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Vi khun Salmonella
1/ Nguyn L Hoang 2/ Nguyn Thi Kim Vn 3/ Nguyn Thi Ai Nhung 4/ H Thi Bich Phng 5/ L Thi Thu Trang 6/ L Nguyn Nhn Lun 7/ Vo Hoang Nguyt Anh 8/ Hoang Ngoc Duy Quang
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
MUC LUC
Gii thiu chung................................................................................3 I/ c im ......................................................................................4 1. Hinh thai.................................................................................4 2. Cu tao...................................................................................4 3. Dinh dng sinh trng trao i cht..............................6 II/ Cac loai thng gp...................................................................7 III/ Kha nng gy c.....................................................................9 1. Thc phm hay ly nhim......................................................9 2. C ch gy nhim..................................................................11 3. Triu chng...........................................................................13 4. Phng phap phat hin..........................................................14 5. iu tr..................................................................................15 6. Bin phap phong bnh...........................................................15 Tai liu tham khao............................................................................17
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
I/ C IM : 1. Hinh thai :
Salmonella do Daniel E. Salmon (1850 1914) pht hin ra nm 1885. Nm 1880 Grafhy a m ta hinh anh vi khun quan sat c trn tiu ban va la ngi u tin phn lap c S.typhi vao nm 1884. Salmonella l vi sinh vt thuc h vi khun ng rut Enterobacteriaceae. Salmonella l vi khun Gram m (khi nhum bng k thut Gram th vi khun bt mu hng ), hinh que, kch thc khong 0,6- 2,0 mm, hiu kh v k kh ty y, C tin mao, c th di ng (tr S.gallinarum v S.pullorum) , khng to bo t, kem khang vi th gii bn ngoai sinh hi ln men dextrosa, sinh kh ihyrosunfua (H2S).
2. Cu tao :
Salmonella c ba loi khng nguyn - l nhng cht khi xut hin trong c th th to ra kch thch p ng min dch v kt hp c hiu vi nhng sn phm ca s kch thch - gm : khng nguyn thn O, khng nguyn lng H v khng nguyn v K. Vi khun thng hn ( S.typhi ) c khng nguyn V (Virulence) l yu t chng thc bo gip cho vi khun thng hn pht trin bn trong t bo bch cu. Khng nguyn vch t bo (khng nguyn thn O): Thnh phn c bn l vch t bo co cu truc phc tap gm 2 lp. Trong cng l mt lp peptidoglycan mng, cch mt lp khng gian chu cht v ti lp mng ngoi (outer membrane) l phc hp lipidpolysaccharide gm lipoprotein v lipopolysaccharide.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
Bao bn ngoi lp peptidoglycan l lp phospholipid A v B (quyt nh c t ca Ni c t), sau l hai lp polysaccharide khng mang tnh c hiu. Khng nguyn ca ni c t c bn cht ha hc l lypopolysaccharide (LPS). Tnh c hiu ca khng nguyn O v LPS l mt, nhng tnh min dch th khc nhau : khng nguyn O ngoi LPS cn bao gm c lp peptidoglycan nn tnh sinh min dch ca n mnh hn LPS. Mng ngoi c cu trc gn ging t bo cht nhng phospholipid hu nh ch gp lp trong, cn lp ngoi l lipopolysaccharide dy khong 810 nm gm 3 thnh phn : - Lipid A. - Polysaccharide li. - Khng nguyn O. Mng ngoi cn c thm cc protein:
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Protein c cht: porin vi khun cn gi l protein l xuyn mng vi chc nng cho php mt s loi phn t i qua chng nh dipeptide, disaccharide, cc ion v c.
Protein mng ngoi: chc nng vn chuyn mt s phn t ring bit v a qua mng ngoi. Lipoprotein: ng vai tr lin kt lp peptidoglycan bn trong vi lp mng ngoi. Khng nguyn v (khng nguyn K kapsule) : bn cht ha
hc ca v vi khun l polypeptid hoc polysaccharide. V ca vi khun gy min dch khng mnh nhng khi gn vi t bo vi khun v vn gy c min dch. Khng nguyn v c dng phn loi cc chng Salmonella. Khng nguyn lng (khng nguyn H) : c tng hp t cc acid amin dng D (dng t gp trong t nhin). Do vic x l khng nguyn ca cc t bo min dch khng thun li v p ng khng th khng mnh. Khi cc si lng b kt hp bi cc khng th c hiu, lng s b bt ng, vi
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
khun khng th di chuyn c. Khng nguyn lng c dng phn loi mt s chng Salmonella.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
S.typhi (trc khun Eberth, 1880): chi gy bnh cho ngi, la cn nguyn gy bnh thng han quan trong nht.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
+ S.paratyphi A : chi gy bnh cho ngi, la cn nguyn gy bnh thng han, ty l gy bnh nc ta ng sau S.typhi. + S.paratyphi B : chu yu gy bnh ngi. Tai cac nc chu Phi, ty l vi khun nay gy nhim rt cao. Chng l cn nguyn gy ra bnh ph thng hn. + S.paratyphi C : va co kha nng gy bnh thng han, va co kha nng gy vim da day, rut va nhim khun huyt. Thng gp cac nc ng Nam chu A. - S.enteritidis (trc khun Gartner, 1888 ) v S.typhimurium (trc khun Nocard, 1892 ): va co kha nng gy bnh cho ngi va co kha nng gy bnh cho ng vt. Chung la nguyn nhn chu yu cua bnh nhim c thc n do Salmonella. - S.choleraesuis : la cn nguyn thng gp trong nhim khun huyt do Salmonella nc ta. Mt s bnh thng gp ng vt do Salmonella gy ra: pho thng han bo va ln, bnh sy thai cu va nga, bnh bach ly ga, bnh thng han chut, bnh vim phi bo... Mt s chung Salmonella khc: S.thompson, S.derby, S.newport, S.kissangani, S.senflenberg, S.meleagnidis, S.anatum, S.aberdeeh, S.panama, S.montevideo, S.dublin, S.london, S.anatum, S.minnesota, S.gallinarum
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
nn trng ca n cng b nhim v vi khun ny c th xuyn qua v trng v sinh sn trong lng trng. Trng hp ny khng p dng c kiu thanh trng Pasteur, nhng mn trn vi mayonaire phi kim tra k.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
Cc sn phm sa nh sa khng thanh trng, phomt t sa ti, kem cht bo sa, v cc sn phm t sa ni chung c ch bin t cc nng tri, cc thit b u c th gy nhim vo nguyn liu, to mi trng thun li cho Salmonella, v t gy nhim c cho sn phm sa. Nu tin hnh axit ha chm th vi khun d dng sinh sn trong phomt nhng n b ph hy vi pH < 4,5 ( pH Anh). Nhng sn phm c sa phi c gim st cht ch bi chng khng c thanh trng na, v vy nu c Salmonella trong sa bt th chng vn c th sinh sn c bi chng c kh nng tn ti iu kin kh hn v ly nhim sang cc sn phm khc. i vi cacao v socola: Cacao c rang cn socola c thanh trng Pasteur tiu dit Salmonella, cng c th sau khi thanh trng cn st Salmonella trong socola. C trng hp nhim t cht bo ca sa nhng phn ln l t trng ti b sung vo cc n. Nc b nhim bi do ri phn sc vt v cc bin ti sng hoc cha chn, c bit l ng vt thn mm, 2 mnh v cc nc ang pht trin, nc nng nghip. Trc kia,loi Srovar typhi nhim nhiu nht vo ng vt thn mm, nc khng qua x l Clo, hay phn ngi b thng hn. Hoa qu v rau xanh: c th b nhim khi ra bng nc b nhim khun hoc bi ngi ra mang vi khun. Salmonella sinh sn tt trong qu da v c th chu c nhit khi thanh trng pasteur khng y hoc b nhim sau khi thanh trng. Hay c th b nhim t nc to khng thanh trng. Sn phm ng cc: t u tng, c linh lng, ng cc ch bin v cc mn khai v, bnh m, bt u tng c th l ngun Salmonella do b nhim t khi trng do bn phn v khi sn xut m ngm trong thi gian di nhit thng. Nu dng nhng sn phm ny ngay m khng x l nhit th c nguy c b nhim Salmonella. Trng hp ng cc c ch bin v cc mn khai v, c th s b nhim t nguyn liu nh: trng, sa, vitamin, cht ngt v cht to mu.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
Cc thc phm n nhanh nh loi bnh c tht, sa hoc trng, c th b nhim khun, nht l nhit bnh thng. Thc phm nhim Salmonella khng bi phn giai Prtein, c tinh sinh hoa khng bi thay i nn trang thai cam quan thc phm rt kho phat hin.
Mu Nui cy lm giu 370C trong 24h Nui cy phn lp 370C trong 24h
Mi trng TSI
2. C ch gy nhim :
Tt c cc kiu huyt thanh Salmonella u mang cm gen inv (invasion) gip cho qu trnh xm nhim vo trong thnh rut ca ngi v ng vt, m u ca tin trnh gy bnh. Cm gen ny nm trong h thng gen SPI - 1 (Salmonella pathogenicity island) c mt trong tt c cc Salmonella, t nhm tin ho thp nht l S. bongori n nhm tin ho cao nht l S. enterica I. InvA l mt bn gen lun c mt trong h thng gen inv.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
S xm nhim Salmonella vo c th vt ch v gy bnh c thc hin ch yu qua ng tiu ho vi biu hin ph bin nht l gy tiu chy, i khi l thng hn v ph thng hn. Salmonella chu yu gy bnh bng ni c t. Ni c t chu c nhit si v khng b phn hy bi protease, tnh khng nguyn yu v khng sn xut c thnh khng nguyn. Tri li ngoi c t gy bnh, Salmonella xm nhp vao c th theo ng tiu hoa do thc n, nc ung bi nhim bn, s lng gy bnh chi khoang 10 5 n 107. Cc chng Salmonella thng sn sinh ra 1 entertoxin c bn cht lipopolysaccharide vn c kh nng tc ng n nhiu m khc nhau, n cc chc nng ca m. Tuy nhin trong trng hp nhim c thc phm cht c ny ch c tc dng khi n c gii phng vo trong rut t nhng vi khun sng v ang trong pha sinh sn. Khi n cc bo t sng th c th sinh bnh song khi n cc vi khun b cht do nhit th khng b nh hng g. Sau khi i vao ng tiu hoa, vi khun bam vao nim mac rut non ri xm nhp qua nim mac vao cac hach mac trn rut. y, chung nhn ln ri qua h thng bach huyt va ng ngc i vao mau, luc nay du hiu lm san bt u xut hin. T mau, vi khun n l lach va cac c quan khac: + Ti mang Payer, vi khun tip tuc nhn ln. + Ti gan theo mt xung rut ri c ao thai qua phn. + Ti thn, mt s vi khun c ao thai ra ngoai theo nc tiu. Salmonella gy bnh bng s xm nhp cua ban thn vi khun pha huy t chc t bao bng ni c t cua Salmonella khi bi cht. Ng c do Salmonella cn co 2 iu kin: + Thc n phai nhim mt lng ln vi khun sng, vi tinh cht gy ng c cua vi khun rt yu + Vi khun vao c th phai tit ra mt lng ln c t.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
3. Triu chng :
Ni c t kich thich thn kinh giao cam rut gy hoai t, chay mau, vi tri tn thng thng cac mang Payer. Co th gp bin chng thung rut do bnh nhn n sm khi cha binh phuc, nht la cac thc n cng. Thi gian u bnh t 6 72 gi ( trung binh t 12 36h), ni c t theo mau ln kich thich trung tm thn kinh thc vt nao tht ba. Giai oan toan phat thn nhit tng cao nhng nhip tim khng tng. Bnh nhn thng co du hiu li bi, mt moi, chan n, mt tai nht, nn, ma, au bung, xut hin nhng ban o sm vung ngang tht lng, co th hn m. Nhng ngi bi nhim bnh Salmonella co th co triu chng nhe hoc khng co gi ca. St 39 400C co th keo dai 3 7 ngay du hiu in hinh mach va nhit phn ly (him gp). au bung, i ngoai phn nhy, i nhiu ln trong ngay. Vim khp xut hin 3 4 ngay sau khi mc bnh. Bnh nhn nu khng c cp cu kip thi co th bi t vong (ti l <1%). iu tri khng kip thi, khng u liu va ung phac , ngi bi bnh co th ht cac triu chng lm sang nhng tr thanh ngi lanh mang trung do vi khun con tn tai trong tui mt. Vi khun c a xung rut theo tng t co bop cua tui mt khng gy tn thng cho ngi bnh nhng vi khun lun c thai ra ngoai vi mt lng ln. y la ngun ly nhim rt ln i vi mi trng xung quanh, c bit nguy him nu nhng ngi nay tip xuc vao qua trinh ch bin thc phm. Mt s loai Salmonella chi gy nhim khun ngi ln nhng lai co th gy ra tinh trang bnh ly rt nng tre nho va tre s sinh nh nhim khun huyt, nhim trung, vim mang nao.
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
5. iu tri :
Nhng khng sinh thng c dng iu tr Salmonella galiinarum l chloramphenicol v ampicillin. Trc y, chloramphenicol l loi khng sinh c hiu lc gn nh tuyt i trong iu tr cc Salmonella ni chung v cc Salmonella gy bnh thng hn ni ring. Tuy nhin chung ta cn chu y n hai nguyn tc c ban : + Luc u khng c dung liu thuc qua manh tai vi nh th co th dit vi khun lam chung nha ra nhiu c t co th nguy hai n tim, thn kinh h lam bnh nhn co th cht bt thn. + Nn dung thuc t 1 2 tun l sau khi ha nhit vi vi khun con n trn trong hach hay tui mt d co nguy c tai phat sau nay. Hin nay, t l Salmonella gallinarum khng thuc ngy cng tng. nc ta, nhng nm gn y xut hin nhng v dch thng hn do vi khun khng thuc gy nn. Theo kt qu ca Chng trnh quc gia gim st tnh khng thuc ca cc loi vi khun gy bnh cng b nm 1999, c ti 40% S. typhi (phn lp nm 1998) khng li ampicillin v 62% khng li chloramphenicol .
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
trong t lnh, nht l nhit thng. Thit ng lanh phai c lam tan o phong lanh ch khng c ra bng nhit phong hay bng nc m. Bao quan thc n a nu chin trong cac hp cha nho. Tranh gy tai nhim vi khun trong bp sau khi thc n a c nu chin, thc phm ti sng ring vi thc phm nu chin, Thanh tra v sinh va giam sat cn thn cac lo m, cac nha may ch bin thc n, cac ca hang thit trng. Thc hin ung quy ch v sinh trong cac khu san xut vn chuyn, bao quan, d tr Thng xuyn kim tra sc khoe ngi ch bin hoc tip xuc vi thc phm, xet nghim phn sm phat hin cach ly va iu tri ngi lanh mang trung. Tuyn truyn giao duc v sinh, n chin - ung si, ra tay trc khi n va sau khi i v sinh. Trong vng c nhiu ngi mc bnh hoc vng b l lt, nhim mi trng nng cn c st khun bng dung dch Cloramin B, vi bt. nhng ni bnh thng hn thng xuyn xy ra nn tim phng bng vaccin, ty tng hiu lc ca tng loi vaccin c th tim nhc li sau 2 - 5 nm. S dung Vacxin phong bnh thng han do Vi khun Salmonella gy ra c s dung cha khang nguyn V cua S.typhi a vao c th bng ng tim vi 1 liu 25mg co hiu lc bao v 70%. Tai Vit Nam co 2 loai Vacxin thng han thng s dung : + Vacxin thng han tim (injection) : tn thng mai Typhim Vi NSX Vin Bao Ch Pasteur Merieux Connaught Phap. + Vacxin thng han Zerotyph Cap Ung. Nha bao ch Boryung Biopharma Co.Gtd Han Quc
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
lng an toan thc phm PGS.TS Nguyn Phung Tin, PGS.TS Bui Minh c, GS.TS Nguyn Vn Dip.
12. c t hc v an ton thc phm L Ngc T 13. T in Y hoc GS.TS Nguyn Sao Trung 14. Foodborn
pathogens
Hazards,
rick
analysis
and
control
Microbiology a human Perspective Eugene W.Nester, Denise G.Anderson, C.Evans Roberts Jr, Nancy N.Pearjall
16. http://www.about-salmonella.com/ 17. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmonella 18. http://www.who.int/topics/salmonella/en/ 19. http://www.cdc.gov/salmonella/ 20. http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/salmonella.html
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Nhom 2 Lp 08DTP06
Vi khun Salmonella
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