will be generated to the next stage, which is transferring to the PCB layout. Figure 12 shows the overall Printed Circuit Board for the project.

1 4

D 7

Figure 12: The overall Printed Circuit Board for the project 5.0 CONCLUSION This devise is designed to build the low cost portable medical uses, in order to solve the budget constraint. Beside that, this device also a portable medical uses with simple circuit and new technology requirement, which use MOSFET transistor circuit. Therefore, new device that produce the same precise and accurate measurement but low cost can be manufacture to the market. As the usual disease that attack people is heart attack, this new devise can help to control the heart disease as it can be buy by most of the people. New technology with great modification can help human to counter many problems such as the cost, size, mobility and the accuracy. A little twist of technology can bring an impact to the design. New design should be obtained as it can improve our life and brighten up our days.