1 B GIO DC V O TO I HC NNG

Cng trnh c hon thnh ti I HC NNG

Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS. TS. Trn Th X TRNH LIN VY

NGHIN CU PECTIN V XY DNG QUY TRNH SN XUT BT THCH T L SNG SM

Phn bin 1: PGS. TS. ng Minh Nht Phn bin 2: PGS. TS. L Th Lin Thanh

Lun vn s c bo v trc Hi ng chm Lun

Chuyn ngnh: Cng ngh thc phm v ung M s: 60.54.02

vn tt nghip thc s k thut hp ti i hc Nng vo ngy 17 thng 11 nm 2012

C th tm hiu lun vn ti:

TM TT LUN VN THC S K THUT

- Trung tm Thng tin-Hc liu, i hc Nng

Nng - Nm 2012

- Trung tm Hc liu, i hc Nng

4 2. Mc ch nghin cu Mc ch chnh ca nghin cu l tm ra quy trnh chit tch pectin t l sng sm vi hiu qu cao nht v xc nh tnh cht ca pectin t lm c s cho nghin cu xy dng quy trnh sn xut bt thch trong quy m phng th nghim. 3. i tng v phm vi nghin cu 3.1. i tng nghin cu L sng sm (Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsuta ) c thu hi huyn Ni Thnh, tnh Qung Nam. 3.2. Phm vi nghin cu - Nghin cu trn ngun nguyn liu ti huyn Ni Thnh, tnh Qung Nam. - Nghin cu chit pectin t l sng sm. - Xc nh tnh cht ca pectin chit tch. - ng dng kt qu nghin cu trn vo mc ch xy dng quy trnh sn xut bt thch. 4. Phng php nghin cu 4.1. Phng php vt l Xc nh hm lng nc trong l sng sm 4.2. Phng php ha hc Xc nh hm lng vitamin C trong l sng sm 4.3. Phng php ha sinh - Xc nh hm lng pectin trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng protein th trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng ng kh trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng cellulose trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng pectin thc trong mu pectin th - Xc nh ch s DE ca pectin th

M U
1. Tnh cp thit ca ti p ng s pht trin v a dng ho sn phm cho ngnh cng nghip thc phm, cht ph gia l thnh phn chim mt phn rt quan trng. Trong s , pectin l loi ph gia to cu trc hng u trong thc phm. Ngoi kh nng to gel ni bt, pectin cn l mt cht to c, to nh tng v n nh rt hiu qu. V th vic nghin cu v pectin t cc ngun nguyn liu mi s to nn c s d liu quan trng rt hu ch phc v cho qu trnh khai thc, ng dng pectin vo cc ngnh cng nghip c bit l cng nghip thc phm. Pectin l mt hp cht t nhin c trong thnh phn cu to mng t bo ca cc loi thc vt bc cao, phn b ch yu cc b phn nh qu, c, l, thn. Trong mng t bo, pectin c mt phin gia (vi hm lng cao nht) v vch t bo s cp. Cy sng sm (Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsute) thuc loi dy leo, c thn v l ph lng mm, phn b nhiu cc tnh Nam B. Ngi dn cc vng ny thng dng l sng sm nh l rau n, hoc ch bin ra thc phm dng gel. Thc phm dng gel c ch bin t l sng sm c tnh mt, cng nng nhun trng, h nhit c th, gii c, mang li sc khe tt cho con ngi. Nhng nghin cu v thnh phn pectin trong l sng sm, kh nng chit tch v s dng pectin ca l sng sm cn rt t, c bit l l sng sm ca vng Min Trung. Xut pht t nhng vn trn, ti chn ti nghin cu ca mnh l: Nghin cu pectin v xy dng quy trnh sn xut bt thch t l sng sm

5 4.4. Phng php ha l Xc nh pectin trong sn phm chit tch bng my ph hng ngoi. 5. ngha khoa hc v thc tin ca ti 5.1. ngha khoa hc - Xc nh c mt s thnh phn ha hc ca l sng sm. - Xc nh mt s yu t cng ngh trong qu trnh chit tch thu nhn pectin vi hiu sut cao. - Xy dng quy trnh sn xut bt thch quy m phng th nghim. 5.2. ngha thc tin - Cung cp thng tin v ngun pectin c trong l sng sm phc v cho qu trnh khai thc, ng dng pectin sau ny. - Nghin cu sn xut bt thch t l sng sm to ra mt sn phm thc phm mi m bo sc khe, mang li hiu qu kinh t, gp phn lm a dng v phong ph sn phm thc phm trn th trng. - L t liu cn thit cho vic u t pht trin tp trung v khai thc ngun nguyn liu t l sng sm ci thin i sng nhn dn. 6. Cu trc ca lun vn : Ngoi phn m u, kt lun, ti liu tham kho v ph lc, trong lun vn gm c cc chng nh sau : CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN CHNG 2 - NHNG NGHIN CU THC NGHIM CHNG 3 - KT QU V BN LUN

CHNG 1 - TNG QUAN

1.1. TNG QUAN V CY SNG SM 1.1.1. c im thc vt v phn b Cy sng sm c tn khoa hc l Cissampelos pareira L. var. hirsuta. Tn dn gian l Dy sm lng, thuc h Menispermaceae (H Tit D).

Hnh 1.1. Cy sng sm. L loi cy dy leo, c thn v l ph lng mm. L c phin xoan hnh tim. Phn b n , Trung Quc, Vit Nam, Lo, Campuchia v Thi Lan. nc ta cy mc hoang trn i, ven rng min ni cng nh ng bng cc tnh trong c nc. 1.1.2. Tnh dc l ca cy sng sm L sng sm c tnh mt, cng nng nhun trng, h nhit c th, c tnh gii c. Ngi bnh i ng nn n loi ny cho li tiu. Trong r sng sm c alcaloid tetrandrin, isochondrodendrin, homoaromalin, linacin, magnoflorin, protoquecitol, curinR sng sm c v ng, tnh hn, c tc dng gii c, gim au, tan , li tiu, gii nhit, nhun trng nh.

7 1.1.3. ng dng ca cy sng sm trong i sng v cng nghip - Trong dn gian ngi ta thng lm thch t l sng sm nh mt mn n gii nhit trong nhng ngy nng bc. Ngoi ng dng trn, mt s quc gia khc nh Lo, Thi Lan L sng sm c dng nh l mt loi rau thng dng trong ba n hng ngy. - Dng trong y dc vi tc dng chng st rt, chng vim, li tiu, gii nhit, nhun trng nh. - Mt s nh khoa hc Thi Lan nghin cu chit tch v c tnh ca thnh phn pectin c trong l sng sm. 1.2. TNG QUAN V PECTIN 1.2.1. Khi nim Pectin l polysaccharide phc tp c cha t nht 65% acid galacturonic c lin kt vi nhau bng lin kt -1,4-glycoside, trong mt s gc COOH c methoxyl ha CH3O. Phin gia Vch t bo s cp Mng sinh cht

8 Nhng nghin cu mi v cu trc phn t pectin cho thy pectin c hai vng cu to chnh l vng sun thng (smooth regions) chim khong 60 90% khi lng, v vng rm (hairy regions) chim 10 40% khi lng. Pectin l mt hp cht t nhin c nhiu trong mng t bo ca cc loi thc vt bc cao, phn b ch yu cc b phn nh qu, c, thn. Trong mng t bo, pectin c mt phin gia (vi hm lng cao nht) v vch t bo s cp. Pectin Cellulose Hemicellulose Protein Hnh 1.11. Pectin trong cu to ca thnh t bo thc vt. Trong thc vt, pectin tn ti hai dng: - Protopectin: L dng khng tan, ch yu thnh t bo. - Pectin ha tan: tn ti ch yu dch t bo.

Hnh 1.3. Acid D-galacturonic n v cu to ch yu ca pectin.

Phn t lng ca cc loi pectin tch t cc ngun qu khc nhau thay i trong gii hn rng 25000 50000. Hp cht pectin c c trng bi : - Ch s methoxyl (MI): biu hin methyl ha, l phn trm khi lng nhm methoxyl (-OCH3) trn tng khi lng phn t. - Ch s ester ha (DE): th hin mc ester ha ca pectin, l t l phn trm v s lng ca cc gc acid galactoronic

Hnh 1.4. Cu to pectin.

9 c ester ha trn tng s lng gc acid galacturonic c trong phn t. 1.2.2. Phn loi pectin * Hip hi ha hc M (American Chemical Society) phn loi cc hp cht pectin thnh 3 loi: - Acid pectic - Acid pectinic - Pectin (Polygalacturonate) * Da trn mc este ha, trong thng mi chia pectin thnh 2 loi: - Pectin methoxyl ha cao (High Methoxyl Pectin HMP): DE > 50%. - Pectin methoxyl ha thp (Low Methoxyl Pectin LMP): DE < 50 %. 1.2.3. Tnh cht ca pectin a. Kh nng to gel c tnh quan trng ca pectin l c kh nng to gel, v vy n c ng dng ph bin trong cng ngh sn xut mt, ko gm, ko do. Kh nng to gel ca pectin ty thuc ngun pectin, mc methoxyl ha v phn t lng ca pectin. b. Cc tnh cht khc Pectin l mt cht c kh nng hydrat ha cao, pectin c th b kt ta vi ru, axeton, ete hoc benzen. Dung dch pectin c tnh keo cao, nht v bn ca keo ln. Pectin tinh ch c dng cht bt trng hoc hi vng hoc mu xm nht, v tan trong nc. M hiu quc t ca pectin l E440.

10 1.2.4. S phn b pectin trong t nhin Pectin c nhiu trong c, qu, l v thn cy. Hm lng pectin trong cc loi rau qu l khc nhau. 1.2.5. ng dng ca pectin a. Trong thc phm S dng nh mt tc nhn to gel , s dng nh mt cht n nh keo , s dng trong h nh tng b. Trong Y dc Pectin l mt loi cht x ha tan c tc dng gim cholesterol trong mu, cha cc bnh ng rut. Dung dch pectin 5% cn c s dng nh thuc st trng H2O2. 1.3. TNH HNH NGHIN CU PECTIN V CY SNG SM TRN TH GII V TRONG NC 1.3.1. Tnh hnh nghin cu trn th gii v pectin v cy sng sm Cc nghin cu trn th gii v qu trnh chit tch v xc nh tnh cht ca pectin t cc loi nguyn kh ph bin nhng t nguyn liu l cn rt hn ch. Cc nghin cu ch yu tp trung vo vic khai thc tnh dc l ca cy sng sm. 1.3.2. Tnh hnh nghin cu trong nc v pectin Cc nghin cu v qu trnh chit tch pectin nc ta hin nay cha nhiu. Vic xc nh thnh phn ha hc cng nh nghin cu qu trnh chit tch pectin t l sng sm cha c thc hin nc ta. Vi nhng l do trn, chng ti tin hnh nghin cu pectin trong l sng sm t xut ra quy trnh sn xut bt thch.

11

12

CHNG 2 - I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU

2.1. I TNG NGHIN CU 2.1.1. Nguyn liu i tng nghin cu l l sng sm c thu hi ti huyn Ni Thnh, tnh Qung Nam 2.1.2. Ha cht Nhng ho cht s dng trong nghin cu ny l nhng ho cht c mua ca hng Merk v Trung Quc. Cc dng c v ha cht thuc trung tm Y t D phng Qung Nam. 2.1.3. Dng c v thit b dng trong nghin cu My phn tch ph FT-IR. Ph ghi theo k thut p vin vi KBr o trn thit b Shimadu, trng i hc S phm, i hc Hu v cc thit b, dng c thy tinh trong phng th nghim thuc trung tm Y t D phng Qung Nam. 2.2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.2.1. Phng php vt l Xc nh hm lng nc trong l sng sm 2.2.2. Phng php ha hc Xc nh hm lng vitamin C trong l sng sm 2.2.3. Phng php ha sinh - Xc nh hm lng pectin trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng protein th trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng ng kh trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng cellulose trong l sng sm - Xc nh hm lng pectin thc trong mu pectin th - Xc nh ch s DE ca pectin th

2.2.4. Phng php ha l Mu pectin th c xc nh bng my phn tch ph FTIR. Ph ghi theo k thut p vin vi KBr o trn thit b Shimadu, trng i hc S phm, i hc Hu.

13

14

CHNG 3- KT QU V BN LUN
Hiu sut thu nhn pectin th,

3.1. XC NH MT S THNH PHN HA HC C BN TRONG L SNG SM L sng sm sau khi thu hi, chng ti tin hnh xc nh hm lng ca mt s thnh phn ha hc ch yu. Kt qu thu nhn c trnh by ti bng 3.1 Bng 3.1. Mt s thnh phn ha hc c bn trong l sng sm ti STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 Thnh phn Pectin Protein ng kh Vitamin C Cellulose Nc n v % % % mg% % % Hm lng 15,87 2,69 9,8 102,7 2,81 66,3

18
14.64 15.18

15

% khi lng

12 9 6 3 0 L kh L t i

Nguyn li u

Hnh 3.1. th biu din nh hng ca cc loi nguyn liu khc nhau n hiu sut thu nhn pectin. T hnh 3.1 cho thy kt qu khi s dng dung mi nc chit tch th hiu sut thu nhn pectin th nguyn liu l ti cao hn so vi nguyn liu l kh tuy nhin s chnh lch l khng ng k (0,54%). Sn phm pectin th c chit tch t nguyn liu l sng sm kh v l ti c th hin hnh 3.2.

Theo kt qu trn bng 3.1 kt hp vi kinh nghim trong dn gian, thnh phn pectin trong l sng sm chim t l kh cao, nghin cu chit tch pectin t l sng sm l nghin cu c ngha. V vy, chng ti la chn pectin lm i tng tin hnh nghin cu chit tch ri t xy dng nn quy trnh sn xut bt thch t l sng sm. 3.2. NGHIN CU CHIT TCH PECTIN TRONG L SNG SM 3.2.1. Nghin cu la chn nguyn liu Chng ti thc hin kho st qu trnh chit tch pectin t hai loi mu nguyn liu l l sng sm kh v ti. Qu trnh chit tch s dng dung mi nc. Hiu sut thu nhn pectin th c biu din trn hnh 3.1.

( c chit tch t l kh ( (a) v l ti (b) Hnh 3.2. Pectin th

Nhn trn hnh 3.2. cho thy mu sc ca pectin th l ti trng p hn pectin th l kh. T vic phn tch la chn nguyn liu l sng sm s dng chit tch pectin trn c th kt lun rng: C th s dng nguyn liu l kh v l ti tin hnh chit tch pectin.

15 3.2.2. Nghin cu la chn dung mi Trong nghin cu ny chng ti tin hnh kho st hai loi dung mi l nc v acid citric. Kt qu hiu sut thu nhn pectin th c biu din trn hnh 3.3.
Hiu sut thu nhn pectin th, % khi lng
18 14.64 15 12
L kh

16 Chng ti tin hnh kho st t l nguyn liu/ dung mi cc gi tr t l c th nh sau: 1/10; 1/20; 1/30; 1/40; 1/50. Kt qu thu nhn c biu din trn hnh 3.5
Hiu sut thu nhn pectin th, % khi lng
18

15

15.18

14.78

15.48

12

9 6 3 0
N c Acid citric

L t i

6 10 20 30 40 50

T l nguyn liu /dung mi, g/ml

Dung mi

Hnh 3.5 . th biu din nh hng ca t l nguyn liu/dung mi n hiu sut thu nhn pectin Da trn kt qu ca th, m bo hiu qu chit pectin cao, tit kim dung mi, chng ti chn t l 1/20 g/ml. b. Kho st nh hng ca nhit n hiu qu chit tch pectin Trong nghin cu ny chng ti tin hnh kho st nhit trch ly ti cc gi tr 600C, 700C, 800C, 900C, 1000C. Kt qu thu nhn c biu din trn hnh 3.6.
Hiu sut thu nhn pectin th,
18

Hnh 3.3. th biu din nh hng ca cc loi dung mi khc nhau, cc loi nguyn liu khc nhau n hiu sut thu nhn pectin. T th hnh 3.3 cho thy, khi chit tch pectin s dng dung mi acid citric cho kt qu cao hn so vi s dng dung mi nc trn c nguyn liu l kh v l ti. 3.2.3. nh lng pectin thc trong mu pectin th l ti v pectin th l kh Chng ti tin hnh xc nh hm lng pectin thc c trong cc mu pectin th l ti v pectin th l kh ny. Kt qu cho thy, hm lng pectin thc c trong hai mu pectin th l kh (76,47%) v l ti (76,59%) rt cao v tng ng nhau. 3.2.4. Nghin cu kho st mt s yu t nh hng n qu trnh chit tch pectin. a. Kho st nh hng ca t l nguyn liu/ dung mi n hiu qu chit tch pectin

% khi lng

16 14 12 10 8 6 60 70 80 90 100

Nhi t , oC

Hnh 3.6. th biu din nh hng ca nhit n hiu sut thu nhn pectin

17 Hiu sut thu nhn pectin cng t cc i ti nhit 900C (15,71%). V vy theo kt qu thc nghim, ti chn nhit chit tch l 90 C. c. Kho st nh hng ca pH n hiu qu chit tch pectin Chng ti tin hnh kho st pH trch ly ti cc gi tr khc nhau: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Kt qu thu nhn c biu din trn hnh 3.7.
H i us u t th un h np e c tin th ,%
18 16

18 Qua kt qu thc nghim hm lng pectin thu c t gi tr cc i ti thi gian 60 pht. Chng ti chn thi gian l 60 pht. 3.2.5. xut quy trnh chit pectin t l sng sm L sng sm ti Ra
Dung mi acid citric 5% T l nguyn liu/ dung mi = 1/20,g/ml

Xay nh Trch ly pectin Lc C c - Nhit 900C - Thi gian 60 pht - Sodium citrate, pH 3,0 B

k h i l n g

14 12 10 8 6 2 3 4 5 6

pH

Hnh 3.7. th biu din nh hng ca pH n hiu sut thu nhn pectin Da theo kt qu ca th cho thy, hiu sut chit tch t cc i ti pH = 3, chng ti chn gi tr pH = 3. d. Kho st nh hng ca thi gian trch ly n hiu qu chit tch pectin Chng ti nghin cu mt s gi tr thi gian 20, 40, 60, 80 pht. Kt qu thu nhn c biu din trn hnh 3.8.
H i us u t th uh ip e c tinth ,
18 16

C2H5OH
o

Kt ta Lc Dch lc

C2H5OH
o

Ra KT Sy Sn phm

Hnh 3.9. S quy trnh chit tch pectin t l sng sm Sau khi chit pectin cc iu kin nhit , nng acid citric, thi gian, pH trn, chng ti xc nh c hiu sut thu nhn pectin th trong l sng sm l 15,87%.
20 40 60 80

%k h i l n g

14 12 10 8 6

Thi gian, pht

Hnh 3.8 . th biu din nh hng ca thi gian n hiu sut thu nhn pectin

19 3.3. XC NH CC NHM CHC TRONG PHN T PECTIN BNG PH HNG NGOI Sau khi tin hnh chit tch, khng nh sn phm thu c c phi l pectin hay khng, chng ti tin hnh kim tra bng cch dng phng php ph hng ngoi. Kt qu c biu din nh trn hnh 3.10.
(a)

20 Bng 3.2. Mt s nhm chc c hp th trong ph hng ngoi ca cc mu pectin th l kh, l ti v pectin chun. Nhm chc Nhm ester carbonyl (C=O) Nhm carboxyl (COO )
-

Mu pectin Chun L ti L kh Chun L ti L kh Chun L ti L kh Chun L ti L kh

S sng hp th 1738,9 1738,9 1736,97 1632,81 1633,78 1633,78 3418 3418,37 3417 1370,48 1379,16 1330,94

Cng hp th 41,455 5,027 1,095 37,6 13,493 6,269 10,669 4,334 0,891 34,712 11,902 5,588

(b)

(c)

Nhm OH

Lin kt CHnh 3.10. Hnh nh ph hng ngoi ca mu pectin chun(a), mu pectin th c chit tch t l sng sm ti (b) v kh (c). Theo kt qu phn tch bng ph hng ngoi, s peak trn ph hng ngoi ca ba mu c s lng ging nhau nhiu. Kt qu phn tch mc hp th ca cc nhm chc trong ph hng ngoi ca 3 mu pectin ti cc s sng khc nhau nh sau: H

Da vo kt qu ca bng 3.2, cc nhm chc v cc lin kt chnh [nhm OH, nhm ester carbonyl (C=O), nhm carboxyl (COO), lin kt C-H] trong phn t pectin c hp th ti cc s sng tng t nhau v ph hp nh nghin cu ca Jittra Singthonga, Suwayd Ningsanonda, Steve W. Cuib, H. Douglas Goff (2005). Nh vy c th khng nh mt cch chc chn rng cc mu ch phm c chit tch t l sng sm ti v kh u l pectin.

21 3.4. XC NH MC ESTER HA (DE) CA PECTIN CHIT T L SNG SM Chng ti tin hnh xc nh tnh cht pectin ca hai mu pectin chit tch t l sng sm ti v l sng sm kh. Kt qu cho thy, ch s DE ca hai mu pectin th 39,92% (l ti); 39,18% (l kh) gn bng nhau v nh hn 50%. V th, pectin thu c thuc loi pectin methoxyl thp (LMP). Tm li, t vic phn tch kt qu trn cho thy vic la chn nguyn liu l ti v chit tch bng dung mi acid citric cho kt qu chit tch pectin t hiu qu cao. Chnh v vy, chng ti la chn nguyn liu l sng sm ti v dung mi acid citric thc hin cng on nghin cu tip theo. 3.5. NGHIN CU XY DNG QUY TRNH SN XUT BT THCH SNG SM 3.5.1. Nghin cu la chn quy trnh sn xut bt thch a. Nghin cu phng php lm thch sng sm dn gian Cch lm thch trong dn gian: L sng sm ti ra sch em v nt trong nc, ri gn ly nc b b, c th co mt t nang ca con mc cho vo, yn 1 thi gian sng sm ng li nh thch, c tn gi l thch sng sm. Thng thng c 100g l ti th ngi ta s dng t 1,5-2 lt nc. Vi phng php lm thch dn gian trn c u im: d thao tc, thc hin, sn phm thch c cng tt v mu xanh rt p. Nhng bn cnh cng c mt s hn ch v ngun nguyn liu v khng thun tin khi s dng. khc phc nhc im trn chng ti tin hnh nghin cu phng php sn xut bt thch t l sng sm

22 b. Nghin cu qui trnh sn xut bt thch qui m phng th nghim * Sn xut bt thch vi qui trnh chit tch pectin Trong phng php ny chng ti sn xut bt thch da trn c s ly hm lng pectin lm cht to gel ch o. Da vo kt qu nghin cu phn 3.1, chng ti tin hnh trch ly pectin nhit 900C, pH= 3, thi gian trch ly l 60 pht, tin hnh phi trn v sy kh thu c sn phm bt thch. Sn phm bt thch thu c tin hnh ti ha tan trong nc, yn to thch sng sm. Kt qu cho thy: sn xut bt thch theo hng ly hm lng pectin lm c s c th khc phc c nhc im ca phng php dn gian, rt thun tin cho ngi s dng nhng li c nhc im cht lng thch km v cng v mu sc. * Sn xut bt thch vi qui trnh khng chit tch pectin Sau khi phn tch im mnh v im yu ca 2 phng php trn, chng ti nhn thy rng: mun c sn phm thch c cht lng tt v tin li cho ngi s dng th trong cng on ph v t bo nguyn liu nn s dng phng php v v trch ly trong iu kin nhit thng, v sn phm di dng bt hon nguyn li thnh thch. Kt qu cho thy, vi phng php ny c th khc phc c mi nhc im ca hai phng php trn, l sn phm thch c cng v mu sc p, rt tin li cho ngi s dng. c sn phm bt thch c cht lng tt, chng ti tin hnh kho st nhit sy l v t l nguyn liu phi trn Hnh 3.17. Sn phm thch theo qui trnh khng chit tch pectin

23 3.5.2. Kho st nhit sy l v t l nguyn liu phi trn nh hng n cht lng bt thch a. Kho st nhit sy l Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti tin hnh kho st nhit sy l cc gi tr nhit : 40 C, 50 C, 60 C, 70 C. Kt qu cho thy: Ti nhit ln 500C - 600C th thi gian sy nhanh hn v sn phm vn m bo c mi v c trng ca l sng sm, thch c cng tt v c mu vng xanh. Nn chng ti chn nhit sy l 50-600C b. Kho st t l nguyn liu phi trn nh hng n cht lng bt thch Trong nghin cu ny chng ti tin hnh kho st b sung ion Ca di dng dung dch CaCl2 trong 100g l sng sm kh ti cc gi tr: 1g, 2g, 3g, 4g, 5g c bt sng sm. Kt qu cho thy c c sn phm thch c cht lng tt, chng ti chn hm lng CaCl2 b sung vo l 3g trong 100g l sng sm kh. 3.5.3. Nghin cu t l nc cn thit phi trn vi bt sng sm to thch Nghin cu c thc hin cc t l bt sng sm/nc (g/ml ) l 1/10, 1/15, 1/20. Kt qu cho thy t l bt sng sm: nc (g/ml ) l 1/15 l tt nht: thi gian to gel nhanh, khi thch ng chc c do, c mi thm c trng, mu sc p. V vy chng ti chn t l bt sng sm/nc (g/ml ) l 1/15 lm thch.
0 2+ 0 0 0 0

24 3.5.4. xut quy trnh sn xut bt sng sm L sng sm ti V Sy Phi trn Bao gi Bt sng sm Hnh 3.18. S qui trnh sn xut bt sng sm L sng sm ti ra sch em v sau em sy nhit 60 C n kh. Tip tc phi trn CaCl2 vi t l c trong 100g l sng sm kh th b sung 3g CaCl2 ri ng gi trong ti bao b c kh nng thm thu v bao ngoi bng ti nilong bo qun thu c ti bt sng sm. Phng php lm thch t bt sng sm nh sau: Ly ti bt sng sm (100g) cho vo 1500ml nc thc hin trch ly. Mun qu trnh trch ly nhanh v hiu qu c th trch ly trong nc c nhit khong 500C hoc c th v ti bt sng sm trong nc. Qu trnh trch ly kt thc khi dung dch trch ly c snh. Sau vt ti bt thch sng sm ra v cho dung dch trch ly vo vt cha. yn mt thi gian thu c thch sng sm. Nh vy, vi phng php sn xut bt thch nh trn mang li s tin li cho ngi tiu dng v sn phm c cht lng tt v rt b ch cho sc khe, gi thnh sn phm thp, ph hp vi i tng c thu nhp thp. Nhit : 600C CaCl2/100g l kh l 3g

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26 l nguyn liu l sng sm ti nn v ri sau sy kh 600C, tin hnh phi trn CaCl2 vi hm lng l 3g trong 100g l sng sm kh. 6. T l bt thch: nc (g/ml ) lm thch l 1/15. 2. KIN NGH Do thi gian thc hin ti c hn, v vy ti khng th trnh khi mt s hn ch. Trong tng lai, nu c iu kin cn thc hin tip mt s nghin cu sau: 1. Tip tc tinh sch pectin t pectin th v nghin cu s dng vo sn xut thc phm 2. Nng cao hiu qu v cht lng chit tch pectin 3. Tip tc hon thin sn phm bt sng sm c cht lng cao hn v tin li hn cho ngi s dng. 4. Nghin cu bi nhim vi sinh vt cho qu trnh bo qun bt sng sm. 5. Nghin cu cc bin php gi mu chloropill t nhin ca dch chit sng sm ti to sn phm vi cc gam mu ph hp m khng cn b sung mu trong qu trnh to sn phm dng gel.

KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. KT LUN Qua thi gian nghin cu v thc hin ti, chng ti rt ra c mt s kt lun sau: 1. xc nh c mt s thnh phn ha hc ca l sng sm c thu hi huyn Ni Thnh, tnh Qung Nam: Nc l 66,3%, protein l 2,69%, ng kh l 9,8%, vitamin C l 102,7mg%, cellulose l 2,81%, pectin tng 15,87%. 2. Nguyn liu l sng sm kh v ti u c th tin hnh chit tch pectin nhng vi nguyn liu l ti c chit tch pectin trong dung mi acid citric cho hiu qu cao nht (15,48%). 3. Xy dng c quy trnh chit tch pectin t l sng sm. Trong , nguyn liu s dng l l sng sm ti v dung mi l acid citric ng vi cc thng s cng ngh chit tch: nhit l 90 C, pH l 3, thi gian l 60 pht, t l nguyn liu: dung mi l 1:20g/ml, nng acid citric l 5%. Hiu sut chit tch t 15,87%. Lng pectin thc chim trung bnh khong 76,5% trong mu pectin th. 4. Pectin th sau khi chit tch c xc nh thnh phn pectin bng ph hng ngoi. Pectin thu nhn c l pectin thuc nhm pectin methoxyl ha thp vi ch s DE ca pectin th l kh l 39,18% v ch s DE ca pectin th l ti l 39,92%. V vy pectin th c chit tch t l sng sm c th to gel khi c mt ca ion kim loi ha tr hai (nh Ca2+) trong khong pH = 2-6 v khng cn c ng. 5. Xy dng c quy trnh sn xut bt thch t l sng sm. Trong , iu kin to ra sn phm thch c cht lng tt
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