HIDRO CACBON THM

1. ng phn v danh php:

V d 1: S ng phn hidrocacbon thm ca C
8
H
10
l:
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
Hng dn gii
CH
2
-
CH
3
1

CH
3
1
H
3
C 3

CH
3
1
CH
3
2

CH
3
1
H
3
C
4

etyl benzen 1,3- imetylbenzen 1,2- imetylbenzen 1,4- imetylbenzen
(m-xilen) (o-xilen) (p-xilen)
=>C
8
H
10
c 4 ng phn hidrocacbon thm.
V d 2: Vit CTCT v gi tn hiro cacbon thm c CTPT: C
9
H
12.
Hng dn gii
CH
2
-
-CH
2
-
-CH
3

CH
-
CH
3
CH
3

CH
2
-CH
3
CH
3
1
2

CH
2
-CH
3
CH
3
1
3

CH
2
-CH
3
H
3
C
1
4

Propylbenzen ; isopropylbenzen ; 1- etyl-2-metylbenzen; 1- etyl-3-metylbenzen; 1- etyl-4-metylbenzen
(o- etyltoluen) (m- etyltoluen) (p- etyltoluen)
CH
3
CH
3
1
2
CH
3
3

CH
3
CH
3
1
2
H
3
C
4

CH
3
1
CH
3
H
3
C
3
5

1,2,3- trimetylbenzen 1,2,4- trimetylbenzen 1,3,5- trimetylbenzen
=>S ng phn ca C
9
H
12
l: 8 ng phn.
2. Phn ng oxi ha hon ton(t chy ankyl benzen) C
n
H
2n-6
(n 6)
C
n
H
2n-6
+
2
3 3 n
O
2
nCO
2
+(n - 3)H
2
O

O H CO
n n
2 2
> n
ankyl benzen
=
3
2 2
O H CO
n n

Khi lng ca ankyl benzen l: n
ankyl benzen
=12.
2
CO
n +2.
O H
n
2

S nguyn t Cacbon: s C =
benzen ankyl
CO
n
n

2

V d 3: t chy ht m gam 2 ng ng ca benzen A, B thu c 8,1 gam H
2
O v 15,456 lt kh CO
2
. Cng
thc phn t ca A, B v m ln lt l:
A. C
6
H
6
, C
7
H
8
, 12,6 gam. B. C
7
H
8
, C
8
H
10
, 10,8 gam.
C. C
8
H
10
, C
9
H
12
, 9,18 gam. B. C
8
H
10
, C
8
H
8
, 10,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
t CTPT trung bnh ca A v B l C
n
H
2n-6
(n 6)
C
n
H
2n-6
+
2
3 3 n
O
2
nCO
2
+(n - 3)H
2
O
S mol : ) ( 45 , 0
18
1 , 8
2
mol n
O H
= = ; ) ( 69 , 0
4 , 22
456 , 15
4 , 22
2
mol
V
n
CO
= = =

O H CO
n n
2 2
> n
ankyl benzen
=
3
2 2
O H CO
n n
= ) ( 08 , 0
3
45 , 0 69 , 0
mol =

S nguyn t Cacbon: s C = 625 , 8
08 , 0
69 , 0

2
= =
benzen ankyl
CO
n
n
. CTPT l C
8
H
10
v C
9
H
12
.
Khi lng ca ankyl benzen l: n
ankyl benzen
=12.
2
CO
n +2.
O H
n
2
=12 . 0,69 +2 . 0,45 =9,18 (gam).
p n: C. C
8
H
10
, C
9
H
12
, 9,18 gam.
CC DNG TON V ANCOL (R-OH)

Dng 1: ng ng v danh php:
V d 4 : Vit ng phn ancol c CTPT C
4
H
10
OH l:
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-
2
H C
I
-OH : butan-1-ol. CH
3
- H C
II
(OH)-CH
2
-CH
3
: butan-2-ol.
CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-OH 2-metyl propan-1-ol; (CH
3
)
3
-
III
C-OH: 2-metyl propan-2-ol;
V d 5 : Cng thc cu to v tn gi cc hp cht C
7
H
8
O

O - CH
3
CH
2
- OH OH
CH
3
OH
OH
CH
3
CH
3
metyl phenyl ete ancol benzylic o-cresol
p-cresol m-cresol

Dng 2:Gii ton da vo phn ng th nguyn t H nhm -OH
Cho ancol hoc hn hp ancol tc dng vi Na, K... thu c mui ancolat v H
2
R(OH)
x
+ xNa R(ONa)
x
+
x
2
H
2
(1)
+Nu
2
H
ancol
n
1
n 2
=
ancol n chc.(R-OH) S mol ca ancol : n
ancol n chc
=2
2
H
n
+Nu
2
H
ancol
n
1
n
=
ancol 2 chc(
2 4 2
(OH) H C
glicol Etylen
) S mol ca ancol : n
ancol 2 chc
=
2
H
n
+Nu
2
H
ancol
n
3
n 2
=
ancol 3 chc(
3 5 3
) (OH H C
Glixerol
)S mol ca ancol : n
ancol 3 chc
=
2
3
2
H
n
- Trong phn ng th ca ancol vi Na, K ta lun c:
2
Na H
n 2n =

Khi lng phn t ca ancol l: 14n +18 =
ancol
ancol
n
m
(vi n l s Cacbon).
Bo ton khi lng: m
ancol
+m
Na
=m
rn
+
2
H
m
(vi m
Na
=23 . 2 . X ;
2
H
m =2 . X ; vi X l s mol ca hidro (
2
H
n )
V d 6: Cho 11 gam hn hp gm A, B l hai ancol no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng
ht vi Na thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc). A, B c cng thc phn t ln lt l:
A. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
OH B. C
2
H
5
OH, C
3
H
7
OH C. C
3
H
7
OH, C
4
H
9
OH D. C
4
H
9
OH, C
5
H
11
OH
Hng dn gii:
S mol hidro thu c l: ) ( 15 , 0
4 , 22
36 , 3
4 , 22
2
mol
V
n
H
= = =
Cch 1: Phng trnh phn ng: 2
2
2 2 ROH Na ROH H + +
0,3 mol 0,15 mol

7 , 36
3 , 0
11
= = =
ancol
ancol
ROH
n
m
M 2 ancol k tip l CH
3
OH (M

=32 >36,7) v C
2
H
5
OH (M
R
=46 >36,7)
Cch 2: Khi lng phn t ca ancol l: 14n +18 =
ancol
ancol
n
m
(vi n l s Cacbon)
=>14n +18 =
3 , 0
11
n =1,3 =>Chn p n: A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH
V d 7: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht vi 9,2 gam
Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH C. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH D. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
m
ancol
+m
Na
=m
cht rn
+
2
H
m
2
H
m =15,6 +9,2 24,5 =0,3 (g)
2
0,3
0,15
2
H
n mol = =
Phng trnh phn ng: 2
2
2 2 ROH Na ROH H + +
0,3 mol 0,15 mol
15,6
52 35
0,3
ROH R M M = = =
2 ancol k tip l C
2
H
5
OH (M
R
=29 <35) v C
3
H
7
OH (M
R
=34 > 35) p n: B
Dng 3: Phn ng chy ca ancol, no n chc, mch h.
C
n
H
2n+2
O +
3
2
n
nCO
2
+(n+1) H
2
O
Ta lun c:
2 2
H O CO
n n > v
2 2
ancol H O CO
n n n = v
2
O
n
phn ng
=
2
3
2
CO
n

V d 8: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol A v B thuc dy ng ng ca ancol metylic ngi ta
thu c 70,4 gam CO
2
v 39,6 gam H
2
O. CTPT ca A, B v m ln lt l:
A. C
2
H
3
OH v C
3
H
5
OH v 16,6 gam B. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH v 33,2 gam
C. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH v 33,2 gam D. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH v 11 gam
Hng dn gii
S mol : ) ( 2 , 2
18
6 , 39
2
mol n
O H
= = ; ) ( 6 , 1
44
4 , 70
2
mol
M
m
n
CO
= = = =>
2 2
H O CO
n n > v
2 2
ancol H O CO
n n n =
n
ancol
=2,2 1,6 =0,6 (mol) => S C = 7 , 2
6 , 0
6 , 1
2
= =
ancol
CO
n
n
. CTPT l C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH
Khi lng ca ancol no, n chc l:
m
ancol
=12.
2
CO
n +2 .
O H
n
2
+16 . n
ancol
=12 . 1,6 +2 . 2,2 +16 . 0,6 =33,2 (gam) p n: C
Dng 4: Gii ton da vo phn ng tch H
2
O
1. Tch nc to anken: xc tc H
2
SO
4
c t
o
170
o
C
- Nu mt ancol tch nc cho ra 1 anken duy nht ancol l ancol no n chc c s C 2.
- Nu mt hn hp 2 ancol tch nc cho ra mt anken duy nht trong hn hp 2 ancol phi c ancol
metylic (CH
3
OH) hoc 2 ancol l ng phn ca nhau.
- Ancol bc bao nhiu, tch nc cho ra ti a by nhiu anken khi tch nc mt ancol cho mt anken
duy nht th ancol l ancol bc 1 hoc ancol c cu to i xng cao.
- Trong phn ng tch nc to anken ta lun c:

2
ancol anken H O
n n n E = E = E
v
2
ancol anken H O
m m m E = E + E
2. Tch nc to ete: xc tc H
2
SO
4
c t
o
=140
o
C
- Tch nc t n phn t ancol cho ra
( 1)
2
n n+
ete, trong c n phn t ete i xng.
- Trong phn ng tch nc to ete ta lun c:

2
2 2
ancol bi ete hoa ete H O
n n n E = E = E
v

2
ancol ete H O
m m m E = E + E
- Nu hn hp cc ete sinh ra c s mol bng nhau th hn hp cc ancol ban u cng c s mol bng nhau.
* Lu : Trong phn ng tch nc ca ancol X, nu sau phn ng thu c cht hu c Y m:
Nu d
Y/X
<1 hay 1
Y
X
M
M
< cht hu c Y l anken. Nu: d
Y/X
>1 hay 1
Y
X
M
M
> cht hu c Y l ete.
V d 9 : un nng hn hp gm 2 ancol no n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
0
C thu c 21,6 gam H
2
O v 72
gam hn hp 3 ete c s mol bng nhau. CTPT ca 2 ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH; C
3
H
7
OH B. CH
3
OH; C
5
H
11
OH C. CH
3
OH; C
4
H
19
OH D. CH
3
OH; C
2
H
5
OH
Hng dn gii
S mol H
2
O l: ) ( 2 , 1
18
6 , 21
2
mol n
O H
= = v
2
2 2
ancol bi ete hoa ete H O
n n n E = E = E =>n
ancol
=2 . 1,2 =2,4 mol

2
ancol ete H O
m m m E = E + E

=>m
ancol
=72 +21,6 =93,6 (gam).
Khi lng phn t ca ancol l: 14n +18 =
ancol
ancol
n
m
(vi n l s Cacbon)
14n +18 =
4 , 2
6 , 93
n =1,5 =>Chn CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH
V d 10: Cho m(g) hn hp glixerol v etanol tc dng vi Na d to ra 4,48 lt kh H
2
( ktc) . Cng m(g)
trn ha tan ti a 4,9g Cu(OH)
2
. Gi tr m l :
A. 27,6 gam B. 9,2 gam. C. 18,4 gam. D. 25,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
CH
2
OH
2CH OH
CH
2
OH
+ Cu(OH)
2
CH
2
O
CH O
CH
2
OH
+ 2H
2
O
CH
2
O
CH O
CH
2
HO
Cu
H
H

n
(glixerol)
=2n
Cu(OH)2=2 . 0,05 =0,1 (mol) (ch c glixerol tc dng c vi Cu(OH)
2
to ra dung dch mu xanh).
CH
2
OH
2CH OH
CH
2
OH
+ 6Na
t
o
CH
2
ONa
2CH ONa
CH
2
ONa
+ 3H
2

0,1 mol.........................................................................0,15 mol
2C
2
H
5
OH +2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa +H
2
|
x (mol)..................................0,5. x (mol)
M s mol hidro l: n
H2
=0,2 (mol) =0,15 +0,5 . x =>x =0,1 (mol) ca C
2
H
5
OH.
Gi tr m l: m =m
glixerol
+m
etanol
=0,1 . 92 +0,1. 46 =13,8 (gam).
V d 11: Mt hn hp ancol etylic v phenol tc dng vi Na d thot ra 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc). trung ha hon
ton hn hp cn dng 250 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Tnh phn khi lng mi cht trong hn hp.
A. 16,1 v 23,5 B. 12,8 v 10,5 C. 13,6 v 9,8 D. 20,1 v 12,4
Hng dn gii:
S mol H
2
=
4 , 22
72 , 6
4 , 22
=
V
=0,3 (mol); n
KOH
=C
M
. V
dd
=0,25 . 1 =0,25 (mol)
2C
2
H
5
OH +2Na 2C
2
H
5
ONa +H
2
|
2C
6
H
5
OH +2Na 2C
6
H
5
ONa +H
2
|
Theo PTHH: tng s mol ancol v phenol =0,3 2 =0,6
C
6
H
5
OH + KOH C
6
H
5
OK +H
2
O
0,25 mol<-- 0,25 mol
Theo PTHH: S mol: n
phenol
=0,25 (mol) n
ancol
=0,6 0,25 =0,35 (mol).
=>Khi lng : m
phenol
=94 0,25 =23,5 (gam) v m
ancol
=46 0,35 =16,1 (gam)
Gio Vin: L B Nhn http://lebanhan.tk