Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.
Theo FAO/WHO, phu gia thc pham la bat c chat g, thong thng ban than no khong c s dung nh mot thc pham, khong la mot thanh phan ac trng cua thc pham, du co hay khong co gia tr dinh dng, c co y a vao thc pham nham at muc ch ky thuat trong che bien, x ly, ong goi khi chat o hoac san pham cua no tr thanh mot cau phan (hay co anh hng en tnh chat) cua thc pham o. Theo Bo Y Te Viet Nam, phu gia thc pham la nhng chat khong c coi la thc pham hay mot thanh phan chu yeu cua thc pham, co t hoac khong co gia tr dinh dng, c chu ong cho vao thc pham vi mot muc ch ap ng yeu cau cong
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
nghe trong qua trnh san xuat, che bien, x ly, bao goi, van chuyen, bao quan thc pham. Phu gia thc pham khong bao gom cac chat o nhiem hoac cac chat bo sung vao thc pham vi muc ch tang them gia tr dinh dng ca thc pham. Tom lai:
Khong phai thc pham Cac che pham t nhien hoac tong hp a vao thc pham mot cach co y e thc hien nhng muc ch ky thuat
nhat nh.
Lu lai trong thc pham dang nguyen the hoac dan xuat nhng van am
bao an toan cho ngi s dung.
2.
Khong phai thc pham, cac che pham t nhien hoac tong hp a vao thc pham mot cach co y e thc hien nhng muc ch ky thuat nhat nh. Khong c lu lai trong thc pham sau khi thc hien xong chc nang ky thuat (chat tay trang Na bisulphit(Na2S2O3) s dung trong mt mang cau, mt da, SO2, CO2, N2, HCl hoac NaOH am ac dung trong thuy phan ba banh dau trong san xuat tau v yeu)
2.2 Chat bo sung dinh dng
Nhng chat c co y bo sung vao thc pham nham duy tr hoac gia tang gia tr ve dinh dng cua thc pham a b mat i trong qua trnh che bien, hoac gia cong ky thuat ( vitamin C, B, D, E, chat khoang Ca, P),va tuy theo nhu cau cua tng loai san pham, lng mat i ma bo sung mot cach phu hp.
2.3 Chat tap nhiem
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
Nhng chat khong co y cho vao thc pham nhng van hien dien do b nhiem t qua trnh san xuat che bien cung nh gia cong ky thuat. (bao b kim loai)
2.4 Chat hoa hoc cong nghiep
Nhng chat khong co y cho vao thc pham nhng van hien dien do ton tai trong qua trnh trong trot hay chan nuoi nh thuoc tr sau, nc thai
3.
c phep san xuat nhap khau, kinh doanh tai th trng Viet nam cac phu gia thc pham nam trong danh muc phu gia cho phep s dung cua Bo Y te. c chng nhan tieu chuan chat lng ve sinh an toan cua c quan co tham quyen. ap ng cac yeu cau ky thuat, ve sinh an toan thc pham quy nh. Cac chat phu gia lu thong tren th trng phai co nhan mac, ngay san xuat, nc san xuat, ieu kien bao quan theo ung quy nh.
4.
Chat phu gia phai nam trong Danh muc cho phep s dung cua Bo Y te. Tham khao gii han toi a phu gia cho phep s dung oi vi thc pham. Phu gia s dung thch hp oi vi san pham thc pham. Phu gia phai at tieu chuan tinh khiet nhat nh, co a ch cua nha san xuat va thi han s dung. c bao quan can than, bao b khong b rach, hay con trung pha hoai. Khong lam bien oi ban chat, thuoc tnh t nhien von co cua thc pham.
5.
Anh hng cua cac oc chat hoa hoc co trong phu gia
Viec s dung phu gia b cam s dung cung la mot nguyen nhan gay ra cac vu ngo oc thc pham, anh hng en sc khoe va tnh mang cua ngi tieu dung nh : Gay ngo oc man tnh: mac du chung ta s dung mot lieu lng rat nho, nhng thng xuyen va lien tuc, chung se c tch luy trong c the va gay ton thng.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
Th du: Han the ( Na2B4O7.H2O) hay muoi borat se c ao thai qua nc tieu 81%, qua phan 1%, qua mo hoi 3%, con 15% c tch luy trong cac mo m, mo than kinh va chnh kha nang tch luy nay la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan gay ngo oc man tnh ong thi kem theo mot so trieu chng nh : an khong ngon, giam can, tieu chay, rung toc, suy than man tnh, da xanh xao, ong kinh, tr tue giam sut )Nguy c hnh thanh khoi u, ung th, bien oi gen, quai thai )Nguy c anh hng en chat lng thc pham nh pha huy cac chat dinh dng co trong thc pham.
6.
Ngay nay phu gia thc pham a c s dung rong rai, va gi mot vai tro quan trong trong viec che bien va bao quan thc pham. Phu gia thc pham ngay cang c s dung pho bien trong che bien thc pham moi qui mo, va ang trong tnh trang ang bao ong va kho kiem soat. Trong san xuat cong nghiep vi qui mo ln co the kiem soat, th khong nhieu ve chung loai va so lng, vi qui mo va va nho, ho gia nh th khong the kiem soat, th lai rat a dang ve chung loai, xuat x va so lng. Cach s dung phu gia dang qui mo nay thng thieu hieu biet, do truyen mieng, hay do kinh nghiem dan gian, tuy tien s dung ve chung loai va t le. Nguon cung cap cac phu gia nay la th trng troi noi, khong c kiem tra, kiem soat ve tnh an toan va o tinh khiet.
6.1
S dung chat phu gia gop phan cai thien quy trnh cong nghe hoac lam n gian hn cac cong oan trong quy trnh che bien, t o lam tang so lng va chat lng cua thc pham, ong thi rut ngan thi gian trong qua trnh san xuat. S dung chat phu gia lam tang gia tr cua thc pham ve mat cong nghe nh o mem deo, o xop, o dai, s ong nhat va on nh,cua san pham.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
S dung phu gia vi muc ch thay the mot so cac nguyen lieu at tien co tac dung lam giam gia thanh cua san pham 6.2 Ve mat san pham Tang gia tr ve mat cam quan 9 Lam tang gia tr cua thc pham ve mat cam quan, thong qua viec s dung chat tao gel, chat nhu hoa, 9 Lam tang sc hap dan cua thc pham oi vi ngi tieu dung, cung cap nhieu loai san pham a dang va phong phu nham ap ng nhu cau cua ngi tieu dung, bang cach s dung cac chat tao mau, mui v cung nh cac chat on nh cau truc An toankhi s dung. 9 S dung phu gia chong vi sinh vat e ngan chan ngo oc thc an t cac loai vi sinh vat khac nhau. 9 S dung chat chong oxy hoa e ngan chan s hnh thanh oc to tiem an cua s oxy hoa san pham va gi gia tr dinh dng co trong san pham nh vitamin, lipid, 9 S dung nhng phu gia dinh dng gop phan ngan chan s thieu hut ve dinh dng Gop phan a dang hoa san pham 9 Phu gia giup han che kha nang tach pha, tang o ben cau truc gel,nh o co the co the a dang hoa san pham khac nhau nh nc qua uc, mt ong 9 S dung cac chat phu gia lam tang kha nang phat trien cua nhieu loai thc pham tien li, thc an nhanh, thc an co t nang lng (danh cho ngi beo ph), va cac thc pham thay the khac nhau. Cac phu gia cho phep nhng thc an nay c che bien san nhng van gi hng v, cau truc va gia tr dinh dng co the chap nhan c.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
9 S dung cac chat phu gia thay the cho phep tao ra cac san pham co gia tr cung cap nang lng phu hp vi nhieu loai oi tng khac nhau. 6.3 Yeu cau khi la chon va s dung phu gia thc pham Phu gia phai co mat trong danh muc cho phep s dung cua Bo Y Te, theo ung hng dan ve oi tng thc pham va muc tieu k thuat. Phu gia phai at tieu chuan o tinh khiet nhat nh, a ch nha san xuat, han s dung va ieu kien bao quan. ap ng cac yeu cau ky thuat, ve sinh an toan quy nh cho moi chat phu gia theo quy nh hien hanh. Khong lam bien oi ban chat, thuoc tnh t nhien von co cua thc pham. Phu gia s dung phu hp vi th trng (phong tuc tap quan, ton giao,hay yeu cau rieng cua tng quoc gia). Nen phoi hp nhieu loai phu gia cung nhom.
7.
7.1 D lng cac chat phu gia trong san pham hoac trong c the Viec co qua nhieu chat phu gia trong mot san pham la mot moi nguy rat ln cho ngi tieu dung, nguyen nhan nay la do mot so cac yeu to khach quan nh ngi san xuat khong biet cach s dung cac phu gia, hay do qua trnh khuay tron khong ong eu.Viec nay co the lam nguy hai en sc khoe cua ngi tieu dung, gay ra mot so cac roi loan hay ngo oc cac chat phu gia, co the dan en t vong 7.2 Anh hng cua oc chat hoa hoc trong cac phu gia Hien nay cac tai lieu lien quan en anh hng cua cac chat phu gia cha c nghien cu mot cach ro rang. mot so quoc gia viec quy nh ve gii han s dung cac chat phu gia van cha c thong nhat. Nh vay van cha co s thong nhat ve oc tnh khi s dung phu gia trong thc pham.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
Tuy mot so phu gia c phep s dung trong thc pham la an toan nhng tren thc te khong co mot chat phu gia nao c cho la an toan tuyet oi. Mot vai chat phu gia c s dung vi lieu lng nao o se gay ngo oc hoa hoc. Viec nay co lien quan en s phan ng qua nhay cam cua vai chat phu gia ma co the co tac dung trc tiep va nghiem trong tren nhng ca nhan nhay cam ngay ca khi cac hoa chat c dung mc co the chap nhan c. Van e nhiem oc tren c the ngi t s tieu thu lau dai chat phu gia th cha c hcng minh bang tai lieu mot cach ro rang. Tuy nhien nhng ong vat c nghien cu eu co tiem an nhng van e lien quan ti mot vai chat phu gia 7.3 S khac biet c ban gia phu gia t nhien va tong hp
Ve c ban ma noi khong co s khac biet gia 2 loai phu gia tren, xet ve mac hoa hoc th khong co g khac biet, tuy nhien ngoai cac chat phu gia c chiet xuat t mo ong thc vat, san xuat bang vi sinh vat va nhng chat phu gia khong co trong thien nhien bat buoc phai c tong hp hay phoi che, cac phu gia nhan tao san xuat kinh te hn, co o tinh khiet cao hn, va luon on nh ve chat lng so vi mot so ban sao t nhien cua chung. ieu quan trong la phu gia o co c s dung hay khong va lieu lng s dung bao nhieu la c phep s dung.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
TT
So lng
Duy tr hay lam trung Bao quan, on nh, hoa o axit cua thc chong pham ong von,
41
chong oxy hoa, chat on, lam day, nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am, tao xop, tao phc kim loai.
Lam on nh he phan Nhu hoa, lam day, tan ong nhat cua lam bong, lam am, thc pham ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, chong oxy hoa, tao xop, tao phc kim loai, ieu v, x ly bot.
13
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
Can tr, tr hoan cac ieu chnh o axit, hoat ong VSV, cac lam ran chac, on bien oi sinh hoa cua nh, thc pham chong oxy
29
Ngan nga s ong Nhu hoa, on nh von va tao s ong nhat trong thc pham
14
e phong, can tr s Nhu hoa, on nh oxy hoa trong thc mau pham
15
Lam mat kha nang Nhu hoa, on nh, tao bot trong thc chong pham ong von,
Cac chat on
Chat on them lam Chong ong von, gia tang khoi lng nhu hoa, on nh, thc pham lam day
Tao v ngot cho thc Lam day, chat on, pham nhu hoa, on nh, lam bong, ieu v, chong ong von
10
Cac
che
pham
tinh
bot Lam tang o day, o Chat on, nhu hoa, ong ac, tang khoi on nh, lam day lng, on nh
19
Modified starches
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
10
11
Xuc tac qua trnh ieu v, on nh, x chuyen hoa trong che ly bot, bao quan, bien thc pham chong oxy hoa
12
Cac chat kh ay
Tao moi trng tr, Chat on, on nh, bao quan thc pham lam am, chong oxy hoa, Chong tao bot
13
Lam bong be mat Chat on, on nh, thc pham lam am, chong oxy hoa, chong tao bot
14
Lam ket dnh, tang Nhu hoa, on nh, khoi lng, tao cau chat on, tao bot truc tang o day cua thc pham
20
15
Hut nc, lam tang Nhu hoa, on nh, o am cua thc pham lam day, ieu chnh o axit
16
Lam tang tnh ran Chat on, lam day, chac, tranh v nat on nh, tao xop, x cua thc pham ly bot tan Chong ong von,
17
Tao
he
phan
24
ong nhat cua thc tao xop, on nh, pham ieu v, lam am, x ly bot
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
11
18
Tao ra hoac cai thien mau sac cua thc pham Tao bot, tang o n trong thc pham Tao phc hoa tan vi Bao quan, tao xop, cac kim loai a hoa on nh mau, chong tr, cai thien chat oxy hoa, nhu hoa, lng & tnh vng ieu v, lam day, chac cua thc pham lam ran chac, x ly bot, ieu chnh o axit
35
19
20
14
21
xop, von,
chong ieu
chnh o axit 22 23 Chat x ly bot Cac chat tao hng Tao hng cho thc pham 2. Danh muc cac chat phu gia theo tieu chuan INS 1 63
List of food additives, Codex Alimentarius (B lut dinh dng) The following is a list of food additives as organized by the Codex Alimentarius Committee. The International Numbering System numbers below (INS #) are assigned by the committee to allow each food additive to be uniquely identified.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
12
INS
1. CHAT IEU CHNH O ACID 261 Kali axetat (cac muoi) Potassium Acetate 262i Natri axetat
262ii Natri axetat
Sodium acetate Sodium Acetate Calcium Acetate Lactic Acid ( L-, D- and DL- ) Malic Acid (DL-) Fumaric Acid Sodium Lactate
Bao quan, tao phc kim loai Bao quan, tao phc kim loai Bao quan, on nh, lam day
263 270
Tao phc kim loai On nh Chong oxi hoa, chat on, nhu hoa, lam am, on nh, lam day
326 330
Potassium Lactate
Chong oxi hoa Chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai Chat on nh, chong oxi hoa, nhu
Citric Acid
Sodium
Trinatri citrat
Trisodium Citrate Tao phc kim loai, on nh, chong oxi hoa
Tripotassium Citrate
On nh, chong oxi hoa, nhu hoa, tao phc kim loai Bao quan, chong ong von, chong oxi hoa, chat on, on nh, lam day, nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am,
334
Acid tartric
Tartaric Acid
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
13
Disodium Tartrate
Bao quan, chong ong von, chong oxi hoa, chat on, nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am, lam day, tao xop, tao phc kim loai
Dipotassium Tartrate
Bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh bot, lam day
337
Bao quan, chong ong von, chong oxi hoa, chat on, nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am, tao xop, tao phc kim loai, on nh, lam day
338
Axit orthophosphoric
Orthophosphoric Acid
Bao quan, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, chong ong von, on nh mau, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Monosodium orthophosphate
Bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc vi kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
339iii
Bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa,
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
14
tao phc vi kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
341ii Dicanxi orthophosphat
Dicalcium orthophosphate
Bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc vi kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Monomagnesium orthophosphate
Bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
356 357
365
Natri fumarat
Sodium Fumarate Trisodium Diphosphate Bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Dicalcium Diphosphate
Bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
15
v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day 504i Magie Cacbonat Magnesium Carbonate 522 Nhom kali sulphat Aluminium Potassium Sulphate 524 Natri hydroxit Sodium Hydroxide 525 Kali hydroxit Potassium hydroxide 526 Canxi hudroxit Calcium Hydroxide 529 Canxi oxit Calcium Oxide Sodium aluminium phosphate-acidic
541ii Natri nhom phosphat-
On nh
Sodium acidic
aluminium
phosphate-
baz
575
Glucono Delta-lacton
Glucono DeltaLatone
Tao xop
260
Acetic Acid,Glacial
Bao quan
Monosodium
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
16
Tartrate
oxi hoa, chat on, nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am, tao xop, tao phc kim loai, on nh, lam day
336i
Monokali tartrat
Monopotassium Tartrate
Bao quan, chong ong von, chong oxi hoa, chat on, nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am, tao xop, tao phc kim loai, on nh, lam day
355
Axit adipic
Acid Adipic
2.CAC CHAT IEU V 620 Axit glutamic ( L(+)-) Glutamic Acid ( L(+)-) 621 Mononatri glutamat Monosodium glutamate 622 Monokali glutamat Monopotassium glutamate 623 626 630 636 637 Canxi glutamat Axit guyanylic Axit inosinic Maltol Etyl maltol
Calcium glutamate
3.CAC CHAT ON NH
1201 Polyvinylpyrolidon
Polyvinylpyrrolidone
Lam bong, nhu hoa, lam day ieu chnh o axit, nhu hoa. Chong ong von ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac,
Calcium carbonate
327
Canxi lactat
Sodium lactate
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
17
chong oxi hoa, nhu hoa, lam day 332i Kali dihydro xitrat Potassium dihydrogen citrat
339ii Dinatri orthophosphat
Nhu hoa, ieu chnh o axit, tao phc kim loai, chong oxi hoa ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Disodium orthophosphate
Dipotassium orthiphosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxihoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, lam day
341iii
Tricanxi orthophosphat
Tricalcium orthophosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxihoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, lam day
Ammonium polyphosphates
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, lam day
Sodium hydrogen ieu chnh o axit, chong ong carbonate von, tao xop
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
18
Potassium carbonate
508
Kali clorua
Potassium chloride
Lam day
Monopotassium orthophosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxihoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, lam day
Lysozyme Sorbic Acid Sodium sorbate Potassium sorbate Chong oxi hoa, on nh Chong oxi hoa, on nh Chong oxi hoa, on nh
213
Canxi benzoat
Calcium Benzoate
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
19
214
216
218
Metyl p-hydroxyl benzoate Sulfur dioxide ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
220
Sulphua dioxit
221
Natri sulfit
Sodium sulphite
ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
222
Sodium hydrogen ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, sulphite on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
223
Natri metabisulfit
Sodium metabisulphite
ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
224
Kali metabisulfit
Potassium metabisulphite
ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
225
Kali sulfit
Potassium sulphite
ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
227
Calcium
ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot,
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
20
hydrogen sulphite tao phc kim loai 228 Kali bisulfit Potassium bisulphite ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai 234 238 239 Nisin Canxi format Nisin Calcium formate
242
Dimetyl dicacbonat
Dimethyl dicarbonate
On nh mau On nh mau
539
Natri thiosulphat
Sodium thiosulphate
ieu chnh o axit, lam ran chac, on nh, chong oxi hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
Trimagie orthophosphat
Trimagnesium orthophosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
381
Ferric
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
21
Ammonium Citrate 470 Muoi cua axit oleic ( Ca, K ,Na ) 530 535 Magie oxit Natri ferocyanua Salts of Oleic Acid ( Ca,K ,Na) Magnesium oxide Sodium Ferrocyanide 536 Kali ferocyanua Potassium Ferrocyanide 538 Canxi ferocyanua Calcium Ferrocyanide 551 Silicon dioxit vo nh hnh 552 Canxi silicat Silicon dioxide, Amorphous Calcium silicate Magnesium silicate
553ii Bot tale
Nhu hoa, on nh
554
556
Calcium aluminosilicate
559
Nhom silicat
Aluminium silicate
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
22
Thiodipropionat 300 301 302 Axit ascorbic (L-) Natri ascorbat Canxi ascorbat
303
Kali ascorbat
Potassium ascorbate
304
Ascorbyl palmitat
Ascorbyl palmitate
Ascorbyl stearat Alpha-tocopherol Propyl galat Nha cay gaiac Axit erythorbic (axit isoascorbic )
319
320
321
322
Lexithin
Propylene Glycol
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
23
Polyethylene Glycol
433
Polydimethyl siloxane
8. CAC CHAT ON 460i Xenluloza vi tinh the Microcrystalline Cellulose 903 401 Sap Carnauba Natri alginat Carnauba Wax Sodium alginate Chong ong von, nhu hoa, tao bot, on nh, lam day Lam bong, chong ong von Nhu hoa, on nh, lam day
9. CAC CHAT NGOT TONG HP 421 Mannitol Mannitol Lam day, nhu hoa, on nh, chong ong von, chat on 950 Acesulfam kali Acesulfame Potassium 951 953 Aspartam Isomalt Aspartame Isomalt ieu v Chat on, chong ong von, nhu hoa, lam bong 954 Sacarin ( va muoi Na, K, Ca cua no) 420 Sorbitol va siro sorbitol Saccharin (And Na, K, Ca Salts ) Sorbitol and Sorbitol Syrup Chat on, nhu hoa, lam am, tao phc kim loai, on nh, lam day ieu v ieu v
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
24
955
Sucraloza
Sucralose
Dextrins, Roasted Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam Starch White and Yellow day
trang, vang
Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day
bang axit
Starch
bang kiem
1403 Tinh bot a kh mau
Oxidized Starch
Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day
enzym
1410 Monoamidon
phosphat
1411 Diamidon glyxerol
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
25
phosphate oxychloride
1413 Diamidon phosphat
axetyl hoa
Esterified with Axetic anhydride Starch acetate, Esterified with vinyl acetate
Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam
axetyl hoa
1423 Diamidon glyxerol a
axetyl
1440 Amidon
Distarch Glycerol day Hydroxypropyl Starch Hydroxypropyl Distarch phosphate Hydroxypropyl Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh, lam day
hydroxypropyl
1442 Diamidon
hydroxypropyl phosphat
1443 Diamidon
hydroxylpropyl
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
26
glyxerol
1450 Amidon natri octenyl
suxinat
11. ENZYME
1100 Amylaza ( cac loai )
1101i
Proteaza
1101ii
Papain Bromelin
ieu v, x ly bot, on nh ieu v, on nh, lam day Chong oxy hoa, bao quan, on nh.
1101iii
CQ
Malt carbohydraza
Malt carbohydrate
12. CAC CHAT KH AY 941 942 Kh nit Kh nit oxit Nitrogen Nitrous oxide
13. CAC CHAT LAM BONG 901 Sap ong ( trang va vang ) 902 904 Sap Candelila Senlac Beeswax, white and Yellow Candelilla Wax Shellac Chat on Chat on Chat on, on nh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
27
905ci
Microcrystalline Wax
905cii
Sap dau
Paraffin Wax
14. CAC CHAT LAM DAY 400 402 Axit alginic Kali alginat Alginic Acid Potassium Alginate 403 Amoni alginat Ammonium Alginate 404 405 Canxi alginat Propylen glycol alginat 406 407
Thach trang ( Aga )
Nhu hoa, on nh
Calcium Alginate On nh, nhu hoa, chong tao bot Propylene Glycol Alginate Agar Carrageenan and its Na, K, NH4 salts ( includes Fureellaran) On nh, nhu hoa, chat on Nhu hoa, On nh Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh
Gom au Carob Gom Gua Gom Tragacanth Gom Xanthan Gom Karaya Gom Tara Gom Gellan
Carob Bean Gum Guar Gum Tragacanth Gum Xanthan Gum Karaya Gum Tara Gum Gellan Gum
On nh, nhu hoa On nh, nhu hoa, chat on On nh, nhu hoa, chat on On nh On nh, nhu hoa, chat on On nh On nh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
28
Nhu hoa, on nh Nhu hoa, chat on, on nh Nhu hoa, on nh, tao bot, chat on Chat on, nhu hoa, on nh
466
CQ
Gelatin Edible
15. CAC CHAT LAM AM 422 450 vii Glycerol Canxi dihydro diphosphat Glycerol Calcium Dihydrogen Diphosphate 16. CAC CHAT LAM RAN CHAC 333 Canxi citrat Calcium Citrates Chong oxi hoa, ieu chnh o axit, nhu hoa, tao phc kim loai 341i Mono canxi orthophosphat Monosodium orthophosphate ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day 509 516 Canxi clorua Canxi sulfat Calcium chloride Calcium sulphate Lam day, on nh Chat on, ieu chnh o axit, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai, on nh, lam day Nhu hoa, on nh, lam day ieu chnh o axit
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
29
520
Nhom sulfat
Aluminium sulphate
521
523
578
Canxi gluconat
Calcium gluconate
17. CAC CHAT NHU HOA 471 Mono va diglycerit cua cac axit beo Mono- and DiGlycerides of Fatty Acids
472b Este cua glycerol vi
Lactic and Fatty Acid Esters of Glycerol Citric and Fatty Acid Esters of Glucerol
Chong oxi hoa, tao phc kim loai, on nh, lam day
472f Hon hp gia este cua Mixed Tartaric, glycerol vi axit axetic va axit beo va Axetic and Fattu Acid Esters of
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
30
este cua glycerol vi axit tactric va axit beo 474 475 Sucroglycerit Este cua polyglycerol vi axit beo
Glycerol
484
Stearyl xitrat
Stearyl Citrate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa,tao phc kim loai, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
340iii
Trikali orthophosphat
Tripotassium Orthophoaphate
442
444
Sucrose Acetate Isobutyrate Glycerol Esters of Wood Resin Disodium Diphosphate ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa,tao phc kim loai, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day Chat on
445
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
31
450iv
Dikali diphosphat
Dipotassium Diphosphates
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa,tao phc kim loai, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Calcium polyphosphates
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxi hoa,tao phc kim loai, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
470
stearic (NH4,,Ca,Na,K ) Stearic Acids ( Ca, Na, K, NH4 ) 473 Este cua sucroza vi cac axit beo 480 Dioctyl natri sulfosuxinat 483 491 Stearyl tartrat Sorbitan Monostearat Sucrose Esters of Fatty acids Dioctyl Sodium Sulphosuccinate Stearyl Tartrate Sorbitan Monostearate 492 Sorbitan Tristearat Sorbitan Tristearate 493 Sorbitan Monolaurat Sorbitan Monolaurate On nh On nh X ly bot On nh Lam am, on nh, lam day On nh, lam day
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
32
494
Sorbitan Monooleat
Orbitan Monooleate
On nh
495
On nh
18. PHAM MAU 100i Vang curcumin ( vang nghe ) 101i Vang riboflavin ( Riboflavin ) 102 104 110 Vang Tartrazin Vang Quinolin Vang sunset FCF Tartrazine Quinoline Yellow Sunset Yellow FCF 120 122 Carmin Carmoisine Carmines Azorubine ( Carmoisine ) 123 124 127 128 129 132 o Amaranth o Ponceau 4R Vang Erythrosin o 2G o Allura AC Indigotin (Indigocarmine ) 133 Xanh Brilliant FCF Brillian Blue FCF Amaranth Ponceau 4R Erythrosine Red 2G Allura Red AC Indigotine Riboflavin curcumin
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
33
140
Chlorophyl
142
Xanh S
(khong x ly )
150c
151
en Brilliant PN
Brilliant Black PN
155
160ai
160aii
Caroten t nhien (
Natural Extracts (
Annatto Extracts
Annatto
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
34
160e Beta-Apo-Carotenal
Beta-ApoCarotenal
161g
Canthaxanthin
171
Titan dioxit
Titanium Dioxide Iron Oxide, Black Iron Oxide, Red Iron Oxide, Yellow
143
19. CAC CHAT TAO BOT 999 Chat chiet xuat t Quillaia 20. CAC CHAT TAO PHC KIM LOAI Quillaia Extracts
384 385
Chong oxy hoa, bao quan Chong oxy hoa, bao quan
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
35
Chong tao bot ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Tetrapotassium Diphosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
450 viii
Dimagie diphisphat
Dimagnesium Diphosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Pentasodium Triphosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
36
451ii
Pentakali triphosphat
Pentapotassium Triphosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Sodium Polyphosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
Potassium Polyphosphate
ieu chnh o axit, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, on nh, lam day
452iii
576
Natri gluconat
577
Kali gluconat
Potassium Gluconate
21. CAC CHAT TAO XOP 503i Amoni cacbonat Ammonium Carbonate 500i Natri cacbonat Sodium Carbonate Chong ong von, ieu chnh o axit, tao xop ieu chnh o axit, tao xop
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
37
23. CHAT TAO HNG 275 Cac chiet xuat t cay vani 276 Cac dau gia v va chiet xuat t gia v 277 Dau hanh nhan ang 278 Dau t Paprika oleoresins 279 Hng bac ha Mint flavour (mint oil ) 280 Hng khoi t nhien va cac chiet xuat cua no Smoke flavour (natural smoke solutions and their extract ) 281 Hng lieu t Natural flavour, Spice oils and spice extracts Bitter almond oil Vanilla extracts
nhien va cac hng nature flavouring lieu giong t nhien substances and nature identical flavouring substances 282 283 Saffron (cay nghe ) Saffron Tinh dau, ho qua Natural citrus
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
38
cam quyt 284 Tinh dau, qua t nhien 285 Hng que
286
287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303
Alyl heptanoat Alyl hexanoat Alyl isovalerat Amyl axetat Anethol, transAnethol, betaBenzandehyt Benzoin gum Benzyl axetat Benzyl alcohol Benzyl benzoat Carvon, dCarvon, lCitral Etyl axetat Etyl butyrat Etyl format
Allyl heptanoate Allyl hexanoate Allyl isovalerate Amyl acetate Anethole, transAnethole, betaBenzaldehyde Benzoin gum Benzyl acetate Benzyl alcohol Benzyl benzoate Carvone, dCarvone, lCitral Ethyl acetate Ethyl butyrate Ethyl formate
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
39
Etyl heptanoat Etyl isovalerat Etyl lactat Etyl laurat Etyl maltol Etyl
metylphenylglycidat
Ethyl heptanoate Ethyl isovalerate Ethyl lactate Ethyl laurate Ethyl maltol Ethyl methyl phenylglycidate Ethyl nonanoate
310 311
Etyl nonanoat
CQ
315
Hng khoi
Smoke flavourings
Ionon, alpha Ionon, beta Isoamyl butyrat Licorice Limonen, dLinalool Linalyl axetat Maltol
Ionone, alpha Ionone, beta Isoamyl butyrate Licorice Limonen, dLinalool Linalyl acetate Maltol 636
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
40
324 325
326
327
Metyl Nmetylanthranilat
328
Methyl naphtyl, beta-ketone Methyl phenyl acetate Methyl salixylate Nonalactone, gammaNonanal Octanal Piperonal
329
330 331
336
Undecalacton, gamma-
Undecalactone, gammaVanillin
337
Vanillin
Chu thch:
o o VN: Viet Nam CEC: Khoi th trng chung Chau Au
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
41
o o o
CODEX: Uy ban ac biet cua FAO/WHO Lien Hiep Quoc PGTP: Phu gia thc pham INS: The International Numbering System
Ky hieu E vi cum ch so ke ben, la ma so quoc te ch ra rang chat phu gia o a trai qua mot quy trnh anh gia nghiem ngat ve s an toan va c cong ong Chau Au (EC) va hoi ong khoa hoc ve thc pham (SCF) e ra. oi khi ngi ta ch can ch ghi phan ch so va ngam hieu la a co ch E. Th du: E621: bot ngot, E211: chat bao quan sodium bezoat, E407: chat tao gel Carrageenan trong cac san pham thach, E330: acid citric trong cac san pham o uong co v chua Co nhieu chat phu gia mang tnh chat va ng dung khac nhau trong cac loai thc pham: chang han chat chong oxy hoa co chat tan c trong dau, co chat tan trong nc, tuy nhien tuy loai nguyen lieu chung ta s dung cac phu gia khac nhau.
3.
On packaging in the European Union, approved food additives are written with a prefix (tip u ng) of 'E'. Australia and New Zealand do not use a prefix letter when listing additives in the ingredients. In the table below, food additives approved for Europe are listed with an E,and those approved for Australia and Zealand with an A. See also the list of E numbers.
100 101 102 A A A E E E Turmeric, curcumin Riboflavin (vitamin B2) Tartrazine Colour (yellow and orange) Colour (yellow and orange) colour (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #5) 103 104 A A E alkanet, chrysoine resorcinol Quinoline yellow colour (red) colour (yellow and orange)
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
42
(FDA: D&C Yellow #10) 107 110 A E E Yellow 2G Sunset Yellow FCF colour (yellow and orange) colour (yellow and orange) (FDA: FD&C Yellow #6) 111 120 121 122 A E ? A E E Orange GGN Cochineal, carmines Citrus red 2, Orcein, Orchil azorubine, carmoisine colour (orange) colour (red) colour (red) colour (red) (FDA: Ext D&C Red #10) 123 E amaranth colour (red) (FDA: [DELISTED] Red #2) 124 A E Brilliant Scarlet 4R, Ponceau 4R 125 126 127 E Ponceau SX, Scarlet GN Ponceau 6R Erythrosine colour (FDA: Ext D&C Red #8) colour colour colour (red) (FDA: FD&C Red #3) 128 129 130 131 132 A E E A E E Red 2G Allura red AC Indanthrene blue RS Patent blue V Indigo carmine, indigotine colour colour (FDA: FD&C Red #40) colour (blue) colour (blue) colour (blue) (FDA: FD&C Blue #2) 133 A E Brilliant blue FCF
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
43
140 141
A A
E E
A A A A
E E E E
Green S Fast green FCF caramel I - plain caramel II - caustic sulfite process
colour (green) colour (FDA: FD&C Green #3) colour (brown and black) colour (brown and black)
150c 150d
A A
E E
A ? A
E ? E E
Black PN, Brilliant Black BN Black 7984 Vegetable carbon, carbon black Brown FK Chocolate Brown HT carotenes - alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, gamma-carotene
colour (brown and black) colour (brown and black) colour (brown and black) colour (brown and black) colour colour
A A
E E
160b 160c A
E E
colour colour
160d 160e
A A
E E
colour colour
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
44
160f
colour
161a 161b 161c 161d 161e 161f 161g 161h 161i 161j 162 163 164 165 166 170
A A A A A A E ? ? ? A A A ? ? ? E E E
flavoxanthin lutein cryptoxanthin rubixanthin violaxanthin rhodoxanthin canthaxanthin zeaxanthin citranaxanthin astaxanthin beet red, beetroot red, betanin anthocyanins Saffron, crocetin and crocin gardenia blue sandalwood E calcium carbonates, chalk
colour colour colour colour colour colour colour colour colour colour colour colour
A A
E E E E
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
45
175 180
E E
181
tannins
182 200 201 202 203 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 A A A E E E E E E E E E
orchil sorbic acid sodium sorbate potassium sorbate calcium sorbate heptyl p-hydroxybenzoate benzoic acid sodium benzoate potassium benzoate calcium benzoate ethyl para-hydroxybenzoate sodium ethyl parahydroxybenzoate
colour preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative preservative
216
preservative
217
preservative
218
preservative
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
46
219
preservative
A A A
E E E
223
sodium metabisulfite
224 225
A A
226 227
E E
228
preservative, antioxidant
230 231
E E
Preservative Preservative
E E
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
47
240 241 242 249 250 251 252 260 261 262 A A A A A A A A E E E E E E E
formaldehyde gum guaicum dimethyl dicarbonate potassium nitrite sodium nitrite sodium nitrate potassium nitrate glacial acetic acid potassium acetates sodium acetate, sodium hydrogen acetate
Preservative preservative preservative preservative, colour fixative preservative, colour fixative preservative, colour fixative preservative, colour fixative preservative, acidity regulator preservative, acidity regulator preservative, acidity regulator
A A
preservative, acidity regulator preservative, acidity regulator preservative preservative acidity regulator, preservative, antioxidant
lactic acid
280 281
A A
E E
preservative preservative
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
48
282 283 284 285 290 296 297 300 301 302 303 304
A A
E E E E
calcium propionate potassium propionate boric acid sodium tetraborate, borax carbon dioxide malic acid fumaric acid ascorbic acid sodium ascorbate calcium ascorbate potassium ascorbate
preservative preservative preservative preservative acidity regulator, propellant acidity regulator acidity regulator antioxidant (water soluble) antioxidant (water soluble) antioxidant (water soluble) antioxidant (water soluble) antioxidant (fat soluble)
A A A A A A A A
E E E E E E
306 307 308 309 310 311 312 315 316 317
A A A A A A A A A ?
E E E E E E E E E ?
tocopherol concentrate (natural) antioxidant dl-alpha-tocopherol (synthetic) gamma-tocopherol(synthetic) delta-tocopherol(synthetic) propyl gallate octyl gallate dodecyl gallate erythorbic acid sodium erythorbate erythorbin acid antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
49
? A A
321
322 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340
A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E
lecithins sodium lactate potassium lactate calcium lactate ammonium lactate magnesium lactate
antioxidant, emulsifier food acid food acid food acid food acid food acid food acid food acid food acid food acid, firming agent food acid food acid food acid food acid food acid mineral salt mineral salt
E E E E E E E E E E E
citric acid sodium citrates potassium citrates calcium citrates L(+)-tartaric acid sodium tartrates potassium tartrates potassium sodium tartrate phosphoric acid sodium phosphates potassium phosphates
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
50
341
calcium phosphates
342 343 344 345 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 359 363 364
A A E
mineral salt mineral salt, anti-caking agent preservative acidity regulator food acid food acid food acid food acid food acid, emulsifier food acid, emulsifier food acid food acid food acid acidity regulator food acid acidity regulator, flavour enhancer
A A A A A A A E E E E E E E A E
ammonium malate sodium malates potassium malate calcium malates metatartaric acid calcium tartrate adipic acid sodium adipate potassium adipate ammonium adipates E succinic acid sodium succinates
A A A A
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
51
370 375 A
380 381
A A
oxystearin thiodipropionic acid dilauryl thiodipropionate distearyl thiodipropionate phytic acid calcium lactobionate alginic acid
antioxidant, sequestrant antioxidant antioxidant antioxidant preservative stabilizer thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier
401
sodium alginate
402
potassium alginate
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
52
emulsifier 403 A E ammonium alginate thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier 404 A E calcium alginate thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier 405 A E propylene glycol alginate, propane-1,2-diol alginate 406 A E agar thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent 407 A E carrageenan thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier 407a A E processed eucheuma seaweed thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier 409 410 A A E arabinogalactan locust bean gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, gelling agent, emulsifier 412 A E guar gum thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer 413 A E tragacanth thickener, vegetable gum, stabilizer, emulsifier
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
53
414
415
xanthan gum
416
karaya gum
417
tara gum
418
gellan gum
420
sorbitol
421
mannitol
422 425
E E
? E E E E E E
polyoxyethylene (8) stearate polyoxyethylene (40) stearate polysorbate 20 polysorbate 80 polysorbate 40 polysorbate 60 polysorbate 65
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
54
440 441
A A
E E
A ? A
E ? E E
ammonium phosphatides brominated vegetable oil sucrose acetate isobutyrate glycerol esters of wood rosin diphosphates triphosphates polyphosphates beta-cyclodextrin powdered cellulose, microcrystalline cellulose
emulsifier emulsifier, stabiliser emulsifier, stabiliser emulsifier mineral salt, emulsifier mineral salt, emulsifier mineral salt, emulsifier emulsifier anti-caking agent
A A A
E E E E
461
methylcellulose
463
hydroxypropyl cellulose
464
hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
465
466 468
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
55
469
emulsifier
470 470a
A E
emulsifier, stabiliser emulsifier, stabiliser, anticaking agent emulsifier, stabiliser, anticaking agent
470b
471
emulsifier
472a
emulsifier
472b
emulsifier
472c
emulsifier
472d
emulsifier
472e
emulsifier
472f
mixed acetic and tartaric acid esters of mono- and diglycerides of fatty acids
emulsifier
473
emulsifier
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
56
474 475 A
E E
emulsifier emulsifier
476 477
A A
E E
emulsifier emulsifier
478
emulsifier
479b
emulsifier
480 481 482 483 491 492 493 494 495 500
A A A E E E A A E E
dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate sodium stearoyl lactylate calcium stearoyl lactylate stearyl tartarate sorbitan monostearate sorbitan tristearate sorbitan monolaurate E E sorbitan monooleate sorbitan monopalmitate sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate
emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier emulsifier mineral salt
501
mineral salt
503
ammonium carbonate,
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
mineral salt
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
57
ammonium bicarbonate 504 507 508 509 510 511 512 A A A A A A A E E E E E E magnesium carbonate hydrochloric acid potassium chloride calcium chloride ammonium chloride magnesium chloride stannous chloride anti-caking agent, mineral salt acidity regulator mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt colour retention agent, antioxidant 513 514 515 516 A A A E E E E sulfuric acid sodium sulfate potassium sulfate calcium sulfate acidity regulator mineral salt mineral salt, seasoning flour treatment agent, mineral salt, sequestrant, improving agent, firming agent 517 518 A E ammonium sulfate mineral salt, improving agent
magnesium sulfate, Epsom salts mineral salt, acidity regulator, firming agent
A E E E E
cupric sulfate aluminium sulfate aluminium sodium sulfate aluminium potassium sulfate aluminium ammonium sulfate
mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt
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524 525 526 527 528 529 530 535 536 538 540 541 542 544 545 551 552 553a 553b 554 A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E E E E E E
sodium hydroxide potassium hydroxide calcium hydroxide ammonium hydroxide magnesium hydroxide calcium oxide magnesium oxide sodium ferrocyanide potassium ferrocyanide calcium ferrocyanide dicalcium diphosphate
mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt mineral salt anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent acidity regulator, emulsifier anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent
E E E E E
silicon dioxide calcium silicate magnesium silicate talc sodium aluminosilicate (sodium aluminium silicate)
555 556 A
E E
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(calcium aluminium silicate) 558 559 570 575 576 577 578 579 585 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 A A E E E E E E A A A A A A A A A A A A A E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E bentonite kaolin, aluminium silicate stearic acid glucono-delta-lactone sodium gluconate potassium gluconate calcium gluconate ferrous gluconate ferrous lactate glutamic acid monosodium glutamate (MSG) monopotassium glutamate calcium diglutamate monoammonium glutamate magnesium diglutamate guanylic acid disodium guanylate dipotassium guanylate calcium guanylate inosinic acid disodium inosinate dipotassium inosinate
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
anti-caking agent anti-caking agent anti-caking agent acidity regulator stabiliser stabiliser acidity regulator colour retention agent
flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer
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633 634 635 636 637 640 641 650 900 901 902 903 904 905 907 912 914 920 924 925 926 927b 928 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
E E E
flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer flavour enhancer emulsifier, anti-caking agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent glazing agent humectant humectant flour treatment agent flour treatment agent flour treatment agent flour treatment agent flour treatment agent flour treatment agent
glycine leucine
E E E E E E E
zinc acetate dimethylpolysiloxane beeswax candelilla wax carnauba wax shellac paraffins refined microcrystalline wax
E E E
montanic acid esters oxidised polyethylene wax L-cysteine potassium bromate chlorine chlorine dioxide
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
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938 939 941 942 943a 943b 950 951 952 953 954 955 956 957 A A A A A A A A A A
E E E E E E E E E E E
argon helium nitrogen nitrous oxide butane isobutane Acesulfame potassium aspartame cyclamic acid, cyclamates isomalt saccharin sucralose alitame
propellant propellant propellant propellant propellant propellant artificial sweetener artificial sweetener artificial sweetener humectant artificial sweetener artificial sweetener artificial sweetener flavour enhancer, artificial sweetener
thaumatin
E E E E E
neohesperidin dihydrochalcone maltitol lactitol xylitol quillaia extract choline salts and esters amylases glucose oxidase
artificial sweetener humectant, stabiliser humectant humectant, stabiliser humectant emulsifier flour treatment agent antioxidant
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1103 1104 1105 1200 1201 1202 1400 1401 1402 1403 1404 1405 1410 1412 1413 1414 1420 1422 1440 1442 A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
invertase lipases
? flavour enhancer preservative humectant ? colour stabiliser thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum thickener, vegetable gum
E E E E
lysozyme polydextrose poly vinyl pyrrolidone polyvinylpolypyrrolidone dextrin roasted starch acid treated starch alkaline treated starch bleached starch
E E E E E E E E
monostarch phosphate distarch phosphate phosphated distarch phosphate acetylated distarch phosphate acetylated starch acetylated distarch adipate hydroxypropyl starch hydroxypropyl distarch phosphate
1450 1451
E E
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1505 1510
A A A
E E
4.
INS (International Numbering System): he thong ch so quoc te, la ky hieu c uy ban Codex ve thc pham xac nh cho moi chat phu gia khi xep chung vao danh muc cac chat phu gia thc pham. ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): lng an vao hang ngay co the chap nhan c, la lng xac nh cua moi chat phu gia thc pham c c the an vao hang ngay thong qua thc pham hoac nc uong ma khong gay anh hng co hai ti sc khoe, c tnh theo mg/kg trong lng c the/ngay. ADI co the c bieu dien di dang: 9 9 Gia tr xac nh Cha quy nh (CQ): do cha co ay u cac so lieu nghien cu ve anh
hng cua chat phu gia co trong thc pham oi vi sc khoe cua ngi tieu dung nen cha the qui nh ADI 9 Cha xac nh (CX): khong can thiet phai qui nh ADI cu the cho chat
phu gia v: Cac ket qua nghien cu ve sinh hoc, hoa hoc, oc hoc, cho thay chat
phu gia co oc tnh thap. Tuy lng phu gia cho vao thc pham phai ap ng yeu cau cua cong
nghe san xuat cung khong gay tac hai en sc khoe cua ngi tieu dung.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
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MTDI ( Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake ): lng toi a an vao hang ngay, lng toi a cac chat phu gia ma c the nhan c thong qua thc pham hoac nc uong hang ngay, c tnh theo mg/ngi/ngay. ML (Maximum level): gii han toi a trong thc pham, la mc gii han toi a cua moi chat phu gia s dung trong qua trnh san xuat, che bien, x ly, bao quan. GMP (Good Manufacturing Practices ): thc hanh san xuat tot, la viec ap ng cac yeu cau s dung phu gia trong qua trnh san xuat, x ly, che bien, bao quan, bao goi, van chuyen thc pham, bao gom: 9 dung. 9 Lng chat phu gia c s dung trong qua trnh san xuat, che bien, bao Han che ti mc thap nhat lng phu gia thc pham can thiet phai s
quan, bao goi va van chuyen co the tr thanh mot thanh phan cua thc pham nhng khong anh hng ti tnh chat ly hoa hay gia tr khac cua thc pham. 9 Lng phu gia thc pham s dung phai phu hp vi cong bo cua nha san
Phu gia thc pham c chia lam 3 nhom chnh : Phu gia e bao ton, bao quan thc pham bao gom: cac chat bao quan,
cac chat chong oxi hoa, cac chat khang sinh, sat khuan. Phu gia tang sc hap dan thc pham: cac chat ieu v, cac chat lam
ngot nhan tao, cac chat dinh dng, cac hng lieu, cac pham mau. Phu gia e che bien ac biet: cac chat enzym, cac chat cho them vao
che bien ac biet, lam tang kha nang tao dang mong muon (lam xop, lam day, lam trang, lam ran chac, gion dai, lam am, nhu hoa)
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2.1 Cac chat bao quan vo c 2.1.1 Cac muoi clorua Muoi an la mot chat bao quan thong dung, tac dung bao quan the hien trong viec tao ap suat tham thau cao oi vi nc trong te bao cua thc pham, oi vi vi sinh vat vao moi trng. Mot so phng phap bao quan thc pham a s dung thng xuyen trong moi gia nh nh muoi an, ng, dam,va cac chat nay c coi la thc pham nhieu hn la phu gia thc pham.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
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Chu yeu la cac muoi nitrate cua Na, K, cac muoi nay co 2 tnh nang : Dan xuat nitrite (NO2-) co tac dung c che vi khuan manh. oi vi cac san pham tht, ca co dung cac muoi nitrite, nitrate, pH thch hp NO2-se ket hp vi hemoglobine tao thanh chat co mau o hong, ep, ben mau. ac biet chu y kha nang tao nitrosamin, la mot trong nhng tac nhan gay ung th.
2.1.3 Kh SO2, cac muoi sulfite cua Na, K, Ca
Thng dung dang kh SO2, muoi Na2SO3, NaHSO3, Na2S2O5, K2SO3, CaSO3.2H2O. Tac dung cua SO2 va cac muoi sunfite ngoai c che vi khuan con tac dung tay mau, lam trong san pham, va cac hoa chat han che s dung trong thc pham.
2.1.4 Kh CO2 va cac muoi cacbonate
Kh CO2 dung trong bao quan co hieu qua oi vi cac vi khuan hieu kh va ban than no hau nh khong gay oc cho san pham thc pham. Tuy nhien, s dung CO2 kha phc tap v no cung gay ra mot s chuyen hoa moi trng san pham thanh acid nhe H2CO3.
2.1.5 H2O2
Thng c dung trong sat khuan be mat dung cu che bien. Mot so nc khong xep vao phu gia thc pham. Mot vai nc dung nh chat bao quan sa ti (nong o 0,1%) 2.2 Cac chat bao quan hu c 2.2.1 Cac acid beo bao hoa va dan xuat cua chung (cac muoi K, Na, Ca) Tac dung cua chung chu yeu c che hoat ong vi khuan, nam men, nam moc do anh hng en o pH cua moi trng. ieu gii han oi vi viec s dung cac acid la o chua va cam quan cua san pham b anh hng manh, mot nhom quan trong trong cac
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acid nay la : acid focmic HCOOH, acid acetic, acid propionic, va cac muoi Na, K, Ca cua chung c dung kha pho bien. 2.2.2 Acid sorbic va cac muoi (Na, K) cua chung Acid sorbic (CH3 CH = CH CH = CH COOH) tac dung c che nam moc, vi khuan va nam men. Trong o, anh hng manh nhat la oi vi nam moc. S dung pho bien trong cac loai san pham dau m c nhu hoa (magarine, b, mayonne), mot vai loai phomat, san pham ru vang, qua kho, nc qua ep, mt qua, banh m, banh gato, 2.2.3 Acid benzoic va cac dan xuat Tac dung ngan can s phat trien cua nam men, nam moc e bao ve thc pham khoi h hong. Tac dung manh pH thap, pH 4 co tac dung kem, xu the hien nay s dung nhieu cac dan xuat t acid benzoic la paraben. 2.2.4 Cac chat khang sinh Co tac dung bao quan kha manh, nhng s dung b han che do kha nang gay ln khang sinh va cac tac dung phu khac. Mot vai chat c cho phep s dung mot so nc nh : Clotetracyclin, oxytetracyclin trong bao quan tht, ca, Nisin, pimarixin trong phomat, b, S dung rong rai va kha pho bien nh: propionates, benzoates, sorbatestuy nhien hoat lc cua chung con tuy thuoc vao pH
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khong hiu qu i vi nm men. c ch nm men, nm mc va Sorbates 6.5 nhiu loi vi khuNn (k c Bacillus mesentericus) nhng thng khng hiu qu i vi vi khuNn lactic.
2.2.4.1
Benzoates c ch s sinh trng ca nm men, nm mc va vi sinh vat, thng s dung trong cac san pham jellies, nhan mt trai cay. Nu pH moi trng cao hn th kha nang s dng se t hn do khong c ch c s phat trin ca vi sinh vt. Ham lng s dung co the len en 0.1 %(tnh theo khoi lng san pham) Bezoic acid co hoat tnh len mang te bao va vo hoat nhom enzyme tham gia vao chu trnh citrate va qua trnh oxidative phosphorylation, acid nay c dung di dang muoi kiem do o hoa tan cua acid t do thap. Tuy nhien dang khong phan ly cua acid benzoic co kha nang tham thau qua mang te bao cao. 2.2.4.2 Propionates (axit propionic va calcium hoc sodium propionate) Axit propionic: dng lng, khong mau, hoa tan trong nc va c ch hiu qu s sinh trng vi sinh vt moi trng co pH= 56, ham lng s dung co the len en 0.1 %(tnh theo khoi lng san pham) Calcium hoc sodium propionate: dng bt, mau trng, tan trong nc. Hiu qu c ch s phat trin vi sinh vt ca hai cht nay la tng ng nhau. Tuy nhien sodium propionate thngc dung trong cac san pham s dung chat tao noi, v calcium trong calcium propionate co the gay tr ngai cho mot vai nhan to co trong bot noi. Ham lng propionates trong banh m thng mc (0.15 0.25%) tnh tren khi
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
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lng bt m, con trong banh cake (0.12 0.35%). Nu s dng calcium hoc sodium propionate vi ham lng cao (0.5 0.7%) th banh se co v ang. Axit propionic va calcium hoc sodium propionate la nhng cht chng nm mc hiu qu. Khi s dng vi ham lng thong thng th ch anh hng en hoat ong nam men. Tuy nhien vi ham lng cao hn th cac propionate co the lam cham hoat ong cua nam men va ong thi keo dai thi gian len men. Cac propionate t co hiu qu trong vic c ch s sinh trng ca vi khuNn, ngoi tr Bacillus mesentericus (vi khuNn to ra cac x hnh si trong rut banh). 2.2.4.3 Sorbates (axit sorbic va potassium sorbate): So vi propionates th axit sorbic va potassium sorbate c ch s sinh trng ca nm mc hiu qu hn Moi trng co pH cao th sorbates hot ng hiu qu hn propionates. Tuy nhien nu pH 7 th vic c ch vi sinh vt ca sorbates khong hiu qu. Nu s dng ham lng cao th sorbates s tr hoan hot ng ca nm men va keo dai thi gian len men ca cac sn phNm to ni nh nam men. Khi o co th s dng sorbates dng phun bng cach phun dung dch (1 6%) len banh sau khi nng. Nhit ca sn phNm lam bay hi lng nc trong dung dch phun, phn cht khang khuNn con li s lu gi tren b mt sn phNm, ni ma cac vi sinh vat co the hoat ong lai sau nng. Trong mt s loi bt nhao, vic s dng axit sorbic ham lng thp (20 50ppm) s cho hiu qu lam gim thi gian trn va khong nh hng n qua trnh len men ca khi bt. 2.3 Tac dung chnh cua mot so chat bao quan oi vi vi sinh vat
Vi khuan ++ ++ +
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
Nam men ++ ++
Nam moc + ++
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Propionic acid Sorbic acid Benzoic acid Cac este cua P-hydroxyl benzoic Chu thch: - Khong tac dung + Tac dung yeu ++ Tac dung trung bnh +++Tac dung manh
+ + ++ ++
++ ++ +++ +++
2.4 Cac chat chong oxy hoa Trong vo so cac loai phu gia c bo sung vao thc pham nham: tang s hap dan, nang cao chat lng va s on nh cua cac san pham thc pham ong thi duy tr gia tr dinh dng cua thc pham, th chat chong oxi hoa gi vai tro ac biet quan trong. 2.4.1 Khai niem qua trnh oxy hoa Chat beo la thanh phan dinh dng c ban va thiet yeu e can bang khau phan an hang ngay. a so cac loai chat beo eu trai qua qua trnh oxy hoa khi tiep xuc vi khong kh. Qua trnh oxy hoa nay la qua trnh khong thuan nghch gay ra cac mui kho chu, lam giam thi gian s dung san pham, tham ch lam h hong hoan toan san pham. Qua trnh oxy hoa xay ra cang nhanh khi bao quan san pham ni co nhieu anh sang va nhiet o cao. e han che va ngan chan qua trnh t oxy hoa ngi ta s dung chat chong oxy hoa la nhng chat co kha nang duy tr s on nh , tuoi tho nhng van gi c gia tr dinh dng va s hap dan cua san pham oi vi ngi tieu dung. Qua trnh oxy hoa cua chat beo trong thc pham co the chia thanh 3 giai oan rieng biet:
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Giai on 1: giai on khi u: cac peroxide c tch ly t t, trong sut giai on nay mui ca sn phNm ch b nh hng nh. Cac peroxide to thanh la do phn ng gia oxi va mt phn triglycerides ca cht beo. Giai on 2: giai on lan truyn: trong sut giai on ham lng peroxide to thanh tng len mot cach ot ngot lam tang t le cac chat dinh dng b phan huy. Chui phn ng nay to ra cac sn phNm oxi hoa ca cht beo (andehyt, ketone va cac axit) la nhng chat co mui kho chu gay anh hng bat li en chat lng san pham. Giai on 3: giai on kt thuc: ham lng cac gc t do t n nng chung bt u phn ng vi nhau to ra nhiu loi sn phNm khac nhau. Trong giai on nay s lng gc t do s gim va qua trnh oxy cham lai. S co mt cua ion kim loi trong cht beo, c bit la ong va sat se xuc tac qua trnh oxy hoa dien ra nhanh hn. Vic s dung cht chng oxi hoa phu hp s c ch c qua trnh oxi hoa va tr hoan s tr mui cua thc pham. Tuy nhien, cht chng oxi hoa s khong ngn chn qua trnh phan hy ca cac peroxide trong cht beo hoc phc hi cac cht b tr mi. Do o cht chng oxi hoa ch tht s co hiu qu khi c bo sung vao san pham trong qua trnh san xuat hoc trc khi qua trnh t oxi hoa xy ra. Chat chong oxy hoa co nguon goc t t nhien hay tong hp, va phan ln la hoa chat tong hp, c dung n le hoac phoi hp e tang hieu qua cua viec chong oxy hoa thc pham, ac biet cac san pham giau chat beo. Hien tng oxy hoa ay la hien tngt oxy hoa cua cac axit beo co trong thc pham di tac dung cua vi sinh vat, cac yeu to tng tac va s tham gia cua oxy moi trng. C che cua hien tng oxy hoa bat au t cac chat beo b oxy hoa thanh cac peroxit, la cac hp chat khong ben, cac chat nay tiep tuc phan ng vi cac thanh phan phan t khac co trong thc pham e tao ra mot loat cac hp chat mi: hydro cacbon,
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aldehyt, ceton, alcol, axit gay ra mui v kho chu, chang han trong bao quan b va margarin e tao thanh acid butyric. 2.4.2 Bien phap ngan nga oxy hoa Han che cac yeu to tao thuan li thuc ay phan ng tao ra peroxyt. a vao mot chat xuc tac am tnh, o la cac chat chong oxy hoa. T o, ap dung cac bien phap lam no chat beo, chang han nh: bao quan trong kh N2, hut chan khong, s dung vat cha, bao b phi kim loai trong o, s dung chat chong oxy hoa ong vai tro quan trong va rat pho bien. 2.4.3 Yeu cau chat chong oxi hoa )Tang c kha nang on nh ve chat lng thc pham. )Gia tr dinh dng c ban trong thc pham nh vitamin phai c bao ton. )Cac gia tr cam quan nh mau, mui, trang thai thc pham phai c bao ton. )Co kha nang hoa tan hoac phan tan ong eu trong khoi thc pham. )San xuat, bao quan, tieu thu phai c thuan li khi cho chat chong oxi hoa vao. )Khong gay oc tnh. 2.4.4 Tac dung chung cua chat chong oxi hoa Mot so chat chong oxi hoa thc pham c nghien cu va ng dung: BHA, BHT, Propyl gallate, TBHQ, Tocopherol, Lecithin, THBP, 4-Hydroxymethyl-2-6-di-tertbutyphenol, Thiodipropionic axit va dilauryl thiodipionate, Glycine Co hau het chung eu co tac dung c che hoac ngan can s oxi hoa chat beo co trong thc pham. Kha nang nay tang len do mc o phc tap cua cau truc cac hp chat phenol. Cac chat chong oxi hoa co chc nang can thiep vao viec hnh thanh cac goc t do, la khi nguon cua viec oxi hoa.
C che chung
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ROOH hydroperoxit
2.4.5 Phan loai Chong oxi hoa chia lam hai loai 9 Cac hp chat phenol (t nhien hay tong hp) nh: BHA, BHT, TBHQ,
tocopherol,thng dung e c che cac phan ng oxi hoa dau m. 9 Cac chat chong oxi hoa axit (bao gom ca cac muoi va este cua chung) nh:
vitamin C axit citric,thng dung e chong lai s bien mau do oxi hoa trong cac san pham tht, trai cay va cac san pham khac. 2.4.5.1 Cac chat chong oxy hoa t nhien
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CH3 HO
CH3 O O CH3
alpha-tocopherol
CH3 HO gamma-tocopherol CH3 O O CH3 CH3 CH2(CH2 CH2 C CH2)2H H
CH3 O O HO
Pho bien ch s dung anpha tocopherol, ay la chat chong oxi hoa t nhien, co trong mot so dau m nh dau au tng, dau hat bong, dau mam ngu coc INS: 307 (E307), ADI: 0.15 2.0 b. ac tnh ly hoc Dung dch sanh nh dau, trong suot, co mau vang nhat, gan nh khong mui. Khi e ra ngoai khong kh hoac anh sang mat tri b oxi hoa co mau sam dan. Tan trong dau va dung moi dau, khong tan trong nc. Ham lng khong c cha t hn 96% anpha tocopherol (co ngha lng tap chat co trong thanh phan khong c ln hn 4%) c. Chc nang Chat chong oxi hoa trong cac san pham co cha chat beo, la chat c che s hnh thanh hp chat nitrosamin, mot trong nhng tac nhan gay ung th. Kha nang la chat chong oxi hoa kha yeu neu s dung rieng le.
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d. oc tnh Khong co hai ve mat sinh hoc neu lng s dung khong vt qua quy nh. c khuyen khch s dung thay the cac chat chong oxi hoa khac. Th nghiem tren chuot vi lieu lng 1g/ngay khong thay hien tng tac hai, nhng co the nhan thay hien tng roi loan tieu hoa. Ngi ta cha biet ro lam ve tocopherol, nhng tm thay tocopherol c ao thai qua phan, con trong nc tieu lai thay mot vai chat chuyen hoa cua tocopherol. Neu s dung lieu cao hn nhu cau hang ngay, ket qua cho thay co tch luy trong gan. Lieu lng s dung cho ngi: 0 1mg/kg the trong e. ng dung Anpha tocopherol trong mot so san pham thc pham
STT 1 2
ML 200
3 4
Kem (nguyen chat) va cac san pham tng t Cac san pham tng t sa bot va bot kem
200 200
Thng s dung ket hp cac chat chong oxi hoa vi nhau e phat huy het cac ac tnh cua chung, chang han s dung ket hp BHA vi Propyl galat va acid citric. Propyl galat co kha nang bao ve cao ban au trong khi BHA co ac tnh tot trong qua trnh. Cac ly do cho viec s dung ket hp cac chat chong oxi hoa 9 9 Co c cac ac tnh thuan li khac nhau Cho s chnh xac va ieu khien tot hn
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9 2.4.5.2
Tao s phan bo tot trong mot so thc pham Cac chat chong oxy hoa tong hp
O
OCH3 3-tertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyanisole
O
C(CH3)3 OCH3 2-tertiarybutyl-4-hydroxyanisole
INS: 320 (E320), ADI: 0 25 Ten thng mai: Embanox BHA, lowinox BHA, Khoi lng phan t : 180,25. b. ac tnh ly hoc Ton tai dang bot, vien hay chat long giong sap, mau trang, mui phenol nhe, t ac trng. Hoa tan tot trong dau m va cac dung moi hu c khac nh propylen glycol, ete, xang, tan hn 50% trong ru, khong hoa tan trong nc. Nhiet o soi 730 mmHg: 264 - 2700C. Nhiet o nong chay: 48 - 630C. De bay hi nen c ieu che bang chng cat. Do de bay hi BHA nen ch cho vao cac san pham ong goi. La chat de chay, co the b mat tac dung khi s dung nhiet o cao, trong nng hoac say.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
77
Co the tac dung vi kim loai kiem va cho mau hong. c. Chc nang La chat chong oxi hoa co hieu qua oi vi m ong vat va cac san pham banh nng, on nh san pham cuoi cung, va thng c s dung trong shortening, dau thc vat, san pham khoai tay, soup, chewing gum, ngu coc, c s dung rong rai nhat trong cac san pham giau chat beo, khong co tac dung vi dau thc vat khong bao hoa. Thng c s dung ket hp vi cac chat chong oxi hoa khac. d. oc tnh BHA co the c hap thu qua thanh ruot non va co the ton tai trong mo bao, chung co the c tham gia vao cac qua trnh trao oi chat cua ngi va ong vat. V vay, BHA la chat co nghi ng gay d ng, ung th, ngo oc khi s dung vi lieu lng va phai. Chung co kha nang gay roi loan c the mot loat ong vat th nghiem nh kh, cho, chuot, meo. Lieu lng gay chet chuot la LD50 = 2000 mg/ kg the trong, lieu dung cho phep toi a: 0,2% LD50 (chuot) = 4130mg/kg trong dau ngu coc. ngi vi lieu lng 50 100mg/kg BHA se c chuyen hoa va a ra khoi c the dang nc tieu, dang glucuronit hay muoi sulfat. e. ng dung BHA trong mot so san pham thc pham
STT
ML 200 100 2
1 2 3
200
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
78
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
M the nhu tng Qu kho Hoa qu ngam ng San pham cacao, chocolate, (VD: chocola sa, chocola trang) Keo cng, keo mem, keo nuga, Keo cao su San pham dung e trang tr thc pham Cac loai banh nng Banh co sa, trng Tht gia cam va tht thu ti Thuy san, san pham thuy san ong lanh ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai
16
Thuy san, san pham thuy san xay nho ong lanh ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai
200
17
Thuy san, san pham thuy san hun khoi, say kho, len men hoac p muoi ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai
200
18 19 20
Dau tron, gia v (bao gom cac chat tng t muoi) Nc cham va cac san pham tng t Nc giai khat co hng lieu, bao gom ca nc uong danh cho the thao, nc uong co ham lng khoang cao va cac loai nng uong khac
21
200
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
79
INS: 321 (E321), ADI: 0 0.3 Ten thng mai: CAO-3, Embanox BHT, Khoi lng phan t: 220,39 b. ac tnh ly hoc Tinh the ran mau trang, hau nh khong co mui Tan trong toluen, ru, metyl, etyl, ceton, aceton; khong tan trong nc. Nhiet o soi 760mmHg: 2650C Nhiet o nong chay: 69,7oC, BHT co tnh chat tng t BHA nhng ben nhiet hn c. Chc nang La chat thuoc nhom chat chong oxi hoa co hieu qua va c s dung rong rai trong cac san pham co nhieu chat beo. Do o co tac dung bao quan thc pham, ngan nga s h hong va oi khet cua hng lieu. Ngoai ra no con co tac dung on nh va nhu hoa cho shortening. S dung n le mot mnh hoac ket hp vi BHA, Propyl galat (PG) va axit citric, s dung trong shortening, dau thc vat, thc an ong vat, m lat, ngu coc, s dung rong rai trong cong nghiep v re tien. d. oc tnh BHT cung c hap thu qua thanh ruot va qua qua trnh trao oi chat, chung c a ra ngoai dang phan va nc tieu. Thng khong oc nhieu, nhng cung co nghi ng gay ung th, gay viem tay da va mat cua ngi. Lieu lng gay chet chuot la LD50 = 1000mg/kg the trong.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
80
Lieu lng cho ngi 50mg/kg the trong thng khong co anh hng oi vi ngi. Lieu lng cao BHT se lam tang trong lng tuyen thng than, giam chuyen van axit hu c, ton thng than. Nhng phan ln cac tai lieu ch ra rang BHT khong gay oc tnh di truyen. Co nhieu bang chng cho thay BHT la nhan to giup hnh thanh cac chat ung th, tuy nhien ieu nay van cha c ro rang. e. ng dung BHT cu the trong mot so thc pham
STT
Nhom thc pham Sa bot, bot kem Thc an trang mieng co sa (VD: kem, sa lanh, banh pudding, sa chua hoa qua hoac co hng lieu)
ML 100 90
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Dau va m khong cha nc Margarin va cac san pham tng t (VD: hon hp margarin va b) Qua kho Cac san pham khac t qua Cacao, chocola va cac san pham tng t Keo cng, keo mem, keo nuga, Keo cao su San pham dung e trang tr thc pham Thc an trang mieng lam t ngu coc (VD: banh pudding gao, banh pudding t bot san,)
12 13
Cac loai banh nng San pham tht, tht gia cam va tht thu xay nho
200 100
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
81
14
Thuy san, san pham thuy san xay nho ong lanh ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai
200
15
Thuy san, san pham thuy san ong lanh ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da 1000 gai
16
Thuy san, san pham thuy san hun khoi, say kho, len men hoac p muoi ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai
200
17 18 19 20
Dau tron, gia v (bao gom cac chat tng t muoi) Vien soup va nc tht Nc cham va cac san pham tng t
Nc giai khat co hng lieu, bao gom ca nc uong danh cho the thao, 1000 nc uong co ham lng khoang cao va cac loai nng uong khac
O H C ( C H
3
)3
O
O H
INS: 319 (E319), ADI: 0 0,7 Ten thng mai: Embanox TBHQ, Sustane TBHQ, Khoi lng phan t: 166,22 b. ac tnh ly hoc Bot trang en nau nhat, mui nhe Tan trong etylen, etyl actat, aceton, ete, t tan trong nc Nhiet o soi 760mmHg: 3000C
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
82
Nhiet o nong chay: 126.5 128.50C c. Chc nang Co tac dung chong oxi hoa rat hieu nghiem, c s dung rat rong rai. Co tac ong hieu qua oi vi dau m ac biet la dau thc vat, s dung trong khoai tay chien, dau bong, tht bo vien, ngu coc kho, pizza, nc sot, d. oc tnh Khong gay d ng da nhng co nghi ng gay ung th. B cam s dung Nhat ban va mot so nc khac. c hap thu qua ng ruot va tham gia vao qua trnh trao oi chat, cuoi cung c thai ra ngoai cung nc tieu. Chung la chat t oc. Lieu lng gay chet LD50 = 700 1000mg/kg. e. ng dung TBHQ cu the trong mot so thc pham
STT 1
Nhom thc pham Thc an trang mieng co sa (VD: kem, sa lanh, banh pudding, sa chua hoa qua hoac co hng lieu)
ML 200
2 3 4 5 6
Dau va m khong cha nc Keo cng, keo mem, keo nugar San pham dung e trang tr thc pham San pham tht, tht gia cam va tht thu nguyen mieng hoac cat nho Thuy san, san pham thuy san hun khoi, say kho, len men hoac p muoi ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai
200
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
83
O
COOC3H7
Khoi lng phan t: 212.20 Nhiet o soi 760mmHg: 3000C Nhiet o nong chay: 146 1500C b. ac tnh ly hoc Tinh the mau trang, hau nh khong mui Ba nhom hydroxyl lam no rat hoat ong. Kha nang hoa tan kem. c. Chc nang c s dung ket hp vi BHA, BHT va axit citric, s dung trong dau thc vat, ngu coc, thc an ong vat, shortening va m lat Nhay cam vi nhiet o va de phan huy nhiet o nong chay cua no la 1130C Co the hnh thanh cac chat mau phc tap khi ket hp vi kim loai (nh Fe) gay ra tac ong xau trong dau m. d. oc tnh Hap thu qua ng tieu hoa va c chuyen hoa thanh 4 -0-methyl acid galic. Cuoi cung, chung c thai ra ngoai theo nc tieu, khong gay oc nhieu, khong gay d ng da. Lieu lng gay chet chuot th nghiem LD50 = 1700 3800mg/kg the trong. Nhng neu lieu lng qua 2,5% thay co roi loan mot so chc nang ong vat. oi vi chuot
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
84
vi lieu dung 1,2% trong 103 tuan th trong lng c the giam. khong co oc tnh di truyen, khong co bang chng cu the nao gay ung th. e. ng dung Propyl galat trong mot so thc pham
STT 1
Nhom thc pham Thc an trang mieng co sa (VD: kem, sa lanh, banh pudding, sa chua hoa qua hoac co hng lieu)
ML 90
2 3
Dau va m khong cha nc Margarin va cac san pham tng t (VD: hon hp margarin va b)
200 200
4 5 6 7
Cacao, chocolate va cac san pham tng t Keo cng, keo mem, keo nugar Nc cham va cac san pham tng t Nc giai khat co hng lieu, bao gom ca nc uong danh cho the thao, nc uong co ham lng khoang cao va cac loai nc uong khac
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
85
Ten thng mai: Ascorbic axit FCC Khoi lng phan t: 176,12 Nhiet o nong chay: 1900C b. ac tnh ly hoc Ton tai dang bot hay vien, mau trang en vang nhat, nhng loai dung trong thc pham phai dang bot mau trang. Hau nh khong mui, co v chua cua axit. Hoa tan tot trong nc (300g/l 200C) nhng hoa tan trong etanol 95% 200C ch khoang 20 30g/l, trong glycerol khoang 10g/l va khong hoa tan trong dau m, ete, petroleum ete, cloroform va benzen. c. Chc nang c s dung rong rai nh chat chong oxi hoa hoat ong nhanh trong nganh cong nghiep thc pham, la mot phu gia c a chuong e on nh thc an thc uong. Va chong oxi hoa dau m, bia va c che s bien chat (hoa nau) cua hoa qua cat got, mt qua, nc qua. Ngoai ra no con cai tien chat lng bot, ho tr va cai tien viec bao ve tht va san pham tht. Ngan chan s hnh thanh hp chat gay ung th nitrosamin khi dung nitrit/nitrat, ngan nga cac benh man tnh: ung th, benh tim mach, cao huyet ap, lao hoa,...ac biet tang hoac tieu chuan hoa ham lng vitamin C trong thc pham, co tac dung nh thuoc cha benh cho c the. c. oc hai La phu gia an toan, neu hap thu nhieu no se c ao thai qua nc tieu. Nhng neu dung qua lieu th co the gay hien tng non ma, tieu chay, o mat, nhc au, mat ngu. Vi tre em con co hien tng phat ban. Vitamin C co kha nang ket hp vi sat hay ong tao thanh chat tien oxi hoa thay v chong oxi hoa. V vay tranh dung phc hp muoi khoang-vitamin hay tranh phoi hp vi cac muoi khoang nay. Ngoai ra no con tr nen oc oi vi ngi tha sat. Lieu lng s dung cho ngi: Khong han che: 0 2.5mg/kg the trong
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
86
STT
Nhom thc pham Sa bot, bot kem (nguyen chat) Dau va m khong cha nc B va b co ac Rau, cu ong lanh Tht, tht gia cam va tht thu ti Thuy san, san pham thuy san ong lanh ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai
1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 10
Thc an cho tre em di mot tuoi Nc qua ep thanh trung pasteur ong hop hoac ong chai Necta qua thanh trung pasteur ong hop hoac ong chai Ru vang
) Acid citric
a. Cong thc phan t C6H8O7
CH2CO2H HO C CO2H
CH2CO2H
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
87
Nha san xuat: ADM, Albright va Wilson, Khoi lng phan t: 192,125 b. ac tnh ly hoc Tinh the ran, bot khong mau, khong mui, v chua, phan huy trc khi soi. Acid citric dung trong thc pham phai the ket tinh khan hoac vi mot phan t nc khong mau hoac mau vang, khong mui (axit citric monohydro). Loai khan phai cha khong t hn 99,5%. Kha nang hoa tan tot trong nc va ru (1g/0.5ml nc) hoac tan trong etanol (1g/2ml etanol), o tinh khiet phai ln hn 99.5%. o am < 7.5 9.0% Nhiet o nong chay: 1530C c. Chc nang La chat chong oxi hoa thc pham, chat tao phc kim loai. Thuoc nhom chat chong oxi hoa kha yeu neu s dung rieng le, thng s dung chung vi BHA, BHT. d. oc tnh Vi lieu lng cao (1380mg/kg the trong) tren cho khong thay hien tng ton thng than. Vi chuot cong trang, lieu lng 1.2% trong thc an hang ngay, khong anh hng en mau, khong thay mot tac ong nguy hai g en cac bo phan trong c the, khong anh hng en s sinh sanma ch hi anh hng en rang so vi chuot oi chng.
STT
Nhom thc pham Sa len men (nguyen kem) Sa len men (nguyen kem), co x ly nhiet sau khi len men
ML 1500 GMP
1 2
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
88
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Dau va m khong cha nc B va b co ac Rau, cu ong lanh Tht, tht gia cam va tht thu ti nguyen mieng hoac cat nho Tht, tht gia cam va tht thu ti dang xay nho Thuy san ti ke ca nhuyen the, giap xac, da gai ti Dau tron gia v (bao gom cac chat tng t muoi) Thc an cho tre em di mot tuoi Thc an bo sung cho tre ang tang trng Nc uong khong con Nc qu co ac (dang long hoac dang ran) Necta qu thanh trung pasteur ong hop hoac ong chai Ru vang
100 GMP GMP 2000 100 GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP 700
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
89
NaCl la chat tao v man tot nhat, ien hnh cho cac san pham thc pham. Muoi an co the tao v man hai hoa cho san pham thc pham, mot so chat tao v man. Cac chat muoi tao v man pho bien
V Man LiCl NaCl KCl Man va ang ang Ngot CsCl KBr CsBr LiBr NaBr
NH4I KI MgSO4
T xa xa chung ta a s dung bot ngot trong khau phan an hang ngay, e ba cm them am a va tang phan hap dan th khong co gia nh nao khong s dung bot
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
90
ngot, oi vi cac cong ty san xuat hay nhng quan an th bot ngot hau nh la thanh phan khong the thieu trong qua trnh nem nem, va mai ti hom nay thoi quen ay khong he b quen lang trong thc tai. 2. Cac chat tao v ngot 2.1 Cac chat ngot am 2.1.1 Dch acid amin Dch acid amin c dung trong che bien thc pham nham muc ch ieu chnh v trong mot so san pham nh trong che bien tht, ca, cac loai rau Ga tr dinh dng cua chung hau nh khong c e y, do lieu lng s dung qua nho. Vi muc ch chnh la ieu chnh v cua san pham cho phu hp vi th hieu ngi tieu dung. Cac dch axit amin c s dung thng co trong cac loai nc cham nh : Nc mam, nc tng (thuy phan protein nh xuc tac bi enzym protease), dch thuy phan cac protein ong, thc vat (maggi, nc cham hoa giai...). Lieu lng s dung cua cac dch acid amin thng khong han che.
2.1.2 Mono-sodium-glutamate: ( Bot ngot MSG )
Ban than no va nhat la muoi cua no co v ac trng tao cho cac san pham co v ngot ro ret cua tht, rau, nam phu hp vi san pham. a. Cong thc hoa hoc HOOC CH2 CH2 CH COOH
Tnh chat
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
91
Tinh the trang co v man hi ngot. Natri glutamat hoa tan nhieu trong nc ( 200C, dang tinh khiet, ty le hoa tan la 136% so vi nc) trong khi o, th axit glutamic rat t tan trong nc. V cua MSG co the cam thay khi o pha loang cua no trong nc la 1/3000. Khi san pham co o axit thap pH = 5 6.5 th v cua MSG cam nhan ro ret nhat. Trong moi trng pH 4 th v cua no mat i.
ng dung
Trong cong nghiep o hop, MSG co the dung cho hau het cac loai o hop ca, tht, rau va nhieu loai o hop khac. MSG c dung trong che bien rau p lanh ong va thc pham ban thanh pham p lanh ong. 2.2 Cac chat lam ngot nhan tao 2.2.1 Isomalt Isomalt la mot chat lam ngot v khong ng. Nhng san pham c lam t isomalt co cau truc va hnh dang tng t nh nhng san pham c lam t ng Isomalt la mot hon hp cua hai ru disaccharides : gluco-mannitol va gluco-sorbitol, c s dung trong nhieu nam My vi kha nhieu san pham nh keo cng, keo b cng, chewing-gum, chocolate, cac loai thc pham nng, bo sung dinh dng, trong cac vien thuoc ho va thuoc viem hong dang hnh thoi. oi vi nhng ngi co che o an kieng, co the cai tien thc n nhng van am bao c dinh dng va sc khoe. Gia tr calo cua Isomalt thap nen rat hu ch oi vi nhng ai co gang lam giam tong nang lng a vao c the mot cach ieu o ma van co the thoa man nhng s thch cua ho nh cac ba an trang mieng, keo, va nhng thc pham c lam ngot khac dung rieng nh mot phan cua ba an hoac an nhe. a. Cong thc cau tao
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
92
b. Tnh chat Isomalt hap thu rat t nc, co the c un nong ma khong lam mat i hng thm ngot ngao, nhng san pham c lam t isomalt tr nen ket dnh. Kha nang lam ngot cua isomalt phu thuoc vao nong o, nhiet o va dang san pham ma no c s dung. Ben canh nhng tnh chat ac thu co c, mot tnh chat kha ac biet la kha nang tan t t trong mieng oi vi mot so san pham lam t ng isomalt, nham keo dai thi gian s dung. Isomalt khong anh hng en ham lng glucose va insulin trong mau khi a vao c the, mot c the khoe manh la bang chng cho thay mot ba an kieng vi nang lng thap co the giup kiem soat va ngan chan benh beo ph, benh tieu ng va ca benh tim mach, hay con go la benh nha giau. 2.2.2 Maltitol Maltitol la mot loai ng ru, s dung nh mot chat thay the ng. Co khoang 90% hng v ngot cua saccharose. a. Cong thc cau tao
b. Tnh chat
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
93
Maltitol khong tao phan ng nau hoac caramen hoa. No khong co qua trnh trao oi chat bi vi khuan aral, v the khong gay sau rang. Maltitol c hap thu t t, thch hp oi vi benh nhan tieu ng hn saccharose. Thng s dung trong cac san pham keo cng khong ng, chewing-gum, chocolate, san pham nng va kem. 2.2.3 Xilytol a. Cong thc cau tao C5H12O5
b. Tnh chat Xylitol mot loai bot trang, khong mui vi v ngot, ngon, va c ngi tieu dung chap nhan va dan tr thanh chat thay the ng bi vai tro lam giam s phat trien cua benh sau rang. Xylitol mot chat lam ngot vi hng v thm ngon, o ngot tng ng saccharose, nang lng thap hn va khong co d v gat, tan nhanh chong va tao ra cam giac mat lanh trong mieng, an toan oi vi rang. c chap nhan hn 35 quoc gia va ngay cang c s dung pho bien trong thc pham, dc pham. Ton tai mot cach t nhien trong nhieu loai trai cay va rau, ke ca viec c san sinh bi c the trong suot qua trnh trao oi chat bnh thng c s dung trong nhng thc pham nh: chewing-gum, keo cng, trong dc pham va nhng san pham lien quan en sc khoe rang mieng nh thuoc viem hong, siro
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
94
ho, chewing-gum bo sung nhieu vitamin cho tre em, kem anh rang va nc suc mieng. nc My, Xylitol c chap thuan nh mot phu gia thc pham s dung trc tiep trong thc pham oi vi nhng ba an kieng ac biet. 2.2.4 Sorbitol a. Cong thc cau tao C6H14O6
Dang khong gian b. Tnh chat Sorbitol la mot loai ng ru, mot chat lam ngot tm thay trong nhieu san pham thc pham, mot tac nhan lam am va tao ket cau tuyet vi. Sorbitol chiem khoang 60% o ngot cua saccharose, tao cam giac mat lanh, v ngon ngot trong mieng, ong thi khong gay sau rang va co li oi vi benh nhan tieu ng. c s dung an toan trong thc pham, dc pham va my pham. c s dung nh mot chat gi am trong nhieu loai san pham, chong lai s mat am, s dung trong banh, mt, nhng hang hoa nng va ca chocolate, thng c s dung trong nhng san pham ma co khuynh hng tr nen kho hoac cng lai theo thi gian. Sorbitol ket hp tot vi nhng thanh phan thc pham khac nh ng, tac nhan tao gel, protein va mot vai thanh phan khac. S dung trong nhieu san pham thc pham nh chewing-gum, keo, cookies, banh nng, va ca nhng san pham bao ve rang mieng nh kem anh rang va nc suc mieng.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
95
To chc thc pham va thuoc My a cong bo lng Sorbitol co the tieu thu hang ngay oi vi c the la 50g/ngi/ngay. Neu qua lng nay co the gay tac ong nhuan trang. 2.2.5 Lactitol a. Cong thc phan t C12H24O11
b. Tnh chat Lactitol la mot loai bot mau trang, khong mui vi o tinh khiet cao va kha nang tuan hoan tot, lactitol tr nen tuyet vi khi ket hp vi nhng chat lam ngot nang lng thap khac. Lactitol la mot loai ng ru, chat lam ngot co mot khong hai vi nhng thuoc tnh tng t nh saccharose Lactitol la chat lam ngot vi v nh ng, nang lng thap, phu hp oi vi nhng san pham khong ng, giam nang lng hay giam beo. Lactitol khong hap thu o am vao trong san pham. No se duy tr o gion va keo dai thi gian bao quan cua banh cookies va chewing-gum. Tom lai
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
96
Cau tao
CH2OH H-C-OH OH-C-H H-C-OH CH2OH
CH2OH H
o ngot 100%
O H H
OH
CH2OH HO-C-H
80%
Maltitol E965
H
HO OH H
60%
Erythritol E968
60%
Sorbitol E420
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
97
50%
Mannitol E421
CH2OH HO-C-H HO-C-H CH2OH H H HO OH H H OH CH2OH CH2OH H-C-OH O OH O-C-H H H-C-OH OH H H H H-C-OH H OH CH2OH O H-C-OH H H-C-OH O-OH
45%
Isomalt E953
35%
Lactitol E966
3.
V ang la tnh chat rat ac biet cua mot so thc pham, co lien quan en cac hp chat hu c va vo c. Mot so chat trong t nhien co the tao v ang cho cac san pham thc pham. Trong thc pham, v ang thng c coi la v xau, nhng trong mot so trng hp lai la v chu yeu cho san pham.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
98
Quinin c xem nh la v ang c ban e anh gia cac v ang khac. Cac chat tao v ang co the ke en la cac chat alkaloit va glucosit. V ang thng de dang nhan biet hn so vi cac v khac ( ngot, chua, man). Cac chat tao v ang trong che bien thc pham co the + Vo c : CsCl, CsBr, KI, MgSO4. + Hu c : Alkaloit, tryptophan, leucin, isoleucin,serin Quinin thng dung tao v ang cho mot so loai nc giai khat. Cac alkaloit c tm thay trong t nhien nh cafein, theobromin, chat ang cua hoa houblon cung c dung trong che bien thc pham. Chat tao ang khac co the ke en la naringin, hisperidin co nhieu trong trai cay ho cam, qut, nho. Vo cam say kho co the cha en 8% hisperidin. Glucozit co trong phan t cua hisperidin co v rat ang.
4. Cac chat tao v chua
V chua c cam nhan nh la v cua ion H+, v vay v chua co quan he mat thiet vi nong o cua cac loai axit. Cac axit khac nhau th co o chua khac nhau. Cac axit vo c cho v chua manh hn nhieu lan so vi cac axit hu c (H3PO4, HCl,) Mot so axit tao v chua c phep s dung trong thc pham nh : Axit citric, acid lactic, acid tactric, acid malic, acid acetic, propionic 5. Cac chat mau
Mot san pham thc pham bat ky eu phai ap ng c yeu cau ve cac ch tieu chat lng quan trong nh : dinh dng, ve sinh thc pham, cam quan. Trong o, mau sac
la mot yeu to cam quan rat quan trong va cung la an tng au tien thu hut s chu y
cua ngi tieu dung khi la chon thc pham. Moi nguon nguyen lieu eu co cha nhng thanh phan (cac hp chat polyphenol, tannin,) va cac sac to rieng biet ma khi a vao qua trnh san xuat, cac cau t nay b chuyen hoa va tao mau cho thc pham. Thanh phan chat mau chnh trong phan an c cua mot so loai rau qua
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
99
Bo phan
Re
o, vang hay trang Cam, vang, o o, trang hay trang xanh o ta, trang, cam Vang nhat Trang, xanh o, vang, trang, xanh Vang nhat Trang, o Trang, xanh Xanh Trang, xanh Xanh Xanh, o Xanh o, vang, cam, trang xanh Xanh o ta Vang, cam, o cam o Vang, o, xanh
Than
La
Cu hanh Toi tay Mui tay Tha la Rau bina Bap cai
Anthocyanins, flavonoids Chlorophylls Chlorophylls Chlorophylls Chlorophylls Chlorophylls,anthocyanins Chlorophylls Chlorophylls,anthocyanins Chlorophylls Anthocyanins,flavonoids Carotenoids,anthocyanins Carotenoids Carotenoids, Chlorophylls
Qua
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
100
Thc te, mau cua san pham thc pham so vi mau cua nguyen lieu ban au co the b giam rat nhieu hay b phan huy hoan toan, tham ch con co nhng mau la tao thanh lam san pham xau i ve mau sac. ieu nay a buoc cac nha san xuat phai la chon cac qua trnh che bien, la chon cac thong so ky thuat toi u trong suot qua trnh che bien e co the gi lai mau sac ban au hoac tao ra mau sac cho san pham theo mong muon. Tuy nhien, viec o cung khong de thc hien theo y muon v cac chat mau san co trong nguyen lieu lai khong ben, rat de b phan huy do nhieu yeu to khac nhau trong qua trnh che bien va bao quan. Do vay, e khac phuc van e nay, cac nha san xuat lai phai nghien cu tm ra cac chat phu gia tao mau nham tao ra cac san pham co mau ben hn, mau sac hap dan, ac trng hn va d nhien la phai am bao o an toan cho ngi s dung. Da vao nguon goc thu nhan, phu gia tao mau c phan thanh 4 loai 5.1 Mau t nhien Cac chat mau thuoc nhom nay c s dung nhieu nhat do co tnh an toan cho sc khoe ngi tieu dung, tuy nhien lai kem ben va gia thanh san xuat kha cao. Cac pham mau t nhien dung trong thc pham chu yeu la chat mau hu c, c thu nhan t cac nguon nh: 9 9 Thc vat: anthocyanin, braxilin, violanin, cathanmin, chlorophyll, ong vat: mau canh kien, mau o carmin chiet t loai rep son, mau o
chiet t sau Kerme, chu yeu dung cho nganh det. 9 Vi sinh vat: nhieu nhat la cac chat mau caroteinoids (t cac loai nam:
Agricales, nam Amanita, Hygrocybe; t vi khuan: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Chromobacterium,) Da vao cau truc hoa hoc, ngi ta phan chia mau t nhien thanh 4 nhom: 9 Cac dan xuat cua Isoprenoid: Caroteinoids, Xanthophylls.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
101
9 Tannin. 9
Anthraquinone carbon, Inorganic 5.2 Mau tong hp (mau nhan tao) c tao ra bang phng phap tong hp hoa hoc, cac nhom mau nay co o ben mau cao, de san xuat nen gia thanh re. Tuy vay, mau tong hp lai co nhng anh hng en sc khoe ngi tieu dung nen ch c s dung rat han che va xu hng hien nay trong nganh thc pham la cac pham mau tong hp se b thay the bi cac pham mau t nhien. Co hai loai pham mau tong hp: 9 Mau vo c tong hp: cac chat mau vo c c san xuat rat nhieu, nhng
trong thc pham ch cho phep s dung cac pham mau vo c tong hp nh: Titan dioxit, Sat oxit (en, o, vang). Ben canh o, cac chat mau vo c nay thng co nhng nhc iem nh: o b trong suot. o De mat mau trong dung dch co them vitamin C (cac loai nc ep trai Khong ben vi anh sang, rat de phai mau oi vi cac san pham co bao
cay co them vitamin e gi hng trai cay). 9 Mau hu c tong hp: trong nganh cong nghiep thc pham cua hau het
cac quoc gia tren the gii, viec s dung cac pham mau hu c tong hp c kiem soat rat chat che thong qua cac ieu luat, quy nh cu the cua moi quoc gia. Bat ky mot loai mau hu c tong hp nao cung phai tuan theo cac yeu cau sau: o Phai la nhng pham mau khong co oc tnh, khong gay ung th
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
102
Nhng san pham chuyen hoa (neu co) cua cac chat mau khong phai la
nhng chat co oc tnh. o Khong cha cac tap chat nh: Crom, Seleni, Urani, thuy ngan, Cadimi,
cac kim loai nang va mot vai chat thuoc nhom hydrocarbon thm hoac a vong. 5.3 Mau ban t nhien Cac chat mau c tao ra bang phng phap tong hp nhng lai co cau truc hoa hoc giong vi cac chat mau t nhien (-Carotene, Riboflavin, Canthaxanthin, anthocyanin,). Do co c cac tnh chat cua ca mau t nhien va mau tong hp (t oc hai hn mau tong hp, o ben cao hn va ben hn mau t nhien) nen cac chat mau loai nay hien nay c s dung nhieu nhat. 5.4 Cac chat mau tao thanh trong qua trnh che bien Trong qua trnh gia cong che bien, mot so thanh phan trong nguyen lieu co the b bien oi tao ra mau cho thc pham. Tuy nhien, tuy vao moi loai thc pham cu the ma cac chat mau se mang y ngha co li hay co hai oi vi loai thc pham o. Chang han mau caramel, mau Melanoidin tao thanh t phan ng Mallair se co li cho cac san pham chien, ran, nng, nhng lai co hai oi vi cac san pham nh: nc qua co ac, sa thanh trung, sa tiet trung, 5.5 Tnh hnh s dung chat mau thc pham hien nay Tai Viet Nam theo quyet nh 3742/2001/Q-BYT ngay 31/8/2001 cua Bo trng Bo Y Te cho phep s dung 35 pham mau (so vi quyet nh 867/1998 ch co 10 loai)
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
103
TEN PHU GIA Tieng Viet Vang Curcumin (vang nghe) Vang Riboflavin Vang Tartrazin (Tartrazin) Vang Quinolin Vang Sunset FCF Carmin Carmoisine Quinoline Yellow Sunset Yellow FCF Carmines Azorubine (Carmoisine) o Amaranth o Ponceau R Vang Erythrosin o 2G o allura AC Indigotin Xanh Brilliant FCF Clorophyl Clorophyl phc ong Clorophyl phc ong (muoi Natri, Amaranth Ponceau R Erythrosine Red 2G Allura Red AC Indigotine Brilliant Blue FCF Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Copper Complex Chlorophyll Copper Complex, Sodium, and Riboflavin Tatrazine Tieng Anh Curcumin
INS
ADI
Nguon goc
100i
0-0.1
T nhien
101i 102
0-0.5 0-7.5
T nhien Tong hp
141ii
0-15
T nhien
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
104
Kali cua no) Xanh S Caramen nhom I (Khong x ly) Caramen nhom III (x ly amoni)
Potassium salts Green S Caramel I-Plain 142 150a CQ CX Tong hp X ly nhiet t ng t nhien Caramel III-Ammonia Process 150c 0-200 X ly nhiet t ng t nhien, trong qua trnh x ly co bo sung amoni
150d
0-200
en Brilliant PN Nau HT Beta-Caroten tong hp Caroten t nhien (chiet xuat t thc vat)
Brilliant Black PN Brown HAP THU Beta-Carotene (Synthetic) Natural Extracts (Carotenes)
160aii
CX
T nhien
Annatto Extracts
160b
0-0.065
T nhien
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
105
Beta-Apo-Carotenal Beta-Apo-Carotenal Este metyl (hoac etyl) cua axit BetaApo-8/- Carotneic Canthaxanthin
160e
0-5 0-5
Tong hp Tong hp
Beta-Apo-8/-Carotenic 160r acid, Methyl orbital Ethyl Ester Canthaxanthine 161g 163ii 171 172i 172ii 172iii 143
Chat chiet t vo nho Grape Skin Extract Titian oxit Sat oxit, en Sat oxit, o Sat oxit, vang Xanh luc ben (FCF) Titanium Dioxide Iron Oxide, Black Iron Oxide, Red Iron Oxide, Yellow Fast Green FCF
Tuy nhien do ieu kien phan tch pham mau cua nc ta cha c ay u nen viec quan ly s dung pham mau cung cha c chat che. Viec nhap khau va buon ban pham mau tren th trng hien nay van con tran lan, thieu kiem soat chat che, do o mot so c s san xuat nho van con s dung cac pham mau khong co trong danh muc cho phep. Tren the gii, do ieu kien khac nhau cac to chc, cac quoc gia nen viec s dung cac pham mau trong thc pham se c quy nh cu the tng ni. Cac quy nh nay co the khac nhau cac nc va oi khi cung khac danh muc do to chc FAO/WHO ban hanh (tuy nhien van phai ap ng c cac yeu cau ve an toan khi s dung).
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
106
Danh muc mau c phep s dung tren toan the gii PHAM MAU Erythrosine (FD + C Red No.3) Indigo Carmine (FD + C Blue No.2) Iron oxides Red Yellow Black Titanium doxide -carotene Carotenoids Apocarotenal Canthaxanthin E.E.C.No E127 E132 E172 E172 E172 E171 E160a E160e E161g C.I. (1971) 45430 73015 77491 77492 77499 77891 40800 4820 40850
S khac nhau ve viec chap nhan mot so pham mau trong thc pham cac quoc gia, to chc E.E.C. va FAO/WHO: VIET NAM c phep U.S. K c phep PHAM MAU Quinoline Yellow c phep c phep Brilliant Blue FCF c phep c phep Fast Green FCF c phep K c phep Amaranth c phep c phep K c phep c phep c phep c phep E.E.C. c phep FAO/WHO c phep
c phep
c phep
Titanium
c phep
c phep
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
107
Oxide c phep c phep Annatto Extract K : khong c phep 6. Cac chat mui Cung nh mau sac, hng thm la mot tnh chat quan trong cua thc pham, chung co nhng tac nhan sinh ly rat ro ret. Chat mui co anh hng en he tuan hoan, nhp ap cua tim, ho hap, nhp the, s tieu hoa, thnh giac, th giac va cac xuc giac. V vay trong san xuat thc pham, cac nha san xuat tm moi bien phap ky thuat e bao ve nhng mui thm t nhien, mat khac con tm cach e ieu khien cac phan ng tao ra nhng chat thm hay mui mi. Trong thien nhien, hng thng c thu nhan t tinh dau, nha thm, viec khai thac nhng chat thm co nguon goc t thien nhien cha c quan tam ung mc. Ben canh viec dung nhng hng lieu co nguon goc t thien nhien th hng lieu tong hp cung chiem mot phan khong nho... Thong thng, co the thc hien mot trong cac bien phap sau e tao cho san pham co hng thm -oi vi cac chat thm von de bay hi va thng khong ben, cac nha san xuat thng dung cac bien phap ky thuat hay thiet b toi tan e thu hoi cac chat thm a b tach ra khoi san pham trong qua trnh gia nhiet, tao ieu kien gi chung lai, hap thu tr lai vao thanh pham cac chat thm t nhien von co trong nguyen lieu ban au. - Chng cat va co ac cac chat thm t nhien t cac nguon giau chat thm, sau o dung chat thm nay e cho vao san pham thc pham khac nhau. - Tong hp cac chat thm nhan tao co mui thch ng e cho vao san pham thc pham. Theo hiep hoi cua cac nha khoa hoc mui-1969 th: Chat mui la che pham, co the la n chat, cung co the la hon hp, co nguon goc t nhien hoac tong hp, tao ra toan
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
c phep
c phep
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
108
bo hoac mot phan cam giac mui ac trng cua thc pham hoac mot san pham khac a vao mieng. -Mui cua chat thm la do nhng nhom nguyen t ac biet quyet nh. Tuy nhien neu tang so nhom trong phan t mui len th co the la khong lam tang mui ma con yeu mui va co khi lai lam mat mui. -Nhng nguyen to mang mui c ban la :O, S, N, P, As, Se va cac nhom mang mui hu c: H O CH3 C OH C O C C CH3 C OH CH3 O
Hien nay, ngi ta tam ket luan co 7 mui c ban. Mui bang phien (long nao). Mui xa hng (pentadecanolacton) Mui hoa thm (phenilmetyletylcacbinol) Mui bac ha (mentol) Mui ete (dicloetylen) Mui cay hang (axit formic) Mui thoi (butymexcaptal) 6.1 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua chat thm Thanh phan chu yeu cua chat thm la cac hp chat hu c: cacbuahydro, ru, phenol, aldehyt, ceton va cac este. ay chung ta e cap tecpen va cac dan xuat cha oxy tecpen. Tecpen la cac cacbuahydro co mach thang hay vong vi cong thc chung la
(C10H16)n vi :
n=1 la monotecpen. n=1;5 la sesquitecpen. n= 2 la ditecpen.
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
109
n= 3 la tritecpen. Cac dan xuat cha oxy cua tecpen thng la ru, aldehyt, ceton. 6.1.1 Monotecpen Monotecpen mach h : thanh phan chnh cua monotecpen la miaxen, oximen va chung thng co trong tinh dau hoa houblon. Cac dan xuat cha oxy cua chung la linalol, geraniol, citronelol, citronelal, citral.
Ve mat cau tao co the chia monotecpen lam 2 loai Monotecpen mt vong: ph bin la limonen co trong tinh du cam chanh, thong Cac dn xut cha oxy cua la menthol, piperitenon, piperiton, cavon, methon .
Monotecpen hai vong: Tieu bieu la pinen (co trong tinh dau thong) va camphen( co trong tinh dau chanh, oai hng)
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
110
6.1.2 Sesquitecpen Sesquitecpen mch thng va vong, tieu biu la farnesen ( co trong tinh du cam, chanh), gingiberen (tinh dau gng), humulen (tinh dau houblon), a-santalen, bsantalen (tinh dau an hng, cac dan xuat cha oxy cua sesquitecpen co farnesol, nerolidol)
6.1.3 Ditecpen: C20H32 ton tai trong nha, co ten chung la axit nha, (C19H29COOH), axit abietic la chat tieu bieu cua axit nha. Axit nay tng oi ben vng nhng trong khong kh cung de b oxy hoa. 6.1.4 Tritecpen: Thng thay trong thc vat di dang este, glucozit hay trang thai t do. Chat tieu bieu la Squalen co nhieu trong ca voi. 6.2 Cac dan xuat cha oxy cua tecpen tieu bieu
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
111
6.3
Mot so cac chat thm tong hp thng dc dung e tao hng cho cac san pham thc pham. Ten Etylvanilin Cong thc cau tao CHO Mo ta mui Mui thm ngot (hn 2 en 4 lan vanilin)
Musk ambre
O2N
OH CH3
NO2
Resorinoldimetylete
O-CH3
O -CH3 Anisylaxeton CH2- CH2 -CO- CH3 Mui thm ngot cua trai cay
O - CH3
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
112
-Naphtylmetylxeton
C - CH3
6.4 Cac hng lieu tong hp Trong cong nghiep tong hp hng lieu, ngi ta thng dung tinh dau t cac hp chat thien nhien lam nguyen lieu va qua trnh tong hp da vao cau truc cac hp chat co mui san. Nhng hp chat s dung trong hng lieu thng phu thuoc vao nhom ho: alcol, este, lacton, ete, phenol, aldehyt, ceton, anxen, anxina so la hp chat n chc. S chong chat nhieu nhom chc khong thuan li cho s phat trien mui. Mot goc hydrocacbon nh isopropyl, t-butyl lam tang mui mot cach ang ke. Thay mot nhom nay bang mot nhom khac van gi c mui tng t. Trong vani neu thay nhom CHO bang NO2 hay CN san pham van con mui vani. 6.4.1 Tong hp Hydrocacbon Diphenylmetan: C6H5-CH2-C6H5 ong ac 26-27oC. Co mui tinh dau cam, c ieu che do phan ng ngng tu cua clorua Benzozyl vi benzen co s hien dien cua AlCl3. C6H5-CH2-Cl + C6H6
AlCl3
C6H5-CH2-C6H5
6.4.2 Tong hp Alcol& este Alcol phenyletilic : C6H5-(CH2)2-OH. Cau t quan trong cua tinh dau hoa hong, la mot chat long, iem soi 220-222oC, co mui hoa hong va c tong hp bang nhieu phng phap khac nhau. -Alcol benzilic : C6H5-CH2-OH.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
113
Co trong loai nha thm Perou, Tolu va mot so tinh dau khac di trang thai t do hay este acetic, benzoic, xinamic. iem soi-206, c ieu che bang cach thuy giai dung dch clorua benzyl trong nc soi vi s hien dien cua Na2CO3 hay CaO hay MgO. C6H5-CH2-Cl + Na2CO3 + H2O 2C6H5-CH2-OH + CO2 + 2NaCl.
Co mui thm de chu, c s dung di dang este. 6.4.3 Tong hp cac mui hoa qua Mui hng hoa qua cua nhom nay a phan la cac mui de chu, mui hng chu ao: este, ete oxyt, aldehyt, ceton thm. Hng hoa qua hay tinh dau nhan tao c tao thanh bi hon hp este, ete oxyt, axit hu c, lacton, chloroform, glycerine pha trong con 97-98o e tranh oxy hoa. Mot so hng tong hp c dung trong thc uong khong gas nh siro dau, ao, lipton hng chanh, hng cam va ac biet dung cho san xuat ru mui.
Hng M
Thanh phan hoa hoc -Chloroform tinh khiet. -Este etyl salicylic -Este etyl valerianic. -Este amylbutyric. - Este oenantylic. -Glycerine trung tnh. -Con tuyet oi.
Da
10 ml
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
114
100 ml 10 ml 50 ml
Chuoi
-Amyl acetat. -Amyl butyrat. -Vanilin. -Benzyl acetat. -Etyl butyrat. -Con 900
40 ml 8 ml 4g 40 ml 8 ml 1000 ml.
ao
-Hon hp da nh tren. -Con ngam vani 1/10. -Tinh dau chanh . -undecalacton
50 ml 3 ml 20 ml 2 ml
Anh ao
-Aldehyt C8 -Etyl acetat - Este oenantylic -Axit benzoic. - Este Etyl benzoic -Glycerine tinh khiet. -Con tuyet oi.
10 ml 50 ml 10 ml 10 g 50 ml 30 ml 1000 ml
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
115
Chanh
-Axit succinic. -Aldehyt C8 -Choloroform - Etyl acetat. -Octylic aldehyt pha loang 1/10. -Axit tartric. -Metyl anthranilat -Tinh dau chanh. -Glycerin tinh khiet. -Con tuyet oi.
Dau tay
-Amyl acetat - Etyl formiat. -Ete nitric. - Etyl butyrat. - Etyl salixylat. -Glycerin. -Con tuyet oi.
80 ml 10 ml 10 ml 20 ml 10 ml 20 ml 1000 ml
Lu
-Tinh dau phuc bon t. -Axit citric -Con ngam cochenille 1/5 -Axit tartric. -Con ngam vani 1/10.
1 ml 30 g 400 ml 50 g 100 ml
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
116
30 ml
Qua ly chua
-Axit benzoic. -Cyclohexanyl acetat. - Este Etyl oenantylic - Este Etyl benzoic. - Axit tartric. -Etyl acetat. -Con tuyet oi
20g 10 g 10 ml 10 ml 10 g 80 g 1000 ml
Tao
- Axit tartric. -Chloroform tinh khiet. - Etyl acetat - aldehyt C8 tinh khiet. -Amyl valerianat -Glycerin tinh khiet. -Con tuyet oi .
10 g 10 ml 10 ml 25 ml 100 ml 40 ml 1000 ml
Qua le.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
117
Man
- aldehyt C8 tinh khiet. - Etyl acetat -Cyclohexamyl butyrat -Glycerin tinh khiet. -Con cat persicot. - Etyl butyrat - Etyl formiat. -Con tuyet oi
50 ml 50 ml 2 ml 80 ml 30 ml 15 ml 10 ml 1000 ml
Nho
- Axit tartric - aldehyt C8 tinh khiet -Tinh dau can ru vang. - Este etyloenantic -Axit succinic. -Chloroform tinh khiet - Este eytl formic -Glycerine tinh khiet -Con tuyet oi.
Quyt 1
950 cc 1g 2g 4 cc 3 cc
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
118
-Metylantranylat metyl
40 g
Quyt 2
Limonen Xitral Linalol Metylantranilat metyl Tepineol Aldehyt decylic C10 Aldehyt nonylic C9
Da tay
Aldehyt C8 tinh khiet Cyclohexamyl valerianat. Este Etylsebacic Este etylbutyric -undecalacton. Este etylvalerianic Este Etylformic Glycerine trung tnh Con tuyet oi
20 ml 20 ml 100 ml 10g
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
119
Cyclohexanyl acetat Etyl benzoat Con tuyet oi Chanh 1 Limonen Aldehyt C10 Xitral
Chanh 2
Limonen Xitral Acetat geramyl Geraniol Linalol Acetat hyalyl Xitronelal. Aldehyt C10
6.5 Anh hng cua qua trnh che bien en mui cua san pham Nh ta a biet, sau cac qua trnh gia cong ky thuat, khong nhng trang thai ma hng cua cac san pham thc pham cung b bien oi. Co nhng nguyen lieu hay ban thanh pham qua nhng qua trnh gia cong ky thuat nao o th mui thm b yeu i hoac mat hoan toan. Ngc lai, cung co khong t trng hp, cac san pham sau khi qua gia cong ky thuat th hng thm cua chung lai manh hn, hoac co the chuyen sang mui mi.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
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6.5.1 Phan ng Maillard la nguon tao ra aldehit. Trong qua trnh gia nhiet cac acid amin tng tac vi ng, tao thanh cac aldehyt va
t reduton theo s o phan ng sau
o
Hexoza + pentoza + acid amin furfurol + oxymetylfurfurol + cac aldehyt + cac reduton + Ban than cua cac furfurol, oxymetylfurfurol cung la nhng aldehyt vong co mui ac trng. Furfurol co mui taola do ng pentoza tao thanh, oxymetylfurfurol co mui thm de chu va c tao thanh t ng hexoza. Ngoai furfurol, oxymetylfurfurol, cac aldehyt khac co the c tan tao do tng tac cua acid amin vi furfurol hoac vi cac reduton. T thc nghiem cho thay rang, t glixin se cho aldehyt co mui mat va mui thm bia, t valin va phenylalanin se cho aldehyt co mui thm de chu cua hoa hong, 6.5.2 Phan ng Quinonamin la nguon tan tao ra cac aldehyt Cac aldehyt cung c tan tao nen, do tng tac cua acid amin vi polyphenol khi co s xuc tac cua enzym polyphenoloxydaza hoac trong ieu kien nhiet o cao. Trong trng hp nay cac acid amin ong vai tro quan trong trong viec tao ra hng thm mi cho san pham. Trong san xuat che(tra) th phan ng Quinonamin ac biet quan trong, mui thm co the c tan tao nen trong giai oan len men. Nhng mui thm ac trng cua san pham che(tra) th c tan tao giai oan say cua qua trnh che bien che(tra). Tng tac gia acidamin vi axit ascorbic cung la nguon tan tao ra cac aldehit mi. 6.6 ng dung trong thc pham
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Cac hng tong hp a phan c s dung di dang gia v, tao mui cho thc pham, lam cho thc pham co mui thm, kch thch an ngon mieng va kch thch tiet dch v giup s tieu hoa de dang. Thng dung lam chat thm trong banh keo, cac loai mt, o hop chang han nh: vanilin, menthol, eucalyptol Trong pha che ru mui: nh ru len men hng trai cay, dung trong san xuat nc giai khat: nh cac chat tao hng tong hp co mui nh tinh dau cam, chanh, tao,
cherry, Mot so c s dung trong san xuat che(tra), thuoc la
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(san pham thuy san kho) e lam mem va chong hien tng cac om trang tren be mat cua san pham, thng thay kho mc. Cac enzyme(enzym protease) thuy phan protein thanh cac acid amin va nc, tao be mat am.
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Hon hp : glycerin + gelatin + nc phu tren be mat san pham, ac biet la tht. Dung glycerin trong cac san pham dang si say kho. 2. Chat lam trong san pham Lam trong cac san pham dang long la mot yeu cau cua nha san xuat cung nh ngi tieu dung, thong thng co the dung cac bien phap nh: x ly c hoc, x ly nhiet, s dung phu gia. Tuy nhien cac bien phap c hoc khong the tach c het cac chat keo va ion ton tai trong dung dch, chat lam uc cho dung dch co the ton tai cac dang : huyen phu (can c hoc nh tinh bot - x/dch long), nhu tng (pectin, protein, lipid/dch long), cac chat tan (cac ion kim loai)... Mot bien phap hu hieu mang c ca 2 yeu cau tren o chnh la cac chat phu gia thc pham, khong nhng co the tach cac can c hoc ma con co the loai bo ca cac ion kim loai hay pha v he thong chat keo. 3. Cac chat lam n bot, banh a t lau mot so san pham thc pham a s dung cac phu gia(enzym hoac cac loai nam men) lam n va tao o xop cho banh nh trong san xuat banh bao hay banh m, banh bo, banh tieu, ma ngi tieu dung thng goi la bot n, nham tang kch thc cua san pham, ong thi giam c gia thanh san pham. 4. Cac chat keo Phu gia tao keo trong che bien thc pham thng c s dung nh cac chat lam ac, tao nhu hoa, cai thien cau truc, tnh chay, lam mem, on nh mui-v, on nh nhu tng, chong vi sinh vat Tang kha nang lien ket vi nc (gi nc, hut nc), lien ket vi cac chat mui, tao mang hoac tao gel, tao ap xuat tham thau, tao cac phan ng hoa hoc, tang o ngot va v 4.1 Nguon goc cac chat tao keo
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Ten goi
ong
Phng phap thu nhan Nghien Nha Trch ly Tao ong Lam ac On nh
vat
Pectin Carrageenan Agar Alginate CMC Guar Xanthangum Gellan Gelatin Arabic Caseinate Protein au nanh
x x
x x x x x x x
x x x x x
x x x x x
x x
x x
x x x
x x x x x x x
x x x
x x x
Chat keo
Pectin Carrageenan
x x
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Agar Alginat CMC Guar Xanthan gum Gellan Gelatin Arabic Casenate Protein au nanh
x x
x x
x x x
x x x
x x x x
x x
x x
x x
x x
4.2.1 Gelatin Mot polypeptide, thu nhan t collagen, thanh phan protein c ban cua cac mo lien ket ong vat (bao gom xng, da va gan). Gelatin c s dung pho bien khoang nam 1700 va bat nguon t tieng latin gelatus co ngha la ben vng. Thuat ng gelatin t c s dung e ch cac chat tao gel trc ay, ma thng s dung collagen. Gelatin khong xuat hien t do trong t nhien, khong the c lay t sng, mong va cac bo phan khong cha collagen khac cua ong vat co xng song. Khong co collagen thc vat va khong co lien he hoa hoc gia gelatin va cac nguyen lieu khac c xem nh la gelatin thc vat, chang han nh cac chat chiet t tao. Hang nam viec s dung gelatin trong lnh vc thc pham gia tang khoang 3%, chu yeu trong banh keo va cac san pham b mt co nang lng thap. Co 2 loai: loai A thu nhan t nguyen lieu ban au x ly acid loai B thu nhan t nguyen lieu ban au x ly bazo ac tnh chung cua gelatin la mot protein hoa tan trong nc va la mot keo a nc.
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Cau tao hoa hoc cua gelatin b. Cac ac tnh ly hoa Gelatin th gan nh khong mui, khong v, ran chac, gion va co mau vang nhat, cha 8-13% am va co ty trong 1.3-1.4. Hau het cac acid amin co trong protein th co trong gelatin ngoai tr tryptophan va cysteine. Tuy nhien, cystine thnh thoang cung hien dien nhng thng dang vet. Cac acid amin thu c khi thuy phan 100g gelatin
Acid amin
Lng (g)
Acid amin
Lng (g)
Glycine Alanine Valine Leucine Isoleucine Phenylalanine Tryptophan Serine Threonine Tyrosine
Hydroxyproline Methionine Cysteine Cystine Lysine Arginine Histidine Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Hydroxylysine
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Proline
15-18
Ty le phan tram thu nhan co the khac nhau va tuy thuoc vao nguon nguyen lieu, va qua trnh che bien. Khi ngam trong nc lanh gelatin se hydrat hoa va trng n, khi gia nhiet (am) gelatin se hoa tan thanh dang dung dch. Phng phap nay thng c s dung, ac biet nong o cao. Tac ong cua dung dch gelatin chu anh hng bi nhiet o, pH, ham lng tro, phng phap san xuat, nguon nhiet va nong o. Hoa tan trong dung dch nc cua cac polyhydric alcohols nh glycerol va propylene glycol, cac dung moi co o phan cc cao, lien ket hydrogen hoac dung moi hu c ma gelatin co the hoa tan nh acid acetic, trifluoroethanol va formamide. Khong hoa tan trong cac dung moi hu c t phan cc nh benzene, acetone, cac alcohols bac nhat va dimethyformamide. Collagen co the c xem nh la mot anhydride cua gelatin. Qua trnh thuy phan collagen thanh gelatin co khoi lng phan t khac nhau, chuoi collagen b phan cat thanh nhng phan nho. V the gelatin khong phai la chat hoa hoc n gian ma la hon hp cua nhieu phan nho bao gom toan bo cac acid amin lien ket lai vi nhau bang lien ket peptide tao thanh cac polymer. - ac iem ky thuat cua gelatin thc pham
ac iem ky thuat
Type A
Type B
15-75 0.3-2.0
20-75 0.5-2.0
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c. ng dung cua gelatin trong cong nghe thc pham Gelatin c s dung trong rat nhieu loai thc pham, va c chia lam 5 nhom: Banh keo va cac mon trang mieng dang ong Cac san pham sa Cac san pham tht Cac ng dung cua gelatin thuy phan Cac ng dung khac nh trong san nc xot, o gia v, loc ru, Hai ac tnh mong i nhat cua gelatin la tnh tan chay trong mieng (nhiet o tan chay cua gel gelatin di 370C, ngha la no se tan trong mieng va c hoa tan mot cach de dang) va kha nang tao gel. Them vao o gelatin khong b anh hng bi lc ion va on nh day pH rong. c s dung nhieu trong thc pham v tnh chat trong va mui v on hoa cua no. Gelatin c s dung v cac ac tnh vat ly hn la gia tr dinh dng nh mot protein. Trong cong nghe thc pham, gelatin la mot trong nhng chat gum hoac la cac polymer hoa tan trong nc, co the c s dung nh la tac nhan tao gel, tao ac hoac tao s on nh. Gelatin khac vi cac chat gum v phan ln chung la cac polymersaccharide(carrageenan va pectin), trai lai gelatin la mot protein hoan toan tieu hoa c, cha hau het cac amino acid can thiet ngoai tr tryptophan.
d. ac tnh chc nang cua gelatin trong thc pham( theo A,E)
Function
Application
Gel former
Gelled desserts, lunch meat, confectionery(banh keo), pate, consomme, aspics(mon tht ong)
Whipping agent
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souffles(banh phong, bong lan), chiffons(trang tr quan ao phu n), whipped cream( Protective colloid Confectionery , icings, ice creams, frozen deserts and confections Binding agent Meat rolls, canned meats, confectionery, cheeses, dairy products Clarifying agent Film former Thickener Beer , wine, fruit juices, vinegar Coating for fruits, meats, deli items Powdered drink mixes, bouillon, gravies, sauces, soups, puddings, jellies, syrups, dairy products Process aid Emulsifier Microencapsulation of colors, flavors, oils, vitamins Cream soups, sauces, flavorings, meat pastes, whipped cream, confectionery, dairy products Stabilizer Cream cheese, chocolate milk, yogurt, icings, cream fillings, frozen desserts Adhesive agent To affix nonpareils, coconut ang other items to confections, to bond layered confections together, to bind frostings to baked goods, to bind seasonings to meat products.
-Tac nhan tao ong: cho mt keo ong -Tac nhan tao o mem deo: trong banh mt deo, cac mon trang mieng -Chat on nh: cho qua trnh ong a cua kem
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-Chat nhu hoa: cho dau giam tron xa lach, kem mem -Chat lam ac: trong siro hng lieu, cac sup ong hop
-Chat ket dnh: trong banh mt -Chat gan: trong keo mem, keo cam thao -Tac nhan lam trong: cho ru vang, nc qua. Nhn chung gelatin loai A c ng dung rong rai do co o nht thap. 4.2.2 Pectin Mot polysaccharide co nhieu qua, cu hay than cay. thc vat, pectin ton tai di hai dang: protopectin khong tan co nhieu thanh te bao va pectin hoa tan co chu yeu dch bao. Cac chat pectin gi vai tro quan trong trong qua trnh chn cua qua. Khi qua ang phat trien, protopectin phan tan thanh te bao va chiem ty le kha cao. Khi qua bat au chn, protopectin chuyen dan thanh pectin hoa tan di tac dung cua acid hu c va protopectinase trong qua. Trong qua trnh bao quan qua, ngi ta cung nhan thay co s giam ham lng protopectin va tang dan ham lng pectin hoa tan. Nguyen lieu quan trong nhat c dung e che tao pectin la vo cam quyt va ba tao. Cac phu pham nay c say kho, bao quan e s dung lau dai. Lng pectin vo cam quyt chiem 20-50% trong lng kho, con ba tao chiem 10-20%. a. Cau truc phan t pectin
COOCH3
COOH
COOCH3
COOH
COOH
COOCH3
COOH
COOCH3
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Ngi ta goi ten cac hp chat pectin la: cac chuoi polygalacturonic b methyl hoa 100% goi la pectin. Neu chuoi nay b methyl hoa thap hn 100% th goi la pectinic acid. Con trng hp chuoi polygalacturonic hoan toan khong b methyl hoa th c goi la pectic acid. b. Tnh chat tao gel va y ngha trong ky thuat che bien thc pham Hai yeu to quyet nh kha nang tao gel cua pectin: chieu dai chuoi pectin va mc o methyl hoa cua no. Chieu dai chuoi quyet nh tnh chat cng ran cua gel. Phan t pectin vi chieu dai qua thap se khong the tao cau truc gel mac du s dung lieu lng cao. Cac hp chat pectin eu co tnh hao nc, chung co the b hydrate hoa vi mc o cao nh s gan ket cac phan t nc vao cac nhom hydroxyl cua chuoi polygalacturonic. Ngoai ra, cac phan t pectin thng tch ien am nen chung ay nhau lam mach b gian, o nht dung dch v the tang len. Cau truc gel se hnh thanh khi giam o tch ien va o hydrate hoa cua cac chuoi. Khi ay, cac si pectin xch lai gan nhau va hnh thanh mang li ba chieu ran cha ay pha long ben trong. Ch so methoxy quyet nh kieu lien ket gia cac chuoi polygalacturonic trong cau truc gel tao thanh. Ch so methoxy cao (mt qua nghien, nc qua ong) co the lam giam mc o hydrate hoa nh viec bo sung ng, hay lam giam o tch ien nh viec them ion H+. Trng hp nay cho ta kieu lien ket gia cac phan t pectin la nhng cau noi hydro gia cac nhom hydroxyl. Gel tao thanh co tnh chat mem deo, linh ong do tnh kem ben cua kieu lien ket hydro. Neu ch so methoxy thap (tc la ty le nhom COO- cao) th cac lien ket gia cac phan t pectin se la lien ket ion thong qua cac ion Ca2+. Ta co the tao thanh gel khi dung mot lng calcium di 0,1% vi chieu dai chuoi polygalacturonic nhat nh. Luc nay, cau truc gel c thanh lap ngay ca khi khong co ng va acid. Cac gel pectin co ch so methoxy thap thng co tnh chat an hoi tng t gel agar-agar.
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c. ng dung cua pectin trong thc pham )Tao gel cho cac loai mt trai cay Pectin c ng dung lau i nhat oi vi cac san pham mt. Viec che bien mt qui mo thu cong, truyen thong eu co s dung nguon pectin t nhien trong qua, trc khi pectin c bay ban dang thng pham. Ngi ta un soi keo dai, e trch chiet pectin va bo sung cac loai trai cay cha nhieu pectin vao cong thc che bien. Neu so sanh vi ky thuat che bien mt qua qui mo cong nghiep th : mau sac, hng v nhe hn, ham lng vitamin thap hn va co the chon nguon nguyen lieu trai cay de dang, thuan tien hn. 9Cac loai jelly trai cay (cau truc ac chac, tnh an hoi, keo hng trai cay), mt truyen thong (co cau truc gel nhng co xat thanh lat mong) 9Mt trai cay dung cho cong nghe san xuat yoghurt (tng t cac loai mt khac nhng be mat mem hn cho phep bm qua cac bm trong khi van u o ac chac e gi co nh cac mau mt trai cay ben trong cau truc gel). 9Tng, nc xot va cac loai tng t (tao be mat cng chac, an hoi). )Cac san pham ai dien cho tnh chat tao gel va tan chay cua pectin. 9Be mat cua cac loai banh nhan nng (pie) va banh kem (cheese cake) (gel co the c lam tan chay va tai s dung vao cac loai banh nhan trai cay (tart) hay banh nng (cake). 9Mt co tnh khang nhiet dung trong che bien thc pham dang bot nhao (paste) vi yeu cau khong tan chay nhiet o cao.
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San pham
pH
Ghi chu
0.3% HM pectin
>60, thng la 65
3.0-3.1
Khong can s dung Ca2+. Tuy nhien, gel se nh hnh pH cao hoac ham lng chat ran thap hn so vi yeu cau
Mt co s dung ng kh
Phai co mat Ca2+. Tuy vay, ham lng ion nay co san trong trai cay thng a u yeu cau
Phai co tnh chat chay c qua bm e gel ket dnh trong san pham banh nng nhng khong tan chay. Ket hp nhieu thanh phan se cho ket qua iem tan chay cao hn
0.6%HM pectin
65
3.2-3.3
Gel cng chac.Chu c ieu kien nng. Tnh bat phuc hoi cua pectin c s dung
San pham co lp phu mang tnh thuan nghch vi nhiet Mt trai cay dung cho san
65
35
He gel c pha loang trong nc, sau o lam tan chay va o khuon nong (cac loai banh tart)
40-65
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pham yoghurt
3.8-4.0
0.8-1.5% HM pectin cham nh hnh 1.5-4.5% LM 78 3.5 Gel cng chac, an hoi
78
43
4.2.3 Xanthan gum Mot polysaccharide c san xuat bang cong nghe sinh hoc, c tao ra bi qua trnh len men cua vi khuan Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 hau het cac nc, xanthangum c cho phep s dung nh mot phu gia vo hai va co gia tr. Lieu lng cho phep s dung theo GMP. Ky hieu s dung trong danh muc cac chat phu gia la E415. a. Cau truc phan t Cau truc bac mot cua phan t xanthangum bao gom mot chuoi xng song la cac lien ket -1,4 D-glucose (tng t cellulose) vi cac chuoi ben cha hai ng manose va mot acid glucuronic. Theo tac gia Jansson (1975), mot na cac ng manose v tr cuoi cua chuoi ben cha acid pyruvic. Cac chuoi ben nay chiem mot ty le rat ln cua phan t (khoang 60%) va giup cho xanthangum co nhieu tnh chat rieng.
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Cau truc bac hai va bac ba khong c mo ta ay u nh cau truc bac mot. Cau hnh bac hai, bac ba c nhieu tac gia a ra va cac tranh luan cha i en thong nhat. c. ng dung trong thc pham ) Nc xot salad Trong nc sot salad, muc tieu au tien la e on nh nhu tng dau/nc trong khoang thi gian lu tr dai (keo dai ti 1 nam). Chat on nh ly tng cho loai ng dung nay nen cung cap mot gia tr ng suat cao cho s on nh nhu tng va tnh gia deo manh e lam de dang hn cho cac qua trnh van hanh san xuat nh tron, bm, rot va tao cho san pham cuoi cung de chay. Xanthangum co o nht va tnh chat gia deo cao co nhieu li the cho ng dung. S on nh cua nhu tng c lam t xanthangum th khong b anh hng bi pH (khoang 3.5 trong sot salad), muoi (15% trong sot barbecue) hay x ly nhiet (UHT, thanh trung). Mot li the khac, xanthangum tao ra mot o nht kha ong nhat gia khoang nhiet o 5-75oC, ieu nay tao cho san pham co cau truc va s on nh tot trong cac ieu kien bao quan khac nhau.
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Gia tr ng suat d cua xanthangum cao lam cho kha nang ket dnh cac thanh phan trong san pham tot, lam cho nc sot salad bam vao salad e co the trang tr, nh hnh mon an. Mc o s dung xanthangum phu thuoc vao lng dau trong san pham. Khoang 0.2-0.3% trong thanh phan nhieu dau (50-60% dau) Khoang 0.3-0.4% trong thanh phan co dau trung bnh (30% dau) Khoang 0.4-0.6 trong san pham t dau (10-20% dau) Co the thu c cung cac tnh chat chay vi cac mc o dau khac nhau bang cach ieu chnh lng xanthan gum. Trong mot so thanh phan, viec s dung nong o cao cua xanthan gum co the tao ra dung dch rat deo va anh hng en dong chay. Van e nay co the giai quyet bang cach s dung tinh bot hay guar gum vi xanthangum. )Nc xot tht va xot rau qua Tai nong o thap xanthangum cung tao ra mot o nht ln cho cac loai nc xot. Trong cac san pham nay, o nht c duy tr qua mot s thay oi nhiet o rong va on nh oi vi s thay oi cac thanh phan khac nhau. Nc xot c lam on nh bi xanthangum th ac biet on nh oi vi s ra ong va x ly nhiet bang lo vi song. Tnh chat gia deo cua xanthangum tao cho san pham cam giac mem mai trong mieng va phong thch mui tot. ) Cac san pham sa Trong cac san pham sa xanthangum co the c s dung ket hp vi cac chat keo khac nh carrageenan, guar gum va locust bean gum. Tac ong cua xanthangum la s on nh can thiet va cai tien mot so cau truc. Mot lng nho xanthangum vi carrageenan trong cac gel sa se lam giam o cng va s tach lp ra khoi gel, s dung khoang 0.05 en 0.2% tuy thuoc vao he thong gel va cau truc yeu cau. ) San pham kem
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Gia tr ng suat cao cua xanthangum tao s on nh tot cho cac lo xop trong san pham khuay tron. Hn the na, qua trnh khuay ao se de dang hn bi v tnh chat gia deo cao cua xanthangum. Them vao o, co xanthangum hoac s ket hp gia xanthangum locust bean gum, s on nh cua kem khuay c duy tr, tham ch khi tiep xuc vi cac thanh phan thc pham khac nh viec them bot n. )Cac san pham phoi tron dung lien: thc uong, soup, cac mon trang mieng S hydrat nhanh trong cac moi trng khac nhau, ac biet tai nhiet o phong, xanthangum tac ong rat ln en cac san pham phoi tron dung lien, vi tnh nang lam day, ket dnh, va nh hnh cho san pham. Nong o xanthangum trong cac san pham cuoi cung khoang 0.1-0.2%, co the s dung xanthangum vi CMC, guar gum trong thc uong lien. e s phan tan hoan toan cua xanthangum trong san pham cuoi cung, co the ket hp vi qua trnh hydrat hoa nhanh, hoac loai xanthangum ac biet c s dung, co the ket hp kha nang phan tan tot vi s hydrat hoa nhanh can thiet trong cac san pham dung lien. )Cac san pham nng Vi tnh chat gia deo cua xanthangum, qua trnh nhao bot, bm, vo khuon se de dang hn, khi mot lng nho xanthan gum c cho vao trong thanh phan nguyen lieu. V tnh chat gi nc cua no, xanthangum ngan chan s von cuc suot qua trnh nhao va cai tien s ong nhat cua bot nhao. Hn the na, xanthangum lam giam s mat nc trong suot qua trnh nng va lu tr san pham cuoi cung. Mot li the na la the tch cua san pham nng se ln hn, s phan phoi va kch thc cac lo xop ong nhat hn. Vi kha nang hydrat hoa nhanh, xanthan gum hat mn co anh hng rat ln en s phoi tron banh an lien. No co the tac dung nh mot tac nhan tao cau truc tai bc au cua qua trnh tron v kha nang hoa tan lanh.
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) Cac syrup va dch trai cay Xanthangum co the c s dung trong cac syrup chocolate nham duy tr cac hat cacao dang huyen phu. Trong ng dung ac biet nay, mot lng nho xanthan gum (0.05-0.1%) c cho vao nham tao s on nh cho san pham nhng khong lam anh hng en cau truc cua san pham. S a dang ve tnh chat cua xanthangum trong cac ieu kien khac nhau, la mot trong rat t cac san pham co tac ong ay u trong nc trai cay do: Xanthangum co the hydrat trong dung dch co 65% ng va co hieu qua t nong o rat thap ti nong o rat cao. Xanthan gum rat on nh trong s thay oi pH cua san pham, ngay ca pH=3 Xanthan gum la mot trong nhng vat lieu tot nhat, ket hp mot cach rat hieu qua mot lng ln vi nc, on nh cac thanh phan dch trai cay va cung cap mot cau truc de chay. Xanthan gum khong s dung nh mot thanh phan rieng le, no thng c s dung ket hp vi cac tac nhan tao cau truc khac nh pectin, locust bean gum, guar gum. d. Cac ng dung khac Ngoai cac ng dung trong thc pham xanthan gum cung c s dung trong nganh my pham (kem, dau goi), nganh dc, dau kh 4.2.4 Cac chat nhu hoa Cac chat nhu hoa la cac tac nhan hoat ong be mat co the tao nhu tng dau va nc bang ca 2 nhom than dau va nc hien dien trong cong thc phan t. Cac chc nang cua cac chat nhu hoa
9Tao phc chat vi tinh bot: Hau het cac chat nhu hoa eu cha mot mach axit
beo dang thang trong phan t, co kha nang tao phc vi cac thanh phan amiloza cua tinh bot. ay la tnh chat rat quan trong e ngan can s cu cua banh m va lam giam kha nang ket dnh cac phan t co cha tinh bot (bot khoai tay).
Th.S Trng Th My Linh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
139
9Noi phan vi protein: Cac chat nhu hoa dang cation co the phan ng vi mot
so protein trong thc pham va lam cai thien tnh chat thc pham, nh trong bot m no co kha nang tac dung vi gluten, lam tang s mem deo cua khoi bot nhao, lam tang the tch banh sau qua trnh nng.
9Cai thien o nht : Cac chat nhu hoa them vao san pham chat beo thng
cha nhieu ng, chung co kha nang lam giam o nht cua he thong bang cach tao mot mang bao quanh cac tinh the ng. Tnh chat nay rat quan trong trong viec tao ieu kien cho viec tao hnh chocolate.
9Tao bot : Cac chat nhu hoa co cha cac mach axit beo no trong phan t co kha
nang on nh bot, tac nhan chong no, ban dau-m khi chien. Ngc lai, cac chat nhu hoa co cha cac mach axit beo khong no co kha nang pha bot, dung trong che bien cac san pham sa, trng, san xuat ng.
9Cai thien cau truc : ay la phan ng phc tap tren mach tinh bot lam giam
kha nang hnh thanh cac ln cn, lam cho cau truc san pham ong nhat nh trong san xuat banh m, banh ngot, cac loai m si
9Chat boi trn : Cac chat nhu hoa nh mono, di glyxerit no co kha nang boi
trn trong qua trnh san xuat cac nguyen lieu t tinh bot, lam san pham de dang lay ra khoi khuon , co the s dung t 0,5 1% mono, di glyxerit trong san xuat keo ( keo mem, cng, keo cao su) co the lam giam s dnh trong qua trnh cat, bao goi, nh hnh san pham
9Chat lam n : Lam tang the tch cua bot, tht, ca nh : NaHCO3, NH4NO3, mot
vai enzym
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
140
CHNG 6
CAC CHAT MEN/ENZYM DUNG TRONG CHE BIEN THC PHAM
Enzym la mot chat xuc tac sinh hoc ch c hnh thanh trong te bao sinh vat, no ong vai tro quan trong va khong the thieu c trong qua trnh trao oi chat. Tat ca cac phan ng chuyen hoa trong c the sinh vat eu co s tham gia xuc tac cua men/enzyme. Mot tnh chat ac trng cua men/enzym la co kha nang chuyen hoa cac bien oi phc tap cac chat hu c ben trong cung nh ben ngoai c the song, ieu kien nhiet o, ap suat bnh thngCh can mot lng rat nho a u e am bao lam bien oi mot khoi lng vat chat rat ln. Men/enzym co tnh ac hieu rat cao, moi men hay mot enzyme ch co kha nang tac dung len nhng hp chat nhat nh trong ieu kien nhat nh. Ve cau tao hoa hoc, cac men la cac hp chat protein. un nong en nhiet o 60 800C, nhat la khi un soi th tat ca cac men/enzym eu b pha huy. Enzym co the thu nhan t nguon nguyen lieu ong vat (nh pepsin t da day, trypsin t tuy tang, rennin t ngan th 4 cua da day be) hoac t thc vat ( nh amilaza trong mam hat, bromelin t da/khom, papain t u u) va ac biet t vi sinh vat (nh t vi khuan, nam men, nam moc). Enzym t vi sinh vat co nhieu u iem noi bat va co tnh chat oc ao vt xa cac enzym t ong vat, thc vat. Men/enzyme khong nhng hoat ong xuc tac trong te bao ma con ngoai te bao sinh vat, chnh ieu nay co y ngha quan trong trong viec ng dung enzym vao nhieu lnh vc khac nhau cua cong nghiep va i song, ac biet la cong nghiep thc pham. 1. Vai tro ky thuat cua enzym trong che bien thc pham 1.1 Chuyen hoa cac san pham
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
141
Dextrin
Tinh bot
Amilaza Glucoamilaza
1.2 Bao quan thc pham (loai bo glucose trong thc pham )
Glucose Amilaza Gluco oxydaze
Gluconic + H2O2
1.3 Cai thien cau truc va o ben cua san pham Amylaze lam tang o n cua banh m, Proteaze lam tang o gion cua biscuit 1.4 Cai thien chat lng cam quan cua san pham
Fructose
1.2
- Amylaza va Proteaza cai thien mui, v cua banh biscuit do phan ng Maillard. 1.4.2 Thc hien qua trnh ky thuat S dung pectinaze e xuc tac thuy phan pectin, lam giam o nht cua dung dch, tao thuan li cho qua trnh loc, chong ket tua keo, lam trong dch qua. S dung papain/bromelin/proteazalam mem gan, tht dai.
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
142
CHNG 7 MOT SO PHU GIA THC PHAM PHO BIEN DUNG TRONG CHE BIEN THC PHAM
1. Phu gia trong san xuat banh m, biscuit, banh ngot 1.1 Chat oxy hoa : Chat lam cho bot ran chac 1.2 Cac chat kh : Thng dung Na metasulfit, Sorbic 1.3 Cac chat nhu hoa : c dung trong bot la : mono, di glycerit, leucitin, mono glycerit + axit hu c (axetic, lactic, tactric, axit be ), Enzym amylaza 1.4 Cac hoa chat lam n bot nh : Axit tactric, citric va cac muoi Na, K, Ca cua chung, NH4HCO3, (NH4)2CO3 la cac chat s dung gay n cho cac loai banh, snack. Trong khi o a t lau NaHCO3/soda, la chat gay n truyen thong, lau i, mono canxi photphat : Tao n , cai thien qua trnh nhao. 2. Phu gia trong che bien tht Trong thc te tai cac cong ty che bien cho thay K/Na Nitrat la 2 loai phu gia thng xuyen s dung nham tao mau o va mui, v ac biet cho san pham tht, ong thi tieu diet vi sinh vat, ac biet Clostridium botulinum, lam cham qua trnh oxy hoa chat beo. Nhom chat lam ac va tao gel nh : carrageenan, Guar Gum, alginat kiem, gom xanthan Gum Glucomannan Danh muc cac phu gia c bo y te cho phep s dung se mo ta ro hn
(Theo Quyet nh 3742/2001/ Q BYT ngay 31.08. 2001 cua Bo trng Bo Y te.)
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
143
INS
ADI
T.VIET
TEN
T. ANH
ML 1
GMP
ML 2
ML 3
Chc nang
1 cx 440 452y 70
Amidon
hydroxypropyl
Chat ong, nhu hoa. On nh, lam day 1 1 540 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von,chong oxy hoa, on nh mau, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, lam am, on nh, lam day. 2
210 315
0-5 cx
338
70
Orthophosphoric acid
1100
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, chong ong von, chong oxy hoa, on nh mau, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, lam am, on nh, lam day
200
0-25
Acid sorbic
It30
cx
Acid citric
2000
100
ieu
chnh
acid,
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
144
BHA
100
213
0-5
Canxi benzoat
1000
Bao quan
170i
cx
Canxi carbonat
1500
ieu chnh o acid, chat nhu hoa, chong ong von, chat on nh
5O9
cx
Canxi clorua
2000
227
0-0,7
Canxi hydrosulfit
500
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai
526
cx
Canxi hydroxyt
GMP
327
cx
Canxi lactat
GMP
ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, chat nhu hoa, lam day,
Yt9
452iv
cx 70
GMP
ieu chnh o acid ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, lam am,
1100
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
145
Chong oxy hoa, ieu chnh o acid, chat nhu hoa, tao phc kim loai, lam ran chac
150a cx
Caramen 1 khong x ly
GMP
Pham mau
150c
0-200
Caramen iii
GMP
Pham mau
150d 0-200
Caramen IV
GMP
Pham mau
120 122
160aii
0-5 0-4 cx
163ii 0-2,5
GMP
GMP
Pham mau
905a 0-20
Dau khoang
30
1414 cx
GMP
Che pham tinh bot, chat on, chat nhu hoa, chat on nh, lam day
450vi
70
Dicanxi
1100
1100
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
146
phosphat
quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieuu v, lam ran chac, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
341ii 70
Dicanxi
orthophosphat
1100 1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
450iv
70
Dikali diphosphat
3000
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
340ii 70
Dikali
orthophosphat
1100 1540
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
147
mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, lam am, chat on nh, lam day 336ii 0-30 Dikali tartrat
GMP
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
450i
70
Dinatri diphosphat
1100
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
386
0-2,5
EDTA
35
Chong
oxy
hoa,
bao 1
339i
70
Dinatri
1100
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
148
orthophosphat
quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day.
335ii 0-30
Dinatri tactrat
GMP
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, chong ong von, chong oxy hoa, chat on, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day, tao xop, tao phc kim loai
129 4
0-7 0-4
o Allura o Ponceau 4R
500 30
25 200
472e 0-50
GMP
472b cx
GMP
475
0-25
Este
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
149
polyglycerol va a. beo
473
0-16
5000
414
cx
Gum arabic
GMP
410
cx
Gum au Carob
GMP
418 412
cq cx
GMP GMP
Lam day, chat on nh Lam day, chat on nh, chat nhu hoa, chat on
417 413
cx cx
GMP GMP
Lam day, chat on nh Lam day, chat on nh, chat nhu hoa, chat on
472f
cx
GMP
Chat nhu hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat on nh, lam day
953
cx
Isomalt
GMP
Chat on, chong ong von, chat nhu hoa, lam bong, chat ngot tong hp
384
0-14
Isopropyl citrat
200
Chong
oxy
hoa,
bao
212
0-5
Kali benzoat
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
150
332i
cx
Kali hydrocitrat
GMP
Chat nhu hoa, chat on nh, ieu chnh o acid, tao phc kim loai, chong oxy hoa
16
525
cx
Kali hydroxyt
GMP
224
0-0,7
Kali metabisulfit
500
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
252
0-3,7
Kali nitrat
365
365
218
30
452ii 70
Kali
1100 1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
polyphosphat
225
0-0,7
Kali sulfit
500
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
151
332
cx
lecithin
GMP
504i
cx
Magie carbonat
GMP
465
cx
GMP
Lam day, chat nhu hoa, chat on nh, tao bot, chat on
16
218
0-10
GMP
Bao quan
27
461
cx
Methyl cellulose
GMP
471
cx
GMP
Lam day, chat nhu hoa, chat on, chat on nh, cho!ng tao bot
341i
70
Monocanxi
orthophosphat
1100
1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
340i
70
Kali
orthophosphat
1100
1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
152
ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day 336i 0-30 Kali tartrat
GMP
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, chong ong von, chong oxy hoa, chat on, chat nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am, tao xop, tao phc kim loai, chat on nh, lam day
621
cx
Natri glutamat
GMP
ieu v
339i
70
Natri
orthophosphat
1100 1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
335i
0-30
Natri tartrat
GMP
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, chong ong von, chong oxy hoa, chat on,
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
153
chat nhu hoa, x ly bot, lam am, tao xop, tao phc kim loai, chat on nh, lam day 470 cx Muoi cua acid myristic, palmitic, stearic (Ca, Na, K, NH4 ) 401 cx Natri alginat 301 cx Natri ascorbat 211 0-5 Natri benzoat 466 cx Natri carboxyl cellulose 452iii 70 Natri canxi
polyphosphat
15000 15000
GMP
71
GMP
5000
Chat nhu hoa, chat on nh, ieu chnh o acid, tao phc kim loai, tao xop
262ii 0-15
Natri diaceetat
1000
331i
cx
Natri hydrocitrat
GMP
Chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, chat nhu hoa, tao phc kim loai, ieu chnh o acid
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
154
222
0-0,7
Natri hydrosulfit
500
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
325
cx
Natri lactat
20000
ieu
chnh
acid,
chong oxy hoa, chat on, chat nhu hoa, lam am, chat on nh, lam day 223 0-0,7 Natri metabisulfit 500 Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, chong oxy hoa, lam ran chac, chat on nh, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai 251 0-3,7 Natri nitrat 146 365 218 Bao quan, chat on nh mau 452i 70 Natri
polyphosphat
30
1100 1540
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
221
0-0,7
Natri sulfit
500
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa,
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
155
x ly bot, tao phc kim loai 201 0-0,7 Natri thiosulfat 500 Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai 155
1101ii
0-1,5 cx
Nau HT papain
Brown HT
500
GMP
440
cx
Pectin
GMP
451ii 70
Pentakali triphosphat
1100 1540
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
451i
70
Pentanatri triphosphat
1100 1540
ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
156
chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day 00a 0-1,5
Polydimethyl
50
siloxan 433 0-25 Polyoxyeth ylen (20) sorbitan mon chong oxy hoaleat 216 0-10 Propyl phydroxy benzoat 172ii 0-0,5 172i 0-0,5 Sat oxyt o Sat oxyt en 172iii 0-0,5 Sat oxyt vang 420 cx sorbitol
GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP
10000
Bao quan
27
16 16
Pham mau
Chat ngot tong hp, chat on, chat nhu hoa, lam am, tao phc kim loai, chat on nh, lam day
495
0-20
Sorbitan
monopalmitat
250
491
0-20
Sorbitan monostearat
250
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
157
492
0-20
Sorbitan tristearat
250
474
0-30
Sucroglycerit
5000
15
220
0-0,7
Sulfur dioxit
500
Bao quan, ieu chnh o acid, lam ran chac, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, x ly bot, tao phc kim loai
319
0-0,7
Tetrbutylhydroq uinon
TBHQ
100
15
450
70
Tetrakali diphosphat
1100
1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
450iii
70
Tetranatri diphosphat
1100
1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
158
1404 cx
Oxidized starch
GMP
Che pham tinh bot, chat on, chat nhu hoa, chat on nh, lam day
171 341iii
cx 70
1000 1100
Pham mau 1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
94
340iii
70
Trikali
orthophosphat
1100
1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
332
cx
Trikali citrat
GMP
GMP
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
159
70
Trimagie orthophophat
1100
1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
339iii
70
Trinatri
orthophosphat
1100 1540 1100 ieu chnh o acid, bao quan, tao xop, chong ong von, chat on nh mau, chong oxy hoa, tao phc kim loai, chat nhu hoa, ieu v, lam ran chac, x ly bot, lam am, chat on nh, lam day
331iii
cx
Trinatri citrat
GMP
Tao phc kim loai, chat on nh, ieu chnh o acid, chong oxy hoa
127
0-0,1
Vang erythrosin
30
Pham mau
104
0-10
Vang quiolin
300
Pham mau
16
101i
0-0,5
Vang
1000
Pham mau
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
160
500
Pham mau
16
Chat on, chat nhu hoa, tao bot, chat on nh, lam day
* CHU THCH
So 13 15 16 21 27 30 52 71 94
Y ngha tnh theo acid benzoid tnh tren c s dau, m chiet t san pham Ch s dung e lam bong be mat, lp phu, lp trang tr tht Tnh theo EDTA Tnh theo acid p-hydroxybenzoic Tnh theo d lng ion NO3 Ch s dung oi vi b Ch tnh oi vi muoi Ca, K, Na Ch s dung oi vi phomat.
ML1= ML oi vi tht ti, co the cat hoac xay nho ML2= ML oi vi tht a qua x ly nhiet ML3= ML oi vi san pham tht ong, vien xup va nc tht an lien
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
161
3. Phu gia trong bao quan thuy san Trong nganh thuy san van e en au tom that s la mot van e nang, mot trong nhng bien phap co the ke en la: +Ngam tom trong moi trng axit : Citric, tactric, photphoric (1%). + Dung chat kh Na2S2O5 : Nhung 20 kg tom(va anh bat) vao 200ml nc bien cha 0,75% Na2S2O5 trong 3 phut, ra nhanh bang nc bien, tien hanh p a. Chong hien tng b vang cua tom, mc ti ong lanh: Ngam trong dung dch axit ascorbic 1% trong 2 phut trc khi cap ong. Bao quan ca ti bang axit axetic : p ca ti bang a.axetic 2 3% nham lam giam o pH c che vi khuan hoat ong : Mot so vi khuan gay h hong thc pham
Vi khuan Gay thoi ra - Salmonella - Clostridium botulinum - Staphylococcus aureus 4,5 4,3
pH < 4,5
Phu gia Nitrat (ben mau myoglobin o), Cochenille (o), carotenoit (da cam), xantophyl (nhieu mau t xanh-o).
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
162
Lam ben nhu tng (hoat ong be mat). Lam ac, tao gel (polysaccharit), Photphat & polyphotphat (tao dai, g nc). Kiem, sorbitol (tang tnh gi nc cua protein).
Tang v tht
o hop rau qua Tac dung Lam trang (nam ) Nhuom mau Phu gia SO2 (220), Natri sulfit (221), Natri hydro sulfit ( 222). Cochenille (o), rouge cochenille (o), dung cho trai cay co mau o nh cherry, dau tay,Clorophyll (rau xanh). Chong oxy hoa (bao ve Axit ascorbic, Na ascorbat, axit citric, tactric.Luoc mau) Tang o cng cho rau, trai cay Tao v chua, c che vi sinh vat Axit axetic, Axit benzoic/ benzoat rau vi NaHCO3 , CuSO4 th gi c mau xanh Canxi clorua ( CaCL2.6H2O )
Phu gia
Chat beo/dau,m
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
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Chong hoa
BHA,
BHT,
TBHQ,
Ascorbyl
(Tert Butyl Hydro Quinol) TBHQ Axit ascorbic va ascorbat (pha Ascocbyl palmitat v.v Chat mau Lam ben nhu tng Muoi an Bao quan chong vi sinh vat Carotenoit Carotenoit Mono, diglyxerit cua axit beo thc pham Pha nc Benzoat, sorbat nc).
TRNG AI HOC CONG NGHE SAI GON KHOA CONG NGHE THC PHAM
164
TT 1
PHAN NHOM CO2 ,NO3, SO2 Axit axetic, Axit formic, Nisin piramixin trong cac san pham tht-ca, nc giai khat, rau cu qua, banh keo
TP 307(1) 5 HS
T P 307(2) 5HS
5 HS
5 HS
5 HS
5 HS
5 HS
5 HS
5 HS
5 HS
6 7
Phu gia trong nganh banh Cac loai phu gia s dung trong nganh nc giai khat
5 HS 5 HS
5 HS 5 HS
5 HS
5 HS
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Ghi chu : 1. 2. 3. HS trong lp t ang ky vao cac nhom tren tai moi lp cho lp trng. Lp trng lap danh sach lp, nop cho GV HD vao ngay : th 7 Moi HS phai co mot san pham + bao b san pham o va thc hien lam bai tap ln nh noi dung ke hoach a hng dan tren lp cho tng nhom 4. Chuyen e nop lai cho GVHD trc thi 1 tuan (iem chuyen e chiem 15% iem thi) 5. Yeu cau noi dung trnh bay:
)Nguon goc ) Cong thc phan t, cong thc cau tao )ac iem : vat ly, hoa hoc ) Cac ng dung thc nhgiem, lieu lng s dung, nhng tac dung phu neu co khi s dung loai phu gia o.