Do An Minh D06VT

n tt nghip Mc lc
MC LC
Nguyn Vn Minh - Lp D2006VT2
i
n tt nghip Thut ng vit tt
THUT NG VIT TT
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project D n hp tc th h th ba
A
ADC Analog-to-Digital Conversion Chuyn i tng t-s
AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding iu ch & m ha thch ng
AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise Tp m Gauss trng cng
B
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel Knh iu khin qung b
BCH Broadcast Channel Knh qung b
BIP Binary-Integer Program Chng trnh s nguyn nh phn
BMNS
Block Allocation for Minimum
Number of Subchannels
Gn khi vi s lng knh con
nh nht
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha nh phn
BSS Base Station System H thng trm gc
BTS Base Transceiver Station Trm pht p gc
C
CAZAC
Constant Amplitude Zero Auto-
Correlation
T tng quan khng bin
khng i
CCCH Common Control Channel Knh iu khin chung
CCDF
Complementary Cumulative
Distribution Function
Hm phn b tch ly b
CDF Cumulative Distribution Function Hm phn b tch ly
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CP Cyclic Prefix Tin t tun hon
ii
CQI Channel Quality Indicator Ch nh cht lng knh
CSI Channel State Information Thng tin trng thi knh
D
DAC Digital-to-Analog Conversion Chuyn i s-tng t
DCCH Dedicated Control Channel Knh iu khin dnh ring
DFDMA
Distributed Frequency Division
Multiple Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
phn tn
DFT Discrete Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier ri rc
DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel Knh chia s ng xung
E
E-MBMS
Enhanced Multimedia
Broadcast/Multicast Service
Dch v qung b/multicast a
phng tin tin tin
E-UTRA
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access
a truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton
cu tng cng
E-UTRAN
Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access Network
Mng a truy nhp v tuyn mt
t ton cu tng cng
F
FDD Frequency Division Duplex Song cng phn chia theo tn s
FDE Frequency Domain Equalization Cn bng trong min tn s
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
FFT Fast Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier nhanh
G
GP Guard Period Khong bo v
GSM Global System for Mobile H thng di ng ton cu
H
iii
HARQ
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
HSDPA
Yu cu lp li t ng lai ghp
I
IBI Inter-Block Interference Nhiu xuyn khi
ICI Inter-Carrier Interference Nhiu xuyn knh
IDFT Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform Bin i Fourier ri rc ngc
IEEE
Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
Vin k s in, in t
IFDMA
Interleave Distributed Frequency
Division Multiple Access
an xen
IMT-2000
International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000
Vin thng di ng quc t - 2000
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
ISI Inter-Symbol Interference Nhiu xuyn k hiu
ITU
International Telecommunication
Union
Lin minh Vin thng Quc t
L
LFDMA
Localized Frequency Division
Multiple Access
cc b (tp trung)
LTE Long Term Evolution S pht trin di hn
M
MAC Medium Access Control iu khin truy nhp mi trng
MBMS
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast
Service
Dch v qung b/multicast a
phng tin
MBS Multicast and Broadcast Service Dch v qung b v multicast
MCCH Multicast Control Channel Knh iu khin Multicast
MCH Multicast Channel Knh Multicast
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output Nhiu u vo, nhiu u ra
iv
MMSE Minimum Mean Squared Error
Li trung bnh qun phng nh
nht
MTCH Multicast Traffic Channel Knh lu lng multicast
MUI Maximum Ultility Increase Tng c ch ln nht
O
OFDM
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiplexing
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao
OFDMA
Orthogonal Frequency Division
Multiple Access
trc giao
P
PAPR Peak-to-Average Power Ratio
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut
trung bnh
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel Knh qung b vt l
PCCH Paging Control Channel Knh iu khin tm gi
PCFICH
Physical Control Format Indicator
Channel
Knh ch nh khun dng iu
khin vt l
PCH Paging Channel Knh tm gi
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
Knh iu khin ng xung vt
l
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel Knh chia s ng xung vt l
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng mt t cng cng
PMCH Physical Multicast Channel Knh multicast vt l
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l
PS Pulse Shaping nh dng xung
PSD Power Spectral Density Mt ph cng sut
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel Knh iu khin ng ln vt l
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Knh chia s ng ln vt l
v
Q
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
QPSK Quaternary Phase Shift Keying Kha dch pha cu phng
R
RACH Random Access Channel Knh truy nhp ngu nhin
RAN Radio Access Network Mng truy nhp v tuyn
RB Resource Block Khi ti nguyn
RF Radio Frequency Tn s v tuyn
RLC Radio Link Control iu khin lin kt v tuyn
RNC Radio Network Controller B iu khin mng v tuyn
RNS Radio Network System H thng mng v tuyn
RS Reference Signal Tn hiu tham chiu (hoa tiu)
S
SC Single Carrier n sng mang
SC/FDE
Single Carrier with Frequency Domain
Equalization
n sng mang / Cn bng trong
min tn s
SC-
CFDMA
Single Carrier Code-Frequency
Division Multiple Access
m ha n sng mang
SC-
FDMA
Single Carrier Frequency Division
Multiple Access
n sng mang
SDMA Spatial Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia khng gian
SER Symbol Error Rate T s li k hiu
SIM Subscriber Identity Module Module nhn dng thu bao
SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn tp m
vi
T
TDD Time Division Duplex Song cng phn chia theo thi gian
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access a truy nhp phn chia thi gian
TS Technical Specification c t k thut
TSG Technical Specification Group Nhm c t k thut
TTI Transmission Time Interval Khong thi gian truyn dn
U
UE User Equipment Thit b ngi dng
UL-SCH Uplink Shared Channel Knh chia s ng xung
UMB Ultra Mobile Broadband Siu bng rng di ng
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
H thng vin thng di ng ton
cu
UpPTS Uplink Pilot Time Slot
Khe thi gian hoa tiu ng
xung
USIM UMTS Subscriber Identity Module Module nhn dng thu bao UMTS
UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton
cu
UTRAN
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access
Network
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
ton cu
W
WCDMA
Wideband Code Division Multiple
Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
bng rng
Z
ZF Zero Focing Cng bc khng
vii
n tt nghip Danh mc hnh v
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1.1: H thng iu ch a sng mang tng qut......................................................................2
Hnh 1.2: Ph tn hiu OFDM..........................................................................................................2
Hnh 1.3: p ng ca knh v cc sng mang con trong min tn s............................................3
Hnh 1.4: X l tn hiu OFDM.......................................................................................................3
Hnh 1.5: Cc thnh phn ca my pht OFDM..............................................................................4
Hnh 1.6: tng c bn ca FDE..................................................................................................6
Hnh 1.7: S khi ca cc h thng SC/FDE v OFDM.............................................................7
Hnh 1.8: Tin t tun hon (CP).....................................................................................................7
Hnh 1.9: My thu OFDM v SC/FDE.............................................................................................8
Hnh 1.10: So snh cc k hiu OFDM v SC/FDE........................................................................9
Hnh 1.11: Cu trc my pht v my thu ca h thng SC-FDMA v OFDM............................10
Hnh 1.12: Qu trnh to cc k hiu pht SC-FDMA...................................................................11
Hnh 1.13: B lc cosin tng v cn bc hai cosin tng.................................................................13
Hnh 1.14: Cu trc my thu SC-FDMA cho mt h thng truy nhp a ngi dng..................14
Hnh 1.15: Cc ch sp xp cc sng mang con ( phn tn v tp trung).................................14
Hnh 1.16: Cc m hnh sp xp cc sng mang con.....................................................................15
Hnh 1.17: Cc phng php phn b cc sng mang con a ngi s dng................................16
Hnh 1.18: Sp xp cc sng mang con cho a ngi dng...........................................................18
Hnh 1.19: Sp xp cc sng mang con LFDMA cho a ngi dng............................................20
Hnh 1.20: Sp xp cc sng mang con DFDMA cho a ngi dng...........................................21
Hnh 1.21: Cc k hiu trong min thi gian ca cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con................21
Hnh 1.22: Biu din v thi gian v bng tn cc k hiu c iu ch t cc u cui...........23
Hnh 1.23: OFDMA nn rng bng tn truyn dn v m rng thi gian k hiu...................23
Hnh 1.24: SC-FDMA m rng bng tn truyn dn v nn thi gian k hiu............................23
Hnh 1.25: OFDMA v SC-FDMA; tch sng v cn bng...........................................................24
Hnh 2.1: Cu hnh c bn ca mt mng di ng mt t cng cng (PLMN) h tr cc dch v
chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS)........................................................................29
Hnh 2.2: Kin trc giao thc ca 3GPP LTE................................................................................35
Hnh 2.3: Cc knh ng xung...................................................................................................37
Hnh 2.4: Cc knh ng ln........................................................................................................38
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc khung cho truyn dn FDD (cu trc khung kiu 1).......................................40
Hnh 2.6: Cu trc khung cho truyn dn TDD (cu trc khung kiu 2).......................................40
Hnh 2.7: Li ti nguyn ng ln.............................................................................................41
Hnh 2.8: S sp xp ca mt khi ti nguyn vt l trong min tn s........................................43
Hnh 2.9: X l knh vt l ng ln c s.................................................................................44
Hnh 2.10: My pht SC-FDMA tng qut....................................................................................44
Hnh 2.11: iu ch sng mang v nng tn..................................................................................46
Hnh 2.12: iu ch SC-FDMA s dng DFT v IDFT................................................................46
Hnh 2.13: Cu trc khe thi gian ca knh PUSCH trong min tn s vi cu hnh truyn dn
5MHz (tin t tun hon thng thng).........................................................................................47
Hnh 2.14: Cu trc khe thi gian ng ln ca knh PUSCH trong min thi gian vi cu hnh
truyn dn 5MHz (tin t tun hon thng thng).......................................................................47
Hnh 2.15: Cc tn hiu tham chiu FDM v CDM cho 3 ngi s dng vi 12 sng mang con. 48
Hnh 4.1: Lu m phng k thut SC/FDE...............................................................................61
viii
n tt nghip Danh mc hnh v
Hnh 4.2: Lu m phng k thut OFDM.................................................................................61
Hnh 4.3: p ng knh trong min tn s ca hai m hnh knh ITU PedA v ITU VehA.........61
Hnh 4.4: Kt qu m phng t s li k hiu ca h thng SC/FDE trong cc m hnh knh khc
nhau v s dng cc phng php cn bng knh khc nhau........................................................63
Hnh 4.5: Kt qa m phng so snh t s li k hiu gia hai h thng SC/FDE v OFDM......63
Hnh 4.6: Lu m phng h thng SC-FDMA..........................................................................64
Hnh 4.7: Minh ha bng con cc b cho knh ITU PedA............................................................65
Hnh 4.8: Kt qu m phng so snh t s li k hiu gia hai m hnh sp xp sng mang con 65
Hnh 4.9: Lu m phng c tnh cng sut nh (PAPR) ca tn hiu SC-FDMA.................66
Hnh 4.10: Lu m phng c tnh cng sut nh (PAPR) ca tn hiu OFDMA...................66
Hnh 4.11: Kt qu m phng CCDF ca PAPR cho cc m hnh SC-FDMA ((a) khng nh
dng xung, (b) nh dng xung RC) v OFDMA ..........................................................................67
Hnh 4.12: Kt qu m phng CCDF ca PAPR cho m hnh LFDMA v OFDMA...................67
Hnh 4.13: Phn b tch ly tc tng v thi gian tnh ton trung bnh trong cc thut ton
phn b ti nguyn..........................................................................................................................69
Hnh 4.14: Phn b tch ly s sng mang con s dng v thi gian tnh ton trung bnh trong
cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn..................................................................................................69
ix
n tt nghip Danh mc bng biu
DANH MC BNG BIU
Bng 2.1: Tng hp v so snh gia WiMAX di ng, LTE v UMB..........................................32
Bng 2.2: Cc c t k thut ca LTE..........................................................................................33
Bng 2.3: Cc knh vt l...............................................................................................................35
Bng 2.4: Cc knh truyn ti........................................................................................................36
Bng 2.5: Cc knh logic................................................................................................................36
Bng 2.6: Cc k hiu vi lp vt l ng ln.............................................................................39
Bng 2.7: Tin t tun hon thng thng v tin t tun hon m rng......................................42
Bng 2.8: Cc c tnh ca khi ti nguyn...................................................................................42
Bng 3.1: Thut ton Greedy cho bi ton ti a ha tc tng (MUI)......................................55
Bng 3.2: Thut ton Greedy cho bi ton ti thiu ha s knh con s dng (BMNS)...............58
Bng 4.1: L lch tr cng sut ca hai m hnh knh ITU PedA v ITU VehA...........................60
Bng 4.2: Cc thng s thc hin m phng..................................................................................62
x
n tt nghip Li ni u
LI NI U
Ngy nay, thng tin di ng ang pht trin rt mnh m v khng ngng c ci
tin nhm p ng nhu cu trao i thng tin phong ph v a dng ca con ngi. Cc
th h mng thng tin di ng u tin c thng mi ha vo nhng nm 1980 s
dng a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA). Truyn dn s xut hin u tin vo
nhng nm 1990 vi phn ln cc h thng c trin khai a truy nhp phn chia theo
thi gian (TDMA) v mt s khc da vo phn chia theo m (CDMA). Cng ngh th h
th ba bt u t nm 2000 s dng phn chia theo m, trong khi cc th h mng thng
tin di dng tip theo ang c xu hng tr v cc k thut phn chia theo tn s.
Hin ti c hai xu hng s dng cng ngh FDMA ang cnh tranh nhau ginh
c ch ng trong cc mng thng tin di ng t bo th h k tip. Trong khi WiMAX,
c chun ha bi t chc IEEE s dng cng ngh OFDMA cho truyn dn ng ln
v ng xung th mt cng ngh tim tng khc l LTE (Long Term Evolution-S pht
trin di hn) c chun ha bi t chc hp tc th h th 3 (3GPP) li ch s dng
OFDMA cho truyn dn ng xung, trong khi ng ln s dng cng ngh a truy
nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang (SC-FDMA). Nhng thay i v mt thc thi
h thng ca SC-FDMA so vi OFDMA cng dn ti vic phn b ti nguyn trong h
thng cng b thay i.
Nhn thc r nhng yu cu tt yu trong vic phn b ti nguyn trong cc mng
thng tin di ng, c bit l tnh kh thi trong cc h thng LTE trong tng lai, cng
vi kin thc hc tp c ti Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng v nhng
nh hng ca thy gio Ths. Nguyn Vit m, em chn ti cho n tt nghip
i hc l:
Phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong h thng LTE
n c trnh by qua 4 chng nh sau:
Chng 1: K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang (SC-
FDMA). Trong chng ny, s trnh by v cng ngh SC-FDMA: xut pht im,
tng ca k thut; cc khi chc nng thc thi h thng, cc m hnh; ng thi so snh
n vi k thut OFDMA gii thch ti sao SC-FDMA c la chn cho truyn dn
ng ln trong cc h thng LTE.
xi
n tt nghip Li ni u
Chng 2: SC-FDMA trong 3GPP LTE. Chng ny i su vo cc c im k
thut ca SC-FDMA trong ng ln cc h thng LTE c a ra bi t chc 3GPP.
Khi qut v cc knh vt l, cu trc v mt thi gian v tn s ng ln v qu trnh
x l tn hiu s c trnh by trong chng ny.
Chng 3: Thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong h thng LTE.
Trong chng ny, s trnh by v ba bi ton phn b ti nguyn trong ng ln h
thng LTE. S c hai cch tip cn trong chng ny, cng thc ha bi ton v dng
chng trnh s nguyn nh phn sn c v xut cc thut ton cn ti u cho vic
phn b ti nguyn.
Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng. Chng ny s a ra cc m hnh
thc hin m phng cho h thng SC-FDMA v chop cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn
ng ln trong cc h thng LTE. Cc kt qu m phng cng c a ra nhm rt ra
nhng nh gi, kt lun.
c s quan tm gip v ch bo tn tnh trong nghin cu v cung cp ti liu
ca thy gio Ths. Nguyn Vit m v kin ng gp ca cc thy c gio trong b
mn v tuyn cng vi s n lc ca bn thn, n c hon thnh vi ni dung
mc nht nh. Tuy nhin do trnh v thi gian c hn, n chc chn khng
chn khi nhng sai st, knh mong cc thy c gio v cc bn sinh vin ng gp kin
chnh sa v hng pht trin tip theo n hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio Ths. Nguyn Vit m, cc thy c gio trong
b mn v tuyn v cc bn gip tn tnh trong thi gian hc tp v thc hin
n tt nghip ny.
H Ni, ngy 05 thng 12 nm 2010
Ngi lm n
Sinh vin: Nguyn Vn Minh
xii
n tt nghip Chng 1: K thut SC-FDMA
CHNG 1
A TRUY NHP PHN CHIA THEO TN S
N SNG MANG (SC-FDMA)
1.1. Gii thiu chung
Phn chia theo tn s l mt cng ngh v tuyn c cc h thng thng tin di ng
t bo u tin s dng phn chia cc tn hiu truyn dn thoi khc nhau: ghp knh
phn chia theo tn s ng xung v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s ng ln.
Cc h thng th h th hai s dng cng ngh phn chia theo m hoc lai ghp gia phn
chia theo thi gian v phn chia theo tn s truyn ti cc tn hiu thoi v cc tn hiu
khc dng s. Mc d hai h thng th h th 3 l WCDMA v CDMA2000 u da
trn cc cng ngh phn chia theo m nhng tt c cc h thng bng rng sau ny u
chuyn v cng ngh phn chia theo tn s. Cc cng ngh phn chia theo tn s rt thch
hp vi cc knh v tuyn di ng chu nh hng ca fading chn lc tn s gy ra bi
truyn sng a ng. Cc k thut phn chia tn s trc giao hiu qu khi truyn cc tn
hiu d liu tc cao di dng mt s lng ln cc tn hiu c tc thp, mi tn
hiu tc thp chim mt di bng tn hp c trin khai trong cc h thng truyn
hnh v truyn thanh qung b, cc mng th khng dy v cc mng cc b khng
dy. Trong vic thit lp cc tiu chun cho LTE, 3GPP ch nh OFDMA l cng ngh
ch o c s dng. T quan im ca vic thc thi h thng, cng ngh SC-FDMA c
th c coi nh l mt s iu chnh ca OFDMA nng cao tui th ngun ti cc
thit b u cui di ng do cc c tnh cng sut nh thp.
Trong chng ny, phn 1.2 s trnh by v hai k thut x l tn hiu trong min
tn s l ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDM) v truyn dn n sng mang
vi cn bng trong min tn s (SC/FDE). Phn 1.3 s trnh by chi tit v cng ngh SC-
FDMA, ng thi so snh u im ni tri ca n so vi OFDMA gii thch v sao
SC-FDMA c chn l cng ngh a truy nhp ng ln trong cc h thng 3GPP
LTE.
1.2. K thut phn chia theo tn s trong cc h thng khng dy bng rng
1.2.1. Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao
OFDMA l mt h thng a sng mang c s n tng qut c ch ra trong hnh
1.1. N ghp d liu trn nhiu sng mang v pht chng song song vi nhau. OFDM s
1
Hnh 1.1: H thng iu ch a sng mang tng qut
dng cc sng mang con trc giao v chng ln ln nhau trong min tn s. Hnh 1.2 cho
thy ph ca 5 tn hiu trc giao vi phn bit tn s nh nht. Mi tn hiu l khng
i trn mt chu k k hiu v ph ca n c dng ( ) sin x x
. Do s dng cc sng mang
con trc giao v chng ln ln nhau nn hiu sut s dng ph l rt cao khi so snh vi
cc h thng ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM) thng thng m i hi thm cc
khong bng bo v gia cc bng tn con.
1.2.1.1. Qu trnh x l tn hiu
tng c bn ca OFDM l chia lung tn hiu s tc cao thnh nhiu tn hiu
c tc thp hn v pht mi tn hiu c tc thp hn ny trn mt bng tn ring
bit. Cc tn hiu c tc chm hn c ghp knh theo tn s to mt dng sng,
Nu c cc tn hiu bng hp c tc thp th khong thi gian k hiu s di
trit b nhiu xuyn k hiu. Mc d fading nhanh l fading chn lc tn s xy ra trn
ton b bng tn tn hiu OFDM nhng khi xt trong mi di bng hp ca cc tn hiu c
tc thp th c th coi fading l phng nh trong hnh 1.3.
Hnh 1.2: Ph tn hiu OFDM
2
Hnh 1.3: p ng ca knh v cc sng mang con trong min tn s
Bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) v php bin i ngc ca n (IDFT) l cc k thut
x l tn hiu trung tm trong vic thc thi OFDM. Thng thng th ta s dng php
bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) v bin i FFT ngc (IFFT) do tnh hiu qu ca chng.
Hnh 1.4 minh ha cc phn t c bn ca mt my pht v my thu OFDM. u vo nh
phn ca b iu ch OFDM l u ra ca b m ha knh c a vo m sa li v
m d tha kim tra vng tn hiu thng tin c pht. Thng thng, b iu ch s
bng tn c s l iu ch bin cu phng (QAM) bin i cc tn hiu nh phn u
vo thnh mt chui cc k hiu iu ch nhiu mc c gi tr phc. Mt b x l thc
hin thut ton IDFT trn mt chui gm N k hiu iu ch to ra mt k hiu
OFDM bao gm N bng tn con.
Hnh 1.4: X l tn hiu OFDM
3
Hnh 1.5: Cc thnh phn ca my pht OFDM
Cc mu N bng con nhn c t IDFT c pht lin tip qua knh fading v
my thu thc hin DFT khi phc li N k hiu iu ch trong min thi gian t tn
hiu thu trong min tn s. Thut ton cn bng knh s b li mo tuyn tnh gy ra do
truyn sng a ng. Cui cng l mt b tch sng (b gii iu ch) s cho ra mt tn
hiu nh phn tng ng vi u vo ban u ca my pht OFDM. trit nhiu gia
cc k hiu iu ch k tip nhau, chu k ca k hiu trong mi bng con
sub
(s) phi ln
hn tri tr ln nht ca knh:
max sub
>
. Do chu k k hiu ca cc bng con l u nhau
nn
mod sub
N
, vi
mod
(s) l chu k ca mt k hiu iu ch nn s lng bng tn

con nh nht l
max mod
N >
. Vi mt knh c tri tr rms ln nht l
10 s
v mt m
hnh truyn dn vi chu k k hiu iu ch l
0,13 s
(c s dng trong knh 5MHz
ca 3GPP LTE) th 76 N > bng tn con. LTE s dng 512 sng mang con trong knh
5MHz. Do h thng c th hot ng m khng c nhiu xuyn k hiu trong knh vi
thi gian ca tuyn ln n
512 0,13 66, 7 s
.
Mc d hot ng ca h thng trong hnh 1.4 trit c nhiu xuyn k hiu t cc
tn hiu c tc thp trong cc di bng tn khc nhau nhng tri tr ca knh vn c
th gy xuyn nhiu gia cc k hiu OFDM k tip nhau. gim kiu nhiu xuyn k
hiu ny, h thng OFDM a ra mt khong thi gian bo v l g
(s) gia cc k hiu

OFDM k tip nhau. t c hiu qu th cn phi c max g

. Khong thi gian bo
v ny tng ng vi khong thi gian truyn dn ca G mu iu ch v trong khong
thi gian bo v, ti im bt u ca mi k hiu OFDM, my pht thc hin vic to li
G tn hiu iu ch c chuyn i to ra bi b x l IDFT. G mu iu ch c
pht trong khong thi gian bo v c gi l tin t tun hon (CP) ca k hiu OFDM.
Nh trn hnh 1.4, c mt b cn bng trong min tn s hot ng trn cc k hiu u
ra ca mi bng tn con. Do chu k k hiu ca mt h thng OFDM l di nn vic vic
cn bng knh l n gin.
Hnh 1.5 l bc tranh hon chnh hn v cc hot ng x l tn hiu c t ti
my pht OFDM. Thm vo cc phn t trung tm ca h thng OFDM trong hnh 1.4 l
cc khi m ha knh, chn tin t tun hon, b lc nh dng xung (ca s) cng nh
4
b khuch i cng sut. B lc nh dng xung lm suy hao nng lng ca tn hiu bn
ngoi bng tn OFDM danh nh. Trong cc thit b thc t, hu ht cc khi trong hnh
1.4 v 1.5 l s. Vic chuyn i s - tng t v iu ch tn s v tuyn c t sau
khi nh dng xung trong hnh 1.5.
1.2.1.2. u im v nhc im
u in c bn ca OFDM trong cc h thng v tuyn bng rng l gim ng k
nhiu xuyn k hiu. OFDM cn c cc u im sau y:
Vi tri tr ca mt knh cho trc, phc tp ca my thu l thp hn mt h
thng n sng mang vi mt b cn bng trong min thi gian.
Hiu sut s dng ph cao do n s dng cc sng mang con trc giao v chng
ln ln nhau trong min tn s.
iu ch v gii iu ch thc hin nh cc thut ton tng ng l IDFT v
DFT, v bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) c th c p dng tng hiu qu x
l ca ton b h thng.
Dung lng c th c tng mt cch ng k bng cch thch ng tc d
liu trn cc sng mang con ph hp vi t s tn hiu trn tp m (SNR) ca cc
sng mang con ring bit.
Nhc im c bn ca OFDM l t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh
(PAPR) cao. Tn hiu pht i l tng ca tt c cc sng mang con c iu ch v bin
nh c gi tr cao l hin tng khng trnh c do c th c nhiu sng mang con
ng pha trong cc chui u ra. So snh vi cc k thut truyn dn trong min tn s,
OFDM cng nhy cm hn vi dch tn s.
1.2.2. iu ch n sng mang / Cn bng trong min tn s
1.2.2.1. Cn bng trong min tn s
5
Hnh 1.6: tng c bn ca FDE
Mt b cn bng s b li phn mo tuyn tnh gy ra do truyn sng a ng. Vi
cc knh bng rng, cc b cn bng trong min thi gian thng thng l khng th thc
hin do p ng xung kim ca knh rt di trong min thi gian. Cn bng trong min tn
s (FDE) l kh thi hn trong trng hp ny.
Cn bng knh thng thng l vic lc nghch o mo tuyn tnh gy ra do truyn
sng a ng. Vi mt h thng tuyn tnh bt bin theo thi gian, vic lc tuyn tnh l
mt php tch chp trong min thi gian v l php nhn trong min tn s. Bin i
Fourier bin i cc tn hiu trong min thi gian sang min tn s m c th thc hin
cn bng bng cch chia cho mt c tnh p ng tn s ca knh. Hnh 1.6 ch ra php
ton c bn ca vic cn bng trong min thi gian (tch chp) v cn bng trong min tn
s (php nhn).
S dng DFT, vic cn bng trong min tn s c th d dng c thc hin bng
cch s dng mt b x l tn hiu s hin i. Do kch thc DFT khng tng tuyn tnh
theo di ca p ng knh nn phc tp ca FDE thp hn so vi b cn bng trong
min tn s cho cc knh bng rng.
iu ch n sng mang vi cn bng trong min tn s (SC/FDE) l mt k thut
kh thi gim nh hiu ng fading chn lc tn s. N to ra hiu nng ging nh
OFDM vi cng mt phc tp, k c vi cc p ng xung kim ca knh di. Hnh 1.7
l cc s khi ca my thu SC/FDE v OFDM. Ta c th thy c hai h thng u s
dng nhng thnh phn ging nhau v ch khc nhau v tr ca hai khi IDFT. Do , c
hai h thng c cng mt mc hiu nng v hiu sut s dng ph tn.
6
Hnh 1.7: S khi ca cc h thng SC/FDE v OFDM
Hnh 1.8: Tin t tun hon (CP)
Mt b iu ch SC/FDE pht cc k hiu iu ch lin tip nhau. N chia chui cc
k hiu iu ch thnh cc khi v thm vo tin t tun hon (CP) vo u mi khi. CP
l bn sao ca phn cui cng ca cc khi nh trong hnh 1.8. Nh trong OFDM, CP
gip trnh nhiu xuyn khi. N cng m bo rng tch chp ca p ng xung kim ca
knh vi cc k hiu iu ch c dng tch chp vng. iu ny thch hp vi vic x l
tn hiu c thc hin bi knh vi vic x l tn hiu c thc hin bi FDE do php
nhn trong min DFT tng ng vi tch chp vng trong min thi gian.
Bi ton dung ha vic x l tn hiu ti my thu vi vic chuyn i tn hiu gy ra
bi knh l mt bi ton tng qut cho vic cn bng trong min tn s s dng cc php
bin i ri rc. Khi tn hiu c truyn qua knh, n c nhn tch chp tuyn tnh vi
p ng xung kim ca knh. Do mt b cn bng knh lun c gng thc hin nghch o
li p ng xung kim ca knh, n nn thc hin cng mt kiu tch chp ging nh knh,
hoc tch chp tuyn tnh, hoc tch chp vng. Cch gii quyt bi ton ny l thm
mt CP my pht lm cho vic lc knh ging nh mt php tch chp vng v thch
hp n vi FDE da trn DFT.
Nh trong hnh 1.7, mt my thu SC/FDE chuyn i tn hiu thu c sang min
tn s bng cch s dng thut ton DFT. Sau khi thc hin cn bng trong min tn s,
thut ton IDFT chuyn i tn hiu n sng mang sang min thi gian v b tch sng
thc hin khi phc cc k hiu iu ch ban u. Ngc li, OFDM s dung mt b tch
sng ring bit cho tng sng mang con.
1.2.2.2. So snh vi OFDM
OFDM v SC/FDE kh ging nhau v cc phn t trong h thng. Tuy nhin, cc
im khc bit c bn gia chng l cc b cn bng. SC/FDE thc hin c hai thut
ton DFT v IDFT my thu, trong khi OFDM thc hin IDFT my pht v DFT
my thu.
7
Ti my thu, OFDM thc hin tch d liu trn tng sng mang con trong min tn
s trong khi SC/FDE thc hin tch d liu trong min thi gian sau khi thm thut ton
IDFT nh trong hnh 1.9.
Hnh 1.9: My thu OFDM v SC/FDE
Chu k ca cc k hiu iu ch trong min thi gian c m rng trong trng
hp ca OFDM khi truyn dn ng thi cc khi d liu trong sut chu k thi gian
c gin ra, nh trong hnh 1.10. H thng c rng bng tn
s
B
Hz c chia thnh
nhiu sng mang c rng bng tn nh hn v d liu c lp c truyn ti trn mi
sng mang con.
SC/FDE c nhng u im vt tri hn so vi OFDM nh sau:
PAPR thp hn do iu ch n sng mang ti my pht;
t nhy cm vi dch tn s sng mang;
phc tp thp ti my pht, to nhiu thun li cho cc thit b u cui di
ng trong truyn thng ng ln.
8
Hnh 1.10: So snh cc k hiu OFDM v SC/FDE
1.3. K thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang (SC-FDMA)
1.3.1. Gii thiu
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA) v a truy nhp phn chia
theo tn s n sng mang (SC-FDMA) l phin bn thay i ca cc m hnh OFDM v
SC/FDE. Khc nhau l, cc cng ngh a truy nhp trnh by trong phn ny truyn nhiu
tn hiu mt cch ng thi. Tt c cc k thut phn chia theo tn s trc giao u phn
b mt tp ri rc cc sng mang con phn tn trn rng bng tn ca h thng. Tt c
chng u bao gm cc bin i chuyn tn hiu gia min thi gian v min tn s.
truyn nhiu tn hiu ng thi, cc cng ngh a truy nhp gn cc tn hiu vo cc
tp sng mang con loi tr ln nhau. Bi v cc knh bng rng chu nh hng ca
fading chn lc tn s nn cc k thut FDMA c th trin khai lp lch ph thuc vo
knh c c phn tp a ngi dng v bi v cc c tnh ca fading ti cc thit b
u cui ti cc v tr khc nhau l c lp thng k nn cc k thut lp lch c th gn
mi thit b u cui vi cc sng mang con vi cc c tnh truyn dn thun tin ti v
tr ca cc thit b u cui.
H thng WiMAX s dng OFDMA cho truyn dn tn hiu t c trm gc v t cc
thit b u cui di dng. Ngc li, 3GPP quy nh s dng OFDMA cho truyn dn
ng xung v SC-FDMA cho truyn dn ng ln cho s pht trin di hn (LTE)
ca cc h thng thng tin di ng t bo c c s hiu qu v mt cng sut pha
thit b u cui. D on trc v cc phin bn trong tng lai ca cc h thng CDMA
hin ti, d n hp tc 3GPP2 a ra phng n SC-FDMA s dng tri m cho ng
ln ca k thut siu bng rng di ng (UMB). Mt nhc im ca OFDMA l t s
cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) cao lm tng chi ph v gim hiu qu s
9
dng cng sut ca cc b khuch i pha pht. Vi PAPR thp hn, cc b khuch i
cng sut ti cc thit b u cui di ng s dng SC-FDMA c th n gin v hiu qu
hn v mt cng sut khi s dng OFDMA. Tri li, vi mt tc d liu cao, b cn
bng trong min tn s ca mt lin kt SC-FDMA li phc tp hn b cn bng
OFDMA. Vi truyn dn SC-FDMA c s dng ng ln LTE, cc b cn bng
phc tp ch cn c cc trm gc m khng cn thit phi c cc thit b u cui di
ng.
Trong phn ny, ta s gii thiu v qu trnh x l tn hiu SC-FDMA. Phn 3.3 s
ni v ba phng php gn cc thit b di ng u cui vi cc sng mang con: FDMA
cc b (LFDMA), FDMA phn tn (DFDMA) v FDMA an xen (IFDMA), c bit l
Hnh 1.11: Cu trc my pht v my thu ca h thng SC-FDMA v OFDM
trng hp FDMA phn tn. Phn 1.3.4 trnh by v tn hiu SC-FDMA biu din trong
min tn s. Phn 1.3.5 v 1.3.6 trnh by mi quan h gia SC-FDMA vi OFDMA v
CDMA chui trc tip vi s cn bng trong min tn s.
1.3.2. X l tn hiu SC-FDMA
Hnh 1.11 biu din mt my pht SC-FDMA gi mt khi d liu n mt my thu.
u vo ca my pht v u ra ca my thu l cc k hiu iu ch dng phc. Cc h
thng thc t t ng s dng cc k thut iu ch tng ng vi cht lng knh, s s
dng kha dch pha nh phn (BPSK) vi cc knh cht lng km v s dng iu ch
10
bin cu phng ln n 64 mc vi cc knh cht lng tt. Khi d liu bao gm
M k hiu iu ch phc c to ra vi tc
source
R
k hiu/s. Hnh 1.12 th hin chi
tit v ba thnh phn trung tm ca my pht trong hnh 1.11. Bin i Fourier ri rc
(DFT) M im to ra M k hiu trong min tn s l M mu iu ch u ra ca N
sng mang con tri trn rng bng tn:
[ ]
0
.
channel
W N f Hz
(1.1)
vi [ ]
0
f Hz
l khong cch gia cc sng mang con. Tc truyn dn ca knh l:
channel source
N
R R
M

[k hiu/s] (1.2)
Hnh 1.12: Qu trnh to cc k hiu pht SC-FDMA
Nu
Q
l h s tri trn rng bng tn, ngha l:
channel
source
R N
Q
R M

(1.3)
th h thng SC-FDMA c th iu khin ti
Q
tn hiu ngun trc giao, mi ngun
chim mt tp gm M sng mang con trc giao. Trong hnh 1.12 ( ) 0,1,..., 1
m
x m M

biu din cc k hiu ngun c iu ch v ( ) 0,1,..., 1
k
X k M
biu din M mu
DFT ca
m
x
. ( ) 0,1,..., 1
l
Y l N
biu din cc mu trong min tn s sau khi sp xp cc
sng mang con v ( ) 0,1,..., 1
n
y n N
biu din cc k hiu knh trong min tn s c
pht nhn c t DFT nghch (IDFT) ca
l
Y
. Khi sp xp sng mang con trong hnh
1.11 v 1.12 gn cc k hiu iu ch trong min tn s vo cc sng mang con. Qu trnh
sp xp ny i khi cn c gi l qu trnh lp lch. Do cc thit b u cui phn tn
trong khng gian c cc knh fading c lp nn SC-FDMA v OFDMA c li ch trong
vic lp lch ph thuc vo knh. Bin i nghch IDFT trong hnh 1.11 v 1.12 cho ta s
biu din trong min tn s,
n
y
ca N k hiu sng mang con. B chuyn i song song
11
sang ni tip t
0 1 1
, ,...,
N
y y y

vo chui thi gian thch hp vi vic iu ch sng mang
tn s v tuyn v vic truyn dn n my thu.
My pht trong hnh 1.11 thc hin hai qu trnh x l tn hiu khc trc khi truyn
dn. N chn mt tp cc k hiu gi l tin t vng (CP) to ra mt khong thi gian bo
v gip trnh c xuyn nhiu gia cc khi (IBI) gy ra do hin tng truyn sng a
ng. My pht cng thc hin vic lc tuyn tnh (hay cn gi l nh dng xung)
gim nng lng tn hiu ngoi di bng tn. Tin t tun hon l mt bn sao phn cui
cng ca khi. N c chn vo phn bt u ca mi khi vi hai l do. Th nht, CP
nh mt khong bo v gia hai khi lin tip. Nu di ca CP di hn tri tr ln nht
ca knh (hay di p ng xung kim ca knh) th s khng c IBI. Th hai, do CP l
bn sao phn cui cng ca khi, n s chuyn i tch chp tuyn tnh trong min thi
gian ri rc sang tch chp vng sang min thi gian ri rc. Do , d liu c pht qua
knh c th c lp m hnh l tch chp vng gia p ng xung kim ca knh v khi
d liu c pht m trong min tn s l php nhn ca DFT cc mu tn s. Sau ,
loi b mo ca knh, DFT ca tn hiu thu c c th n gin c chia chn lc im
cho dp ng xung kim ca knh.
Ta xt xung cosin tng (RC) v xung cn bc hai cosin tng (RRC) l cc xung nh
dng c s dng rng ri trong truyn thng khng dy. Biu din trong min tn s v
trong min thi gian ca hai xung ny nh sau:
( )
1
, 0
2
1 1 1
1 cos
2 2 2 2
1
0,
2
RC
T f
T
T T
P f f f
T T T
f
T
1 + _
+
' ' ;
1
, ]
(1.4a)
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2
sin cos
1 4
RC
t T t T
p t
t T t T

(1.4b)
( ) ( )
RRC RC
P f P f
(1.5a)
( )
( ) ( )
2 2
2
sin 1 4 cos 1
16
1
RRC
t t t
T T T
p t
t t
T T

_ _
+ +

, ,

,
(1.5b)
12
Hnh 1.13: B lc cosin tng v cn bc hai cosin tng
trong T l chu k ca k hiu v
l h s dc.
Hnh 1.13 l biu din trong min tn s v min thi gian ca b lc cosin tng. H
s dc
nm trong khong t 0 n 1 v iu khin lng cng sut pht x ngoi bng.

Khi
tng th lng pht x ngoi bng cng tng. Trong min thi gian, s lng cc
bp sng ph hai bn tng khi
gim v iu ny lm tng cng sut nh ca tn hiu

pht sau khi nh dng xung. Do , vic chn h s dc cn phi c s dung ha gia
mc ch pht x ngoi bng thp v t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh thp.
Ta s cp cc c tnh cng sut nh ca vic nh dng xung trong phn 1.3.8.
Khi DFT ti my thu trong hnh 1.11 bin i tn hiu thu c v min tn s
khi phc N sng mang con. Vic gii sp xp thc hin tch M mu trong min tn s
ca mi tn hiu ngun. Bi v SC-FDMA s dng iu ch n sng mang nn s xut
hin mo tuyn tnh m th hin ca n l nhiu xuyn k t (ISI). B cn bng trong
min tn s s trit b ISI. Khi IDFT ti my thu nh trong hnh 1.11 bin i cc k
hiu c cn bng tr li min thi gian, sau s c mt b tch sng lm nhim v
nhn ln lt M k hiu iu ch. Hnh 1.14 ch ra rng SC-FDMA l hp nht ca qu
trnh x l cc phn t trong OFDMA v cng thm khi DFT u vo ca my pht v
tng ng l khi IDFT u ra ca my thu. V my pht SC-FDMA c nhim v m
rng rng bng tn ca tn hiu bao ph rng bng tn ca knh nn SC-FDMA
i khi cn c gi l OFDMA tri bi DFT.
13
Hnh 1.14: Cu trc my thu SC-FDMA cho mt h thng truy nhp a ngi dng
Hnh 1.15: Cc ch sp xp cc sng mang con ( phn tn v tp trung)
1.3.3. Sp xp cc sng mang con
Hnh 1.15 ch ra hai phng php gn M k hiu c iu ch trong min tn
s vo cc sng mang con: sp xp sng mang con phn tn v sp xp sng mang con
tp trung (cc b). Trong ch sp xp cc sng mang con tp trung, cc k hiu iu
ch c gn cho M sng mang con ln cn. Trong ch phn tn, cc k hiu c
nh v u trn ton b bng tn truyn dn ca knh. Trong c hai ch th khi IDFT
14
ti my pht s gn bin bng 0 cho N M sng mang con khng b chim. Ta gi ch
sp xp cc sng mang con tp trung ca SC-FDMA l FDMA tp trung (LFDMA) v
ch sp xp cc sng mang con phn tn ca SC-FDMA l FDMA phn tn
(DFDMA). Trng hp
N Q M
cho ch phn tn vi cc khong cch u nhau
gia cc sng mang con b chim thng c gi l FDMA an xen (IFDMA) [2], [3].
IFDMA l trng hp c bit ca SC-FDMA v n rt hiu dng khi my pht c th
iu ch tn hiu mt cch nghim ngt trong min thi gian m khng cn s dng DFT
v IDFT. Trong 1.3.4, ta s ch ra trng hp vi IFDMA, vic kt hp DFT v IDFT s
rt gn v mt php nhn phc n gin, tng ng vi vic quay pha ca mi k hiu
c iu ch ti u vo ca my pht.
Hnh 1.16 minh ha ba v d v cc k hiu pht SC-FDMA trong min tn s vi
4 M k hiu trn mt khi, 12 N sng mang con v
3 Q N M
thit b u cui.
Trong ch tp trung, bn k hiu iu ch chim cc sng mang con 0,1,2 v 3:
, 0,1, 2, 3
0, 0,1, 2, 3
i
i
X i
Y
i

'
. Trong ch phn tn vi cc k hiu iu ch c t cch u

Hnh 1.16: Cc m hnh sp xp cc sng mang con
nhau trn tt c cc sng mang con th
0 0 2 1 4 2 6 3
, ; ; Y X Y X Y X Y X
v trong ch an
xen th
0 0 3 1 6 2 9 3
; ; ; Y X Y X Y X Y X
.
15
Hnh 1.17 minh ha 3 thit b u cui chim cc tp sng mang con khc nhau
trong cc ch IFDMA v LFDMA..
T quan im ca vic phn b ti nguyn, cc phng php xp sp cc sng mang
con c th c chia thnh phng php lp lch tnh v lp lch c lp theo knh (CDS).
CDS thc hin gn cc sng mang con cho cc ngi s dng tng ng vi p ng tn
s knh ca mi ngi s dng. Vi c hai phng php lp lch, vic sp xp cc sng
mang con phn tn s dn n vic phn tp tn s v tn hiu pht i c tri trn ton
b rng bng tn. Vi vic sp xp phn tn, CDS s gip ci thin hiu nng. Vi
vic sp xp cc sng mang con tp trung, CDS to ra phn tp a ngi dng ng k.
Hnh 1.17: Cc phng php phn b cc sng mang con a ngi s dng
1.3.4. Biu din trong min thi gian ca tn hiu SC-FDMA
Vi IFDMA, LFDMA v DFDMA th cc php ton trong hnh 1.12 c th c
xem nh l mt php ton tuyn tnh trn chui cc k hiu iu ch
{ } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
m
x m M
. Do , mi thnh phn chui u ra { } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
n
y n N
l
mt tng theo trng s ca cc thnh phn chui u vo, trong cc trng s l cc s
phc. Trong trng hp IFDMA, cc trng s u bng 0, ngoi tr mt thnh phn u
ra. Tp hp cc php ton s n gin ha thnh vic nhn mi k hiu u vo vi mt
s phc c bin n v v lp li chui u vo vi ng
Q
ln quay pha, vi
Q
l h
s m rng bng tn.
Phn 1.3.4.1 s suy ra tnh cht ny t v d vi 4 M k hiu/khi, 12 N sng
mang con v
3 Q
thit b u cui. Phn 1.3.4.1 cng ch ra biu din hnh hc ca ph
v chui trong min thi gian ca mt khi tn hiu IFDMA. Cc cng thc cho cc chui
trong min thi gian ca LFDMA v DFDMA th phc tp hn so vi IFDMA. Phn
1.3.4.2 v 1.3.4.3 ch ra ph ca hai k thut sp xp cc sng mang con cng vi cng
thc ca cc phn t ca chui trong min thi gian.
1.3.4.1. Cc k hiu trong min thi gian ca IFDMA
16
Vi IFDMA, vic kt hp hai khi DFT v IDFT my pht nh trong hnh 1.11 v
1.12 s c n gin ha cc php ton x l tn hiu bng vic nhn mi k hiu u
vo vi mt s phc c bin n v v lp li chui u vo vi ng
Q
ln quay pha,
vi
Q
l h s m rng bng tn. Php nhn ny tng ng vi vic quay pha mi k
hiu iu ch phc ca khi truyn dn. kim tra iu ny l ng, ta ch n hai
tnh cht ca DFT v IDFT: (a) Cc mu cch u nhau mt khong cch khc khng
trong mt min no s tng ng vi mt chui c chu k trong mt min khc; v (b)
dch i mt khong
r
trong min tn s tng ng vi mt php quay pha mi mu trong
min thi gian. Vic quay pha c thc hin bng cch nhn mi mu vi
( ) exp 2 j rn N
, vi N l s im ca bin i ngc,
r
l khong dch trong min tn s
v
n
l s mu u ra trong min thi gian. Phn di y s trnh by mt cch chi tit
bng ton hc tnh cht ny. Hnh 1.18 minh ha cho v d ca ta vi 4 M k hiu/khi,
12 N sng mang con v
3 Q
thit b u cui.
Cho mt tn hiu u vo, { } : 0,1,..., 1
l
Y l N
l ph ca chui SC-FDMA c pht
biu th mt khi d liu { } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
m
x m M
. Vi IFDMA, ph ca M thnh phn
17
Hnh 1.18: Sp xp cc sng mang con cho a ngi dng
cch u nhau mt khong cch khc 0, vi cc mu ln cn c phn cch bi
1 Q

mu trong min tn s. Tn hiu tng ng trong min thi gian { } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
n
y n N
l
tun hon vi
Q
bn sao phn b ti cc thi im ( ) 0,1, 2,..., 1 1 n M N Q
v quay
pha tng ng bi php nhn vi ( ) exp 2 j rn N
. Xt mt tn hiu u vo
{ } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
m
x m M
chim cc sng mang con
0, , 2 ,..., ( 1). l Q Q M Q
. Tn hiu c
pht tun hon trong min thi gian tng ng vi ph ca tn hiu ny c chui
{ }
0 1 1
, ,...,
M
x Q x Q x Q
c lp li
Q
ln (gc quay l 0 radian). By gi ta xt tn hiu
t mt thit b u cui khc { } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
m
u m M
c iu ch tp sng mang con
cch u nhau tip theo
1, 1, 2 1,..., ( 1). 1 n Q Q M Q + + +
. Ph ca tn hiu ny
{ } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
l
V l N
cng ging vi ph
l
Y
nhng b dch di mt sng mang con. S dch
ny trong min thi gian tng ng vi vic nhn thm trong min thi gian
18
( ) exp 2 j n N
. Do , chui tn hiu c pht trong min thi gian s l
( ) ( )
0 1 1
, exp 2 ,..., exp 2
M
u Q u j n N Q u j n N Q
c lp li
Q
ln vi gc quay tng
ng. Tng qut, vi mt tn hiu u vo { } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
m
x m M
c iu ch vi cc
sng mang ti
, , 2 ,..., ( 1). n r Q r Q r M Q r + + +
th tn hiu c pht s l
{ } : 0,1, 2,..., 1
m
x m M
c lp li
Q
ln vi gc quay pha ( ) exp 2 j rn N
.
Cng thc ca cc k hiu trong min tn s l:
( ) , . 0 1
0,
l Q
l
X l Qk k M
Y

'
nu khc
(1.6)
vi 0 1 l N v
. N QM
. t ( ) . 0 1, 0 1 n M q m q Q m M +
th:
(mod )
1 1 1
2
2 2
0 0 0
1 1
2 2
0 0
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
M
n Mq m
n
n n
N N M
j Qk
j l j l
QM
N N
l l Q k
l l k
Mq m m
M M
j k j k
M M
k k
k k
m n
y y
Ye X e X e
N N Q M
X e X e
Q M Q M
x x
Q Q

+

+

_

,

(1.7)
Cc k hiu trong min thi gian cui cng { }
n
y
l s lp li cc k hiu u vo
{ }
m
x
vi h s m rng l
1 Q
trong min thi gian nh trnh by trn.
Nu vic phn b sng mang con bt u t sng mang con th
r
( ) 0 1 r Q <
th:
( ) , . 0 1
0,
l Q r
l
X l Qk r k M
Y

+
'
nu khc
(1.8)
Tng ng vi biu thc (1.7), cc k hiu trong min thi gian { }
n
y
c th c
vit li nh sau:
(mod )
2
1
.
M
rn
j
N
n n
y x e
Q

(1.9)
Nh biu thc (1.9), s c thm mt ln quay pha l ( ) exp 2 j rn N
k hiu cho
s sm pha hn khi vic phn b cc sng mang con bt u t sng mang th
r
, bao
19
Hnh 1.19: Sp xp cc sng mang con LFDMA cho a ngi dng
gm c sng mang 0. Vic quay pha ny cng c a vo cc m hnh sp xp cc
sng mang con khc.
1.3.4.2. Cc k hiu trong min thi gian ca LFDMA
Hnh 1.19 l v d v m hnh sp xp cc sng mang con LFDMA. Trong v d ny,
cc k hiu iu ch chim 12 sng mang con { }
l
Y
.
Cc mu trong min thi gian ca tn hiu LFDMA c trnh by nh trong ph lc
A ca [2]:
( ) mod
1
2
2
0
1
, 0
1 1
1 , 0
1
M
n
q
M n Qm q j
p Q
m p q
j
p
M QM
x q
Q
y y
x
e q
Q M
e
+
_
+

,

'
_

(1.10)
Nh ta thy biu thc (1.10), tn hiu LFDMA trong min thi gian l cc bn sao
ca cc k hiu trong min thi gian u vo vi h s m rng
1 Q
ti v tr mu l s
nguyn ln ca
Q
. Cc gi tr tc thi l tng c trng s ca tt c cc k hiu trong
min thi gian ca khi d liu u vo.
1.3.4.3. Cc k hiu trong min thi gian ca DFDMA
Hnh 1.20 l mt m hnh sp xp cc sng mang con DFDMA. Trong , cc k
hiu iu ch chim 12 sng mang con { }
l
Y
. Cc mu trong min thi gian ca tn hiu
DFDMA c trnh by nh trong ph lc A ca [2]:
20
Hnh 1.20: Sp xp cc sng mang con DFDMA cho a ngi dng
( )
( )
( )
mod
mod
1
2
2
0
1
, 0
1 1
1 , 0
1
n
M
M
Q
Qq n Qm q
M
j
p Q
Qm p Qq
j
p
M QM
x q
Q
y y
x
e q
Q M
e
_

,
+

_
+

,

'
_
%
%
% %
(1.11)
Trong ( )
1 Q Q Q
% %
l h s tri thc. Cc mu trong min thi gian ca DFDMA
c cu trc ging nh trong LFDMA.
Hnh 1.21: Cc k hiu trong min thi gian ca cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con
21
1.3.4.4. So snh cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con
Hnh 1.21 ch ra cc mu trong min thi gian cho mi m hnh sp xp cc sng
mang con trnh by trn y. Tn hiu IFDMA tip tc duy tr cc k hiu trong min thi
gian u vo ti mi mu trong khi LFDMA v DFDMA c cc k hiu trong min thi
gian phc tp do l tng c trng s phc ca cc k hiu u vo. iu ny dn n cng
sut nh s cao hn vi cc tn hiu LFDMA v DFDMA, ta s phn tch chi tit t s
cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) trong phn m phng chng 4.
1.3.5. SC-FDMA v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s trc giao (OFDMA)
Phn 1.2.2 trnh by mi qua h gia truyn dn n sng mang v OFDM cho
truyn dn mt tn hiu chim ton b rng bng tn ca h thng. C mt mi lin h
tng t gia OFDMA v SC-FDMA cho truyn dn mt tn hiu c lp t cc thit b
u cui di ng n mt trm gc. Hnh 1.11 ch ra cc my pht v my thu SC-
FDMA v OFDMA thc hin nhiu chc nng x l tn hiu chung. Hai k thut ny u
c cc tnh cht sau:
iu ch v truyn dn d liu trong cc khi u bao gm M k hiu truyn
dn;
phn chia rng bng tn truyn dn thnh cc bng tn con, cc thng tin c
mang trn cc sng mang con ri rc;
c th s dng cn bng knh trong min tn s;
s dng mt tin t tun hon trnh nhiu xuyn khi.
Tuy nhin, nhng s khc bit li hng n hiu nng. im khc nhau hin nhin
l OFDMA pht mt tn hiu a sng mang cn SC-FDMA pht mt tn hiu n sng
mang. Do , SC-FDMA c cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) thp hn
OFDMA.
Trong min thi gian, khong thi gian ca mt k hiu c iu ch c m
rng trong trng hp ca OFDMA. Nu c M k hiu trong mt khi v N sng mang
con tri trn trn rng bng tn ca h thng, c SC-FDMA v OFDMA u c th
pht cc tn hiu t
Q N M
thit b u cui ng thi. Hnh 1.23 ch ra rng nu
khong thi gian ca cc k hiu c iu ch l T (s), th khong thi gian ca k hiu
OFDMA l M T (s), y 4 M , 12 N v
3 Q
. S m rng v mt thi gian ny s
lm gim nhiu xuyn k t (ISI), y cng l u im chnh ca OFDMA. Ngc li,
22
SC-FDMA li nn cc k hiu c iu ch trong min thi gian. Khong thi gian ca
cc k hiu SC-FDMA l
T Q
(s) nh trong mt h thng TDMA. SC-FDMA s dng
vic cn bng trong min tn s ti trm gc trit ISI.
Hnh 1.22 biu din mt khi gm 4 M k hiu c iu ch c khong thi gian
l T (s) t
3 Q
thit b u cui chim mt rng bng tn l
Source
B
Hz. Hnh 1.23 biu
din tn hiu OFDMA vi 12 N sng mang con, mi sng mang con c rng
Hnh 1.22: Biu din v thi gian v bng tn cc k hiu c iu ch t cc u cui
Hnh 1.23: OFDMA nn rng bng tn truyn dn v m rng thi gian k hiu
Hnh 1.24: SC-FDMA m rng bng tn truyn dn v nn thi gian k hiu
23
Hnh 1.25: OFDMA v SC-FDMA; tch sng v cn bng
bng tn l
4
Source
B
Hz. Mi sng mang con mang mt k hiu c iu ch trong 4T (s).
Hnh 1.24 biu din mt tn hiu SC-FDMA theo m hnh IFDMA. , mi k hiu
c iu ch chim ton b bng tn truyn dn
3
channel Source
B B
Hz, tng ng l khong
thi gian k hiu gim xung cn
3 T
(s).
Hnh 1.25 ch ra vic OFDM thc hin cn bng v tch sng ring bit cho mi
sng mang con. Ngc li, SC-FDMA thc hin cn bng trn ton b rng bng tn
ca knh. Sau , n s dng IDFT bin i tn hiu t mt thit b u cui sang min
thi gian trc khi a n tch sng cc k hiu c iu ch. IDFT thc hin trc
khi tch sng l cn thit v ngoi tr vi IFDMA th cc tn hiu c pht l tng c
trng s ca tt c cc k hiu trong mt khi, nh ni trong phn 1.3.4. IDFT ly ra
cc k hiu ban u t mt tn hiu phc tp. V SC-FDMA tri mi k hiu c iu
ch trn ton b bng tn truyn dn ca knh c hiu qu, n t nhy vi fading chn lc
tn s hn OFDMA nn n c dng pht cc k hiu c iu ch trong cc bng
nh hp.
1.3.6. c tnh cng sut nh ca tn hiu SC-FDMA
1.3.6.1. nh ngha t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR)
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) l mt s o hiu nng dng
ch hiu qu s dng cng sut ti my pht. Trong trng hp mt b khuch i
cng sut l tng m ta c th t c khuch i tuyn tnh ti gn im bo ha, ta s
t c hiu qu s dng cng sut ln nht khi cc b khuch i hot ng ti im
24
bo ha. Mt gi tr dng ca PAPR theo dB c ngha l ta cn li cng sut b
khuch i cng sut hot ng vng tuyn tnh. Ta c th biu din mi lin h gia
PAPR v hiu sut s dng cng sut nh sau:
20
max
10
PAPR

(1.12)
Vi
l hiu sut s dng cng sut v

max
l hiu sut s dng cng sut ln nht.

Vi b khuch i lm vic ch A th
max
l 50% v ch B l 78,5%. T (1.12)

ta thy r PAPR cao s lm gim hiu qu s dng cng sut pht.
1.3.6.2. PAPR ca tn hiu SC-FDMA
Ta s phn tch PAPR ca tn hiu SC-FDMA cho mi ch sp xp cc sng
mang con. a ra biu thc ca PAPR, ta quay tr li hnh 1.12.
t ( ) 0,1,..., 1
m
x m M
l cc k hiu d liu c iu ch, ( ) 0,1,..., 1
k
X k M
l
cc mu trong min tn s sau khi thc hin DFT ( ) 0,1,..., 1
m
x m M
, ( ) 0,1,..., 1
l
X l N
%

l cc mu trong min tn s sau khi sp xp cc sng mang con v ( ) 0,1,..., 1
n
x n N %
l
cc k hiu trong min thi gian sau khi thc hin IDFT ( ) 0,1,..., 1
l
X l N
%
. Ta biu din
tn hiu pht bng thng phc ca SC-FDMA l ( ) x t
cho mt khi d liu nh sau:
( ) ( )
1
0
c
N
j t
n
n
x t e x p t nT
%
%
(1.13)
Trong
c
l tn s sng mang ca h thng, ( ) p t

l xung bng tn c s v T
%
l
chu k ca k hiu c pht
n
x%
. Ta nh ngha PAPR cho tn hiu pht ( ) x t
nh sau:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
0
2
0
max

1
t NT
NT
x t
x t
PAPR
x t
x t dt
NT

%
%
%
Cng sut nh ca
Cng sut trung bnh ca
(1.14)
Nu khng nh dng xung, vic ly mu k hiu s cho cng mt gi tr PAPR nh
vi trng hp lin tc v tn hiu SC-FDMA c iu ch trn mt sng mang n. Do
, ta c th biu din PAPR vi trng hp khng nh dng xung nh sau:
25
2
0,1,..., 1
1
2
0
max
1
n
n N
N
n
n
x
PAPR
x
N

%
%
(1.15)
Th hin trc quan cc c tnh cng sut nh ca tn hiu SC-FDMA v so snh n
vi OFDMA s c trnh by chuwong trnh v cc kt qu m phng trong chng 4.
1.4. Tng kt
Trong chng ny, ta trnh by v k thut SC-FDMA. OFDM v SC/FDE l hai
k thut x l tn hiu trong min tn s kh ging nhau v cc thnh phn cu trc nhng
hot ng li khc nhau, SC/FDE c thm cc b cn bng knh pha thu. V mt cu
trc h thng, SC-FDMA khc vi OFDMA l c thm khi DFT pha pht v IDFT
pha thu. SC-FDMA c hai m hnh sp xp sng mang con l FDMA cc b (L-FDMA)
v FDMA phn tn (D-FDMA) vi trng hp c bit l FDMA an xen (IFDMA). u
im ca SC-FDMA l c t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) thp hn
so vi OFDMA. y cng l l do chnh SC-FDMA c la chn l cng ngh a
truy nhp ng ln trong h thng 3GPP-LTE.
26
n tt nghip Chng 2: SC-FDMA trong 3GPP LTE
CHNG 2
SC-FDMA TRONG 3GPP LTE
2.1. Gii thiu chung
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang (SC-FDMA) c chp nhn bi
d n i tc 3G (3GPP) [7] cho truyn dn ng ln trong cng ngh c chun ha
cho s pht trin di hn (LTE) ca cc h thng t bo. 3GPP pht hnh cc tiu chun
cho cc h thng t bo c xy dng da trn GSM l h thng t bo th h th hai
c chp nhn bi hng trm cc cng ty ang hot ng v c s dng bi hng t
ngi trn th gii. Thnh cng ca th h th ba so vi GSM thng c ni n l
truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu (UTRA) v da trn a truy nhp phn chia theo m
bng rng (W-CDMA) cho truyn dn v tuyn bng tn 5MHz. Cng ngh LTE cn
c gi l UTRA tng cng (E-UTRA). LTE s dng ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
trc giao (OFDM) ng xung v SC-FDMA cho ng ln. LTE ch nh cc
rng bng tn truyn dn trong khong t 1,4MHz n 20MHz. S la chn cc cng
ngh truyn dn ny t cc hot ng phc tp ca vic cn bng trong min tn s
(trong SC-FDMA) v cc b khuch i cng sut tuyn tnh (trong OFDMA) c thc
hin ti trm gc. C UTRA v E-UTRA u c cc nhp vo nhiu tiu chun mng
li m ban u c lp ln cho GSM.
Trong chng ny, phn 2.2 s trnh by khi qut v h thng 3GPP LTE. Phn 2.3
s cp n lp vt l v cc knh giao din v tuyn ca LTE. Cu trc trong min
thi gian v tn s ca ng ln s c trnh by trong phn 2.4 bao gm cu trc khe
thi gian, khung v khi ti nguyn. Phn 2.5 m t cc bc x l knh ng ln c s
v cu trc ca cc tn hiu tham chiu (hoa tiu) s c ni n trong phn 2.6.
2.2. Khi qut v 3GPP LTE
2.2.1. Cc th h mng thng tin di dng
Cc h thng th h th nht c gii thiu vo u nhng nm 1980 c c
trng bi truyn dn thoi tng t. Cng ngh th h th hai c trin khai vo nhng
nm 1990, truyn ti cc tn hiu thoi di khun dng s. Trc khi cc h thng th h
th hai c thng mi ha, cc cng ngh hng n th h th ba c ch vi
cc mc tiu nng cao tc d liu, hiu qu s dng ph ln hn v b sung cc dch
v thng tin bn cnh dch v thoi. Nm 1985, Hip hi Vin thng Quc t (ITU)
27
khi ng cc nghin cu v cc h thng vin thng mt t cng cng trong tng lai
[7]. Mi lm nm sau, tiu chun IMT-2000 (Vin thng di ng quc t 2000), ITU
a ra mt tp cc khuyn ngh chp thun nm cng ngh l nn tng ca cc h thng
truyn thng di ng 3G. Nm 2008, cc cng ty hot ng trong lnh vc thng tin di
ng t bo trin khai hai trong s nhng cng ngh , l a truy nhp phn chia
theo m bng rng (WCDMA) v CDMA2000. Trong lc y, nn cng nghip vin thng
ch n cc cng ngh trn 3G v coi SC-FDMA nh l mt ng c vin hng u
cho s pht trin di hn (LTE) ca truyn dn v tuyn t cc thit b di ng n cc
trm gc.
Trn kha cnh cng ngh, cc th h mng t bo thnh cng ang hng n
vic pht cc tn hiu trn cc bng tn v tuyn rng v rng hn. Cc tn hiu v tuyn
ca cc h thng th h u tin chim cc rng bng tn l 25 v 30KHz s dng cc
khun dng iu ch khng tng thch vi nhau. Hai h thng th h th hai c
trin khai rng ri l GSM v CDMA tng ng chim cc rng bng tn l 200KHz
v 1,25MHz. Cc h thng WCDMA th h th ba pht cc tn hiu trong rng bng
tn l 5MHz. Vi cc h thng di ng t bo k tip, OFDM v SC-FDMA l cc cng
ngh c ch di bng tn l 20MHz.
2.2.2. Cc tiu chun chung
Cc cng ngh c trin khai trong cc h thng t bo phi c nhng c im k
thut tng thch vi nhau, hay ni cch khc l c cng nhng tiu chun k thut
chung. Mc ch ca iu ny l m bo rng cc phn t ca hai mng khc nhau c
th cng hot ng mt cch chnh xc. Ngoi hai thnh phn l cc thit b di ng u
cui v cc trm gc th cc phn t ging nhau ca cc mng bao gm cc trung tm
chuyn mch di ng, cc b ghi nh v thng tr v tm tr.
Hnh 2.1 ch ra cc phn t v giao din mng ca mt h thng 3G [8]. Cc phn t
c nhm vo 4 nhm chnh c bao bi cc khi nt t. Mng li (CN) nm pha
trn ca hnh v. Di mng li l mng truy nhp v tuyn vi ba tp cc phn t; mt
h thng trm gc (BSS) trao i cc tn hiu v tuyn vi cc trm di ng (MS)
truyn cc dch v chuyn mch knh v mt h thng mng v tuyn (PNS) tng ng
troa i cc tn hiu v tuyn vi cc MS truyn cc dch v chuyn mch gi. C loi
giao din v tuyn l giao din Um c dng cho cc dch v chuyn mch knh mang
cc tn hiu gia cc trm di ng vi cc trm pht p gc (BTS) v giao din Uu c
28
dng cho cc dch v chuyn mch gi mang cc tn hiu gia cc trm di ng vi mt
h thng trm gc.
Hnh 2.1: Cu hnh c bn ca mt mng di ng mt t cng cng (PLMN) h tr cc dch v
chuyn mch knh (CS) v chuyn mch gi (PS)
2.2.3. Cc h thng khng dy di ng tin tin da trn FDMA
Ba t chc tiu chun l IEEE, 3GPP v 3GPP2 pht trin cc h thng WiMAX,
3GPP LTE v UMB (siu bng rng di ng) tng ng, y c coi nh cc h thng
bng rng di ng tin tin s dng cng ngh phn chia theo tn s. T chc 3GPP c
coi l t chc ca d n i tc 3G nguyn thy, c coi l th h sau ca GSM. Cc
cng ngh c chun ha bi 3GPP da trn k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo m
bng rng (WCDMA). 3GPP s dng hai thut ng khc nhau l: UMTS (H thng vin
thng di ng ton cu) p dng cho ton b cc mng t bo bao gm hng trm c tnh
k thut ca 3GPP; v UTRAN (Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t ton cu) ch tp
hp cc phn t mng v cc giao din ca chng c s dng truyn dn gia cc
thit b u cui di ng v h tng mng. Mt d n khc l 3GPP2 c coi l phin
bn tin tin ca h thng t bo CDMA nguyn thy. Cc cng ngh c chun ha bi
3GPP2 da trn h thng CDMA2000.
29
2.2.3.1. IEEE 802.16e WiMAX
Cc c tnh c bn ca chun WiMAX di ng da trn chun 802.11e:
Tc ln ti 63Mb/s ng xung v ln ti 28Mb/s ng ln di tn l
10MHz.
H tr cht lng dch v (QoS) IP u cui n u cui.
M hnh chuyn giao ti u v tr thp.
iu ch v m ha thch ng (AMC).
Yu cu lp li t ng lai ghp (HARQ) v hi tip knh nhanh.
Cc cng ngh anten thng minh: nh dng bp sng, m ha khng gian-thi
gian v ghp knh khng gian.
Dch v qung b v multicast (MBS).
2.2.3.2. 3GPP2 UMB
Tiu chun UMB c 3GPP2 pht hnh vo thng 4/2007 da trn CDMA2000
1xEV-DO Rev. C, IEEE 802.20 v cc cng ngh FLASH-OFDM ca Qualcomm vi cc
c tnh c bn:
Giao din v tuyn da trn OFDMA.
Cng ngh MIMO v a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA).
Ci thin cc k thut qun l xuyn nhiu.
Tc d liu nh ln n 280Mb/s ng xung v 68Mb/s ng ln.
Tr u cui n u cui trung bnh trong mng l 16,8ms.
H tr n 500 ngi s dng VoIP ng thi (phn b FDD 10MHz).
Kin trc IP phng hoc phn cp c kh nng m rng.
Phn b ph a dng: c kh nng m rng, khng lin tc, phn b knh ng
v h tr cc knh c rng 1,25MHz, 5MHz, 10MHz v 20MHz.
Tiu th cng sut thp v ci thin tui th ca ngun.
2.2.3.3. 3GPP LTE
30
Cc c tnh c bn ca h thng 3GPP LTE t c l:
Tc ln n 100Mb/s ng xung 20MHz (5b/s/Hz) v ln n 50Mb/s
ng ln 20MHz (2,5b/s/Hz).
Dung lng mt phng iu khin: t nht h tr 500 ngi s dng trong trng
thi hot ng cho bng tn ln n 5MHz.
Tr mt phng ngi s dng: nh hn 5ms trong iu kin khng ti (ngha l
mt ngi dng vi mt lung d liu) cho mt gi IP nh.
Tnh di ng: E-UTRAN c th c ti u vi cc tc di ng thp, t 0-15
km/h. Cc tc di ng cao hn gia 15 v 20 km/h c th c h tr vi hiu
nng cao. Cc kt ni c th c duy tr ti tc 120-350 km/h (hoc thm ch
ln n 500 km/h ty thuc vo bng tn s).
ph: thng lng, hiu sut s dng ph v cc ch di ng c th h tr vi
cc cell 5 km v c suy gim nh vi cc cell 30 km. Cc cell ln n 100 km c
th khng c h tr.
Cc dch v multicast qung b a phng tin m rng (E-MBMS).
S a dng ph: E-UTRA c th hot ng vi cc rng bng tn khc nhau
bao gm 1,25 MHz, 1,6 MHz, 2,5 Mhz, 5 Mhz, 10 MHz, 15 Mhz v 20 Mhz c
ng ln v ng xung.
Kin trc: kin trc E-UTRAN n da trn gi vi cc iu khon h tr cc h
thng h tr cc lung lu lng thoi v thi gian thc v h tr QoS t u
cui n u cui.
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn: h tr tng cng QoS t u cui n u cui, h
tr hiu qu truyn dn cc lp cao hn, h tr chc nng chia ti v qun l
chnh sch qua cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau.
2.2.3.4. Tng hp v so snh gia WiMAX di ng, LTE v UMB
Cc h thng trn 3G trong tng lai c nu trn c cc tnh nng chung nh
sau:
Bng tn truyn dn ln n 20 MHz.
Giao din v tuyn a sng mang chng li fading chn lc tn s v hiu qu
s dng ph tn tng ln.
31
Cc k thut a anten tin tin: cc k thut MIMO a dng c tch hp vo h
thng tng hiu qu s dng ph v lm cho lin kt tr nn tin cy hn.
Lp lch ti nguyn thi gian-tn s nhanh.
Kin trc mng IP phng: gim tiu do vic loi b cc lp mng.
Cc dch v a phng tin qung b v multicast.
Bng 2.1 so snh giao din v tuyn gia ba h thng sau 3G.
2.2.4. Cc c t k thut ca 3GPP
Cc ng dng ca SC-FDMA trong E-UTRA xut hin trong cc c t k thut
(TS) v bo co k thut (TR) c pht hnh bi 3GPP. Cc ti liu ny c nh s
bt u bi s 36. Bng 2.2 cho bit ni dung ca cc c t k thut.
Bng 2.1: Tng hp v so snh gia WiMAX di ng, LTE v UMB
WiMAX di ng 3GPP LTE 3GPP2 UMB
rng bng tn knh 5; 7; 8,75; v 10 MHz
1,4; 3; 5; 10; 15 v 20
MHz
1,25; 2,5; 5; 10 v 20
MHz
Ghp knh DL OFDM OFDM OFDM
a truy nhp UL OFDMA SC-FDMA OFDMA v CDMA
Song cng TDD FDD v TDD FDD v TDD
Sp xp sng mang con Cc b v phn tn Cc b Cc b v phn tn
Nhy sng mang con C C C
iu ch d liu
QPSK, 16-QAM v 64-
QAM
QPSK, 16-QAM v 64-
QAM
QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM
v 64-QAM
Khong cch cc sng
mang con
10,94 KHz 15 KHz 9,6 KHz
Kch thc FFT (bng
tn 5 MHz)
512 512 512
M ha knh
M xon v m turbo
xon: m turbo khi v
m LDPC
M xon v m turbo
M xon, m turbo v
m LDPC
32
MIMO
nh dng bp sng, m
ha khng gian- thi
gian v ghp knh
khng gian
Ghp knh khng gian
tin m ha a lp, m
khi khng gian-thi
gian/ tn s, phn tp
pht chuyn mch v
phn tp tr vng
Ghp knh khng gian
tin m ha a lp, phn
tp pht khng gian-thi
gian, a truy nhp phn
chia theo khng gian v
nh dng bp sng
Bng 2.2: Cc c t k thut ca LTE
Ch s c t Ni dung
TS 36.1xx Cc yu cu thit b: Cc u cui, cc trm gc v cc b lp
TS 36.2xx Lp vt l
TS 36.3xx Lp 2 v lp 3: iu khin truy nhp mi trng, iu khin lin kt v tuyn v
iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
TS 36.4xx Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS (UTRAN) bao gm cc trm gc v cc
thc th qun l di ng
TS 36.5xx Kim tra tnh tng thch
Cc c t k thut lp vt l bao gm mt ti liu chung (TS 36.201) v bn ti liu
(t TS 36.211 n TS 36.214) vi ni dung c tng hp trong phn 5 ca ti liu chung
TS 36.201 nh sau:
TS 36.201: Lp vt l M t chung [9]
- Ni dung ca cc ti liu v lp 1 (TS 36.2xx).
- M t chung v lp 1 ca LTE.
TS 36.211: Cc knh vt l v iu ch [10]
- nh ngha cc knh vt l ng ln v ng xung.
- Cu trc ca cc knh vt l, khun dng khung, cc phn t ti nguyn v tuyn.
- iu ch (BPSK, QPSK,).
- Knh chia s vt l ng ln v ng xung.
- Cc tn hiu tham chiu ng ln v ng xung.
- Knh truy nhp ngu nhin.
- Cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp.
33
- To tn hiu OFDM ng xung.
- To tn hiu SC-FDMA ng ln.
- Ngu nhin ha, iu ch v nng tn.
- Lin h nh thi ng ln-ng xung.
- Sp xp lp v tin m ha ng xung.
TS 36.212: Ghp v m ha knh [11]
- Cc m hnh m ha knh
- M ha thng tin iu khin lp 1/ lp 2.
- an xen.
- Thch ng tc .
TS 36.213: Cc th tc lp vt l [12]
- Cc th tc ng b bao gm th tc tm kim cell v th tc nh thi.
- Th tuc iu khin cng sut.
- Th tc truy nhp ngu nhin.
- Cc th tc lin quan n knh chia s ng xung vt l bao gm bo co ch
nh cht lng knh (CQI) v hi tip MIMO.
- Cc th tc lin quan n knh chia s ng ln vt l bao gm thm d cc thit
b ngi s dng (UE) v tch ACK/NACK yu cu lp li t ng lai ghp (HARQ).
- Cc th tc lin quan n knh iu khin chia s vt l: vic gn cc knh iu
khin chia s.
TS 36.214: Lp vt l Cc thng s o [13]
- Vic o c c thc hin ti lp 1 pha thit b ngi s dng (UE) v pha
mng (E-UTRAN).
- Bo co cc kt qu o ln cc lp cao hn v n mng.
- Chuyn giao o, o trong ch ri,
2.3. Cc lp giao thc v cc knh
34
Hnh 2.2 l kin trc giao thc giao din v tuyn LTE. C ba loi knh dng
chuyn thng tin gia cc lp giao thc v gia my pht v my thu: cc knh vt l, cc
knh truyn ti v cc knh logic. SC-FDMA v OFDMA l cc nh dng tn hiu ca
cc knh vt l. Bng 2.3 l danh sch 9 knh vt l c nh ngha trong cc ch tiu k
thut ca LTE gm 6 knh vt l ng xung v 3 knh vt l ng ln.
Hnh 2.2: Kin trc giao thc ca 3GPP LTE
Lp vt l s dng cc knh truyn ti chuyn i thng tin ngi s dng v
thng tin iu khin mng vi lp con iu khin truy nhp mi trng MAC ca lp 2.
Nh trong bng 2.4, c 4 knh truyn ti ng xung v 2 knh truyn ti ng ln.
Lp vt l cng giao tip vi trung tm iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn trao i thng
Bng 2.3: Cc knh vt l
Tn knh vt l Vit tt ng xung ng ln
Knh qung b vt l PBCH x
Knh ch nh khun dng iu khin vt l PCFICH x
Knh iu khin ng xung vt l PDCCH x
Knh ch nh ARQ lai ghp vt l PHICH x
Knh chia s ng xung vt l PDSCH x
35
Knh multicast vt l PMCH x
Knh iu khin ng ln vt l PUCCH x
Knh chia s ng ln vt l PUSCH x
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l PRACH x
Bng 2.4: Cc knh truyn ti
Tn knh truyn ti Vit tt ng xung ng ln
Knh qung b BCH x
Knh chia s ng xung DL-SCH x
Knh tm gi PCH x
Knh multicast MCH x
Knh chia s ng ln UL-SCH x
Knh truy nhp ngu nhin RACH x
tin v trng thi ca cc knh trong cc khun dng o v lnh iu khin thch ng
truyn dn v tuyn vi trng thi ca knh.
Ch tiu k thut ca LTE s dng thut ng knh logic ch cc im truy nhp
dch v cho vic chuyn i thng tin gia lp con iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC)
ca lp 2 v lp con MAC. Lp con MAC gn cc knh c s dng bi lp con iu
khin lin kt v tuyn ca lp 2 vi mt knh truyn ti trong bng 2.4. Bng 2.5 l danh
sch 7 knh logic trong LTE.
Bng 2.5: Cc knh logic
Tn knh logic Vit tt Knh iu khin Knh
lu lng
Knh iu khin qung b BCCH x
Knh iu khin tm gi PCCH x
Knh iu khin chung CCCH x
36
Knh iu khin multicast MCCH x
Knh iu khin dnh ring DCCH x
Knh lu lng dnh ring DTCH x
Knh lu lng multicast MTCH x
Hnh 2.3: Cc knh ng xung
Hnh 2.3 v 2.4 minh ha mi quan h gia cc knh vt l, cc knh truyn ti v
cc knh logic trong cc bng 2.3, 2.4 v 2.5 [14]. Hnh 2.3 th hin phng thc cc
knh truyn ti trong bng 2.4 mang cc thng tin ng xung ti v t cc knh logic
trong bng 2.5. Knh chia s DL-SCH c th mang thng tin ca tt c cc knh logic
ngoi tr knh iu khin tm gi m n thuc v chnh knh truyn ti ca n PCH. Lu
lng multicast t knh MTCH c th c mang trn knh chia s ng xung hoc
trn knh vt l multicast MCH.
Nh trong hnh 2.4, tt c cc thng tin ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin mng
ng ln c mang trn knh truyn ti chia s ng ln UL-SCH. Mc ch ca knh
truy nhp ngu nhin l gi ti cc trm gc cc yu cu v ti nguyn truyn dn trn
knh chia s. Knh chia s ng ln vt l (PUSCH) mang thng tin ngi s dng v
thng tin iu khin nhn c trn knh UL-SCH. Knh iu khin ng ln vt l
(PUCCH) mang cc thng tin iu khin ng ln nhn c trn knh UL-SCH khi
khng truyn dn trn knh PUSCH. Knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l (PRACH) pht
37
Hnh 2.4: Cc knh ng ln
mt tin t tun hon (CP) v chui k hiu nhn c t knh truyn ti truy nhp ngu
nhin. Mc ch ca n l pht cc yu cu v ti nguyn truyn dn trn mt trong cc
loi knh vt l khc.
thng tin ngi s dng v thng tin iu khin c mang trn cc knh vt l,
lp vt l s pht hai loi tn hiu tham chiu ng xung: cc tn hiu tham chiu gii
iu ch c s dng bi trm gc cho gii iu ch nht qun ng ln v cc tn hiu
tham chiu thm d ngu nhin (ty chn) c s dng cho vic c tnh cht lng
knh ng ln trong vic lp lch c lp theo knh. Cc tn hiu tham chiu gii iu
ch xut hin trong mi truyn dn PUSCH v PUCCH. Cc tn hiu tham chiu thm d
yu cu cc ngun ti nguyn truyn dn ting bit.
2.4. Cu trc thi gian v tn s ng ln
LTE nh r vic truyn dn tn hiu c th trn 6 knh vi rng bng tn t 1,4
n 20MHz. Mi knh c chia thnh cc bng tn con c rng 15KHz, c ch
nh bng mt tn s sng mang con. V d, c 72 sng mang con kh dng trong mt
knh 1,4MHz v 200 sng mang con kh dng trong mt knh 20MHz. Tt c cc tn
hiu LTE nhn ng b t mt ng h hot ng ti tn s 30,72MHz = 15KHz x 2048.
iu ny c ngha l vic ng b yu cu bin i Fourier ri rc (DTF) 2048 im cho
knh 20MHz. Do , khong thi gian c s trong mt knh vt l ca LTE l mt chu k
ng h c rng:
( )
6
1 30, 72 10 32, 255
s
T ns
(2.1)
Bng 2.6 l cc k hiu m ta s s dng trong phn ny trnh by v lp vt l
ng ln.
2.4.1. Khung v khe thi gian
38
Truyn dn ng xung v ng ln c t chc thnh cc khung v tuyn [10]
vi:
307200 10
f s
T T
(ms/khung) (2.2)
Nh trong hnh 2.5, mi khung bao gm 20 khe thi gian, c nh s t 0 n 19,
mi khe c rng 0,5ms cho truyn dn song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD). Cc
cp khe thi gian bt u bng mt khe thi gian c nh s chn c gi l mt
khung con. Khong thi gian 1ms ca mt khung con c gi l khong thi gian truyn
dn (TTI) trong LTE. Vi truyn dn FDD, tt c cc khe thi gian c th mang cc knh
Bng 2.6: Cc k hiu vi lp vt l ng ln
K hiu ngha
s
T
Khong thi gian ca chu k ng h LTE c s; ( )
6
1 30, 72 10 s
f
T
Khong thi gian ca mt khung v tuyn: 0,5ms
UL
symb
N
S k hiu SC-FDMA trong mt khi ti nguyn
RB
sc
N
S sng mang con trn mt khi ti nguyn: 12
UL
RB
N
S khi ti nguyn ng ln
PUSCH
SC
M
S sng mang con c phn b cho thit b u cui di ng:
3 5 2
2 3 5
PUSCH RB RB UL
SC sc sc RB
M N N N

trong
2 3 5
, , l cc s nguyn khng
m
M Tng s sng mang con, bao gm c khong bng tn bo v. L kch thc ca IDFT my
pht v DFT my thu
vt l ng ln hoc cc tn hiu tham chiu. Cu trc khung FDD c gi l cu trc
khung kiu 1.
Trng hp phc tp hn l truyn dn song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TTD) v
khi vic truyn dn ng ln v ng xung chia s chung mt di bng tn. Hnh
2.6 ch ra cu trc ca khung TDD, c gi l cu trc khung kiu 2. Trong mi khung
c di 10ms, 8 trong s 10 khung con s mang cc knh vt l. Cc khung con t 0 n
39
5 lun mang cc knh vt l ng xung. Cc khung khc c th mang cc knh vt l
ng ln hoc ng xung. Cc khung con t 1 n 6 mang cc tn hiu ng b. GP l
Hnh 2.5: Cu trc khung cho truyn dn FDD (cu trc khung kiu 1)
Hnh 2.6: Cu trc khung cho truyn dn TDD (cu trc khung kiu 2)
khong thi gian bo v. UpPTS v DwPTS tng ng l cc khe thi gian hoa tiu
ng xung v ng ln. Cc khung con t 1 n 6 lun bao gm GP v UpPTS hoc
DwPTS ph thuc vo hng truyn dn cc knh vt l trong cc khung con khc.
2.4.2. Khi ti nguyn
LTE gn cc ti nguyn truyn dn cho cc knh vt l theo thi gian-tn s v c
gi l cc khi ti nguyn [10]. Mt khi ti nguyn th hin mt khong thi gian l
0,5ms (mt khe thi gian) v mt rng bng tn l 180KHz (12 sng mang con). Mt
knh vt l chim mt khong bng tn bao gm mt hoc nhiu khi ti nguyn lin tip.
rng bng tn ca mt knh vt l l mt s nguyn ln ca 180KHz v lp vt l ca
LTE thc hin lp lch theo kiu FDMA tp trung (LFDMA) c cp trong phn
1.3.3. Hnh 2.7 minh ha cu trc khi ti nguyn truyn dn ng ln; tt c cc khi
ti nguyn nm trong bng tn truyn dn ca h thng to thnh mt li ti nguyn. S
lng khi ti nguyn trong li ti nguyn nm trong khong t 6 (cho cc knh
40
1,4MHz) n 100 (cho cc knh 20MHz). Trong min thi gian, mi khe ng ln mang
6 hoc 7 k hiu SC-FDMA. Mi k hiu SC-FDMA bao gm cc mu u ra phc ca
bin i Fourier ri rc ngc (IDFT) trong hnh 2.11 v mt tin t tun hon. Trong
mt knh chia s ng ln vt l (PUSCH), tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch xut hin
trong phn t ti nguyn th 4 ca mi sng mang con c pht trong mt khi ti
nguyn. Trong mt knh iu khin ng xung vt l (PUCCH), cc k hiu tham
chiu gii iu ch c th xut hin trong cc phn t ti nguyn khc nhau ph thuc vo
4 khun dng ca knh PUCCH c trin khai.
Hnh 2.7: Li ti nguyn ng ln
LTE s dng cc khe vi 6 k hiu trong mt cell ln tha mn nhiu xuyn k
t gy ra do tri tr a ng. Cc cell ny cn mt tin t tun hon tng i di, gi l
41
tin t tun hon m rng. LTE s dng cc khe vi 7 k hiu trong mt cell nh hn,
cn mt tin t tun hon thng thng. Bng 2.7 ch ra khong thi gian ca mt tin t
tun hon m rng l 512 chu k ng h,
512 16, 67
s
T s
. Trong cc khe thi gian vi
7 k hiu, khong thi gian ca mt tin t tun hon thng thng l 160 chu k ng
h,
160 5, 21
s
T s
cho k hiu u tin v 144 chu k ng h,
144 4, 69
s
T s
cho 6
k hiu cn li.
LTE gi cc s phc to ra bi khi IDFT v cc s phc trong tin t tun hon l
cc mu. Bng 2.8 ch ra kch thc ca IDFT l 128 mu cho cc knh 1,4MHz n
2048 mu cho cc knh 20MHz.
Bng 2.7: Tin t tun hon thng thng v tin t tun hon m rng
Tin t tun hon thng thng Tin t tun hon m rng
S k hiu SC-FDMA trn mt
khi ti nguyn ( )
UL
symb
N
7 6
S chu k ng h trong tin t
tun hon
160 (k hiu 0) v 144 (cc k
hiu 1-6)
512 (cho tt c cc k hiu)
Khong thi gian ca tin t tun
hon
5, 21 s
(k hiu 0) v
4, 69 s
(cc k hiu 1-6)
16, 67 s
(cho c 6 k hiu)
Nh c ch ra trong hnh 2.7, mi thc th trong li ti nguyn c gi l phn
t ti nguyn c k hiu bi mt cp ch s ( ) , k l
trong k v l tng ng l cc ch
s trong min tn s v min thi gian.
Ch rng trong bng 2.8, kch thc ca IDFT cho mi rng bng tn ca knh
l ln hn s sng mang con c iu ch. Cc sng mang con cn li trong IDFT c
bin bng 0 v to thnh khong bo v trong min tn s trnh pht x ngoi bng.
Hnh 2.8 ch ra s chim ph ca tn hiu c pht bi mt thit b u cui (
c
f
l tn s
mang trung tm)
Bng 2.8: Cc c tnh ca khi ti nguyn
rng bng tn knh [MHz] 1.4 3 5 10 15 20
42
S khi ti nguyn ( )
UL
RB
N 6 15 25 50 75 100
S sng mang con b chim 72 180 300 600 900 1200
Kch thc IDFT (Tx)/DFT(Rx) ( ) M 128 256 512 1024 1536 2048
Tc ly mu [MHz] 1,92 3,84 7,68 15,36 23,04 30,72
S mu trn 1 khe thi gian 960 1920 3840 7680 11520 15360
Hnh 2.8: S sp xp ca mt khi ti nguyn vt l trong min tn s
2.5. X l knh vt l ng ln c s
Cc bc x l tn hiu bng tn c s ca mt knh chia s ng ln vt l c
ch ra trong hnh 2.9. Hnh 2.10 minh ha my pht ca mt h thng SC-FDMA tng
qut (xem hnh 1.11).
LTE nh ra hai k thut m ha knh 1/3 tc l m ha xon bt ui (tail-bitting
convolution coding) v m ha turbo (turbo coding) [11]. Mi k thut m ha sinh ra 3
lung bit ring bit, tng ng vi tc m ha 1/3. Cc lung bit c an xen vi
nhau mt cch tch bit v cc lung bit c an xen c dn vo mt b m vng
thch ng tc . Cc bit u ra ca b lc vng c ngu nhin ha bng mt chui
Gold c di bng 33 [10]. Ph thuc vo cht lng ca knh, knh chia s ng ln
vt l (PUSCH) c th s dng iu ch QPSK, 16-QAM v 64-QAM. Knh iu khin
ng ln vt l (PUCCH) c th s dng iu ch BPSK v QPSK.
43
Hnh 2.9: X l knh vt l ng ln c s
Hnh 2.10: My pht SC-FDMA tng qut
Tin m ha chuyn i tng ng vi khi DFT trong hnh 2.10. Trong knh chia
s ng ln vt l (PUSCH), kch thc ca DFT tin m ha tng ng vi s sng
44
mang con c s dng cho knh PUSCH trong mt k hiu SC-FDMA,
PUSCH
sc
M
.
PUSCH
sc
M
c cho bi biu thc sau y gip cho vic thc thi DFT mt cch hiu qu:
3 5 2
3 5 2
2 3 5
12 2 3 5 12
PUSCH RB RB Ul
sc cs cs RB
Ul
RB
M N N N
N

(2.3)
trong
2
,
3
v
5
l cc s nguyn khng m. Vi iu kin rng buc ny, s

khi ti nguyn c th c gn cho mt thit b u cui l tp cc s nguyn nh hn
hoc bng 100 m l mt s nguyn ln ca 2, 3 v 5: {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15,,
100}. V d, nu mt thit b u cui c gn 10 khi ti nguyn, th
2 5 12 2 5 120
PUSCH RB
sc cs
M N
.
Vic sp xp cc phn t ti nguyn tng ng vi vic sp xp cc sng mang con
trong hnh 2.10, gn cc u ra DFT vi cc sng mang con trong khi ti nguyn c
s dng bi knh vt l.
Vic to tn hiu SC-FDMA tng ng vi chui 4 khi trong hnh 2.10: IDFT,
chuyn i song song ni tip, chn thm cc k hiu tin t tun hon v chuyn i
s-tng t; kt qu l mt tn hiu lin tc ( )
l
s t
. Khong thi gian ca ( )
l
s t
l khong
thi gian ca mt phn t ti nguyn: l 0,5/6 hoc 0,5/7 ms ph thuc vo tin t tun
hon c s dng l m rng (6 phn t ti nguyn trn mt khe thi gian) hay thng
thng (7 phn t ti nguyn trn mt khe thi gian). Ch s l trong ( )
l
s t
l ch s thi
gian ca phn t ti nguyn: vi tin t tun hon thng thng l 0 6 l v vi tin t
tun hon m rng l 0 5 l . Trong cc phn t ti nguyn c gn cho mt knh
PUSCH hoc PUCCH, ( )
l
s t
l tng ca
12
UL
RB
N
sng mang con trong knh vt l, mi
phn t c iu ch vi u ra ca thut ton tin m ha chuyn i (DFT). Trong cc
khi ti nguyn b chim bi cc tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch ( 3 l cho PUSCH),
cc tn hiu tham chiu thm d, hoc mt knh truy nhp ngu nhin vt l (PRACH),
cc sng mang con c iu ch bi mt chui cc k hiu vi cc c tnh t tng
quan mong mun.
Cui cng, ( )
l
s t
iu ch mt sng mang tn s v tuyn
c
f
Hz c gn cho mt
thit b u cui di ng. Hnh 4.10 l mt b trn cn bng thc hin nhim v nng tn
ny. Lc RF theo sau nng tn tng ng vi vic nh dng xung trong hnh 2.10.
45
Hnh 2.12 minh ha vic s dng bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) v bin i Fourier
ri rc ngc (IDFT) thc hin 3 nhim v iu ch (tin m ha chuyn i, sp xp
cc phn t ti nguyn v to tn hiu SC-FDMA) nh trong hnh 2.9.
Trong trng hp knh truyn dn 5MHz, kt qu ca chui cc hot ng ny l
khi ti nguyn nh trong hnh 2.13 vi cc khe thi gian b chim tng ng trong hnh
2.14.
Hnh 2.11: iu ch sng mang v nng tn
Hnh 2.12: iu ch SC-FDMA s dng DFT v IDFT
46
Hnh 2.13: Cu trc khe thi gian ca knh PUSCH trong min tn s vi cu hnh truyn dn
5MHz (tin t tun hon thng thng)
Hnh 2.14: Cu trc khe thi gian ng ln ca knh PUSCH trong min thi gian vi cu hnh
truyn dn 5MHz (tin t tun hon thng thng)
2.6. Cu trc tn hiu tham chiu (hoa tiu)
Thm vo cc thng tin ngi s dng v cc thng tin iu khin mng, trong
ng ln ca LTE pht cc tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch bit trc h tr cho vic
47
gii iu ch nht qun ti trm gc v cc tn hiu thm d bit trc to iu kin lp
lch ph thuc vo knh. Trong mt knh PUSCH, cc tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch
xut hin trong phn t ti nguyn th 4 ca mi sng mang con c pht trong khi ti
nguyn. Trong mt knh PUCCH, cc tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch c th xut hin
trong cc thnh phn ti nguyn 1, 2, 3, 4 hoc 5 ph thuc vo 4 khun dng knh
PUCCH c s dng. Cc k hiu ca tn hiu tham chiu l cc chui Zadoff-Chu vi
cc c tnh tng quan thp [10].
Nh c cp trong phn trc ca chng ny, ng ln ca LTE pht cc
tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch vi mi khi ti nguyn trong mt knh PUSCH v
PUCCH. N cng c th pht cc tn hiu thm d trong cc khi ti nguyn ring bit.
Cc tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch c s dng ti trm gc cho vic c tnh knh
trong b cn bng trong min tn s v cho gii iu ch nht qun. Cc tn hiu tham
chiu thm d h tr cho vic c tnh cht lng knh cho vic lp lch ph thuc vo
knh ng ln.
Trong knh PUSCH, tn hiu tham chiu gii iu ch xut hin ti k hiu SC-
FDMA th 4 ( 3 l ) ca khe thi gian. Trong knh PUCCH, s nh v ca cc tn hiu
tham chiu gii iu ch thay i ph thuc vo khun dng ca knh PUCCH v di
ca CP.
Hnh 2.15: Cc tn hiu tham chiu FDM v CDM cho 3 ngi s dng vi 12 sng mang con.
Tnh trc giao gia cc tn hiu tham chiu ng ln t cc thit b u cui khc
nhau c th t c bng cch ghp knh phn chia theo tn s, theo m hoc theo thi
gian. Vi ghp knh phn chia theo tn s, mi tn hiu tham chiu ng ln c pht
qua mt tp ring bit cc sng mang con. Gii php ny t c tnh trc giao ca tn
hiu trong min tn s. Vi ghp knh phn chia theo m, cc tn hiu tham chiu trc
giao trong min m vi cc tn hiu c pht qua cng mt tp sng mang con chung.
Vi ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian, cc thit b u cui pht cc tn hiu tham chiu
48
trong cc khi thi gian khc nhau. Hnh 2.15 minh ha cc tn hiu tham chiu FDM v
CDM.
ng ln LTE s dng ghp knh phn chia theo tn s cho truyn dn n anten
cc tn hiu tham chiu iu ch v ghp knh phn chia theo m cho truyn dn MIMO
a ngi s dng. N s dng ghp knh phn chia theo m cho cc tn hiu tham chiu
thm d khi cc thit b u cui chia s cng mt bng tn truyn dn v kt hp phn
chia theo m v phn chia theo tn s khi c nhiu bng tn thm d.
2.7. Tng kt
Trong chng ny, ta tm hiu v cc tham s ca k thut SC-FDMA c s
dng ng ln trong cc h thng LTE ca 3GPP. Cc knh c s dng giao din
v tuyn ng ln c chia thnh 3 nhm l cc knh logic, cc knh truyn ti v cc
knh vt l. Cu trc v mt thi gian v tn s ng ln c t chc thnh cc
khung v tuyn bao gm cc khe thi gian. LTE thc hin gn ti nguyn truyn dn cho
cc knh vt l theo cc khi ti nguyn (thi gian-tn s). Cc c t k thut trnh by
trong phn ny c chun ha trong chui ti liu TS 36.xxx ca t chc 3GPP.
49
n tt nghip Chng 3: Phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong LTE
CHNG 3
PHN B TI NGUYN NG LN
TRONG H THNG LTE
3.1. Gii thiu
Phn ln cc nghin cu trc y v cng sut v phn b cc knh con cho h
thng a ngi s dng, a knh thng tp trung vo a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s
trc giao, mi ngi s dng c th c gn nhiu knh con t bt k cc sng
mang con kh dng v thut ton phn b ti nguyn theo kiu y nc c s
dng. Trong tiu chun 3GPP-LTE, m hnh ng ln c xt l a truy nhp phn
chia theo tn s n sng mang (SC-FDMA), trong cc ngi s dng ch c th c
gn cho nhiu knh con l ln cn ca nhau (ch LFDMA) v cng sut bng nhau
c s dng pht mi knh ca ca ngi s dng. iu ny tng t vi bi ton t
hp trong OFDMA nhng cc k thut c pht trin trong OFDMA khng th p dng
mt cch trc tip, do s rng buc v cc knh con ln cn.
Trong chng ny, ta xt hai bi ton phn b ti nguyn trong ng ln ca 3GPP
LTE c trnh by trong cc phn 3.3 n 3.4. Phn 3.3 l bi ton ti a ha tc tng
theo trng s tha mn iu kin rng buc trong ch LFDMA ca SC-FDMA. Phn
3.4 cp n bi ton ti thiu ha s knh con c s dng vi iu kin rng buc v
tc ca ngi s dng. Trc phn 3.2 c a ra m hnh chung ca h thng
xem xt v gii quyt ba bi ton ny. Vi mi bi ton, ta a chng v dng chng
trnh s nguyn nh phn (cn gi l bi ton chia tp hp), ng thi cng xut cc
gii php cn ti u (gi l thut ton greedy).
3.2. M hnh h thng
Xt ng ln cho mt (sector) n ca mt h thng 3GP LTE a ngi s dng
c trin khai SC-FDMA (ch L-FDMA). Ta gi s rng mi sector gn cc ti
nguyn c lp vi tt c cc sector khc trong h thng b qua xuyn nhiu sector/cell.
Ta xt M ngi s dng c nh ch s theo tp { } 1,..., ,..., m M M =
c gn vo
mt sector mong mun v bng thng truyn dn c phn chia trc giao thnh K knh
con c nh ch s theo tp { } 1,..., ,..., k K K =
, mi knh con c rng bng tn l
s
W
.
C hai rng buc trong vic gn cc knh con trong SC-FDMA ch tp trung [2] l:
50
Tnh dnh ring (exclusivity), ngha l ch ti a mt ngi s dng c th c
gn cho mt knh con.
Tnh ln cn (adjacency), ngha l mt ngi s dng c th c th gn cho
nhiu knh con nhng chng phi ln cn vi nhau.
Xt v mt phn b cng sut, s c 3 rng buc:
Rng buc v tng cng sut, ngha l tng cng sut pht ca mt ngi s dng
phi nh hn mt mc cng sut ln nht
u
P ;
Rng buc v cng sut nh, ngha l cng sut nh c pht ca mt ngi s
dng trn mi knh con phi nh hn mt mc cng sut nh
s
P ;
Phn b cng sut khng i trn cc knh con, ngha l cng sut c dng
pht trn mi knh con cho bt k mt ngi s dng no l khng i.
Gi
m
K
l tp cc sng mang con c gn cho ngi s dng th
m
v
m
K
tng
ng l lc lng ca tp
m
K
, hay chnh l s sng mang con c phn b cho ngi s
dng th
m
. Bi ton phn b ti nguyn SC-FDMA ta cp chnh l vic nh cc
knh con
m
K
cho cc ngi s dng tha mn tng cng sut rng buc ca mi ngi s
dng l
u
P v cng sut nh rng buc ca mi knh con l
s
P . Cui cng, ta cng gi
s hon ton c th bit h s khuch i ca knh cho ngi s dng th
m
trn knh
con th k c k hiu l , m k
h
v cng sut ca tp m mi trng xung quanh c l
2
(hay mt ph cng sut tp m l
0
N
,
2
0
.
s
N W
).
Cch tip cn u tin ca ta l vic lp li cng thc ca bi ton dng chng
trnh s nguyn nh phn (BIP) v cn c gi l bi ton chia tp hp. Bi ton ny c
dng chung nh sau:
{ } max / min 1 ; 0,1
T
r j
x j
x
c x Ax tha m n
(3.1)
trong A l ma trn rng buc bao gm cc phn t 0,1 c kch thc
, r c c r >
,
c
l
vector cha cc phn t l s thc, [ ] 1,...,1
T
r
1 l mt vector c di
r
gm cc phn t
1 vi
r
l s lng cc iu kin rng buc v cng l s hng trong ma trn rng buc
A, v
x
l mt vector c di l
c
gm cc bin quyt nh m cc phn t trong n l
0 hoc 1. Chng trnh s nguyn nh phn c th d dng c thc hin trong Matlab
bng hm bintprog().
51
3.3. Ti a ha tc tng theo trng s
Bi ton u tin ta xt n l bi ton ti a ha tc tng theo trng s. Trng s
ca cc ngi s dng c k hiu l
m
w
. Cc trng s ca ngi s dng c th hiu l
u tin ca cc ngi s dng c quy nh bi cc lp trn trong h thng truyn
thng tha mn cc quan im c nh trc. Bi ton phn b ti nguyn ti a ha
tc tng theo trng s c hiu l bi ton nh ngha vic phn b cc knh con
m
K

sao cho tc tng theo trng s ca cc ngi s dng trong h thng l ln nht v
tha mn iu kin v s dnh ring v s ln cn, c th c vit nh biu thc (3.2):
{ }
1
,
,...,
'
max
, '; , '
M
m
m m k
m k
m m
w R
m m m m

K K
M K
K K M tha m n
K
(3.2)
trong
,
, 2 2
log 1 min ,
u
m k s
m k
m
h
P
R P
_ _
+

, ,
K
(3.3)
l tc t c ca ngi s dng th
m
trn knh con th k v
K
l tp hp tt c
cc kh nng c th gn cc knh con tha mn iu kin rng buc v tnh ln cn. Ta
cng ch rng bi ton ny cng c th coi l tng ng vi bi ton ti a ha dung
lng tng theo trng s.
By gi, ta s xt bi ton ca ta di dng chng trnh s nguyn nh phn: mi
phn t ca vecto
x
tng ng vi mt cch phn b cc knh con ring bit; mi phn
t trong vector
c
l tc tng theo trng s tng ng vi mt cch phn b cc knh
con ring bit; ma trn rng buc A c s dng tha mn cc iu kin ln cn v
dnh ring cc knh con.
tng chnh trong bi ton ca ta c th c m t qua v d sau. Gi s ta c
4 K sng mang con v 2 M ngi s dng. Vi mi ngi s dng ring bit ch c
mt s lng nh cc phng n phn b knh con kh thi do iu kin rng buc cc
knh con c gn phi ln cn nhau. Ta k hiu vic mt knh con c gn cho mt
ngi s dng l 1 v khng c gn l 0, ta s c c mt ma trn
m
A
l ma trn
tng ng vi cc phng n phn b cc knh con cho ngi s dng th
m
. S hng
ca ma trn tng ng vi ch s ca cc knh con v s ct ca ma trn tng ng vi
cc phng n phn b cc knh con kh thi. V d:
52
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1
0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
m
m
1
1
1

1
1
]
A M
(3.4)
l ging nhau vi tt c cc ngi s dng. Khi nhiu knh con c gn cho mt ngi
s dng (t ct 6-11) th chng phi ln cn vi nhau. Ch rng ch c ( ) 1 K t

phng n phn b c th khi mt ngi s dng c gn 0 t > knh con, do , tng s
ct l ( ) ( )
2
1
1 1 2 2 1
K
t
C K t K K
+ + +
v trong v d ca ta l 11. Ta gn mi kh
nng phn b cc knh con cho ngi s dng th
m
vi mt bin quyt nh nh phn
{ }
,
0,1 , 1,...,
m j
x j C
tng ng vi mt phng n phn b cc knh con c chn hay
khng. Ta k hiu mt vector quyt nh c di MC l [ ]
1
,...,
T
M
x x x trong
,1 ,
,...,
T
m m m C
x x 1
]
x . Ta cng gn mi kh nng phn b knh con
j
cho ngi s dng
th
m
vi mt phn t , m j
r
ch tc tng theo trng s khi phn b cng sut khng
i cho ngi s dng th
m
, ngha l:
( )
,
,
, 2 , 2
log 1
m j
j m k
m j m m k
k
h
r w p
_
+

,
K
(3.5)
trong
( )
,
,
min ,
u
j s
m k
m j
P
p P
_

,
K
l cng sut c phn b v ( ) { }
,
: , 1
m j m
k k j A K K
l
tp hp ca cc ch s knh c s dng tng ng vi phng n phn b
j
cho ngi
s dng th
m
. t
1,1 ,
,...,
T
M C
r r 1
]
r l vector c cng kch thc vi
x
. Hm i tng
ca ta by gi s l
T
f r x m ta mong mun n ln nht khi tha mn iu kin rng
buc trn
x
.
tha mn iu kin gn dnh ring cho knh con th k , ta cn c mt phng n
phn b knh con m cha mt phn t 1 trn hng th k , ngha l
,
,
1
1,
m k
M
m j
m j
x k

J
K
, trong , m k
J
l tp hp cc ch s ct (cc phng n phn b knh con) m c mt
53
phn t 1 trn hng c ch s k (knh con th k ) ca
m
A
. K iu kin rng buc vi tt
c cc knh con c th vit nh sau:
[ ]
1
,...,
M K
A A x 1
(3.6)
Hn na, ta cn phi c M iu kin rng buc na tha mn mt v ch mt
phng n (hay mt v ch mt ct) trong
m
A
c chn, ngha l ,
1
1,
C
m j
j
x m
M
.
Biu din M iu kin rng buc ny di dng ma trn ta c :
1
2
T T T
C C C
T T
C C
M
T
C
T T T
M C C C
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 1
1 1
1
] ]
x 1 0 0
x 0 1
1
0
x 0 0 1
L
O M
M M O O
L
(3.7)
Kt hp (3.6) v (3.7), ma trn rng buc cho bi ton c cho bi (3.1) l mt ma
trn c K M + hng v MC ct nh sau:
1 M
T T
C C
T T
C C
1
1
1
1
1
]
A A
1 0
A
0 1
L
L
M O M
L
(3.8)
Sau , thay (3.5) v (3.8) vo (3.1) ta s chuyn i bi ton ban u ca ta trong
(3.2) thnh mt bi ton chia tp hp tng qut.
Sau khi biu din li bi ton ca ta v dng chng trnh s nguyn nh phn, ta c
th d dng p dng hm Matlab bintprog gii bi ton ny. Tuy vy, ta s phi mt
mt khong thi gian rt lu c c li gii ca bi ton, khi s lng cc tham s (s
ngi dng, s knh con) tng ln, ng ngha vi vic tng v phc tp. Do , mt
thut ton n gin hn l cn thit a ra mt gii php cn ti u c phc tp
thp hn nhng vn m bo c phn ln yu cu ca bi ton.
Di y, ta s xut thut ton cn ti u Greedy. Thut ton ny c th c gii
thch nh sau: Trong mi mt vng lp, c ng mt knh con c gn cho mt ngi
s dng, trong cch gn c chn l cch gn c th c m ti a ha vic tng ca
i tng. Cc bc ca thut ton c dng cho bi ton phn b ti nguyn u tin
ny c cho trong bng 3.1.
54
Tp
K
(dng 1) ch ra cc knh con kh dng c gn trong mi vng lp. Tp
m
K

(dng 2) l kt qu phn b knh con cho mi ngi s dng
m
v
( ) f
m
K (dng 3) l tp
hp ch s ca cc knh con c th gn cho ngi s dng
m
ti mi vng lp. Ch
rng bc khi to, tt c cc knh con u c th c gn cho cc ngi s dng;
nhng trong mi vng lp, ch mt knh con c phn b cho mt ngi s dng (dng
11) v ch cc knh con ln cn vi n l c th c gn tip cho ngi s dng , ta s
cp nht tp tng ng dng 12.
Trong phn chnh ca thut ton (dng 5-20), vi tt c cc ngi s dng v vi tt
c cc ch s knh con c th c gn cho ngi s dng, ta tnh ton vic tng tc
theo trng s khi knh con ang xt c gn cho ngi s dng (dng 8) v gi l thut
ton MUI (Maximum Utility Increase). Ti y, s c hai thut ton khc nhau l MUI-1
v MUI-2 nh trong cc biu thc (3.9) v (3.10). Vi thut ton MUI-1, ta tnh sai khc
gia tc tng theo trng s tnh c khi knh con k c gn thm cho ngi s
dng
m
l
{ } ,
m
m k
r
K
v dung lng ban u khi cha gn thm knh con k l
m
r
. Vi thut
Bng 3.1: Thut ton Greedy cho bi ton ti a ha tc tng (MUI)
u vo :
2
,
, , , , , ,
u s
m k m
M K w P P
u ra : ,
m
m K M
Dng Php ton
1 { } 1, ..., K K =
2 ,
m
m K M
3
( ) f
m
m K K, M
4 finish = 0
5 while finish = 0
6 m M
7
( ) f
m
k K K
8
MUI-1:
{ }
,
,
m
m k m
m k
r r r

K
(3.9)
MUI-2:
{ } { } { }
( ) ,
, 1 , , 1
1
3
m m m
m k m
m k m k m k
r r r r r
+
+ +
K K K
(3.10)
9 if ,
,
max 0
m k
m k
r >
10
( )
,
,
*, * arg max
m k
m k
m k r
11
* *
*
m m
k K K
12
( )
( ) ( ) { }
* * *
min 1, max 1
f
m m m
+ K K K K
13 \ * k K =K
14 else
15 finish = 1
55
16 end if
17 if K =
18 finish=1
19 end if
20 end while
ton MUI-2, ta hng n vic cc knh con c gn tip theo phi ln cn vi cc knh
con c gn, nh trong biu thc (3.10), ta xt thm cc knh con 1 k v 1 k + .
Trong :
, '
2 2
'
log 1 min ,
m
u
m k s
m m
k
m
P
r w P

_ _
+

, ,
K
K
(3.11)
{ }
{ }
, '
2 , 2
'
log 1 min ,
1
m
m
u
m k s
m m k
k k
m
P
r w P

_ _
+

+
, ,
K
K
K
(3.12)
Cp ngi s dng v knh con ( ) *, * m k
m c lng tng v tc , m k
r
ln nht
s l cch phn b cui cng (dng 10) v ta s cp nht cc tp tng ng (dng 11-13).
phc tp trong trng hp xu nht ca thut ton l ( )
2
O K M
, do c ng K
vng lp, mi vng lp cn ( ) O MK
php ton tnh ton s tng v tc ca tt c
cc ngi s dng v tt c cc knh con. Trong thc t, phc tp s thp hn kt qu
trn do tp ch s cc knh con c th gn c s lng cc phn t ln nht l 2 (cc knh
con v pha bn phi v bn tri ca cc knh con c gn (dng 12)) sau khi mi
ngi s dng chn t nht mt knh con. Ta s tm hiu ngha ca vic a ra thut
ton Greedy k hn khi thc hin chng trnh m phng trong chng 4.
3.4. Ti thiu ha s knh con s dng
Bi ton th hai m ta xt c cng thc ha trong cc biu thc (3.13) v (3.14)
tha mn rng buc v tc
0
m
R
ca tt c cc ngi s dng sao cho tng s knh con
s dng l nh nht. Bi ton ny c ngha thc t, bi v ta lun mun dnh mt s
lng knh con nh nht c th cho tc b rng buc bi tnh thi gian thc ca cc
ng dng ngi s dng nh thoi, video v duy tr lng ti nguyn c th cho cc ng
dng d liu c lu lng mm do.
1
,...,
min
M
m
m
K K
M
K
K
(3.13)
tha mn
56
, 0
2 2
log 1 min , ,
m
u
m k s
m
k
m
h
P
P R m
_ _
+ >

, ,
K
M
K
(3.14)
'
,
m m
K K m M
i tng ca ta l s lng cc knh con c gn v cc rng buc l tc ca
ngi s dng v tnh dnh ring ca cc knh con. u tin, ta cng thc ha thnh dng
chng trnh s nguyn nh phn bng cch nh ngha ma trn chi ph (cost) c M C
nh sau:
( )
,
, , 0
, 2 2
,
, log 1
,
m j
j
m k m k
m j s m
k m j
p h
W R
s
_
+ >

'
,
K
K
nu khc
(3.15)
trong
,
,
min ,
u
j s
m k
m j
P
p P
_

,
K
. y , m j
s
l chi ph ca phng n phn b
j
(hiu l s
lng cc phn t 1 trong ct tng ng ca ma trn
m
A
) cho ngi s dng
m
. Phng
n no khng tha mn iu kin rng buc v tc cho ngi s dng, chi ph s l v
cng nn phng n phn b ny s khng c chp nhn. Ta a ra mt vector ct
s
c
kch thc 1 MC c k hiu l [ ]
1
,...,
T
M
s s s = v
1,1 ,
,...,
T
m s C
s s x 1
]
th bi ton ny ca
ta c cng thc ha nh sau:
{ }
min
T
x
s x
(3.16)
tha mn
[ ]
1
,...,
m K
A A x 1
(3.17)
T T
C C
N
T T
C C
1
1
1
1
]
1 0
x 1
0 1
L
M O M
L
(3.18)
iu kin rng buc trong (3.17) l mt bt ng thc v y mt knh con khng
nht thit phi c gn. Nhng mt v ch mt phng n phn b phi c chn cho
bt k mt ngi s dng no nn (3.18) l mt ng thc. T cc biu thc (3.16), (3.17)
v (3.18) ta c th s dng hm Matlab bintprog d dng c c li gii ca bi
57
ton ti thiu ha s knh con s dng vi iu kin rng buc v tc ca ngi s
dng.
Sau y, ta s a ra thut ton cn ti u Greedy cho bi ton ti thiu ha s knh
con s dng, hay cn gi l thut ton phn b khi vi lng knh con s dng t nht
(BMNS). Cc bc ca thut ton c cho trong bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2: Thut ton Greedy cho bi ton ti thiu ha s knh con s dng (BMNS)
u vo :
2
,
, , , , , ,
u s
m k m
M K w P P
u ra : ,
m
m K M
Dng Php ton
1 { } 1, ..., K K =
2 , 0,
m m
Flag m K M
3 Tnh { }
,
, ,
m j
s m j s M C s dng biu thc (3.15)
4 finish = 0
5 while finish = 0
6
BMNS-1:
[ ] { }
2 1
0
*, * max
m
m m
m I
s m s s

tham n
BMNS-2:
[ ] { }
1
0
*, * max
m
m
m I
s m s
tham n
6 if
1
* m
s <
7
{ }
*,
* min
m j
j
j s
C
8
* *, * m m j
K K
9
*
1
m
Flag
10
j C
m
, * , m j m j
K K th t
,
,
m j
s m M
11 else
12 finish=1
13 end if
14 if 1,
m
Flag m M or
m
m

U M
K K
15 finish=1
16 end if
17 end while
Tp
K
l tp gm cc ch s ca cc sng mang con (dng 1). Trong dng 2, vector
Flag
c khi to bng 0. Cc phn t ca vector
Flag
s ch nh ngi s dng no
c phn b, khi , n s c gi tr bng 1 trnh mt ngi s dng khng b
phn b hai ln. Tp hp cc knh con c phn b
m
K
c khi to l tp rng cho
mi ngi s dng. Dng 3 s thc hin tnh ton chi ph , m j
s
(l s knh con s dng)
cho mi cp ngi s dng-phng n phn b tng ng. Thut ton kt khc khi tt c
cc phn t trong vector
Flag
u bng 1 hoc gn ht s knh con (dng 14). Trong
58
dng 3, c hai thut ton khc nhau c s dng la chn ngi s dng c phn
b tip theo trong nhng ngi s dng cha c phn b. Hai thut ton khc nhau ny
c k hiu tng ng l BMNS-1 v BMNS-2. y,
1
m
s
v
2
m
s
l chi ph nh nht l
nh th hai ca ngi s dng th
m
. BMNS-1 la chn ngi s dng c s chnh lch
ln nht gia hai gi tr ny phn b tip theo. BMNS-2 th li la chn ngi s dng
c chi ph gn nh nht ln nht. Nu chi ph nh nht ca ngi dng * m c chn l
nh hn v cng (ngc li, thut ton s kt thc), th phng n gn kh dng
* j
ti
thiu ha chi ph ca ngi dng * m c phn b cho ngi s dng ny (dng 8) v
trong dng 9 v dng 10, cc gi tr
* m
Flag
v
* m
K
c cp nht tng ng. Trong dng
11, chi ph cc phng n phn b c cng cc knh con vi phng n va phn b
trn c t l v cng (tha mn iu kin dnh ring).
im khc bit gia thut ton cn ti u Greedy BMNS trong phn ny khi so snh
thut ton cn ti u Greedy MUI trong phn 3.3 chnh l gn khi, tc l trong mt vng
lp, mt phng n s c chn phn b cho mt ngi s dng. Hiu nng ca ba
thut ton c s dng trong bi ton ny s c trnh by kt qu m phng trong
chng 4.
3.5. Tng kt
Trong chng ny, ta cp n hai bi ton phn b ti nguyn trong mt cell
n ng ln trong h thng LTE, l ti a ha tc tng theo trng s v ti
thiu ha s knh con s dng vi iu kin rng buc v tc . im chung ca hai bi
ton l u c thc hin trong ch L-FDMA c s dng ng ln trong h
thng LTE. , vic phn b cc knh con cho cc ngi s dng phi tha mn rng
buc v tnh dnh ring v tnh ln cn. Ta xy dng li hai bi ton ny v dng
chng trnh s nguyn nh phn (BIP) sn c, ng thi cng xut nhng thut ton
cn ti u Greedy c phc tp thp hn. ngha ca cc thut ton cn ti u ny s
c trnh by kt qu m phng trong chng 4.
59
n tt nghip Chng 4: Chng trnh v kt qu m phng
CHNG 4
CHNG TRNH V KT QU M PHNG
4.1. Gii thiu
Trong phn ny, ta s thc hin chng trnh m phng trn Matlab vi h thng
SC-FDMA v thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong h thng LTE. Phn 4.2
tp trung vo m hnh iu ch n sng mang vi cn bng trong min tn s(SC/FDE),
so snh hiu nng ca n (t s li k hiu) so vi OFDM. Phn 4.3 m phng mt h
thng a truy nhp SC-FDMA, ng thi so snh u im vt tri ca n l t s cng
sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh so vi h thng a truy nhp OFDMA. Phn 4.4 s
m phng thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong h thng LTE cho hai bi ton
ti a ha tc tng theo trng s v ti thiu ha s sng mang con c s dng. M
m phng nhng vn trn c cho phn ph lc nm sau chng ny v phin
bn Matlab c s dng l MATLAB 7.5 (R2007b).
4.2. M phng k thut SC/FE
Nh cp trong chng 1, c hai h thng SC/FDE v OFDM u s dng cc
khi x l tn hiu nh nhau. Hnh 4.1 v 4.2 ch ra m hnh thc hin m phng vi h
thng SC/FDE v h thng OFDM.
Vi knh truyn sng a ng, ta xem xt hai m hnh knh ca ITU l ngi i b
(Pedestrian A) v xe c (Vehicular A) vi tp m Gauss trng cng (AWGN). L lch tr
cng sut v p ng knh trong min tn s ca hai m hnh knh ny c cho v th
hin tng ng trong bng 4.1 v hnh 4.3. Bng 4.2 l cc thng s m phng s dng
trong cc chng trnh m phng (phn 4.2 v 4.3).
Bng 4.1: L lch tr cng sut ca hai m hnh knh ITU PedA v ITU VehA
M hnh knh Tuyn 1 Tuyn 2 Tuyn 3 Tuyn 4 Tuyn 5 Tuyn 6
PedA
Tr (ns) 0 110 190 410 - -
Cng sut (dB) 0 -9,7 -19,2 -22,8 - -
VehA
Tr (ns) 0 310 710 1090 1730 2510
Cng sut (dB) 0 -1,0 -9,0 -10,0 -15,0 -20,0
60
Hnh 4.1: Lu m phng k thut SC/FDE
Hnh 4.2: Lu m phng k thut OFDM
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Sng mang con
B
i

PedA
VehA
Hnh 4.3: p ng knh trong min tn s ca hai m hnh knh ITU PedA v ITU VehA
61
Bng 4.2: Cc thng s thc hin m phng
rng bng tn h thng 5 MHz
Tc ly mu 5 Msamples/s
Khun dng iu ch d liu QPSK hoc 16-QAM
nh dng xung Khng hoc c (RC, RRC)
Tin t tun hon 20 mu (4s)
Kch thc IFFT pht 512
Kch thc khi u vo SC-FDMA 16 k hiu
Kch thc FFT u vo SC-FDMA 16
c tnh knh L tng
Cn bng knh Cng bc khng hoc MMSE
M ha knh Khng
Tch sng Quyt nh cng
S ln thc hin m phng (s vng lp) >10
3
M thc hin m phng hiu nng t s li k hiu (SER) cho hai h thng SC/FDE
v OFDM c cho phn ph lc (hai hm chnh l SER_scfde v SER_ofdm cng vi
cc hm chc nng con). Ta thc hin ln lt hai chng trnh m phng di y.
Hnh 4.4 l kt qu m phng hiu nng SER ca h thng SC/FDE vi 5 trng
hp khc nhau l: (a) knh ch l AWGN; (b) knh PedA c AWGN, s dng b cn
bng ZF; (c) knh PedA c AWGN, s dng b cn bng MMSE; (d) knh VehA c
AWGN, s dng b cn bng ZF; (e) knh VehA c AWGN, s dng b cn bng
MMSE (chng trnh SimSCFDE1() trong ph lc). Tt c u s dng iu ch QPSK.
Ta c th thy vi ba m hnh knh tng ng, th m hnh knh ch c AWGN s cho
hiu nng tt nht, m hnh knh VehA cho hiu nng km nht. Vi m knh PedA th
d dng phng php cn bng cng bc khng hay MMSE th s thay i cng khng
ng k; trong khi vi m knh VehA th s dng phng php cn bng MMSE gip ci
thin ng k t s li k hiu ca h thng
62
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR (dB)
S
E
R
SER ca hthng SC/FDE v i cc m hnh knh khc nhau
v cc ph ng php cn bng knh khc nhau

AWGN
Ped A , Zero Forcing
Ped A , MMSE
Veh A , Zero Forcing
Veh A , MMSE
Hnh 4.4: Kt qu m phng t s li k hiu ca h thng SC/FDE trong cc m hnh knh khc
nhau v s dng cc phng php cn bng knh khc nhau
Hnh 4.5 so snh hiu nng gia hai h thng SC/FDE v OFDM (chng trnh
SimSCFDE2() trong ph lc). Trong s dng phng php cn bng knh MMSE vi
cc m hnh knh a ng. Vi knh ch l AWGN, ta c th thy c hai h thng cng
cho mt hiu nng nh nhau. Vi cc m hnh knh a ng, ta c th thy r u im
ca vic phn tp tn s ca OFDM so vi SC/FDE khi h thng OFDM cho t s SER
thp hn so vi SC/FDE (thm ch vi m hnh knh VehA, s chnh lch l ng k)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
10
-6
10
-5
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR (dB)
S
E
R
SER ca hthng SC/FDE v OFDM v i cc m hnh knh khc nhau
v ph ng php cn bng knh MMSE

SC/FDE - AWGN
OFDM - AWGN
SC/FDE - Ped A
OFDM - Ped A
SC/FDE - Veh A
OFDM - Veh A
Hnh 4.5: Kt qa m phng so snh t s li k hiu gia hai h thng SC/FDE v OFDM
63
4.3. M phng h thng SC-FDMA
4.3.1. M phng cc m hnh sp xp sng mang con
Hnh 4.6 l lu thc hin m phng cho h thng SC-FDMA. Trong phn ny ta
xem xt hai m hnh sp xp cc sng mang con l IFDMA (l trng hp c bit ca
DFDMA) v LFDMA. M m phng cho phn ny c thc hin bi hai hm
SER_ifdma v SER_lfdma cho phn ph lc.
Hnh 4.8 l kt qu m phng so snh hiu nng gia hai m hnh sp xp sng
mang con khc nhau (chng trnh SimSCFDMA() trong ph lc). Vi knh a ng,
hiu nng ca IFDMA khng ph thuc vo v tr ca bng con nh tnh phn tp trong
min tn s (hnh 4.7). Vi LFDMA, hiu nng ph thuc mt phn vo bng con b
chim. Ti bng con cc b 0, li ca knh cao hn mc trung bnh, do s cho hiu
nng SER tt hn. Ngc li, ti bng con cc b 15, li ca knh thp, tng ng s
lm gim hiu nng SER.
Hnh 4.6: Lu m phng h thng SC-FDMA
64
Hnh 4.7: Minh ha bng con cc b cho knh ITU PedA
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
10
-4
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
SNR (dB)
S
E
R
SER ca hthng SC-FDMA v i m hnh knh PedA
v ph ng php cn bng knh MMSE

IFDMA, Subband 0
LFDMA, Subband 0
IFDMA, Subband 15
LFDMA, Subband 15
Hnh 4.8: Kt qu m phng so snh t s li k hiu gia hai m hnh sp xp sng mang con
4.3.2. M phng c tnh cng sut nh ca tn hiu SC-FDMA
Hnh 4.9 v 4.10 l lu m phng PAPR cho SC-FDMA v OFDMA tng ng.
Ta tnh ton hm phn b tch ly b (CCDF) ca PAPR, ngha l xc sut PAPR cao
hn mt gi tr PAPR
0
cho trc ( { }
0
Pr PAPR PAPR >
). Ta nh gi v so snh cc gi tr
CCDF ca PAPR cho IFDMA, DFDMA, LFDMA v OFDMA. Vi SC-FDMA ta ln
lt tnh ton khi khng c nh dng xung, c nh dng xung (s dng cc b lc RC,
RRC c biu thc trong min thi gian v tn s nh trong (1.14) v (1.15)). M m
phng bng Matlab c cho ph lc bao gm 2 hm PAPR_scfdma v PAPR_ofdma.
65
Hnh 4.9: Lu m phng c tnh cng sut nh (PAPR) ca tn hiu SC-FDMA
Cc hnh 4.11 v 4.12 l kt qu m phng th hin CCDF ca PAPR cho cc m
hnh sp xp sng mang con khc nhau ca SC-FDMA v so snh n vi OFDMA
(chng trnh SimPAPR() trong ph lc). Tt c s dng iu ch QPSK, c tng s sng
mang con l 512, tng s k hiu l 16, h s tri rng bng tn ca IFDMA l Q =
512/16 = 32, chn h s tri rng bng tn ca DFDMA l Q
1
= 25 < Q, rng bng tn
ca h thng l 5MHz, h s dc ca b lc l
0,8
, h s tng tc ly mu l 4.
Ta c th thy r l d c nh dng xung hay khng th c cng mt mc xc
sut biu din qua gi tr CCDF, cc m hnh ca SC-FDMA u c PAPR thp hn so
vi OFDMA. M hnh IFDMA c mc PAPR thp nht, trong khi hai m hnh DFDMA
v LFDMA c mc PAPR tng ng nhau.
Hnh 4.10: Lu m phng c tnh cng sut nh (PAPR) ca tn hiu OFDMA.
66
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Pr(PAPR >PAPR
0
)
P
A
P
R
0

[
d
B
]
CCDF caPAPR cho OFDMA, IFDMA, DFDMA, LFDMA (khng PS)

OFDMA
IFDMA, khng PS
DFDMA, khng PS
LFDMA, khng PS
(a)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Pr(PAPR >PAPR
0
)
P
A
P
R
0

[
d
B
]
CCDF ca PAPR cho OFDMA, IFDMA, DFDMA, LFDMA (c PSRC)

OFDMA
IFDMA, RC PS
DFDMA, RC PS
LFDMA, RC PS
(b)
Hnh 4.11: Kt qu m phng CCDF ca PAPR cho cc m hnh SC-FDMA ((a) khng nh
dng xung, (b) nh dng xung RC) v OFDMA
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
10
-3
10
-2
10
-1
10
0
Pr(PAPR >PAPR
0
)
P
A
P
R
0

[
d
B
]
CCDF ca PAPR cho OFDMA, LFDMA

OFDMA
LFDMA, khng PS
LFDMA, RC PS
LFDMA, RRC PS
Hnh 4.12: Kt qu m phng CCDF ca PAPR cho m hnh LFDMA v OFDMA
67
4.4. M phng thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong h thng LTE
Trong phn ny, ta s thc hin m phng cho thut ton phn b ti nguyn
ng ln LTE sao cho tc tng theo trng s l ln nht v s knh con s dng l
ln nht. Qua nh gi hiu qu ca thut ton Greedy c xut trong chng 3
khi so snh vi thut ton ti u s dng chng trnh s nguyn nh phn.
Ta xt mt cell c bn knh 1km, trong c 6 ngi dng lin lc n trm gc.
Cc ngi dng phn b ngu nhin trong cell vi suy hao 128,1 + 37,6log
10
d (dB) ,
trong d l khong cch ca ngi s dng n trm gc tnh theo km. Gi s knh c
fading gy ra do hin tng che ti c phn b chun log vi lch chun l 8dB. Nh
vy p ng ca knh vi ngi s dng th m trn knh con th k c th biu din nh
sau:
. ,
128,1 37, 6log
m k m m k
h d
(4.1)
trong , m k
l thnh phn fading gy ra do che ti

Mt ph cng sut tp m c chn l -161dBm/Hz, rng ca mt knh con
l 180KHz (tng ng vi 12 sng mang con, hay mt khi ti nguyn trong LTE). C
hai rng buc v cng sut pht, l cng sut pht ln nht ca ngi s dng l P
m
=
125mW v cng sut pht ln nht trn mt knh con l 10mW.
4.4.1. M phng thut ton ti a ha tc tng theo trng s
Ta s to ra nhiu tp cc khong cch, nhiu tp cc trng s c phn b ngu
nhin ca ngi s dng v cc trng hp fading khc nhau ri thc hin c 3 thut ton
phn b (Greedy MUI-1, Greedy MUI-2 v thut ton ti u s dng chng trnh s
nguyn nh phn). Cc hm thc hin thut ton l MaximumSumRate_Greedy(),
MaximumSumRate_BIP() c cho phn ph lc. Ta v hm phn b tch ly tc
tng v nh gi phc tp ca cc thut ton qua thi gian thc hin m phng. M
m phng c cho trong chng trnh SimMaximumSumRate() trong phn ph lc.
Hnh 4.13 l kt qu m phng sau khi thc hin 500 ln ba thut ton phn b 15
knh con cho 6 ngi s dng trong mt cell. Hnh 4.13 v hm phn b tch ly CDF
ca tc tng ca 3 thut ton, ta thy vic s dng thut ton MUI-2 gip ci thin
hiu nng ca thut ton MUI-1 tin gn hn n thut ton ti u. Hnh 4.13 cng ch ra
kt qu m phng thi gian tnh ton trung bnh ca 3 thut ton. Ta thy thut ton phn
b ti u s dng chng trnh s nguyn nh phn cn thi gian tnh ton (nh trong kt
68
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
x 10
7
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
r (Tc bit tng)(bps)
F
(
r
)
Phn b tch ly ca tc bit tng trong cc thut ton phn bti nguyn (M=6, K=15)

Greedy MUI-1; t
m
=0.10141(s)
Greedy MUI-2; t
m
=0.16123(s)
Ti u (BIP); t
m
=1.1585(s)
Hnh 4.13: Phn b tch ly tc tng v thi gian tnh ton trung bnh trong cc thut ton
phn b ti nguyn
qu m phng l 1,159s) cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi hai thut ton cn ti u (l 0,101s
v 0,161s). iu ny c ngha l hai thut ton cn ti u Greedy c phc tp thp hn
rt nhiu ln so vi thut ton ti u, nhng vn t c mt s sai khc nh trong mc
tiu phn b ti nguyn.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
n
s
(S knh con s dng)
F
(
n
s
)
Phn b tch ly ca s knh con s dng trong cc thut ton phn bti nguyn (M=4, K=10)

Greedy BMNS1; t
m
=0.0204(s)
Greedy BMNS2; t
m
=0.018132(s)
Ti u (BIP); t
m
=1.5721(s)
Hnh 4.14: Phn b tch ly s sng mang con s dng v thi gian tnh ton trung bnh trong
cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn
69
4.4.2. M phng thut ton ti thiu ha s sng mang con s dng
Ta cng s s to ra nhiu tp cc khong cch v cc trng hp fading khc nhau
(trong phn ny khng xt n trng s ca ngi s dng) ri thc hin c 3 thut ton
phn b (Greedy BMNS-1, Greedy BMNS-2 v thut ton ti u s dng chng trnh s
nguyn nh phn). Cc hm thc hin thut ton l MinimumNSubc_Greedy(),
MinimumNSubc_BIP() c cho phn ph lc. Ta v hm phn b tch ly s sng
mang con s dng v nh gi phc tp ca cc thut ton qua thi gian thc hin m
phng. M m phng c cho trong chng trnh SimMinimumNSubc() trong phn ph
lc.
Hnh 4.14 l kt qu m phng sau khi thc hin 500 ln ba thut ton phn b 10
knh con cho 4 ngi s dng trong mt cell. Hnh 4.14 v hm phn b tch ly CDF
ca s sng mang con s dng v thi gian tnh ton trung bnh ca 3 thut ton. Ta thy
thut ton phn b ti u s dng chng trnh s nguyn nh phn cn thi gian tnh
ton (nh trong kt qu m phng l 1,572s) cao hn rt nhiu ln so vi hai thut ton
cn ti u (l 0,02s v 0,018s) trong khi hai thut ton cn ti u vn t c nhng yu
cu nht nh so vi thut ton ti u. Thut ton Greedy BMNS-1 cho hiu nng cao
hn so vi thut ton Greedy BMNS-2.
4.5. Tng kt
Trong chng ny, ta xy dng c cc m mnh v chng trnh m phng
cho cc h thng SC/FDE v SC-FDMA trong cc m hnh knh khc nhau, so snh hiu
nng (t s li k hiu) vi cc h thng OFDM v OFDMA tng ng. Phn trng tm
ca n l cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn ti u v cn ti ng ln trong h
thng LTE cng c thc hin m phng trong phn ny. Thut ton phn b ti
nguyn c xt n gin trong mt cell n, nhng t c nhng ngha nn tng
nht nh m rng cho ton b h thng.
70
n tt nghip Kt lun v hng pht trin
KT LUN V HNG PHT TRIN
Cc cng ngh thng tin di ng sau th h ba, c bit l cng ngh LTE ca 3GPP
v ang v thnh mt cng ngh tim nng, to ra nhiu c hi pht trin cho ngnh
vin thng trong thi gian sp ti. Vi n ny, em tm hiu v k thut SC-FDMA
l k thut c la chn cho truyn dn ng ln trong h thng 3GPP LTE, ng thi
a ra cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong h thng LTE.
n thc hin tm hiu v hon thnh mc nht nh nhng vn nh sau:
Tm hiu v k thut a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s n sng mang (SC-
FDMA) da trn nn tng k thut iu ch n sng mang/cn bng trong min
tn s (SC/FDE); so snh u im ni tri ca n so vi OFDMA.
Tm hiu v cc tham s cu trc v mt thi gian v tn s trong ng ln ca
h thng LTE c s dng k thut SC-FDMA.
Tm hiu cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng ln trong h thng LTE,
l bi ton ti a ha cng sut tng theo trng s v ti thiu ha s sng mang
con s dng vi cc gii thut ti u v cn ti u.
Xy dng m hnh v chng trnh m phng cho h thng SC/FDE, SC-FDMA
v c bit l chng trnh m phng cho thut ton phn b ti nguyn ng
ln trong mt cell n ca h thng LTE; so snh hiu qu ca cc thut ton.
Nu c iu kin c tip tc thc hin v pht trin ni dung ca n, em mong
c tm hiu su hn v k thut SC-FDMA (m hnh MIMO, kh nng lp lch ph
thuc vo knh,...) cng vi cc thut ton phn b ti nguyn trong h thng LTE vi
cc m hnh phc tp hn (h thng gm nhiu cell, c thm cc tham s ca m hnh
knh,...) v bi ton ti u ha cng sut pht ca ngi s dng.
Mt ln na em xin gi li cm n su sc n thy gio Ths. Nguyn Vit m
tn tnh gip em c th hon thnh ni dung ca n. ng thi, em rt mong
nhn c s quan tm v ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn sinh vin n c th
hon thin hn.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
71
n tt nghip Ti liu tham kho
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] H. G. Myung, Single Carrier Orthogonal Multiple Access Technique for
Broadband Wireless Communications, Ph.D. Dissertation, Polytechnic University,
Jan. 2007.
[2] H. G. Myung and D. J. Goodman, Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for
Long Term Evolution, John Wiley & Sons, Nov. 2008.
[3] Adachi, F., Garg, D., Takaoka, S., et al., Broadband CDMA Techniques, IEEE
Wireless Comm., vol. 12, no. 2, Apr. 2005, pp. 818.
[4] Miller, S.L. and ODea, R.J., Peak Power and Bandwidth Efficient Linear
Modulation, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 12, Dec. 1998, pp. 16391648.
[5] Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh l trnh pht trin thng tin di ng 3G ln
4G, Nh xut bn Thng tin v truyn thng, 2010
[6] Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Gio trnh Thng tin di ng th h ba, Nh xut bn
Bu in, 2004
[7] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, http://www.3gpp.org.
[8] 3rd Generation Partnership Project, 3GPP TS 23.002 Technical Specification
Group Services and Systems Aspects; Network Architecture (Release 9), Sep. 2010,
Section 5.1.
Group Radio Access Network; Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-
UTRA); LTE Physical Layer General Description (Release 9), Mar. 2010.
UTRA); Physical Channels and Modulation (Release 9), Mar. 2010.
UTRA); Multiplexing and Channel Coding (Release 9), Sep. 2010.
UTRA); Physical Layer Procedures (Release 9), Sep. 2010.
72
n tt nghip Ti liu tham kho
UTRA); Physical Layer - Measurements (Release 9), Sep. 2010.
UTRA); Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocol Specification (Release 9), June
2010.
UTRA); Base Station Radio Transmission and Reception (Release 9), Sep. 2010
[16] Wong I.C., Oteri O., McCoy W., Optimal Resource Allocation in SCFDMA
Systems , IEEE Trans. on Wireless Com. Vol. 8 No. 5. May 2009
[17] Fatma I.S., Tolga G., Uplink Resource Allocation Algorithms for Single-Carrier
FDMA Systems, Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, TOBB
University of of Economics & Technology, Ankara, Turkey, April, 2010
73

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