i

Hn n n on
bn n vt
thy sn u













Bin son
Melba G. Bondad-Reantaso
NACA, Bangkok, Thailand
(E-mail: Melba.Reantaso@enaca.org)
Sharon E. McGladdery
DFO-Canada, Moncton, New Brunswick
(E-mail: McGladderyS@dfo-mpo.gc.ca)
Iain East
AFFA, Canberra, Australia
(E-mail: Iain.East@affa.gov.au)
v
Rohana P. Subasinghe
FAO, Rome
(E-mail: Rohana.Subasinghe@fao.org)
Published by arrangement with the Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
by NAFIQAVED
Nh xut n n np
H - 2005
ISSNO0428-9345




Ti liu k thut
thu sn FAO
402/2

Mn l
Trung tm
u
Th n n

T
Nn n
Lin p qu
F
I
A
T
P
A
N
I
S
F
A
O
NAFIQAVED


ii

















ISBN 92-5-104620-4


Ti liu ny c ng k bn quyn. Khng mt on no ca ti
liu ny c ti bn, lu tr hoc c truyn bt k hnh thc
no, hoc bng bt k phng tin no, in t, c hc, sao chp hay
bt k mt hnh thc no khc m khng c s cho php trc ca
ngi gi bn quyn. n xin php, trong phi nu mc ch v
phm vi ca vic ti bn, cn c gi ti iu phi vin Mng li
cc Trung tm Nui trng thy sn chu - Thi Bnh Dng
(NACA), ta nh Suraswadi, Cc Thy sn, Kasetsanrt University
Campus, Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thi Lan, hoc Gim c
dch v Xut bn v Truyn thng, Phng Thng tin, FAO, Viale delle
Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, ltaly hoc gi Email ti hp th
copyright@fao.org.
Bn ng xut bn chu trch nhim dch thut sang ting Vit v FAO
khng chu trch nhim v tnh chnh xc ca bn dch.




FAO v n tn n
NAFIQAVED bn tn t



Nhng a danh v nhng ti liu nu trong cun sch ny khng ng
din t bt k quan im no ca mt b phn no thuc T chc
Lng thc v Nng nghip Lin hp quc lin quan n ch php
l ca quc gia, vng lnh th, thnh ph hay khu vc no hoc cc c
quan thm quyn ca nhng ni ny, hoc lin quan n s phn nh
ng bin gii hay ranh gii no.
Vic nu r cc nn kinh t " pht trin v ang pht trin" l nhm
thun li cho vic thng k v khng biu th s nh gi v mt giai
on t c trong qu trnh pht trin ca quc gia, vng lnh th
hay khu vc c th no.

CHU
iii

Hn n n on n n vt ty sn l mt ti liu hng
dn chn on bnh ton din v c cp nht nhm h tr vic thc hin
C nuyn t o tut v qun l s o uyn
tr nim n vt ty sn sn hoc nuyn t o
thut. Ti liu ny c xy dng nh s ng gp v mt chuyn mn ca
thnh vin Nhm cng tc khu vc (RWG), c quan dch v H tr k thut
(TTS) cng cc nh khoa hc khc trong lnh vc sc kho ng vt thy sn
trong v ngoi khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng, l nhng ngi h tr
Chng trnh qun l sc kho ng vt thy sn khu vc chu -Thi Bnh
Dng. Cun Hng dn chn on bnh ca ng vt thy sn chu l
cun th ba ca b sch nhiu tp cc ti liu k thut thy sn ca FAO, y
l mt phn ca D n p t tut - H tr o v
chuyn tr nm n vt ty sn sn do NACA phi hp vi
OIE v mt s c quan, t chc quc gia v khu vc khc thc hin. Cun th
nht l cun Hn n tut v n l n tun v n n
B n Cun th hai l cun S ty uy trn t n
nguyn t o tut u v u v un l s o
di chuyn tr nm c n vt ty sn sn hoc ty
Quy trn cung cp t liu chung v cc quy trnh k thut chi tit nhm h tr
cc quc gia v cc vng lnh th trong khu vc thc hin cc hng dn k
thut, y l cun th hai ca b sch nhiu tp (Ti liu k thut thy sn ca
FAO s 402, phn b sung 1). Cun Hng dn chn on bnh ca ng vt
thy sn c son tho trong ba nm (1998-2001) c s tham vn mc
cao, trn c s ng thun v nng cao hiu bit, tt c cc ti liu k trn u
ph hp vi B lut qu t v n vt ty sn xut n ln t
ba) v S ty n on n n vt ty sn xut n ln t
ba), Hip nh SPS ca WTO v s h tr ca cc iu khon thch ng trong
B quy t n x n tr nhm









a ch phn phi

Cn b sc kho ng vt thy sn
Cc cn b thy sn khu vc v tiu khu vc ca FAO
V ngh c ca FAO
NACA









Trang ba: Trnh by mi quan h gia vt ch, mm bnh v mi trng pht sinh ra bnh.


iv





Bondad-Reantaso, G., McGladdery, S.E., East, I., v Subasinghe, R.P. (ch bin)
Hng dn chn on bnh ca ng vt thy sn chu .
Ti liu k thut thy sn ca FAO s. 402, Phn b sung 2. Rome, FAO,
2001. 240 trang.

T

Hng dn chn on bnh ca ng vt thy sn chu hoc n n n
on n u l mt ti liu hng dn chn on ton din, cp nht v cc
mm bnh v loi bnh c lit k trong H thng bo co hng qu v bnh ng vt
thy sn ca NACA/FAO/OIE, bao gm c mt s bnh khc khu vc chu . Ti liu
c xy dng t nhng ng gp v k thut ca cc thnh vin trong Nhm Cng tc
khu vc (RWG), C quan Dch v H tr k thut (TSS) v ca cc nh khoa hc khc v
sc khe ng vt thy sn khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng. Mc tiu l c c mt
hng dn chn on chu chuyn dng trong khu vc, cho c vic chn on
bnh c hai mc tri nui v phng th nghim, b sung cho S tay cc qui trnh thc
hin Cc nguyn tc ch o k thut ca khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng v Qun l
sc khe Di chuyn c trch nhim cc ng vt sng. Sau cun Hng dn chn
on bnh chu c th dng m rng nng lc chn on sc kho ng vt thy
sn ca quc gia v khu vc, iu s gip cc quc gia nng cp cc kh nng v
k thut p ng cc yu cu ca B lut quc t v ng vt thy sn ca OIE (xut
bn ln th ba) v Hip nh SPS ca WTO, v c s h tr ca cc iu khon thch ng
trong B quy tc ng x ngh c c trch nhim ca FAO. Thng tin trong Hn n
chn on n u c trnh by theo mt mu t nhng quan st tng th ti
ao hoc tri nui (Mc I), n hng dn thng tin v mt k thut cc chn on phn
t hoc siu cu trc tin tin v cc phn tch ca phng th nghim (cc mc II v III,
v cc tiu chun sc kho ng vt thy sn ca OIE), v th c quan tm n nhng sai
khc trong lnh vc bnh ca quc t, khu vc v quc gia, cng nh cc mc sai khc
ca nng lc chn on bnh gia cc quc gia trong khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng.
(T kho: chu , Nui trng thy sn, Chn on bnh, Qun l sc kho, Bnh ca ng
vt thy sn, Hng dn, Bo co v bnh)










L
v
T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip
ca Lin Hp quc (FAO) v Mng li
cc Trung tm nui trng thy sn
chu -Thi Bnh Dng (NACA) trn
trng gii thiu cun sch Hn n
Chn on n n vt ty
sn u . Cun sch ny l cun th
ba v l cun cui cng ca b sch
nhiu tp Ti liu k thut thy sn ca
FAO, c xy dng bi cc i
din t 21 Chnh ph chu , cc nh
khoa hc v chuyn gia v sc kho
ng vt thy sn, cng nh ca cc i
din t cc c quan v t chc quc
gia, khu vc v quc t. Cun n
dn n on n u cung
cp cc hng dn chn on bnh c
gi tr thc hin C nuyn t
o tut u v u v
Qun l s o uyn
tr nm n vt ty sn
sn v k hoch thc hin lin quan,
Chin l n thun v n n
B n (BCIS) (xem Ti liu K thut
thy sn s 402, phn b sung 1). Cun
sch cng b sung cho S tay cc quy
trnh thc hin C nuyn t
o tut (xem Ti liu k thut thy
sn c ca FAO s 402, Phn b sung
1). Ton b b sch nhm mc ch h
tr cc quc gia v khu vc trong n lc
gim thiu cc ri ro ca bnh do vic di
chuyn qua bin gii (nhp ni v
chuyn i). Vic thc hin C nuyn
t o tut s gp phn m
bo an ton v tng thu nhp cho nhng
ngi nui trng thy sn chu nh
gim thiu cc ri ro v bnh c lin
quan vi vic di chuyn qua bin gii
cc mm bnh ng vt thy sn.
nhiu nc chu , nui trng v nh
bt thy sn l ch da chnh ca an
ton thc phm v sinh k vng nng
thn, v hiu qu thc hin cc hng
dn k thut s gp phn cho cc n lc
ca khu vc nng cao sinh k nng
thn, trong khun kh rng hn ca
qun l c trch nhim, bn vng mi
trng v bo v tnh a dng sinh hc
ca nc.
Chng trnh Hp tc K thut (TCP)
ca FAO D n TCP/RAS 6714 (A) v
9065 (A) H tr cho vic di chuyn c
trch nhim cc ng vt thy sn
sng c NACA trin khai vo
nm 1998, vi s tham gia ca 21 nc
trong ton khu vc. Chng trnh ny
c h tr n lc ca FAO trong
vic gip cc quc gia thnh vin
thc hin cc iu khon thch ng
iu 9 (Pht trin nui trng thy sn)
ca B quy t n x n
tr nm (CCRE), c cc mc
quc gia v khu vc.
B cc Nguyn tc hng dn, do mt
nhm chuyn gia v sc kho ng vt
thy sn xy dng ti Hi tho khu vc
t chc Bangkok nm 1996, to ra
c s cho mt qu trnh t vn m
rng vo giai on 1998 - 2000, vi s
tham gia ca cc iu phi vin quc
gia do cc chnh ph c, NACA,
FAO, OIE v cc chuyn gia khu vc
v quc t. Da trn cc bo co t
nhng hi tho ny, cng nh cc hot
ng gia cc phin hp do FAO v
NACA iu phi, D tho ca C
nguyn t o tut c
trnh by v tho lun ti Hi tho ca
ca D n v Qun l sc kho khu
vc chu di chuyn xuyn bin
gii c trch nhim cc ng vt thy
sn sng, t chc Bc Kinh, Trung
Quc, t ngy 27 n 30/6/2000.
Cun C nuyn t o tut
c xem xt li v c cc i
biu d hp tho lun, bao gm cc
iu phi vin quc gia, FAO, NACA,
OIE (cc i din ca Hi ng Bnh c
v i din khu vc Tokyo) v nhiu
chuyn gia qun l sc kho ng vt
thy sn khu vc v quc t. Cc iu
phi vin quc gia u nht tr tn thnh
v nguyn tc C nuyn t o
k tut, v n a ra hng dn c
gi tr cho cc n lc quc gia v khu
vc gim cc ri ro ca bnh do vic
di chuyn xuyn bin gii cc ng vt
thy sn sng.
Tha nhn tm quan trng to ln ca
vic thc hin C nuyn t o
k tut, cc i biu chun b mt
chin lc thc hin chi tit gi l Chin
l n tun v n n
Kinh (BCIS), tp trung vo cc chin
lc quc gia, c s h tr thng qua
hp tc khu vc v quc t. Chin lc
thc hin ton din ny c cc i
biu hi tho nht tr chp thun.
Cc quc gia tham gia xy dng C
nguyn t o tut, BCIS, S
tay c quy trn v n n n
L

vi
on n u l xtrylia,
Bangladesh, Campuchia, CHND Trung
Hoa, Hongkong Trung Quc, n ,
Innexia, Iran, Nht Bn, CHDCND
Lo, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan,
Philippin, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thi
Lan v Vit Nam.
FAO v NACA xin by t li cm n ti
tt c cc chnh ph, c quan v t
chc cng nh n tt c cc c nhn
dnh thi gian, n lc v ti nng
chuyn mn bin son ti liu ny v
cc thng tin khc ny sinh trong qu
trnh lm vic.

Ichiro Nomura
Tr l Tng Gim c
V Ngh c
T chc Lng thc v Nng nghip ca
LHQ
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100
Rome, Italia
Fax: + 39 06 570-53020
E-mail: ichiro.nomura@fao.org hoc
fi-enquires@fao.org
Trang web: http://www.fao.org/fi/default.asp

Pedro Bueno
iu phi vin
Mng li cc Trung tm nui trng thy
sn chu -Thi Bnh Dng (NACA)
V Ngh c,
Kasetsart University Campus, Ladyao,
Jatujak
Bangkok 10900, Thi Lan
Fax: (662) 561-1727
E-mail: Pedro.Bueno@enaca.org
Trang web: http://www.enaca.org
L
vii

Vic di chuyn ng vt thy sn sng
l cn thit pht trin nui trng thy
sn c hai mc t cung t cp v
thng mi. Tuy nhin, vic di chuyn
nh th lm tng kh nng di nhp cc
mm bnh mi, chng c th mang n
nhng hu qu tai hi cho ngh nui
trng thy sn, khai thc thy sn v
cc ngun li c lin quan, cng nh c
nhng ngun sinh k ph thuc vo cc
cng vic ny. Nhm gim thiu hoc
trnh nguy c mm bnh lan truyn qua
vic di chuyn ng vt thy sn, iu
cn thit l cc c nhn v t chc
tham gia vo cc hot ng ny nhn
thc c v tham gia vo qu trnh
qun l sc khe ton din.
Nhng tc ng bt li ti kinh t - x hi
v mi trng do vic di chuyn cc ng
vt thy sn v cc sn phm ca chng
mt cch v trch nhim hoc thiu cn
nhc dn n s tha nhn ca ton
cu v vic cn thit phi c nhng iu
lut v qun l sc kho nhm bo v
ngh nui trng thy sn, ngun li thy
sn v mi trng nui trng thy sn.
Trong nhiu trng hp, cc tc ng ny
l hu qu trc tip ca vic khng c cc
chin lc qun l sc kho c hiu qu
ca quc gia v khu vc. Tuy nhin, vic
hnh thnh cc bin php kim dch,
chng nhn sc khe c hiu qu v cc
nguyn tc ch o thch hp trn phm vi
quc t l rt phc tp. V phi xem xt
n hon cnh kinh t - x hi v mi
trng trn phm vi rng ln cng vi
l hng lot ng vt thy sn c lin
quan v cc mm bnh, bnh ca chng.
Ngoi ra, nhng l do khc nhau di
chuyn ng vt thy sn sng v cc
sn phm li ko theo mt lot thay i
tip theo cho qu trnh. Tuy nhin, cc tc
ng nghim trng do khng hn ch vic
di chuyn thy sn sng trong khu vc v
quc t c tha nhn phm vi
ton cu - mt yu t c phn nh
r rng trong B lut qu t v s
kh n vt ty sn v S ty n
on n n vt ty sn
1

(C quan quc t v bnh dch ng vt),
trong a ra cc nguyn tc ch o v
khuyn co gim nguy c ca vic lan
truyn cc mm bnh c trng c lin
quan n vic bun bn cc ng vt thy
sn trn phm vi quc t.
Do cc qui nh quc t hin nay khng
phi lc no cng gii quyt c cc
vn v dch bnh trong vic sn xut
v bun bn thc phm thy sn, s
cn thit phi c cc qui nh qun l
sc kho c hiu qu, trong tp
trung vo cc vn v loi v bnh
khu vc ny c tha nhn t
nhiu nm nay. Cch tip cn cho c
khu vc, ch khng phi l tng quc
gia, c cho l thch hp do nhiu
quc gia trong khu vc c cng cc c
im x hi, kinh t, cng nghip, mi
trng, sinh hc v a l. Nhiu quc
gia cn c cc mt nc chung vi cc
quc gia lng ging v ng phn
nc ca mt s con sng chnh
chu vt qua cc ng bin gii
quc gia. Mt chng trnh qun l sc
khe c c khu vc chp nhn s to
thun li cho vic bun bn, bo v sn
xut thy sn (t cung t cp v thng
mi) v mi trng khi b bnh tn
cng.
Chng trnh Khu vc ca FAO/NACA
hp tc qun l sc khe ng vt thy
sn c trin khai nh gi s
cn thit phi qun l sc khe tt hn
nhm h tr vic di chuyn ng vt thy
sn sng c an ton v tnh ph hp
ca cc b lut quc t hin c v qun
l sc kho ng vt thy sn, kim dch
v cp chng nhn sc khe, bao gm
cc b lut ca OIE, y ban T vn ngh
c ni a ca chu u (EIFAC) v Hi
ng Khai thc bin (ICES) theo cc iu
kin ca chu . Vic nh gi ny
nhn mnh rng cc ri ro v bnh c
lin quan n vic lan truyn mm bnh
trong khu vc chu ch c th gim i
nh cch tip cn v qun l sc khe
ng vt thy sn rng hn hin nay nh
c trong cc b qui tc hnh ng
chuyn v bnh (v d, B qui tc ca
OIE) hoc trong cc b qui tc v ngh
nh th dnh ring cho cc quc gia
bc bn cu (v d cc B qui tc ICES
v EIFAC).


1
Xem OI E. 2000a. B lut quc t v sc khe ng vt thy sn. Xut bn ln t h 3. OI E, Paris, 153
tr., v OI E. 2000b. S tay chn on bnh ng vt thy sn. Xut bn ln th 3. OIE, Paris, 237 tr.
2
Xem Humphrey, JD., JR. Arthur, R. P. Subasinghe v M.J.Phillips. 1997. Chng ch sc khe v kim
dch ng vt thy sn chu . Ti liu hi tho khu vc v Cc nguyn tc v sc khe v kim dch
L

viii
di chuyn ng vt c trch nhim (Di nhp v lun chuyn ng vt thy sn), Bangkok, Thi Lan,
28/01/ 1996. Ti liu k thut t hy sn ca FAO s 373, 153 tr.

Ngoi ra, n cng nhn mnh s cn
thit tham gia ca ngi trc bin
gii (xut khu), bin gii v sau bin
gii (nhp khu) vo chng trnh
m bo hp tc qun l sc khe ca
vic di chuyn ng vt thy sn. Vi
s h tr ca Chng trnh Hp tc K
thut ca FAO (TCP) do NACA thc
hin, C nuyn t o tut
c u v u uyn
tr nm n vt thy sn
sn l mt ti liu do mt nhm cc
chuyn gia sc kho ng vt thy sn
trong v ngoi khu vc bin son
tham gia xy dng cc qui trnh qun l
sc kho c hiu qu vn chuyn an
ton cc ng vt thy sn sng trong
v gia cc quc gia khu vc. Ti liu
th nht ca cng mt b, S ty
qui trn t n uyn t
ch o tut u v u
v qun l s o uyn
tr nm n vt ty sn
sn, cung cp nguyn liu c bn v
cc qui trnh k thut chi tit gip cc
quc gia v lnh th trong khu vc chu
thc hin C uyn t o
k tut. Ti liu th hai ca cng mt
b l Hng dn chn on bnh
chu , cung cp hng dn chn on
thc hin C nuyn t o
k thut v cng b sung cho S ty
c qu trn.
L
ix
C nhiu ngi
3

m chng ti phi chn
thnh cm n v s ng gp ho hip
ca h vo vic bin son v cng bin
tp cc phn khc nhau ca cun
Hng dn Chn on bnh chu
mc d ch l ghi ch rt ngn, cung
cp cc gp v thng tin k thut c
gi tr, v cc nh chp. Chng ti bit
n cc v c tn sp xp theo vn ch
ci nh sau:
TS. Rob Adlard (Bo tng Queensland
- xtrylia) v nh gi phn 3 - Bnh
ca nhuyn th.
TS. Victoria Alday de Graindorge (CSA
- Ecuador; e-mail: valday@espol.edu.ec)
v nh gi cc phn C.2 - YHD, C.3 -
IHHN, C.4 WSD, C.5 - BMN v C.8 - TS.
TS. Eva-Maria Bernoth (AFFA -
xtrylia) v nhng s tho u tin
ca Bn hng dn v s c gng
bn b hon thnh Bn hng dn.
TS. Supranee Chinabut (AAHRI - Thi
Lan) v TS. Kamonporn Tonguthai
(Phng th nghim tham vn ca OIE
v EUS, AAHRI - Thi Lan) v nh
gi phn 2 - Bnh c v cung cp
thng tin cho phn F.2 - EUS.
ng Dan Fegan (Biotec - Thi Lan) v
GS. Tim Flegel (i hc Mahidol -
Thi Lan) v s ng gp m rng
phn 4 - Bnh gip xc, v cc phn
C.1 - K thut chung, C.2 - YHD, C.3
- IHHN v C.4 - WSD.
TS. Ken Hasson (Super Shrimp - M;
e-mail:hasson@supershrimp.com) v
nh gi phn 4 - Bnh gip xc v
cc phn C.1 - K thut chung, C.5 -
BMN, C.8 -TS v C.10 - NH.
TS. Mike Hine (MAF - New Zealand),
TS. Susan Bower (DFO - Canada),
Dr. Robert Adlard (Bo tng
Queensland - xtrylia), TS. Mi -
Seon Park v TS. Dong Lim Choi
(NFRDI - Hn Quc), TS. Brian Jones
(FWA - xtrylia), v c Daisy Ladra
(BFAR - Philippin) ho hip cung
cp cc nh cho phn 3 - Bnh ca
nhuyn th.

3
a ch v hp th in t ca cc n v ny c lit
k trong Hng dn Chn on bnh chu
GS. Don Lightner (i hc Arizona -
M; e-mail: dvl@u.arizona.edu) v
TS. Pornlerd Chanratchakool (AAHRI
- Thi Lan) ho hip cho php in
li nhiu nh trong n phm ca
Lightner (1996) v Chanratchakool v
cng s (1998); GS. Tim Flegel (i
hc Mahidol - Thi Lan) v TS.
Victoria Alday de Graindorge (CSA -
Ecuador) cung cp nh chp ly t
CD-ROM v chn on bnh tm;
GS. M. Shariff, Dr. Peter Walker v
TS.Fernando Jimenez (SEMARNAP-
Mexico e-mail: fhjimenez@hotmail.com)
cung cp nh cho phn 4 - Bnh
ca gip xc.
TS. Leigh Owens (i hc James
Cook - xtrylia, e-mail:
leigh.owens@jcu.edu.au) v nh gi
C.7 - SMVD.
GS. Md. Shariff (UPM - Malaysia)
cung cp thng tin cho phn C.4a -
BWSS.
TS. Peter Walker (CSIRO - xtrylia)
nh gi v vit li C.6 - GAV.
GS. Mamori Yoshimizu (i hc
Hokkaido - Nht Bn), GS. Kazuo
Ogawa (i hc tng hp Tokyo -
Nht Bn), GS. Kishio Hatai (HTH
v khoa hc kim dch v ng vt -
Nht Bn), TS. Hiroshi Yokoyama
(HTH Tokyo - Nht Bn, e-mail:
ayokoh@mail.ecc.utokyo.ac.jp), GS.
Chau Shi Shi (HQG i Loan;e-
mail: shauchi@ccms.ntu.edu.tw);
TS. J Richard Arthur (Canada), TS.
Roger Chong (Cc Thu sn v Bo
qun - Hongkong - Trung Quc), TS.
Richard B. Callinan (NSWF -
xtrylia) v TS. Mark Crane (AAHL -
xtrylia) ho hip cung cp nh
cho Phn 2 - Bnh ca c.
GS. Jiang Yulin (Phng thanh tra v
kim dch xut v nhp Shenzen -
CHND Trung Hoa) cung cp thng
tin v gp c gi tr cho Phn 2 -
Bnh ca c v nhiu nh chp.
L

x
Cc iu phi vin quc gia, cc thnh
vin ca Nhm Cng tc khu vc v C
quan Dch v H tr k thut h tr
hnh thnh ti liu Hng dn chn
on bnh chu . Hi cc nh bnh
c chu u (EAFP) cho php in li
nhiu nh chp t cun Ti nn lm
g?. Cc chuyn gia c lit k trong
cc Ph lc cng ng cung cp
thng tin v t vn v sc kho thuc
lnh vc chuyn mn ring ca h.
Chng ti xin cm n tt c cc v.
Chng ti c bit cm n TS. Michael
J.Phillips ca NACA v tm nhn v
ng vin lin tc ca ng; cc iu phi
vin ca NACA, ng Hassanai Kongkeo
(1996-2001) v ng Pedro Bueno (t
2001 n nay) v nhng h tr mnh
m n chng trnh sc kho ng vt
thy sn khu vc chu ; v nhm
Phng tin truyn thng chu v cc
tng sng to v hp tc hu ngh
ca h v p ng nhanh cc yu cu
i khi khng ng lc hon tt cun
Hng dn chn on bnh chu .
Ban bin tp
M
11
Trang b
Thn o v n quyn t ii
Chun o t lu iii
Tm tt iv
L t v
L n u vii
L m n ix
M l 11
T in tut n 15
C t vt tt 31
Tn o v tn tn n 33



I LI GII THIU 37
I.1 Bi cnh 38
I.2 Mc ch v phm vi 38
I.3 Hng dn cho ngi s dng 38
I.4 Sc kho v ng vt thy sn 40
I.5 Vai tr ca chn on bnh trong sc kho ca
ng vt thy sn 41
I.6 Cc mc chn on 41
I.7 Ti liu tham kho 44
Cu to pu mt xn in n 46

F.1 K tut un 48
F.1.1 Cc quan st tng qut 48
F.1.1.1 Tp tnh 48
F.1.1.2 Quan st b ngoi 48
F.1.1.2.1 Da v vy 48
F.1.1.2.2 Mang 49
F.1.1.2.3 Thn 50
F.1.1.3 Quan st bn trong 50
F.1.1.3.1 Khoang bng v C 50
F.1.1.3.2 Cc c quan 50
F.1.2 Cc ch tu m trn 51
F.1.3 Quy trn ung 51
F.1.3.1 Chun b trc khi ly mu 51
F.1.3.2. Thng tin chung 52
F.1.3.3 Ly mu kim tra sc kho 52
F.1.3.4 Ly mu chn on bnh 52
F.1.3.5 Ly mu sng vn chuyn 53
F.1.3.6 Ly mu m hoc c cht chuyn i 53
F.1.3.7 Bo qun (c nh) cc mu m 54
F.1.3.8 Vn chuyn mu bo qun 54
F.1.4. Ghi chp - Lu 55
F.1.4.1. Cc quan st tng qut 55
F.1.4.2 Quan st mi trng 55
F.1.4.3 Ghi chp v n c nui th 55
F.1.5 T lu tm o 55
PH - GI
PH - C
M

12
C
F.2 D n o t qun to mu 57
F.3 Bn o t qun to mu o nm trn 60
F.4 Virus c t n Oncorhynchus masou (OMV) 63
F.5 Ho t nm trn ty 66
F.6 Bnh vim no v vn m o rus 70
F.7 Bn nm rus vo m xun p 74
F.8 Bn nm trn xut uyt o rus 77
F.9 Bn u nn uyt 80
B
F.10 Bn nm un tn 84
C N QUAN
F.11 H n n l lot 88
PH
F.AI. C n t nm tm vn v n 93
F.AII. Danh s uyn u v v n
chu -Th n n 96
F.AIII. Danh s s tyn n u n v
bn u -Th n n 103
Cu to pu on u 106



M.1 K 108
M.1.1 C qun st un 109
M.1.1.1 Tp tnh 109
M.1.1.2 Cc quan st mt v ngoi 109
M.1.1.3 Cc quan st mt v trong 109
M.1.1.4 Cc b mt m mm 109
M.1.2 C tu m trn 112
M.1.3 C quy trn un 114
M.1.3.1 Chun b trc khi thu mu 114
M.1.3.2 Thng tin chung 114
M.1.3.3 Ly mu kim tra sc kho 114
M.1.3.4 Ly mu chn on bnh 114
M.1.3.5 Ly mu sng vn chuyn 114
M.1.3.6 Bo qun cc mu m 115
M.1.3.7 Vn chuyn cc mu bo qun 116
M.1.4 Lu - ghi chp 116
M.1.4.1 Cc quan st tng th 116
M.1.4.2 Cc quan st mi trng 117
M.1.4.3 Ghi chp v nui th 117
M.1.5 T lu tm o 117
C
M.2 Bn onm Bonamia sp., B. ostreae) 119
M.3 Bn rtl Marteilia refringens, M. sydneyi) 123
M.4 Bn roytos (Mikrocytos mackini, M roughleyi) 127
PH - C
M
13
M.5 Bn rnsus Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni) 131
M.6 Bn plosporum Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni) 136
M.7 Bn rtlos Marteilioides chungmuensis,
M. branchialis) 142
M.8 Bn rovrus n mn o u o rus 145
PH
M.AI. Phn m nm tm vn v n nuyn t
c 147
M.AII. Danh s uyn u v v n nuyn t
u n n 148
M.AIII. Danh s tyn n n on u n
v n nuyn t 150
Hn m t n tron v n no on tm 152


C.1 K 155
C.1.1 C qun st chung 155
C.1.1.1 Tp tnh 155
C.1.1.1.1 Tng qut 155
C.1.1.1.2 T l t vong 155
C.1.1.1.3 Hot tnh n 156
C.1.1.2 Cc quan st b mt 156
C.1.1.2.1 Hin tng sinh vt bm v n mn 156
C.1.1.2.2 Mm v, m v tn thng v 156
C.1.1.2.3 Mu sc 156
C.1.1.2.4 Cc quan st v mi trng 158
C.1.1.3 Cc b mt m mm 158
C.1.2 Cc ch tu mi trn 158
C.1.3 C quy trn un 158
C.1.3.1 Chun b trc khi thu mu 158
C.1.3.2 Thng tin chung 160
C.1.3.3 Ly mu kim tra sc khe 160
C.1.3.4 Ly mu chn on bnh 160
C.1.3.5 Ly mu sng vn chuyn 160
C.1.3.6 Bo qun cc mu m 162
C.1.3.7 Vn chuyn cc mu c bo qun 163
C.1.4 Ghi chp - Lu gi 163
C.1.4.1 Cc quan st chung 163
C.1.4.2 Cc quan st mi trng 163
C.1.4.3 Ghi chp v nui th 164
C.1.5 Ti liu tm o 164

C
C.2 Bn u vn 165
C.3 Bn o t v v qun to mu o nm
trn 171
C.4 Bn m trn WSD) 176
C.4a. H n m trn o v un 181
PH - B
M

14

C.5. Bn vrus o t tuyn rut 184
C.6. Virus gy t n mn 187
C.7. H n y t von tm m 190
C.8. H n ur 192
C.9 Bn o vrus a din nn 199
B
C.10 Bn o t n ty 205
B
C.11 Bn nm tm n 209
PH
C.A I C pn t nm tm vn v n
gip x 214
C.AII. Danh s uyn hu v v n p x
chu - Th n n 214
C.A III Danh s s tyn n u n n
on n p x u -Th n n 217
Danh s iu p vn qu s 219
C tn vn nm n t u v ) v tn
vin n v tr tut 223
Danh m n mn o 228
























T I
(1)

15
p xe Hin tng t tp ca cc t bo mu lin kt vi cc t bo b hoi
t ca vt ch. p xe c th cha hoc khng cha cn b t cc
sinh vt xm nhp m chng b phn ng t v ca vt ch tiu
dit. cc p xe sm c hin tng gim trong vic xc nh t
bo (nht l nhn) theo hng trung tm ca tn thng, so vi
cc t bo xung quanh vng ngoi bin. p xe thng lm suy
thoi cc lp m biu m v c th b thc bo bi cc t bo
bch cu hay t bo mu lin kt.
Cc yu t vi
sinh
Cc yu t vt cht c nh hng n s pht trin/tn ti ca
mt sinh vt.
Min dch tip
thu
Min dch thu c sau khi khi bnh (hoc tim vacxin) i vi 1
tc nhn gy bnh (hoc mt nhm tc nhn)
Cp tnh Nhim bnh hoc triu chng bnh l xy ra trong mt khong
thi gian ngn (xem mn tnh).
S kt bm (Gip xc) S lin kt ca cc m di lp v vi lp v do s
ph hu lp v bi vi khun phn hu kitin hoc nm. iu ny
cn tr qu trnh lt v.
Yu t bnh
nguyn hc
Sinh vt u tin gy ra nhng thay i vt ch, dn n bnh.
Bnh nguyn
hc
Khoa hc nghin cu v nguyn nhn ca bnh, bao gm cc
yu t thc y vic lan truyn v gy nhim ca yu t bnh
nguyn hc.
C bt C ca mt s loi c, c bit l c hi, khi vn cn ti non
hong.
Bnh thiu mu (ng vt c xng sng) S thiu ht mu hoc t bo hng
cu.
Chng bing n S mt cm gic thm n.
Tuyn ru (Gip xc) Cc l bi tit gc ru (cn gi l tuyn thn, c
quan bi tit v tuyn xanh l cy).
Khng th Mt protein c kh nng lin kt cho vi mt khng nguyn.
ng vt c xng sng, khng th c cc t bo bch huyt
sn xut ra i ph vi cc khng nguyn. C ch to ra
khng th trai, s, tm cua cha r.
Khng nguyn L mt cht hoc t bo gy phn ng min dch. Mt khng
nguyn c th c mt s phn t b mt (epitop) khng th
gn kt (xem cc khng th n dng v a dng)
ng vt thy
sn
C, nhuyn th v gip xc sng, bao gm cc sn phm sinh
sn ca chng, trng th tinh, phi v cc giai on u nin,
cc khu vc nui trng thy sn hoc t nhin.
Nui trng thy
sn
c gi ph bin l nui c, khi qut rng hn bao gm c
vic p n v nui thng mi ng vt thy sn v thc vt
bin v nc ngt
Bnh bng, c
trng
S tch t dch huyt thanh trong khoang bng; chng ph.
V trng Khng b nhim trng; tit trng

(1)
Nhng nh ngha ca cc t c * c ly t B quy tc quc t v sc kho ng vt thy sn ca OIE.
Xut bn ln th 3 - 2000. Tt c cc nh ngha khc c ly t cc ti liu tham kho sau y:
FAO/NACA (2000); T in y hc c minh ha ca Dorland (Xut bn ln th 27); T in thut ng Virus
bn quyn nm 1995 ca Carlton Hogan v HTH Minnestota (cho php c sao chp v s dng
http://www.virology.net/ATVG;ossary.html); T in y hc trc tuyn http://www.graylab.ac.uk/omd/index.html
T I

16
S teo bin Gim v tng s m, hoc kch thc ca mt c quan, sau
khi t c sinh trng bnh thng.
S t phn gii S ph v mng t bo do enzym, hot ng nh mt chc
nng bnh thng qu trnh i mi t bo hoc do nhim
trng.
Khng c Mt nhim trng khng gy ra bnh l (xem c).
Nui cy thun
khit
Nui cy ch cha cc t bo ca mt loi n (nui cy vi
khun) hoc dng t bo (nui cy m) (khng b nhim
hoc thun khit).
Vi khun hc Khoa hc tin hnh nghin cu v vi khun
Th thc khun (vit tt - thc khun) bt k virus no gy nhim cho vi
khun
Vi khun Cc sinh vt hin vi n bo khng nhn (cht nhn khng
nm trong mt nhn) c th sinh si bng cch phn chia t
bo (phn ct), c mt vch t bo in hnh; c th l hiu
kh hoc k kh, di ng hoc bt ng, sng t do, hoi
sinh hoc gy bnh.
a kim Cc thnh phn t bo v m c tnh axit bt mu vi cc
thuc nhum baz (nh hematoxylin); chromatin v mt s
sn phm tit trong cc t bo nhum c mu xanh da
tri n ta.
Php th sinh hc Mt quy trnh nh lng s dng n nhng sinh vt mn
cm thm d cc cht c hoc cc mm bnh.
Ging b m* C, nhuyn th hoc gip xc thnh thc v sinh dc.
Cha canxi C lin quan n hoc c cha vi hoc canxi.
n tht ln nhau Hin tng mt loi ng vt n chnh loi ng vt .
Vt mang bnh C th mang mm bnh nhng khng c triu chng r
rng v c kh nng lan truyn bnh; trng thi ca 1 c th
nh vy c gi l trng thi bnh.
Xrit Hin tng trao i cc sn phm ph c nhiu nhuyn
th hai mnh v. Hm lng cao khng bnh thng gy ra
stress c th do mi trng hoc do mm bnh c kch
thch v mt sinh l hc.
Tc nhn chelat Tc nhn ho hc dng kh carbonat canxi v nhuyn
th hoc ngc trai, v d axit ethylenediaminetetracetic
(EDTA).
Chemotherapeutant Ho cht dng iu tr mt nhim trng hoc mt ri lon
khng gy nhim trng
Kitin Di polysaccharide cc b xng ngoi ca nhng ng
vt chn khp, vch t bo ca hu ht nm v vch nang
ca tim mao trng.
Phn gii kitin (Nm hc v vi khun hc) Cc sinh vt phn gii kitin bng
cc men c kh nng ph v thnh phn kitin ca b xng
ngoi ng vt chn khp.
Mn tnh Nhim trng ko di c hoc khng biu hin cc du hiu
lm sng.
Lm sng Gn vi hoc cn c vo quan st thc t.
Cht nhim sc T hp nucleoprotein c cha h gen DNA v RNA trong
nhn ca hu ht cc t bo c nhn in hnh.

T I
(1)

17
Cc t bo sc t Cc t bo biu b c cha sc t, di ng, chu trch nhim
v mu.
Ciliostatic Ngoi c t, c t do mt s vi khun tit ra lm c ch
cc chc nng ca tim mao.
Dng Mt qun n pht sinh t mt c th ring l.
S ng t Hin tng vn cc (s dnh bm ca cc t bo mu)
Cht to mt v Cht albumin c cha m, mu nu sm, to nn nn tng
hu c ca v nhuyn th.
Kt vn Cc th n trong tiu qun v cc t bo thn ca ip v
trai ngc c to ra trong chu trnh tiu ho. Cc th n
tng t cng c tm thy trong biu b ca cc nhuyn
th khc.
Truyn nhim Bnh ly lan thng thng qua tip xc trc tip gip c th
nhim bnh v c th khng nhim bnh.
Gip xc* ng vt thy sn thuc ngnh Arthropoda, mt lp ln cc
ng vt sng trong nc c b xng ngoi bng kitin v
cc phn ph khp, v d cua, tm hm, tm cng xanh, tm
nc l, tm nc ngt, b ng vt chn u, b c v
cng Ostracoda, b c chn b v chn bi Amphipoda.
V cutin Lp v ca ng vt chn khp c bn cht protein, gm 1
lp mng ngoi, mt lp ngoi biu b ri n mt lp ni
biu b (canxi ha) v 1 lp mng cha b canxi ha. Kitin c
mt trong tt c cc lp tr lp mng ngoi.
Nang (a) Mt trng thi ng ca mt sinh vt sng t do hoc k
sinh, hoc
(b) Phn ng ca vt ch bao quanh mnh mt kch thch
hoc nhim trng m.
T bo hc Khoa hc nghin cu v t bo, ngun gc, cu trc, chc
nng v bnh l hc ca t bo.
Hiu ng gy
bnh t bo
Gn lin vi hoc c trng bi nhng thay i bnh l trong
t bo
S kh canxi Qu trnh loi b cht canxi.
S ct u Ct b phn u.
Deoxyribovirus (virus DNA) virus c b gen axit deoxyribonucleic (xem
Ribovirus)
DFAT Php th/k thut khng th hunh quang trc tip; mt k
thut ca php th min dch s dng khng th nh du
xc nh s gn kt vi mt khng nguyn c hiu.
S thot mch S di chuyn ca cc t bo mu qua lp biu m loi b
cc sn phm ph ca trao i cht, cc t bo cht v
nhim trng vi sinh vt.
Bnh S ri lon cu trc hoc chc nng bnh thng ca bt k
b phn, c quan, hoc h thng ca c th c biu hin
bi cc triu chng, du hiu c trng m bnh l hc, tc
nhn gy bnh hoc tin lng bnh c th c bit hoc
cha c bit.
Tc nhn gy
bnh
Mt sinh vt gy ra hoc gp phn vo vic hnh thnh bnh.
Chn on* Xc nh bn cht ca mt bnh.
Kh trng* Vic p dng cc quy trnh lm sch tiu dit cc tc nhn
gy bnh ng vt thy sn, thc hin c s nui trng
thy sn (nh tri ging, tri nui, dng c th b nhim
trc tip hoc gin tip).

T I

18
DNA (ssDNA,
dsDNA)
Axit Nucleic cu to bi cc deoxyribonucleotid cha cc
baz adenin, guanin, cytosin v thymin.
Mt s virus c DNA mch n ( dng vng) cn t bo
Eukaryote v phn ln virus, DNA c cu trc mch kp.
on d DNA Cc on DNA c nh du gip cho vic thm d
cc on DNA tng ng trong cc mu m hoc cc mu
canh trng.
Chng ph S tch t dch huyt thanh khng bnh thng trong cc m
t bo hoc xoang trong c th.
Tuyn lt xc (Gip xc) xem c quan Y.
Ngoi k sinh
trng
K sinh trng sng b mt c th vt ch.
ELISA K thut hp th min dch lin kt enzym dng pht hin
khng nguyn (ELISA bt khng nguyn) hoc khng th
(ELISA bt khng th).
S gy mn Mt trng thi hao mn ca c th.
Dch a phng Xut hin hoc thng lu hnh u n trong mt qun th
hoc mt khu vc a l.
Thuc ni m C lin quan n hoc cu thnh ni m.
Ni m Lp cc t bo ni b lt mt trong ca xoang tim v ca cc
mch mu v bch huyt, cc xoang huyt thanh ca c th
c ngun gc t lp trung b.
Cng sinh ni
bo
S kt hp gia hai sinh vt (mt sinh vt sng bn trong sinh
vt khc) m c hai u c li hoc chu hu qu ngc
khng r rng.
Lp v (Virus hc) mng lipoprotein cu to t cc lipid ca vt ch
v protein ca virus (cc virus khng c v c cu to lng
lo t v capsid v nhn nucleoprotein)
Dch ng vt a
phng
Xut hin trong qun n vo mi thi im nhng ch xy ra
vi mt s t trng hp.
a Eosin Cc thnh phn c bn ca t bo v m bt mu khi nhum
bng cc thuc nhum axit (Eosin); cc t bo nhum c
mu hng n .
Sinh vt bm Cc sinh vt (vi khun, nm, to.vv...) sng trn b mt (xem
hin tng bm bn) ca cc sinh vt sng khc.
Mu bn (Gip xc) phn thm bng cuticun ca gc cc chn b
(pereipod).
Epitope Cu trc trn b mt khng nguyn kch thch p ng min
dch v lm gi gn khng th.
Dch bnh Gy ra cho nhiu ng vt trong cng mt thi gian; pht tn
rng v lan truyn nhanh (ng ngha vi epidemic - dng cho
bnh ngi).
Dch t hc Khoa hc nghin cu cc yu t quyt nh v gy nh hng
n tn sut v phn b ca bnh hoc cc yu t khc c
lin quan v cc nguyn nhn ca chng trong mt qun th
xc nh nhm mc ch thit lp ra cc chng trnh phng
nga v kim sot s pht trin v ly lan dch bnh.

T I
(1)

19
Bnh hc v
dch ng vt
Nghin cu cc yu t gy ra bnh bi mt tc nhn gy bnh.
Biu m Lp cc t bo bao ph b mt c th v tt c lp mng lt d
dy - rut. Cc biu m thng l mt t bo dy v c mt
mng c bn h tr.
S n mn Hin tng ph hu b mt ca mt m, nguyn liu hoc cu
trc.
Sinh vt c
nhn in
hnh
Sinh vt c cha cc nhim sc th bn trong mt nhn c
mng lin kt bao ngoi (xem sinh vt khng c nhn in hnh).
Enzym ngoi
bo
Enzym bn ngoi t bo c mt t bo hoc mt vi sinh vt
phng thch ra.
Li mt S nh ra khng bnh thng ca nhn cu.
B xng
ngoi
(Gip xc) Lp v bao ngoi ca gip xc (v cc ng vt chn
t khc) bng kitin v canxi bo v cc m mm bn trong.
Dch r L vt cht, nh dch, cc t bo hoc cn b t bo, thot ra
khi cc mch mu v lng ng trong cc m hoc trn b
mt m, y thng l kt qu ca s vim ty.
Cht m i Cht d dng v khng au n
Lc Cho chy mt cht lng qua mt ci lc nh lc hp dn, nn
hoc ht chn khng.
C* C nc ngt hoc nc bin bt k giai on no.
C bt u trng c va mi n.
C ging C nh hoc cn non.
C nh mu Bo qun cc m trong mt cht lng ngn cn protein v lipit
b phn hu v hoi t; mu vt c tip tc x l; v ni cht
ca t bo v cn t bo c bo qun gn ging vi trng thi
sng.
Cht c nh Mt cht lng (v d aldehyde hoc dung dch ethanol gc) c kh
nng ngn nga s bin tnh v t tiu do lin kt cho ca cc
protein.
Cc vt l Bt k sinh vt hoc tiu phn v sinh no khng c to thnh
t m vt ch.
Formalin Dung dch 37% ca formaldehyde.
Hin tng
bm bn
Hin tng cc sinh vt sng t do bm trn cc gi th cng
thnh khi tp on. Vic c qu nhiu sinh vt sng bm, v d
nh nhuyn th hoc tm, c th lm ngn cn cc chc nng
bnh thng ca c th, lm cho chng b yu v cht.
Ngnh Nm Mi thnh vin ca ngnh ny, bao gm cc c th n bo hoc
a nhn, sng c nh phn hu v hp thu vt cht hu c.

T I

20
H ming v Cc nhuyn th yu khng th khp kn v khi nhc ra khi nc;
vic ny nhanh chng lm cho cc m mm b kh hoc b n tht.
iu ny chng t nhuyn th sng trong iu kin mi trng
xu (k c c kh nng nhim bnh)
Nhum
Gram
Cch nhum phn ho vi khun c vch t bo thm c
(Gram m) v vch t bo km thm (Gram dng).
U ht Bt k ht nh no hn ch s kt t ca cc t bo mu dng ht,
hoc lm ci bin cc i thc bo ging nh cc t bo biu m
(cc t bo dng biu m).
S to ra u
ht
Cc virus thuc h Baculoviridae thuc nhm ph (B), c trng
bi mt capsid nhn n trong bao. Cc virus gy ra u ht to
thnh cc th n ni nhn hnh ellip hoc hnh trn (cc ht nh
hoc cc nang) c cha mt hoc hai virion (dng virus ngh
ngoi t bo ch).
Cc du
hiu th
Cc du hiu ca bnh c th thy c bng mt thng.
To mu C lin quan n hoc c nh hng n s hnh thnh cc t bo
mu.
M to mu (B Mi chn) Mt di m gm nhiu thu nh c bao quanh
bi m lin kt dng si, chy di theo b mt lng bn ca phn
pha sau d dy tim (Brachyura) hoc bao quanh cc mch mu
ca ng mch bn, cc chn hm th cp v cc m vng
thng v (Penaeidae v Nephropidae); (nhuyn th hai v) cha
bit (ng vt c xng sng) l lch.
Hng cu T bo mu.
Huyt tng Phn khng c t bo mu c cha mt dung dch gm protein v
cc phn t bo v phi protein.
S lng
ng hng
cu
S tch t hng cu xung quanh cc m b tn thng hoc b
nhim trng; khi kiu ca t bo hng cu c trch nhim chung
nht cho thc bo l cc bch cu ht, s lng ng tp trung
thng c chuyn sang cho u ht.
S tiu hu
hng cu
S ph hu c h thng cc t bo mu.
S xut
huyt
(ng vt c xng sng) hin tng mu thot ra khi mch
mu; chy mu. (ng vt khng xng sng) s mt mt khng
kim sot c ca cc t bo mu do m b chn thng, t
gy biu m, xuyn mch ca bch cu mn tnh.
Tri ng
p*
Cc c s nui trng thy sn nui ng vt thy sn t trng
th tinh.
Khi gan ty C quan tiu ho bao gm cc ng ph lng rung v cc ng nh
ct, chng tit ra cc men tiu ho chy qua biu m ng tiu ho;
cn c nhim v thi ra cc sn phm ph ca trao i cht v cc
cht thi phn t hoc vi sinh khc.
M hc Nghin cu cu trc rt nh, thnh phn v chc nng ca cc
m.
S phn hu
m
S suy thoi ca m do kt qu phn r ca cc mng sinh cht.
M bnh hc Nhng thay i v cu trc v chc nng trong m v cc c quan
ca c th m chng gy ra hoc do mt bnh gy ra c trong cc
mu chun b cho m hc.

T I
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21
C dch
ng nht
M nm trong mt trng thi lng trong ton b cu trc t bo
l khng hp nht.
Vt ch Mt c th sinh vt b mt sinh vt khc gy bnh.
Chn nui Qun l cc ng vt b nht gi nng cao sinh sn, sinh
trng v sc kho.
S pht trin
qu mc
S tng khng bnh thng v kch c ca mt m hoc c quan
do tng ln v s lng t bo.
S trng to S m rng khng bnh thng ca cc t bo do kch thch hoc
do mt sinh vt ni bo gy bnh.
Si nm (Nm hc) Cc t bo dng ng ca nm si; c th phn chia
bng cch ngn vch thnh si nm a bo, c th phn nhnh.
Cc si nm lin kt qua li c gi l th si nm (khun ty
th).
Hnh 12 mt Hnh dng ca virus c 5-3-2 i xng v 20 mt hnh tam gic
gn u.
IFAT K thut/Php th khng nguyn hunh quang gin tip; mt k
thut s dng khng th khng nh du v mt khng globulin
min dch c nh du to thnh mt bnh kp gia vi bt
k khng th bao ly khng nguyn.
Min dch Vic t v chng li bnh nhim trng do p ng min dch to
ra nh gy min dch hoc do nhim bnh trc hoc do cc
yu t khng phi l min dch.
Gy min
dch
Vic bo v chng li bnh do to ra cc khng nguyn mt cch
ch tm hnh thnh nn vic nhn din h thng bo v v
tng cng cc phn ng tip theo chng li chnh nhng
khng nguyn .
Xt nghim
min dch
K thut s dng phn ng khng nguyn - khng th pht
hin v nh lng cc khng nguyn, khng th hoc cc cht
c lin quan (xem ELISA, IFAT, DFAT)
Suy thoi
min dch
Hin tng suy gim khi to ra h thng min dch cho cc khng
nguyn do nhim bnh (cng hoc khc tc nhn).
Hunh
quang min
dch
Phng php ho m min dch s dng khng th c nh
du bng thuc nhum hunh quang.
L trc tip - nu mt khng th hoc huyt thanh min dch c
trng c cht hunh quang v c dng nh mt thuc nhum
c trng c hunh quang.
L gin tip - nu cht hunh quang c gn vi mt cht khng
globulin, v mt thnh phn ca m c nhum khi dng mt
khng th c trng khng nh du v cht khng globulin
c nh du s ngn tr khng th khng nh du.
Globulin
min dch
Tp hp cc protein cu trc to nn cc chui phn t trng
lng nng hay nh c lin kt bng cc lin kt disulphid;
thng c to ra p ng vi kch thch ca khng nguyn.
Ho m
min dch
Vic p dng cc mi tng tc khng nguyn - khng th vo k
thut ho hc m, ging nh trong vic trong vic s dng hunh
quang min dch.

T I

22
Min dch
hc
Mt nhnh ca khoa hc y sinh hc chuyn v cc phn ng ca c
th vi kch thch ca khng nguyn, vic tha nhn do t bn thn
v khng phi t bn thn, v ton b cc phm tr sinh hc (trn c
th sng), huyt thanh hc (trong ng nghim) v l ho hc ca cc
tnh trng min dch.
Kch thch
min dch
S gia tng cc phn ng t v, v d nh tim vacxin.
Gy min
dch
S cm ng ca min dch.
Th vi/th
n
Cc th ri rc khng c trng c trong t bo cht hoc nhn ca
mt t bo. Thng c cc tp on virus (th Cowdry, cc th
vi/th bt Polyhedrin), hoc vi khun.
Truyn
nhim
Kh nng lan truyn hoc gy ra nhim bnh.
Nhim trng,
nhim khun
S xm nhp v gia tng ca mt sinh vt truyn nhim trong cc
m ca mt vt ch. C th lnh v mt lm sng (cn lm sng
hoc mang bnh) hoc gy ra tn thng trong t bo hoc m.
Hin tng nhim trng c th ch nh khu, cn lm sng v tm
thi nu c cc c ch t v ca vt ch c hiu qu hoc n c th
lan truyn thnh bnh cp tnh, bn cp tnh hoc mn tnh.
S xm
nhim
(ng vt khng xng sng) S di chuyn ca t bo mu n ni
m m b tn thng hoc nhim trng do mt c th/sinh vt l (s
vim ty). Hin tng xm nhim cng c th xy ra hp th v
vn chuyn cc cht dinh dng theo nh thng l v loi b cc
sn phm thi.
S vim ty
(ng vt c xng sng) Phn ng ban u ca tn thng m
c c trng bi vic thi cc amin gy ra gin mch, xm nhim
cc t bo mu, protein v gy ng c th c lin quan n pht
ra nhit.
(ng vt khng c xng sng) Hin tng xm nhim phn ng
li tn thng ca m hoc mt c th l. Xm nhim c th ch xy
ra tng vng, lan ta hoc ton b h thng.
Min dch
bm sinh
C ch t v ca vt ch m khng cn n tip xc trc vi mm
bnh.
Cng
nhim trng
Mt s tc nhn gy ra nhim trng trong mt c th sinh vt hoc
mt loi; cng trung bnh l s lng trung bnh cc tc nhn
gy ra nhim trng c tt c cc c th b nhim trong mt mu.
Gian bo Nm hoc xy ra gia cc t bo trong mt m.
M k, m
lin bo
M hoc cc t bo gia cc h thng c quan lin kt biu m;
cn gi l m (t bo) Leydig (nhuyn th) hoc m lin kt.
Ni bo Nm hoc xy ra trong mt t bo.
Trong o (Nhuyn th) Khong khng gia o, mang v cc m mm khc;
khong khng gia lp o v v trong l khoang ngoi o.
S tan nhn Mt dng ca hoi t m ti cc cht lc nhim sc khi nhn
khng lm t gy mng nhn, li mt nhn nh rng.
V nhn,
phn mnh
nhn
S t gy ca nhn v mng nhn, li cc ht nhim sc
trong t bo cht.
Tn thng Bt k thay i v bnh hc hoc tn thng no hnh dng hoc
chc nng ca m.

T I
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23
Trng thi l

Trng thi ng l m khng bnh thng hoc n (ch phn
ng vi kch thch mnh); mt iu kin ca bnh tm thn.
S ho lng S chuyn ho ca mt m thnh bn lng hay lng do b hoi t.
Pht sng Vi khun bin hoc a mn rng c cha luciferase (cht c
hunh quang enzym vi khun), v d nh Vibrio harveyi v V.
splendidus
C quan
bch huyt
(Gip xc) C quan nm gia cc ngn ca d dy trc v sau,
lin kt ng mch di d dy vi ng mch ch trc, thng
qua mt lot cc ng ni nh.
C quan
bch huyt
Cc khi t bo hnh cu bao gm cc t bo mu th thc bo
tu tin, cc hnh cu c lp virus hi chng Taura (TVS) v qun
t trong cc khong gia cc ng ca cc c quan bch huyt.
i thc bo (ng vt c xng sng) Cc t bo mu dng amp c ln (10-
20mm), c trch nhim thc bo, vim nhim, sn sinh ra khng
th v c t t bo.
C quan
hm
(Gip xc) Mt c quan ln c tuyn gn lp biu b bng
gia cc hm; c lin quan vi chu k lt xc, mc d n khng
sn sinh ra hoc-mn kch thch lt xc.
S co rt lp
o
Trong cc giai on nhuyn th ngng sinh trng, lp o co li
khi mp v. Vic co rt lp o ko di lm cho mp v trong b
m gy ra b hao mn v bn.
Sc t en
melanin
Sc t nu - en sm ca indole quinone c cc thuc tnh c ch
enzym. N gp phn to ra c ch t v ban u chng li tn
thng lp cuticun v biu b nhiu loi gip xc.
S ho en Cc cht cn khng bnh thng ca sc t en cc c quan v
m khc nhau.
T bo sc
t en
(Gip xc) Cc t bo biu b c cha melanin.
S bin m S thay i hnh dng ca t bo biu m, v d t dng ct sang
dng hnh khi hoc hnh vy (phng).
Vi tp on Cc qun th c mng lin kt ca vi khun Chlamydia hoc cc
tp on Rickettsiae lin kt khng mng.
Sinh vt hin
vi
Ch yu l cc virus, vi khun v nm (cc loi hin vi v cc loi
nhn thy c bng mt thng c lin quan v phn loi). Cc
ng vt nguyn sinh v to hin vi cng c coi l cc sinh vt
hin vi.
Cc on d
phn t
Xem on d DNA.
Nhuyn th* Thu sinh vt thuc ngnh Nhuyn th trong gii Metazoa c c
tnh l c th mm khng phn t. Phn ln nm trong lp v
ca vi. Cc giai on pht trin khc nhau ca nhuyn th
c gi tn l u trng, hu u trng, giai on cn non, u nin
v trng thnh.
Khng th
n dng
Cc phn t khng th ng nht c sinh sn v tnh ca t
bo to ra khng th v chu trch nhim v mt epitop khng
nguyn n l.
Sp cht B bnh, gn cht.
T vong B cht.

T I

24
Lt xc, lt v (Gip xc) S lt b b gip ngoi cho php tng trng
(tng v kch c) cc m mm bn trong.
C dch nhy C lin quan n hoc tng t nh dch nhy.
Dch nhy Cht nhy t do ca mng nhy, bao gm cht tit ra ca cc
tuyn, cng vi cc mui v c khc nhau, cc t bo v bch
cu bong ra.
Bnh hc a
nguyn
Bnh c lin quan vi nhiu tc nhn gy bnh; c th trc tip
thuc v mt hoc nhiu sinh vt b nhim.
Cc tp on
si nm
(Vi khun hc) Tp on tng trng ca vi khun Gram dng
Actinomycete vi cc si nm hnh cnh c th phn t thnh
cc dng que hoc hnh cu.
Si nm (Nm hc) Mng c to thnh bi cc si nm lin kt vi
nhau.
Nm hc Khoa hc nghin cu v nm (Mycota).
Bnh nm Bnh do nm gy nn.
S thoi ho
c
S suy thoi ca cc si c.
u trng
mysis
(Gip xc) Giai on u trng sng ngoi khi gia giai on
zoea v hu u trng.
X c Lp trong ca v nhuyn th; c th c cht c bn nh tinh th
ng sc.
u trng
Nauplius
(Gip xc) Giai on u trng sm nht; c ba i phn ph, ru
1 c mt nhnh, ru 2 hai nhnh v cc hm.
Hoi t Tp hp cc thay i v hnh thi hc biu th ca t bo cht v
do hot ng suy thoi gia tng v khng o ngc c ca
cc enzym gy ra; n c th tc ng n cc nhm t bo hoc
mt phn ca cu trc hoc mt c quan; hoi t c th c cc
dng khc nhau v c lin quan vi vic tng sinh cc sinh vt
hoi sinh (vi khun, nm hoc ng vt nguyn sinh).
Cc bnh
phi khai
bo*
Cc bnh phi khai bo vi OIE c ngha l danh sch cc bnh
phi bo co, chng c tm quan trng vi kinh t x hi
v/hoc sc kho cng ng trong cc quc gia v chng ng
c quan tm trong thng mi quc t ng vt thy sn v
cc sn phm ng vt thy sn (xem OIE 1997; OIE 2000 a,b).
Virus a din
c nhn
Cc Baculovirus (Tp A) sn sinh ra protein a din bn trong
nhn (xem cc th bt/vi a din).

Nucleocapsid,
capsid nhn
Hn hp axit protein-nucleic to thnh li, v protein capsid
v/hoc nucleoprotein xon ca virion (dng virus ngh ngoi
t bo ch).
Bt (Mch) Hin tng lp y hoc chn cc xoang mch bng cc
t bo mu; s xm nhim ca cc t bo mu, mt s t bo
chm su trong cc m vy quanh cc xoang mch; lp y hoc
chn cc ng dn sinh dc, ng dn ca thn, cc ng
hoc ng dn tiu ho bng cc t bo mu hoc cc cn b
khc ca t bo.
Th n (xem th vi/th n a din).

T I
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25

Chng ph
thng
S c mt ca nhiu dch lng khng bnh thng trong cc khong
gian bo ca c th.
Tnh c hi Sinh vt c th gy ra bnh khi sc khng ca vt ch b gim st
do cc yu t khc (mt cn bnh khc, cc iu kin i nghch cho
sinh trng, thuc v.v...)
iu ho
p sut
thm thu
Vic duy tr p sut thm thu ca mt sinh vt n gin hoc t bo
ca c th cho ph hp vi mi trng xung quanh.
Nhng
bnh ng
quan tm
khc*
Nhng bnh c tm quan trng hin nay hoc tim nng ca quc t
trong ngh nui trng thy sn, nhng vn cha c a vo danh
sch cc bnh phi khai bo vi OIE v km quan trng hn cc
bnh phi khai bo, hoc do phn b a l ca chng cn hn ch,
hoc cha c xc nh y , hoc do cn nguyn ca bnh
cha c hiu r y hoc cha c cc phng php chn
on c cng nhn (xem OIE 1997, OIE 2000 a,b).
Bng pht S pht trin t ngt ca bnh trong cc mc dch bnh.
Cng khai mi ngi thy r; khng che du.
K sinh
trng
Mt sinh vt sng nh hoc trong mt sinh vt sng khc (vt ch)
nh n c c mt s u th, thng l v dinh dng.
K sinh
trng hc
Khoa hc tin hnh nghin cu v k sinh trng.
ng dn (Virus hc) Vic chuyn thnh cng mt virus hoc cc tc nhn gy
bnh khc thng qua mt lot cc con vt thc nghim, nui cy m
hoc mi trng tng hp c din ra s sinh trng trong mi mi
trng.
Nhim
khun r
Thi k m cc du hiu lm sng v/hoc sinh vt b bnh c th
c pht hin.
Mm bnh Mt tc nhn c kh nng gy bnh.
Kh nng
gy bnh
Kh nng to ra nhng thay i v bnh l hoc bnh.
Triu trng
c trng
ca bnh
Du hiu hoc triu chng khc bit ca mt bnh c trng hoc
iu kin gy bnh.
Bnh hc Nghin cu ngun gc t nhin ca bnh, nht l nhng thay i v
cu trc v chc nng trong cc m v c quan ca c th m
chng gy ra hoc do bnh gy ra.
PCR Phn ng nh chui polymerase, mt qu trnh m cc trnh t axit
nucleic c th c lp li.
Chn b (Gip xc) Cc phn ph ngc (chn b).
Lp sng
ngoi
(Nhuyn th) Cc lp canxi ca v c cha protein quinin.
Cc th
thc khun
(Xem Th thc khun).
S thc
bo
S chp nhn mt vt cht t mi trng bi mt t bo nh s ln
mng sinh cht ca n.

T I

26


Mng sinh
cht
Mng bao ph nguyn sinh cht v cc bo quan ca mt t bo.
Chn bi Cc chn nh ca mt s gip xc.
a hnh Mt sinh vt c nhiu dng chui c th trong mt chu k sng
(vng i).
RNA
polyadenaltat
RNA thng tin c lin kt chui polyadenylat mch cui th 3
ca phn t. y l dng ph bin hu ht cc RNA thng tin
ca sinh vt c nhn in hnh v cng c mt s ribovirus.
Chc nng ca phn thm vo ny hin cha r.
Cc khng
th a loi
(PAb)
(Chnh xc hn nhng t dng l huyt thanh min dch a dng)
Mt huyt thanh min dch c chun b t mt sinh vt c
tip xc vi mt khng nguyn. PAb c cha mt s khng th
khc nhau, mi khng th c trng cho mt epitop khc nhau
ca cng mt khng nguyn (xem khng th n dng).
Th vi a
din/Th n
a din
(POB, PIB)
Mt cu trc tinh th c c s l protein c lm t polyhedrin
(Baculovirus nhm A - Cc virus a din c nhn (NPV) hoc
granulin (Baculovirus nhm B - cc virus gy u nang ht (GV).
Baculovirus nhm C khng to thnh cc th n).
a hnh (a) Kh nng ca cc phn t, nh cc enzym, c th tn ti
mt s dng; (b) Kh nng m nhn ca mt s t bo (v d, t
bo mu) c th thay i hnh dng; v (c) kh nng ca cc vi
sinh vt thay i hnh dng (v d, mt s loi hoc m ca cc
vt ch khc nhau).
Mt li S nh ra khng bnh thng ca mt ra khi mt.
Hu u trng
(PL)
Giai on bin thi tip theo t u trng n u nin trong vng
i ca gip xc. tm he, thng c tnh theo s ngy sau
khi xut hin cc c im hu u trng, ngha l, PL12 ch mt
hu u trng sng c 12 ngy k t khi bin thi ca n t
giai on zoea.
ch hi Mt sinh vt tm cc yu t tn ti nh cc sinh vt ca cc loi
khc, bng cch n hoc ph hu chng.
M ng,
to khuynh
hng
To ra mn cm cho mt bnh c th kch hot bi mt s iu
kin, v d nh bi stress.
T lm v
sinh
(Gip xc) Lm sch cc m bn ngoi hoc trng b bm bn;
mt s gip xc ci bin cc phn ph tng cng t lm
v sinh (v d, nhng tm lc mang ca Brachyura).
Giai on
trc khi
pht bnh
Giai on gia nhim trng v biu hin cc du hiu lm sng
ca bnh.
Tn s thc
t
T l % ca cc c th trong mt mu b nhim bi mt bnh
c trng, mt k sinh trng hoc mt s sinh vt khc.
Sinh vt
cha c
nhn in
hnh
(Vi khun) T bo vi sinh vt trong cc nhim sc th khng
c bao bc trong mt nhn.
Phng bnh Vic lm hoc dng ho tr liu tc ng ln cc vt nui kho
mnh phng bnh (xem iu tr).
Mn m Mt u di biu b c cc cht cn b ca t bo b hoi t do
vim (s lng kt t bo mu) phn ng li mt nhim trng
tp trung.
T I
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27

Gi nh C ngha l mi ngh, phng on hoc tin tng.
S thoi
ho t bo
S rt ngn ca ni cht nhn thnh mt khi khng u nhum
mu sm (a kim), du hiu ca t bo cht.
Cch ly Gi hoc nui cc ng vt thy sn cc iu kin phng
chng pht tn v lan truyn cc mm bnh m chng mang theo
ra mi trng xung quanh. Vic ny thng km theo tit
trng/kh trng ton b cc vt liu thi v cch ly.
Cc bin php cch ly l cc bin php c xy dng t kt qu
phn tch ri ro nhm khng cho lan truyn cc tc nhn gy bnh
do vic di chuyn cc ng vt thy sn sng, vi cc qu trnh
qun l sc kho trc v sau bin gii, tuy nhin cc hot ng
ny cng c p dng nh nhau cho c vic di chuyn ng vt
thy sn sng trong phm vi quc gia.
S sa
cha
Qu trnh khi phc s ton vn v gii phu v chc nng ca
cc m sau khi b tn thng hoc b bnh.
Ni cha
ngun bnh
(Vt ch hoc nhim bnh) mt vt ch trung gian hoc th ng
hoc vt mang bnh c cha cc sinh vt l mm bnh, khng t
gy ra tn thng cho mnh, v c coi nh l mt ngun m t
cc c th khc c th b nhim bnh.
Sc
khng
(Vi bnh) Kh nng ca mt sinh vt c th kim tra c cc
nh hng v bnh l ca mt bnh. Sc khng khng cn thit
phi hu dit bnh (khc x) v cc mc chu ng khc nhau
vi bnh c th c bc l. Cc nhim bnh cn lm sng nng
l biu hin ca sc khng.
Sc khng (Sc khng thuc hoc cht khng sinh) Kh nng ca mt vi
khun thot khi b tiu hu bi thuc khng sinh. iu ny c th
do nhng thay i trong cc thuc tnh khng nguyn ca vi khun.
Nhng chng khng thuc ca mm bnh s sng st v sinh si
pht trin. iu c th to ra sc khng vi cc cht
khng sinh c lin quan ( khng cho) hoc khng c lin quan
( khng thuc a dng).
Ribosom Cc ht ni t bo cht giu RNA v c chc nng trong tng hp
protein.
Ribovirus
(RNA-virus)
Virus c mt h gen axit ribonucleic (xem RNA,Deoxyribovirus)
Ri ro Xc sut ca cc tc ng xu n sc kho ng vt thy sn,
tnh a dng sinh hc ca mi trng v ni v/hoc cc u t
kinh t - x hi.
RNA Axit ribonucleic c cha cc ribonucleotid cu to t cc baz
(ssRNA, dsRNA) adenin, guanin, cytosin v uracil.
Cc on
d RNA
Cc on RNA c nh du xc nh cc on tng ng
ca RNA hoc DNA trong m hoc cc mu nui cy.
rRNA (RNA ribosom) Loi RNA cu thnh th ribonucleoprotein v c
trch nhim tng hp protein trong t bo.
Sinh vt
hoi sinh
Cc sinh vt nhn c dinh dng t vt cht hu c cht.
Th nt ri
= th lit
sinh
Giai on hoc dng pht trin a nhn trong qu trnh lit sinh.
T I

28

Th cp B nhim bnh do gim sc khng ca vt ch nh l h qu
ca vic nhim bnh sm.
Nhim trng
huyt
Bnh h thng c lin quan vi s c mt v tn lu ca cc vi sinh
vt gy bnh hoc cc cht c ca chng trong mu; nhim c
mu.
Huyt thanh
hc
Thut ng hin dng ch vic s dng cc phn ng dng o
cc chun ca khng th huyt thanh trong bnh nhim khun
(cc php th huyt thanh), ch cc mi quan h tng tc v
lm sng ca chun khng th (huyt thanh hc ca bnh) v
vic s dng cc phn ng huyt thanh xc nh cc khng
nguyn.
Huyt thanh Dch c thnh phn l huyt tng ng t.
Hng c
vn chuyn*
Mt nhm ng vt thy sn hoc sn phm d nh vn chuyn.
Ti bo t (Nm hc) mu li ca si nm c cha cc bo t ng hoc bt
ng; vic gii phng bo t c phng qua mt l hoc ph v
vch ca ti bo t.
Ti bo t (Vi khun hc) Vch hoc mt phn ca t bo pht trin tip sau
thnh mt bo t ni sinh.
Bo t Giai on lan truyn ca mt c th m n thng chng chi c
vi mi trng nh c mt hoc nhiu mng bo v.
S hnh
thnh bo t
S to thnh hoc ti sn xut ra bo t.
S kh
trng
Bt k qu trnh no (vt l hoc ha hc) dit hoc ph hu ton
b cc sinh vt gy nhim, bt k loi no; mi trng kh
trng (lng hoc rn) l khng cn mt sinh vt sng no.
Stress Tng cng tt c cc phn ng sinh hc gy ra cc kch thch bt
li (vt l, bn trong hoc bn ngoi) gy xo trn trng thi n nh
ca sinh vt.
Cn lm
sng
Nhim bnh nhng khng c cc triu chng r rt hoc du hiu
lm sng ca bnh, hoc l giai on nhim bnh bo trc c
s p ti ca cc du hiu lm sng.
Gim st* Mt lot cc iu tra c h thng trn mt qun n ng vt thy
sn xc nh s xut hin ca bnh nhm mc ch kim tra, v
c th c c vic xt nghim cc mu ca mt qun n.
Mn cm Mt sinh vt khng c min dch hoc khng vi bnh t mt
sinh vt khc.
Hi chng Mt tp hp cc du hiu lm sng m khi chng cng biu hin ra
s ch th cho mt bnh phn bit hoc tnh trng khng bnh
thng.
Hp lc (Nhim bnh) Bnh tng ln do hai hoc nhiu bnh do cc tc
nhn khc nhau, so vi nh hng t cc tc ng ring l.
Tnh h
thng
C lin quan n hoc tc ng n c th nh l mt tng th.
Nhim bnh
c tnh h
thng
Mt cn bnh gy ra trn ton b c th.
Thi ui S tan ra ca m ui v vy.
t ui (Gip xc) t tn cng ca phn bng ni cc chn ui.
T I
(1)

29

Tomont Giai on phn chia, khng n hoc mt dng trong vng i ca
mt s ng vt nguyn sinh, m in hnh l kt nang v sn sinh
ra tomit nh phn ct.
Lan truyn Vic truyn mt tc nhn gy bnh t mt sinh vt ny sang sinh
vt khc. Phng nm ngang - trc tip t mi trng (v d nh
qua n ung, da v mang).
Phng thng ng - lan truyn trc khi sinh (c ngha l truyn
t b m sang trng); c th c bn trong trng cng nh c
b mt ngoi tip xc vi cc mm bnh t th h b m.
Vn chuyn Di chuyn cc n vt nui gia cc a phng do nh hng
ca con ngi.
Chn
thng
Kt qu ca va chm vt l hoc tn thng.
Tr bnh Tin hnh tiu dit bnh.
C th dinh
dng
Giai on hot ng, di ng, dinh dng ca mt ng vt nguyn
sinh, tri ngc vi giai on kt nang bt ng.
Ung th S tng trng khng bnh thng do phn chia t bo v t chc
ca mt nhm t bo cc b.
Thng
gp
Tn ti hoc c bt c u.
Lot S o bi trn b mt ca mt c quan hoc m, c s tham gia
ca m vim hoi t.
Mu ui=
chn ui
(Gip xc) Cc phn ph tn cng lin kt ui lm thnh ui
qut.
Vc xin Mt ch phm khng nguyn t ton b hoc mt phn chit t
mt sinh vt nhim bnh, c dng tng cng phn ng
min dch c trng ca mt vt ch mn cm.
Khng bo Cc khong trng hoc hc trong t bo cht ca mt t bo.
Veliger (Nhuyn th) Giai on u trng c tim mao sng ph du.
Dim mng (Nhuyn th) B mt c tim mao dng bt mi ca u trng
veliger.
Sng c
= d sng
Kh nng sng hoc l nguyn nhn ca mt bnh
Virion Mt tiu phn virus c th c cha axit nucleic (dng nhn), DNA
hoc RNA (nhng khng c c hai) v mt lp v protein, gi l
capsid.
C cht
sinh virus
Ni din ra sao chp virus hoc qun t virus.
S sinh
virus
S sn xut ra cc virion.
Virus hc Mt nhnh ca vi sinh vt hc chuyn nghin cu v virus v cc
bnh ca virus.
Tnh c Mc gy bnh do mt sinh vt c bnh, l ch th cho mc
nghim trng ca bnh to ra v kh nng ca n ln chim cc
m ca vt ch; kh nng gy ra cc hiu ng v bnh l ca bt
k tc nhn gy bnh no; tnh c c o bng thc nghim
theo liu lng gy cht trung bnh (LD50) hoc liu lng gy
nhim bnh trung bnh (ID50).
T I

30

Virus Mt trong nhm cc tc nhn gy bnh rt nh, c c trng
bi thiu qu trnh trao i cht c lp v bi kh nng ch sinh
sn trong cc t bo sng ca vt ch.
C quan Y (Gip xc) Tuyn c nhim v sn xut ra hoocmn ecdyson cho
lt xc. Vic to ra hoocmn lt xc c kim sot bi mt
hoocmn km hm lt xc c tng hp trong cung mt.
u trng
zoea
(Gip xc) Giai on bin thi tip sau ca u trng nauplius, c
c trng l 4 i phn ph ngc; c th c coi nh l giai
on tin zoea khi s khc bit gia nauplius v mysis hoc giai
on pht trin hu u trng gp kh khn.
ng bo t Cc bo t di ng, c tin mao v khng phn tnh c ci.

C
31
BF-2 C vy mang xanh 2
BKD Bnh nhim khun thn
BMN Bnh virus hoi t tuyn rut gia
BMNV Virus gy bnh hoi t tuyn rut gia
BP Baculovirus penaei
BWSS Hi chng m trng do vi khun
CAIs Cc th n Cowdry tp A
CHSE-214 Phi c hi trng-214
CPE Hiu ng gy bnh t bo
CSHV Herpesvirus c hi bc
CSTV Virus gy ung th c hi bc
CTAB Cetyltrimethylammonium bromide
DFAT Php th khng th hunh quang trc tip
DNA Axit deoxyribonucleic
dd Chng ct 2 ln ds
dsDNA Chui xon kp ADN
DTAB Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide
EHN Dch bnh hoi t c quan to mu
EHNV Virus gy dch bnh hoi t c quan to mu
ELISA Xt nghim hp th min dch lin kt enzym
EPC Epithelioma papulosum cyprinae
ERA Aphanomyces c lin quan n EUS
EUS Hi chng dch bnh l lot
FBS Huyt thanh b cha
FEV Virus gy vim no c
FHM C gic
GAV Virus gy kt dnh mang
GP Peptoneglucose
GPY Men bia peptonesglucose
H&E Haematoxylin & Eosin
HHNBV Bnh hoi t v di v c quan to mu do Baculovirus
1G4F 1% Glutaraldehyde: 4% Formaldehyde
ICTV y ban quc t v phn loi Virus
IFAT Php th khng th hunh quang gin tip
IgG Khng th s cp
IHHN Bnh hoi t v di v c quan to mu do nhim trng
IHHNV Virus gy bnh IHHN
IHN Bnh hoi t c quan to mu do nhim trng
IHNV Virus gy bnh IHN
IPN Hoi t nhim trng ty
IPNV Virus gy bnh IPN
ISH Lai ti ch
kDa Kilodalton
KDM2 Mi trng bnh thn
KDMC Than ca mi trng bnh thn
LDV Virus gy bnh u nang bch huyt
LOS C th hnh cu ca c quan bch huyt
LOV Virus c quan bch huyt
LOVV Virus gy ra khng bo c quan bch huyt
LPV Virus tng t Parvovirus
Mab Khng th n
MCMS Hi chng t vong gia v
MEM Mi trng thit yu ti thiu
MG Nm u ht
MSX Hnh cu X a nhn
NeVTA Virus Nerka h Towada, qun Akita v Amori
NHP Hoi t gan ty
NPB Bnh ci do virus a din c nhn
OKV Virus c hi Oncorhynchus kisutch

C

32
OTC Oxytetracycline
OMV Virus c hi Oncorhynchus masou
OVVD Bnh mng con hu do virus
PCR Phn ng chui polymerase
PBS Mui m phosphate
PKD Bnh tng sinh thn
PL Hu u trng
PNHP Bnh hot t gan ty Pru
RDS Hi chng bin dng ci cc
RHV Herpesvirus c hi vn
RKV Virus gy bnh thn c hi vn
RNA Axit ribonucleic
RSD Bnh m
RTG-2 Tuyn sinh dc ca c hi vn - 2
RT-PCR Phn ng chui transcriptase -polymerase o ngc
RV-PJ Virus nhn hnh que ca Penaeus japonicus
RVC Rhabdovirus carpio
SDS-PAGE in di gel sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide
SEED Bnh dch bt pht tm
SEMBV Baculovirus h thng ngoi b v trung b
SJNNV Virus gy hoi t thn kinh c ho sc
SKDM Mi trng bnh thn c chn lc
SMV Virus gy t vong tm b m cch ly
SMVD Bnh do SMV gy ra
SPF Sch bnh c trng
ssDNA DNA di n
ssRNA RNA di n
SSO Sinh vt min bin
SSN-1 Dng t bo c qu vn (Channa striatus)
SVC Bnh nhim virus vo ma xun c chp
SVCS Virus gy bnh SVC
TEM Knh hin vi in t
TNHP Hoi t gan ty Texas
TPMS Hi chng t vong trong ao Texas
TS Hi chng Taura
TSV Virus hi chng Taura
UV Tia cc tm
VER Bnh vim no v vng mc do virus
VHS Bnh nhim trng xut huyt do virus
VHSV Virus gy VHS
VIMS Vin nghin cu khoa hc bin Virginia
VNN Hoi t thn kinh do virus
YBV Baculovirus gy bnh YHD
YHD Bnh u vng
YHV Virus gy YHD
YHDBV Baculovirus ca bnh YHD
YTV Virus gy ung th Yamame
WSBV Baculovirus gy bnh m trng
WSD Bnh m trng
WSS Hi chng m trng
WSSV Virus gy WSS
T
33
A. C vt
Tn o Tn tn n
Argentina phyraena c argentina nh
Aristichthys nobilis c m hoa
Bidyanus bidyanus c vc bc
Carassius auratus c vng
Carassius carassius c dic
Channa striatus c qu sc
Chanos chanos c mng bin
Clupea harengus c trch
Clupea pallasi c trch Thi Bnh Dng
Coregonus spp. c trng
Ctenopharyngodon idellus c trm c
Cyprinus carpio c chp
Dicentrarchus labrax c m chu u
Epinepheles akaara c song chm
Epinephelus malabaricus c song chm nu
Epinephelus moara c song to nu
Esox lucius c ch
Gadus macrocephalus c tuyt Thi Bnh Dng
Gadus morhua c tuyt i Ty Dng
Galaxias olidus c ngn h min ni
Gambussia affinis c n mui
Hippoglossus hippoglossus c bn
Hypophthalmichthys molitrix c m trng
Ictalurus melas c nheo
Labroides dimidatus c thy thuc
Lates calcarifer c chm
Macquaria australasica c vc macquaria
Melanogrammus aeglefinus c tuyt sc en
Merlangius merlangius c trng
Micromesistius poutassou c trng xanh l
Mugil cephalus c i xm
Oncorhynchus keta c hi ch
Oncorhynchus kisutch c hi coho
Oncorhynchus masou c hi Nht Bn
Oncorhynchus mykiss c hi vn
Oncorhynchus nerka c hi
Oncorhynchus rhodurus c hi amago
Oncorhynchus tshawytscha c hi trng
Oplegnathus fasciatus c vt Nht Bn
Oplegnathus punctatus c trc
Oreochromis spp. c r phi
Paralichthys olivaceus c bn Nht Bn
Perca fluviatilis c vc vy
Plecoglossus altivelis c thm
Poecilia reticulata c khng tc
Pseudocaranx dentex c ho sc
Rhinonemus cimbrius c
Salmo salar c hi i Ty Dng
Salmo trutta c hi nu
Salvelinus fontinalis c hi sui
Scophthalmus maximus c bn
Seriola quinqueradiata c bn ui vng Nht Bn
Silurus glanis c nheo
Sparus aurata c trc vng

T

34
Sprattus sprattus c trnh cm
Takifugu rubripes c xem sao
Tinca tinca c tinca
Thymallus thymallus c thymal
Trisopterus esmarkii c lon trch Na Uy
Umbrina cirrosa c

B. NHUY vt
Tn o Tn tn n
Acanthogobius flavimanus bng vng Nht Bn
Arca sp. s
Argopecten gibbus ip calico
Austrovenus stutchburyi s New Zealand
Barbatia novae-zelandiae (Family
Arcidae)
(khng c tn)
Cerastoderma (= Cardium) edule s chu u thng thng
Crassostrea angulata hu B o Nha
Crassostrea ariakensis hu hnh chn ariake
Crassostrea commercialis hu Sydney
Crassostrea gigas huThi Bnh Dng
Crassostrea virginica hu M
Crassostrea angulata hu B o Nha
Haliotis cyclobates bo ng
Haliotis laevigata bo ng mi xanh
Haliotis roei bo ng
Haliotis rubra bo ng mi en
Haliotis scalaris bo ng
Macomona liliana (Family
Tellinidae)
ng vt hai mnh v, khng c tn
Mercenaria mercenaria ngao v cng
Mytilus edulis vm n c
Mytilus galloprovincialis vm n c
Ostrea angasi hu phng (hu bn phng nam)
Ostrea conchaphila (O. lurida) hu olympia
Ostrea edulis hu chu u
Ostrea lutaria (Tiostrea lutaria) hu New Zealand
Ostrea puelchana (khng c tn)
Patinopecten yessoensis ip Nht Bn
Pinctada albicans trai ngc
Pinctada maxima trai ngc ln
Pteria penguin trai ngc c cnh
Ruditapes decussatus ngao chu u
Ruditapes philippinarum ngao Manila
Saccostrea commercialis hu Sydney
Saccostrea (Crassostrea) cucullata hu rng s vt
Saccostrea echinata hu mi en phng bc
Saccostrea glomerata hu Sydney
Scrobicularia plana v kha rnh
Tiostrea chilensis (Ostrea
chilensis)
hu Nam M
Tiostrea lutaria (khng c tn)
Tridacna maxima ngao khng l

C. GI vt
Tn o Tn tn n
Acetes spp.
(Crustacea:Sergestidae)
moi, tm nh
Cherax quadricarinatus tm sng nc ngt, tm cng
Euphausia spp. moi

T
35
Marsupenaeus (Penaeus) japonicus tm kuruma
Metapenaeus ensis tm ro
Palaemon styliferus (khng c tn)
Penaeus aztecus tm nu phng bc
Penaeus californiensis tm chn vng
Penaeus chinensis tm trng Trung Quc
Penaeus duodarum tm hng nui lng
Penaeus esculentus tm nu
Penaeus indicus
tm he n
Penaeus japonicus tm he Nht Bn
Penaeus marginatus tm aloha
Penaeus merguiensis tm he thng thng
Penaeus monodon tm s
Penaeus occidentalis tm trng phng ty
Penaeus paulensis tm hng
Penaeus penicillatus
tm ui
Penaeus plebejus tm vua phng ng
Penaeus schmitti tm trng
Penaeus semisulcatus tm th
Penaeus setiferus tm trng bn a
Penaeus stylirostris tm xanh
Penaeus subtilis tm nu phng nam
Penaeus vannamei tm he chn trng
D. C
Aeromonas hydrophila
Argulus foliaceus
Argulus spp.
Aphanomyces astaci
Aphanomyces invadans
Aphanomyces invaderis
Aphanomyces piscicida
Baculovirus penaei
Bonamia ostreae
Dermocystidium marinum
Haplosporidium costale
Haplosporidium. Nelsoni
Herpervirus
Hexamita inflata
Hexamita salmonis
Mytilicola sp.
Labyrinthomyxa marinus
Lerneae cyprinacea
Marteilia maurini
Marteilia refringens
Marteilia sydneyi
Marteilioides christenseni
Marteilioides chungmuensis
Marteilioides lengehi
Mikrocytos mackini
Mikrocytos roughleyi
Minchinia costale
Minchinia nelsoni
Myxobolus artus
Ligula sp.
Perkinsus atlanticus
T

36
Perkinsus marinus
Perkinsus olseni
Perkinsus qugwadi
Piscicola geometra
Polydora sp.
Posthodiplostomumcuticola
Ranavirus
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Rhabdovirus carpio
Salmincola salmoneus
Staphylococcus aureus
Vibrio harveyi
Vibrio splendidus
Vibrio spp
















































PH - L I
37

I L 37
I.1 B n 38
I.2 M v pm v 38
I.3 Hn n o n s n 38
I.4 S o v n vt ty sn 40
I.5 Vai tr n on n tron s o
n vt ty sn 41
I.6 C m n on 41
I.7 T lu tm o 44

I. L
I.1 B n
Chng trnh hp tc k thut khu vc
ca FAO (TCP) D n H tr cho vic
di chuyn c trch nhim cc ng vt
thy sn sng (TCP/RAS/6714-A v
9605-A), c NACA trin khai t
thng 1/1998, c s hp tc vi OIE
1,
cc
c quan khu vc v quc t (v d:
AAHRI
2,
AusAID/APEC
3,
AFFA
4,
v cc c
quan khc), cc i din (cc iu phi
vin quc gia v cc im tp trung
bo co v bnh) ca 21 Chnh ph/lnh
th khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng
(xtrylia, Bangladesh, Campuchia, CHND
Trung Hoa, Hong Kong Trung Quc, n
, Indonesia, Iran, Nht Bn, Hn Quc,
CHDCND Triu Tin, Lo, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines,
Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thi Lan v Vit
Nam) v nhiu chuyn gia khu vc v
quc t v bnh ca ng vt thy sn.
Mc tiu bao trm ca chng trnh l c
c bn hng dn cho cc quc gia
trong vic tin hnh di chuyn c trch
nhim (di nhp v chuyn i) cc ng
vt thy sn sng thng qua cc chin
lc thch hp gim thiu cc ri ro
tim n v sc kho do vic di chuyn
ng vt thy sn sng gy ra. Chng
trnh quan tm n s cn thit phi
ho hp cc hip nh, cc vn bn quc
t c (v d Hip nh SPS ca WTO
v cc tiu chun sc kho ca OIE) vi
s cn thit v mt thc tin cho cc
chin lc ph hp vi khu vc chu
v h tr cho B quy tc ng x ngh c
c trch nhim (CCRF) ca FAO. TCP
ny tr thnh tiu im pht trin mt
Chng trnh khu vc chu -Thi Bnh
Dng v qun l Sc kho ng vt
thy sn mt cch ton din v mnh, l
nhn t ch yu ca Chng trnh cng
tc 5 nm ca NACA (2001-2005). Cc
nguyn tc ch o k thut va khu
vc chu v Qun l sc kho di
chuyn c trch nhim cc ng vt
thy sn sng v Chin lc ng
thun v hnh ng Bc Kinh
(TGBCIS) hoc Cc nguyn tc ch
o k thut (FAO/NACA 2000) v S
tay cc quy trnh (MOP) (FAO/NACA
2001) c xy dng trong khong
thi gian ba nm (t 1998- 2001) trn c
s hiu bit v thng nht trong t vn
(qua mc quc gia v cc hi tho khu
vc, FAO/NACA/OIE 1998) ca cc i
din chnh ph, i din cc t chc hp
tc v cc chuyn gia sc kho ng vt
thy sn. Cc nguyn tc ch o k
thut cui cng c chp nhn v
nguyn tc ti Hi tho cui cng ca TCP
t chc ti Bc Kinh, CHND Trung Hoa
vo thng 6/2000 (FAO/NACA 2000).
Hng dn chn on bnh ca ng
vt thy sn chu hoc Hng
dn chn on bnh ca chu l ti
liu th ba ca b ti liu c TCP n
hnh nhm h tr vic thc hin Cc
nguyn tc ch o k thut c bt
quan tm n ni dung v chn on,
kim tra v bo co v bnh.
Hng dn chn on bnh chu
l mt s tay chn on ton din v
cc mm bnh v bnh c lit k
trong h thng bo co hng qu v bnh
ng vt thy sn ca NACA/FAO/OIE
5.

S tay c xy dng t cc ng
gp v k thut ca cc thnh vin Nhm
cng tc khu vc (RWG) v Ban dch v
H tr k thut (TSS) ca TCP v cc
nh khoa hc v sc kho ng vt thy
sn khc trong v ngoi khu vc chu
-Thi Bnh Dng h tr cho chng
trnh khu vc.
Hin c nhiu hng dn, s tay v
cc loi ti liu hiu dng khc v chn
on bnh ca ng vt thy sn
dng CD-ROM trong ti liu tham kho.
Mt s dng ngn ng ca tng mc
ring. khu vc chu -Thi Bnh
Dng c th k n S tay chn on
1
C quan quc t v dch bnh
2
Vin nghin cu sc kho ng vt thu sn ca Cc ngh c Thi Lan
3
C quan Pht trin quc t ca xtrylia/Hp tc Kinh t chu - Thi Bnh Dng
4
B Nng nghip, Thu sn v Lm nghip xtrylia
5
H thng bo co hng qu c xy dng l mt trong bn ni dung ch yu ca TCP, da trn B quy tc quc t v
sc kho ng vt ca OIE - 1997, c s hp tc vi vn phng i din ca OIE khu vc chu v Thi Bnh Dng.

L

38
bnh c-II ca Indonesia (Koesharyani
v cs. 2001, GRIM
6
/JICA
7
); Bnh ca
tm Penaeid Philippines (Lavilla-
Pitogo v cng s, 2000, SEAFDEC -
AQD
8
); ca Thi Lan (a) Quy trnh chn
on bnh c (Tonguthai v cng s,
1999, AAHRI), (b) Qun l sc kho
trong ao nui tm, xut bn ln th 3
(Chanratchakool v ctv1998, AAHRI),
(c) S tay k thut v Hi chng dch
bnh l lot (EUS) (ca Lilley v ctv
1998, ACIAR
9
/DFID
10
/AAHRI/NSW
11
-
Ngh c/NACA); ca xtrylia Bnh
ng vt thy sn xtrylia- Hng dn
xc nh ti liu thc a (Herfort v
Rawlin 1999, AFFA); v mt CD-ROM
v chn on bnh tm (Alday de
Graindorge and Flegel 1999). phn
ph lc ca cc phn khc nhau trong
Hng dn chn on bnh ca chu
cn dn ra mt s ti liu khc na.
Hng dn chn on bnh ca chu
b sung thm cho cc s tay/hng dn
hin c v cung cp nhng thng tin c lin
quan v bnh trong H thng bo co hng
qu v bnh ng vt thy sn chu -
Thi Bnh Dng ca NACA/FAO v OIE,
h thng ny bt u t qu 3/1998
(NACA/FAO 1999, OIE 1999). Thng tin c
trong Hng dn chn on bnh ca chu
c trnh by theo mt trnh t t nhng
quan st chung ti ao hoc a im nui
(Mc I), n hng dn thng tin v mt
k thut ca chn on phn t hoc siu
cu trc v cc phn tch phng th
nghim (Mc II v III, v OIE 2000a, b),
v th, c quan tm n cc sai khc v
bnh ca quc gia, khu vc v quc t,
cng nh cc mc sai khc v nng lc
chn on gia cc quc gia trong vng
chu -Thi Bnh Dng.
I.2 M v pm v
Mc ch ca Hng dn chn on
bnh ca chu l c c mt s
tay/hng dn chuyn dng c mc
trang tri v phng th nghim v chn
on bnh ca ng vt thy sn trong
khu vc chu , b sung cho S tay
cc quy trnh v s c dng nh l
mt phn b sung thc hin cc Cc
nguyn tc ch o k thut. Hng dn
chn on bnh ca chu nhm mc
ch cung cp mt cng c dng nng
cao nng llc chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca quc gia v khu vc, v c
s h tng cn thit p ng c cc
tiu chun v sc kho ng vt thy sn
ca OIE (OIE 2000a, b). Hng dn ny
nhm mc ch nng cao hiu bit v sc
kho ng vt thy sn cng nh cung
cp kin thc lm th no tip cn vi
cc ngun chn on nhm phng hoc
kim tra c cc nh hng ca bnh.
Hng dn chn on bnh ca chu
tp trung vo cc bnh c NACA/FAO
v OIE lit k, nhng cng c a vo mt
s bnh l ng k cc phn thuc vng
chu -Thi Bnh Dng.
I.3 Hn n o n s n
Hng dn Chn on bnh ca chu
c chia lm bn phn: Phn bao
gm phn Gii thiu, Bi cnh, Mc ch
v phm vi, Hng dn cho ngi s
dng, Sc kho v ng vt thy sn,
Vai tr ca chn on bnh v cc mc
chn on; Phn - 4, c chia
theo cc nhm vt ch, c ngha l Cc
bnh ca c (Phn , Cc bnh ca
nhuyn th (Phn v Cc bnh ca
Gip xc (Phn , mi phn li bt u
bng mt chng K thut chung ni
v cc im xut phtcn thit nht
tr li cc gi v c hiu qu v cc
trng thi ca bnh trong sn xut thy
sn. Chng ny khng phi chuyn v
bnh, n cung cp thng tin v mt
phm vi rng cc trng thi ca nhim
bnh. N nhn mnh tm quan trng
ca cc quan st tng qut (Mc I),
v nn lm nh th no v khi no. N
cng m t cc thng s mi trng cn
ghi chp li, cc quy trnh chung khi ly
mu, c nh mu v tm quan trng
ca ghi chp - lu tr. Mi phn K
thut un c chia ra nh sau:
Quan st tn t
Tp tnh
Quan st bn ngoi
C tn s m trn
C quy trn un
Chun b trc khi ly mu
Thng tin chung
Ly mu kim tra sc kho
Ly mu chn on bnh
Ly mu sng v vn chuyn
Ly mu m hoc mu cht v vn chuyn
Bo qun cc m
Vn chuyn cc mu bo qun
6
Vin nghin cu nui trng thy sn bin Gondol ca Vin nghin cu trung ng v khai thc bin v thy sn, V Hng hi
v thy sn Indonexia

7
C quan hp tc quc t ca Nht Bn
8
V nui trng thy sn ca Trung tm Pht trin ngh c ng Nam
9
Trung tm nghin cu Nng nghp quc t ca xtrylia
L
39
10
V pht trin Quc t ca Vng quc Anh
11
New South Wales (xtrylia)

Bn I.2.1 Cc bnh c NACA/FAO v OIE lit k v cc bnh khc c
trong Hng dn chn on bnh ca chu .
CC BNH PH BIN MT S NI TRONG KHU VC
C n
1. Dch bnh hoi t c quan to mu* (EHN)
2. Bnh hoi t c quan to mu do nhim trng* (IHN)
3. Bnh virus c hi Nht Bn Oncorhynchus masou * (OMVD)
4. Hoi t nhim trng ty (IPN)
5. Bnh vim no v vng mc do virus (VER)
6. Hi chng bnh l lot (EUS)
7. Bnh nhim khun thn (BKD)
C n nuyn t
1. Bnh Bonamia * (Bonamia sp., B. ostreae)
2. Bnh Marteilia * (Marteilia refringens, M. sydneyi)
3. Bnh Mikrocytos * (Mikrocytos mackini, M. roughleyi)
4. Bnh Perkinsus * (Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni)
Bn p x
1. Bnh u vng (YHD)
2. Bnh hoi t v di v c quan to mu do nhim trng (IHHN)
3. Bnh m trng (WSD)
4. Bnh virus hoi t tuyn rut gia (BMN)
5. Virus gy kt dnh mang (GAV)
6. Hi chng gy t vong tm b m (hi chng t vong gia v) (SMVD)
B O
C n
1. Bnh nhim virus vo ma xun c chp* (SVC)
2. Bnh nhim trng xut huyt do virus* (VHS)
C n nuyn t
1. Bnh Haplosporidiosis* (Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni)
C LI
C n
1. Bnh u nang bch huyt
C n nuyn t
1. Bnh Marteilioidosis (Marteilioides chungmuensis, M. branchialis)
2. Bnh Iridovirosis (Oyster velar virus disease)
C n p x n su y m on nn h
chn mn l np vo u v
1. Hi chng Taura (TS)
2. Bnh ci do virus a din c nhn (Baculovirus penaei)
3. Bnh hoi t khi gan ty
4. Bnh dch tm sng

*Cc bnh phi khai bo ca OIE (OIE 1997)
12
Cc bnh c lit k trong H thng bo co hng qu v bnh ca ng vt thy sn chu -Thi Bnh Dng
c thng nht sau mt qu trnh t vn ca cc iu phi vin quc gia, cc thnh vin ca Nhm cng tc khu vc
L

40
(RWG) v Ban dch v h tr k thut (TSS), FAO, NACA v OIE da trn b lut quc t v sc kho ng vt thy sn ca
OIE - 1997, bao gm c mt s bnh c cho l quan trng khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng.
Ghi chp - Lu tr
Cc quan st tng th
Cc quan st mi trng
Cc ghi chp v nui th
T lu tm kho
Phn K thut chung c tip ni
di mi nhm vt ch l cc chng
tp trung vo cc bnh c trng (v d
viral, vi khun, nm) c lit k trong
mc danh mc bo co hng qu ca
NACA/FAO v OIE hin nay (Bng
1.2.1). Cc bnh ny c tha
nhn v tm quan trng ca khu vc,
cng nh trong ngha thng mi
quc t. Nhng bnh lit k l
Phi khai bo hoc Cc bnh quan
trng khc do OIE c tham kho i
chiu vi vn bn mi nht ca OIE
S tay chn on bnh ng vt thy
sn ca OIE (OIE 2000b, cn c
http://www.oie.int). Nhng k thut chn
on c m t trong Hng dn chn
on bnh ca chu l ph hp vi
nhng k thut m OIE ngh. Do
vic chn on bnh l mt lnh vc
ng nn cn ch c bit l bt
khi s n s ty ny vo m
chn nn v s o o
chuyn qu t n vt ty sn
sn n tm vn ty n on
c tr m tr n
(kim tr n o m ny.
Ngoi ra, cc bnh, cc yu t gy bnh
hin nay khng c trong Danh mc bo
co hng qu ca khu vc nhng li
c lit k trong Hng dn Chn
on bnh ca chu , do chng c
khu vc quan tm v gy bnh cho
nhiu loi quan trng v mt thng
mi.
Mi chng v cc bnh c trng
c trnh by vi cc thng tin nh
sau:
T nn y n - gii thiu v cc
tc nhn gy ra bnh.
Vt - cc vt ch c th b nhim
bnh (c nhim bnh t nhin v bng
thc nghim).
Phn l - vng phn b a l
bit/ghi chp c ca bnh c
cp nht, khi thch hp, khi s dng
cc bo co hng qu v bnh ca
ng vt thy sn chu -Thi Bnh
Dng cc nm 1999-2000 (Cc bo
co hng qu ca OIE, NACA/FAO).
C n lm sn - m t cc
nh hng ca bnh, xp t cc quan
st tng th v nhng thay i tp
tnh, cc tn thng v cc chng c
khc bn ngoi, n bnh hc bn
trong tng qut v hin vi.
C pn pp m tr n - l
cc phng php dng kim tra
sc kho cc ng vt thy sn
xc nh chng c hay khng b nhim
bi mt tc nhnh gy bnh tim n.
C pn pp n on n -
l cc quy trnh kim tra dng th
v xc nh nguyn nhn ca cc bnh
hoc nhim bnh lm sng
Cc phng php kim tra v chn
on bnh c chia ra lm 2 loi:
D chn - l chn on bc u da
trn cc quan st tng th v cc chng
c c th. Khi c trn mt tc nhn gy
bnh th cn phi chn on khng nh
(thng lm phng th nghim mc
II v/hoc III) ; v
Kim khng nh - l s nhn din c
mt ca tc nhn gy bnh, vi tin
cy cao ca chn on.
C u ln truyn n - trnh by
cc kiu lan truyn bnh bit v cc
yu t c lin quan s lan truyn
ca chng (mi trng, nh bt, vng
i, cc ngun bnh, v.v...). Lnh vc
ny ca vic chn on c gi l
dch t hc v nhng g quan st c
trong lnh vc nghin cu ny cng
c a vo.
C n pp m tr - m t cc
bin php kim tra bit tin hnh
cng vic khi bnh xy ra.
T liu tm o - cc ti liu c
lin quan hin c v cn bnh.
Cc chng mc cho mi nhm vt ch
cng c nu Ba ph l cung cp
thng tin v (a) danh sch cc phng th
nghim tham vn ca OIE, (b) danh
sch cc chuyn gia v bnh ca khu
vc c th cung cp thng tin v t vn
c gi tr v bnh, v (c) cc hng
dn/s tay hu dng. Mt T in tut
ng cng c a vo.
I.4 S kh n vt ty sn
L
41
Khc vi cc hnh thc nui v thu
hoch khc m cy trng v vt
nui u nhn thy c, cc ng vt
thy sn cn c ch nhiu hn
theo di sc khe ca chng. Chng
khng d quan st thy c, tr khi
nui trong b, v chng li sng trong
mt mi trng phc tp v bin ng.
Cng tng t nh vy, vic tiu th
thc n v t vong c th u n nu k
di nc. Khc vi ngnh chn
nui, nui trng thy sn c mt s
lng loi nui a dng, mi trng
nui, ngun gc ngn chn, tng cng
thao tc v h thng nui s dng.
S lng cc bnh tm thy trong nui
trng thy sn cng thay i, mt s
bnh c trng ca vt ch thp hoc
khng bit, v nhiu bnh li c cc
triu chng khng c trng. Hin nay
bnh ang c cho l mt trong nhng
thch thc quan trng nht m ngnh
nui trng thy sn ang phi i mt.
T hp ca h sinh thi thy sinh to ra
s phn bit gia khe mnh, hot ng
di mc thun li v tim n ca bnh,
Trong nui trng thy sn bnh khng
phi do mt yu t ring l gy ra m l
kt qu cui cng ca mt lot cc yu
t lin kt to cc mi quan h qua li
gia vt ch (bao gm cc iu kin
sinh l, sinh sn v giai on pht trin,
mi trng v s c mt ca mm bnh
(Snieszko 1974). cc iu kin nui
trng thy sn, ba yu t c bit quan
trng nh hng n mn cm bnh
ca vt ch: mt nui, tnh mn cm
vi bnh bm sinh v min dch (t
nhin, tp nhim).
Mi trng bao gm khng ch l nc
v cc thnh phn ca n (nh xy, pH,
nhit , c cht, cht thi) m cn
kiu cch ca cc thao tc qun l (v d
nh nh bt, x l thuc, cc qui trnh
vn chuyn, v.v.). Cc mm bnh c th
gm virus, vi khun, k sinh trng v
nm; bnh c th gy ra bi mt loi
n l hoc do mt tp hp ca nhiu
mm bnh khc nhau. Vic di nhp cc
bnh nhim trng l mt quan tm ln
khc trong nui trng thy sn. Cng
ging nh trong chn nui, nui trng
thy sn v ngnh thy sn s cn tip
tc phi i mt vi s gia tng ton cu
ca cc tc nhn gy bnh do hot ng
tng cng bun bn cc ng vt thy
sn sng v cc sn phm ca chng
(Subasinghe v cs. 2001).
Nhng phng v u tin v quan trng
nht chng li cc thit hi do bnh
di cc tnh hung phc tp ny l:
Theo di cng u n cng tt v hnh
ng thch hp khi thy nhng du hiu
u tin ca tp tnh, tn thng hoc
t vong kh nghi.
Cc bin php tip cn c bn ny-mc
d c con ngi v sn xut nng
nghip bit n t lu-vn cn c
tng cng trong nhiu ngnh sn xut
ng vt. Mt s ngi nui v ngi
thu hoch vn cn do d hnh ng khi
thy du hiu u tin ca cc vn v
sc kho, do ngh rng n c th nh
hng n nng lc sn xut ca h,
hoc n s gy thit hi trong cnh
tranh v tr th trng. Tuy nhin, du
dim hoc ln trnh cc vn v bnh
c th lm hu dit cc ng vt thy
sn v n l ca ni khc. S l iu
quan trng nhn thc rng bnh l
mt thch thc m bt k ai cng phi
i mt, v vic c cc ngun li c
x l c hiu qu, l nhng v kh ban
u chng li nhng nghi ng v lo
s khng ng ch.
I.5 Vai tr n on tron qun
l s v m sot n
n vt ty sn
Chn on gi hai vai tr ng k trong
qun l sc kho v kim sot bnh ca
ng vt thy sn. Nh trnh by
trn, mt s k thut chn on c
dng kim tra cc con vt kho mnh
m bo l chng khng mang bnh
mc cn lm sng bi cc mm
bnh c trng. y l vic lm ph
bin cc qun n ng vt thy sn
dng vn chuyn sng t mt khu
vc hoc quc gia n mt ni khc.
Vic kim tra bnh gip cho vic bo v
hai kha cnh: (a) n lm gim ri ro
do cc con vt mang theo mt vi nhn
t c hi, nu c, chng c th sinh si
ny n trong qu trnh vn chuyn, nh
bt hoc thay i mi trng; v (b) n
lm gim ri ro ca cc ng vt
khng hoc chu ng c khi chuyn
mt mm bnh quan trng n mt qun
n c kh nng mn cm vi bnh. Vai
tr th hai ca chn on l xc nh
nguyn nhn ca tnh trng sc kho
khng thun li hoc bt thng
L

42
khc (nh khng , sinh trng hoc
tp tnh) ra cc bin php lm nh
bt thch hp vi iu kin c bit. y
l vai tr trc tip nht, v cng l r
rng, ca vic chn on sc khe ca
ng vt.
Vic chn on bnh chnh xc thng
c m t khng ng l phc tp v
tn km. y ch l ng vi mt s
bnh kh hn khi chn on hoc bnh
mi xy ra. Vic chn on bnh khng
ch duy nht l php th phng th
nghim. Mt php th phng th
nghim c th khng nh s c mt ca
mt tc nhn gy bnh c trng, hoc
n c th loi b s c mt ca tc nhn
gy bnh vi mt mc chc chn
no . Vic chn on sai c th dn
n cc bin php kim sot khng hiu
qu hoc khng thch hp (thm ch
cng gy tn km hn). V d, mt tc
nhn gy bnh mi c th mi gia
nhp vo khu vc nui trng thy sn
ln, hoc ton b ng vt b cht khi
vn chuyn trong lc nh bt. Chn
on bnh nn c tin hnh nh l
mt s tip tc theo di bt u t tri
nui, v trong thc t l bt u trc
khi c bnh. Cc mc khc nhau ca
chn on bnh c th c tin hnh
khi kho st trng thi bnh s c
tho lun phn di y.
I.6 C m n on
Hng dn chn on bnh ca chu
c xy dng trn mt h thng vi
m n on, theo tho
thun ca Hi tho khu vc ln th hai
ca TCP t chc ti Bangkok vo thng
2/1999 (xem FAO/NACA 2000). Bng
I.6.1 nu di ch ra cc hot ng
chn on mi mc , ai l ngi
chu trch nhim, v thit b cng nh
tp hun cn thit. Cn ghi nh l
khng mt mc no hot ng bit
lp, m h tr ln nhau, mi mc
ng gp dn v thng tin c gi tr
chn on c tt nht. Mc I l
nn mng v l c bn ca cc mc
II v III, v cc pht hin khi s dng
mc cao hn ch c th c gii
thch y khi c s kt hp vi cc
quan st v kt qu thu c t cc
mc thp hn.
Mc I (nhng quan st ti trang
tri/ni sn xut ghi chp - lu tr v
qun l sc kho) c c bit nhn
mnh trong A Hng dn Chn on
bnh ca chu v y l c s m
u cho cc mc chn on khc (II
v III).
Mc II bao gm cc chuyn su v
k sinh trng, m bnh,vi khun v nm,
cn n u t v ti chnh v tp hun
v ni chung l khng th tin hnh
trang tri v ni sn xut c.
Mc III bao gm cc dng chuyn
su chn on tin tin, cn n nhiu
u t v ti chnh v tp hun hn.
Nh bn c s nhn thy, cc k thut
min dch v sinh hc phn t c xp
vo Mc III, mc d cc b phn
tch thc a hin nay c thit k
s dng trang tri hoc ngay ti ao
(Mc I) cng nh dng c trong cc
phng th nghim vi sinh vt hoc m
hc (Mc II). Cc n lc ny l du
hiu tt chng t vic chuyn giao k
thut ngy nay ang tng cng cho
cng tc chn on v vi vic kim tra
cht lng vng vng, chc chn l
nhiu k thut ca Mc III s c
tip cn vi thc a trong mt tng lai
gn (Walker v Subasinghe 2000).
Mt trong nhng kha cnh quan trng
nht t hiu qu ti a ca ba mc
chn on l vic m bo cho nhng
ngi lm chn on Mc I c tip
cn v bit cch tip xc vi s h tr ca
cc Mc II v III (v vi gi c no), v
ngc li. S h tr ca chn on Mc
III thng da trn cc chuyn ti t
di ln, v vy t tip xc vi cc iu
kin pht sinh thc a. V vy h cn
c phn hi m bo l bt k chn
on no (v cc hnh ng c khuyn
ngh) cng xc ng vi tnh hnh sn xut
thy sn ang c u t.
V vy, mc tiu xut pht khi u
nng lc chn on l Mc I. Vic
kim khng nh, hoc quan im th
hai, ni no c yu cu, c th t c
bng cch chuyn i ni khc cho n
khi cc nng lc ny c p ng
ngay ti a phng. Khong thi gian
cn xy dng c s h tng cho
chn on Mc II v/hoc Mc III
thng ph thuc vo tnh hnh bnh
m cc nh chn on Mc I ang
phi i mt v gii quyt trong khu
vc/quc gia v cc ngun lc c sn.
Ni no vn cn mt s kh khn th t
c kh nng thc y vic xy dng
nng lc chn on bnh. y l mt
im yu. Nhng mi lin h cht ch
vi chn on Mc II v/hoc III l
L
43
cc bin php d phng tt v c
chng trnh khu vc rt khuyn khch -
c bit l di nhp cc ng vt sng
vo mt khu vc tng i sch bnh.

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I.7 T lu tm o
Alday de Graindorge, V. and T.W. Flegel.
1999. Diagnosis of shrimp diseases with
emphasis on blacktiger prawn, Penaeus
monodon. Food and Agriculture Organization
of the United Nations (FAO),Multimedi a
Asia Co., Ltd, BIOTEC, Network of
Aquaculture Cen- tres in Asia Pacific
(NACA)and Southeast Asian Chapter of
the World Aquaculture So- ciety (WAS).
Bangkok, Thailand. (Inter-active CD-ROM
format).
Chanratchakool, P., J.F. Turnbull, S.J. Funge-
Smith, I.H. MacRae and C. Limsuan. 1998.
Health management in shrimp ponds. Third
Edition. Aquatic Animal Health Research In-
stitute (AAHRI), Bangkok, Thailand. 152p.
FAO/NACA. 2000. Asia Regional Technical
Guidelines on Health Management for the
Responsible Movement of Live Aquatic
Animals and the Beijing Consensus and
Imple- mentation Strategy. FAO Fisheries
Technical Paper. No. 402. Rome, FAO.
2000. 53p.
FAO/NACA. 2001. Manual of Procedures for
the Implementation of the Asia Regional
Techni- cal Guidelines on Health
Management for the Responsible Movement
of Live Aquatic Animals. FAO Fisheries
Technical Paper. No. 402,Suppl. 1. Rome,
FAO. 2001. 106p. FAO/NACA/OIE. 1998.
Report of the First Train- ing Workshop of
the Regional Programme for the
Development of Technical Guidelines on
Quarantine and Health Certification and
Es- tablishment of Informations Systems,
for the Responsible Movement of Live
Aquatic Animals in Asia. Bangkok,
Thailand, 16-20 January 1998. TCP/RAS/
6714 Field Document No. 1. Food and
Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations (FAO), Network of Aquaculture
Centres in Asia Pacific (NACA) and the
Office International des Epizooties (OIE).
Bangkok, Thailand. 142p.
Herfort, A. and G.T. Rawlin. 1999. Australian
Aquatic Animal Disease Identification Field
Guide. Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry -
Australia (AFFA), Canberra. 90p.
Koesharyani, I., D. Roza, K. Mahardika, F.
Johnny, Zafran and K. Yuasa. 2001.
Manual for Fish Disease Diagnosis - II.
Marfine Fish and Crustacean Diseases in
Indonesia. Gondol Research Institute for
Mariculture and Japan International
Cooperation Agency. Bali, Indonesia. 49p.
Lavilla-Pitogo, C.R. G.D. Lio-Po, E.R Cruz-
Lacierda, E.V. Alapide-Tendencia and L.D.
de la Pena. 2000. Diseases of penaeid
shrimps in the Philippines. Aquaculture
Extension Manual No. 16. Second edition.
Aquaculture Department of the Southeast
Asian Fisher- ies Development Center
(SEAFDEC-AQD), Tigbauan, Iloilo,
Philippines. 83p.
Lilley, J.H., R.B. Callinan, S. Chinabut, S.
Kanchanakhan, I.H. MacRae and M.J.
Phillips. 1998. Epizootic Ulcerative Syn-
drome (EUS) Technical Handbook. Aquatic
Animal Health Research Institute (AAHRI),
Bangkok, Thailand. 88p.
NACA/FAO. 1999. Quarterly Aquatic Animal
Disease Report (Asia and Pacific Region),
July-September 1998. FAO Project
TCP/RAS/6714. Network of Aquaculture
Centres in Asia Pacific (NACA), Bangkok,
Thailand. 37p.
OIE. 1997. OIE International Aquatic Animal
Health Code, Second Edition. 1997. Office
International des Epizooties (OIE), Paris,
France. 192p.
OIE. 1998. Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease
Report, October-December 1998 (Asian
and Pacific Region). 1998(2). The OIE
Represen- tation for Asia and the Pacific,
Tokyo, Japan. 33p.
OIE. 2000a. OIE International Aquatic Animal
Health Code, Third Edition, 2000. Office
International des Epizooties (OIE), Paris,
France. 153p.
OIE. 2000b. OIE Diagnostic Manual for
Aquatic Animal Diseases, Third Edition,
2000. Office International des Epizooties
(OIE), Paris, France. 237p.
Snieszko, S.F. 1974. The effects of environ-
mental stress on outbreaks of infectious dis-
eases of fishes. J. Fish. Biol. 6:197-208.
Subasinghe, R.P., M.G. Bondad-Reantaso
and S.E. McGladdery. 2001. Aquaculture
devel- opment, health and wealth. In:
Subasinghe, R.P., P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips,
C. Hough, S.E. McGladdery and J.R.
Arthur (eds.). Aquacul- ture in the Third
Millennium. Technical Pro- ceedings of the
Conference on Aquaculture in the Third
Millennium, Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25
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45
February 2000. (in press).
Tonguthai, K. S. Chinabut, T. Somsiri, P.
Chanratchakool and S. Kanchanakhan.
1999. Diagnostic Procedures for Finfish
Dis- eases. Aquatic Animal Health
Research In- stitute, Bangkok, Thailand.
Walker, P. and R.P. Subasinghe (eds.)
2000. DNA-based molecular diagnostic
techniques: research needs for
standardizati on and validati on of the
detection of aquatic animal pathogens
and di seases. Report and proceedi ngs of
the Expert Workshop on DNA- based
Molecular Diagnostic Techniques:
Research Needs for Standardization and
Validation of the Detection of Aquatic
Animal Pathogens and Diseases. Bangkok,
Thailand, 7-9 February 1999. FAO
Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 395. Rome,
FAO. 2000. 93p.




































































Cu to pu xn in n

46



Thn ui





Thn

Vy lng


Ty
sng



Bong
bng


No

Vy
hu
mn




Rut
L lch
D dy




Vy bng



Gan


Tim
Vy ui
PH - B
47

Hn pu mt xn in n 46


F.1 K tut un 48
F.1.1 Cc quan st tng qut 48
F.1.1.1 Tp tnh 48
F.1.1.2 Quan st b ngoi 48
F.1.1.2.1 Da v vy 48
F.1.1.2.2 Mang 49
F.1.1.2.3 Thn 50
F.1.1.3 Quan st bn trong 50
F.1.1.3.1 Khoang bng v C 50
F.1.1.3.2 Cc c quan 50
F.1.2 C tu m trn 51
F.1.3 Quy trn ung 51
F.1.3.1 Chun b trc khi ly mu 51
F.1.3.2. Thng tin chung 52
F.1.3.3 Ly mu kim tra sc kho 52
F.1.3.4 Ly mu chn on bnh 52
F.1.3.5 Ly mu sng vn chuyn 53
F.1.3.6 Ly mu m hoc c cht chuyn i 53
F.1.3.7 Bo qun (c nh) cc mu m 54
F.1.3.8 Vn chuyn mu bo qun 54
F.1.4. Ghi chp - Lu 55
F.1.4.1. Cc quan st tng qut 55
F.1.4.2 Quan st mi trng 55
F.1.4.3 Ghi chp v n c nui th 55
F.1.5 T lu tm o 55
C
F.2 D n o t qun to mu 57
F.3 Bn o t qun to mu o nm trn 60
F.4 Virus c ht n Oncorhynchus masou (OMV) 63
F.5 Ho t nm trn ty 66
F.6 Bn vm no v vn m o rus 70
F.7 Bn nm rus vo m xun p 74
F.8 Bn nm trn xut uyt o rus 77
F.9 Bn u nn uyt 80
B
F.10 Bn nm un tn 84
C
F.11 H n n l lot 88
PH
F.AI. C n t nm tm vn v n 93
F.AII. Danh s uyn u v v n
chu -Th n n 96
F.AIII. Danh s s tyn n u n v
bn u -Th n n 103
PH - C
F.1 K

48

Cc phng th nghim tham vn ca
OIE, cc chuyn gia khu vc chu -
Thi Bnh Dng, T chc Nng lng
ca Lin hp quc (FAO) v Mng li
cc Trung tm nui trng thy sn chu
(NACA) lun cung cp cc thng tin
t vn sc kho thy sn chung v
nhng thng tin c gi tr khc. Ban th
k NACA ti Bangkok (email:
naca@enaca.org) cung cp danh
sch ny trong cc ph lc F.AI v AII,
v nhng a ch cp nht khc. Nhng
hng dn khc v trnh t chn on
bnh cung cp nhng a ch tham
chiu c gi tr v k sinh trng, sinh vt
gy hi v bnh trong khu vc c lit
k trong ph lc F.AIII
F.1.1 C qun st tn qut
F.1.1.1 Tp tn
Ngay c khi vng nui khng c vn g
th vn nn quan st tp tnh bnh thng
ca c to nn v m t tnh trng bnh
thng. Bt k thay i no khc vi tp
tnh bnh thng cng nn lu v tin
hnh iu tra. Trc khi c cc du hiu
bnh l, c c th c biu hin n nhiu
hn sau b n, hoc n gin l c ch
b n mt bui. Ghi chp t l chuyn i
thc n bnh thng, t l chiu di/trng
lng hoc nhng du hiu hnh dng c
th khc nh m t di y l cn thit
pht hin bnh sm.
Nhng tp tnh bt thng ca c l c bi
gn mt nc, ln xung di y, mt
cn bng, bi nhanh, bi vng trn hoc
p khng kh hoc bt k biu hin no
khc vi bnh thng. Nhiu hnh ng
khc l thng c km theo trng thi l
. Nhng thay i tp tnh thng xy ra
khi c b cng thng (stress). Thiu xy dn
ti vic c p khng kh, l , nga bng
hoc thn xoay trn. l do mu hoc
mang c b suy km. C nhy vt ln trn
mt nc c th do b thng tn ngoi da,
v d, s nhim trng khng ng k bn
ngoi ca nhng vt try da. Bi vng trn
hay nhng tp tnh l khc c th bo hiu
nhng vn v thn kinh m c th l
nhng bnh c lin quan (xem phn F.6 -
Bnh vim no v vng mc do virus).
Nhng kiu c cht cng nh mc c
cht cn c gim st cht ch. Nu tn
tht vn nh vy hoc tng ln, cn gi
cc mu phn tch trong phng th
nghim (Mc II v/hoc III). Vic c
cht ng lot hoc ngu nhin cn c
kim tra ngay lp tc v cc yu t mi
trng trong khi, trc v sau khi c cht
cn c ghi chp li. Vic c cht lan
rng t vng ny sang vng khc c th l
do s xut hin ca mt tc nhn gy
bnh ly nhim v cn phi c ly mu
ngay lp tc. Nn cch ly c b bnh cng
xa cng tt vi nhng c khng b bnh
cho n khi tm ra nguyn nhn c cht.
F.1.1.2 Quan st no
Ni chung, khng th quan st b ngoi
kt lun c c bnh, tuy nhin, vic pht
hin nhanh bt k cc biu hin bnh l
di y, cng vi hnh ng kp thi (v
d, di di hoc cch ly khi c kho, gi
mu i xt nghim phng th nghim)
cng c th gim c ng k thit hi.
F.1.1.2.1 Da v vy (Mc I)
Tn thng da v vy c th l kt qu
ca mt bnh ly nhim (v d bnh da
c chp). Tuy nhin, nhng vt try
xc c t trc do va p c hc khi
tip xc vi b mt cng nh b tng
hoc tn cng ca ng vt n tht (v d:
chim, hi cu, v.v... hoc chn thng do
ho cht) cng c th l nhng c hi cho
cc mm bnh s cp hoc th cp (v d
cc aeromonas di ng). iu ny gy hi
thm cho sc kho ca c.
Nhng thay i v da c lin quan n
bnh thng dn n xut hin cc nt
(Hn c th ch nh nh u
kim (m mu) hoc nhng m ln hn.
Nhng m ny thng xut hin quanh
cc vy, np mang, hu mn v vng vy
ui, nhng i khi c khp thn. Nhng
du hiu xut huyt nhiu hoc mt cn
bng thm thu lm mu da c m hn.
Nhng tn thng chy mu c th dn
n s n mn da, nh hng nghim
trng n s iu ho p sut thm thu v
bo v chng li nhim trng th cp. Hin
tng n mn thng thy mt lng (u
v lng) v c th do cc nguyn nhn nh
b bnh, chy nng hoc va p c hc.
mt s loi, tn thng ngoi da c th do
mt nht hoc bong vy.
Nhng ng vt k sinh ngoi da nh
ng vt chn cho, trng lng t hoc
sn l cng cn c lu n. i vi
mang, nhng ng vt ny hu nh khng
gy vn g trong phn ln cc trng
hp, tuy nhin, nu nh chng sinh si
ny n qu cao so vi mc bnh thng
(Hn th c th dn ti nhim
bnh th cp hoc mt dng bnh (hoc
mt loi stress khc). K sinh trng c th
bm cht bn ngoi hoc cc giai on
u trng kt kn cc vy hoc da. C
th pht hin c nhng u trng kt kn
ny (v d u trng sn l c ui trng
thnh, xen k vt ch, metacercaria) di
dng cc nt trng hoc en (Hn
F.1.1.2.1c) trn da (hoc m c nm
su pha di).
F.1 K tut un
49

(K Ogawa)





Hnh.F.1.1.2.1c. C thm, Plecoglossus
altivelis, b nhim sn l Posthodiplostomum
cuticola (?) u trng metacercariae th hin
l cc m en trn da.
(R Chong)







Hnh. F.1.1.2.1d. L lot c trng, mt li,
vy v ui b ra do Vibrio spp.
(SE McGladdery)







Hnh.F.1.1.2.2a. V d v s n mn mang
c hi i Ty Dng, Salmo salar, do
ng vt chn cho k sinh dy c
Salmincola salmoneus
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)







S tng trng bt bnh thng c c
lin quan n cc bnh v u, nh bnh
do virus Oncorhynchus masou (xem mc
F.4 - Bnh do virus Oncorhynchus
masou) v do bnh u nang bch tuyt
(xem mc F.9 - Bnh u nang bch tuyt),
hoc do cc yu t mi trng khc.
Cng c th quan st k mt c pht
hin bnh. Hnh dng, mu sc, sng
ca mt, nhng bong bng kh v nhng
vt try xc nh r mu (chm ) c
th ch ra cc bnh hin c hoc sp c.
V d, mt gin v m rng, hay gi l
mt li, l c lin quan n mt s
bnh (Hn
F.1.1.2.2 Mang (Mc I)
Nhng thay i d quan st nht i vi
cc m mm l ti v n mn ca
mang (Hn iu ny thng
l do c c bnh v nn ht sc lu .
Nhng nt c th l biu hin ca hin
tng chy mu, n lm gim chc nng
hot ng ca mang. Mi hi, c mng
nhy hoc k sinh trng (tin mao trng,
k sinh n ch, ng vt chn cho,
nm, v.v) cng c th lm gim din tch
b mt hot ng v c th l du hiu
ca cc vn khc v sc kho (Hn
F.1.1.2.2b). iu ny c th nh hng
trc tip n c hoc lm cho c d dng
nhim cc bnh th cp.
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)










Hnh.F.1.1.2.1a. Bnh m c trm c
Hnh.F.1.1.2.2b. Mang c c k sinh trng
n ch
(JR Arthur)












Hnh.F.1.1.2.1b. Trng m neo Lerneae
cyprinacea k sinh bn ngoi c tai tng.

F.1 K tut un

50
F.1.1.2.3 Thn (Mc I)
Bt k mt thay i no khc vi hnh
dng bnh thng mt con c cng
biu hin c b bnh. Nhng thay i
thng thng nh u nhn thng
xy ra c nh l cc vn thuc pht
trin; nhng ng cong bn hoc
lng bng ca ct sng (c ngha l
chng n ct sng v vo ct sng) c
th cho bit c vn v cht lng
nc mi trng hoc dinh dng. Mt
thay i thng thng, d pht hin
khc hnh dng c th l bnh ph.
Bnh ph l s cng phng bng, lm
cho c c dng v bng trng. y l
biu hin r rt thuc v bnh nh sng
phng cc c quan ni tng (gan, l
lch hoc thn), hnh thnh cc cht
lng ca c th (r rt = ph n; cht
lu mu = c trng), do k sinh trng
hoc l do cha c bit khc. Bnh
ph l mt biu hin thng thng trong
nhiu cc bnh nguy him c lit k
trong sch Hng dn chn on bnh
chu bi v n thng lin quan ti
s ph hng c h thng iu ho p
sut thm thu do t bo mu hoc thn
b ph hu.
F.1.1.3 Quan st n tron
Cng vi vic theo di nhng thay i
v tp tnh, nn ly mu c yu kim
tra v m c dc theo mt bng (t
hng n hu mn). Lm nh vy s c
th quan st tng th cc c quan ni
tng v khoang bng. Mt con c biu
hin kho mnh cng cn c m
phanh bng nh vy, nu ngi c t
kinh nghim v ni quan ca c m
ngi ang xt nghim. S sp xp
v hnh dng cc c quan thay i khc
nhau tu theo loi.
Nhng m bnh thng khng th c
dch t do trong khoang bng, h c n
nh, cc cht m lng ng mu trng
ng (nu c) xung quanh mn v, manh
trng, rut v d dy, thn m nm
dp dc phn nh ca khoang bng
(gia xng sng v bong bng), gan
ty v l lch m. D dy v rut c
th c thc n. S pht trin tuyn sinh
dc c th thay i tu theo ma. Tim
(nm gia khoang mang v b ngn cch
khi khoang bng) v hnh ng mch
c th d nhn bit v ni bt.
F.1.1.3.1 Khoang bng v C (Mc I/II)
Nhng biu hin c bnh trong khoang
bng c thng thy nht l chy mu
v hnh thnh cht nhn c mu. Cc
nt mu trn c ca thnh khoang bng
cng c th xut hin. Thnh khoang
bng m b phn hu trong khi m c
th cho thy c b cht c mt lc
v nh vy l s dng mt cht
chn on chnh xc, do s xm nhp
rt nhanh ca cc sinh vt hoi sinh th
cp (ngha l cc vi khun sng trn cc
m cht hoc ang thi ra).
H c b hoi t c th bo hiu s
nhim bnh c, v d do cc k sinh
trng nim bo. Vic ny c th c
iu tra nhanh chng bng cch p mt
ming c nhim bnh gia hai tm
lam knh hoc gia mt ci np v y
ca a Petri, v quan st di knh hin
vi hn hp hoc gii phu. Nu c cc
th vi ging bo t xut hin th nghi
ng c k sinh trng l hp l. Mt s k
sinh trng l vi bo t ti v nim bo c
th hnh thnh cc u nang trong c
(Hn cc m mng bng
(h thng mng gi cho cc c quan ni
tng c nh trong khoang bng), v cc
c quan ni tng d dng nhn thy
c bng mt thng nh l cc cm
hoc cc khi cu mu trng. Cc k
sinh trng ny cng cn c nh loi
v mt k sinh trng hc. Cng c th
c giun, chng cun li bn trong
hoc xung quanh cc c quan ni tng
v cc m mng bng. Khng mt k
sinh trng no trong chng (mc d
khng c ai trng thy) gy thnh bnh
ch tr khi, c qu nhiu gy nn tc v
lm dch chuyn cc c quan ni tng
(Hn
F.1.1.3.2 Cc c quan (Cc mc I-III)
Bt k m trng- xm no xut hin
trn gan, thn, l lch hoc ty u c
th l bnh, nht l khi cc c quan ny
c cc m hoi t hoc tn thng
khc m. Trong cc c quan nh thn
hoc l lch, iu ny c th bo hiu
vic ngng sn xut cc t bo mu.
Nhng vt lot thn c th cng nh
hng trc tip n iu ho p sut
thm thu v nhng vt lot trn gan c
th nh hng n c ch khng khun
v khng c. Bt k c quan no trong
s k trn b sng ln trn mc bnh
thng u l biu hin ca bnh, cn
c xc nh cng sm cng tt.
Khi rut b phnh to (Hn v
Hn ) cn kim tra xem
liu y c phi l do thc n hay do s
hnh thnh dch nhy. S hnh thnh
dch nhy l biu hin ca s ph v
cch sp t thc n v cht thi, cng
nh s kch ng rut v thng i km
vi mt s bnh nghim trng. iu ny
cng c th xy ra do s xm nhp c
hi ca cc on rut b kch ng do
s thay i nhanh v thc n, v d nh
do trng roi Hexamita salmonis. Rut
cha y dch nhy c th c m bn
ngoi qua biu hin phn ko di, kt
thnh cm hoc c dch nhy.
F.1 K tut un
51
(H Yokoyama)









Hnh.F.1.1.3.1a. Nhim Myxobolus artus
trong c xng ca c chp 0+.
(K Ogawa)











Hnh.F.1.3.1b. Nhi m u trng Ligula sp.
(sn dy) khoang bng ca c
bng vng Nht Bn, Acanthogobius
flavimanus.
(H Yokoyama)









Hnh.F.1.3.2a. Bng c vng b trng
phng
F.1.2 C tu m trn
(M
Cht lng nc v dao ng ca cc
iu kin mi trng, mc d khng lin
quan n ly nhim nhng c th c
nh hng ln n sc kho ca c, c
trc tip (trong cc phm vi chu ng
v sinh l) v gin tip (tng kh nng b
ly nhim). iu ny c bit quan trng
i vi cc loi c nui trong nhng
iu kin t ging vi iu kin hoang
d. Nhit nc, mn, trong,
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)
Hnh. F.1.3.2b. C ging c hi Nht Bn
(Onchorynchus masou) c bng phnh to
do nhim nm men bia.
mi nc v sinh vt ph du n hoa tt
c u l nhng yu t quan trng. Mt
nui cao, ph bin nui thm canh,
d lm cho c b stress cng nh nhng
thay i nh ca iu kin mi trng c
th dn n bnh.S tch t thc n
tha chng t hoc l cho n qu nhiu
hoc l c gim n. Trong trng hp
khc, cc sn phm b phn hu ny c
th gy c trc tip hoc tr thnh mi
trng cho vi khun sinh si ny n v
ly nhim cc bnh th cp. Nh vy,
cc cht gy nhim khc cng c nh
hng ln n sc kho ca c.
F.1.3 Quy trn un
F.1.3.1 Chun tr ly mu
(M
Bt k ni no c th, nn khng nh
s lng mu cn xt nghim trong
phng th nghim trc khi ly mu.
Nhn chung s lng c ly kim tra
bnh nhiu hn l ly chn on
nguyn nhn c cht hoc cc triu
chng bt thng khc. Phng th
nghim chn on l ni s nhn mu
nn hi trc bit chc phng php
vn chuyn no l tt nht (v d, p
, bo qun mu bng ho cht c
nh, nguyn con hay mu m). Phng
th nghim cng s cho bit liu c cn
kim tra c c bnh v c cn c v
kho so snh hay khng.
Thng bo chnh xc cho phng th
nghim bit s gi ti nhng g (c
ngha l s lng, kch c hoc cc m
v ngy d nh ly mu v chuyn i)
phng th nghim c th chun b
trc khi mu ti. Nhng vic chun b
nh vy c th y nhanh tin x l
mu (chun b ho cht c nh, dn
nhn cc lam knh, bnh, a, ng
nghim, a Petri, bng d liu, v.v)
cng phi mt hn mt ngy.
F.1 K tut un

52
F.1.3.2 Thn tn un (M
Tt c cc mu gi i chn on phi c cng nhiu thng tin h tr cng tt, nh:
- l do gi mu (c ngha l, kim tra, chng nhn sc kho)
- cc quan st tng th, ghi chp thc n v cc ch tiu mi trng
- qu trnh v ngun gc ca n c, ngy chuyn n v a im cc ngun c
nu c khng cng mt vng nui.
Nhng thng tin ny s gip lm r liu vic vn chuyn, thay i mi trng hay
cc tc nhn ly nhim l nhng nguyn nhn cn lu tm. iu ny cng s gip
y nhanh tin cc xut v chn on, nh gi mi nguy, qun l v iu tr.
F.1.3.3 Ly mu m tr s o
Nhng yu t quan trng nht lin quan n vic ly mu kim tra l:
- s lng mu phi (xem bng F.1.3.3 di y)
- ly nhng mu nghi ng mn cm vi bnh
- ly mu bao gm cc nhm tui v vo cc ma d pht hin bnh nht. Nhng
thng tin ny c a vo cc phn bnh c th.
T l m n
K
qun n
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0
50 46 46 46 37 37 29 20
100 93 93 76 61 50 43 23
250 192 156 110 75 62 49 25
500 314 223 127 88 67 54 26
1000 448 256 136 92 69 55 27
2500 512 279 142 95 71 56 27
5000 562 288 145 96 71 57 27
10000 579 292 146 96 72 29 27
100000 594 296 147 97 72 57 27
1000000 596 297 147 97 72 57 27
>1000000 600 300 150 100 75 60 30
Bn
1
. S lng mu cn pht hin ra t nht mt c th b nhim bnh
trong mt qun n c kch c v mt t l mc bnh nu. Cc gi nh 2% v 5%
mc bnh thng c dng kim tra cc tc nhn gy bnh t bn ngoi, vi
tin cy 95%.
F.1.3.4 Ly mu n on n
Tt c cc mu gi i chn on bnh phi c cng nhiu thng tin h tr cng tt, nh:
- l do gi mu (c cht, c tng trng khng bnh thng, v.v.)
- cc hot ng ca con ngi (lm sch lng/li, phn c/phn hng c, thay
i a im nui, ch hi, a loi mi/n mi vo nui, v.v.)
- nhng thay i ca mi trng (thay i cht lng nc nhanh chng, nh cc
lung nc c, nc mn chy vo trong ao nc ngt, cc hin tng thi
tit bt thng, v.v.).

1
Ossiander, F.J. v G. Wedermeyer. 1973. Tp ch ca U ban Nghin cu Ngh c Canada
30:1383-1384.
F.1 K tut un
53
Nhng thng tin ny s gip lm r liu
tc ng ca con ngi, thay i mi
trng hay cc tc nhn ly nhim c l
nguyn nhn ca vic c cht hay cc
triu chng bt thng. Nhng thng tin
ny l cn thit chn on nhanh v
chnh xc, v n gip tp trung vo cc
quy trnh iu tra theo yu cu.
F.1.3.5 Ly mu sn vn uyn
(M
Nn ly mu cng gn gi vn chuyn
cng tt gim lng c cht trong
qu trnh vn chuyn. Vic ny c bit
quan trng i vi c sp cht hoc c
b bnh.
Cn thng bo cho phng th nghim
bit thi gian d kin mu s ti,
m bo chc chn phng th nghim
chun b c s vt cht cn thit x
l trc khi c ti. iu ny s rt ngn
thi gian t khi c b a ra khi nc
n khi chun b mu vt xt nghim
(xem F.1.3.1).
Nn bc c trong 2 ln ti nilon c cha
1/3 l nc v 2/3 cn li l khng
kh/oxy. Cc ti nilon phi c gn
cht (dy hoc ai cao su) v t trong
mt hp xp hoc hp ba cng c xp
cc cnh. Kch thc mt ti nilon 60
x 180 cm l thch hp cha ti a l
bn con c c 200-300 g. Th tch nc
so vi th tch c/sinh khi c l c bit
quan trng i vi c sng c vn
chuyn kim tra ngoi k sinh, v vy
cn hi kin phng th nghim trc.
Cc hp phi c gn an ton trnh
nc ra v c th bc hai ln ti bn
trong mt hp ba cng. Nn hi phng
th nghim v yu cu ng gi.
Cn dn nhn r rng trn cc thng
hng nh sau:
MU SNG, BO QUN -------- n
---------- C, KHNG NG LNH
(in khong nhit vn chuyn
c)
Nu vn chuyn bng ng hng
khng th ghi r:
GI TI SN BAY V GI IN
N NHN
(Ghi r tn v s in thoi ca ngi
chu trch nhim nhn hng, hoc nhn
hng ti phng th nghim).
Nu c th nn chuyn hng vo u
tun trnh tr hng vo ngy cui
tun dn ti vic bo qun khng ng
v b mt mu.
Thng bo cho ngi lin h ly hng
ngay khi gi chuyn hng i v cho bit
tn hng vn chuyn, s chuyn bay, s
vn n v thi gian d kin hng ti
ni.
F.1.3.6 Ly mu m o t
chuyn i (M
Trong mt s trng hp, khng th
chuyn c mu sng n phng th
nghim chn on do khong cch qu
xa hoc ng giao thng chm. Trong
cc trng hp ny nhng yu cu v
chn on phi c tho lun vi cn
b phng th nghim trc khi ly mu.
Vic vn chuyn cc m khng c
bo qun trc hoc cc mu c cht
yu cu phi cn thn, trnh gy u
hoc thi ra. Hn na, cng cn ch
bo v cc ngoi k sinh, nu y l
nhng sinh vt quan trng.
i vi vi khun, vi nm hoc virus:
- C nh c b vo ti, buc kn
v chuyn i nguyn con trong
nhng ti bng keo gelatin c p
/hoc ng lnh.
- i vi c to, c th b ni tng,
cho vo cc bnh cha v trng v
chuyn i trong cc ti bng keo
gelatin c p /hoc ng lnh.
- kim tra vi khun hoc nm nn
chuyn c tng con mt c ng
gi v buc kn ring v chuyn i
trong cc ti bng keo gelatin p
/hoc ng lnh.
- kim tra virus-cho c vo ti c
cha 5 th tch dung dch mui c
bn ca Hanks c cha gentamycin
(1.000 g/ml) hoc penicillin (800
IU/ml) + dihydrostreptamycin (800
g/ml). Cng c th thm cc tc
nhn khng nm nh Mycostatin
hoc Fungizone vi mc 400 IU/ml.
Ghi ch: Cc mu c nguyn con hoc
cn sng l l tng nht v cc m
b ct ra s nhanh chng t phn hu
ngay c khi trong lnh, lm cho
cc m khng th s dng c i vi
k thut kh trng v kim tra vi khun,
nht l iu kin kh hu nhit i. C
dng kim tra vi khun phi c
bo qun trong lnh trong mt
khong thi gian hn ch. Vic p lnh
l cn thit m bo cc c quan/cc
m dng xt nghim c s dng k
thut v trng c bo qun nhit
thp hn nc xung quanh (4C l
mc thp chun) nhng khng c
ng lnh. Cng nn bc ring mi con
trong mt ti trnh ly nhim t con
F.1 K tut un

54
ny sang con khc trong cng mt mu
th.
F.1.3.7 Bo qun n mu
m
Nn git cht c trc khi c nh. Vi
c nh c th lm cht bng cch ct
u, tuy nhin vic ny gy tn thng
c hc cho cc m v phng php ny
khng thch hp i vi c to. Thay vo
, nn lm c cht mt cch nh
nhng bng thuc gy m liu cao (tr
trng hp kim tra ngoi k sinh trng
v c th b mt nhng sinh vt ny).
Benzocaine hoc Etomidate vi liu
dng cao gp 3 ln bnh thng c hiu
qu gy m c. Nu c th nn trnh
tim thuc gy m v tim s gy ra tn
thng m. Nn cho c vo trong nc
trc khi lm c cht.
Vi nhng loi c rt nh nh c hng
hoc c bt th nn ngm trc tip vi t
l dung tch ti thiu l 10:1 (dung dch
c nh: m).
i vi cc loi c ln hn (>6 cm), ton
b chiu di khoang bng c nn m
phanh ra (dc theo ng gia bng) v
ni tng v bong bng c bc ra nh
nhng, mi c quan chnh c bc mt
ln l xong, cho php cc ho cht c
nh c thm thu ti a. L tng
nht l cc c quan hoc bt k vt
thng no cn nghin cu s c tch
ra, ct thnh tng mnh (<1,0 cm
3
) v b
trong dung dch c nh c th tch t nht
gp 10 ln dung tch m. Tng thi gian
c nh mu l c gii hn.
i vi vic chun b mu da, tt nht l
ct ra tng ming to bng dao m
nhng trnh p hoc lm bin dng
mu. Nhanh chng nhng da vo ho
cht c nh, sau ly tng ming da
v ct thnh cc lt nh hn rng
khong 1,0 cm v nhanh chng a cc
lt ny ngm li trong dung dch c nh
trong 24 gi. i vi nhng mu ly t
cc vt thng, nn ct mu vi chiu
rng khng qu 1,0 cm bao gm c
nhng m kho xung quanh vt
thng c th so snh gia cc m
kho v m nhim bnh v ngay lp tc
cho ngm vo dung dch c nh trong
24 gi.
chun b tiu bn tt, tt c cc m
phi c nh t nht 24-48 gi. Nn lu
rng vic bo qun lu trong cc ho
cht c nh, tr ethanol 70%, s lm
cho m khng th s dng c lai
ti ch. Phi hi li phng th nghim
chn on nu cn phi bo qun lu ti
ch trc khi chuyn n phng th
nghim.
Ho cht c nh thch hp nht bo
qun mu c dng trong phng php
m hc l dung dch Formalin m
Phosphate.
Dung dch Formalin m Phosphate:
37-40% formaldehyde 100,0 ml
Nc 900,0 ml
NaH2PO4.H2O 4,0 g
Na2HPO4 6,5 g
Ghi ch: Formaldehyde l mt kh tan
trong nc v c cung cp di dng
c c cn 40% trng lng. Trong
dung dch c c, formaldehyde thng
b c trong qu trnh bo qun do sn
sinh ca formaldehyde, nh vy vic
lm nng dung dch hoc cho vo mt
lng nh NaOH s gip qu trnh kh
trng hp ca paraformaldehyde.
Formaldehyde khng thch hp cho
vic c nh nu n dng c c.
Formaldehyde d nguyn cht th no
cng l axit khi mua v (thng c
pH l 3-5). Cn thn trng khi kim tra
pH ca bt k ho cht c nh no
c formalin.
F.1.3.8 Vn uyn mu o qun
(M
Cc mu cn c chuyn ch trong
nhng thng cha c nim phong v
khng ph v c. Thng th mu
c ng trong hai ln thng. Nhiu
dch v bu kin v cng ty vn chuyn
(c bit l ng hng khng) c
nhng quy nh nghim ngt i vi vic
vn chuyn ho cht, k c cc mu
c bo qun. Nu c nh y
cc m (nh nu mc F.1.3.7) th
khi vn chuyn hu ht dung dch bo
qun hay c nh u phi rt cn ht ra
khi mu. Dung dch cn li ch
khng lm kh cc m, iu ny s gim
thiu lng dung dch ho cht phi vn
chuyn. Trc khi ly mu, nn bo cho
hng vn chuyn m bo rng mu
c x l v bao gi theo ng cc qui
nh v vn chuyn.
- Cc thng cha phi c dn
nhn ghi r rng cc thng tin m t
dnh cho mu sng (F.1.3.5).
- Phi ghi r tn v s in thoi ca
ngi chu trch nhim nhn hng,
hoc nhn hng phng th nghim.
F.1 K tut un
55
- Nu c th, nn chuyn hng vo
u tun trnh giao hng vo
ngy cui tun, c th dn n bo
qun mu khng ng cch v b
mt mu.
- Thng bo cho ngi lin h nhn
hng ngay sau khi chuyn hng i
v cho bit tn hng vn chuyn, s
chuyn bay, s vn n v thi gian
d kin hng ti ni.
F.1.4 Lu -ghi chp
Vic thit lp v ghi chp tp tnh v
biu hin ca c khi bnh thng so
snh vi cc quan st tin hnh khi xy
ra bnh l cn thit. Vic lu gi- ghi
chp v th l mt bin php thit yu
qun l bnh c hiu qu. i vi c,
nhng yu t nn c ghi chp u
n c lit k cc mc F.1.4.1,
F.1.4.2 v F.1.4.3.
F.1.4.1 C qun st tn qut

Nhng quan st ny c th c ghi
chp hng ngy v tng trng ca
c m l tng nht l c theo di
u n, hoc bng cch ly mu ph
cc b hoc ao nui, hoc bng d
on t nhng quan st b ngoi.
Vi cc c s ng p nhng thng tin
ti hn cn ghi chp li bao gm:
- hot ng cho n
- sinh trng
- t vong
Nhng quan st ny nn ghi chp hng
ngy, i vi tt c cc giai on nui,
bao gm: ngy, gi, s b, c b m (ni
c hn 1 ngun c b m) v ngun thc
n. Cng nn ghi chp li ngy v gi
thay i, b v thng nc, xi phng
ht/ra bng tia nc v/hoc ty trng.
L tng nht l nhng ghi chp ny
c mt ngi c trch nhim bo qun
thit b, kim tra u n.
i vi ao hoc vng nui c lng/li,
cn quan st, ghi chp li nhng thng
tin sau:
- sinh trng
- s nhim bn
- t vong
Nhng thng tin ny nn ghi chp c
km theo ngy, a im nui v nhng
hot ng c lin quan (v d: ly mu
kim tra trong phng th nghim).
Cng nh vy, nhng ghi chp ny nn
c kim tra u n bi ngi c
trch nhim trng coi c s nui.
F.1.4.2 Quan st m trn

Quan st mi trng c p dng i
vi vng nc m, ao, lng v h thng
nui th li vy. Nhng thng tin cn
ghi chp li bao gm:
- thi tit
- nhit nc
- lng oxy
- mn
- c ca nc (nh gi nh tnh
hoc a secchi)
- s n hoa ca to
- cc hot ng ca con ngi (nh
bt, vic s dng t bn cnh/cc
hot ng s dng nc).
- pH.
Vic thng xuyn quan st mi trng
nh trn s thay i tu theo ni nui v
loi nui. Ni no mn hoc c t
thay i th ch yu cu ghi chp vo
ma ma hoc khi iu kin thi tit c
bit. Vng kh hu n i cn c kim
tra nhit nc thng xuyn hn
vng kh hu nhit i. Nn ghi chp li
cc hot ng ca con ngi trn
nguyn tc kp thi, khng chm tr
v thi gian.Trong mi trng hp, ngy
v gi u phi ghi li v cc ch s nh
nhit v pH thay i r rt trong
ngy, nht l cc ao m v nhng
vng c thy triu ln xung.
Khng phi khi no cng c th kim
sot c lng oxy trong ao. Tuy
nhin, ngi nui nn bit rng trong
nhng ao m khng c qut kh, lng
oxy thp nht vo sng sm khi cy ci
(bao gm c to) s dng oxy sut
m. S quang hp v vic sn sinh
oxy s ch bt u sau khi mt tri mc.
F.1.4.3 Ghi chp v n nu t
(M
Nn ghi chp li tt c s di chuyn ca
c vo v ra khi mt c s ng p
hoc vng nui, bao gm:
- Ngun c b m/trng/c bt/c
con v chng nhn sc kho ca
chng
- Khi lng hoc s lng c
- iu kin khi c n
- Ngy v gi vn chuyn i v tn
ngi c trch nhim nhn c
F.1 K tut un

56
- Ngy, gi v a ch vn chuyn c
n t tri ng p hoc vng nui.
Nhng ghi chp nh vy cng c th p
dng (nhng t cn thit hn) i vi
vic vn chuyn gia cc b, ao, lng
trong mt vng nui. Nu c th, khng
nn nui ln c cc ngun khc nhau.
Nu phi nui ln th phi ghi chp cht
ch nhng ngun c no c nui ln
v ngy a lot c mi vo trong vng
hoc h thng nui.
F.1.5 T lu tm o
Chinabut, S. and R.J. Roberts. 1999.
Pathology and histopathology of epizootic
ulcerative syndrome (EUS). Aquatic Animal
Health Research Institute. Department of
Fisheries, Royal Thai Government.
Bangkok, Thailand. 33p.
Close, B., K. Banister, V. Baumans, E.
Bernoth, N. Bromage, J. Bunyan, W.
Erhardt, P. Flecknell, N. Gregory, H.
Hackbarth, D. Morton and C. Warwick.
1997. Recommendations for euthanasia of
experimental animals: Part 2. Lab.
Anim.31:1-32.
Ossiander, F.J. and G. Wedermeyer. 1973.
Computer program for sample size required
to determine disease incidence in fish
populations. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30:
1383-1384.
Tonguthai, K., S. Chinabut, T. Somsiri, P.
Chanratchakool, and S. Kanchanakhan.
1999. Diagnostic Procedures for Finfish
Diseases. Aquatic Animal Health Research
Institute, Department of Fisheries, Bangkok,
Thailand.

C
F.2 D B
57
F.2.1 Thn tn un
F.2.1.1 T nn y n
EHN do loi iridovirus c DNA si i,
khng v v c gi l virus gy dch
bnh hoi t c quan to mu (EHNV).
Loi virus ny c chung t nht mt
khng nguyn vi cc iridovirus gy
bnh cho c nheo (Silurus glanis) v c
da trn (Ictalurus melas) chu u v
vi cc loi iridovirus sng trn ng
vt lng c ti Bc M (loi virus 3
ch) v ti xtrylia (Bohle iridovirus).
Gn y, T chc Th y th gii (OIE)
a 2 tc nhn l virus trn c da
trn chu u v virus trn c nheo chu
u l cc tc nhn gy ra dch bnh
EHN (OIE 2000a; http://www.oie.int).
Cch phn loi hin nay v ging
Ranavirus ang c xem xt li (xem
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTV). C
th tm thy thng tin chi tit hn v loi
bnh ny trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
F.2.1.2 C lo vt
EHNV gy bnh c vc vy (Perca
fluvitilis) v c hi vn (Oncorhynchus
mykiss). Cc loi c khc d nhim
bnh do EHNV l c vc Macquarie
(Macquaria australasica), c n mui
(Gambussia affinis), c r bc (Bidyanus
bidyanus) v c Galaxias olidus.
F.2.1.3 Phn l
Trc y, gii hn a l ca vic ly
nhim EHNV c gii hn lc a
ca xtrylia. Tuy nhin, theo nh quyt
nh gn y ca OIE, cc loi iridovirus
sng trn c nheo v c da trn l
nguyn nhn gy ra EHN th phn b a
l ni rng sang c chu u. Mt loi
virus c lin quan gn y c tch ra
t c vc mng Phn Lan c
pht hin l c kh nng tc ng cho
v mt min dch nhng khng gy
bnh cho c hi vn.
F.2.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn u
- Th n n - 2000)
xtrylia bo co v s xut hin ca
EHN ti Victoria (cui nm 1996), New
South Wales (cui nm 1996) v Nam
xtrylia (1992). EHN cng xut hin
New South Wales trong qu I nm 2000,
vi s xut hin hng nm ti khu vc
th ph xtrylia (khng c khng nh
ca phng th nghim) (OIE 1999,
2000b).
n bo co v EHN trong qu IV ca
nm 1999 nh hng ti c qu v c
da trn (OIE 1999).
F.2.2 C n lm sn
Khng c cc du hiu c th v bnh
lin quan n EHN. Hoi t ca gan (c
hoc khng c cc m trng), l lch,
m to huyt ca thn v cc m khc
dn n c cht. S ri lon chc nng
ca mu dn ti s mt cn bng v
kh nng thm thu, gy thng tn
xut huyt, to nn cc cht dch trong
cc khoang c th. Cc cht dch
khoang c th (bnh bng) cng vi
vic l lch v thn phnh to lm cho
bng phnh ra (bnh ph).
Bnh lm sng dng nh lin quan
n cht lng nc thp, cng nh
nhit ca nc. i vi c hi vn,
bnh xut hin nhit t 11 - 17
o
C
(trong t nhin) v t 8 - 21
o
C (iu kin
th nghim). Khng pht hin ra bnh
c vc vy nhit di 12
o
C
trong iu kin t nhin. C vc vy
con non v trng thnh u c th b
nh hng, nhng c con d b nhim
bnh hn (Hn . EHNV c
tm thy trong c hi vn t c c
hng n c tht, mc d hin tng
c cht thng xy ra c c chiu di
0 125 mm.
F.2.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh i vi EHN c th
c tm thy trong S tay Chn on
dch bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE
(OIE 2000a), ti http://www.oie.int, hoc
ti cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
Ging nh tc nhn gy bnh khc, vic
kim tra bnh xc nh s c mt ca
1 tc nhn gy bnh cn nhiu mu hn
so vi chn on bnh. S lng
mu s thay i tu theo tin cy yu
cu (xem mc F.1.3.3).
F.2.3.1 D n
F.2.3.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc
I) v m bnh hc (Mc II)
Khng th xc nh c bnh c cn
lm sng, khi s dng cc quan st tng
th (Mc I) hoc m bnh hc (Mc
II).
F.2 D n o t quan to mu

58
F.2.3.1.2 Virus hc (Mc III)
EHNV c th c tch ra t cc dng
t bo ca c mang xanh 2 (BF-2) hoc
c m trng (FHM). Vic ny cn c
kim tra nhiu c cn lm sng (xem
bng F.1.3.3) pht hin ra t l phn
trm thp ca c mang bnh.
F.2.3.2 Kim n n
F.2.3.2.1 Cc xt nghim v tnh min
dch hc (Mc III)
Cc tc ng ca vic gy bnh t bo
(CPE) cc dng t bo ca c BF-2
hoc FHM cn c s khng nh ca
EHNV l nguyn nhn thng qua xt
nghim v min dch (th nghim khng
th hunh quang gin tip (IFAT) hoc
th nghim v cht hp thu min dch
nh enzyme (ELISA) hoc phn ng
chui Polymerase (PCR) (Mc III).
F.2.4 C pn pp n on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on EHN c th c tm
thy trong S tay Chn on dch bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
EHNV l loi virus c sc chng chu
cao, c th chu c ng lnh trong
thi gian di, do vy, c c th c lu
gi v/hoc vn chuyn ng lnh m
khng gy nh hng n vic chn
on bnh.
F.2.4.1 D n
F.2.4.1.1 Quan st tng th (Mc I)
Nh cp ti mc F.2.2, cn nghi ng
b nhim EHNV khi thy c vc vy
b cht hng lot iu kin nc lnh
(<11
o
C), bao gm vic ngng n, phnh
bng, tn thng mang v xut huyt
vy cng nh ton b lp da b ti sm.
Cc quan st tng t vi c ging c hi
vn (11-17
o
C) cng cn c nghi ng,
tuy nhin cc iu kin cho EHN mi vt
ch l khng c trng.
Khi m c cht c th thy gan v l
lch phnh to hoc c cc im xm trn
gan, nhng nhng c im ny cng
khng c trng.
F.2.4.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
M bnh hc cc m to mu ca
thn, gan, l lch v tim ca c c vc
vy v c hi vn l ging nhau, mc
d gan ca c vc c vng b hoi t
tp trung rng hn. Mang c vc b
bnh c cc mu xut huyt v tit dch
fibrin. Hoi t tp trung xy ra ty v
thnh rut. Hoi t vng m c c th
rng hn.
F.2.4.1.3 Virus hc (Mc III)
nui cy m cn c bt hoc c ging
nguyn con ca c vc (chiu di
<4mm), ni tng bao gm thn (chiu di
c 4-6cm) hoc thn, l lch v gan ca
c c kch thc ln hn. Vic chn on
bc u bt u vi vic tch virus cc
dng t bo ca c BF-2 hoc FHM. Hiu
qu gy bnh t bo (CPE) l vic kim
tra cho sau i vi EHNV s dng
knh hin vi hunh quang gin tip hoc
ELISA (F.2.4.2).
F.2.4.1.4 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Vi hnh thi 20 mt, 145-162 nm, cc
tiu phn virus mang AND si n
khng v bao c mt trong t bo cht
ca cc t bo l lch, gan, thn v mu
b nhim.
F.2.4.2 Kim n n
F.2.4.2.1 Xt nghim v min dch (Mc
III)
IFAT v ELISA c yu cu s dng
khng nh EHNV trong CPE t mi
trng nui t bo nh ni ti
F.2.4.1.3. EHNV khng gy ra cc
khng th trung tnh (Ab) ng vt c
v hoc c.
F.2.4.2.2 Phn ng chui Polymerase
(PCR) (Mc III)
Cc quy trnh v cc mi PCR c to
ra pht hin cc iridovirus mt cch
bit lp t c vc vy (Perca
fluviatilis), c hi vn (Oncorhynchus
mykiss), c nheo (Silurus glanis), c da
trn (Ictalurus melas), c khng tc
(Poecilia reticulata), c ui gai (Labroides
dimidatus), v mt lot ranavirus ng
vt lng c (ti liu cha cng b).
F.2.5 C u ln truyn n
S lan truyn ca EHNV trong c hi
vn cha c hiu mt cch y .
S ly nhim c th lp li hng nm
v iu ny c th b rng buc vi
cc bnh ca c vc vy trong
lu vc nc. Tuy nhin, bnh cn
xy ra vi t l mc bnh thp mt
s n c hi nhim bnh, v vy t l
t vong khng vt qu mc bnh
thng. iu ny c ngha khng
nhn ra c bnh trong s c bn ngoi
c v kho mnh.
F.2 D n o t quan to mu
59
F.2.6 C n pp m sot
Vic ngn nga vn chuyn c bnh
trong cc vng nc v gim thiu tip
xc gia cc tri nui c hi v n c
vc xung quanh l cn thit. Ngoi
ra, vic lm gim hot ng ca chim
cc tri nui c th lm gim c hi bc
l v lan truyn bnh. Thng bo v
thng tin phng nga cho nhng ngi
cu c gii tr cc vng c c bnh v
khng c bnh cng c th lm gim s
lan truyn v .
F.2.7 T lu tm o n l
Gould, A.R., A.D. Hyatt, S.H. Hengstberger,
R.J. Whittington, and B.E.H. Couper. 1995.
A poly- merase chain reaction (PCR) to
detect epi- zootic necrosis virus and Bohle
iridovirus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 22: 211-215.
Hyatt, A.D., B.T. Eaton, S. Hengstberger,
G.Russel. 1991. Epizootic haematopoietic
necrosis virus: detection by ELISA,
immuno- histochemistry and electron
microscopy. J. Fish Dis.14: 605-618.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Whittington, R.J. and K.A. Steiner. 1993.
Epizootic haematopoietic necrosis virus
(EHNV): improved ELISA for detection in
fish tissues and cell cultures and an
efficient method for release of antigen from
tissues. J. Vir.Meth. 43: 205-220.
Whittington, R.J., L.A. Reddacliff, I. Marsh, C.
Kear ns, Z. Zupanovic, Z. and R.B.
Callinan.1999. Further observations on the
epidemiology and spread of epizootic
haematopoietic necrosis virus (EHNV) in
farmed rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
in southeastern Australia and a
recommended sampling strategy for
surveillance. Dis. Aquat. Org. 35: 125-
130.F.3
(AAHL)










Hnh.F.2.2a. Hin tng cht hng lot
ca ring c vc vy . Lu c nh b
bnh v mt con c b sng phng d dy
gia nh. Lu c im mang b xut
huyt con c trong hnh nh di

(EAFP)









Hnh.F.3.2a. C bt nhim IHN c ti non
hong b xut huyt

(EAFP)







Hnh.F.3.2b. Cc du hiu lm sng ca
c nhim IHN bao gm da b sm, xut
huyt bng v mt quanh ng t.



F.3 B QUAN T
DO L

60
F.3.1 Thn tn un
F.3.1.1 T nn y n
IHN do Rhabdovirus mang RNA (ssRNA)
si n c bao gy ra v c gi l
virus gy bnh hoi t c quan to mu
do nhim trng (IHNV). Hin ti n
khng c coi l mt ging, nhng U
ban Quc t v Phn loi virus (ICTV)
hin ang coi y l mt ging mi -
Novirhabdovirus - ging ny c
ngh gp c VHSV v IHNV (xem
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTV).
Thng tin chi tit hn v bnh ny c
th c tm thy trong S tay chn
don dch bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000a).
F.3.1.2 C lo vt
IHNV ly nhim ln c hi vn hoc c
hi u cng (Oncorhynchus mykiss),
c hi (O.nerka), c hi vua
(O. tshawytscha), c hi ch (O. keta),
c hi Nht Bn (O. masou), amago
(O. rhodurus), c hi bc (O. kisutch), v
c hi i Ty dng (Salmo salar). C
bt ca c ch (Esox lucius), c trp v
c bn sao cng c th b ly nhim
trong iu kin thc nghim.
F.3.1.3 Phn l
Trc y, phn b a l ca bnh IHN
c gii hn ti khu vc ven Thi Bnh
Dng ca Bc M, tuy nhin gn y,
loi bnh ny lan ti lc a chu u
v chu .
F.3.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn
chu - Th n n -
2000)
n bo co xut hin bnh IHN vo
qu cui cng nm 1999 c qu v c
da trn; Hn Quc bo co v bnh IHN
c hi vn vo qu 3 v 4 (thng 9)
nm 2000, trong khi Nht Bn bo
co v s xut hin ca IHN hng thng
trong nm 1999 v 2000 (OIE 1999,
2000b).
F.3.2 C n lm sn
Gia cc c th ca cng mt loi c,
c s khc nhau ln v kh nng nhim
IHNV. C bt cn ti non hong (Hn
F. 3.2) c bit d b nhim v kh nng
t vong c th ln ti t 90-100%. c
hi vn hin tng c cht c lin quan
n nhit nc di 14
o
C. Nhng c
sng st ca IHNV chng t min dch
tp nhim c l rt mnh.
C d mc bnh s b chuyn mu ti
(c bit l mt lng v khu vc ui)
(Hn . Phn bng c th b sng
phng, c s xut huyt gc cc vy,
np mang v xung quanh mt b
trng mt li. Kh nng bi cng
gim st trng thy. Mt s c cn c
cht thi mu trng t hu mn.
F.3.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh IHV c th c tm
thy trong S tay Chn on dch bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.3.3.1 D n
F.3.3.1.1 Virus hc (Mc III)
IHNV c th c phn lp t loi mang
bnh cn lm sng trn Epithelioma
papulosum cyprinae (EPC) hoc cc
dng t bo BF-2. Vic xc nh nguyn
nhn ca bt k CPE trn cc dng t
bo ny cn n vic kim khng nh
tip theo. (F.3.3.2).
F.3.3.2 Kim n n
F.3.3.2.1 Xt nghim v min dch hoc
xt nghim v axit nucleic (Mc III)
Nguyn nhn ca CPE to ra trn EPC
hoc cc dng t bo BF-2 bng cc
mu c nghi ng mang IHNV phi c
kim khng nh thng qua vic xc nh
min dch hoc cc k thut da trn
PCR (F.3.4.2.1).
F.3.4 C pn pp n
on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on IHN c th c tm
thy trong S tay chn on dch bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.3 Bn o t qun to mu
do ly nm
61
F.3.4.1 D n
F.3.4.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc I)
Nhng thay i v tp tnh l khng c
trng i vi bnh IHN nhng c th
bao gm tnh trng hn m, c t tp
trong khu vc yn tnh ca ao vi nhng
t bi li tht thng r ln theo chu k
(xem F.3.2) v mt thng bng.
Nhng thay i v bn ngoi bao gm
s chuyn mu ti (nht l b mt lng
v khu vc vy ui), c bit l giai
on c bt cn ti non hong (t l t
vong 90-100%). Bng c c th b phnh
do s tch t cc cht dch trong khoang
c th (ph) v c th nhn thy c hin
tng xut huyt gc cc vy, np
mang v quanh mt. mt c c cc
du hiu mt cn bng v nc trong
cc m do b phng ln (li mt). Cn c
th thy hu mn li ra v phn trng
ko di/dng nhy.
F.3.4.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc lt ct m cho thy nhiu mc
hoi t khc nhau ca m to mu
thn hay l lch, cng nh no v b
my tiu ho.
F.3.4.1.3 Virus hc (Mc III)
C bt nguyn con (chiu di s 4cm),
ni tng bao gm thn (c di 4-6cm)
hoc thn, l lch hay cc m no ca
nhng loi c c kch thc ln hn,
c s dng phn lp virus EPC
hoc cc dng t bo BF-2. Vic khng
nh v IHNV l nguyn nhn ca bt k
kt qu v CPE cn c iu tra v xt
nghim min dch, nh c trnh by
di y.
F.3.4.2 Kim n n
F.3.4.2.1 Cc xt nghim min dch hc
(IFAT hoc ELISA) (Mc III)
Vic chn on IHNV t c thng
qua vic xt nghim min dch cc phn
lp t nui cy t bo s dng IFAT
hoc ELISA, hoc vic chng minh
bng min dch hc ca khng th IHNV
cc m ca c bnh.
F.3.4.2.2 Knh hin vi in t (TEM) (Mc
III)
Quan st cc t bo b bnh trong nui
cy t bo thy cc virus c hnh u
n, c v, a hnh, ng knh 45-
100nm v di 100-430 nm. Trn hu
khp b mt ca bao c mc phn tn
u cc mi nhn r (mc d iu kin
nui cy t bo chng li km r hn).
Cc capsid nhn cun li v xut hin
di cho (4,5 - 5 nm) khi nhum m v
soi knh hin vi in t. S ti to virus
din ra trong t bo cht vi s chn
mui ca tiu phn mng t bo hoc
ti ng dch Golgi.
F.3.5 C u ln truyn n
IHNV thng lan truyn t nhng c
bnh sng st, chng mang mm mng
bnh cn lm sng. Khi c trng
thnh, chng c th truyn virus trong
qu trnh trng. C mang bnh cng
c th truyn bnh thng qua vic
truyn IHNV trong phn, nc tiu, dch
trng v tit cht nhy. Cc ngun ly
nhim khc bao gm dng c b
nhim, trng ca c bnh, k sinh trng
ht mu (nh a, rn c Argulus spp.).
Cc loi chim n c cng c coi l
mt ngun lan truyn bnh t ni ny
sang ni khc.
Yu t mi trng nh hng nhiu
nht ti bnh IHN l nhit ca nc.
Bnh thng xut hin trong khong
nhit t 8 - 15
o
C iu kin t nhin.
S bng pht bnh him khi xy ra
nhit >15
o
C.
F.3.6 C n php m sot
Hin ti cc bin php kim sot ch
yu l phng trnh thng qua vic ty
trng k cng cc trng th tinh.
Trng, c bt v c hng nn c
nui ngun nc khng c virus v
tch bit hon ton vi cc tc nhn c
kh nng mang IHNV. Nu c th, cn
trnh s dng c b m sng ti ni
tng bng pht bnh IHN. Hin ti, vic
tim vc-xin ch ang trong giai on th
nghim.
Vi nhng loi virus gy nhim trng c
quan to mu (VHSV, xem F.8), tnh
trng sc kho tt ca c c th lm
gim kh nng nhim IHN, trong khi
nh bt v cc kiu gy stress khc
thng lm cho nhim cn lm sng tr
thnh cng khai.
F.3 Bn o t quan to mu
do ly nm

62
F.3.7 T lu tm o n
l
Enzmann, P.J., D. Fichtner, H. Schuetze, and
G. Walliser. 1998. Development of vaccines
against VHS and IHN: Oral application,
molecular marker and discrimination of
vaccinated fish from infected populations.
J. Appl. Ichth.14: 179-183.
Gastric, J., J. Jeffrey. 1991. Experimentally
induced diseases in marine fish with
IHHNV and a rhabdovirus of eel. CNEVA -
Laboratoire de Pathologie des Animaux
Aquatiques B.P.70 - 29289 Plouzane,
France. EAS Spec. Publ. No. 14.
Hattenberger-Baudouy, A.M., M. Dabton, G.
Merle, and P. de Kinkelin. 1995.
Epidemiology of infectious haematopoietic
necrosis (IHN) of salmonid fish in France:
F.4 VIRUS C
ONCORHYNCHUS MASOU (OMV)
63
F.4.1 Thn tn un
F.4.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh do virus Oncorhynchus masou
(OMVD) gy ra bi virus Oncorhynchus
masou (OMV) c xp vo h
Herpesviridae, da trn DNA 20 mt vi
ng knh 120-200 nm v c v bao.
OMV cn c gi l virus gy u c
hi Nht Bn (YTV), virus h Norka
Towada, Qun Akita v Amori (NeVTA),
virus gy u c hi bc (CSTV),
virus Oncorhynchus kisutch (OKV),
herpesvirus c hi bc (CSHV), virus
thn c hi vn (RKV), hoc herpesvirus
c hi gm (RHV). OMV bin i t
herpesvirus ca h Samonidae kiu 1,
loi ny thng c min ty nc M.
Hin nay, loi herpesvirus c hi ny
cha c phn loi (xem ti
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTV).
Thng tin chi tit hn v bnh ny c
th c tm thy trong S tay Chn
on dch bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000a).
F.4.1.2 C lo vt
C hi Kokanee (khng thuc loi c hi
i dng) - Oncorhynchus nerka- l
loi d b nhim nht; kh nng b nhim
c sp xp theo trnh t gim dn
nh sau: C hi Nht Bn (O. masou),
c hi ch (O. keta), c hi bc (O.
kisutch) v c hi vn (O. mykiss).
F.4.1.3 Phn l
OMVD c pht hin ti Nht Bn, v
c th l ti cc con sng ven bin ti
ng (cha c t liu) m c hi Thi
Bnh Dng sinh sng.
F.4.1.4 H tn o o n qu v
d n n vt ty sn u -
Th n n - 2000)
Nht Bn bo co v OMVD trong tt
c cc thng ca cc nm 1999 v nm
2000 v Hn Quc nghi ng c vo nm
1999 v trong 2 qu u ca nm 2000
(OIE 1999, 2000b).
F.4.2 C n lm sn
OMV ly nhim v pht trin cc t
bo ni b ca mao mch, l lch v
gan, gy ra hin tng ph v xut
huyt. C bt mt thng tui l giai on
pht trin d b ly nhim nht. Thn, l
lch, gan v cc khi u l nhng ni m
OMV tp trung nhiu nht trong thi
gian ly nhim.
4 thng sau khi c du hiu bnh, mt
s loi c cn sng st c th pht trin
khi u biu m (c th nhn thy khi u
mt cch r rng) quanh ming (trn
hoc di hm) v, mc nh hn
l ti vy ui, np mang v thn c.
Tnh trng ny c th ko di hn 1
nm. c hi bc 1 nm tui, s ly
nhim mn tnh t bin thnh nhng
m lot da, cc m trng gan, u
ming v b mt c th. Tuy c hi
vn, c mt s triu chng bn ngoi,
nhng cng c th quan st c rut
xut huyt v cc m trng gan
Nhng c cn sng sau khi b OMVD s
pht trin cc khng th trung tnh c
th phng b ti ly nhim.
F.4.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh OMV c th c
tm thy trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int hoc ti cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.4.3.1 D n
F.4.3.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc
I)
Cc khi u b mt tn ti lu l rt him,
nhng l biu hin ca th mang
OMV sng. Mt s loi nh c hi vn
th khng c nhng tn thng nh th.
F.4.3.1.2 Virus hc (Mc III)
OMV c th c phn lp t cc dch
sinh sn, cc mu m thn, no v l
lch phi c hi trng 214 (CHSE-214)
hoc cc dng t bo tuyn sinh dc
c hi vn 2(RTG-2). Bt k kt qu
CPE no cng cn n cc phn tch
min dch hc v PCR khng nh
tnh ng nht ca virus c lin quan
(xem F.4.3.2.1).
F.4.3.2 Kim n n
F.4.3.2.1 Xt nghim min dch hc v
xt nghim axit nucleic (Mc III)
nh hng ca gy bnh t bo (CPE)
trong cc nui cy t bo, cng nh cc
phn tch cc mu dch sinh sn, m
thn, no v l lch t c b nghi l c
bnh c th c kim tra bng cch s
dng cc php th khng th trung tnh
c bit, cc php th khng th min
dch hunh quang gin tip (IFAT), vi
vic nhum min dch peroxidase, cc
php th ELISA....
F.4 Virus c t n
Oncorhynchus masou (OMV)

64
F.4.4 C pn pp n
on n
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on OMV c th c tm
thy trong S tay chn on bnh ng
vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), ti
http://www.oie.int hoc ti cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.4.4.1 D n
F.4.4.1.1 Quan st tng th (Mc I)
Cc thay i v tp tnh bao gm trng
thi hn m v s tp hp xung quanh
dng nc chy vo ca cc loi c hi
d nhim bnh c nh. C th nhn thy
r cc im lot hoc xut huyt trn da,
cng vi l mu ti hn. Mt c c
th b li. bn trong c th, cc m
trng c th xut hin gan (Hn
F.4.4.1.1a). Sau khong 4 thng, c
sng st c cc du hiu pht trin vng
da quanh ming (Hn hoc
m trng c th xut hin np mang
c, b mt thn hay vng vy ui (hin
tng ny t xy ra hn).
F.4.4.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc lt ct m ca c nghi ng b bnh
c th c cc thng tn do nhn phng
to trong cc m biu b ca hm, mt
trong ca np mang v thn.
F.4.4.1.3 Virus hc (Mc III)
C bt nguyn con (chiu di s 4 cm),
ni tng bao gm thn (di 4-6 cm) hoc,
vi c c kch thc ln hn, cc
thng tn, l lot da, khi u, thn, l
lch v no cn thit nui cy m s
dng cc dng t bo CHSE 214 hoc
RTG-2. Nguyn nhn ca kt qu CPE
cn c khng nh l virus khi s dng
cc quy trnh nu ti F.4.3.2.1.
F.4.4.1.3 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Nh knh hin vi in t pht hin ra
cc virus trong nhn ca cc m b
nhim bnh v khi u. Cc virus ca
DNA gm 20 mt, c v, ng knh
120-200 nm. (Hn
F.4.4.2 Kim n n
F.4.4.2.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc I)
Tp tnh chung v cc du hiu nhim
bnh ti thi im bt u ca OMVD l
khng c trng cho bnh. Do vy, vic
chn on khng nh cn n xt nghim
chn on b sung hoc s xut hin
OMVD c t liu ho hoc hin
tng c cht mt vi thng trc khi xut
hin cc tn thng biu m v cc u.
(M Yoshimizu)






Hnh.F.4.4.1.1a. C hi ch nhim OMV c
cc m trng gan.

(M Yoshimizu)















Hnh.F.4.4.1.1b. Khi u xung quanh ming
c ging c hi ch do nhim OMV.

(M Yoshimizu)










Hnh.F.4.4.1.3. Cc tiu phn OMV phn
lp t c hi Nht Bn, kch thc ca
nucleocapsid t 100 - 110 nm.

F.4 Virus c t n
Oncorhynchus masou (OMV)
65
F.4.4.2.2 Virus hc (Mc III)
Nh trnh by ti F.4.3.1.2.
F.4.4.2.3 Xt nghim v min dch v
xt nghim axit nucleic (Mc III)
Nh trnh by ti F.4.3.2.1
F.4.5 C u ln truyn n
Virus pht tn vi phn, nc tiu, cc
khi u bn trong v bn ngoi, v c th
c nc nhy trn da. Ni tr ng ca
OMV l c b nhim bnh lm sng cng
nh cc vt mang bnh cn lm sng
hoang di hoc nui. C trng thnh
nhim bnh sng st chu k sng sm
c th pht tn virus qua cc dch sinh
sn (cng vi trng, hn l s ly
nhim theo chiu nm ngang thc th).
Ly nhim qua trng, d t thng
xuyn hn cc hnh thc phng thch
virus khc, nhng l ngun ly nhim
gn nh ch yu c bt.
F.4.6 C n pp m sot
S thanh trng trit cc trng th
tinh, h tr cho vic nui c bt v c
hng trong nc khng tip xc vi
cc vt liu b nhim hoc c nhim
bnh, chng minh l c hiu qu
trong vic lm gim OMVD bng pht.
Nhit ca nc <14
o
C s lm tng
kh nng sinh si ca OMV.
F.4.7 T lu tm o n
l
Gou, D.F., H. Kubota, M. Onuma, and H.
Kodama. 1991. Detection of s a l m o n i d
herpesvirus (Oncorhynchus masou virus)
in fish by Southern-blot technique. J. Vet.
Med. Sc. 53: 43-48.
Hayashi, Y., H. I zawa, T. Mikami, and H.
Kodama. 1993. A monoclonal antibody cross-
reactive with three salmonid herpesviruses. J.
Fish Dis.16: 479-486.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000. Office
In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Yoshimizu, M., T. Nomura, Y. Ezura, Y. and
T. Kimura. 1993. Surveillance and control of
infectioushaematopoietic necrosis virus
(IHNV) and Oncorhynchus masou virus
(OMV) of wild salmonid fish returning to the
northern part of Japan 1976-1991. Fish.
Res.17: 163-173

F.5 HO

66
F.5.1 Thn tn un
F.5.1.1 T nn y n
Hoi t nhim trng ty (IPN) gy ra bi
virus c kh nng gy ly nhim cao, loi
virus hoi t nhim trng ty (IPNV) thuc
h Birnaviridae. y l loi virus gm 2
on dsRNA thng ch yu tn ti trong
nc ngt, nhng c th chu c trong
mi trng nc mn. Thng tin chi tit
hn v bnh ny c th c tm thy
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a)
F.5.1.2 C lo vt
IPN thng gy nh hng n c
hi vn (Oncorhynchus mykiss), c hi
sui (Salvelinus fontinalis), c hi nu
(Salmo trutta), c hi i dng (Salmo
salar) v mt s loi c hi Thi Bnh
Dng (Oncorhynchus spp.). Cc loi
c lin quan v mt huyt thanh l loi
c bn ui vng Nht Bn (Seriola
quinqueradiata), c bn (Scophthalmus
maximus), v c bn halibut (Hippoglossus
hippoglossus). Cc loi nhim cn lm
sng cng c tm thy cc loi c
ca sng v c nc ngt thuc h
Anguillidae, Atherinidae, Bothidae,
Carangidae, Cotostomidae, Cichlidae,
Clupeidae, Cobitidae, Coregonidae,
Cyprinidae, Esocidae, Moronidae,
Paralichthydae, Percidae, Poecilidae,
Sciaenidae, Soleidae v Thymallidae.
F.5.1.3 Phn l
Bnh ny phn b rng ri, c mt
hu ht, nu khng ni l tt c cc
quc gia nui c hi ch yu Bc v
Nam M, chu u v chu .
F.5.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn u -
Th n n -2000)
Bnh IPN c bo co c Nht Bn
v b nghi ng c Hn Quc nm
1999; nm 2000, Nht Bn thng bo c
xut hin bnh trong c nm tr thng
2; v Hn Quc thng bo vo thng 4
(OIE 1999, 2000b).
F.5.2 C n lm sn
Du hiu u tin ca IPN c hi bt
l tnh trng cht t ngt. Bnh ngy
cng trm trng hn, nht l sau khi
nhp thc n cho c bt sau giai on
non hong. IPN cng tc ng n c
hi 2 tui Chu M ngay sau khi th
chng vo lng nui bin. Cc du
hiu lm sng bao gm du hiu mt
phn ba ca phn di c th c mu
sm ti v cc u nh trn u (Hn
5.2.a), bng b trng phnh r rt (Hn
F.5.2b v Hn ) v hin tng bi
vn xon. Mt s loi c cn c hin
tng mt li. S c cht tch ng li
c th thay i t di 10% n trn
90%, tu thuc vo s kt hp ca mt
s yu t nh chng virus, vt ch v
mi trng. Nhng c th sng st
giai on c con sm hoc mun b coi
l mang IPNV sut thi gian sng. T
vong xy ra cao hn nu nhit nuc
l m p, v khng c chu k ma r rt.
Tu, thc qun v d dy b lot v xut
huyt. Rut rng hoc cha y cht
nhy trong (iu ny c th dn n hin
tng phn trng).
F.5.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh IPN c th c tm
thy trong S tay Chn on bnh ng
vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), ti
http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
Ging nh vi cc tc nhn gy bnh,
phng php kim tra bnh nhm pht
hin s c mt ca mt tc nhn ly
nhim trong mt qun on cn lm
sng cn n nhiu mu hn so vi
chn on bnh. S lng mu thay i
tu thuc mc tin cy yu cu.
(F.1.3.3)
F.5.3.1 D n
F.5.3.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc
I) v M bnh hc (Mc II)
Khi quan st bng knh hin vi cc vt
mang bnh cn lm sng khng c du
hiu nhim bnh bn trong hay bn
ngoi.
F.5.3.1.2 Virus hc (Mc III)
Cc quy trnh kim tra bnh s dng
vic phn lp virus t cc dng t bo
c hi vua (CHSE-214) hoc vy c
mang xanh (BF-2). Tuy nhin, nguyn
nhn ca bt k CPE cn c thm tra
li bng cc k thut kim khng nh
(F.5.3.2.2). C phc v cho vic xt
nghim virus hc bao gm c bt
nguyn con (thn di s4 cm), ni tng
bao gm thn (c di t 4-6cm) hoc
gan, thn v l lch ca c c ln hn.
F.5 Ho t nm trn ty
67
F.5.3.2 Kim hn n
F.5.3.2.1 Xt nghim v min dch v
xt nghim mu phn t (Mc III)
Nguyn nhn virus ca bt k CPE no
cc dng t bo CHSE-214 hoc BF-
2 phi c khng nh bng xt
nghim min dch (th trung tnh hoc
ELISA) hoc k thut PCR, bao gm
PCR nghch o transcriptase (PT-PCR)
v phng php lai ti ch (ISH).
(EAFP)






Hnh.F.5.2a. C b nhim IPN c mt
phn ba thn pha sau b ti mu v cc u
nh trn u.
(J Yulin)









Hnh.F.5.2b. C hng ca c hi vn
c bng b phng to c trng ca
nhim IPN.Trng th tinh ca loi c
ny c nhp t Nht Bn vo Trung
Quc nm 1987.
(EAFP)









Hnh.F.5.2c. Pha trn: c hng ca c
hi vn bnh thng; pha di: c b
bnh
(J Yulin)









Hnh.F.5.4.1.3. CPE ca IHNV.

(J Yulin)










Hnh.F.5.4.1.4. Virus IPN c phn lp t
c hi vn nhp khu t Nht Bn nm 1987.
Cc tiu phn virus c ng knh 55nm.
F.5.4 C pn pp n
on n
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on IPN c th c tm thy
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000b), ti
http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
F.5.4.1 D n
F.5.4.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc I)
Nhng du hiu lm sng c hng
ca c hi v c hi con bao gm nm
y b/ao hoc bi vn xon. Kh nng
t vong cao c th xut hin khi c bt
ln u tin c cho n hoc ngay sau
khi mang c hi non ra bin.T l t vong
thp do bnh mn tnh c th xy ra dai
dng vo nhng thi gian khc. S mt
mu ti (c bit l b mt lng v
ui) c th xy ra ng thi vi hin
tng phnh bng, sng mt v/hoc
phn xm.
F.5 HO

68

F.5.4.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Bnh m c c trng bi cc tn
thng, hoi t v cc vt lot ty,
thc qun v d dy. Rut c th rng
hoc cha y nc nhy trong (khc
vi nhim k sinh trng Hexamita inflate-
bnh Hexamita, c cht nhy mu vng).
F.5.4.1.3 Virus hc (Mc III)
Nh ni n kim tra bnh
(F.5.3.1.2), c nguyn liu phc v cho
xt nghim virus l c bt nguyn con
(chiu di thn s4cm), ni tng bao gm
thn (c di 4-6 cm) hoc gan, thn v
l lch cho c c ln hn. Virus (Hn
F.5.3.1.3) c th c phn lp t cc
dng t bo CHSE-214 hoc BF-2,
nhng nguyn nhn ca CPE phi c
thm tra bng cc k thut kim khng
nh (F.5.3.2).
F.5.4.1.4 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Nhng c im siu cu trc ca IPNV
cng ging vi hu ht cc virus sng
trong nc thuc h Birnaviridae, v th
cc xt nghim min dch hoc xt
nghim axit nucleic l cn thit khng
nh vic nh loi. Cc birnavirus l loi
khng c v, 20 mt, ng knh
khong 60 nm (Hn Cu t
ca axit nucleic gm 2 on, dsRNA, v
c th c nhn bit thng qua ho
hc m tiu chun.
F.5.4.2 Kim n n
F.5.4.2.1 Virus hc v xt nghim v
min dch (Mc III)
Nh nu cho kim tra bnh
(F.5.3.2.1), nguyn nhn do virus ca
bt k CPE no trn cc dng t bo
CHSE-214 hoc BF-2 u phi c
khng nh bi xt nghim v min dch
(php th trung tnh hoc ELISA) hoc
k thut PCR, bao gm RT-PCR v ISH.
F.5.5 C u ln truyn n
Bnh ny c lan truyn ngang thng
qua nc hay lan truyn dc qua trng.
Lan truyn ngang c thc hin qua
mang v ng tiu ho. Virus c sc
sng mnh m mi trng nc
ngoi tri v c th sng st di mt
s bin rng ca mi trng. iu
ny, cng vi vic thiu vt ch c
trng, lm cho IPNV c kh nng chng
chi v lan truyn rt d dng trong mi
trng nc ngoi tri.
F.5.6 C n php m sot
Cc bin php phng bnh bao gm
ngn trng th tinh khi c b m
mang IPNV v s dng nc sui hay
nc t lng t (khng c c mang
bnh tim n). Vic ty trng b mt
trng l khng hon ton c hiu qu
trong vic ngn nga ly nhim dc.
Vic kim sot tn tht trong qu trnh
bng pht bnh bao gm gim mt
nui v h nhit nc (trong trng
hp c th kim sot c nhit ).
Hin ti c vc xin cho IPN v cn
cn nhc khi s dng cc vc xin ny
cho c ang nui ln ti cc khu vc b
dch IPNV.
F.5.7 T lu tm o n
l
Frost, P. and A. Ness. 1997. Vaccination of
Atlantic salmon with recombinant VP2 of
infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV),
added to a multivalent vaccine, suppresses
viral replication following IPNV challenge.
Fish Shellf. Immunol. 7: 609-619.
Granzow, H., F. Weiland, D. Fichtner, and
P.J. Enzmann. 1997. Studies on the
ultrastructure and morphogenesis of fish
pathogenic viruses grown in cell culture. J.
Fish Dis. 20: 1-10.
Lee, K.K., T.I. Yang, P.C. Liu, J.L. Wu, and
Y.L. Hsu. 1999. Dual challenges of
infectious pancreatic necrosis virus and
Vibrio carchariae in the grouper
Epinephelus sp.. Vir. Res. 63:131-134.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Seo, J-J., G. J. Heo, and C.H. Lee. 1998.
Characterisation of aquatic Birnaviruses
isolated from Rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli)
cultured in Korea. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish
Pathol.18: 87-92.
F.5 Ho t nm trn ty
69
Schlotfeldt, H.-J. and D.J. Alderman. 1995.
What Should I Do? A Practical Guide for
the Freshwater Fish Farmer. Suppl. Bull.
Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 15(4). 60p.
Wang, W.S., Y.L. Wi, and J.S. Lee. 1997.
Single tube, non interrupted reverse
transcriptase PCR for detection of
infectious pancreatic ne- crosis virus. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 28: 229-233.
Yoshinaka, T., M. Yoshimizu, and Y. Ezura.
1998. Simultaneous detection of infectious
haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and
infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV)
by reverse transcriptase (RT) poly- merase
chain reaction (PCR). Fish. Sci. 64:650-
651.
F.6 B
VIRUS (VER)

70
F.6.1 Thn tn un
F.6.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh vim no v vng mc do virus
(VER) gy ra bi nodavirus khng bao,
20 mt, ng knh 20-30 nm. Cc tc
nhn ny cn c gi l loi virus gy
hoi t thn kinh c ho sc (SJNNV),
virus gy hoi t thn kinh (VNN) v
virus gy vim no c (FEV). Tt c cc
loi ny u c c im huyt thanh
ging nhau, tr nhng loi gy bnh cho
c bn (F.6.1.2). Thng tin chi tit hn
v bnh ny c th c tm thy trong
S tay Chn on bnh ng vt thy
sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
F.6.1.2 C lo vt
Bnh VER c u trng, i khi c
chm con (Lates calcarifer), c vc chu
u (Dicentrarchus labrax), c bn
(Scophthalmus maximus), c bn li
nga (Hippoglossus hippoglossus), c vt
Nht Bn (Oplegnathus fasciatus), c m
chm (Epinepheles akaara), v c ho
vn (Pseudocaranx dentex). S bng pht
dch bnh vi cc du hiu lm sng
tng t cn thy loi c nc h
(Takifugu rubripes), c bn Nht Bn
(Paralichthys olivaceus), c m to b
(Epinephelus moara), c m chm nu
(Epinephelus malabaricus), c mi
(Oplegnathus punctatus), cng nh mt
s loi c nui bin khc.
F.6.1.3 Phn l
VER xy ra chu , a Trung Hi v
Thi Bnh Dng.
F.6.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn t u
- Th n n - 2000)
xtrylia bo co v s xut hin ca
VER trong 8 thng ca nm 1999, v 7
thng ca nm 2000. Nht Bn bo co
v VER trong 6 thng ca nm 2000, 3
thng ca nm 1999. S bng pht ln
gn y nht l Singapore vo nm
1997 v thng 4/1999, thng 11/2000 c
vc bin. Hn Quc nghi ng v s xut
hin ca VER trong c nm 1999 v na
nm 2000 (OIE 1999, OIE 2000b).
F.6.2 C n lm sn
VER tc ng n h thng thn kinh.
Mi loi b tc ng u c triu chng
bi bt thng (xon c, xoy, phng
nh lao v nga bng) km theo l vi
tng kch thc bong bng, ngng n,
thay i mu v cht (Hn
Nhng sai khc gia cc loi phn ln c
lin quan n tui khi bnh bt u tn
cng v khi b bnh nng. Du hiu lm
sng sm c lin quan vi s t vong ln,
v th bnh xy ra c bt mt ngy sau
khi n c ho vn gy ra nhiu thit hi
nghim trng hn c bn v c bn
mi n ngy th ba bnh mi xy ra. T
l t vong t 10 - 100%.
Hai dng ca bnh VER c gy
cm nhim thc nghim (Peducase v
cs., 1999):
- cp tnh - c cm nhim bng
cch tim vo c, v
- bn cp tnh - bng cch tim vo
trong mng bng, tm, sng chung
v ng ming
F.6.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh VER c th c
tm thy trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.6.3.1 D n
Khng c cc tn thng r rng, chng
c th c pht hin vt mang mm
bnh cn lm sng.
F.6.3.2 Kim n n
F.6.3.2.1 Virus hc (Mc III)
Nodavirus t c chm Lates calcarifer
c nui cy ln dng t bo SSN-1 loi
c chui vn (Channa striatus) (Frerichs
v cs. 1996). S thch hp ca dng t
bo ny vi cc nodavirus khc ca nhm
ny n nay vn cha bit.
F.6.3.2.2 Xt nghim v axit nucleic
(Mc III)
Phng php PCR mi cho thy kh
nng kim tra c c kh nng mang
bnh l c ho sc v cc loi c khc
(O. fasciatus, E. akaara, T. rubripes, P.
olivaceus, E. moara, O. punctatus v D.
labrax).
F.6.4 C pn pp n
on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on bnh VER c th c
tm thy trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.6 Bn vm no v vn m o vrus
(VER)
71
(J Yulin)








Hnh.F.6.2. C cht do b bnh VER.
F.6.4.1 D n
F.6.4.1.1 Cc quan st tng th
Tp tnh bi khng bnh thng v
bong bng b phng to c bt mi n
v giai on c con. Cc loi miu t
trn, cng vi t vong c lin quan
chnh l biu hin ca VER. Cc loi
khc nhau c cc du hiu lm sng
tng th khc nhau (Bng F.6.4.1.1). B
n, i mu, km theo l cc tp tnh
bt thng cng nn nghi vn l b
bnh.
F.6.4.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc phng php v m bnh thng
thng c th lm bc l cc mc
to khng bo cc m no v vng
mc. (Hn v Hn
F.6.4.1.2b). u trng nh c th c
gn vo khi parafin v ct ra hng lot
c cc lt ct ca no v nhn cu.
C c kch thc ln hn (c con)
thng yu cu vic loi b v c nh
ca mt v no.
Mi loi bnh nu ra F.6.1.1 chng t
s to khng bo ca no, mc d mt
s loi (v d Umbrina cirrosa) c th c
mt s tn thng r rng khng
bo. Ngoi ra, s to thnh khng bo
cc lp nhn ca vng mc c th
khng xy ra c vt Nht Bn hoc
c bn. Trong cc lt ct tiu bn c
vc chu u, c vc xtrylia, c
vt Nht Bn v m thn kinh ca c
m chm nu u c cc th n bn
trong t bo cht (ng knh s5m).
Hin tng hoi t no c m t
hu ht cc loi. S to thnh khng
bo rut khng phi do cc nodavirus
VER gy ra, nhng l in hnh.
(S Chi Chi)
















Hnh.F.6.4.1.2a, b. S to thnh khng bo
trong no (Br) v vng mc mt (Re) c
m b nhim GNNV i Loan Trung Quc
(thc o t l = 100 mm).
F.6.4.2 Kim n n
F.6.4.2.1 Virus hc (Mc III)
Nh c nu ti F.6.3.2.1.
F.6.4.2.2 Cc xt nghim v tnh min
dch (Mc III)
Cc trnh t tin hnh v ho hc m
min dch cho cc lt ct m c nh trong
Bouin hoc formalin m 10% v cc k
thut xt nghim khng th hunh quang
trc tip (DFAT) u s dng cc khng
th vi c hiu rng pht hin
ra t nht bn virus khc trong nhm ny.
Phn tch ELISA ch thch hp vi SJNNV
c bt c ho vn b bnh.
F.6.4.2.3 Knh hin vi in t (TEM) (Mc
III)
Cc phn t virus c tm thy no v
vng mc mt b bnh bi TEM v
phng php nhum m bn. Nhum
dng bn TEM cho thy cc phn t
virus khng bao, 20 mt, lin kt vi cc
t bo khng bo v cc th vi. Cc
phn t thay i t 22-25nm (c vc
bin chu u) n 34 nm (c vt Nht
Bn) v cc th trong sut bn trong t
bo cht, cc tiu phn kt hp hay n
l (c bn trong v bn ngoi t bo).
cc tiu bn nhum m bn, c th tm
thy cc tiu phn khng bao t hnh trn
n 20 mt, 25-30 nm. iu ny ph hp
vi nodavirus ca bnh VER.
F.6 Bn vm no v vn m o vrus
(VER)

72

Lo
C ty
tp tn
Thay n
th n no
Bt u u u
lm sn
C vc bin Bi l, lao nhanh,
nh mi lao v
hnh xon c; b n
Chuyn sang mu
ti, chn n v suy
nhc
Bt u sm nht 9 ngy sau
khi n. Thng t 15-18
ngy sau khi n
C vc chu
u
Bi theo hnh xon,
b n
Bng c phng to Bt u sm nht 10 ngy
sau khi n. Thng t 25-40
ngy sau khi n
C vt
Nht Bn
Bi theo hnh xon
c
Mu ti Bt u bt k lc no khi
chiu di c th t t 6-
26mm
C m chm Bi theo hnh xon - Bt u ln u tin 14 ngy
sau n (di 7-8mm). Thng
bt u khi chiu di c th
t 9-10 mm.
C m chm
nu
- - Chiu di tng cng 20-
50mm
C ho sc Bi khng bnh
thng
Bng c phng to 1-4 ngy sau n
C bn Bi theo hnh xon
c v vng trn,
nga bng
Mu ti Trc 21 ngy sau khi n
Bng F.6.4.1.1 - t OIE (1997).

F.6.4.2.4 Xt nghim axit nucleic (Mc
III)
Cc xt nghim enzym phin m ngc
PCR c tin hnh pht hin v
phn loi nodavirus VER.
F.6.5 C u ln truyn n
S lan truyn theo chiu dc ca virus
VER xy ra c ho sc, v s ly
nhim vo bung trng c ghi nhn
c vc bin chu u. Cc kiu lan
truyn khc cha c chng minh mt
cch r rng, nhng lan truyn theo
chiu ngang t c c con nui xy ra
cng mt a im, v cc thit b, dng
c b bn cng cha th c loi tr.
Vic gy cm nhim bng thc nghim
thu c kt qu c bt c ho sc
v c m chm bng cch th c vo
trong nc c virus VER. C vc bin
chu u cng c th b ly nhim bng
cch tim cc cht ng cht ca no
c b bnh.
F.6.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Vic kim sot VNN c ho sc v cc
loi b bnh khc l phc tp bi s ly
nhim dc ca virus. m bo v sinh
nghim ngt cc tri ng p c th
gip cho vic kim sot c ly nhim
VNN. Loi b c b m mang bnh l
mt bin php dng cho c vc
sc, tuy nhin c mt s bng chng
l vic gim nh bt c khi c c th
lm gim ly nhim ca bung trng v
lan truyn theo chiu ngang mt s c
mang bnh. S dng cc k thut sau
y c th em li thnh cng trong vic
kim sot bnh lm sng c vc sc:
- Khng ti s dng nc nui
- Ty trng bng cc cht ha hc
nc v cc b u trng gia cc
t p, v
- Gim mt c bt t 15-30 con/lit
xung <15 con/lt (10 con/lit l thch
hp).
Anderson v cs. (1993) bo co rng
khng ti s dng nc, kh trng ho
hc nc bin v ty trng na s b
dng cho mi vng ng thu c
kt qu mt tri ng c vc bin.
Nui qung canh trong cc ao xanh
cng c coi l gim s lan trn ca
bnh lm sng v/hoc cc tn thng
v m.
Arimoto v cs. (1996) khuyn ngh cc
bin php sau y: (a) kh trng trng
(iodine hoc ozone) v dng c
(chlorine); (b) ng nui mi m c
bt/c con trong cc b ring bit cha
F.6 Bn vm no v vn m o vrus
(VER)
73
nc bin c kh trng bng tia cc
tm hoc ozone; v (c) tch hon ton
c bt v c con ca c ho sc khi c
b m.
F.6.7. T lu tm o n
l
Anderson, I., C. Barlow, S. Fielder, D. Hallam,
M. Heasman and M. Rimmer. 1993. Occur-
rence of the picorna-like virus infecting barra-
mundi. Austasia Aquacult. 7:42-44.
Arimoto, M., J. Sato, K. Maruyama, G. Mimura
and I. Furusawa. 1996. Effect of chemical and
physical treatments on the inactivation of
striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV).
Aquac. 143:15-22.
Boonyarat pal i n, S., K. Supamat t aya,
J. Kasornchandra, and R.W. Hoffman
1996. Picorna-like virus associated with
mortality and a spongious encephalopathy
in grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 26:75-80.
Bovo, G. , T. Nishizawa, C. Mal t ese, F.
Borghesan, F. Mutinelli, F. Montesi, and S.
De Mas. 1999. Viral encephal opathy and
retinopathy of farmed marine fish species
in Italy. Vir. Res. 63: 143-146.
Chi , S.C. , W.W. Hu, and B.L. Lo. 1999.
Establishment and characterization of a
continuous cell line (GF-1) derived from
grouper, Epinephelus coioides (Hamilton):
a cell line suscept ible t o grouper
nervous necrosis virus (GNNV). J. Fish
Dis. 22: 172-182.
Comps, M., M. Trindade, and C. Delsert. 1996.
Investigation of fish encephalitis virus
(FEV) expression in marine fishes using DIG-
labelled probes. Aquac. 143:113-121.
Frerichs, G.N., H.D. Rodger, and Z. Peric.1996.
Cell culture isolation of piscine neuropathy
nodavi r us from j uveni l e sea bass,
Dicentrarchus labrax. J. Gen. Vir. 77:
2067-2071.
Munday, B.L. and T. Nakai. 1997. Special topic
review: Nodaviruses as pathogens in
larval and juvenile marine finfish. World J.
Microbiol. Biotechnol. 13:375-381.
Nguyen, H.D., K. Mushiake, T. Nakai, and K.
Muroga. 1997. Tissue distribution of
striped jack nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV)
in adult striped jack. Dis. Aquat. Org. 28:
87-91.
Nishizawa, T., K. Muroga, K. and M.
Arimoto.1996. Failure of polymerase chain
Reaction (PCR) method to detect striped jack
nervous necrosis virus (SJNNV) in Striped
jack Pseudocaranx dentex sel ected as
spawners. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 8: 332-334.
OIE. 1997. OIE Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases. Second Edition. Office
International des Epizooties, Paris, France.
252p.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000. Office
In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France.237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Peducasse, S., J. Castric, R. Thiery,
J.Jeffroy, A. Le Ven, and F. Baudin-
Laurencin,. 1999. Comparative study of viral
encephalopathy and retinopathy in juvenile
sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax infected in
different ways. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36: 11-20.
Thiery, R., R.C. Raymond, and J. Castric.
1999. Natural outbreak of viral encephalopathy
and retinopathy in juvenile sea bass,
Dicentrarchus labrax: study by nested
reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain
Reaction. Vir. Res. 63: 11-17.
F.7 B


74
F.7.1 Thn tn un
F.7.1.1 C t nn y n
Bnh nhim virus vo ma xun c
chp (SVC) gy ra bi Vesiculovirus
ssRNA (Rhabdoviridae), gi l virus gy
bnh nhim virus vo ma xun c
chp (SVCV) hoc Rhabdovirus carpio
(RVC) (Fijan 1999). Thng tin chi tit
hn v loi bnh ny c th c tm
thy trong S tay Chn on bnh ng
vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
F.7.1.2 C lo vt
SVCV ly nhim ti c chp v cc loi
thuc h c chp, bao gm c chp
(Cyprinus carpio), c trm c
(Ctenopharyngodon idellus), c m
trng (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), c
m hoa (Aristichthys nobilis), c dic
(Carassius carassius), c vng (C.
auratus), c tin ca (Tinca tinca) v c
nheo chu u (Silurus glanis).
F.7.1.3 Phn l
SVC hin ch gii hn mt s vng
thuc lc a chu u ni c nhit
nc thp vo ma ng.
F.7.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn u
- Th n n - 2000)
Trong nm 1999-2000, khng c bo
co no t cc quc gia v vn ny
(OIE 1999, 2000b).
F.7.2 C n lm sn
C chp con v nhng loi c chp d b
nhim khc (F.7.1.2) trong thi gian mt
nm tui phn ln b bnh nng nht. Thi
gian mc bnh bt u vo ma xun khi
m nhit nc t 11-17
o
C. Tnh trng
sc kho yu ca c khi qua ng l mt
yu t quan trng nh hng n qu
trnh nhim. T l t vong t 30-70%.
S pht trin ca virus cc t bo ni
b ca mch mu, m to mu v cc t
bo nguyn thn gy ra hin tng ph
n v xut huyt v lm suy yu m iu
ho p sut thm thu. Thn, l lch,
mang v no l nhng c quan m
SVCV pht trin mnh nht trong thi
gian bt u pht bnh. Cc c th cn
sng st c tnh min dch rt cao, tuy
nhin, cng vi cc khng th lu
thng, iu ny gy ra tnh trng mang
bnh kh nhn bit.
F.7.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh SVC c th c
tm thy trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.7.3.1 D n
Khng c phng php no pht hin ra
nhim bnh cn lm sng thng qua cc
quan st tng th hay m thng thng.
F.7.3.1.1 Virus hc (Mc III)
Phng php kim tra bnh i vi cc
vt mang bnh cn lm sng s dng
n cc cht ng cht ca no bt k
c c no hoc dch trng t c m nghi
ng c bnh. Cc dng t bo nhim
SVCV l EPC v FHM. Bt k kt qu
CPE no cng cn c cc xt nghim
phn t nh trnh by F.7.3.2.
F.7.3.2 Kim n n
F.7.3.2.1 Cc xt nghim v min dch
(Mc III)
Cc sn phm ca CPE cn c kim
tra SVCV bng cch s dng php th
trung tnh virus (VN), php th khng
th gin tip hunh quang IFAT v
ELISA. IFAT c th c s dng cho
cc tiu bn m trc tip.
F.7.4 C pn pp n
on n
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on SVC c th c tm
thy trong S tay Chn on bnh ng
vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), ti
http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
F.7.4.1 D n
F.7.4.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc I)
T vong t ngt c th xy ra m
khng c du hiu lm sng no. Cc
bng chng thuc tp tnh l khng c
trng cho bnh SVC v bao gm tnh
trng l , tch khi n, t tp
ng nc vo hoc mp ao v c
biu hin mt thng bng.
Cc du hiu bn ngoi ca vic ly
nhim cng khng c trng, c c
nhng mc biu hin khc nhau ca
sng bng, hu mn nh ra v phn ko
di c nhy. Cng c th thy xut
huyt gc cc vy v hu mn, mt
li, ton thn b ti mu v mang b xm.
(Hn v d).
Cc du hiu r rt bn trong ca vic
ly nhim bao gm s tch t cc dch
F.7 Bn nm vrus vo m xun
p )
75
khoang c th, iu ny dn n tnh
trng ph thy rt r bng, rut chy
mu v cha y cht nhy, bong bng
xut huyt v mang b thoi ho.
F.7.4.1.2 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Vic pht hin ra cc tiu phn virus
khng v, c hnh vin n, di 90-180
nm v cc gai xp u n trn b mt
m l lch, thn v no, hoc trong
nhng phn lp t CPE cc dng t
bo nh trnh by F.7.4.1.3, cn c
coi l c bo hiu ca bnh SVC cc
loi c chp d b ly nhim c cc du
hiu lm sng khc ca bnh. S ti to
virus xy ra t bo cht vi s hon
thin ca mng sinh cht v cc ti
Golgi.
F.7.4.1.3 Virus hc (Mc III)
C nguyn con (di s4 cm), hoc ni
tng bao gm thn (ca c di 4-6 cm)
hoc thn, l lch v no ca c c ln
hn c th c dng chun b cho
nui cy m s dng t bo Epithelioma
papulosum cyprinae (EPC) hay cc
dng t bo FTM. CPE to thnh cn
c kim tra bng cc k thut chn
on nu di y v F.7.3.2.1
khng nh SVCV l nguyn nhn.
F.7.4.2 Kim n n
F.7.4.2.1 Xt nghim v min dch (Mc
III)
Nh trnh by F.7.4.1.3, SVCV c
th c khng nh trong cc sn
phm CPE bng php th virus trung
tnh (VN), cc php th khng th gin
tip hunh quang (IFAT) v ELISA. IFAT
cng cn c dng cho cc tiu bn
m trc tip.
F.7.4.2.2 Xt nghim axit nucleic (Mc
III)
K thut RT-PCR ang c nghin
cu.
F.7.5 C u ln truyn n
S truyn nhim ngang c th l trc
tip (tip xc vi virus pht tn trong
nc bi phn, nc tiu, cc dch sinh
sn, v c th l mng nhy da) hoc
gin tip qua cc vt trung gian (cc loi
chim n c, rn c chp Argulus
foliaceus hay a Piscicola geometra).
S truyn nhim dc cng c th xy ra
qua SVCV dch trng (tuy nhin, c
chp hng v ging t b bnh SVC
nn y c th l hnh thc truyn
nhim th yu).
SVCV him khi c th duy tr c tnh
ly nhim sau khi b a vo bn 4
o
C
trong thi gian 42 ngy, nc sui
10
o
C trong 14 ngy, v sau khi phi kh
4-21
o
C trong 21 ngy. iu c
ngha l cc cch tip cn thit lp v
duy tr cc bnh l tng i rng.
Cng vi cc c ch lan truyn trc tip
v gin tip rng ri, iu ny lm cho
bnh ly lan mnh v kh kim sot
F.7.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Hin ti khng c bin php no kh thi
cho d c mt s loi vacxin. Cn tp
trung n lc lm tt iu kin cho c
qua ng bng cch gim mt nui,
gim nh bt v gi gn nghim ngt
iu kin v sinh. Cc n c mi c
kim dch t nht 2 tun trc khi th
xung ao nui ln.
Kim sot s ly lan c ngha l di ri
v hu nhanh nhng c b nhim bnh
ngay sau khi xc nh c bnh SVC.
Vic ti din cc bng pht bnh c th
cho php hnh ng da trn chn on
s b. Khi bng pht bnh ln u nn
cch ly hon ton c bnh cho n khi
bnh SVC c khng nh.
F.7.7 C t lu tm o
Dixon, P.F., A.M. Hattenberger-Baudouy, and
K. Way. 1994. Detection of carp antibodies
to spring viraemia of carp virus by
competitive immunoassay. Dis. Aquat. Org.
19: 181-186.
Fijan, N. 1999. Spring viraemia of carp and
other viral diseases and agents of warm-
water fish, pp 177-244. In: Woo, P.T.K and
Bruno, D.W. (eds).Fish Diseases and
Disorders. Vol 3. Viral, Bacterial and
Fungal Infections. CABI Publishing, Oxon,
UK.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France.237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Oreshkova, S.F., I.S. Shchelkunov, N.V.
Tikunova, T.I. Shchelkunova, A.T. Puzyrev,
and A.A. Ilyichev. 1999. Detection of spring
viraemia of carp virus isolates by
hybridisation with non-radioactive probes
and amplification by polymerase chain
reaction. Vir. Res. 63: 3-10.
F.7 Bn nm vrus vo m xun
p

76
Rodak, L., Z. Pospisil, J. Tomanek, T. Vesley,
T. Obr, and L. Valicek. 1993. Enzyme-
linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
the detection of spring viraemia of carp
virus (SVCV) in tissue homogenates of the
carp Cyprinus carpio L. J. Fish Dis. 16:
101-111.
Schlotfeldt, H.-J. and D.J. Alderman. 1995.
What Should I Do? A Practical Guide for
the Fresh- water Fish Farmer. Suppl.Bull.
Eur. Assoc. FishPathol. 15(4). 60p
(EAFP)









Hnh.F.8.4.1.1. Du hiu bn trong khng
c trng (m xut huyt c) ca c b
nhim bnh VHS
(EAFP)


















Hnh.F.7.4.1.1a, b, c, d. Cc du hiu lm sng khng c trng c nhim bnh SVC, c
th l phng bng, xut huyt da, m m bng, bng hi v cc du hiu khc.











F.8 B
DO VIRUS (VHS)
77
F.8.1 Thn tn un
F.8.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh nhim trng xut huyt do virus
(VHS) gy ra bi loi rhabdovirus c bao
ssRNA, c coi l loi virus gy ra
nhim trng mu (VHSV). VHSV cng
tn vi Egtved virus. Cho d trc y
c cho l thuc ging Lyssavirrus
(Rabies virus), ICTV b ri vo tnh
trng khng n nh cho n khi thnh
lp mt ging mi - Novirhabdovirus -
bao gm VHSV v HINV (xem ti
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTV). Mt
s chng ca VHSV c cng
nhn. Thng tin chi tit hn v bnh ny
c th c tm thy trong S tay chn
on bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE
(OIE 2000a).
F.8.1.2 C lo vt
Bnh VHS c ghi nhn xy ra c
hi vn (Oncorhynchus mykiss), c hi
nu (Salmo trutta), c thyman (Thymallus
thymallus), c hi trng (Coregonus spp.),
c ch (Esox lucius) v c bn
(Scophthalmus maximus). S phn bit v
mt di truyn gia cc chng ca VHSV
c lin quan n bnh c hi Thi Bnh
Dng (Oncorhynchus spp.), c tuyt
Thi Bnh Dng (Gadus macrocephalus)
v c trch Thi Bnh Dng (Clupea
pallasi). Nhng chng ny t c vi c hi
vn (OIE 2000a). VHS cng c phn
lp t c tuyt ai Ty Dng (Gadus
morhua), c vc chu u (Dicentrarchus
labrax), c tuyt chm en (Melanogrammus
aeglefinus), c tuyt (Rhinonemus
cimbrius), c trch cm (Sprattus sprattus)
c trch (Clupea harengus), c tuyt Na Uy
(Trisopterus esmarkii), c tuyt lam
(Micromesistius poutassou), c tuyt
trng (Merlangius merlangius) v c qu
(Argentina sphyraena) (Mortensen 1999),
cng nh c c bn (Scophthalmus
maximus) (Stone v cs., 1997). Trong mi
loi li c mc sai khc cao trong cm
nhim bnh, c non thng sm mc
bnh hn.
F.8.1.3 Phn l
VHSV c tm thy lc a chu u,
i Ty Dng v bin Baltic. D s ly
nhim VHSV l r rt cc loi c bin t
nhin ca Bc M, VHS tip tc c coi
l bnh c ngun gc t chu u, cho n
khi nhng xc nh v chng loi pht sinh
ca cc virus tng t nh VHSV cn
c lm r do chng khng phi l
nguyn nhn ca bnh c hi vn.
F.8.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn u -
Th n n - 2000)
Nht Bn thng bo v bnh ny vo
qu 2 nm 2000, khng c thng bo t
cc quc gia khc (OIE 1999, 2000b).
F.8.2 C n lm sn
Virus ly nhim cc t bo mu bch cu,
cc t bo ni b ca cc mch mu, cc
t bo to huyt ca l lch, tim, cc t
bo nguyn thn ca thn, nhu m ca
no v cc t bo gi mang. S lan
trn ca virus gy nn tnh trng xut
huyt v suy thoi hot ng iu ho p
sut thm thu. iu ny c bit nghim
trng c con, nht l trong cc giai on
khi nhit nc t 4-14
o
C.
F.8.3 C pn php m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh VHS c th c
tm thy trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int hoc ti cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.8.3.1 D n
F.8.3.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc
I) v M bnh hc (Mc II)
Khng c bng chng tng th r rng
(Mc I) v cc bng chng m bnh hc
(Mc II) cho php a ra chn on v
s ly nhim bnh VHS cn lm sng. Tuy
nhin, cc mm bnh cn lm sng cn
phi a vo din nghi ng trong cc qun
n c ngun gc t nhng c sng st b
nhim lm sng hoc t n c b m
khng nh l mang bnh.
F.8.3.1.2 Virus hc (Mc III)
VHSV c th c phn lp t c cn
lm sng c hng c mang xanh
(BF-2), Epithelioma papulosum cyprinae
(EPC) hoc tuyn sinh dc c hi vn
(RTG-2). CPE to thnh cn c xt
nghim v min dch hc tip tc hoc
xt nghim axit nucleic khng nh
VHSH l nguyn nhn (F.8.3.2).
F.8.3.1.3 Xt nghim min dch hc
(Mc III)
Ho m min dch hc c th c s
dng nu r v VHSV trong cc mu
m (m chng khng th c dng
kim tra bnh cn lm sng). Tuy nhin,
do cn nhiu vt ch v kiu huyt
thanh, mi phn ng cho cn c
F.8 Bn nm trn xut uyt
do virus (VHS)

78
khng nh thng qua nui cy m v
vic phn lp virus k tip c trnh
by mc F.8.3.1.2.
F.8.3.2 Kim n n
F.8.3.2.1 Xt nghim v min dch hc
(Mc III)
Vic pht hin ra VHSV t nui cy
dng t bo l c th khi s dng php
th trung tnh virus, php th khng th
gin tip hunh quang (FIAT) hoc
ELISA.
F.8.3.2.2 Xt nghim v Axit Nucleic
(Mc III)
K thut RT-PCR ang c nghin
cu.
F.8.4 C quy trn n on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on bnh VHS c th c
tm thy trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
ti http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
F.8.4.1 D n
F.8.4.1.1 Quan st tng th (Mc I)
Khng c du hiu lm sng tng th
c trng i vi VHS. Cc du hiu
chung ging vi s nhim trng mu do
vi khun IHN, tn thng v thm thu,
xy xt do nh bt,vv... v bao gm c
t l t vong tng, l , tch n, t tp
ven b ao, li v ca nc vo.
Da c th b sm mu v thy r cc vt
xut huyt gc vy, hu mn v trn
b mt c th. Mang cng c th b
nht. Cc thay i ca cc c quan bn
trong c th c hoc khng tu thuc
vo tc ca lc bt u t vong (c b
stress cht nhanh hn). Khi xut hin
cc biu hin ny s c c s tch lu
cc dch mu khoang c th (trng),
rut cha y nht v cc m trc trng
nht nht. Cng c th thy c (Hn
F.8.4.1.1), m m v bng hi nhng
chm xut huyt.
F.8.4.1.2 Virus hc (Mc III)
VHSV c th oc phn lp t c bt
nguyn con (chiu di s4 cm), m ni
tng bao gm thn (c di t 4-6 cm)
hoc cc mu m ca thn, l lch, v
no ca c c ln hn khi dng BF-2,
EPC hoc RTG-2 (nh c trnh
by F.8.3.1.2). Bt k CPE no to
thnh i hi tip tc xt nghim v
min dch hc hoc xt nghim axit
nucleic khng nh VHSV l nguyn
nhn (F.8.3.2.1/2).
F.8.4.1.3 Xt nghim v min dch hc
(Mc III)
C th dng m ho min dch hc
lm ni bt VHSV trong cc tn thng
m bnh hc (tuy nhin, m bnh hc
khng phi l phng php thng
thng chn on VHS). Tuy nhin,
do c nhiu vt ch v kiu huyt thanh
nn mi phn ng cho cn c khng
nh thng qua nui cy m v phn lp
virus tun t nh trnh by
F.8.3.1.2.
F.8.4.2 Kim n n
Nh trnh by F.8.3.2.
F.8.5 C u ln truyn n
VHSV c pht tn trong phn, nc
tiu v dch sinh sn ca c mc bnh
lm sng v mang bnh cn lm sng
(c nui v c t nhin). Khi c mt
mt a im hay h thng nc ma,
bnh ny tr thnh dch bi v c mang
virus. VHSV trong nc c th i xa 10-
26 km theo dng nc m vn cn kh
nng truyn nhim. Hnh thc lan truyn
c hc l do cc loi chim n c, dng
c vn chuyn v trng cha c ty
trng t c b m c bnh, tt c u
tr thnh nhng ng lan truyn bnh
(Olesen 1998).
F.8.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Hin ti khng c bin php tr bnh no
hu hiu, d cc vc xin da trn DNA
c mt s thnh cng trong iu kin
phng th nghim. Hu ht cc bin
php u nhm ph v chu trnh lan
truyn v tip xc vi vt mang bnh,
cng nh vic lm gim stress cho c.
S pht trin ca dch bnh xy ra
nhit <15
o
C v cc thi k nh bt
lm c b stress cc n c cn lm
sng.
Vic cch ly, ph hoi v lm bt th c
bnh, cng nh c d nhim bnh
xui dng, km theo l kh trng a
F.8 B
DO VIRUS (VHS)
79
im v thit b chng t c hiu qu
trong kim sot cc tn tht do bnh ny
F.8 Bn nm trn xut uyt
do virus (VHS)

80
gy ra. Cng vic ty trng i hi phi
tip xc ti thiu 5 pht vi 3% formalin
hoc 100 ppm iodine, 10 pht vi 2%
sodium hydroxide v 20 pht vi 540
mg/L chlorine. Sau t nht 4 tun khi
nhit nc vt qu 15
o
C cng t
hiu qu nui li loi c c VHSV m
tnh. Nhng bin php ny loi tr
c VHS 1 s vng ca chu u.
F.8.7 T lu tm o n
l
Evensen, O., W. Meier, T. Wahli, N.J.
Olesen, P.E. Vestergaard Joergensen, and
T. Hastein. 1994. Comparison of
immunohistochemistry and virus cultivation
for detection of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
virus in experimentally infected rainbow
trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis. Aquat.
Org. 20:101-109.
Hepell, J., N. Lorenzen, N.K. Armstrong, T.
Wu, E. Lorenzen, K. Einer-Jensen, J.
Schorr, and H.L. Davis. 1998. Development
of DNA vaccines for fish: Vector design,
intramuscular injection and antigen
expression using viral haemorrhagic
septicaemia virus genes as a model. Fish
and Shellf. Immunol. 8: 271-286.
Lorenzen, N., E. Lorenzen, K. Einer-Jensen,
J. Heppell, T. Wu, and H. Davis. 1998.
Protective immunity to VHS in rainbow
trout
(Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) following
DNA vaccination. Fish and Shellf. Immunol.
8: 261-270.
Mortensen, H.F. 1999. Isolation of viral
haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV)
from wild marine fish species in the Baltic
Sea, Kattegat, Skagerrak and the North
Sea. Vir. Res. 63: 95-106.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office International des Epizooties, Paris,
France.237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Olesen, N.J. 1998. Sanitation of viral
haemorrhagic septicaemia (VHS). J. Appl.
Ichth. 14: 173-177.
Schlotfeldt, H.-J. and D.J. Alderman. 1995.
What Should I Do? A Practical Guide for
the Fresh- water Fish Farmer. Suppl. Bull.
Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 15(4). 60p.
Stone, D.M., K. Way, and P.F. Dixon. 1997.
Nucleotide sequence of the glycoprotein
gene of viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
(VHS) viruses from different geographical
areas: A link between VHS in farmed fish
species and vi- ruses isolated from North
Sea cod (Gadus morhua L.). J. Gen. Vir.
78: 1319-1326.
F.8 Bn nm trn xut uyt
do virus (VHS)
81
F.9.1 Thn tn un
F.9.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh u nang bch huyt gy ra bi
dsDNA, loi iridovirus khng v kch
thc 200 50 nm, y l loi c kch
thc ln nht trong h Iridoviridae.
Loi iridovirus c trp vng (Sparus
aurata) c gi l virus gy bnh u
nang bch huyt (LDV).
F.9.1.2 C lo vt
Bnh u nang bch huyt thng c
nhiu h c bin v c nc ngt, bao
gm c trch (Clupeidae), c mp
(Osmeridae), c vc bin (Serranidae),
c bn (Paralichthidae), c hanh
(Lutjanidae), c vc (Percidae), c trng
(Sciaenidae), c bm (Chaetodontidae),
c vy cng nc ngt (Cichlidae), c
bng (Gobiidae) v c bn (Soleidae).
F.9.1.3 Phn l
Bnh u nang bch huyt c gn nh
c trn ton cu. c bo co v bnh
t chu u, Bc v Trung M, xtrylia,
chu Phi, Hawaii, Nam Thi Bnh Dng
v chu .
F.9.2 C n lm sn
Bnh u nang bch huyt l bnh mn tnh
ph bin v lnh tnh bi iridovirus ch duy
nht lm cc t bo cun vng li in
hnh l da v vy c. Cc du hiu lm
sng ch yu ca c b bnh l da v vy
ni cc cc nh cc sp (Hn
mu trng (thnh thong mi c mu
nht). C th thy mt s th vi ri rc
tn thng khi u bch huyt.
giai on trng thnh, du hiu
thng tn l cc khi c cu trc
cui ni ln nhng khng u. Mu t
mu kem sa n xm nht, nhng lp
m bn ngoi c th c sc t bnh
thng. S phn b ca mch mu
thnh thong lm cho cc cm ln t bo
c mu . S thay i l ng k tu
theo kch c, v tr v s phn b ca
cc khi. Cng c th cc t bo b
nhim bnh xut hin n l.
Cho d s ly nhim bnh thng him
khi lin quan n bnh mi c cng
khai, tnh trng t vong c th xy ra
trong iu kin nui, c th do mang b
thng tn, kh nng bi hoc n gim
st do cc thng tn c hc. Tc ng
ch yu l tc ng kinh t, bi c c
nhng tn thng d pht hin nh th
s kh bn trn th trng.
F.9.3 C pn pp m tr n
Hin ti khng c k thut pht hin no
nhy pht hin hay phn lp nhm
iridovirus khi c b nhim cn lm
sng. Ti nay, cc k thut nui cy t
bo b gii hn trong vic phn lp
virus khi nhng thng tn do cc u
bch huyt.
F.9.4 C pn pp n
on
F.9.4.1 D n
F.9.4.1.1 Cc quan st tng th (Mc
I)
Cc du hiu bn ngoi chnh c lin
quan n bnh u nang bch huyt l cc
nt ging nh sp c mu trng (hoc
i khi c mu hng nht), cc nt ny
c th mc trn da v vy. Cc nt ny
c cha cc vt th nh hnh ht, v c
nhng du hiu ca s phn b mch
(s pht trin ca cc mao mch mu
thnh s tng trng m) (Hn
F.9.4.1.1a v Hn ). S tn
ti ca cc th vi dng ht l mt iu
quan trng nhn bit bnh u nang
bch huyt vi bnh u ma c chp
(gy ra bi Herpesvirus) (Hn
F.9.4.1.1c). c im ging nh sp
cng l mt nhn t quan trng phn
bit bnh u nang bch huyt vi bnh
v nm da (Hn
F.9.4.2 Kim n n
F.9.4.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Di knh hin vi bnh thng, cc lt ct
m ca u bch huyt cho thy cc th vi
l cc t bo ln ca cc m lin kt
c kch thch bi virus c bao trong
mt nang dy. ng knh ca mi t
bo ln ny l khong 50 m to hn
dung tch t bo bnh thng 50.000 -
100.000 ln (Hn F.9.4.2.1a). Nang
phnh to (Hn nhn v hch
tp trung chnh gia cc th vi trong
bo cht l nhng c im c o.
Khng c s lun phin t bo nh th
xy ra bnh u ma do Herpesvirus
gy ra c chp. Ngoi ra, c th c mt
vi th vi dng li bt mu vi Eosin
trong t bo cht ca t bo khng l.
Chng tng ng vi cc th virus lp
li c khc x nh sng thp lm
chng tng t nh t bo cht v y l
mt trong vi trng hp c th chn
on c bnh do virus gy ra bng
knh hin vi thng thng vi tin cy
cao. Vic xc nh chnh xc virus yu
cu phi c tip tc iu tra, tuy nhin
mc chn on ny l cho php
a ra li khuyn (F.9.6).
F.9 B

82
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)







Hnh.F.9.2a. C qu t nhin b bnh u
nang bch huyt c xut hin cc khi ni
r c cu trc nh cui khng u.
(J Yulin)









Hnh.F. 9.4.1.1a. C bn b bnh u nang
bch huyt nng.
(J Yulin)








Hnh.F.9.4.1.1b. Cc tn thng u nang
bnh huyt c cc th vi dng ht.
(J Yulin)






Hnh.F.9.4.1.1c. Bnh u ma c chp
gy ra bi Herpesvirus.
(J Yulin)









Hnh.F.9.4.1.1d. C vng b nm trn da
(J Yulin)









Hnh.F.9.4.2.1a. Cc t bo u nang bch
huyt khng l c cc th vi dng li bao
quanh nhn.

(J Yulin)









Hnh.F.9.4.2.1b. Mt lam knh c o v u
nang bch huyt cho thy mt s t bo
khng l v cc nang trong sut.


F.9 Bn u nng b uyt
83
F.9.4.2.2 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Quan st qua knh hin vi in t ti cc lt
ct siu mng ca m u nang bch huyt
l phng php c bn ca vic khng
nh tng th v quan st di knh hin vi
thng thng. Cc tiu phn virus c hnh
20 mt (gn nh hnh cu 6 cnh), kch
thc 150-300 nm nm gn trong t bo
cht ca t bo kt nang. c im siu
cu trc ca cc iridovirus gy bnh u
nang bch huyt gm mt nhn c
trong 2 lp mng to nn capsid (Hn
F.9.4.2.2a v Hn ). Cn lu
v s khc bit so vi Herpesvirus bnh
u ma ca c chp, y l cc virus c
bao v nh hn. (Hn
F.9.4.2.3 Virus hc (Mc III)
Do vic d tm v xc nh cc virus c
lin quan n cc tn thng u nang
bch huyt (khi so snh vi cc tc nhn
virus ca cc bnh khc c), ngi ta
t ch n vic nui cy t bo nh l
mt phng tin chn on khng
nh bnh ny. Tuy nhin, tc ng ngy
cng tng ca loi bnh ny trong nui
trng thy sn trn th gii lm tng
s quan tm ti vic phn bit gia cc
tc nhn iridovirus tham gia vo v
tng tnh min dch tp nhim c i
vi s nhim bnh. Mt dng t bo mi
ca c trp u vng ang c nghin
cu v cho thy c nhng ha hn
phn lp cc iridovirus gy bnh u nang
bch huyt.
F.9.5 C u ln truyn n
Lan truyn do tip xc ngang v do nc
l cch thc ch yu ly lan virus u
nang bch huyt. iu ny c khng
nh hn do tm quan trng ca vn
cc iu kin nui thm canh. Mt dy
v cc bnh ngoi da lm tng kh nng
lan truyn. B mt ngoi trong c mang
l ca chnh ca li vo biu b. ng
ming c v khng lin quan, nhng
khng c bng chng v s lan truyn
theo chiu dc.
F.9.6 C n pp m sot n
Hin ti, khng c phng php tr
bnh hay gy mim dch. C mt s
bng chng v cc khng th t nht
1 loi thuc h c bn, tuy nhin, iu
ny cn c nghin cu thm.
trnh nui c b nhim bnh lm
sng, vic pht hin sm thng qua
kim sot v tit trng, cng vi vic
gim thiu mt nui v x l bnh
ngoi da c coi l cc bin php
kim sot c hiu qu.
(J Yulin)










Hnh.F.9.4.2.2a. Soi knh hin vi in t thy
nhiu tiu phn virus trong t bo cht.

(J Yulin)










Hnh.F.9.4.2.2b. Cc tiu phn virus phnh to
l hnh thi in hnh ca iridovirus (Thc o
t l 100 m).

(J Yulin)












Hnh.F.9.4.2.2c. So vi virus gy bnh u nang
bch huyt th Herpervirus bnh u ma c
chp l cc virus nh hn v c bao.
F.9 Bn u nn uyt

84

F.9.7 T lu tm o n
l
Bowden, R.A., D.J. Oestmann, D. H. Lewis,
v M.S. Frey. 1995. Lymphocystis in red
drum. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 7: 231-235.
Bowser, P.R., G.A. Wooster, v R.G.
Getchell. 1999. Transmission of walleye
dermal sarcoma and lymphocystis vi a
waterborne exposure. J. Aquat. Anim.
Health 11: 158-161.
Chao, T.M. 1984. Studies on the
transmissibility of lymphocystis disease
occurring in seabass (Lates calcarifer
Bloch). Sing. J. Prim. Ind. 12: 11-16.
Dixon, P., D. Vethaak, D. Bucke, v M.
Nicholson, M. 1996. Preliminary study of
the detection of antibodies to lymphocystis
disease virus in flounder, Platichthys flesus
L., exposed to contaminated harbour
sludge. Fish and Shellf. Immunol. 6: 123-
133.
Garcia-Rosado, E., D. Castro, S. Rodriguez,
S.I. Perez-Prieto, v J.J. Borrego. 1999.
Isolation and characterization of
lymphocystis virus (FLDV) from gilt-edged
sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) using a new
homologous cell line. Bul. Europ. Assoc.
Fish Pathol. 19: 53-56.
Limsuan, C., S. Chinabut v Y. Danayadol.
1983. Lymphocystis disease in seabass
(Lates calcarifer). National Inland Fisheries
Institute, Fisheries Division,
Department of Fisheries. Tech. Pap. No. 21.
6p. (In Thai, with English abstract).
Perez-Prieto, S.I., S. Rodrigues-Saint-Jean,
E. Garcia-Rosado, D. Castro, D., M.C.
Alvarez, v J.J. Borrego. 1999. Virus
susceptibility of the fish cell line SAF-1
derived from gilt-head seabream. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 35: 149-153. Williams, T. 1996.
The iridoviruses. Adv. Vir. Res. 46: 345-
412.
Wolf, K. 1988. Fish viruses and fish viral
diseases. Cornell University Press, Ithaca,
NY.
Xue, L., G. Wang, X. Xu, and M. Li. 1998.
Preliminary study on lymphocystis disease
of marine cage cultured Lateolabrax japonicus.
Marine Sciences/Haiyang Kexue. Qingdao
No. 2: 54-57.
Yulin, J., Y. Li, and Z. Li. 1991. Electron
microscopic observation of pathogen of
carp-pox disease. Acta Hydrobiologica
Sinica/Shuisheng Shengwu Xuebao.15:
193-195.
Yulin, J., Z. Chen, H. Liu, J. Pen, and Y.
Huang Y. 1999. Histopathological and electron
microscopic observation of Lymphocystic
disease virus in flounder (Paralichthys),
PP30. In: Book of Abstracts. Fourth
Symposium on Diseases in Asian
Aquaculture. Fish Health Section of the
Asian Fisheries Society, Philippines.
F.9 Bn u nng b uyt
85
F.10.1 Thn tn un
F.10.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh nhim khun thn c (BKD) l do
vi khun Renibacterium salmoninarum,
mt loi vi khun gram dng, hnh que,
xp thnh ng, l loi duy nht ca
ging Renibacterium. Thng tin chi tit
hn v bnh ny c th tm thy trong
S tay Chn on bnh ng vt thy
sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
F.10.1.2 Vt
C thuc h C hi Salmonidae l loi
d mc bnh, c bit l cc loi
Oncorhynchus (c hi Thi Bnh Dng
v c hi vn).
F.10.1.3 Phn l
BKD xut hin Bc M, Nht Bn, Ty
u v Chil.
F.10.1.4 H tn tn o n qu
v n n vt thy sn u -
Th n n -2000)
Nht Bn thng bo BKD xut hin
quanh nm tr thng 12 ca hai nm
1999 v 2000. Pakistan nghi ng c
bnh t thng 7 n thng 12 nm 1999
(OIE 1999, 2000b).
F.10.2 C n lm sn
Nhim khun Renibacterium salmoninarum
c th xy ra trong mt thi gian di vi
cc biu hin bnh l ch xut hin giai
on nhim sm, thng l khi c c
mt nm tui. Tc hi ca R.
salmoninarum thay i tu theo:
- chng vi khun
- loi c hi b nhim
- cc iu kin ca mi trng v
nui gi.
Nh cc t bo mu nhn chm m vi
khun c th trnh khi b suy yu th
tiu bo (lysosome), khng b c ch t
v ban u ca c ph hu. Dinh dng
v s vn chuyn nc bin c th
cng nh hng n kh nng nhim
bnh do vi khun R. salmoninarum v
mc nhim bnh c b m chc chn
l s c lin quan trc tip n vic
nhim bnh n con ca chng. Th
h con ca c b m c mc nhim
thp hoc khng nhim R.
salmoninarum s c sc sng tt hn
th h con ca c b nhim BKD. iu
ny phn nh nhng c b m nhim
bnh c kh nng lan truyn bnh ln
hn (F.10.5).
F.10.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit v cc phng php
kim tra bnh BKD c th xem trong S
tay Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn
ca OIE (OIE 2000a), ti
http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
F.10.3.1 D n
F.10.3.1.1 Cc quan st tng qut (Mc
I) v m bnh hc (Mc II)
Khng c cc du hiu bnh l hay tn
thng m c th pht hin c
cc vt mang Renibacterium
salmoninarum cn lm sng.
F.10.3.1.2 Vi khun hc (Mc II)
Khi khng thy c tn thng, nn chn
thn nui cy. nhng con ci trng
thnh cng c th s dng cc dch
khoang c th. Mi trng sinh trng
c bit, nh mi trng bnh thn
c b sung huyt thanh (KDM2) hoc
than ci (KDMC), hoc mi trng bnh
thn c chn lc (SKDM) l cn thit do bn
cht km chu ng ca Renibacterium
salmoninarum.
vi khun pht trin cn n 2-3 tun,
nhng cng c th ti 12 tun. Cc khun
lc c hnh u kim ng knh 2 mm,
trng ng, bng, trn, hon ton nh cao
(Hn n . Vi
khun hnh que c kch thc 0,3-1,5 x
0,1-1,0 mm, gram dng, PAS dng, bt
ng, khng khng axit, thng lin kt
vi nhau thnh i hoc chui hoc hnh
th a dng (ch Trung Quc). Nhng
khun gi c th c dng ht hoc tinh
th. Cc lt ct ngang qua cc khun lc
ny s thy cc vi khun hnh que gram
dng trong mng tinh th. Mc d mt
s vi khun khc c nhng c tnh pht
trin ny, vic nh loi vi khun nn c
khng nh bng xt nghim min dch
(F.10.3.2.1) hoc xt nghim axit nucleic
(F.10.3.2.2).
F.10.3.2 Kim n n
F.10.3.2.1 Cc xt nghim min dch
(Mc II/III)
Cc xt nghim ngng kt, cc xt
nghim khng th hunh quang trc tip
hoc gin tip (DFAT, IFAT) v nhng
kit phn tch ELISA c hin nay u
c th pht hin ra khng nguyn R.
salmoninarum trong cc m c cng
nh t cc nui cy vi khun. Cc php
th ELISA c cho l nhy nht, k c
nhim mc thp, v vy thit b ny
c khuyn dng kim tra cc bnh
lm sng (nh dch bung trng ca c
hi b m). Cng c cc thit b.
F.10 Bn nm un tn

86
(M Yoshimizu)









Hnh.F.10.3.1.2a Cc khun lc c
hnh u kim ng knh 2mm ca
Renibacteriium salmonimarum, mu trng
ng, bng, trn, hon ton nh cao; ba
tun sau khi nui cy trong mi trng
KDM-2 15
o
C.

(M Yoshimizu)











Hnh.F.10.3.1.2b. Vi khun hnh que
Renibacterium salmoninarum phn lp t
c hi Nht Bn
(M Yoshimizu)









Hnh.F.10.4. 1.1a. Thn ca c hi Nht
Bn b trng v c mng mu xm
khng u.
sn xut bn trong c cc hng
dn r rng. Nhng kt qu ELISA
dng tnh dng khng th n dng
hoc a dng nn c khng nh
bng cc php th chn on khc, c
bit l trong nhng trng hp cn lm
sng, hoc phn lp ln u (Griffiths v
cs., 1996).
(EAFP)





Hnh.F.10.4.1.1b. c b nhim BKD cn
quan st thy l lch phnh to.
F.10.3.2.2 Xt nghim Axit Nucleic (Mc
III)
on mi Renibacterium salmoninarum
c pht trin cho cc mu PCR. Thit
b ny c th pht hin DNA ca R.
salmoninarum trong dch ng cht ca
m. Cc on mi ny c cng b
v mt s thit b hin nay c bn.
F.10.4 C pn pp n
on
Thng tin chi tit v cc phng php
chn on bnh BKD c th xem trong
S tay Chn on bnh ng vt thy
sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), ti
http://www.oie.int, hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
F.10.4.1 D n
F.10.4.1.1 Cc quan st tng qut (Mc
I)
Cc biu hin bnh l thng khng r
rng cho n khi vic nhim bnh tr
nn trm trng (thng t nht sau 1 nm).
Cc biu hin ny bao gm: li mt, thay
i cng ca bng (trng bng) do
chc nng bi tit ca thn b hng,
cc tn thng da v xut huyt.
V ni tng, biu hin r rng l nhng
tn thng mu xm/trng (cc u ht)
tt c cc c quan, c bit l
thn (Hn ; cng c th
quan st c l lch phnh to (Hn
F.10.4.1.1b). Nhng chm mu xm c
th tng ln nhiu v chng kt hp li
cho n khi ton b thn phnh ra v
sng ln vi cc mng mu xm khng
u. c hi BKD c th phn bit
c vi bnh ph thn (PKD) khi b
ph, thn to ra nhng khng chuyn
sang mu xm. Mt loi bnh khc v
thn c hi - chn tn nm
canxi - ch nh hng n ng tit
niu lm cho n c kt cu nh s mu
trng v mu khc na.
F.10 Bn nm un tn
87
F.10.4.1.2 Cc knh pht (Mc I)
Cc knh pht t cc tn thng m ca
cc vt ch nghi nhim bnh c
nhum Gram hoc nhum mu khc c
th thy rt nhiu vi khun nh hnh
que, gram dng. Phi rt thn trng
khng nhm ln nhng vi khun ny vi
cc ht hc t thng xuyn c trong
cc m thn. Vi khun gram dng
khc, nh loi Lactic cng c th xut
hin, v vy cn n cc phng php
nh loi vi khun tip tc.
F.10.4.1.3 Vi khun hc (Mc II)
Bt k khi no c th, nn s dng vic
nui cy vi khun khng nh mc d
gp nhng kh khn do s pht trin
chm v kn chn ca vi khun
Renibacterium salmoninarum. D chn
cng c th tin hnh t vic nui cy vi
khun do chng mc chm 15C (2-3
tun). Cng nn ly mu thn v nhng
c quan khc c nhng tn thng kh
nghi. Quy trnh nui cy vi khun
c m t trong phn F.10.3.1.2. Mc
d c mt s vi khun khc cng c
nhng c im sinh trng ny, vic
nh loi vi khun nn c khng nh
bng xt nghim min dch (F.10.3.2.1)
hoc xt nghim axit nucleic (F.10.3.
2.2).
F.10.4.2 Kim n nh
F.10.4.2.1 Xt nghim min dch (Mc
II/III)
C th dng phng php th ngng
kt trt xc nh nhanh cc tp
on nui cy. Ngng kt vi khun c
xc nh bng cch so snh vi th vn
ging ht nhau c cha huyt thanh th
lm i chng. Ngng kt trng vi
Staphylococcus aureus (chng Cowan I)
phn ng nhy vi globulin min dch
c trng cng c hiu qu lm thc y
qu trnh ngng kt (Kimura v
Yoshimizu 1981).
i vi cc php th min dch hunh
quang (trc tip v gin tip) v th
ELISA, nn s dng MAbs khng nhng
yu t di truyn c trng trnh cc
phn ng cho vi vi khun khc. Nh
nu trong mc F.10.3.2.1, cc kt
qu dng tnh khi dng cc khng th
n dng hoc a dng s c th c
khng nh bng cc php th chn
on khc, c bit l nhng ln phn
lp u tin (Griffiths v cs., 1996).
F.10.4.2.2 Xt nghim Axit Nucleic (Mc
III)
Nh m t mc F.10.3.2.2, cc
dng c PCR kim tra Renibacterium
salmoninarum hin nay c. Tuy
nhin, vn rt cn n vic kim tra
cho cc mu dng tnh bng nhng
phng php chn on khc (vi khun
hc, th min dch), c bit l trong
nhng ln phn lp u tin (Hiney v
Smith 1999).
F.10.5 C u ln truyn n
Renibacterium salmoninarum phn b
rng ri trong c mi trng nc ngt
v nc mn. N c th lan truyn
ngang do ngun nc v phn cng
nh qua cc vt ch c bnh tt c
cc mn khc nhau. Vic lan truyn
bnh theo chiu dc gin tip qua cc
dch sinh sn v cc sn phm sinh dc
cng c th l con ng mang vi
khun cn lm sng.
F.10.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Do v tr nm trong t bo ca vt ch,
rt kh c th cha BKD bng cc loi
thuc khng sinh. Vic tim erythromycin
cho c m u n trc khi c c v
mang li mt s kt qu trong vic trnh
lan truyn theo chiu dc n trng.
Vic tim chng v thc n c trn
thuc cha bnh cng thnh cng trong
vic lm gim s xut hin ca BKD, tuy
nhin, kt qu li thay i tu theo
chng R. salmoninarum v loi vt ch.
Quan trng nht l cch ph v nhng
ng truyn bnh ngang v dc
(F.10.5). Vic loi b c b m c nguy
c cao mc BKD, vic gim mt c
nui, trnh tip xc vi vt mang bnh
cn lm sng, gim gy ra stress v
trnh vn chuyn khng thch hp t
nc ngt sang nc mn, tt c nhng
vic ny u c chng minh l lm
gim kh nng gy ra bnh BKD mt
cch c hiu qu.
F.10 Bn nm un tn

88
F.10.7 T lu tm o n
l
Austin, B., T.M. Embley, and M. Goodfellow.
1983. Selective isolation of Renibacterium
salmoninarum. FEMS Micro. Let. 17: 111-
114.
Brown, L.L., G.K. Iwama, T.P.T. Evelyn, W.S.
Nelson, and R.P. Levine. 1994. Use of the
polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect
DNA from Renibacterium salmoninarum
within individual salmon eggs. Dis. Aquat.
Org. 18: 165-171.
Daly, J.G. and R.M.W. Stephenson. 1985.
Charcoal agar, a new growth medium for
the fish disease bacterium Renibacterium
salmoninarum. Appl. Environ. Micro. 50:
868-871.
Evelyn, T.P.T. 1977. An improved growth
some notes on using the medium. Bull. of
the OIE. 87: 511-513.
Griffiths, S.G., K. Liska, and W.H. Lynch.
1996. Comparison of kidney tissue and
ovarian fluid from broodstock Atlantic
salmon for detection of Renibacterium
salmoninarum, and use of SKDM broth
culture with western blotting to increase
detection in ovarian fluid. Dis. Aquat. Org.
24: 3-9.
Hiney, M.P. and P.R. Smith. 1999. Validation
of polymerase chain reaction-based
techniques for proxy detection of bacterial
fish pathogens: Framework, problems and
possible solutions for environmental
applications. Aquac. 162:41- 68.
Kimura, T. and M. Yoshimizu. 1981. A
coagglutination test with antibody-
sensitised staphylococci for rapid and
simple diagnosis of bacterial kidney
disease (BKD). Dev. Biol. Standard. 49:
135-148.
Leon, G., M.A. Martinez, J.P. Etchegaray,
M.I. Vera, Figueroa and M. Krauskopf.
1994. Specific DNA probes for the
identification of the fish pathogen
Renibacterium salmonina- rum. Wor. J.
Micro.Biotech. 10: 149-153.
Meyers, T.J., S. Short, C. Farrington, K.
Lipson, H.J. Geiger, and R. Gates. 1993.
Establishment of a positive-negative
threshol d optical density val ue for the
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) to det ect solubl e antigen of
Renibacterium sal moninarum in Alaskan
Pacific salmon. Dis. Aquat. Org. 16:191-
197.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office International des Epizooties, Paris,
France 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Schlotfeldt, H.-J. and D.J. Alderman. 1995.
What Should I Do? A Practical Guide for
the Freshwater Fish Farmer. Suppl. Bull.
Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol. 15(4). 60p.
F.10 Bn nm un tn
89
F.11.1 Thn tn un
F.11.1.1 C yu t y n
Cc u ht do nm trong nhng m b nhim
EUS l do nm non Aphanomyces
invadans (cn gi l A. invaderis, A.
piscicida, nm u ht (MG) v ERA
[Aphanomyces gy EUS]). Ngi ta
cng gi l bnh m (RSD).
Thng tin chi tit hn v bnh ny c
th xem trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
F.11.1.2 C vt
EUS tc ng n c nc m
vng ca sng v nc ngt v ln
u tin c pht hin c thm
(Plecoglossus altivelis) nui Nht Bn
(Hn F.11.1.2a). Bnh bng pht nguy
him c ca sng min ng
xtrylia, c bit l c i (Mugil
cephalus) (Hn Mt vng
rng ln vi trn 50 loi c khng
nh l b bnh ny bng phng php
chn on m bnh (Lilley v cng s,
1998), nhng mt vi loi c nui quan
trng nh c r phi, c mng v nhm
c chp Trung Quc chng t kh
nng khng c bnh.
F.11.1.3 Phn l
EUS ln u tin c thng bo Nht
Bn v sau l xtrylia. Bnh bng pht
lan truyn theo hng ty khp ng Nam
v Nam . EUS cng lan theo hng ty
vi dch ln ti Papua New Guinea,
Malaysia, Indonesia, Thi Lan, Philippin, Sri
Lanka, Bangladesh v n . Gn y
nht EUS c khng nh c Pakistan.
Bnh xut hin c vng ca sng b
nhim nm l lot (UM) dc theo b i
Ty Dng ca M l khng th phn bit
c vi EUS, nhng cn phi tip tc so
snh cc tc nhn gy bnh c lin quan
trong tng trng hp ny.
F.11.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn
chu -Th n n -2000)
Theo bo co nm 1999, xtrylia,
Bangladesh, n , Nht Bn, CHDCND
Lo, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka v Thi
Lan thng bo c dch bnh trong cc
thng khc nhau; nm 2000, xtrylia,
Bangladesh, n , Nht Bn, CHDCND
Lo, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippin v Thi
Lan thng bo c pht hin EUS (OIE
1999, OIE 2000b).
F.11.2 C n lm sn
C nhim bnh in hnh thng c
nhng vt lot da hoi t c trng v
m hc do s xut hin cc u ht nm
ni bt trong cc m di da. Nhng u
ht do nm trong cc m nhim EUS
l do nm non Aphanomyces invadans
gy ra. Nhng tn thng ban u c
th xut hin di dng cc m
(Hn cc nt ny ngy cng
su hn khi bnh pht trin v xm
nhp vo h c bn di (Hn
F.11.2b). Mt s tn thng sm c th
c vin hi trng ni ln. T l c cht
cao thng c lin quan vi s bng
pht EUS, nhng trong mt s trng
hp c c th chng li c s xm
nhp th cp ca nhng vt thng h
ming ny, nhng vt lot c th cha
c.
F.11.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Hin nay cha c cc phng php
kim tra no i vi c cha c biu
hin bnh.
F.11.4 C pn pp n
on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on EUS c th xem trong
S tay Chn on bnh ng vt thy
sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), ti http://www.
oie.int, hoc cc ti liu tham kho chn
lc.
F.11.4.1 D n
F.11.4.1.1 Cc quan st tng qut (Mc
I)
Biu hin tng qut ca cc vt lot thay
i theo loi, ni v giai on pht
trin ca vt lot (Hn
Tn thng ni bt nht ca EUS l vt
lot m trn da. Tuy nhin, cc bnh
khc cng c nhng biu hin tng t
nh vy (Hn v iu quan
trng l phi khng nh s c mt ca
A. invadans m bo chn on bnh
chnh xc.
F.11.4.1.2 Tiu bn c p nhanh (Mc
I)
Vic chn on bnh EUS c c biu
hin nghi ng lot da c th c tin
hnh bng cch chng minh c si nm
khng vch (ng knh 12-30 m)
trong cc tiu bn p c pha di
tn thng nhn thy c bng mt
thng (Hn iu ny c
th lm c bng cch p gia hai
tm knh hoc bn knh hin vi, kim
tra bng knh hin vi thng hoc knh
gii phu ngay ngoi thc a.
B
F.11 H (EUS)

90
(K Hatai)






Hnh.F.11.1.2a. C thm, Plecoglatus
altivelis, b bnh vi cc u ht nm.

(RB Callinan)









Hnh.F.11.1.2b. C vc trng Bidyanus
bidyanus nui ng xtrylia b nhim
EUS


(MG Bondad-Reantaso)





Hnh.F.11.2a. C tr c cc m do mi
nhim EUS.

(MG Bondad-Reantaso)








Hnh.F.11.4.1.1a. C i t nhin ca
Philippin b EUS (1989)

(MG Bondad-Reantaso)








Hnh.F.11.2b. C qu Philippin (1985) b
cc tn thng in hnh ca EUS.
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)







Hnh.F.11.4.1.1b. Bnh m c trm
c ca Vit Nam c cc tn thng l
lot.
F.11.4.2.1 Kim khng nh (Mc II)
Chn on khng nh cn c bng
chng m hc ca nhng u ht in
hnh v s lan rng cu si nm bng
cch nhum haematoxylin v Eosin
(Hn hoc nhum nm
thng thng (v d, Grocotts) (Hn
F.11.4.2.1b). Nhng vt lot sm ca
EUS cho thy nhng vt vim da nng
xut huyt m khng c biu hin g r
rt l do nm. Nhng vt lot sau ny
cho thy si nm A. invadans xm
nhp vo cc m c xng v sng dn
ln. Nm lm cho sng to ln v cc u
ht c hnh thnh xung quanh nhng
si nm xm nhp vo, y l mt
c tnh in hnh ca EUS. Vt lot ln
dn t mt vt vim mn tnh nh thnh
vt vim da hoi t lan rng nguy him,
km theo s ph hu nghim trng cc
c. Nhng tn thng in hnh nht
thng rng, m, lot xut huyt c
ng knh khong 1-4 cm. Cc vt ny
thng l cc ly nhim th cp ca vi
khun v cc chng gy bnh ca
Aeromonas hydrophila c phn lp
t cc tn thng.
F.11.4.2.2 Nm hc (Mc II)
Nhng tn thng ngoi da ni ln, c
mu xm, va phi l ni thch hp nht
phn lp nm.
F.11 H n n l lot (EUS)
91
Ly ra cc vy xung quanh vin ca vt
lot v lm kh lp da pha di bng
mt ci bay nung kh trng b
mt. Dng mt con dao m v trng v
nhng ci kp sc nhn v trng ct
qua lp da di vng lm kh v ct
theo chiu ngang tch cc m bn
trn v l ra lp c pha di. m
bo l cc dng c khng ng vo b
mt bn ngoi v khng gy nhim cho
phn c pha di. Ct cc mnh c
2mm
3
hoc xp x 2mm
3
, v t vo
trong a Petri c cha aga Czapek Dox
v penicillin G (100 n v/ml) v axt
oxolinic (100 mg/ml). y kn cc a v
nhit phng c kim tra hng
ngy. a cc u si nm ang ni ln
vo trong cc a sch c aga Czapek
Dox cho n khi cc nui cy khng cn
nhim.
C th nh loi nm n ging bng
cch kch thch pht sinh bo t (Hn
F.11.4.2.2a) v lm xut hin c im
v tnh ca Aphanomyces nh m t
trong Lilley v cng s (1998). A.
invadans c c tnh pht trin chm khi
nui cy (Hn v ngng
pht trin 37
o
C trong aga GPY (nc
GP c 0,5 g/l dch men bia v 12 g/l aga
k thut). M t chi tit v mc tng
nhit c nu trong sch ca Lilley
v Roberts (1997). Nm phn lp c
l A. invadans c th c khng nh
bng cch tim 0,1 ml th vn c 100+
ng bo t vo c ca c nghi nhim
EUS (tt hn l c qu Channa striata)
20
o
C, v thy pht trin m ca si
nm khng vch c ng knh 12-
30m trong c ca c ly mu sau 7
ngy, v cc u ht in hnh do nm
trong c ca c ly mu sau 14 ngy.
F.11.5 C u ln truyn n
Ngi ta cho rng EUS lan truyn l do
lt v s di chuyn ca nhng c
nhim bnh hoc mang mm bnh.
Aphanomyces invadans c xem l
nguyn nn n tt gy bnh
EUS, v n xut hin trong mi trng
hp ca bnh ny, tuy nhin, cn c
mt tn thng ban u da nm
tn cng v xm nhp cc m bn
di. Tn thng ny c th do cc
nhn t hu sinh hoc v sinh gy ra.
xtrylia v Philippin, cc dch bng
pht c lin quan nc b axit ho (do
t c axit sulfate trn xung), km theo
nhit thp, s xut hin ca c d
mc bnh v cc mm nm A. invadans.
cc vng khc, khng c nc axit th
c th c cc yu t sinh hc khc (v d
nhim rhabdovirus) hoc cc yu t mi
trng (v d nhit ) c th gy ra cc
vt lot.
F.11.6 C n pp m sot
Trong mi trng hp vic kim sot
cc n c hoang d l khng th thc
hin c. La chn nhng loi c kh
nng khng nui hin l bin php
c hiu qu nht kim sot ngay ti
cc tri nui. Khi khng th thay i loi
nui th cc bin php nn thc hin
ngn chn v loi tr nm l:
- phi ao v rc vi trc khi th c
- loi b c t nhin
- dng c bt c nui tri ng
p c c x l phng bnh
- dng nc sch
- dng mui n tm cho c
- kh trng li v cc thit b b
nhim trng.
F.11.7 T lu tm o n
l
Blazer, V.S., W.K. Vogelbein, C.L. Densmore,
E.B. May, J.H. Lilley and D.E. Zwerner.
1999. Aphanomyces as a cause of
ulcerative skin lesions of menhaden from
Chesapeake Bay tributaries. J. Aquat.
Anim. Health 11:340-349.
Bondad-Reantaso, M,G., S.C. Lumanlan,
J.M. Natividad and M.J. Phillips. 1992.
Environ- mental monitoring of the epizootic
ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in fish from
Munoz, Nueva Ecija in the Philippines, pp.
475-490. In: Diseases in Asian Aquaculture
1. M. Shariff, R.P. Subasinghe and J.R.
Arthur (eds). Fish Health Section, Asian
Fisheries Society, Manila, Philippines.
Callinan, R.B., J.O. Paclibare, M.G. Bondad-
Reantaso, J.C. Chin and R.P. Gogolewsky.
1995. Aphanomyces species associated with
epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in the
Philippines and red spot disease (RSD) in
Australia: preliminary comparative studies.
Dis. Aquat. Org. 21:233-238.
Callinan, R.B., J.O. Paclibare, M.B.
Reantaso, S.C. Lumanlan-Mayo, G.C.
Fraser and J.Sammut. 1995. EUS
outbreaks in estuarine fish in Australia and
the Philippines: associations with acid
sulphate soils, rainfall and Aphanomyces,
pp. 291-298. In:Diseases in Asian
Aquaculture 1. M. Shariff, J.R. Arthur and
R.P. Subasinghe (eds). Fish Health Sec-
tion, Asian Fisheries Society, Manila,
Philippines.
F.11 H n n l lot (EUS)

92
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)








Hnh.F.11.4.1.2. U ht trong tiu bn p c
c b EUS.

(MG Bondad-Reantaso)








Hnh.F.11.4.2.1a. Cc u ht in hnh b
nhim nng nm lt ct c ca c b
EUS (H & E).


(MG Bondad-Reantaso)









Hnh.F.11.4.2.1b. Cc u ht nm c si
nm (bt mu en) nh nhum Grocotts.

Chinabut, S. and R.J. Roberts. 1999.
Pathology and Histopathology of Epizootic
Ulcerative Syndrome (EUS). Aquatic
Animal Health Research Institute, Department
of Fisheries, Royal Thai Gover nment,
Bangkok, Thailand, 33p. ISBN 974-7604-
55-8.

(K Hatai)














Hnh.F. 11.4. 2. 2a.
c im in
hnh ca s hnh
thnh bo t
Aphanomyces
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)









Hnh.F.11.4.2.2b. Aphanomyces invadans
mc trn mi trng aga 6P.


Fraser, G.C., R.B. Callinan, and L.M. Calder.
1992. Aphanomyces species associated
with red spot disease: an ulcerative
disease of estuarine fish from eastern
Australia. J. Fish Dis.15:173-181.
Hatai, K. and S. Egusa. 1978. Studies on the
pathogenic fungus of mycotic granulomato-
sis-II. Some of the note on the MG-fungus.
Fish Pathol. 13(2):85-89 in Japanese, with
English abstract).
Hatai, K., S. Egusa, S. Takahashi and K.
Ooe.
1977. Study on the pathogenic fungus of
mycotic granulomatosis-I. Isolation and
pathogenicity of the fungus from cultured
ayu infected with the disease. Fish Pathol.
11(2):129-133.
Lilley, J.H., Callinan, R.B., Chinabut, S.,
Kanchanakhan, S., MacRae, I.H., and
Phillips,M.J. 1998. Epizootic Ulcerative
F.11 H n n l lot (EUS)
93
Syndrome (EUS) Technical Handbook.
TheAquatic Animal Health Research
Institute, Bangkok. 88p
Lilley, J.H. and Roberts, R.J. 1997.
Pathogenicity and culture studies comparing
Aphanomyces involved in epizootic
ulcerative syndrome (EUS) with other
similar fungi. J. Fish Dis. 20: 135-144.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office International des Epizooties, Paris,
France.237p
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p
Roberts,R.J., B. Campbell and I.H.
MacRae(eds). 1994. Proceedings of the
Regional Seminar on Epizootic Ulcerative
Syndrome, 25-27 January 1994. The
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute.
Bangkok, Thai- land
Tonguthai, K. 1985. A preliminary account of
ulcerative fish diseases in the Indo-Pacific
region (a comprehensive study based on
Thai experiences). National Inland Fisheries
Institute, Bangkok, Thailand. 39p.
Ph l pn t nm
tham vn v n

94
Bn Chuyn n t nm
Virus gy bnh hoi t
c quan to mu (EHNV)
Dr. A. Hyatt
Australian Animal Health Laboratory
Geelong, Victoria 3213,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: 61-3-52275000
Fax: 61-3-52275555
E-mail: alex.hyatt@dah.csiro.au

Dr. R. Whittington
Elizabeth MacArthur Agricultural Institute
PMB 8, Camden
NSW 2570, AUSTRALIA
Tel: 61-2-46293333
Fax: 61-2-46293343
E-mail: Richard.Whittington@smtpgwy.agric.nsw.gov.au
Virus gy hoi t c
quan to mu do nhim
trng (Rhabdoviruses)
Dr. J. A. Leong
Oregon State University
Department of Microbiology
Nash Hall 220, Corvallis, Oregon 93331-3804
UNITED STATES of AMERICA
Tel: 1-541-7371834
Fax: 1-541-7370496
E-mail: leongj@orst.edu

Dr. J. Winton
Western Fisheries Research Center
6505 N.E. 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
UNITED STATES of AMERICA
E-mail: jim_winton@nbs.gov
Virus c hi Nht bn
Onchorhynchus masou
Dr. M. Yoshimizu
Laboratory of Microbiology
Faculty of Fisheries Hokkaido University
3-1-1, Minato-cho, Hakodate
Hokkaido 041-0821
JAPAN
Tel./Fax: 81-138-408810
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Virus gy nhim vo ma
xun c chp
Dr. B.J. Hill
The Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture
Sciences (CEFAS)
Barack Road, the Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset
DT4 8UB UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: 44-1305-206626
Fax:44-1305-206627
E-mail: b.j.hill@cefas.co.uk
Virus gy nhim trng
xut huyt
Dr. N.J. Ollesen
Danish Veterinary Laboratory
Hangovej 2, DK-8200 Aarhus N
DENMARK
Tel: 45-89372431
Fax:45-89372470
E-mail: njo@svs.dk

PH
THAM V
95
Virus c nheo
knh mng
Dr. L.A. Hanson
Fish Diagnostic Laboratory
College of Veterinary Medicine Mississippi State University Box 9825,
Spring Street Mississippi 39762
UNITED STATES of AMERICA
Tel: 1-662-3251202
Fax: 1-662-3251031
E-mail: hanson@cvm.msstate.edu
Bnh vim no v
vng mc do virus
Dr. G. Bovo
Instituto Zooprofilaticco Sperimentale delle Venezie
Dipartimento di Ittiopatologia, Via Romea 14/A 35020 Legnaro PD
ITALY
Tel: 39-049-8830380
Fax: 39-049-8830046
E-mail: bovo.izs@interbusiness.it
Bnh hoi t nhim
trng ty
Dr. T. Nakai
Fish Pathology Laboratory
Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences Hiroshima University
Higashihiroshima 739-8528
JAPAN
Tel: 81-824-247947
Fax: 81-824-227059
E-mail: nakaitt@ipc.hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Dr. B.J. Hill
The Centre for Environment,
Fisheries and Aquaculture Sciences (CEFAS)
Barack Road, the Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset
DT4 8UB UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: 44-1305-206626
Fax:44-1305-206627
E-mail: b.j.hill@cefas.co.uk
Bnh thiu mu
c hi
Dr. B. Dannevig
National Veterinary Institute
Ullevalsveien 68 P.O. Box 8156 Dep., 0033 Oslo
NORWAY
Tel: 47-22-964663
Fax: 47-22-600981
E-mail: birgit.dannevig@vetinst.no
Hi chng dch
bnh l lot
Dr. Kamonporn Tonguthai
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries
Kasetsart University Campus Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900
THAILAND
Tel: 662-5794122
Fax: 662-5613993
E-mail: kamonpot@fisheries.go.th
Bnh nhim khun
thn
Dr. R.J. Pascho
Western Fisheries Research Center
U.S. Geological Survey
Biological Resources Division
6505 N.E. 65th Street
Seattle, Washington 98115
Ph l pn t nm
tham vn v n

96

UNITED STATES of AMERICA
Tel: 1-206-5266282
Fax:1-206-5266654
E-mail: ronpascho@usgs.gov
Bnh xut huyt rut c tr
Dr. L.A. Hanson
Fish Diagnostic Laboratory
College of Veterinary Medicine
Mississippi State University
Box 9825, Spring Street
Mississippi 39762
UNITED STATES of AMERICA
Tel: 1-662-3251202
Fax: 1-662- 3251031
E-mail: hanson@cvm.msstate.edu
Piscriikettsiosis
Dr. J. L. Fryer
Distinguished Professor Emertius
Department of Biology
220 Nash Hall
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331-3804
Tel:1-541-7374753
Fax: 1-541-7372166
E-mail: fryerj@bcc.orst.edu
Bnh sn l (Gyrodactylus salaris)
Dr. T. Atle Mo
National Veterinary Institute
Ullevalsvein 68
P.O. Box 8156
Dep., 0033 Oslo
NORWAY
Tel: 47-22-964722
Fax:47-22- 463877
E-mail: tor-atle.mo@vetinst.no
Bnh c vn do virus
Dr. K. Nakajima
Virology Section, Fish Pathology Division
National Research Institute of Aquaculture
Fisheries Agency
442-1 Nakatsuhama, Nansei-cho
Watarai- gun Mie 516-0913
JAPAN
Tel: 81-599661830
Fax:81-599661962
E-mail: kazuhiro@nria.affrc.go.jp
Ph l n s uyn gia khu
v v n u -Th n n
97
Bn Chuyn
H n n l
lot
Dr. Richard Callinan
NSW Fisheries, Regional Veterinary Laboratory
Wollongbar NSW 2477
AUSTRALIA
Tel (61) 2 6626 1294
Mob 0427492027
Fax (61) 2 6626 1276
Email richard.callinan@agric.nsw.gov.au

Dr. C.V. Mohan
Department of Aquaculture
College of Fisheries, UAS
Mangalore-575002
INDIA
Tel: 91 824 439256 (College); 434356 (Dept), 439412
(Res)
Fax: 91 824 438366
E-mail: cv_mohan@yahoo.com

Prof. Kishio Hatai
Divison of Fish Diseases
Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University
1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180
JAPAN
Tel: 81-0422-31-4151
Fax: 81-0422-33-2094
E-mail: hatai@scan-net.ne.jp

Ms. Susan Lumanlan-Mayo
Fish Health Section
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Arcadia
Building, 860 Quezon Avenue Quezon City, Metro Manila
PHILIPPINES
Tel/Fax: 632-372-5055
E-mail: slmayo99@yahoo.com

Mr. Jose O. Paclibare
Fish Health Section
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Arcadia
Building, 860 Quezon Avenue Quezon City, Metro Manila
PHILIPPINES
Tel/Fax: 632-372-5055
E-mail: jopac@edsamail.com.ph

Dr. Erlinda Lacierda
Fish Health Section Aquaculture Department
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021
PHILIPPINES
Tel: 63 33 335 1009
Fax: 63 33 335 1008
E-mail: eclacier@aqd.seafdec.org.ph

Dr. Somkiat Kanchanakhan
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries
Kasetsart University Campus

PH
GIA KHU V -
TH

98

Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900
THAILAND
Tel: 662-5794122
Fax: 662-5613993
E-mail: somkiatkc@fisheries.go.th

Dr. Supranee Chinabut
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Jatujak,
Ladyao, Bangkok 10900
THAILAND
Tel: 662-5794122
Fax: 662-5613993
E-mail: supranee@fisheries.go.th

Dr. Melba B. Reantaso
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific
Department of Fisheries Compound Kasetsart University
Campus Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900
THAILAND
Tel: 662- 561-1728 to 9 ext. 113
Fax: 662-561-1727
E-mail: Melba.Reantaso@enaca.org
Ho t no o vrus
(VNN)
Bn vm no v
vn m
Dr. Kei Yuasa
Fisheries and Aquaculture International Co., Ltd.
No. 7 Khoji-machi Bldg., Room B105
4-5 Khoji-machi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102-0083
JAPAN
Tel: 81-3-3234-8847
Fax:81-3-3239-8695
E-mail: fai@faiaqua.com; yuasakei@hotmail.com

Dr Myoung-Ae Park
Pathology Division
National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
South Sea Regional Fisheries Research Institute
347 Anpo-ri, Hwayang-myun, Yeosu-City
Chullanam-do, 556-820
KOREA RO
Tel: 82-662-690-8989
Fax: 82-662-685-9073
E-mail: mapark@haema.nfrda.re.kr

Dr. Lin Li
Guangdong Daya Wan Fisheries Development Center Aotou
Town Huizhou City, Guangdong Province PEOPLEs
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Tel: 86-752-5574225
Fax: 86-752-5578672
E-mail: hzgdfdc@pub.huizhou.gd.cn; linli39@hotmail.com

Dr. Qiwei Qin
Tropical Marine Science Institute
National University of Singapore
10 Kent Ridge Crescent 119260
SINGAPORE
Tel: +65-7749656
Fax: +65-7749654
Email: tmsqinqw@nus.edu.sg
Ph l n s uyn gia khu
v v n u -Th n n
99

Dr Shau Chi Chi
Department of Zoology National Taiwan University
TAIWAN PROVINCE of CHINA
Fax: 886 2 2367 3852
E-mail: shauchi@ccms.ntu.edu.tw

Dr Nguyen Huu Dung
Center for Bio-Tech and Environment Research
University of Fisheries
02 Nguyen Dinh Chieu St. Nha Trang City,
VIETNAM
Tel: 84 58 83 2065 Fax: 84 58 83 1147
E-mail: huudung@dng.vnn.vn
Bn u nn
huyt
Prof. Jiang Yulin
Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
40 Heping Road, Shenzhen 518010,
PEOPLEs
Tel: 86-755-5592980 Fax:86-755-5588630
E-mail: szapqbxi@public.szptt.net.cn
C n
trm

Prof. Jiang Yulin
Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
40 Heping Road, Shenzhen 518010,
PEOPLEs LIC OF CHINA
Tel: 86-755-5592980 Fax:86-755-5588630
E-mail: szapqbxi@public.szptt.net.cn
C n sn
trn
Dr. Robert D. Adlard
Queensland Museum
PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61 7 38407723 Fax: +61 7 38461226
E-mail:RobertAd@qm.qld.gov.au; http://www.qmuseum.qld.gov.au

Dr. Robert D. Adlard
Queensland Museum
PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61 7 38407723 Fax: +61 7 38461226
E-mail: RobertAd@qm.qld.gov.au; http://www.qmuseum.qld.gov.au

Professor R.J.G. Lester
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology
The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61-7-3365-3305 Fax:+61-7-3365-4620
E-mail:R.Lester@mailbox.uq.edu.au;
http://www.biosci.uq.edu.au/micro/academic/lester/lester.htm

Dr. Ian D. Whittington
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology
The University of Queensland
Brisbane, Queensland 4072,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: 61-7-3365-3302 Fax:61-7-3365-4620
E-mail: i.Whittington@mailbox.uq.edu.au

Prof. Abu Tweb Abu Ahmed
Department of Zoology Dhaka - 100,
BANGLADESH
Tel: 880-2-9666120

Ph l n s uyn gia khu
v v n hu -Th n n

100


Fax:880-2-8615583
E-mail: zooldu@citechno.net

Prof. Kazuo Ogawa
Department of Aquatic Bioscience
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences
The University of Tokyo, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8657,
JAPAN
Tel: 81-3-5841-5282 Fax:81-3-5841-5283
E-mail: aogawak@mail.ec-u-tokyo.ac.jp

Dr. Bo Young Jee
Pathology Division
National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
408-1,Shirang-ri, Kitang-up, Kitang-gun, Pusan,
KOREA RO
Tel: 82-51-720-2498 Fax:82-51-720-2498
E-mail: protjee@nfrdi.re.kr

Dr. Kim Jeong-Ho
Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases
College of Veterinary Medicine
Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763,
KOREA RO
Tel: +82-43-261-3318 Fax: +82-43-267-3150
E-mail: kimjh89@trut.chungbuk.ac.kr.kimjh89@yahoo.com

Dr. Craig J. Hayward
Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases College of Veterinary Medicine
Chungbuk National University Cheongju, Chungbuk 361-763,
KOREA RO
Tel: +82-43-261-2617 Fax: +82-43-267-3150
E-mail: chayward@trut.chungbuk.ac.kr, dameunagi@hotmail.com

Dr. Susan Lim Lee-Hong
Institute of Biological Sciences
Institute of Postgraduate Studies and Research
Universiti of Malaysia
50603 Kuala Lumpur,
MALAYSIA
Tel: 603-7594502 Fax: 603-7568940
E-mail: susan@umcsd.um.edu.my

Prof. Mohammed Shariff
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 Serdang, Selangor,
MALAYSIA
Tel: 603-9431064; 9488246 Fax: 603-9488246; 9430626
E-mail: shariff@vet.upm.edu.my

Ph l n s uyn gia khu
v v n u -Th n n
101

Dr. Leong Tak Seng
No. 3 Cangkat Minden, Lorong 13
11700 Glugor, Pulau Pinang,
MALAYSIA
E-mail: mhpg@pc.jaring.my

Dr. Tin Tun
Department of Zoology
University of Mandalay
MYANMAR
E-mail: phys.mdy@mptmail.net.mm

Dr. Erlinda Lacierda
Fish Health Section Aquaculture Department
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Tigbauan, Iloilo 502,
PHILIPPINES
Tel: 63 33 335 1009 Fax: 63 33 335 1008
E-mail: eclacier@aqd.seafdec.org.ph

Dr. Supranee Chinabut
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart
University Campus Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: 662-5794122 Fax: 662-5613993
E-mail: supranee@fisheries.go.th

Dr. Melba B. Reantaso
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia Pacific
Department of Fisheries Compound Kasetsart University Campus
Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: 662- 561-1728 to 9 ext. 113 Fax: 662-561-1727
E-mail: Melba.Reantaso@enaca.org

Mr. Bui Quang Te
Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1
Dinh Bang, Tu Son, Bac Ninh,
VIETNAM
C n o v
khun
Dr. Indrani Karunasagar
Department of Fishery Microbiology
University of Agricultural Sciences Mangalore - 575 002,
INDIA
Tel: 91-824 436384 Fax: 91-824 436384
E-mail: mircen@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in

Prof. Kiyokuni Muroga
Fish Pathology Laboratory
Faculty of Applied Biological Science
Hiroshima University
Higashi-hiroshima 739,
JAPAN
E-mail: fpath@hiroshima-u.ac.jp

Prof. Mohammed Shariff
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universiti Putra Malaysia

Ph l n s uyn gia khu
v v n hu -Th n n

102

43400 Serdang, Selangor
MALAYSIA
Tel: 603-9431064; 9488246 Fax: 603-9488246; 9430626
E-mail: shariff@vet.upm.edu.my

Mr. Jose O. Paclibare
Fish Health Section
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Arcadia Building, 860
Quezon Avenue Quezon City, Metro Manila,
PHILIPPINES
Tel/Fax: 632-372-5055
E-mail: jopac@edsamail.com.ph

Mrs. Celia Lavilla-Torres
Fish Health Section Aquaculture Department
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021,
PHILIPPINES
Tel: 63 33 335 1009 Fax: 63 33 335 1008
E-mail: celiap@aqd.seafdec.org.ph

Dr. Temdoung Somsiri
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Jatujak,
Ladyao, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: 662-5794122 Fax: 662-5613993
E-mail: temdouns@fisheries.go.th
C n o vrus
Mr. Jeong Wan Do
Pathology Division
National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
408-1, Shirang-ri, Kitang-up, Kitang-gun, Pusan,
KOREA RO
Tel: 82-51-720-2481 Fax:82-51-720-2498
E-mail: jwdo@nfrdi.re.kr

Prof. Jiang Yulin
Shenzhen Exit and Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
40 Heping Road, Shenzhen 518010,
PEOPLEs
Tel: 86-755-5592980 Fax:86-755-5588630
E-mail: szapqbxi@public.szptt.net.cn

Dr. Gilda Lio-Po
Fish Health Section
Aquaculture Department
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021,
PHILIPPINES
Tel: 63 33 335 1009 Fax: 63 33 335 1008
E-mail: liopo@aqd.seafdec.org.ph

Ph l n s uyn gia khu
v v n u -Th n n
103

Dr. Somkiat Kanchanakhan
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Jatujak,
Ladyao, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: 662-5794122 Fax: 662-5613993
E-mail: somkiatkc@fisheries.go.th
C n o nm
Prof. Kishio Hatai
Divison of Fish Diseases
Nippon Veterinary and Animal Science University
1-7-1 Kyonan-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180,
JAPAN
Tel: 81-0422-31-4151 Fax: 81-0422-33-2094
E-mail: hatai@scan-net.ne.jp

Dr. Kei Yuasa
Fisheries and Aquaculture International Co., Ltd. No. 7 Khoji-machi
Bldg., Room B105
4-5 Khoji-machi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-0083,
JAPAN
Tel: 81-3-3234-8847 Fax:81-3-3239-8695
E-mail: fai@faiaqua.com; yuasakei@hotmail.com
C n
Dr. Mark Crane
AAHL Fish Diseases Laboratory Australian Animal Health Laboratory
CSIRO Livestock Industries
Private Bag 24, Geelong Vic 3220,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61 3 52 275118 Fax: +61 3 52 275555
E-mail: mark.crane@li.csiro.au

Dr. Shuqin Wu
Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute Chinese Academy of Fishery
Sciences Baihedong, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510380,
PEOPLEs
Tel: +86 (20) 81517825 ; +86 (20) 81501543 Fax: +86 (20)
81504162
E-mail: sqwxm@163.net

Dr. Jian-Guo He
School of Life Sciences Zhongshan University Guangzhou 510275
PEOPLEs
Tel: +86-20-84110976 Fax: +86-20-84036215
Email: lsbrc05@zsu.edu.cn

Dr. N. Nilakarawasam
Department of Zoology The Open University Nawala, Nugegoda,
SRI LANKA
Tel.: 094-1-853777 ext. 270
E-mail: nnila@ou.ac.lk
Ph l n s s tyn n
hu n v n u -Th n ng

104
- Tp trn v n so t zuo w n tom
Hirose (bin tp or oo oyo tr t t n
Lin h: Prof. Kazuo Ogawa
Department of Aquatic Bioscience
Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences
The University of Tokyo
Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657
Tel: +81-3-5841-5282/5284 Fax: +81-3-5841-5283
E-mail: aogawak@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp
- K sn trn v n n n m on
Seng
Lin h: Dr. Leong Tak Seng
No. 3 Cangkat Minden, Lorong 13
11700 Glugor, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
E-mail: mhpg@pc.jaring.my
- Th m n u t n ys n tp n
phm t v n s n t n v t nh c
Ngh u nl lppn
Lin h: Japanese Society of Fish Pathology
- Bn u sn trn lppn r rtur v
Lumanlan- Mayo. 1997. T lu tut ty sn s tr
Lin h: Dr. Rohana P. Subasinghe FAO of the United Nations
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla Rome 00100 Italy
E-mail: Rohana.Subasinghe@fao.org
- S ty n on n n n v p x nonx
(1998) c Zafran, Des Roza, Isti Koesharyani, Fris Johnny v us
Lin h: Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries
P.O. Box 140 Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia
Tel: (62) 362 92278 Fax: (62) 362 92272
- Quy trn n on n monporn onguthai, Supranee
Chinabut, Temdoung Somsiri, Pornlerd Chanratchakool v omt
Kanchanakhan
Lin h: Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus
Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Tel: (66.2) 579.41.22 Fax: (66.2) 561.39.93
E-mail: aahri@fisheries.go.th
- Bn v n n n l lot
Supranee Chinabut v orts
Lin h: Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus
Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Tel: (66.2) 579.41.22 Fax: (66.2) 561.39.93
E-mail: aahri@fisheries.go.th
PH
H
-TH
105
- Bn c n o n nu n orn
Lin h: Fisheries Western Australia
3rd Floor, SGIO Atrium
186 St. Georges Terrace, Perth WA 6000
Tel: (08) 9482 7333 Fax: (08) 9482 7389
Web: http://www.gov.au.westfish

- Bn n vt ty sn xtryl - Hn n n lo no t
(1999) c lstr rort n rnt wln
Lin h: AFFA Shopfront - Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry -
Australia
GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601
Tel: (02) 6272 5550 or free call: 1800 020 157
Fax: (02) 6272 5771
E-mail: shopfront@affa.gov.au

- S ty n on n - II: C n n v p x non
sia (2001) c st osryani, Des Roza, Ketut Mahardika, Fris Johnny,
Zafran v us u n um t n
Lin h: Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries
P.O. Box 140 Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia
Tel: (62) 362 92278 Fax: (62) 362 92272
Ph l n s s tyn n
hu n v n u -Th n ng

106


107




Tuyn tiu
ho
Mu rng
ph
D dy
Rut thng
Xoang
bao tim
Hu
mn





C
khp
v
Mang
Lp o
Ming
Cu to pu on u

108

Cu to pu on u 106



M.1 K 108
M.1.1 C qun st un 109
M.1.1.1 Tp tnh 109
M.1.1.2 Cc quan st mt v ngoi 109
M.1.1.3 Cc quan st mt v trong 109
M.1.1.4 Cc b mt m mm 109
M.1.2 C tu m trn 112
M.1.3 C quy trn un 114
M.1.3.1 Chun b trc khi thu mu 114
M.1.3.2 Thng tin chung 114
M.1.3.3 Ly mu kim tra sc kho 114
M.1.3.4 Ly mu chn on bnh 114
M.1.3.5 Ly mu sng vn chuyn 114
M.1.3.6 Bo qun cc mu m 115
M.1.3.7 Vn chuyn cc mu bo qun 116
M.1.4 Lu - ghi chp 116
M.1.4.1 Cc quan st tng th 116
M.1.4.2 Cc quan st mi trng 117
M.1.4.3 Ghi chp v nui th 117
M.1.5 T lu tm o 117
C H
M.2 Bn onm Bonamia sp., B. ostreae) 119
M.3 Bn rtl Marteilia refringens, M. sydneyi) 123
M.4 Bn roytos (Mikrocytos mackini, M roughleyi) 127
M.5 Bn rnsus Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni) 131
M.6 Bn plosporum Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni) 136
M.7 Bn rtlos Marteilioides chungmuensis,
M. branchialis) 142
M.8 Bn rovrus n mn o u o rus 145
PH
M.AI. Phn m nm tm vn v n nuyn t
c 147
M.AII. Danh sh c uyn u v v n nuyn t
u n n 148
M.AIII. Danh s tyn n n on u n
v n nuyn t 150
PH - C
PH - C
109
(SE McGladdery)









Hnh.M.1.1.1. V cng ca trai Mercenaria
mercenaria h ming, mc d trn cn
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)










Hnh.M.1.1.2a. Hin tng bm nhuyn
th (mi tn) trai cnh Pteria penguin.
Tri ngc trai Guian, ng Samar,
Philippin (1996).
(D Ladra)









Hnh.M.1.1.2b. Trai Pteria penguin nui
tri ngc trai Guian, ng Samar, Philippin
c v b tn thng do bt bin ca nc
triu dng cao(1992).

Hnh.M.1.1.2f. Trai cnh Pteria penguin,
c v bi tn thng do bt bin ca nc
triu dng cao. Tri ngc trai Guian, ng
Samar, Philippin (1996).
(MG Bondad- Reantaso)


















Hnh.M.1.1.2c,d. Sinh vt bm dy trn v
Pteria penguin. Tri Ngc trai Guian, ng
Samar, Philippin (1996).

(SE McGladdery)








Hnh.M.1.1.2e. Cc ng ho do
Polydora sp. o v s ph hy lp v do
vi ha khp ni ca hu M,
Crassostrea virginica, cng vi s kt v
ca con sum trn cc b mt v khc
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)






M.1 K

110
T vn v sc kho ng vt nhuyn
th ni chung v cc thng tin lin quan
khc lun sn sng c cung cp bi
cc phng Th nghim tham vn ca
OIE, cc chuyn gia khu vc ti chu -
Thi Bnh Dng, FAO v NACA. Danh
sch ny c nu trong Ph lc M.A1
v M.AII, c thng tin cp nht cn
lin h vi Ban th k ca NACA
Bangkok (e-mail: naca@enaca.org). Cc
hng dn b ch khc v cc quy trnh
chn on cung cp cc ti liu tham
kho c gi tr v bnh nhuyn th c
lit k Ph lc M. AIII.
M.1.1 C qun st un
M.1.1.1 Tp tn
Quan st nhng thay i tp tnh ca nhuyn
th trong nc thng rt kh khn, do ,
cn ch thng xuyn ti tp tnh ca c
b m v u trng cc tri ng ging.
Dch bnh c th pht sinh nhanh chng
trong iu kin ng ging, nn vic quan
st nh k v thng xuyn mc I l c
gi tr (xem Iridovirus - M.8).
Tp tnh n ca u trng nhuyn th cng
l ch th tt v sc kho ca chng. Cn
ch n s tn d thc n trong cc b
ng u trng v cn thu mu u trng cn
sng quan st di knh hin vi gii
phu nhm pht hin sm cc loi nm
hoi sinh v ng vt nguyn sinh (v d:
trng lng t) v/hoc cc vi khun. u
trng giai on tin bm c th bm
y b hoc tri th ng theo dng chy
ca nc trong cc b cha.
Trong iu kin nui bnh thng, cn quan
tm n hin tng ngng n ca nhuyn
th cn non v trng thnh. Nu vic n
khng hi phc v nhuyn th c du hiu
suy yu (sau thi gian t vi ngy n vi
tun tu theo nhit nc), cn thu mu
xt nghim. Du hiu b suy yu bao
gm h ming (v d 2 v khng khp li
c khi ta chm vo hoc nhc nhuyn
th ra khi nc) (Hn ng ct
v cht thi lp o v trn mang, mng
tch khi cnh v, v gim di ng cc
loi vn ng (v d, ip bi, ngao o
hang, bo ng gm,vv).
Nu c nghi ng v hin tng cht trong
t nhin, ngi nui phi kim tra xc
nh xem l do dn n cc thit hi. Hin
tng nhuyn th cht ri rc sau cc giai
on nh bt tng cng cn c iu
chnh nh bt b sung t nht nu c
th c. Nu nhuyn th vn b cht hoc
s lng cht gia tng, cn thu mu xt
nghim. Hin tng cht nghi l c do cng
nguyn nhn cn c kim tra tc thi v
ghi chp li cc yu t mi trng trc v
sau thi im . Hin tng cht ly lan t
vng ny sang vng khc nghi ng do
bnh truyn nhim cn c ly mu tc
thi. Cn cch ly cc ng vt nhim bnh
vi cc ng vt khng nhim bnh cho
n khi xc nh c nguyn nhn gy ra
t vong.
M.1.1.2 C qun st mt v no
(M
Sinh vt bm (con sum, con h, bt bin,
giun nhiu t, u trng nhuyn th hai v,
ng vt c v bao, ng vt dng ru,
v.v...) l cc sinh vt thng gp trn b
mt v nhuyn th, v thng khng e
da n sc kho ca nhuyn th. (Hn
M.1.1.2a,b). Tuy nhin, vic treo l lng v
nui nc nng c th lm tng kh
nng cho cc sinh vt n bm v v ca
nhuyn th b cc ng, thc vt khc sng
bao bc ra ngoi (Hn iu
ny c th nh hng trc tip n sc
kho ng vt do lm cn tr vic m v
ng v hoc nh hng gin tip do cnh
tranh ngun thc n. C hai trng hp
u lm suy gim sc kho nhuyn th v
vy cn phi lm sch v. Vic loi b sinh
vt bm cn c thao tc cng nhanh
cng tt, rt ngn ti a thi gian nhc ln
khi mt nc v nn c thc hin trong
khong thi gian mt m nht trong ngy.
lm sch nhanh, ngi ta thng dng
dng nc c p lc cao hoc thit b c
kh. Nhuyn th sau khi loi b sinh vt
bm cn nhanh chng a tr li mi
trng nc sch. Khng c thi cc
sinh vt bm ra cng mt khu vc c
nhuyn th, trnh kh nng b sinh vt
bm li. Cc biu hin b suy yu vn cn
hoc tng ln sau khi lm sch cn c
iu tra tip tc bng xt nghim trong
phng th nghim.
Vic lm tn thng v do cc sinh vt c
v nh bt bin v giun nhiu t (Hn
M.1.1.2e,f) thng gp trong iu kin nui
nc thong. Di nhng iu kin nht
nh (c bit i vi nhuyn th gi), v c
th b gin hoc thm ch b thng l. Cc
tn thng nh vy s lm yu nhuyn th
v lm chng d b xm nhim bi cc tc
nhn gy bnh.
S bin dng v (Hnh dng, xut hin l
trn b mt v), s d v, vt nt v cn
c ch nhng thng khng biu th
iu kin ca bnh (Hn Mu
sc hoc mi bt thng cng c th l
du hiu nhim trng lp m mm v cn
c kim tra ti phng xt nghim.
M.1.1.3 C qun st mt v tron
(M
Vic xut hin sinh vt bm (con sum, bt
bin, giun nhiu t, v.v...) b mt trong
ca v l du hiu r rng ca mt ng vt
nhuyn th b m/yu (Hn v
Hn Mt trong ca v thng
c lm sch nh hot ng ca mang v
lp o.Hin tng c thng b mt trong
ca v c lp y nh s lng kt ca
lp conchiolin b sung v x c (Hn
M.1.1.3b,c).
M.1 K tut un
111
(MG Bondad-Reantaso
















(B Jones)












Hnh.M.1.1.3a1. Bo ng (Haliotis roei) b
cht do giun
Hnh.M.1.1.2g,h. Trai Pinctada maxi ma,
v b bt bin lm tn thng do chng
o thnh cc hc thot- ht trn b mt
(mi tn). Cc hc khc (mi tn nh) l
do giun nhiu t, c hoc cc sinh vt
bm khc. Tri ngc trai Guian, ng
Samar, Philippin (1996)
(MG Bondad-Reantaso)





a



(D Ladra)





b







c





Hnh.M.1.1.3a. V Hu c cnh Pteria
penguin b bt bin gy tn thng c
thng vo tn mt v bn trong. Tri Ngc
trai Guian, ng Samar, Philippin (1996)
Hnh.M.1.1.3b,c. b. Du hiu b xi mn
lp x c mt v trong ca Pinctada
maxima (mi tn), c th lin quan n s
co rt mng o mn tnh. c. Mt trong ca
lp v b bt bin c l xm nhp hon
ton. (mi tn nh)



M.1 K tut un

112
(MG Bondad- Reantaso)








d










e







E


f





H nh.M.1.1.3d,e,f. V ca trai Pinctada
maxima (d), Pteria penguin (e) v hu
Crassostrea sp. (f) b Polydora- c thnh
ng ngm, iu ny dn ti s hnh
thnh cc bng cha y bn
(MG Bondad- Reantaso)











H nh.M.1.1.3g. Lp v bn trong ca trai
ngc c cnh cho thy: cc ng ngm
mp v (mi tn thng, m); ng ngm
do bt bin (mi tn trong sut); v cc
bng nc (mi tn nh, m) v tr gn
kt ca c khp v. Tri Ngc trai Guian,
ng Philippin (1996)


(SE McGladdery)










H nh.M.1.1.3.h. S xm nhp qua lp v
bi giun nhiu t v bt bin lm suy yu
v co rt cc m mm khi mp v hu
M Crassostrea virginica



M.1 K tut un
113
iu ny c th to thnh mt ch
phng cha y bn hoc nc (Hn
M.1.1.3d,e,f). V c th vn ph ln cc
vt th kch thch nh km vo hoc
xp lp st vi v pha trong, qu trnh
ny to ra mt vin ngc phng
(Hn
Nu v b c thng hoc cc vt th
kch thch khc vt qu kh nng t
hi phc, sc kho ca nhuyn th s b
e do v d b nhim cc bnh c hi
(Hn. C th xc nh mc
v b c thng bng cch soi lp v
di nh sng mnh.
Khi c cc du hiu bt thng bn
trong lp c cht ca v th cn tip tc
iu tra, thu mu ti gi n phng xt
nghim hoc c nh mu kh canxi
v sau.
M.1.1.4 C mt m mm

Trng thi ca cc m mm l ch th
thng xuyn cho tnh trng sinh l ca
nhuyn th. Nhng c im chung cn
ghi chp bao gm:
- trng thi ca ng vt nh: bo-
cc m mm lp y v, cng u
v c; Bnh thng- m mm nhn
c v c th khng lp y khoang
v; c cha nc - cc m mm c
cha nhiu nc trong sut v c
th khng lp y khoang v (Hn
M.1.1.4a, Hn
- mu ca tuyn tiu ho - v d nht
nht, lm m, mu xanh liu sm
- bt k biu hin phnh to bt
thng ca tim hoc khoang bao
tim, v d cc khi u tim
- s xut hin cc tn thng nh:
mu sc bt thng (v d, cc m
mu xanh, , hng, en v.v...)
- mng m (Hn
- tn thng ging nh khi u (Hn
M.1.1.4d), s n mn m (v d
mang)
- s xut hin cc mn nc trong
ni tng, xc bin hoc mng o
(Hn
- s xut hin cc vin ngc hoc
cc cn canxi (Hn trong
cc m mm
- s xut hin k sinh trng hoc cc
sinh vt hi sinh nh: cua trong
khoang mng o; trng chn cho
k sinh tr trong mang; giun nhiu
t, giun trn v sn trong khoang
mng o hoc trn b mt bao
quanh (Hn giun
(Mytilicola spp.) thng thy khi gii
phu tuyn tiu ho; trng lng t
(nh c hoc bi t do) v cc
ng vt nguyn sinh khc (ch u
trng); vi khun (ch u trng)
- bt k tn thng c hc no (v d
dao) cho cc lp m mm trong khi
m v.
Cc tn thng mng m, mn m, s
mt mu ca m, si, bng nc, hin
tng trong sut hoc cha y nc,
mang bin dng,v.v... u c th c
nhng nhuyn th kho mnh nhng
cn c lu nu hin tng ny xut
hin nhng con yu hoc cht. Cn
ghi chp mc tn thng ca m v
thu mu c ng vt nhim bnh v
cha nhim bnh xt nghim trong
phng th nghim. Nhng con sp cht
hoc m c mi hi thi thng t dng
tin hnh cc xt nghim tip theo
(nht l mi trng nc m), tuy
nhin cn ghi li s lng ng vt b
mc bnh.
Giun hoc cc sinh vt khc (v d cua,
trng chn cho, sn) thng thy
cc m mm nhng khng lin quan
n bnh. Tuy nhin, nu chng c vi
s lng ln cc ng vt nhuyn th
yu th cn ghi chp s lng v thu cc
mu cha b ph hu xt nghim v
nh loi. C nh mu trong dung dch
m formalin 10% l thch hp bo
qun cc c im cn thit cho vic
nh loi tip theo.
M.1.2 C tu m trn
(M
iu kin mi trng c nh hng
ng k n sc kho ca nhuyn th,
c trc tip (trong phm vi chu ng
sinh l) v c gin tip (tng kh nng
nhim bnh). iu ny c bit quan
trng i vi cc loi nui trong iu kin
sng khc bit ng k vi t nhin (v
d hu sng trng thi treo l lng).
Cc thng s mi trng quan trng i
vi sc kho nhuyn th bao gm nhit
nc, mn, c, sinh vt bm
v s pht trin qu mc ca sinh vt
ph du. Nhng dao ng bt thng v
nhanh ca cc thng s ny c th lm
tn thng nghim trng n sc kho
ca nhuyn th. Nhng yu t tc ng
bi con ngi bao gm mt lot cc
cht nhim ho hc v sinh hc. Do
nhuyn th ch yu l cc loi sng nh
c (c bit trong cc iu kin nui)
nn chng c bit nhy cm vi
nhim. Mt khc, nhuyn th km chu
ng i vi mt s phng thc lm
dng/khai thc ngun nc (v d nn
nh c bng thuc n v cyanua; ko
li; sn du v cc hp cht ho hc
chng bm khc cht thi nng nghip).
M.1 K tut un

114
(SE McGladdery)









Hnh.M.1.1.4a. Cc m ca hu (Crassostrea
virginica) trng thi bnh thng
(SE McGladdery)








H nh.M.1.1.4b. Cc m cha nc hu
Crassostrea virginica) - so snh vi hnh
M.1.1.4a
(SE McGladdery)








H nh.M.1.1.4c. Nhng tn thng mng m
(cc chm mu vng kem) lp mng o ca
hu Thi Bnh Dng (Crassostrea gigas).
(MS Park and DL Choi)




(SE McGladdery)







H nh.M.1.1.4e. Bng nc cc m mm
ca mp mng o ca hu M (Crassostrea
virginica)

(SE McGladdery)









H nh.M.1.1.4f. Cn vi cc vin ngc
m mng o ca vm do tc nhn kch
thch l bn hoc bo nang giun dp
(SE McGladdery and M Stephenson)








H nh.M.1.1.4g. Cc ng ho di lp
x c mp trong ca v hu Thi Bnh
Dng (Crassostrea virginica), c thm
mt con giun nhiu t sng t do Nereis
diversicolor trn b mt trong ca v








H nh.M.1.1.4d. Cc tn thng b mt v
hu Thi Bnh Dng (Crassostrea gigas)
do Marteiliodes chungmuensis.


M.1 K tut un
115
Vic lu gi s liu v nhit , mn
( vng ca sng hoc vng b bin),
trong ca nc v cc tc ng xu
do con ngi s cung cp cc d liu
c gi tr, c bit cho vic gii thch
chnh xc cc hin tng cht quan st
c v cc kt qu phn tch ca
phng th nghim.
M.1.3 C quy trn un
M.1.3.1 Chun tr tu mu
Nu c th, cn xc nhn li vi nhn
vin phng th nghim s mu cn
xt nghim trc khi thu thp mu, Phi
bo m rng mu cn nguyn vn,
ngha l khng rng hoc v c y bn.
S lng mu dng kim tra bnh
bao gi cng cn n nhiu hn so vi
s mu dng chn on bnh.
M.1.3.2 Thn tn un
Tt c cc mu gi n phng xt
nghim cn c gi km theo cng
nhiu thng tin c lin quan cng tt, c
th nh sau:
- cc nguyn nhn gi mu n
(cht, pht trin/sinh sn bt
thng, kim tra sc kho, v.v...)
- cc quan st chung v cc thng s
v mi trng (nh c m t
phn M.1.1 v M.1.2);
- nu mu c gi i do c hin
tng cht, cn km theo t l c
tnh v cc kiu cht (cp tnh hoc
mn tnh/cht ri rc/hng lot) v
- thng tin v ngun gc con ging t
a phng hoc t ni khc n.
Nu con ging khng phi ca a
phng, cn thng bo ngun gc
v thi gian chuyn n.
Cc thng tin trn s gip xc nh nguyn
nhn cht l do vn chuyn, thay i mi
trng hoc cc tc nhn gy bnh, ng
thi cn gip chn on nhanh bnh hoc
phn tch ri ro v bnh.
M.1.3.3 Ly mu m tr s o
Cc yu t quan trng nht nh hng
n vic ly mu kim tra bao gm:
- s lng mu cn ln (xem
bng M.1.3.3 di y)
- thu mu cc loi d nhim bnh
- mu cn i din cho cc nhm la
tui hoc kch c d pht hin
mc nhim bnh nht. Cc
thng tin nh vy cn tng ng
vi cc nhm bnh ring.
S lng mu tiu chun cn thu
kim tra sc kho ng vt thy sn,
bao gm c nhuyn th, c nu trong
bng M.1.3.3 di y.
M.1.3.4 Ly mu n on n
Tt c cc mu thu chn on bnh
cn c gi km theo cng nhiu
thng tin ph tr cng tt bao gm:
- nguyn nhn gi mu (do cht,
pht trin bt thng, v.v...)
- cc hot ng trong qu trnh nui
(loi b sinh vt bm, phn loi kch
c, thay i khu nui, a loi mi
hay b sung thm cng n vo,
v.v)
- lai lch v ngun gc ca qun n
b bnh;
- cc thay i v mi trng
M.1.3.5 Ly mu sn vn uyn
(M
Khi s lng mu cn thit c xc
nh v phng xt nghim thng bo
thi gian nhn mu, lc mi ly
nhuyn th ra khi nc. Vic ny cn
tin hnh cng st thi im vn chuyn
cng tt gim nhng thay i tch lu
khng kh trong m v nguy c cht
trong qu trnh vn chuyn. iu ny
c bit quan trng i vi cc mu
nhuyn th b bnh hoc sp cht.
Phng xt nghim cn c thng bo
v khong thi gian n bo m h
c c cc vt liu cn thit x l
mu trc khi mu n. Vic ny gip
gim thi gian nhc ra khi mt nc v
bo qun mu xt nghim.
Nhuyn th cn c gi trong giy
thm nc c nc bin bao quanh.
i vi ging c nh di 10mm, cn
c bao gi trong giy hoc cc
styrofoam v chn khn giy m xung
quanh trnh chng di chuyn trong
qu trnh vn chuyn. Nhuyn th c
ln hn c th c vn chuyn ring
trong cc ti gi lnh (styrofoam hoc
nha). Khi c nhiu mu cng c
gi lnh, mi mu cn c gi ring
trong ti nha c kho v ghi nhn r
rng. Vic s dng cc ti nha nhm
trnh nhuyn th tip xc vi
lnh lm t nc ngt (do vy cn
cha trong cc ti gel-pak hoc chai
M.1 K tut un

116
nha gi lnh mu) v gim s
thot dch mng o.
M.1 K tut un
117
T l m n
K
qun n
0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0
50 46 46 46 37 37 29 20
100 93 93 76 61 50 43 23
250 192 156 110 75 62 49 25
500 314 223 127 88 67 54 26
1000 448 256 136 92 69 55 27
2500 512 279 142 95 71 56 27
5000 562 288 145 96 71 57 27
10000 579 292 146 96 72 29 27
100000 594 296 147 97 72 57 27
1000000 596 297 147 97 72 57 27
>1000000 600 300 150 100 75 60 30
Bng M.1.3.3.1
(1)
. S mu cn pht hin ra t nht c mt c th b nhim bnh
trong mt qun n c kch c v mt t l mc bnh nu. Cc gi nh 2% v 5%
mc bnh thng c dng kim tra cc tc nhn gy bnh t bn ngoi, vi
tin cy 95%.
Nhn bao cha cn ghi r:
Mu sng, gi ...
o
C n...
o
C, KHNG
NG LNH
Nu vn chuyn bng ng hng
khng cng cn ghi r:
GI SN BAY V GI NGI N
NHN
Ghi r tn v s in thoi ca ngi
chu trch nhim nhn mu sn bay
hoc nhn mu phng th nghim
Nn chuyn mu vo u tun trnh
mu n vo ngy ngh cui tun c th
lm h hng mu do bo qun khng
thch hp. Thng bo ti ngi nhn
ngay khi hng c gi i v nu c
th, cho h bit tn ca cng ty vn
chuyn v s vn n.
M.1.3.6 Bo qun mu m
n - c tp un n
i vi cc mu khng th vn chuyn
sng ti phng th nghim chn on,
do khong cch hoc do vn chuyn
chm, mu cn c c nh (bo qun)
ti ch. Vic ny thch hp vi xt
nghim m tip sau, nhng li khng
dng cho kim tra vi khun, nm hoc
nui cy mi trng (v d nui cy trn
mi trng thioglycolate lng xt
nghim Perkinsus spp).Do , trc khi
thu mu cc yu cu v chn on phi
c tho lun vi nhn vin phng th
nghim.
C th s dng cc dung dch c nh
sau bo qun mu:
i) dung dch 1G4F (1% glutaraldehyde:
4% formaldehyde)
* Dung dch 1G4F gc - c th gi 4
o
C
trong 3 thng
- 120 ml 37-40% dung dch m
formalin**
- 20 ml 50% glutaraldehyde
- 360 ml nc my
**Dung dch m formalin:
- 1 lt 37-40% formaldehyde
- 15 gm disodium phosphate
(Na2HPO4)

1
Ossiander, F.J v G. Wedermeyer.1973. Tp ch ca y ban Nghin cu ngh c Canada 30:
1383- 1384.
M.1 K tut un

118
- 0.06 gm sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
- 0.03 gm phenol (ch th pH)
- Dung dch lm vic nn chun b
ngay trc khi s dng
- 500 ml nc bin lc
- 500 ml dung dch gc 1G4F *
dy ca m yu cu khong 2-
3mm. C th bo qun cc m di
ngy trong dung dch c nh ny
nhit phng. (C th c nh cc m
dy hn hoc ton b c th cc ng
vt bng dung dch m formalin 10%
nh di y).
ii) Dung dch m 10% formalin trong
nc bin lc (y l dung dch d
chun b v bo qun nht).
- 10 ml 37-40% dung dch m
formalin**
- 90 ml nc bin lc
Tt c cc mu c b dy di 10mm
c th c nh bng dung dch ny. Nu
mu ln hn, ct chng thnh 2 hoc
nhiu mnh trc khi c nh (phi m
bo cc mnh ca cc loi khc nhau
khng b ln vi nhau).
iii) Dung dch c nh Davidson.
Mu m c chiu dy ti 10mm c th
c c nh bng dung dch Davidson.
Trc khi c nh, cn chuyn cc m
vo dung dch ethanol 50% t nht
trong 2 gi v sau qua dung dch
ethanol 70%, hoc trc tip vo dung
dch isopropanol 70%. Dung dch c
nh cho kt qu tt nht c thnh phn
nh sau:
Dung dch gc:
- 400 ml glycerin
- 800 ml formalin (37-40%
formaldehyde)
- 1200 ml 95% ethanol (hoc 99%
isopropanol)
- 1200 ml nc bin lc nhn to hoc
t nhin qua lc.
- Dung dch lm vic: pha 9 phn
dung dch gc vi 1 phn axit acetic
bng
Cn lu :
- Tt c cc dung dch c nh cn
c gi cch xa nc thong v
khi s dng ch khng tip xc
vi da v mt.
- Nu khng th c nh nguyn vn
ng vt nhuyn th, cn lin h vi
phng xt nghim chn on c
ch dn v vic tch v hoc ly ra
cc m cn thit.
M.1.3.7 Vn uyn mu o
qun
Cc cng ty vn ti (nht l vn ti hng
khng) thng c quy nh rt nghim
ngt i vi vn chuyn ho cht, k c
cc mu c c nh dng xt
nghim chn on. Xc minh vi nh
vn chuyn trc khi thu mu m
bo khng mt thi gian hoc tht lc
mu do bao gi, dn nhn, v.v... khng
ng quy cch. Nu cc m c c
nh ng (nh hng dn ti mc
M.1.3.4), c th rt cn gn ht cc
dung dch bo qun hoc c nh khi
mu vt vn chuyn. Gi cho cc m
khng b kh cng lu cng tt, iu ny
s gim thiu dung tch ca dung dch
ho cht phi vn chuyn. Cc mu
c ng gi c nh trong thng cha
bn, kn.
Nhn thng cha cn ghi r rng cc
thng tin nh i vi cc mu sng
(M.1.3.3).
Ghi r tn v s in thoi ca ngi
chu trch nhim nhn mu ti sn bay
hoc nhn mu phng th nghim.
Nn chuyn mu vo u tun trnh
mu n vo ngy ngh cui tun c th
lm h hng mu do bo qun khng
chu o. Thng bo ti ngi c trch
nhim ngay khi hng c gi v nu
c, c tn ca cng ty vn chuyn v
s vn n.
Nu cc mu c vn chuyn bng
ng hng khng cn ghi r:
GI SN BAY V GI NGI N
NHN
M.1 K tut un
119
M.1.4 Lu - ghi chp

Vic lu gi ghi chp l cn thit
qun l bnh c hiu qu. i vi
nhuyn th, nhng yu t cn c ghi
li c lit k phn M.1.4.1,
M.1.4.2 v M.1.4.3.
M.1.4.1 C qun st tn t

Cc quan st chung c th bao gm c
gim st nh k s sinh trng ca
nhuyn th, gm vic ly mu th cp
t cc lng treo, dy, cc, hoc bng
con s c on qua quan st qun th.
i vi cc tri ging, thng tin thit yu
ti thiu cn c ghi chp l:
- hot ng cho n
- s tng trng
- t l cht
Cc quan st ny nn c nh k ghi
chp hng ngy i vi u trng v hu
u trng nhuyn th, bao gm ngy, gi,
s b, b m (nu c nhiu hn mt), v
ngun thc n (to nui hoc ngun
thc n khc). Ngy v gi thay nc
ca mi b cn c ghi chp, cng
nh ngy gi xiphng v sinh b v kh
trng. Tt nht, nhng ghi chp ny nn
c ngi c trch nhim v a
im/vt nui kim tra u n.
i vi cc ni nui nhuyn th trong
nc m, nhng thng tin thit yu ti
thiu cn c ghi chp bao gm:
- sinh trng
- nhim bn
- t l cht
Nhng thng tin ny nn c ghi chp
cng vi ngy, a im v bt c hnh
ng g tin hnh (v d nh c ra
lm sch, hoc thu mu xt nghim
phng th nghim). Tt nht, nhng ghi
chp ny nn c ngi c trch
nhim v a im/vt nui kim tra u
n.
M.1.4.2 C qun st m trn
(M
Hot ng ny thch hp nht cc
vng nui nc m, nhng cng c th
thc hin cc vng nui trn cn c
nc chy qua hoc dng ngun nc
ging. S liu thit yu ti thiu cn
c ghi chp bao gm:
- nhit
- mn
- trong (nh tnh hoc a secchi)
- to n hoa
- hot ng ca con ngi
Tn s quan st thay i tu tng a
im. nhng ni mn hoc
trong t thay i, vic ghi chp c th ch
cn tin hnh trong ma ma hoc
trong nhng iu kin thi tit c bit.
Cc vng kh hu n i cn c gim
st iu kin mi trng thng xuyn
hn vng kh hu nhit i. Cc hot
ng ca con ngi cn c ghi chp
theo kiu lm g ghi ny lm c s
tham kho trong trng hp khng xut
hin bnh hoc nhng thay i mi
trng c th coi l nguyn nhn gy ra
bnh.
M.1.4.3 Ghi chp v nu t

Thng tin v vn chuyn ng vt
nhuyn th ra hoc vo tri ng cn
c ghi chp, bao gm:
- ngun gc chnh xc ca con
ging/b m
- tnh trng khi n
- ngy, gi v ngi chu trch nhim
nhn l hng
- ngy, gi, a ch ni n ca l
hng c vn chuyn ra khi tri
ng
Nu c th khng c trn ln cc
ng vt t cc ngun khc nhau.
Tt c cc hot ng vn chuyn
nhuyn th vo hoc ra khi mt nc
m cn c ghi chp li, bao gm:
- ngun gc chnh xc ca nhuyn
th
- tnh trng khi n
- ngy, gi, ngi chu trch nhim
nhn l hng
- ngy, gi, a ch n ca l hng
c gi i.
Ngoi ra, vic vn chuyn con ging
trong tri ng, p hoc c s nui tht
M.1 K tut un

120
cn c ghi ngy thng truy xut
trong trng hp xut hin bnh.
M.1.5 T lu tm o
Elston, R.A. 1989. Bacteriological methods
for diseased shellfish, pp. 187-215. In:
Austin, B. and Austin, D.A. (eds.) Methods
for the Microbiological Examination of Fish
and Shellfish. Ellis Horwood Ser. Aquac.
Fish. Sup.. Wiley and Sons, Chichester,
UK.
Elston, R.A. 1990. Mollusc diseases: Guide
for the Shellfish Farmer. Washington Sea
Grant Program, University of Washington
Press, Seattle. 73 pp.
Elston, R.A., E.L. Elliot, and R.R. Colwell.
1982. Conchiolin infection and surface
coating Vibrio: Shell fragility, growth
depression and mortalities in cultured
oysters and clams, Crassostrea virginica,
Ostrea edulis and Mercenaria mercenaria.
J. Fish Dis. 5:265-284.
Fisher, W.S. (ed.). 1988. Disease Processes
in Marine Bivalve Molluscs. Amer. Fish.
Soc. Spec. Public. 18. American Fisheries
Society, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
Howard, D.W. and C.S. Smith. 1983.
Histological Techniques for Bivalve
Mollusks. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-
F/NEC-25.Woods Hole, Massachusetts. 97
pp.
Lauckner, G. 1983. Diseases of Mollusca:
Bivalvia, pp. 477-520. In: O. Kinne(ed.)
Diseases of Marine Animals Volume II.
Introduction Bivalvia to Scaphopoda.
Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Hamburg.
Luna, L.G. 1968. Manual of Histologic
Staining Methods of the Armed Forces
Institute of Pathology. McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York. 258 pp.
McGladdery, S.E., R.E. Drinnan, and M.F.
Stephenson. 1993. A manual of the
parasites, pests and diseases of Canadian
Atlantic bivalves. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish.
Aquat.Sci. 1931.121 pp.
Ossiander, F.J. and G. Wedermeyer. 1973.
Computer program for sample size
required to determine disease incidence in
fish populations. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 30:
1383-1384.
Pass, D.A., R. Dybdahl, and M.M. Mannion.
1987. Investigations into the causes of
mortality of the pearl oyster (Pinctada
maxima) (Jamson), in Western Australia.
Aquac. 65:149-169.
Perkins, F.O. 1993. Infectious diseases of
molluscs, pp. 255-287. In: Couch, J.A. and
Fournie, J.W. (eds.). athobiology of Marine
and Estuarine Organisms. CRC Press,
Boca Raton, Florida.
C
M.2 B BONAMIA SP., B. OSTREAE)
121
M.2.1 Thn tn un
M.2.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh Bonamia (cn gi l bnh vi bo;
bnh hng cu hu phng hoc hu
xon) gy ra bi hai loi ng vt
nguyn sinh thuc lp Haplosporidia:
Bonamia ostreae v Bonamia sp. C th
tm trong S tay Chn on bnh ng
vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
M.2.1.2 Vt
Bonamia ostreae thng thy Ostrea
edulis (hu chu u) v O. conchaphila (O.
lurida) (hu Olympia). Cc loi hu khc
thuc h ostreiid c th b nhim bnh khi di
chuyn n cc vng c bnh, c th l O.
puelchana, O. angasi v Ostrea lutaria
(Tiostrea lutaria) (hu New Zealand),
Tiostrea chilensis (Ostrea chilensis) (hu
Nam M), do tt c cc loi thuc ging
Ostrea, Tiostrea v mt s hu Crassostrea
(C. ariakensis) cng c xem l mn cm
vi bnh. Hin nay, Crassostrea gigas (hu
Thi Bnh Dng), Mytilus edulis v M.
galloprovincialis (vm n c), v
Ruditapes decussatus v R. philippinarum
(ngao chu u v Manila) c coi l c
sc khng bnh. Nhng loi ny cng
c coi khng phi l ngun bnh hay
mang bnh cn lm sng.
M.2.1.3 Phn l
Bonamia ostreae: Thng xut hin
H Lan, Php, Ty Ban Nha, Italia,
Ireland, Vng quc Anh (khng k
Scotland) v M (cc bang California,
Maine v Washington). Mc d trong
nhng nm u ca thp k 80, pht
hin thy hu b nhim bnh ny an
Mch nhng hin nay loi hu chu u
ca nc ny c cng nhn l
sch bnh Bonamia.
Bonamia sp.: xtrylia (Min Ty, bang
Victoria v Tasmania), v New Zealand
(South Island v southern North Island).
M.2.1.4 H thn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn u -
Th n n-2000b)
Theo bo co nm 1999, Bonamia sp.
c ghi nhn l xut hin vo thng 4
ti xtrylia, thng 7 v thng 10 ti
Tasmania; thng 7 v thng 10 ti min
Ty xtrylia. Nm 2000, Bonamia sp.
c bo co l xut hin ti min Ty
xtrylia trong thng 3 v thng 4.
New Zealand, nm 1999 v 2000, hng
thng u c bo co v s hin din
ca Bonamia sp. (OIE 1999, OIE, 2000b).
M.2.2 C n lm sn
Hu ht cc trng hp nhim bnh u
khng xut hin cc du hiu lm sng
cho n khi k sinh trng sinh si ny n
t n mc gy ra s thm nhim v
thot mch t ca t bo mu (Hn
M.2.2.a). Du hiu bnh l bin i tu
theo loi Bonamia v vt ch ca n.
Bonamia ostrea nhim vo t bo mu
ca loi hu chu u (Hn ti
y n phn ct cho n khi t bo mu
n tung v gii phng k sinh trng vo
huyt tng. Bnh cng xy ra tng t
thng qua ng tiu ho, nhng bnh
mang cn c th do con ng khc
v i khi c th nhn thy bng mt
thng cc tn thng mang. Biu
hin bnh l do Bonamia sp. gy ra
loi hu Ostrea angasi ca xtrylia v
loi hu Tiostrea chilensis New
Zealand l rt khc nhau. loi hu
Ostrea angasi ca xtrylia, du hiu
nhim bnh u tin l t l cht cao.
Nhng con hu cn sng st th rt
nhanh m ming v khi nhc ra khi
nc v c th c hin tng nc
cc m v xut hin cc ng g
gh ra mang (ti liu cha cng b
ca B. Jones, Ngh c min Ty
xtrylia). Bonamia sp. ly nhim vo
cc vch mang, ng v tuyn tiu ho
(Hn t y k sinh trng s
c gii phng vo rut v nc xung
quanh. Cc t bo mu b nhim bnh
c th cha trn 6 k sinh trng
Bonamia (Hn S nhim bnh
gy ra cc thng tn kiu p-xe trn
din rng (heamocytosis - hin tng
tiu huyt cu), ngay c khi ch c mt
vi k sinh trng. i vi loi hu
Tiostrea chilensis, Bonamia sp. xm
nhp qua thnh rut (Hn sau
xm nhim vo t bo mu, ti y
c th tm thy 18 c th Bonamia trn 1
t bo mu (Hn hu
D.angasi, hin tng tiu huyt cu do
Tiostrea chilensis gy ra km nghim
trng hn. Khi cc huyt cu b
nhim bnh xm nhp vo h sinh dc
ca Tiostrea chilensis ti hp th cc
t bo sinh dc khng thnh thc, k
sinh trng sinh sn rt nhanh v c th
c gii phng qua ng dn sn phm
sinh dc. K sinh trng cng c th gii
phng ra ngoi thng qua s hoi t m
sau khi vt ch cht. Mc d c s khc
nhau trong biu hin bnh l nhng cc
nghin cu v xc nh trnh t gen cho
thy Bonamia sp. xtrylia v New
Zealand l cng mt loi (theo ti liu
cha cng b ca R. Adlard, i hc
Tng hp Queensland, xtrylia).
M.2.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Cc phng php chi tit hn v kim
tra bnh c th tham kho S tay
chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
M.1 K tut un

122
OIE (OIE 2000a), http://www.oie.int
hoc cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.

C
M.2 B BONAMIA SP., B. OSTREAE)
123
(SE McGladdery) (PM Hine)










Hnh M.2.2 a. Xm nhim t bo mu v
thot mch qua thnh rut ca hu chu
u (Ostrea edulis) b nhim Bonamia
ostreae.
Hnh M.2.2d. nh qua knh hin vi du ca
Bonamia sp. gy nhim cc t bo mu v
nm t do (mi tn) trong huyt tng
ca loi hu phng xtrylia Ostrea
angasi khng b bnh. Thc t l 20 m
(H&E)
(SE McGladdery) (PM Hine)












Hnh M.2.2 b nh qua knh hin vi du ca
Bonamia ostreae bn trong cc t bo mu
ca loi hu chu u (Ostrea edulis) (mi tn).
Thc t l 20 m
Hnh M.2.2 b Xm nhim khu tr ca cc
t bo mu quanh thnh rut (Hnh sao)
hu phng New Zealand, Tiostrea lutaria
in hnh ca nhim Bonamia sp. (H&E)
(PM Hine) (PM Hine)















Hnh M.2.2 c Xm nhim c h thng ca
t bo mu hu phng xtrylia, Ostrea
angasi b nhim Bonamia sp. Ch s xut
hin hc trn thnh rut (H&E).

Hnh M.2.2 f nh qua knh hin vi du cc
t bo mu ca hu,Tiostrea lutaria b
nhim Bonamia sp. (mi tn).

M.2 Bn onm
(Bonamia sp., B. ostreae)

124
M.2.3.1 D n
M.2.3.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc I)
Khi loi hu Ostrea edulis c biu hin
chm ln, c tn thng mang (trong
mt s trng hp), m ming v cht
th nn xem xt n kh nng mc bnh
Bonamia. Nhng biu hin chung khng
c trng cho bnh v i hi phi kim
tra mc 2.
M.2.3.1.2 Kim tra t bo hc (Mc
II)
Dng hu non hoc tim (tt nht l tm
tht) pht hoc chm nh ln phin knh
sch v kh t nhin. Khi kh, c
nh mu bng cn methanol 70%. S
dng cc kit nhum mu c bn trn th
trng nhum nhanh v c hiu qu
theo hng dn ca nh sn xut. Sau
, tiu bn nhum c ra tri nh
nhng di vi nc, kh v ph
bng loi nha tng hp vn dng lm
tiu bn. K sinh trng c t bo cht
bt mu kim (hoc khng mu nh
Bonamia sp. O. angasi) v mt nhn
bt mu Eosin (tu thuc nhum s
dng). Quan st mu bng knh soi du
trong khong 10 pht cho mi tiu bn
hu l kim tra bnh t bo, vt
m v cc tiu bn m.
M.2.3.2 Kim n n
M.2.3.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Nn dng t nht 2 lt ct lng - bng,
xuyn qua khoang tim, tuyn sinh dc
v mang ca hu trn 18 thng n 2
nm tui (chiu cao ca v ln hn
30mm) kim tra bnh. Nhng lt ct
ny nn c c nh ngay bng dung
dch c nh nhanh nh 1G4F. Cc cht
c nh nh Davidson hoc nc bin
pha 10% formalin m cng c th dng
cho hu nguyn con (xem M.1.3.3.3),
nhng khng dng c nh cc lt ct
m m sau nu cn phi soi knh
hin vi in t. Dung dch c nh
Davidson c dng cho cc k thut
khng nh tip sau ca PCR.
Mt vi cc dung dch nhum tiu chun
(v d nh haematoxylin-eosin) c kh
nng pht hin Bonamia spp. Cc k
sinh trng ny c kch thc 2-5 m v
xut hin trong cc t bo mu hoc
biu m (nh m t trn) hoc
him hn, bn trong huyt tng hoc
trong xoang rut, xoang mng o.
M.2.4 C pn pp n
on
Cc phng php chn on chi tit
hn c th tham kho trong S tay Chn
on bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE
(OIE 2000a), http//www.oie.int hoc
cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
M.2.4.1 D n
M.2.4.1.1 M bnh hc v t bo hc
(Mc II)
M hc v t bo hc (Mc II), nh
m t mc M.2.3.2.1, c th c
s dng. ln chn on u tin, nn
c nh mt mu m d phng soi
knh hin vi in t (M.2.4.2.1)
M.2.4.2 Kim n n
M.2.4.2.1 Knh hin vi in t (Mc
III)
Mu m soi knh hin vi in t c
th c c nh bng dung dch 1G4F
(M.13.3.3), tuy nhin soi knh hin vi
in t s cn kim khng nh
(M.2.4.1.1), cc mu nh di 1mm
3
ca m bnh nn c c nh trong
dung dch m glutaraldehyde pha
bng nc bin. Vic c nh mu
khng nn qu 1 gi. C th lu m lu
hn trong cht c nh glutaraldehyde,
tuy nhin c th to cc cu trc gi
ca mng (cu trc to ra trong qu
trnh x l v thng gy nhiu cu
trc ca mu m). Sau , ra m
bng dung dch m thch hp trc
khi c nh ln hai trong dung dch
Osmium tetroxide 1-2% (= axit osmic:
c tnh cao). Sau khi c nh ln hai,
ra m bng nc bin lc (0,22
m) trc khi lm kh v ph resin.
Cc m sau khi c nh ln 2 c
bo qun trong dung dch m thch
hp hoc ph resin thch hp ct
lt vi phu. Lt ct tiu bn c dy
1 m c ha tan trn lam knh v
nhum bng dung dch Toluidine Blue
1%; y l cch chn mu m ti u
soi pht hin Bonamia spp. Tiu
bn sau c t ln ci ry bng
ng nhum ch citrate + uranyl
acetate hoc thuc nhum EM tng
ng.
B. ostreae v Bonamia sp. c s khc
bit v siu cu trc nh sau:
- ng knh: B. ostreae: 2.4 0.5 m;
Bonamia sp. = 2.8 0.4 m trong O.
angasi v 3.0 0.3 m trong T. chilensis
- S lng ti th trung bnh/lt ct: B.
ostreae = 2 1; Bonamia sp. = 4 1
O. angasi v 3 1 T. chilensis
- S lng halosporosome trung bnh:
B. ostreae = 7 5;
M.2 Bn onm
(Bonamia sp., B. ostreae)
125
Bonamia sp. = 10 4 O. angas v 14
6 trong T. chilensis
- T l phn trm cc lt ct c cha cc
ht lipid: B. ostreae = 7%; Bonamia sp.
O. angasi = 30% v trong T. chilensis
= 49%.
C hai loi u khc bit vi Mikrocytos
spp. nh c nhn nm v tr trung tm.
Cc th amip bo ca Bonamia sp.
trong T. chilensis khc vi Bonamia
ostreae v kch thc (ng knh: 4,0 -
4,5 m), t bo v nhn khng u, cc
th vi t bo cht v nh hnh v cc
s sp xp ca mng li ni cht trn
ging nh th Golgi. Cc giai on pht
trin khc c mt in t dy hn v
ng knh nh hn (3,0 - 3,5 m).
M.2.5 C pn t ln
truyn n
T l mc bnh v cng nhim
bnh c xu hng tng trong ma
nc m vi t l cht cao nht vo
thng 9-10 Bc bn cu v thng 1
n thng 4 Nam bn cu. Rt kh
pht hin ra k sinh trng trc giai
on sinh sn hoc trn nhng nhuyn
th cn sng st sau t dch. Vic
sng cng sinh v xm nhp vo huyt
tng v dch m c th thc y s
ly nhim, n chng t rng vic lan
truyn bnh l trc tip (khng cn n
k ch trung gian). Khi nhim B.
ostreae c thi k tin pht khong 3-5
thng k t khi phi nhim n khi xut
hin cc triu chng lm sng. New
Zealand, thi k tin pht ca bnh
Bonamia c th ngn hn 2,5 thng v
t khi vt qu 4 thng.
M.2.6 C n pp m sot
n nay vn cha c bin php hu
hiu. S gim mt nui v nhit
nc thp c th ngn chn biu hin
triu chng ca bnh, tuy nhin cho n
by gi vn cha thnh cng trong vic
tr bnh trit . Nn trnh vic vn
chuyn hu t vng nc c dch bnh
Bonamia spp. sang vng nc cha
bao gi xut hin bnh
M.2.7 T lu tm o n l
Adlard, R.D. and R.J.G. Lester. 1995.
Devel opment of a diagnostic test for
Mikrocytosroughleyi, the aetiological agent of
Australian winter mortality in the commercial
rockoyster, Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale
& Roughley). J. Fish Dis. 18: 609-614.
Balouet, G., M. Poder, and A. Cahour. 1983.
Haemocytic parasitosis: Morphology and
pathology of lesions in the French flat
oyster, Ostrea edulis L. Aquac. 43: 1-14.
Banning, P. van 1982. The life cycle of the
oyster pathogen Bonamia ostreae with a
presumptive phase in the ovarian tissue of
the European flat oyster, Ostrea edulis.
Aquac. 84: 189-192.
Barber, B.J. and C. Davis. 1994. Prevalence
of Bonamia ostreae in Ostrea edulis
populations in Maine. J. Shellfish Res. 13:
398 (abstract).
Carnegie, R.B., B.J. Barber, S.C. Culloty, A.J.
Figueras, and D.L. Distel. 2000.
Development of a PCR assay for detection
of the oyster pathogen Bonamia ostreae
and support for its inclusion in the
Haplosporidia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 42(3): 199-
206.
Culloty, S.C., B. Novoa, M. Pernas, M.
Longshaw, M. Mulcahy, S.W. Feist, and
A.J. Figueras.1999. Susceptibility of a
number of bivalve species to the protozoan
parasite Bonamia ostreae and their ability
to act as vectors for this parasite. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 37(1): 73-80.
Dinamani, P., P.M. Hine, and J.B. Jones.
1987. Occurrence and characteristics of
the hemocyte parasite Bonamia sp. on the
New Zealand dredge oyster Tiostrea
lutaria. Dis Aquat. Org. 3: 37-44.
Farley, C.A., P.H. Wolf, and R.A. Elston.
1988. A long term study of microcell
disease in oysters with a description of a
new genus, Mikrocytos (g.n.) and two new
species, Mikrocytos mackini (sp.n.) and
Mikrocytos roughleyi (sp.n.). Fish. Bull. 86:
581-593.
Friedman, C.S. and F.O. Perkins. 1994.
Range extensiion of Bonamia ostreae to
Maine, U.S.A. J. Inverteb. Pathol. 64: 179-
181.
Hine, P.M. 1991. Ultrastructural observations
on the annual infection pattern of Bonamia
sp. in flat oysters, Tiostrea chilensis.
Aquac. 93: 241-245.
McArdle, J.F., F. McKiernan, H. Foley, and
D.H. Jones. 1991. The current status of
Bonamia disease in Ireland. Aquac.
93:273-278.
Mialhe, E., E. Bachere, D. Chagot, and H.
Grizel. 1988. Isolation and purification of
the protozoan Bonamia ostreae (Pichot et
al., 1980), a parasite affecting flat oyster
Ostrea edulis L. Aquac. 71: 293-299.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35 p.
M.2 Bn onm
(Bonamia sp., B. ostreae)

126
M.3.1 Thn tn un
M.3.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh Marteilia do 2 loi k sinh trng
thuc ngnh Paramyxea gy ra.
Marteilia refringens gy ra bnh Aber
(bnh tuyn tiu ho) loi hu chu
u (Ostrea edulis) v Marteilia sydneyi
gy ra bnh QX Saccostrea glomerata
(syn. Crassostrea commercialis, Saccostrea
commercialis) v c th Saccostrea
echinata. Thng tin thm v bnh c th
tham kho trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
M.3.1.2 Vt
Hu Ostrea edulis b nhim Marteilia
refringens. Cc vt ch khc l Tiostrea
chilensis, Ostrea angasi, O. puelchana,
Cerastoderma (= Cardium) edule, Mytilus
edulis, M. galloprovincialis, Crassostrea
gigas v C. virginica. Marteilia sydneyi
nhim Saccostrea glomerata v c th
c S. echinata. Mt loi Marteilia khc,
Marteilia maurini, ly nhim ln vm
(Mytilus edulis v M. galloprovincialis)
Php, Ty Ban Nha v . Loi k sinh
trng ny kh phn bit vi M. refringens
v hnh thi hc v cc c tnh c trng
ca loi ang c nghin cu. Mt loi
Marteilia cha xc nh c tn gy ra
hin tng cht hng lot loi ip
Calico (Argopecten gibbus) ti bang
Florida vo nhng nm cui thp k 80,
nhng k t khng thy xut hin tr
li. Ngoi ra cn c mt loi Marteilia
ging nh loi c ghi nhn loi
ngao khng l Tridacna maxima. Cc loi
Marteilia khc c miu t gm
M.lengehi t Saccostrea (Crassostrea)
cucullata (Vnh Ba-t v Ty Bc
xtrylia) v M. christenseni t
Scrobicularia plana (Php). C s khc
nhau v cc vt cha trong bo cht ca
ti bo t M. refringens v M. sydneyi.
M.3.1.3 Phn l
Marteilia refringens c tm thy trong
O. edulis min nam nc Anh, Php,
xtrylia, B o Nha, Ty Ban Nha.
Marc v Hy Lp. M. sydney c tm
thy trong S. glomerata xtrylia
(bang New South Wales, Queensland v
min Ty xtrylia).
M.3.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn u -
Th n n -2000)
Trong 2 nm ny khng thy c bo co
v s xut hin ca bnh cc nc.
Hu ht cc nc khng c thng tin v
s xut hin ca bnh (OIE 1999, OIE
2000b).
M.3.2 C n lm sn
Cc giai on pht trin sm ca
Marteilia refringens din ra ng tiu
ho, biu m rut, biu m d dy v
mang (Hn Sau , cc giai
on hnh thnh bo t xut hin biu
m ng tiu ho nh (rut tt) (Hn
M.3.2b). S sinh sn ca k sinh trng
thng gn lin vi s tiu hao lng
glycogen d tr, hin tng chuyn
mu ca tuyn tiu ho, ngng n v
suy nhc vt ch. Vt ch cht c
lin quan n s hnh thnh bo t ca
k sinh trng v s t gy biu m ng
tiu ho.
M.3.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Cc phng php kim tra bnh chi tit
hn c th tham kho trong S tay Chn
on bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE
(OIE 2000a) http://www.oie.int, hoc
cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
M.3.3.1 D n
M.3.3.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Chm ln, h ming v v cht Ostrea
edulis, v cc loi khc nhy cm vi
bnh nn ngh ti bnh Marteilia. Cc
biu hin chung khng in hnh i vi
bnh Bonamia hoc Marteilia i hi
kim tra mc II.
M.3.3.1.2 Lm tiu bn m (Mc II)
Ct lt qua tuyn tiu ho, thm ht
nc bng giy thm v t trn mt
lam knh sch. C nh tiu bn bng
Methanol 70% trong 2-3 pht. C th
thc hin vic nhum mu nhanh v c
hiu qu bng b kt nhum mu c bn
th trng, theo nhng ch dn ca
nh sn xut. Sau ra nh nhng
tiu bn nhum di vi nc,
kh v ri ph bng loi nha tng hp
vn dng lm tiu bn. Hnh thi hc
ca k sinh trng c m t phn m
hc (M.3.3.2.1), mc d mu sc c th
bin i tu theo thuc nhum la
chn. Kim tra bnh bc u bng vic
nhum haematoxylin hoc trichrome, nh
c s dng i vi vi m hc, c
th kt hp cng vi cc c tnh ca
tiu bn c nh m trc khi s dng
phng php th nhanh. Quan st 10
pht phng i 10 - 25X c xem
l kim tra bnh.
M.3 B
(MARTEILIA REFRINGENS, M. SYDNEYI)
127
M.3.3.2 Kim n n
M.3.3.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
kim tra bnh nn dng hai lt tiu
bn m qua phn lng bng (dy 2-3
mm). Cc m ny c th ly t hu trn
18 - 24 thng tui (hoc chiu cao v
ln hn 30 mm) c nh nhanh trong
cht c nh nhanh, v d nh 1G4F.
Dung dch Davidson hoc formalin m
10% c th c s dng cho cc mu
c kch thc ln hn hoc cho hu
nguyn con (xem M.1.3.3.3) nhng
khng ti u nu sau cn phi soi
knh hin vi in t (M.3.4.2.1), (v d,
xc nh loi). Mt s thuc nhum
tiu chun (v d nh haematoxylin-
eosin) c kh nng pht hin Marteilia
spp.
Cc giai on pht trin sm din ra
d dy, rut v biu m ng tiu ho
(thng vng nh ca t bo) v xut
hin di dng cc th vi hnh cu, c
ht v a kim. (Hn Nhng
giai on sau din ra trong ng tiu
ho nh, ni m s hnh thnh bo t
c th lm cho t bo b nhim phnh to
ra. Cc bo t ca Marteilia spp. c
cha cc th bt mu Eosin v khc x;
cc th ny c pht hin d dng
di knh hin vi phng i 10-
25X.
(SE McGladdery)









H nh.M.3.2b. ng tiu ho ca hu chu
u, Ostrea edulis, cho thy giai on bo t
khc x ca Marteilia refringrens (ngi sao).
Thc o t l 50 m (H&E)
(RD Adlard)




(SE McGladdery








H nh.M.3.4.1.1a. Mu m t hu
Sydneyi, Saccostrea commercialis b nhim
nng Marteilia sydneyi (mi tn) (bnh
QX).Thc o t l 250 m (H&E)

H nh.M.3.2a ng tiu ho ca hu chu
u, Ostrea edulis cho thy s nhim th
hp bo dng amp (mi tn) ca
Marteilia refringrens vng ngoi ca cc
t bo biu m. Thc o t l 15 m
(H&E)


H nh.M.3.4.1.1b. nh qua knh hin vi du
ca mu m p giai on bo t ca
Marteilia sydneyi hu Sydney
(Saccostrea commercialis); nh phng to
nh km gc cho thy 2 bo t trong ti
bo t. Thc o t l 50 m (H&E)

M.3 Bn rtl
(Marteilia refringens, M. sydneyi)

128
M.3.4 C pn pp n
on
tm hiu thm v cc phng php
chn on chi tit hn c th tham kho
S tay chn on bnh ng vt thy
sn ca OIE; http://www.oie.int hoc
cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
M.3.4.1 D n
M.3.4.1.1. Lm tiu bn m (Mc II)
Nh ni mc M.3.3.1.2, c th
dng cc tiu bn m d chn (Hn
M.3.4.1.1a,b). Ln chn on u tin,
nn c nh mu m d phng chn
on khng nh bng m hc v knh
hin vi in t.
M.3.4.1.2. M bnh hc (Mc II)
C th s dng k thut m hc nh
miu t M.3.3.2.1. ln chn on
u tin, nn c nh mt mu m d
phng quan st knh hin vi in t,
nh m t di y.
M.3.4.2 Kim n n
M.3.4.2.1. Knh hin vi in t (Mc
III)
Tiu bn m soi knh hin vi in t
phi c c nh hoc trong dung dch
1G4F (M.1.3.3.3) hoc cc mu m
nhim bnh (< 1mm
3
) th s dng dung
dch m v hn hp glutaraldehyde cho
nc bin lc bao quanh. M c nh
bng gluteraldehyde 2-3% trong thi
gian khng qu 1 gi l tt nht v nu
lu gi di thi gian hn c th dn n
cu trc gi ca mng. M c nh bng
dung dch 1G4F trong thi gian 12-24h.
Sau khi c nh m, ra m bng dung
dch m thch hp v c nh ln 2
bng dung dch osmium tetroxide 1-2%
(OsO4 = axit osmic - c cao) trong
vng 1h. Ra dung dch c nh OsO4
bng nc bin lc (0,22m) trc khi
lm kh v ph resin.
Cc m sau khi c nh c th c
bo qun trong dung dch m hoc
c ph resin thch hp ct lt vi
phu. Ho tan lt ct tiu bn 1micron
trn lam knh thy tinh bng dung dch
toluidine blue 1%, y l phng php
chn mu m ti u soi pht hin
Marteilia spp. Tiu bn sau c t
ln li ng (c ph formvar hoc
khng) v nhum ch citrate + uranyl
acetate (hoc thuc nhum EM tng
ng).
Hp bo Marteilia refringens c cha
nhng th vi dng kha, 8 mm bo t,
4 bo t to thnh mt ti bo t trng
thnh. Marteilia sydneyi c mt lp
mng ng tm dy bao quanh bo t
trng thnh, khng c nhng th vi
dng kha trong hp bo, trong mi
hp bo hnh thnh 8-16 mm bo t v
trong mi ti bo t cha 2 bo t (rt
him khi c 3 bo t).
M.3.4.2.2 Lai ti ch (Mc III)
K thut ny hin ang trong giai on
hon thin cha ph bin. Thng tin v
tnh hnh hin nay ca k thut ny v
cc k thut d phn t lin quan c th
tm thy Phng th nghim IFREMER,
La Tremblade, Php (OIE 2000a, Ph
lc MAI).
M.3.5 C pn tc lan
truyn n
S lan truyn ca Marteilia refringens
ch xy ra trong thi k nhit nc
ln hn 17
o
C. mn cao c th cn
tr s tng sinh ca Marteilia spp. trong
m ca vt ch. S lan truyn ca
Marteilia sydneyi cng mang tnh thi
v, thng xut hin trong khong gia
n cui ma h (thng 1 - 3). Hin
tng cht nhiu v hnh thnh bo t
xut hin quanh nm. ng ly nhim
v vng i ca k sinh trng bn ngoi
vt ch ng vt thn mm vn cha
c bit n. Tuy vn cha thnh cng
trong vic gy nhim bnh ny bng con
ng thc nghim nhng mt vt ch
trung gian ang c nghi ng. iu
ny c cng c bi cc nghin cu
mi y cho thy bo t khng th tn
ti hn 7-10 ngy sau khi ri c th hu.
Nhit thp ko di thi gian tn ti (
nhit 15
o
C k sinh trng c th tn ti
35 ngy). Bo t tn ti trong c th c
v chim ti a 2 gi, do chng khng
phi l ng pht tn hoc lan truyn
bnh.
M.3.6 C n pp m sot
Hin nay vn cha c bin php hu
hiu. mn cao ngn cn biu hin
lm sng ca bnh, tuy nhin, cho n
nay cha c cch tiu dit bnh trit
M.3 Bn rtl
(Marteilia refringens, M. sydneyi)
129
. Nn trnh vn chuyn hu v vm t
vng nc c bnh Marteilia sang vng
nc cha bao gi xut hin bnh.
M.3.7 T lu tm o n
l
Anderson, T.J., R.D. Adlard, and R.J.G.
Lester. 1995. Molecular diagnosis of
Marteilia sydneyi (Paramyxea) in Sydney
rock oysters, Saccostrea commercialis
(Angas). J. Fish Dis. 18(6): 507-510.
Auffret, M. and M. Poder. 1983. Studies of
Marteilia maurini, parasite of Mytilus edulis
from the north coasts of Brittany. Revue
des Travaux de lInstitut des Pches
Maritimes, Nantes 47(1-2): 105-109.
Berthe, F.C.J., M. Pernas, M. Zerabib, P.
Haffner, A. Thebault, and A.J. Figueras.
1998. Experimental transmission of
Marteilia refringens with special
consideration of its life cycle. Dis. Aquat.
Org. 34(2): 135-144.
Berthe, F.C.J., F. Le Roux, E. Peyretaillade,
P. Peyret, D. Rodriguez, M. Gouy, and
C.P. Vivares. 2000. Phylogenetic analysis
of the small subunit ribosomal RNA of
Marteilia refringens validates the existence
of Phylum Paramyxea (Desportes and
Perkins, 1990). J. Eukaryote Microbiol.
47(3): 288-293.
Comps, M. 1983. Morphological study of
Marteilia christenseni sp.n., parasite of
Scrobicularia piperata P. (Mollusc,
Pelecypod). Revue des Travaux de
lInstitut des Pches Maritimes Nantes
47(1-2): 99-104.
Hine, P.M. and T. Thorne. 2000. A survey of
some parasites and diseases of several
species of bivalve mollusc in northern
Western Australia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 40(1):
67 -78.
Kleeman, S.N. and R.D. Adlard. 2000.
Molecular detection of Marteilia sydneyi,
pathogen of Sydney rock oysters. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 40(2):137-146.
Montes, J., M.A. Longa, A. Lama, and A.
Guerra. 1998. Marteiliosis of Japanese
oyster (Crassostrea gigas) reared in
Galicia NW pain. Bull. Europ. Soc. Fish
Pathol. 18(4): 124-126.
Moyer, M.A., N.J. Blake, and W.S. Arnold.
1993. An ascetosporan disease causing
mass mortality in the Atlantic calico scallop,
Argopecten gibbus (Linnaeus, 1758). J.
Shellfish Res. 12(2): 305-310.
Norton, J.H., F.O. Perkins, and E. Ledua.
1993. Marteilia-like infection in a giant
clam, Tridacna maxima, in Fiji. Journal of
Invertebrate Pathol- ogy 61(3): 328-330.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office International des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Renault, T., N. Cochennec, and B. Chollet.
1995. Marteiliosis in American oysters
Crassostrea virginica reared in France. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 23(3): 161-164.
Robledo, J.A.F. and A. Figueras. 1995. The
ef- fects of culture-site, depth, season and
stock source on the prevalence of Marteilia
refringens in cultured mussels (Mytilus
galloprovincialis) from Galicia, Spain. J.
Parasitol. 81(3): 354-363.
Roubal, F.R., J. Masel, and R.J.G. Lester.
1989. Studies on Marteilia sydneyi, agent
of QX dis- ease in the Sydney rock oyster,
Saccostrea commercialis, with implications
for its life-cycle. Aust. J. Mar. Fresh. Res.
40(2): 155-167.
Villalba, A., S.G. Mourelle, M.C. Lopez, M.J.
Caraballal, and C. Azevedo. 1993.
Marteiliasis affecting cultured mussels
Mytilus galloprovincialis of Galicia (NW
Spain). 1. Etiology, phases of the infection,
and temporal and spatial variability in
prevalence. Dis. Aquat. Org. 16(1): 61-72.
Villalba, A., S.G. Mourelle, M.J. Carballal, and
C. Lopez. 1997. Symbionts and diseases
of farmed mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis
throughout the culture process in the Rias
of Galicia (NW Spain). Dis. Aquat. Org.
31(2):127-139.
Wesche, S.J., R.D. Adlard, and R.J.G. Lester.
1999. Survival of spores of the oyster
pathogen Marteilia sydneyi (Protozoa,
Paramyxea) as assessed using fluorogenic
dyes. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36(3): 221-226.
M.3 Bn rtl
(Marteilia refringens, M. sydneyi)

130
M 4.1 Thn tn un
M 4.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh Mikrocytos gy nn bi hai loi
k sinh trng c quan h phn loi
khng chc chn. Loi Mikrocytos mackini
gy bnh Denman Island (bnh vi bo)
trn cc loi hu Thi Bnh Dng
(Crassostrea gigas) v Mikrocytos
roughleyi l tc nhn gy bnh ma
ng xtrylia (bnh ma ng, bnh vi
bo) trn loi hu Sydney Saccostrea
glomerata. Tham kho thm cc thng
tin v bnh S tay chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (2000a).
M.4.1.2 Vt
Mikrocytos mackini gy bnh mt cch
t nhin cho loi Crassostrea gigas (hu
Thi Bnh Dng). Cc loi Ostrea
edulis (hu chu u), O. conchaphila (=
O. lurida) (hu Olympia) v Crassostrea
virginica (hu M) sng nhng vng
nc c dch bnh cng rt d mc
bnh ny.
Mikrocytos roughleyi ch gy bnh cho
hu Sydney Saccostrea glomerata
(Crassostrea commercialis, Saccostrea
commercialis).
M.4.1.3 Phn l
Mikrocytos mackini ch xut hin
nhng khu vc nht nh quanh o
Vancouver, b bin Ty Nam ca b
bin Thi Bnh Dng ca Canada. K
sinh trng ch sng gii hn vng
nc c nhit di 12C. Mikrocytos
roughleyi xut hin t gia n pha
nam ca New South Wales, v
Albany, Carnarvon ca Ty xtrylia.
M.4.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn vn
chu -Th n n -2000)
Trong thi gian t 1999 n 2000 khng
c bo co no v bnh ny. Ln xut
hin dch bnh ny gn y nht l nm
1996 ti Australia (vng New South
Wales v Ty Australia). Hu ht cc
nc u khng c thng tin g v vic
xut hin ca bnh ny (theo OIE 1999,
OIE 2000b).
M.4.2 C n lm sn
Mikrocytos mackini bt u nhim vo
cc t bo m lin kt bt gy ra ngng
kt t bo mu v to thnh p xe.
Nhng mn ln (Hn cc tn
thng p xe v nhng ch lot m, tp
trung ch yu trn lp mng o, tng
ng vi nhng vt so nu trn b mt
lin k vi lp v bn trong. Tuy nhin,
nhng tn thng ny khng xut hin
thng xuyn. Nhng t bo nh,
ng knh 1-3 m, thnh thong c
tm thy xung quanh vng tn thng
sm hoc trong cc t bo m lin kt
cc giai on chm mc bnh. S
nhim bnh nng thng ch xy ra i
vi hu 2 nm tui tr ln.
Mikrocytos roughleyi gy nhim ni bo
cc t bo mu (khng bao gi nhim
trn cc t bo m lin kt), y l
nguyn nhn gy nn nhng tn thng
khu tr trn mang, ng tiu ha v sinh
dc.
M.4.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
C th tm trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a),
trn website http://www.oie.int hoc cc
ti liu tham kho chn lc c thm
thng tin chi tit v cc phng php
kim tra bnh.
M.4.3.1 D n
M.4.3.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Khi thy cc loi Crassostrea gigas v
Saccostrea glomerata chm ln, h
ming v cht, c th nghi ng chng b
bnh Mikrocytos. Nhng biu hin
chung l khng c hiu v tc nhn
gy bnh v cn phi kim tra mc II,
t nht cho nhng ln quan st u tin.
M.4.3.1.2 Kim tra t bo v lm tiu
bn m (Mc II)
Chm nh mu tim ln lam knh sch v
kh trong khng kh. Ngay sau khi
kh, c nh mu bng methanol 70%.
S dng cc kit nhum mu c bn trn
th trng theo hng dn ca nh sn
xut s nhum nhanh v hiu qu. Lam
knh sau khi nhum c ra nh
nhng vi nc my, kh v ph
ln trn mt lp nha tng hp vn
dng lm tiu bn. K sinh trng ni bo
trong cc t bo mu ph hp vi m t
trn y v m hc. K thut ny thng
dng cho loi M. roughleyi hn l M.
mackini.
Ct cc lt m xuyn qua cc m o
(c bit ni c nhng p xe/lot, nu
c) v dng giy thm ht ht nc.
Chm nh lt ct ln lam knh sch, c
nh 2-3 pht trong methanol 70% ri
nhum. S dng cc kt nhum mu
trn th trng theo hng dn ca nh
sn xut s nhum nhanh v hiu qu.
Cc lam knh sau khi nhum c ra
tri nh nhng vi nc my, lm kh
v ph ln trn mt lp nha tng hp
vn dng lm tiu bn.
M.4 B
(MIKROCYTOS MACKINI, M. ROUGHLEYI)
131
(SM Bower)










H nh.M.4.2a. Nhng tn thng p xe (mi
tn) trn b mt cc m o ca hu Thi
Bnh Dng (Crassostrea virginica) do
Mikrocytos mackini gy ra bnh nng (bnh
o Denman).
(SM Bower)









H nh.M.4.3.2.1a. Lt ct m qua vng p
xe m o- tng ng vi vng tn thng
hnh M.4.2a, do Mikrocytos mackini gy
ra cho loi hu Thi Bnh Dng
(Crassostrea virginica) (H&E).
(SM Bower)










H nh.M.4.3.2.1b. Mikrocytos mackini (mi
tn) nhn di knh hin vi soi du trong cc
m lin kt quanh vng b tn thng p xe
c hnh M.4.3.2.1a. Thc o t l 20
m (H&E).
Hnh thi hc k sinh trng c m t
qua m hc mc M.4.3.2.1, mc d
mu sc c th thay i tu thuc
nhum chn. Vic kim tra bnh ban
u bng nhum haematoxilin hoc
trichrome, nh dng trong m hc c
th gip in du cc c im ca m r
hn trc khi s dng phng php
th nhanh. Quan st bng knh soi du
trong 10 pht l kim tra bnh.
M.4.3.2 Kim hn n
M.4.3.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
kim tra bnh nn kim tra t nht l
hai lt ct qua lng bng (2-3mm) mi
con hu bng phng php soi knh
hin vi du. Nn c nh ngay nhng lt
ct t nhng con hu trn 2 nm tui
(hoc chiu cao ca v > 30mm) bng
cht c nh nhanh nh 1G4F. Dung
dch Davidson hoc m formalin 10%
thng c s dng cho hu c kch
thc nh hn hoc hu nguyn con
(xem Hn ) nhng cc cht c
nh ny khng ti u nu sau cn
phi kim khng nh bng knh hin vi
in t (M.4.4.2.1), hoc nh danh loi,
nu cn. Khng nn s dng hu c
kch thc nh hn kim tra bnh
Mikrocytos. Nn chn nhng lt ct qua
vng c xut hin mn m, p xe hoc
lot nu c. Mt s thuc nhum tiu
chun (nh haematoxilin-eosin) cho
php pht hin c Mikrocytos spp.
Mikrocytos mackini xut hin di dng
cc th vi trong t bo cht ca cc
m lin kt ngay gn cc tn thng
dng p xe (Hn Cng
c th thy trong cc t bo c, t gp
hn trong t bo mu hoc dng t do
trong vng b tn thng. Mikrocytos
mackini khc vi Bonamia c im
c nhn lch tm v khc vi M.
roughleyi c im thiu khng bo
trong t bo cht v s c mt ca cc
ty th M. roughleyi. Nhng c im
ny s khng thy r rng bng phng
php soi du v cn phi khng nh
bng cc lt ct vi phu 1 micron hoc
knh hin vi in t (s cp phn
sau). Tuy nhin, c 2 k thut ny u
khng thit thc cho mc ch kim tra
bnh.
Mikrocytos roughleyi c ng knh 1-
3m v ch xut hin trong cc t bo
mu. Khng bo c th c hoc khng
trong t bo cht, nhng khi c, n i
ch cho nhn ra ngoi vi. Cu trc nhn
ca k sinh trng ni bo ny khi soi
kinh hin vi du c th nhn thy c
hoc khng.

M.4 Bn roytos
(Mikrocytos mackini, M. roughleyi)

132
M.4.4. C pn pp n on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on c th tm trong S
tay Chn on bnh ng vt thy
sn ca OIE (2000a), ti website
http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc
M.4.4.1 D n
M.4.4.1.1 M bnh hc v lm tiu bn
m (Mc II)
Phng php m bnh hc (M.4.3.2.1)
c s dng, tuy nhin khi chn on
ln u nn dng phng php soi knh
hin vi in t (M.4.4.2.2). Phng php
lm tiu bn m cng c s dng
d chn, khi chng biu hin cc du
hiu nh m t mc M.4.3.1.2.
M.4.4.2 Kim n n
M.4.4.2.1 M bnh hc v lm tiu bn
m (Mc II)
C th dng cc phng php m bnh
hc (M.4.3.2.1) v lm tiu bn m
(M.4.3.1.2), nhng khi chn on ln
u nn kim khng nh bng knh hin
vi in t (M.4.4.2.2).
M.4.4.2.2 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Nn c nh cc m bng 1G4F trong
thi gian 12-24 gi. Sau khi c nh ln
u, ra m bng dung dch m v c
nh OsO4 1-2% (axit osmic- c c tnh
cao). Nn c nh mu ln th hai trong
1 gi, sau ra tri ht OsO4 bng
m/nc bin lc (0,22 micron)
trc khi lm kh v ph resin.
Cc m sau khi c nh ln th hai c
bo qun trong dung dch m hoc ph
resin thch hp ct vi phu. Ho tan
lt ct tiu bn 1micron trn lam knh
hin vi bng dung dch toluidine blue 1%
l phng php chn mu m ti u
soi pht hin Mikrocytos spp. Cc lt ct
siu mng sau c gn ln tm li
bng ng (c hoc khng c lp ph
bn ngoi) v c nhum bng citrate
ch + uranyl acetate (hoc thuc nhum
knh hin vi in t tng ng).
Mikrocytos mackini c phn bit vi
loi Bonamia spp. nh siu cu trc siu
vi (cng nh v tr m v cc vt ch)
v tr ca nhn. loi M. mackini n v
tr trung tm ca nhn, trong khi
loi B. ostreae n v tr lch tm. Ngoi
ra Mikrocytos mackini cn thiu ty th.
Mc d nhng c im siu cu trc
ca Mikrocytos roughleyi khng cng b
nhng c th phn bit vi loi M.
mackini nh s xut hin ca khng bo
trong t bo cht (cng vi s khc
nhau hon ton v v tr a l, vt ch
v m).
M.4.5 C pn t ln
truyn n
Vic lan truyn ca Mikrocytos mackini
bt u vo u ma xun (thng 4 n
thng 5) ko di khong 3-4 thng
nhit nc di 10
o
C. mn cao
(30-35 ppt) rt thun li cho s pht
trin ca k sinh trng v nhng vng
cn thy triu hoc thy triu thp, t l
cht ca nhng con hu gi xp x 40%.
Mikrocytos roughleyi cng thch nghi vi
vng nc c nhit thp, mn cao
v c th gy cht ti 70% loi hu
Sydney giai on 3 nm tui trc khi
thu hoch. iu ny thng tip theo
sau giai on cn lm sng ko di
khong 2,5 thng.
S lan truyn bnh ca M.mackini c
thc hin bng vic tip xc ca cc
hu mn cm vi bnh vi cc dch
ng cht ca cc hu nhim bnh, v
vy ngi ta cho rng loi ny c vng
i trc tip. M. roughleyi cng c
cho l truyn bnh trc tip t con hu
ny sang con hu khc.
M.4.6 C n php kim sot
gim t l cht ca vt ch do M.
mackini gy ra cc vng c bnh bng
cch nui hu mc thy triu cao
trong thi k d ly lan nht vo thng
4 - 5 nhm gim vic ly lan qua ng
nc. Hin nay cha c bin php no
kim sot i vi M. roughleyi.
M.4.7 T lu tm o n l
Bower, S.M., D. Hervio, and S.E. Mc
Gladdery. 1994. Potential for the Pacific
oyster, Crassostrea gigas, to serve as a
reservoir host and carrier of oyster
pathogens. ICES Council Meeting Papers,
ICES, Copenhagen, Denmark.1994. 5pp.
Bower, S.M. and G.R. Meyer. 1999. Effect
of cold-water on limiting or exacerbating
some oyster diseases. J. Shellfish Res.
M.4 Bn roytos
(Mikrocytos mackini, M. roughleyi)
133
18(1): 296 (abstract).
Farley, C.A., P.H. Wolf, and R.A. Elston.
1988. A long-term study of microcell
disease in oysters with a description of a
new genus, Mikrocytos (g. n.), and two new
species,Mikrocytos mackini (sp. n.) and
Mikrocytos roughleyi (sp. n.). Fish. Bull.
86(3): 581-594.
Hervio, D., S.M. Bower, and G.R. Meyer.
1995. Life-cycle, distribution and lack of
host specificity of Mikrocytos mackini, the
cause of Denman Island disease of Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea gigas). J. Shellfish
Res. 14(1): 228 (abstract).
Hervio, D., S.M. Bower, and G.R. Meyer.
1996. Detection, isolation and experimental
transmission of Mikrocytos mackini, a
microcell parasite of Pacific oysters
Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). J. Inverteb.
Pathol. 67(1): 72-79.
Lester, R.J.G. 1990. Diseases of cultured
molluscs in Australia. Advances in Tropical
Aquaculture: Workshop, Tahiti, French
Polynesia Feb. 20 - Mar. 4, 1989. Actes de
colloques IFREMER 9: 207-216.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office International des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Smith, I.R., J.A. Nell, and R.D. Adlard. 2000.
The effect of growing level and growing
method on winter mortality, Mikrocytos
roughleyi, in diploid and triploid Sydney
rock oysters, Saccostrea glomerulata.
Aquac. 185(3-4): 197-205.
M.4 Bn roytos
(Mikrocytos mackini, M. roughleyi)

134
M.5.1 Thn tn un
M.5.1.1 T nn y bn
Bnh Perkinsus gy ra bi hai loi sinh
vt n bo k sinh thuc ngnh
Apicomplexa (mc d nhng nghin cu
v axit nucleic gn y cho thy chng
c kh nng cng nhnh vi trng roi -
Dinoflagellates). Perkinsus marinus l
nguyn nhn ca bnh Dermo trn
Crassostrea virginica (hu M) v
Perkinus olseni cng gy bnh Perkinsus
nhiu loi 2 mnh v vng nc nhit
i v cn nhit i. Cc loi Perkinsus
khc cn gy bnh cho c loi ngao
chu u (Perkinsus atlanticus) v ng
M (Perkinsus spp.), cng nh cho c
ip Nht Bn (Yesso), Patinopecten
yessoensis Canada (Perkinsus
qugwadi). Mi quan h v phn loi hc
gia chng vi 2 loi nu phi khai
bo cho OIE hin cn ang c
nghin cu. Thng tin chi tit thm v
bnh ny c th tm thy trong S tay
Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000a).
M.5.1.2 Vt
Parkinsus marinus (trc kia l
Dermocystidium marinum v Labyrintho-
myxa marinus) gy bnh cho Crassostrea
virginica (hu M). Vic gy nhim thc
nghim cho C. gigas (hu Thi Bnh
Dng) c th thc hin c, nhng
chng c sc khng tt hn so vi
C.virginica. Perkinsus olseni c s
tng ng rt ln v rDNA vi
Perkinsus altanticus ca Ruditapes
decussatus v s hnh thnh loi ca
ging ny, nh cp mc
M.5.1.1, hin nay ang c nghin cu
v axit nucleic. Cc vt ch ph bin
ca P. olseni l cc loi bo ng:
Haliotis rubra, H. cyclobates, H. scalaris
v H. laevigata. C hn 50 loi nhuyn
th khc nhau mang k sinh trng
Perkinsus spp. cng nh cc loi c lin
quan khc, nhng khng mc bnh (v
d, trong ngao Arca [Hn] v
trai ngc Pinctada, [Hn]).
M.5.1.3 Phn l
Perkinsus marinus tm thy dc b bin
pha ng ca M t Massachusetts ti
Florida, dc theo Vnh Mexico ti
Venezuela v Puerto Rico, Cuba v
Brazil. Ngoi ra n cng xm nhp vo
Pearl Harbour, Hawaii, phm vi cn m
rng n Delaware Bay, New Jersey,
Cape Cod v Maine l do s di nhp
vo nhiu ln cc loi hu v nhit
ca nc vo ma ng tng cao.
Perkinsus olseni xut hin Nam
xtrylia. Nhng loi khc xut hin
i Ty Dng, Thi Bnh Dng v
vng bin a Trung Hi.
M.5.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn vn
chu - Th n n -
2000)
P. marinus khng c bo co
xtrylia trong khong thi gian 1999 -
2000. Tng t vi P. olseni (nm xy ra
gn y nht l 1997 min Nam
xtrylia v nm 1995 New South
Wales v Ty xtrylia). C nghi ng
trong giai on bo co 1999 - 2000
Hn Quc. New Zealand, bo co pht
hin thy t thng 4/12/2000. Perkinsus
olseni tm thy trong cc loi s t nhin,
Austrovenus stutchburyi (h Veneridae) v
2 loi 2 mnh v khc, Macomona liliana
(h Tellinidae) v Barbatia novaezelandiae
(h Arcidae). Nhng loi ny ph bin
b bin New Zealand. Cc khu vc c
xut hin bnh l cng Waitemata v
Kaipara, nhng sinh vt ny c kh nng
gy bnh cc vng nc m Bc New
Zealand (OIE 1999, OIE 2000a).
M.5.2 C n lm sn
nh hng ca Perkinsus marinus trn
Crassostrea virginica bt u t s nht
mu ca tuyn tiu ho, gy rc, h
ming, co mng o, sinh trng yu,
tuyn sinh dc chm pht trin, i khi
c cc tn thng p xe. T l cht c
th ln ti 95% khi qun n C.virginica
b nhim bnh.
S tng sinh ca Perkinsus olseni gy
ra ph v cc m lin kt v biu m,
trn mt s vt ch c to thnh p xe
ngu nhin. Cc mn m ng knh c
8mm loi Haliotis spp. b bnh lm
gim gi tr trn th trng v kt hp
vi cc thit hi to ln H. laevigata.
M.5.3 C pn pp m tr
bn
Cc thng tin chi tit v cc phng
php kim tra bnh c th xem S tay
Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000a), trn http://www.oie.int
hoc cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
M.5.3.1 D n
M.5.3.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Chm ln, h ming v cht ca
Crassostrea virginica v Haliotis spp.
cng nh ca cc loi nhuyn th khc
sng trong vng nc b nhim
Perkinsus th nn nghi ng l nhim
bnh Perkinsus. Nhng biu hin chung
l khng c trng v mm bnh v cn
n kim tra mc II, t nht l cho
nhng ln quan st u tin.
M.5 B
(PERKINSUS MARINUS, P. OLSENI)
135
(PM Hine)









(SE McGladdery)


H nh.M.5.1.2a. Perkinsus k sinh trong m
lin kt ca s Arca. Hnh chn phng i
cho thy chi tit ca giai on th nt ri
sm c cc c th dinh dng vi cc th
vi dng khng bo. Thc o t l 100
m (H&E)
H nh.M.5.3.2.1b. Giai on th nt ri ca
Perkinsus marinus (mi tn), nguyn nhn
gy ra bnh Dermo m lin kt tuyn
tiu ho ca hu M (Crassostrea
virginica). Thc o t l 30 m (H&E).
(PM Hine)









(SE McGladdery)
H nh.M.5.1.2b. Trai ngc Pinctada
albicans b nhim k sinh trng Perkinsus.
nh chn phng i cho thy chi tit ca
giai on ging th nt ri c cha cc c
th dinh dng vi cc th vi dng khng
bo. Thc o t l 250 m (H&E)
H nh.M.5.3.2.2. nh phng i bo t ng
ca Perkinsus marinus c nhum
xanh en bng dung dch Lugon iodine,
sau khi nui cy trn mi trng
thioglycollate lng. Thc o t l 200 m.
(SM Bower)










H nh.M.5.3.2.1a. Giai on c th dinh
dng (Hnh nhn c khc du) ca
Perkinsus marinus (mi tn), nguyn nhn
gy bnh Dermo m lin kt ca loi
hu M (Crassostrea virginica). Thc o
t l 20 m(H&E)
M.5.3.2 Kim n n
M.5.3.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
kim tra bnh nn kim tra t nht 2
lt ct qua lng - bng ca mi con hu
bng phng php soi knh hin vi du.
Nhng lt ct t con hu >2 nm tui
(hoc chiu cao ca v > 30mm) nn
c c nh ngay trong cht c nh
nhanh nh 1G4F. Dung dch Davidson
hay dung dch m formalin 10% c
s dng cho nhng con hu nh hn
hoc nguyn con (xem M.1.3.3.3) nhng
cc cht c nh ny khng ti u
chn on khng nh bng knh hin vi
in t (M.5.4.2.1) hoc nh danh loi
tip sau , nu cn. Nn chn cc lt
qua cc m b mn m hoc p xe, nu
c. Mt s thuc nhum tiu chun (v
d: haematoxylin-eosin) c th pht hin
c Perkinsus spp.

M.5 Bn rnsus
(Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni)

136
Ly nhim Perkinsus marinus thng c
h thng, vi nhng c th dinh dng
xut hin trn cc m lin kt ca tt c
cc c quan. Nhng c th dinh dng
cn non (th phn ct n nhn, th
chia on hoc th giao t bt ng) c
ng knh 2-3 m. Giai an nhn c
khc du l nhng c th dinh dng
trng thnh c ng knh 3-10 m,
vi s xut hin ca khng bo lch tm
thay th nhn v t bo cht ra ngoi vi
(Hn. Giai on hoa th
(ti bo t hoc th nt ri) c ng
knh 4-15 m v c th cha 2, 4, 8, 16
hoc 32 c th dinh dng ang pht
trin (Hn.
Perkinsus olseni c cc giai on pht
trin tng t nhng giai on c th
dinh dng c ng knh ln hn,
khong 13-16 m. Tuy nhin, do tnh a
dng ca vt ch v loi k sinh trng
nn nhng c im hnh thi hc khng
c coi l c trng.
M.5.3.2.2 Nui cy trong mi trng
Thioglycollate dng lng (Mc II)
Ct cc mu m c kch thc 5 - 10
mm (chn phn tn thng, cc m
mang v m rut) v t vo trong mi
trng Thioglycollate lng c cha cc
cht khng sinh. Nhit v thi gian
l tu thuc vo vt ch v mi trng.
iu kin chun nui cy P.marinus
l 22 - 25
o
C trong 4 - 7 ngy iu kin
khng c nh sng. i vi P.olseni c
th nui nhit cao hn.
K sinh trng nui cy s pht trin rng
vi ng knh 70 - 250m. Sau khi ,
cc m c t trong dung dch c t l
Lugols iodine: nc l 1:5 trong 10
pht. Sau tri m ln lam knh hin vi
v quan st qua knh hin vi s thy cc
bo t tnh c phng i c vch t
bo nhum mu xanh en. (Hn
M.5.3.2.2).
M.5.4 C pn pp n
on n
C th xem cc phng php chn
on bnh chi tit hn trong S tay
Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000a), trn http://www.oie.int
hoc cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
M.5.4.1 D n
M.5.4.1.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
C th dng cc phng php m bnh
hc (M.5.3.2.1), nhng ln chn on
u tin nn c nh mu m d phng
quan st bng knh hin vi in t
(M.5.4.2.2).
M.5.4.1.2 Nui cy trong mi trng
Thioglycollate dng lng (Mc II)
Cng c th dng phng php nui
cy trong mi trng Thioglycollate lng
d chn (M.5.3.2.2).
M.5.4.2 Kim n n
M.5.4.2.1 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
TEM c dng xc nh siu cu
trc c trng loi ca giai on pht
trin ng bo t (thu t ng bo t
gii phng t bo t bt ng c nui
cy (dng tin ti ng bo t). Chun
b m bao gm c nh ng bo t
c c ng li hoc ti ng bo t
(c to ra bng vic t bo t bt
ng vo trong nc bin lc, ti
y chng pht trin thnh cc ti ng
bo t v sinh ra hng trm ng bo t
di ng) trong glutaraldehyde 2-3%
c trn v m vi nc bin xung
quanh c lc. Cc m trai, hu
cng c th c c nh bng 1G4F
trong 12 - 24 gi. Tip sau c nh s
cp, ra m bng dung dch m thch
hp v c nh tip tc bng 1 - 2%
Osmium tetroxide (OsO4 = axit Osmic c
c tnh cao). Nn hon thnh c nh
ln th hai trong vng 1 gi. Cht c
nh OsO4 cng phi c ra tri ht
bng nc bin m lc (0,22m) trc
khi lm kh v ph resin.
C th bo qun cc m sau khi c nh
ln th hai trong dung dch m thch
hp hoc ph resin thch hp ct tiu
bn vi phu. Ho tan lt ct tiu bn
1micron trn lam knh thy tinh bng
dung dch toluidine blue 1% l phng
php chn mu m ti u soi pht
hin Perkinsus spp. Vic c ng ng
bo t li hoc ti ng bo t l khng
cn thit trc khi kim tra bnh. Cc lt
ct siu mng c gn ln li ng
(c ph formvar hoc khng) v c
nhum citrat ch v acetat uranyl (hoc
bng thuc nhum EM tng ng).
Roi phn u ca ng bo t
Perkinsus marinus c cu trc ging mt
hng lng v gai. Roi pha sau th
trn. phn u c mt t hp bao
gm mt hnh chp nn, cc ng dn
siu nh c mng mng, cc si thng
v cc si ni vi chp nn. Cc khng
bo ln cng xut hin u cui ca
ng bo t.
M.5 Bn rnsus
(Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni)
137
M.5.5 C pn t ln
truyn n
S gia tng ca Perkinsus spp. tng
quan vi s m ln ca nhit nc
(>20
o
) v n xy ra vi s tng thm v
cc du hiu lm sng v t l t vong.
Hiu qu gy t vong t nh cao vo
cui ma nc m ti mi bn cu. Giai
on ly nhim l lc ng bo t c 2
roi chuyn sang giai on c th dinh
dng sau khi xm nhp vo cc m
ca vt ch. S gia tng ny s nhn
ln theo sinh sn phn i nh phn
trong cc m ca vt ch. Perkinsus
marinus c kh nng rng mui.
Perkinsus olseni c th tn ti trong mi
trng c mn cao.
Vic th ln nhng vt ch d b nhim
bnh vo cc vt ch b nhim cho
thy Perkinsus spp. ly nhim trc tip,
k c ly nhim cho loi i vi P.
olseni. Hin nay cha c bng chng
no chng minh s ly nhim cho
ging i vi P. marinus.
M.5.6 C n pp m sot
Khng c thng tin nhiu v loi
PerkinsusI spp. Hu ht nhng n lc
nghin cu u tp trung vo s pht
trin cc n hu c kh nng khng
vi P. marinus. Nhng iu ny ch ra
kh nng sng st trong vng gy bnh,
nhng cng khng khuyn l nui cc
khu vc khng b nhim bnh v chng
u tim tng kh nng mang mm
bnh. c mt s thnh cng, tuy
nhin, phng nga nhim P. marinus
cc u trng ng p tri sn xut
ging v hu cha trng thnh l s
dng ngun nc c lc sch v kh
trng bng tia cc tm. Bin php hn
ch vic di chuyn nhm kim sot tnh
trng phn b trn lan ca Perkinsus
nhiu loi hai mnh v xung quanh lc
a xtrylia l bt kh thi.
M.5.7 T lu tm kho n
l
Alemida, M., F.C. Berthe, A. Thebault, and
M.T. Dinis. 1999. Whole clam culture as a
quantitative diagnostic procedure of
Perkinsus atlanticus (Apicomplexa, Perkinsea)
in clams Ruditapes decussatus. Aquac.
177(1-4): 325-332.
Blackbourn, J., S.M. Bower, and G.R. Meyer.
1998. Perkinsus qugwadi sp. nov. (incertae
cedis), a pathogenic protozoan parasite of
Japanese scallops, Patinopecten
yesssoensis, cultured in British Columbia,
Canada. Can. J. Zool. 76(5): 942-953.
Bower, S.M., J. Blackbourn, and G.R. Meyer.
1998. Distribution, prevalence and
pathogenicity of the protozoan Perkinsus
qugwadi in Japanese scallops, Patinopecten
yesssoensis, cultured in British Columbia,
Canada. Can. J. Zool. 76(5): 954-959.
Bower, S.M., J. Blackbourne, G.R. Meyer,
and D.W. Welch. 1999. Effect of Perkinsus
qugwadi on various species and strains of
scallops. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36(2): 143-151.
Canestri-Trotti, G., E.M. Baccarani, F.
Paesanti, and E. Turolla. 2000. Monitoring
of infections by Protozoa of the genera
Nematopsis, Perkinsus and Porospora in
the smooth venus clam Callista chione
from the north-western Adriatic Sea (Italy).
Dis. Aquat. Org. 42(2): 157-161.
Cook, T., M. Folli, J. Klinck, S.E. Ford, and J.
Miller. 1998. The relationship between
increasing sea-surface temperature and
the northward spread of Perkinsus marinus
(Dermo) disease epizootics in oysters.
Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science
46(4): 587 -597.
Fisher, W.S., L.M. Oliver, L., W.W. Walker,
C.S. Manning and T.F. Lytle. 1999.
Decreased resistance eastern oysters
(Crassostrea virginica) to a protozoan
pathogen (Perkinsus marinus) after sub-
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Ford, S.E., R. Smolowitz, and M.M. Chintala.
2000. Temperature and range extension by
Perkinsus marinus. J. Shellfish Res. 19(1):
598 (abstract).
Ford, S.E., Z. Xu, and G. Debrosse. 2001.
Use of particle filtration and UV radiation to
prevent infection by Haplosporidium
nelsoni (MSX) and Perkinsus marinus
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Hine, P.M. and T. Thorne. 2000. A survey of
some parasites and diseases of several
species of bivalve mollusc in northern
Western Australia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 40(1):
67 -78.
Kotob, S.I., S.M. McLaughlin, P. van Berkum,
and M. Faisal. 1999. Discrimination
between two Perkinsus spp. isolated from
the soft shell clam, Mya arenaria, by
sequence analysis of two internal
transcribed spacer regions and the 5.8S
ribosomal RNA gene. Parasitol. 119(4):
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Kotob, S.I., S.M. McLaughlin, P. van Berkum,
P. and M. Faisal. 1999. Characterisation of
two Perkinsus spp. from the soft shell clam,
M.5 Bn rnsus
(Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni)

138
Myaarenaria, using the small subunit
ribosomal RNA gene. J. Eukaryotic
Microbiol. 46(4): 439-444.
McLaughlin, S.M. and M. Faisal. 1998. In
vitro propagation of two Perkinsus spp.
from the soft shell clam Mya arenaria.
Parasite 5(4): 341-348.
McLaughlin, S.M. and M. Faisal. 1998.
Histopathological alternations associated
with Perkinsus spp. infection in the soft
shell clam Mya arenaria. Parasite 5(4):
263-271.
McLaughlin, S.M. and M. Faisal. 1999. A
comparison of diagnostic assays for
detection of Perkinsus spp. in the soft shell
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204.
McLaughlin, S.M. and M. Faisal. 2000.
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arenaria Linnaeus, 1758, during 1990-
1998. J. Shellfish Res. 19(1): 349-352.
Nickens, A.D., E. Wagner, and J.F. LaPeyre.
2000. Improved procedure to count
Perkinsus marinus in eastern oyster
hemolymph. J. Shellfish Res. 19(1): 665
(abstract).
OFarrell, C.L., J.F. LaPeyre, K.T. Paynter,
and E.M. Burreson. 2000. Osmotic
tolerance and volume regulation in in vitro
cultures of the oyster pathogen Perkinsus
marinus. J. Shellfish Res. 19(1): 139-145.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office International des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Ordas, M.C. and A. Figueras. 1998. In vitro
culture of Perkinsus atlanticus, a parasite
of the carpet shell clam Ruditapes
decussatus. Dis. Aquat. Org. 33(2): 129-
136.
Ordas, M., A. Ordas, C. Beloso, and A.
Figueras. 2000. Immune parameters in
carpet shell clams naturally infected with
Perkinsus atlanticus. Fish and Shellfish
Immunol. 10(7): 597-609.
Park, K-I., K-S. Choi, and J-W. Choi. 1999.
Epizootiology of Perkinsus sp. found in
Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum in
Komsoe Bay, Korea. J. Kor. Fish. Soc.
32(3): 303-309.
Robledo, J.A.F., J.D. Gauthier, C.A. Coss,
A.C, Wright, G.R. Vasta. 1999. Species -
specificity and sensitivity of a PCR-based
assay for Perkinsus marinus in the eastern
oyster, Crassostrea virginica: A
comparison with the fluid thioglycollate
assay. J. Parasitol. 84(6): 1237-1244.
Robledo, J.A.F., C.A. Coss, and G.R. Vasta.
2000. Characterization of the ribosomal
RNA locus of Perkinsus atlanticus and
development of a polymerase chain
reaction -based diagnostic assay. J.
Parasitol. 86(5): 972-978.
Yarnall, H.A., K.S. Reece, N.A. Stokes, and
E.M. Burreson. 2000. A quantitative
competitive polymerase chain reaction
assay for the oyster pathogen Perkinsus
marinus. J. Parasitol. 86(4): 827-837.
M.5 Bn rnsus
(Perkinsus marinus, P. olseni)
139
(PM Hine)











H nh.M.6.1.3b. nh phng i qua kinh
hin vi du giai on bo t c vy ca
loi k sinh tng t nh Haplosporidium
trn trai ngc mi vng Pinctada maxima
min bc Ty xtrylia. Thc o t l
10m (H&E).
(PM Hine)









M.6.1 Thn tn un
M.6.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh Haplosporidium do 2 loi sinh vt
n bo k sinh thuc ngnh
Haplosporidia. Haplosporidium nelsoni
(syn. Minchinia nelsoni) gy bnh MSX
(cu a nhn X) trn loi Crassostrea
virginica (hu M) v Haplosporidium
costale (Minchinia costale) gy ra bnh
SSO (sinh vt min bin) trn cng loi
vt ch. Tham kho thm cc thng tin v
bnh ny trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
M.6.1.2 Vt
C Haplosporidium nelsoni v H. costale
u gy bnh trn loi hu M Crassostrea
virginica. Gn y, 1 loi Haplosporidium
sp. phn lp t loi hu Thi Bnh
Dng Crassostrea gigas c nh
danh l H. nelsoni bng k thut gii
trnh t DNA ca 1 DNA ribosome siu
phn t.
M.6.1.3 Phn l
Haplosporidium nelsoni xut hin trn
cc loi hu M, dc b bin i Ty
Dng ca M t pha bc Florida n
Maine. Vng c bnh ch gii hn n
vnh Delaware, vnh Chesapeake, Long
Island Sound v Cape Cod.
Haplosporidium nelsoni cng c tm
thy trn C. gigas t California v
Washington b bin Thi Bnh Dng
ca M, Hn Quc, Nht Bn v Php.
H n.M.6.1.3c. Xm nhim t bo mu
vo m lin kt ca hu Sydney
(Saccostrea cucullata) mang cc bo t
ca loi k sinh trng tng t nh
Haplosporidium (mi tn). Thc o t l
0,5 mm (H&E).
(PM Hine)









(PM Hine)
H nh.M.6.1.3a. Ly nhim t loi k sinh
cha nh tn tng t nh
Haplosporidium ng tiu ho v m lin
kt ca loi trai ngc mi vng Pinctada
maxima min bc Ty xtrylia. Thc
o t l 0,5 mm (H&E).
H nh.M.6.1.3d. nh phng i qua knh
hin vi du cc bo t ca loi k sinh
trng tng t nh Haplosporidium (mi
tn) gn lin vi s xm nhim t ca t
bo mu hu Sydney (Saccostrea
cucullata). Thc o t l 10 mm (H&E).

M.6 B
(HAPLOSPORIDIUM COSTALE, H. NELSONI)

140
Haplosporidium costale cng c pht
hin duy nht trn C. virginica t b
bin i Ty Dng ca M v c 1
rDNA siu phn t nh khc vi ca H.
nelsoni. Hapolosporidium costale cng
phn b hp hn, t Long Island Sound,
New York n Cape Charles, Virginia.
Cc tc nhn tng t cng c tm
thy trn trai ngc nui cc tri ging,
Pinctada maxima, (Hn v
hu , Saccostrea cucullata (Hn
1.3c,d), t vng ty bc xtrylia.
M.6.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n o n n vt ty
sn u - Th n n
(1999-2000)
Khng c thng tin hoc bo co khng
nh no v bnh ny tt c cc quc
gia trong giai on 1999 - 2000 (OIE
1999, OIE 2000b).
M.6.2 C n lm sn
Haplosporidium nelsoni xut hin ngoi
bo trong m lin kt v biu m tuyn
tiu ho. S xut hin ca chng
thng gn lin vi vic thy r mt
mu nu ca mang v cc m o. H.
nelsoni thng sinh bo t cc con
trai nh (1-2 nm) nhng t thy trai
trng thnh v ch pht hin biu m
ca ng tiu ho. H. costale sinh bo t
khp cc m lin kt.
Nhim Haplosporidum nelsoni xut hin
v ko di qua ma h (t gia thng 5
n cui thng 10). S ph hy dn dn
ca biu m tuyn tiu ho gn lin hin
tng cc con trai b yu v cht. Mt
t cht th hai c th xy ra vo u
ma xun nhng con trai qu yu
khng th sng st qua ng. Gi sng
2 tun trong nc bin mn 10 ppt,
20
o
C s dit c k sinh trng nhng
khng lm cht vt ch. H. nelsoni
khng gy bnh mn <15 ppt.
Haplosporidium costale gy ra dch cht
theo ma mt cch r rng vo gia
thng 5 v 6. S hnh thnh bo t
thng ng b hn vi nhim bnh
MSX, gy v m cp tnh, lm yu hoc
gy cht cc c th b nhim bnh nng.
Bnh SSO b hn ch mn 25-33
ppt v bnh s khng xut hin nu
mn thp hn.
M.6.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Cc phng php kim tra bnh chi tit
hn c th tm thy trong S tay Chn
on bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE
(OIE 2000a), trn http://www.oie.int hoc
cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
M.6.3 D n
M.6.3.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Chm ln, h ming v cht ca
Crassostrea virginica v C. gigas c
coi l nghi ng b nhim bnh
Haplosporidium. Cc biu hin chung l
khng c trng v mm bnh v cn
phi kim tra mc II, t nht l cho
nhng ln quan st u tin.
M.6.3.1.2 Kim tra t bo hc v lm
tiu bn m (Mc II)
Cng nh vi m hc (M.6.3.2.2) trai c
nh l ph hp hn kim tra bnh
Haplosporidium nelsoni bng t bo hc
hoc tiu bn m. Vi H. costal, s
dng trai trng thnh li thch hp hn.
Kim tra bnh trong thng 5- 6 thng
c khuyn ngh cho c hai tc nhn
gy bnh ny.
Pht hoc chm nh mu tim trn lam
knh sch v kh t nhin. Cc lt ct
tuyn tiu ho v mang cng c th
dng lm mu bng cch ht ht nc
d t b mt ct v chm nh ln lam
knh sch. Khi kh, c nh lam trong
metanol 70%. S dng cc kt nhum
mu c sn trn th trng theo hng
dn ca nh sn xut s nhum nhanh
v hiu qu. Cc lam knh nhum
sau c ra tri nh nhng di vi
nc, kh v ph ln trn bng nha
tng hp vn dng lm tiu bn.
S xut hin (c bit vo gia thng 3
v thng 5) cc hp bo a nhn,
ng knh 2-15 m l du hiu ca s
nhim H. costale (Hn. Cc
hp bo ca H. nelsoni c th pht hin
vo gia thng 5 v thng 10 tt c
cc m v c ng knh 4 - 30 m
(Hn.
Cng c th s dng cc th huyn ph
ca huyt tng nhng con trai cn
sng c, tuy nhin mt nhiu thi
gian hn lm mu tim/m v thng t
hiu qu khi s dng vo mc ch kim
tra bnh.
M.6.3.1.3 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Vi tc nhn Haplosporidium nelsoni,
cc con trai c nh thng c ly
kim tra bnh, cn vi H. costale th ly
cc con trai trng thnh. Kim tra
bnh trong giai on thng 5- 6 thng
c khuyn co cho c 2 loi tc nhn
gy bnh trn. K thut s dng ging
nh chn on khng nh. (M.6.4.2.2).
M.6 Bn plosporum
(Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni)
141
(SE McGladdery)









(SE McGladdery)
H nh.M.6.3.1.2a. Hp bo (mi tn en)
v bo t (mi tn trng) ca
Haplosporidium costale, tc nhn gy
bnh SSO c trong m lin kt ca hu M
(Crassostrea virginica). Thc o t l
50m.
H nh.M.6.3.2.2b. nh phng i qua knh
hin vi du cc bo t MSX trong biu m
ng tiu ho ca hu M Crassostrea
virginica. Thc o t l 25 m (H&E).
(SE McGladdery)









H nh.M.6.3.1.2b. Hp bo (mi tn en)
v bo t (mi tn trng) ca
Haplosporidium nelsoni, tc nhn gy
bnh MSX trn m lin kt v ng tiu ho
ca hu M (Crassostrea virginica). Thc
o t l 100 m.
(SE McGladdery)









H nh.M.6.4.2.2a. nh phng i qua knh
hin vi du cc bo t SSO trong m lin
kt ca hu M Crassostrea virginica.
Thc o t l 15 m.
M.6.4 C phn pp n
on n
Cc phng php chn on chi tit hn
c th tm thy trong S tay Chn on
bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE, trn
http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
M.6.4.1 D n
M.6.4.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc I)
Chn on gi thit duy nht l cc quan
st chung v con hu M b cht vo u
ma xun v cui ma h cc khu vc
tng c bnh MSX ( mn 12-25
ppt). Chn on gi nh nh vy cn
c khng nh thng qua k thut
chn on khc (m hc). Tng t,
hin tng cht vo ma h ca loi hu
ny cc vng nc tng c bnh
SSO c gi thit l do bnh SSO. C
2 bnh cn c khng nh, tuy nhin
s phn b bnh ca 2 loi
Haplosporidium c th trng lp.
M.6.4.2 Kim n n
M.6.4.2.1 Kim tra t bo hc hoc lm
tiu bn m (Mc II)
Lm mu t bo hoc m dng tnh
(M.6.4.1.1) c coi l kim khng nh
khi thu thp t cc loi trai mn cm vi
bnh v ti cc vng tng xut hin
nhim bnh do Haplosporidium spp.

M.6 Bn plosporum
(Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni)

142
M.6.4.2.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc lt ct m dng tnh c kim
khng nh khi thu thp t cc loi trai
mn cm vi bnh v ti cc vng
tng xut hin bnh do Haplosporidium
spp.
Cn kim tra t nht 2 lt ct lng - bng
ca mi con trai, xem qua knh hin vi
du kim tra bnh. Cc lt ct t
nhng con trai >2 nm tui (hay v cao
>30 mm) c c nh ngay trong cc
cht c nh nhanh nh 1G4F. Dung
dch Davidson hoc m formalin 10%
c th s dng cho trai nh hoc c
nguyn con (xem M.1.3.3.3) nhng
nhng cht c nh ny khng l ti u
nu tip sau chn on khng nh
bng knh hin vi in t (EM)
(M.6.4.2.3), hoc nh danh loi. Mt s
thuc nhum tiu chun (v d:
haemotoxylin-eosin) cng cho php pht
hin c Haplosprodium spp.
S nhim Haplosporidium spp. thng
l c h thng v c c trng bng
s thm nhim hng lot ca cc t bo
mu b thoi ho (cc t bo mu khng
ht c t l t bo cht/cht nhn thp).
Cht bo t ca cc bo t H. costale
thng nh hn ca MSX v thng
c pht hin bng phn ng thm
nhim t bo mu vi cng cao, c
th nhum phn bit bng thuc nhum
Ziehl-Nielsen ci tin. Cc kn bo t
ca H. costale thng xut hin trong
cc m lin kt (Hn
ng knh khong 10-25 m v c
cha cc bo t c np hnh ovan, kch
thc khong 3 m (Hn
Cc kn bo t ca H. nelsoni xut hin
trong biu m ng tiu ho v c ng
knh khong 20-50 m. Cc bo t c
np ca MSX c kch thc 4-6 x 5-8
m (Hn Vi loi C. gigas,
cc bo t cng c th xut hin trong
cc m khc. Ni b nhim bnh c
hai loi trai c th c cc t bo mu
v cn b m b hoi t bao quanh. Mt
tc nhn gy bnh tng t xut hin
trai ly ngc Pinctada maxima pha
bc min Ty xtrylia (Hn
Kch c bo t ca Haplosporidium
ging ca H. nelsoni nhng khc vi
MSX (trn c C. virginica v C. gigas) v
ch pht hin thy trong m lin kt. Cc
giai on hp bo ca c H. costale v
H. nelsoni c m t mc
M.6.3.1.2.
1


2
Gi n Dr. N. Stokes, Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point,
Virginia 23062, USA. (E-mail: stokes@vims.edu).
M.6.4.2.3 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Knh hin vi in t c s dng
khng nh siu cu trc loi ca bo t
- c bit trong cc m xut hin bnh
do 2 tc nhn trn. M c c nh
bng 2-3 % glutaraldehyde trong nc
bin m lc. Cc m ca trai cng
c th c c nh bng 1G4F trong
12-24 gi. Sau khi c nh ln u, ra
m trong dung dch m thch hp v c
nh ln 2 bng 1-2% osmium tetroxide
(OsO4 = axit osmic - c tnh cao) trong
vng 1 gi. Cht c nh OsO4 s c
ra tri bng dung dch m/nc bin
lc (0,22 m) trc khi lm kh v
ph resin.
Cc m c c nh ln th 2 c th
c bo qun trong dung dch m
hoc c ph resin thch hp ct lt
vi phu. Ho tan lt ct tiu bn 1micron
trn lam knh thy tinh bng dung dch
toluidine blue 1% l phng php chn
mu m ti u soi pht hin bo t
hoc hp bo ca Haplosporidium.
M.6.4.2.4 Lai ti ch (Mc III)
Cc mu DNA cho c 2 loi
Haplosporidium c to ra ti Vin
Khoa hc Bin Virginia (VIMS), i hc
William and Mary, Gloucester, Virginia,
M. Tuy cha c bn trn th trng
nhng nhng ngi s dng nhiu kinh
nghim c th to c cc mu d
hoc gi mu n VIMS
2
phn tch lai
ti ch.
M.6.5 C pn t ln
truyn n
Khng c k sinh trng no truyn bnh
c trong iu kin phng th nghim
cng nh qua mt (hoc nhiu) vt ch
trung gian.
M.6.6 C n pp m sot
Cha tm c i vi Haplosporidium
spp. Hu ht n lc u tp trung
pht trin cc con ging c sc
khng bnh. Cc con ging ny c kh
nng sng st cao cc vng c bnh,
nhng chng khng c khuyn co
dng ti cc vng khng c bnh v
chng cng c kh nng l cc vt
mang bnh cn lm sng. Cng c
mt s thnh cng trong vic ngn chn
s nhim bnh ca trai nh v u trng
ng trong tri ging nh lc v chiu
tia cc tm vo ngun nc.
M.6 Bn plosporum
(Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni)
143
M.6.7 T lu tm o n
l
Andrews, J.D. 1967. Interaction of two
diseases of oysters in natural waters. Proc.
Nat. Shellfish. Assoc. 57: 38-49.
Andrews, J.D. 1982. Epizootiology of late
summer and fall infections of oysters by
Haplosporidium nelsoni, and comparison to
the annual life cycle of Haplosporidium
costalis, a typical haplosporidian. J.
Shellfish Res. 2: 15-23.
Andrews, J.D. and M. Castagna. 1978.
Epizootiology of Minchinia costalis in
susceptible oysters in seaside bays of
Virginia's eastern shore, 1959-1976. J.
Inverteb. Pathol. 32: 124-138.
Andrews, J.D., J.L. Wood, and H.D. Hoese.
1962. Oyster mortality studies in Virginia:
III. Epizootiology of a disease caused by
Haplosporidium costale, Wood and
Andrews. J. Insect Pathol. 4(3): 327-343.
Barber, B.J., S.E. Ford, and D.T.J. Littlewood.
1991. A physiological comparison of
resistant and susceptible oysters
Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) exposed to
the endoparasite Haplosporidium nelsoni
(Haskin, Stauber & Mackin). J. Exper. Mar.
Biol. Ecol. 146: 101- 112.
Burreson, E.M. 1997. Molecular evidence for
an exotic pathogen: Pacific origin of
Halposporidium nelsoni (MSX), a pathogen
of Atlantic oysters, p. 62. In: M. Pascoe
(ed.). 10th International Congress of
rotozoology, The University of Sydney,
Australia, Monday 21 July - Friday 25 July
1997, Programme & Ab- stracts. Business
Meetings & Incentives, Sydney. (abstract).
Burreson, E.M., M.E. Robinson, and A.
Villalba. 1988. A comparison of paraffin
histology and hemolymph analysis for the
diagnosis of Haplosporidium nelsoni (MSX)
in Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). J.
Shellfish Res. 7: 19-23.
Burreson, E.M., N.A. Stokes, and C.S.
Friedman. 2000. Increased virulence in an
introduced pathogen: Haplosporidium
nelsoni (MSX) in the eastern oyster
Crassostrea virginica. J. Aquat. Anim.
Health 12(1): 1-8.
Comps, M. and Y. Pichot. 1991. Fine spore
struc- ture of a haplosporidan parasitizing
Crassostrea gigas: taxonomic implications.
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Farley, C.A. 1967. A proposed life-cycle of
Minchinia nelsoni (Haplosporida,
Haplosporidiidae) in the American oyster
Crassostrea virginica. J. Protozool. 22(3):
418-427.
Friedman, C.S., D.F. Cloney, D. Manzer, and
R.P. Hedrick. 1991. Haplosporidiosis of the
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Fong, D., M.-Y. Chan, R. Rodriguez, C.-C.
Chen, Y. Liang, D.T.J. Littlewood, and S.E.
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gene se- quence of the parasitic protozoan
Haplosporidium nelsoni provides a molecu-
lar probe for the oyster MSX disease. Mol.
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Ford, S.E. 1985. Effects of salinity on survival
of the MSX parasite Haplosporidium
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oysters. J. Shellfish Res. 5(2): 85-90.
Ford, S.E. 1992. Avoiding the transmission of
disease in commercial culture of molluscs,
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546.
Ford, S.E. and H.H. Haskin. 1987. Infection
and mortality patterns in strains of oysters
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resistance to the parasite Haplosporidium
nelsoni (MSX). J. Protozool. 73(2): 368-
376.
Ford, S.E. and H.H. Haskin. 1988.
Management strategies for MSX
(Haplosporidium nelsoni) disease in
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Use of particle filtration and UV radiation to
prevent infection by Haplosporidium
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Hine, P.M. and T. Thorne. 2000. A survey of
some parasites and diseases of several
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Western Austra- lia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 40(1):
67-78.
Katkansky, S.C. and R.W. Warner. 1970.
Sporu- lation of a haplosporidian in a
Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in
Humboldt Bay, Cali- fornia. J. Fish. Res.
Bd. Can. 27(7): 1320-1321.
Kern, F.G. 1976. Sporulation of Minchinia sp.
(Haplosporida, Haplosporidiidae) in the Pa-
cific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg)
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23(4): 498-500.
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M.6 Bn plosporum
(Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni)

144
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
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Cochennec, F.C. Berthe, A. Gerard, A.
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from the French Atlantic coast. Dis. Aquat.
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sen- sitive and specific DNA probe for the
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Eukary- otic Microbiol. 42: 350-357.
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M.6 Bn plosporum
(Haplosporidium costale, H. nelsoni)
145
M.7.1 Thn tn un
M.7.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh Marteilioides do 2 loi k sinh trng
thuc ngnh ng vt nguyn sinh
Paramyxea gy ra. Marteilioides
chungmuenis gy bnh trn non bo ca
hu Thi Bnh Dng (Crassostrea gigas)
v Marteilioides branchialis gy bnh trn
mang ca hu Saccostrea glomerata (syn.
Crassostrea commercialis, Saccostrea
commercialis).
M.7.1.2 Vt
Hu Thi Bnh Dng Crassostrea gigas
thng b nhim Marteilioides chungmu-
ensis. Marteilioides branchialis nhim
trn loi hu Sydney Saccostrea
commercialis.
M.7.1.3 Phn l
Marteilioides chungmuensis gy bnh
trn C. gigas Nht v Hn Quc.
Marteilioides branchialis c pht hin
xtrylia (New South Wales).
M.7.2 C n lm sn
Marteilioides chungmuensis nhim vo t
bo cht ca trng chn v phn ln c
quan sinh sn ca con hu ci cng c th
b nhim bnh. Trng b nhim c nh ra
hoc c gi trong nang lm cho thy r
c b mt mng o sng phng
(Hna,b). T l mc bnh chin n
8,3% c bo co t Hn Quc.
Marteilioides branchialis gy ra tn thng
cc b trn phin mang v thng i km
vi s nhim Marteilia sydneyi (M.3).
Marteilioides branchialis thng gy cht
cc hu Sydney nui trong cc khay vo
ma thu.
M.7.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
M.7.3.1 D n
M.7.3.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Marteilioides branchialis gy ra cc m
mt mu (ng knh 1-2mm) v gy
sng ty cc b trn phin mang ca
hu Sydney vo ma thu xtrylia,
chng cn c coi l d chn ca
bnh Marteilioides.
M.7.3.2 Kim n n
M.7.3.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc k thut s dng tng t nh
nu trong chn on khng nh bnh
(M.7.4.2.1). S xut hin cc th vi
c nu mc M.7.4.2.1 di y c
th coi l kim khng nh Marteilioides
spp. trong qu trnh kim tra bnh.
(MS Park and DL Choi)



H nh.M.7.2a,b. a. Bin dng ton b cc
m o ca hu Thi Bnh Dng
(Crassostrea gigas) Hn Quc, do
nhim loi k sinh trng ng vt nguyn
sinh Marteiloides chungmuensis, gy ra vic
lu gi trng nhim bnh trong bung
trng v cc ng dn sinh dc; b. (Hnh
chn) m o bnh thng ca hu Thi
Bnh Dng.
(MS Park)


H nh.M.7.4.2.1. Lt ct m bnh hc qua
bung trng ca hu Thi Bnh Dng
(Crassostrea gigas) vi trng bnh thng
(mi tn trng) v trng b nhim nng k
sinh trng Marteiloides chungmuensis
(mi tn en). Thc o t l 100 m

M.7.4 C pn pp n
on
M.7.4.1 D n
M.7.4.1.1 Cc quan st i th (Mc
I)
Nh nu mc M.7.3.1.1, cc m
mt mu v sng ty (ng knh 1-
2mm) khu tr trn phin mang ca loi
hu Sydney vo ma thu xtrylia
M.7 B MARTEILIOIDES
(MARTEILIOIDES CHUNGMUENSIS,M. RANCHIALIS)

146
c coi l gi nh dng tnh i vi
M. branchialis.
M.7 Bn rtlos
(Marteilioides chungmuensis, M. branchialis)
147
M.7.4.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cho nhng ln chn on u tin, nn
c nh tiu bn m d phng cho knh
hin vi in t (M.7.4.2.3).
M.7.4.2 Kim n n
M.7.4.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc lt ct m hc dng tnh c th coi
l kim khng nh khi chng c thu
thp cc loi hu mn cm vi bnh
v cc vng c tin s xut hin bnh
do Marteilioides spp.
Nn kim tra t nht 2 lt ct lng - bng
qua mi con hu, dng knh hin vi soi
du kim tra bnh. Cc lt ct t cc
con hu >2 nm tui (hoc chiu cao v
>30 mm) nn c c nh ngay trong
cht c nh nhanh nh 1G4F. Dung
dch Davidson hoc m formalin 10%
c th dng cho hu c nh hn hoc
cn nguyn con (xem M.1.3.3.3) nhng
cc cht c nh ny khng l ti u cho
vic chn on khng nh sau , nu
cn, bng knh hin vi in t
(M.6.4.2.3) hoc nh danh loi. Mt s
thuc nhum tiu chun khc (v d
haemotoxylin-eosin) cng c th pht
hin c Marteilioides spp..
Marteilioides chungmuensis khu tr
trong t bo cht ca trng nhim bnh
(Hn. Cc t bo gc (s
cp) c cha cc t bo th cp. n
lt mnh, cc t bo th cp li cha
cc t bo giao t ang pht trin, to
ra mt t bo tam bi n nh ny
mm ni sinh. Mi t bo tam bi to
thnh 1 bo t gm 3 t bo c vch
ngn trong.
Marteilioides branchialis gy ra s pht
trin qu mc ca biu m v thm
nhim bch cu ht v tr b nhim
bnh. Cc t bo s cp n nhn cha
2-6 t bo th cp (c khi ln n 12)
trong t bo cht ca cc t bo biu
m, cc t bo m lin kt, v i khi,
cc t bo mu thm nhim vo v tr b
tn thng.
M.7.4.2.2 Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(cp III)
Knh hin vi in t cn thit khng
nh siu cu trc c tnh c th v loi
ca nhng k sinh trng ny. Cc m
c c nh trong nc bin lc vi
2-3% glutaraldehyde. Cc m cng c
th c c nh bng 1G4F trong
12-24 gi. Sau khi c inh ln u, ra
bng dung dch m thch hp v c
nh ln 2 bng 1-2% osmium tetroxide
(OsO4 = axit osmic - c t cao). Nn
hon thnh c nh ln th 2 trong 1 gi.
Cht c nh OsO4 cn c ra tri
bng m/nc bin qua lc (0,22
m) trc khi loi nc v ph resin.
Cc m c c nh ln 2 cn c
bo qun trong dung dch m thch hp
hoc ph bng resin thch hp lm
lt ct vi phu. Tch cc lt ct 1 micron
ho tan trn lam knh hin vi bng
dung dch 1% toludine blue l phng
php la chn mu m ti u lm
bng chng tt nht cho s c mt gi
nh ca Marteilioides spp. Cc lt ct
siu mng sau c gn ln li
ng nhum bng citrate ch + uranyl
acetate hoc thuc nhum ca knh hin
vi in t tng ng.
Marteilioides branchialis phn bit vi
Marteilioides spp. khc nh trong bo t
c 2 t bo ng tm (khng phi l 3).
Ngoi ra, M. chungmuensis trong C.
gigas ch c 2 n 3 t bo giao t trn
mi t bo gc so vi 2-6 (c khi n 12)
ca M. branchialis. Cc th cha nhiu
ht tng t nh ca Marteilia spp.
cng c cc t bo gc ca M.
branchialis, nhng li khng c M.
chungmuensis.
M.7.5 C u ln truyn n
Cha xc nh c.
M.7.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Cha c.
M.7.7 T lu tm o n
l
Anderson, T.J. and R.J.G. Lester. 1992.
Sporulation of Marteilioides branchialis
n.sp. (Paramyxea) in the Sydney rock
oyster, Saccostrea commercialis: an
electron microscope study. J. Protozool.
39(4): 502-508.
M.7 Bn rtlos
(Marteilioides chungmuensis, M. branchialis)

148
Anderson, T.J., T.F. McCaul, V. Boulo, J.A.F.
Robledo, and R.J.G. Lester. 1994. Light
and electron immunohistochemical assays
on paramyxea parasites. Aquat. Living
Res. 7(1): 47-52.
Elston, R.A. 1993. Infectious diseases of the
Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Ann. Rev.
Fish Dis. 3: 259-276.
Comps, M., M.S. Park, and I. Desportes.
1986. Etude ultrastructurale de Marteilioides
chungmuensis n.g. n.sp., parasite des
ovocytes de l'hutre Crassostrea gigas Th.
Protistol. 22(3): 279-285.
Comps, M., M.S. Park, and I. Desportes.
1986. Etude ultrastructurale de Marteilioides
chungmuensis n.g. n.sp., parasite des
ovocytes de l'hutre Crassostrea gigas Th.
Protistol. 22(3): 279-285.
Hine, P.M. and T. Thorne. 2000. A survey of
some parasites and diseases of several
species of bivalve mollusc in northern
Western Australia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 40(1):
67-8.
M.8 B IRIDOVIRUS
(Bn mng o u o rus
149
M.8.1 Thn tn un
M.8.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh mng o hu do virus (OVVD)
(bnh Iridovirus) do mt loi virut 20 mt
DNA c s tng t v hnh thi hc vi
h Iridoviridae.
M.8.1.2 Vt
u trng Crassostrea gigas (hu Thi
Bnh Dng) l cc vt ch, mc d cc
tc nhn virus tng t thng gn lin
vi bnh mang (Maladie des
Branchies) v nhim vo t bo mu
hu B o Nha (Crassostrea angulata)
v C. gigas.
M.8.1.3 Phn l
S nhim bnh ch c bo co mt
ln t 2 tri ging bang Washington,
nhng thc t bnh c khp cc c
s nui C. gigas c nh, vi biu hin
lm sng ch xut hin nhng ni m
iu kin sinh trng khng c m
bo ti u.
M.8.2 C n lm sn
OVVD gy trc t bo biu m mng
ca u trng c chiu di >150m v c
th gy cht 100% cc tri ging. u
trng khng n, b yu v cht.
M.8.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
M.8.3.1 D n
Ni chung y l s nhim khun c
hi, ch nhng trng hp nhim lm
sng mi c th pht hin c nh m
t mc M.8.4 di y.
M.8.3.1.1 Tiu bn t (Mc I)
Cc tiu bn t ca u trng veliger b
trc b mt biu m c lng c th coi l
nghi ng b nhim OVVD. Khi quan st
i th, cc tc nhn gy bnh c hi
khc (vi khun v virut ging Herpes) c
th gy nh hng, v vy chn on
mc II/III l cn thit.
M.8.3.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Dng cc k thut nu mc
M.8.4.2.1 di y, pht hin cc c
im c m t trong mc ny c th
coi l gi nh dng tnh ca bnh
OVVD. Cn s dng knh hin vi in t
(Mc III) quan st cc th vi
(M.8.4.2.2) chn on khng nh, t
nht l cho nhng ln quan st u tin.
M.8.3.2 Kim n n
M.8.3.2.1 Knh hin vi in t (Mc III)
Xem mc M.8.4.2.2.
M.8.4 C pn pp n
on n
M.8.4.1 D n
M.8.4.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc I)
u trng Crassostrea gigas chm ln,
gim n v gim bi c th coi l nghi
ng nhim OVVD.Cc du hiu quan
st c khng phi l tc nhn gy
bnh in hnh v cn phi kim tra
mc II (M.8.4.2), t nht l cho nhng
ln quan st u tin.
M.8.4.1.2 Tiu bn t (Mc I)
Nh m t mc M.8.3.1.1. Khi chn
on ln u tin, nn c nh mt mu
m d phng quan st knh hin vi
in t (M.8.4.2.2).
M.8.4.1.3 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Xem mc M.8.4.2.1.
M.8.4.1.4 Knh hin vi in t (Mc III)
Xem mc M.8.4.2.2.
M.8.4.2 Kim n n
M.8.4.2.1 M bnh hc (Mc II)
ni u trng tng nhim OVVD,
vic pht hin ra cc th vi v bnh l
trn biu m c lng nh m t di
y, c th coi l khng nh c bnh
ny. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng cc tc
nhn vi khun khc cng c th to ra
m bnh hc tng t v knh hin vi
in t l k thut l tng khng
nh (M.8.4.2.2).
u trng cn c dn tp trung li
bng my li tm hoc lc trc khi ph.
y l cch tt nht khi c nh th cp
bng dung dch Davidson, 1G4F hoc
cht c nh khc. D c th ph
paraffin c nhng ph resin vn c
khuyn co c c lt ct ti u.
Paraffin cho php ct lt di 3m bng
my ct vi phu. M ph resin c th ct
lp dy di 1m, nhng i hi cc
my ct vi phu c bit c cc gi
v nhum c bit.
Cc thuc nhum tiu chun (v d,
haemotoxylin-eosin) s pht hin cc
th vi ni bo trong cc t bo biu m
mng c lng. Cc th vi ban u hnh
cu, sau tr nn khng u do virut tng
sinh. C th pht hin c cc th vi
trong biu m ming v thc qun, hoc
t thy hn trong cc t bo biu m
o.
M.8 Bn IRIDOVIRUS
(Bn mn o u o rus

150
M.8.4.2.2. Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Knh hin vi in t cn s dng
quan st cc virut gy bnh ti ch trong
cc lt ct m mang ca cc u trng
c ly tm, lm c c. C nh trong
2-3% glutaraldehyde khng qu 1 gi
gim cc h hng. Cng c th c nh
cc m bng 1G4F trong 12-24 gi. Sau
khi c nh ln u, ra tri trong m
thch hp v c nh tip bng 1-2%
osmium tetroxide (OsO4 = axit osmic -
c tnh cao). Nn hon thnh vic c
nh ln 2 trong 1 gi. Cht c nh
OsO4 c ra bng m hoc nc
bin lc (0,22 m) trc khi lm kh
v ph resin.
Cc m c nh ln 2 c bo qun
trong dung dch m hoc ph resin
thch hp lm lt ct tiu bn vi phu.
Tch cc lt ct 1 m ho tan trn
lam knh bng dung dch 1% toludine
blue l phng php la chn mu tt
nht ct siu mng. Cc lt ct siu
mng c t ln li ng, nhum
bng citrate ch + uranyl acetate hoc
thuc nhum knh hin vi in t tng
ng.
Cc tiu phn virus 20 cnh (ng
knh 228 +/- 7 nm) vi 1 capsid mng c
2 lp mng l bng chng khng
nh nhim Iridovirus.
M.8.5 C pn t ln
truyn n
Bnh xut hin vo thng 3-5 cc tri
ging. Nghi l c s lan truyn trc tip
gia cc u trng sp cht sang cc u
trng cha nhim bnh.
M.8.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Cha c bin php g ngoi vic gim
mt th ging, tng cng thay nc
v cc phng php v sinh tri ging
ni chung (kh trng b nui v cc
ng ng, vv.).
M.8.7 T lu tm o n
l
Comps, M. and N. Cochennec. 1993. A
Herpes-like virus from the European oyster
Ostrea edulis L. J. Inverteb. Pathol. 62:
201-203.
Elston, R.A. 1979. Virus-like particles
associated with lesions in larval Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea gigas). J. Inverteb.
Pathol. 33: 71-74.
Elston, R.A. 1993. Infectious diseases of the
Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Ann.
Rev. Fish Dis. 3: 259-276.
Elston, R. 1997. Special topic review: bivalve
mollusc viruses. Wor. J. Microbiol. Biotech.
13: 393-403.
Elston, R.A. and M.T. Wilkinson. 1985.
Pathology, management and diagnosis of
oyster velar virus disease (OVVD). Aquac.
48: 189-210.
Farley, C.A. 1976. Epizootic neoplasia in
bivalve molluscs. Prog. Exper. Tumor Res.
20: 283-294.
Farley, C.A., W.G. Banfield, G. Kasnic Jr. and
W.S. Foster. 1972. Oyster Herpes-type
virus. Science 178: 759-760.
Hine, P.M., B. Wesney and B.E. Hay. 1992.
Herpes virus associated with mortalities
among hatchery-reared larval Pacific
oysters Crassostrea gigas. Dis. Aquat. Org.
12: 135-142.
LeDeuff, R.M. 1995. Contribution ltude de
virus de mollusques marins apparentes
aux Iridoviridae et aux Herpesviridae.
Doctoral Thesis. Universit de Bordeaux
234pp.
Le Deuff, R.M., J.L. Nicolas, T. Renault and
N. Cochennec. 1994. Experimental
transmission of a Herpes-like virus to
axenic larvae of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea
gigas. Bull. Eur. Assoc. Fish Pathol.14: 69-
72.
LeDeuff, R.M., T. Renault and A. Grard.
1996. Effects of temperature on herpes-like
virus detection among hatchery-reared
larval Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 24: 149-157.
Meyers, T.R. 1981. Endemic diseases of
cultured shellfish of Long Island, New York:
adult and juvenile American oysters
(Crassostrea virginica) and hard clams
(Mercenaria mercenaria). Aquac. 22: 305-
330.
Nicolas, J.L., M. Comps and N. Cochennec.
1992. Herpes-like virus infecting Pacific
oyster larvae, Crassostrea gigas. Bull. Eur.
Assoc. Fish Pathol. 12: 11-13.
Renault, T., N. Cochennec, R.M. Le Deuff
and B. Chollet. 1994. Herpes-like virus
infecting Japanese oyster (Crassostrea
gigas) spat. Bull. Eur.Assoc. Fish Pathol.
14: 64 -66.
Ph l n m nm tm vn
v n nuyn t
151
Bn Chuyn n t nm

C mm n
nhuyn t

Dr. F. Berth
IFREMER
Laboratoire de Genetique Aquaculture et Pathologie
BP 133, 17390 La Tremblade
FRANCE
Tel: 33(0)5 46.36.98.36
Fax: 33 (0)5 46.36.37.51
E-mail: fberthe@ifremer.fr

Ph l n s uyn u v
v n nuyn t u -Th n n
152
Bn Chuyn
Bn onmoss
Dr. Brian Jones
Senior Fish Pathologist
Fisheries WA
Adjunct Professor, Muresk Institute c/o Animal Health Labs
3 Baron-Hay Court, South Perth WA 6151,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: 61-8-9368-3649 Fax: 61-8-9474-1881
E-mail: bjones@agric.wa.gov.au
Bn
Marteilia/Microcytos
Dr. Robert D. Adlard
Queensland Museum
PO Box 3300, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61 7 38407723 Fax: +61 7 38461226
E-mail: RobertAd@qm.qld.gov.au;
http://www.qmuseum.qld.gov.au
Bn rtl
Dr. Sarah N. Kleeman
Aquatic Animal Biosecurity Animal Biosecurity
GPO Box 858
Canberra ACT 2601,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: +61 2 6272 3024 Fax: +61 2 6272 3399
E-mail: sarah.kleeman@affa.gov.au
C n
nhuyn t
Professor R.J.G. Lester
Department of Microbiology and Parasitology The University of
Queensland, Brisbane
AUSTRALIA 4072.
Tel: +61-7-3365-3305, Fax: +61-7-3365-4620
E-mail: R.Lester@mailbox.uq.edu.au
http://www.biosci.uq.edu.au/micro/academic/lesterlester.htm

Dr. Dong Lim Choi
Pathology Division
#408-1, Shirang-ri, Kijang-up, Kijang-gun, Busan 619-902,
KOREA RO
Tel: +82-51-720-2493 Fax: +82-51-720-2498
E-mail: dlchoi@haema.nfrda.re.kr

Dr. Mi-Seon Park
Pathology Division
#408-1, Shirang-ri, Kijang-up
Kijang-gun, Busan 619-902,
KOREA RO 619-902
Tel: +82-51-720-2493 Fax: +82-51-720-2498
E-mail: parkms@nfrdi.re.kr


1
Cc chuyn gia c tn trong danh sch ny c hi kin trc v ng cung cp thng tin
c gi tr v t vn v sc khe ng vt c lin quan vi lnh vc chuyn su ca h.

Ph lc M.AII. Danh sch cc chuyn gia khu vc
v bnh nhuyn th chu -Thi Bnh Dng
153
Bn Chuyn
Dr. Jie Huang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute
Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, Shandong 26607,
PEOPLE o
Tel: 86 (532) 582 3062 Fax: 86 (532) 581 1514
E-mail: aqudis@public.qd.sd.cn
Mr. Arthur de Vera
Fish Health Section
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Arcadia Building, 860
Quezon Avenue Quezon City, Metro Manila,
PHILIPPINES
Fax: (632) 3725055 Tel: (632) 4109988 to 89
E-mail: azdv@edsamail.com.ph
Dr. Paul Michael Hine
Aquatic Animal Diseases
National Centre for Disease Investigation
MAF Operations, P.O. Box 40-742, Upper Hutt,
NEW ZEALAND
Tel: +64-4-526-5600 Fax: +64-4-526-5601
E-mail: hinem@maf.govt.nz
Danh s uyn no u v u -Th n n
2

C n
nhuyn t
Dr. Susan Bower
DFO Pacific Biological Station
3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6,
CANADA
Tel: 250-756-7077 Fax: 250-756-7053
E-mail: bowers@dfo-mpo.gc.ca
Dr. Sharon E. McGladdery
Oceans and Aquaculture Science
200 Kent Street (8W160) Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6,
CANADA
Tel: 613-991-6855 Fax: 613-954-0807
E-mail: mcgladderys@dfo-mpo.gc.ca






2
Cc chuyn gia ngoi khu vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng ny h tr chng trnh khu vc v bnh
ca ng vt thy sn v ng tip tc cung cp thng tin c gi tr v t vn v cc bnh ca nhuyn
th.
Ph l n s tyn
dn n on u n v n nuyn t
154
- Bn n vt ty sn xtryl - Hn n n lo t c
Alistair Herfort v Grant Rawlin
Lin h: AFFA Shopfront - Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia
GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601
Tel: (02) 6272 5550 or free call: 1800 020 157 Fax: (02) 6272 5771
E-mail: shopfront@affa.gov.au

- Tm tt v n nm trn v sn trn uyn t t
thn m Bower, SE McGladdery v r
Lin h: Dr. Susan Bower
DFO Pacific Biological Station
3190 Hammond Bay Road Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5K6,
CANADA
Tel: 250-756-7077 Fax: 250-756-7053
E-mail: bowers@dfo-mpo.gc.ca

- Bn nuyn t lu n n o n nu
R.A. Elston. Chn trn tr bin Washington, Trn n
hp Washington, Seattle. 73 tr.

- S ty v sn trn v n nuyn t y n
Canada.1993 c SE McGladdery, RE Drinnan v tpnson
Lin h: Dr. Sharon McGladdery
Oceans and Aquaculture Science
200 Kent Street (8W160) Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0E6
Tel: 613-991-6855 Fax: 613-954-0807
E-mail: mcgladderys@dfo-mpo.gc.ca


155


Hn pu tron v no tm
156

t bng
Rut sau
Tim
Hu mn
Chn bi
Chn b
Ru
Thc qun
Cung mt
D dy
Khi gan
ty
PH 4 - B
157

Hn m t n tron v n no on tm 152


C.1 K 155
C.1.1 C qun st chung 155
C.1.1.1 Tp tnh 155
C.1.1.1.1 Tng qut 155
C.1.1.1.2 T l t vong 155
C.1.1.1.3 Hot tnh n 156
C.1.1.2 Cc quan st b mt 156
C.1.1.2.1 Hin tng sinh vt bm v n mn 156
C.1.1.2.2 Mm v, m v tn thng v 156
C.1.1.2.3 Mu sc 156
C.1.1.2.4 Cc quan st v mi trng 158
C.1.1.3 Cc b mt m mm 158
C.1.2 Cc ch tu mi trn 158
C.1.3 C quy trn un 158
C.1.3.1 Chun b trc khi thu mu 158
C.1.3.2 Thng tin chung 160
C.1.3.3 Ly mu kim tra sc khe 160
C.1.3.4 Ly mu chn on bnh 160
C.1.3.5 Ly mu sng vn chuyn 160
C.1.3.6 Bo qun cc mu m 162
C.1.3.7 Vn chuyn cc mu c bo qun 163
C.1.4 Ghi chp - Lu gi 163
C.1.4.1 Cc quan st chung 163
C.1.4.2 Cc quan st mi trng 163
C.1.4.3 Ghi chp v nui th 164
C.1.5 Ti liu tm o 164

C
C.2 Bn u vn 165
C.3 Bn o t v v qun to mu o nm
trn 171
C.4 Bn m trn 176
C.4a. H n m trn o v un 181
C.5. Bn vrus o t tuyn rut 184
C.6. Virus gy t n mn 187
C.7. H n y t von tm m 190
C.8. H n ur 192
C.9 Bn o vrus a din nn 199
B C
C.10 Bn o t n ty 205
B
C.11 Bn nm tm n 209
PH - B
Phn 4 - Bn p x
158
PH
C.A I C pn t nm tm vn v n
gip x 214
C.AII. Danh s uyn u v v n p x
chu - Th n n 214
C.A III Danh s s tyn n u n n
on n p x u -Th n n 217
Danh s iu p vn qu s 219
C tn vn nm n t u v v tn
vin n ch v tr tut 223
Danh m n mn o 228









































C.1 K
159
Cc khuyn co chung v bnh gip
xc v thng tin c gi tr khc c
cc phng th nghim tham vn ca
OIE, cc chuyn gia ngun ca khu
vc chu -Thi Bnh Dng, FAO v
NACA. Danh sch c nh km
trong cc ph lc F.AI v AII, v
nhng thng tin lin h mi nht c
th truy cp t vn phng NACA t
ti Bangkok (Email:naca@enaca.org).
Nhng hng dn hu ch khc cho
qui trnh chn on bnh l do cc ti
liu tham kho c gi tr v dch bnh
ca gip xc cung cp c lit k
trong ph lc F.AIII.
C.1.1 C qun st chung
C th d dng tin hnh nhng quan
st chung v cc du hiu bnh l trn
tm ngay ti tri nui hoc b ao vi t
hoc khng cn n dng c. Tuy nhin
trong phn ln cc trng hp, nhng
quan st ny l khng chn on
xc nh bnh, thng tin ny l cn thit
bin son s b thnh mt m t
bnh (cn gi l bnh n). Cc quan
st chung cng chnh xc v chi tit s
gip ch cho vic lp ra k hoch hnh
ng nhm lm gim thit hi hoc s
ly lan bnh mt cch hiu qu, th d,
ngn chn hoc cch ly ngun tm b
nhim bnh, iu tr hoc thay i cc
thc hnh qun l (ch n, mt
th, bn phn cho ao, vv...). Tt c cc
vic ny cn c tin hnh trc trong
khi ch cc kt qu chn on thuyt
phc hn.
C.1.1.1 Tp tn
C.1.1.1.1 Tng qut
Tp tnh bt thng ca tm thng
c xem l du hiu u tin khi tm b
sc hoc b bnh. Cc nh nui trng v
cng nhn trong tri, thng qua vic tip
xc hng ngy vi tm nn rt d cm
nhn c khi c iu g khng bnh
thng. iu ny c th l nhng thay
i nh trong tp tnh n, hot ng bi
hoc tm tp trung thnh cm bt
thng. Thm ch ch hi ca tm cng
cung cp bng chng cho nhng thay
i tim n nh khi cc loi chim n c
hoc n tm tp trung quanh cc ao
ang b nhim bnh.
Vic lu tr h s (xem C.1.4) s cung
cp dn chng b sung rt c gi tr
cng c thm cho cc quan st v
gip xc nh sm thi im bnh bt
u bc pht. iu ny rt quan trng
i vi ch tri v cc cng nhn lm
trong trang tri, cng nh cc nhn vin
lm thc a, bit tp tnh bnh
thng ca tm nui. Khi mt vi loi
v mi trng nui th hin hay cho
thy nhng sai khc rt nh trong tp
tnh, chng nn c ghi nhn li, nht
l khi thay i hoc gia tng thnh phn
loi, hoc khi s dng thng tin t mt
mi trng nui khc. Khi c bt k thay
i no t tp tnh bnh thng tc ng
ln nhiu nhm nh cc c th tm ngu
nhin, iu ny nn c xem l nguyn
nhn cn c quan tm v tin hnh
iu tra.
Mt s biu hin cn quan st trong n
tm nui gm:
- hot ng bt thng trong ngy -
v tm c khuynh hng hot ng
nhiu v m hn v t tng
nc su hn vo ban ngy.
- bi hoc gn mt ao hay b ao
thng trng thi l (tm bi
gn mt nc s thu ht cc loi
chim n mi sng).
- tng tiu th thc n v ngay sau
bing n.
- gim hoc ngng n.
- t l chuyn i thc n, t l chiu
di/trng lng khng bnh thng.
- sc khe suy gim - trng thi l
(ghi ch: trng thi l cng l
c tnh gip xc khi nhit
nc hay hm lng oxy ho tan
thp, v vy nhng kh nng ny
phi c loi tr l nhng nguyn
nhn tim n trc khi tin hnh
iu tra bnh).
C.1.1.1.2 T l t vong
T l t vong khi t n ngng quan
tm ca nh sn xut cn c kim tra
di bt c hnh thc thit hi no nh:
- t l cht tng i ging nhau
trong sut v nui cn c kim
tra ngay lp tc v xc nh cc yu
t mi trng (tt nht l so snh
vi h s trc khi tnh trng cht
xy ra - xem C.1.4).
- cht ngu nhin, hoc cht lc c
cho thy c vn trong phm vi h
thng nui hoc n tm nui. Nu
tn ti nhng tnh hung sau: - a)
khng c h s ca nhng t vong
lin quan n ngun tm nui, b) tt
c tm nui bt ngun t cng mt
ngun, v c) khng c bt k thay
i no tc ng n h thng nui
trc khi tm cht, cc mu tm
nhim bnh v cha nhim bnh
nn c chuyn n phng kim
nghim xt nghim (Mc II hoc
III), km theo l nhng quan st
chung v h s tin s ngun tm
(xem C.1.4).
- hin tng cht trn lan phi tm ra
nguyn nhn ly nhim v nn tin
hnh ly mu ngay. Tm b nhim
bnh nn c cch ly cng xa cng
tt vi tm lnh bnh n khi tm ra
nguyn nhn lm cho tm cht.
C.1 K tut un
160
C.1.1.1.3 Hot tnh n
Hin tng b n v khng c thc n
trong rut l du hiu ch th r ca bnh l
cn tim n. Vic kim tra thc n trong
rut tm c thc hin hng ngy bng
cch bt tm trong sn n hoc bt n (nu
dng), hoc thnh thong bng cch thu
mu theo di sinh trng. Tt nht, c
sau 1-2 tun nn kim tra hot tnh n ca
tm 1 ln, k c cho cc h thng nui
qung canh. Hot tnh n ca tm d kim
tra bng cch t thc n vo mt sn
hoc bt (Hnh C.1.1.1.3a) v quan st tm
phn ng nhanh nh th no, tt nht l
sau khi khng cho tm n vi gi. Mt iu
rt quan trng l thc n dng thu ht
tm m c thnh phn ngho dng cht,
c v bo qun khng tt s khng thu ht
c tm. Thc n trong rut c kim
tra bng cch soi tm ngc sng quan
st ng rut trong cc t ui (Hn
C.1.1.1.3b). Nu on ny rng, nht l
va sau khi cho n, chng t: i> thc n
khng , hoc, ii> tm bt u ngng n
(chng bing n).
Nu c th, nn duy tr vic ghi chp thc
n (xem C.1.4) xc nh cc mc tiu
th thc n thng thng (ngha l hot
tnh n ca tm khe), dng so snh vi
hot tnh n nghi ng. Trong nhiu trng
hp bing n ko di, cc mc tiu th
thc n hng ngy s duy tr mc n nh
hoc dao ng sau khong vi tun. C th
nhn bit c iu ny bng cch lp mt
biu tiu th thc n hng ngy hoc
bng cch so snh mc tiu th thc n
hng ngy trong s theo di sau mt thi
gian di (3 - 4 tun).
C.1.1.2 C qun st b mt
C.1.1.2.1 Hin tng sinh vt bm v
n mn
Hin tng sinh vt bm trn v (lp
cuticun) v mang ca tm l mt qu trnh
lun pht trin v thng b kim sot bi
hot ng t lm v sinh ca tm. S xut
hin ca nhiu sinh vt bm trn b mt
(nh k sinh trng- gy hi cho vt ch;
hay sinh vt hi sinh- khng gy bt li
cho vt ch) cho thy cc iu kin nui
cha t yu cu hoc ang c vn v
bnh. S mt dn lp v ngoi (hin tng
n mn) ca lp cuticun hoc cc phn ph
(chn, ui, ru, chy) (Hn
hoc mt hn cc phn ph, c hoc khng
b ha en (chng melanin ha) cng l
nhng du hiu r rng ca tnh trng
bnh. Hin tng t ru l mt du hiu
cnh bo sm. tm he khe, ru c th
mc di qu 1/3 chiu di c th (khi cong
ra sau dc theo chiu c th). Hn na,
chng n mn hoc phng ui (chn ui
v gai ui) b hoc khng b ha en, cng
l mt du hiu ban u ca bnh (Hn
C.1.1.2.1b).
C.1.1.2.2 Mm v, m v tn thng
v
Hin tng mm v (Hn v
C.1.1.2.2b), khc vi qu trnh lt xc, cng
xc nhn s xut hin ca bnh. Lm tn
thng hoc cc vt thng lp v to
c hi cho cc bnh nhim trng c hi
(ch yu l vi khun v nm) xm nhp cc
m mm v tng sinh, gy nh hng
nghim trng n sc khe tm.
Mt s bnh, nh bnh m trng, tc ng
trc tip ln b mt v, tuy nhin, ch mt
s thay i l c trng cho mt bnh ring
bit. Th d, trong trng hp trn v c
cc m trng, nghin cu gn y (Wang
v cs., 2000) cho thy c mt vi khun cng
c th to ra nhng du hiu tng t vi
cc du hiu c bnh m trng (xem
C.4) v hi chng m trng do vi khun
(xem C.4a).
C.1.1.2.3 Mu sc
Mu sc ca tm l mt ch th khc phn
nh r tnh trng sc khe ca tm.Nhiu
gip xc c mu khi b nhim bi nhiu
vi sinh vt, hoc khi b nhim c (Hn
C.1.1.2.3a), nht l khi khi gan ty b
nhim bnh. Hin tng ny l do gii
phng sc t vng- cam (carotenoid)
thng c cha trong khi gan ty. Mu
ny khng c trng cho bt k trng
hp c bit no (hoc cc nhm b nhim
bnh), v vy vic chn on tip l cn
thit.
S chuyn thnh mu vng ca phn u
ngc c lin quan n bnh u vng (xem
C.2), v ni chung hin tng ha c
lin quan n cc bnh do virus lin quan
n mang (xem C.6), bnh m trng hoc
do vi khun, nh trnh by trn, hoc
bnh nhim trng mu do vi khun (xem
C.10). Trong mt s trng hp, s bin
mu ch xy ra trn cc phn cui nh ui
bi hoc cc phn ph (Hn
nn cn kim tra cc phn ny k hn.
Cng cn lu c mt s tm b m, c
bit l tm sng vng nc su, cng
c mu (do ngun thc n giu
carotenoid). iu ny khng phn nh tnh
trng sc khe, v thng c xc nh
thng qua s tng ng vi nhng con
ang trng thnh. Trong mt s iu kin,
mt vi ging tm c th chuyn mu sang
xanh da tri. Hin tng ny do hm lng
thp ca sc t carotenoid c trong khi
gan ty (v trong cc m khc) do iu kin
mi trng hoc do c t gy ra. Nhng
khc bit v mu sc thng thng (t
mu sng n mu sm) mt loi tm l
do nhng sai khc ca mi trng sng.
Th d, tm Penaeus monodon sinh trng
mn thp, thng c mu nht hn
loi P.monodon sinh trng trong mi
trng bin hoc nc l. Nhng sai khc
C.1 K
161
ny khng h c lin quan n sc khe
tm nui ni chung.
C.1 K tut un
162
(P Chanratchakool)










Hnh.C.1.1.1.3a. Quan st tp tnh ca
tm PL trong mt ci bt

(P Chanratchakool)







Hnh.C.1.1.1.3b. Tm c mu sng v
trong rut c y thc n bt ao c thc
vt ph du pht trin tt.

(P Chanratchakool)










Hnh.C.1.1.2.1a. Cc phn ph b tn
thng chuyn sang mu en

(P Chanratchakool)








(P Chanratchakool/MG Bondad-Reantaso)

















Hnh.C.1.1.2.2a,b. Tm c v mm lu di.


(P Chanratchakool)








Hnh.C.1.1.2.3a. S chuyn mu xanh da
tri v khng bnh thng.
(P Chanratchakool)









Hnh.C.1.1.2.3b. S chuyn mu
phn ph sng phng


Hnh.C.1.1.2.1b. ui tm b sng do
nhim vi khun

C.1 K tut un
163
C.1.1.2.4 Cc quan st v mi trng
Tm c mang mu nu hoc mm v
(hay mu i din) nn c chuyn
sang mt b knh c sc kh v nc
bin sch, c cng mn nh ao m
tm sng. Chng s c theo di 1-
2 gi mt ln trong vng 1 ngy. Nu
tm hot ng bnh thng tr li sau
vi gi, phi kim tra cc thng s mi
trng ca ao nui.
C.1.1.3 C mt m mm

S thay i d nhn thy cc m mm
l hin tng ng d vng mang
(Hn i khi c hin tng
chuyn mu nu km theo (Hn
C.1.1.3b) (Xem C.1.1.2.4). Tnh trng
ny c th do bnh l v phi hnh ng
nhanh v n lm gim kh nng hp thu
oxy v kh nng sng ca tm.
Khi tch b lp v vng u tm s cho
php kim tra s b cc c quan vng
ny, c bit l khi gan ty (Hn
C.1.1.3c). Khi so snh vi tm khe
mnh, trong vi trng hp, khi gan
ty c khuynh hng bin mu (c
ngha l hi vng, ti, ), sng hoc
teo. Nu tch kho khi gan ty khi lp
v, s d nhn thy phn rut gia hn
v cho php kim tra trc tip mu sc
rut (mu sm- c thc n; mu
sng/trng/vng- dng nhy, rng hoc
khng c thc n - xem C.1.1.1.3).
Thng tin ny rt hu ch xc nh
tnh trng sc khe ca tm v khi cc
tc nhn gy bnh nhim trng xut
hin.
C.1.2 Cc ch tu mi trn
(M
iu kin mi trng c tc ng ng
k n sc khe tm mt cch trc tip
(s phn b ngng chu ng sinh l)
v gin tip (tng tnh mn cm vi s
nhim bnh hoc cc biu hin ca
chng). Chng bao gm nhng thay i
hm lng oxy ha tan, pH thc y
cc biu hin ca bnh u vng (xem
C.2) v bnh m trng (xem C.4) tim
n t lu hay do nh hng ca mn
s biu hin ra bnh hoi t khi gan
ty (xem C.10). iu ny c bit quan
trng i vi nhng loi sinh trng
trong iu kin t ging vi iu kin t
nhin. Nhit nc, mn, c,
cht l lng v s n hoa ca to (Hn
C.1.2a,b,c v d) u l nhng yu t
quan trng. S thay i t ngt ca mi
trng c tm quan trng c bit
bt pht ra nhng bnh ang tim n
hn l nhng thay i t t. Do , cc
nh qun l v cng nhn tri nui, cn
c gng duy tr iu kin ao nui
phm vi thch hp cho loi v cng n
nh phm vi ny cng tt. Mt nui
cao l ph bin trong nui trng thy
sn nhng s khin cho c th nui b
sc thm ch nhng bin ng d nh
ca mi trng cng c th gy ra
bnh. Ngoi ra, nhiu thay i nh t
thn khng c nh hng n sc khe
tm. Nhng khi nhng thay i nh ny
xy ra ng thi s to nhng kt qu
nguy him khng lng c.
C.1.3 C quy trn un
C.1.3.1 Chun tr tu mu
(M
Phng kim nghim chn on bnh ni
s nhn mu cn c thng bo
xc nh phng thc chuyn mu ti
u (p , bo qun bng cch c
nh, cc mu ton thn hoc mu m).
Phng kim nghim cng xc nh yu
cu liu ch thu nhng c th b nhim
bnh, hay c nhng c th trng vn
khe so snh. Nh trnh by trong
phn C.1.3.3 v C.1.3.4, vic iu tra
bnh v chn on bnh thng c cc
i hi kch c mu khc nhau.
Phng kim nghim cng nn c
thng bo chnh xc mu c chuyn
n l g (s lng, kch c - hoc m),
ngy n nh thu v vn chuyn mu
cng sm cng tt. iu tra s b
sc khe ca vt nui, kch c mu
thng gp nhiu ln theo phng kim
nghim yu cu. Vic iu tra bnh cng
phi c ln k hoch trc, da trn
thi im d bo ngy vn chuyn post-
larvae (PL) hoc tm b m, iu ny,
ng ngha vi vic cc ch tu c
nhiu thi gian thng bo trc cho
phng kim nghim. Trong trng hp
c dch bnh bng pht v s t vong
ng k, s khng c thi gian bo
trc cho phng kim nghim. Tuy
nhin, phng kim nghim vn nn
c lin lc trc khi chuyn hng hay
chuyn tn tay i vi bt c mu bnh
(v nhng l do c nu trong phn
C.1.3.4). Mt s mu cn c bao gi
an ton hoc vic thu mu phi do
nhng ngi c ch nh, nu c cc
yu cu xc nhn ca quc gia hoc
quc t hoc nguy c ly lan bnh do
vn chuyn mu n mt vng cha b
nhim bnh.
C.1 K tut un
164
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Hnh C.1.1.3a. Mang ca tm b thi bn
nghim trng

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Hnh.C.1.1.3b. Mang tm chuyn sang
mu nu.

(P Chanratchakool)









Hnh.C.1.1.3c. Tm bn tri c khi gan
ty nh

(V Alday de Graindorge and TW Flegel)











(P Chanratchakool)


























Hnh.C.1.2a, b, c. Cc v d v cc dng
n hoa khc nhau ca sinh vt ph du (a-
hoa nc mu vng/xanh l cy; b- hoa
nc mu nu; c- hoa nc mu lam.

(P Chanratchakool)








Hnh.C.1.2d. Thc vt ph du cht.





Hnh. C.1.3.6. Cc im tim c nh
mu.

C.1 K tut un
165
Nhng tho lun trc khi thu mu vi
phng th nghim chn on bnh s
gip thc y nhanh qu trnh phn tch
v chn on bnh ca mu (nhiu ngy
n nhiu tun) do n cho php chun
b sn sng cc dng c thit b chn
on cn thit trc khi mu n v m
bo nhng mu khn cp cng c ln
lch chn on nhanh.
C.1.3.2 Thn tn un
Tt c cc mu em chn on nn
c nh km cng nhiu thng tin
cng tt, bao gm:
- quan st s b v h s v cc thng
s mi trng (trnh by trong phn
C.1.1 v C.1.2)
- phng on t l mc bnh v kiu t
vong (cp tnh hay mn tnh, cht lc
c hay cht dn tch)
- h s theo di v xut x ca ngun
tm b nhim.
- nu ngun tm khng phi l ging
a phng, th ngun gc v ngy
nhp cng phi c gi km.
- cc chi tit v thc n, mc tiu th
v bt k ho cht iu tr s dng
Cc thng tin ny s cung cp cc chi
tit c bn rt c gi tr gip tp trung
ch n tnh trng gy xc, nhng
thay i trong mi trng hoc cc tc
nhn gy bnh l nguyn nhn chnh
ca bt k bnh no.
C.1.3.3 Ly mu m tr s
Nhng yu t quan trng nht c lin quan
n vic thu mu kim tra bao gm:
- s lng mu phi m bo xc
nh bnh (xem C.1.3.1 v bng
C.1.3.3). Kim tra s lng mu theo
yu cu ca phng kim nghim
trc khi tin hnh thu mu v m
bo mi loi vn trong tnh trng
nguyn vn. S lng mu c
dng cho mc ch kim tra bnh
thng nhiu hn so vi s lng
mu dng chn on bnh.
- cn thu mu cc loi b nghi ng nhim
bnh.
- mu bao gm cc nhm tui hoc
nhm kch c i din nhng triu
chng cn xc nh. Nhng thng tin
ny c nu trong phn bnh c th;
v
- thu mu trong sut ma khi bnh c
th xy ra. Nhng thng tin ny cng
c nu trong phn bnh c th.
Nh trnh by trong phn C.1.3.1,
thu thp mu c cn hay khng cn n
ngi c ch nh, hoc vic ng gi
bo m c cn thit khng, hoc liu
mu c c thu p ng theo cc yu
cu xc nhn ca quc gia v quc t
khng.
C.1.3.4 Ly mu n on bn
Tt c mu dng chn on bnh
cn phi c cng nhiu thng tin h tr
cng tt, nh m t trong phn
C.1.3.2, c bit ch n:
- t l v mc cht khi so snh vi
mc bnh thng ng vi thi im
trong nm;
- cc kiu cht (ngu nhin/ri rc, cc
b, ly lan, lan rng)
- tin s v ngun gc ca qun th b
nhim bnh.
- cc chi tit v thc n dng, mc
tiu th thc n v bt k x l ha
cht no.
Ging nh phn C.1.3.2, nhng thng
tin trn s gip lm r c tc nhn gy
bnh hay khng v gip tp trung vo
nhng qu trnh iu tra cn thit chn
on bnh chnh xc. Ngun thng tin ny
cng rt quan trng cho cc phng kim
nghim nm ngoi vng hoc phm vi
ni bnh ang b nghi ng pht tn. Trong
nhng trng hp nh th, phng kim
nghim phi chun b ngn chn
nghim ngt v b tr thanh trng tt c
cc thit b chuyn ch mu vt v cc
ph phm, nhm trnh lan truyn bnh t
phng kim nghim.
Nu c th, trc khi tin hnh thu mu
nn kim tra s lng mu vt cn thu
theo yu cu ca phng kim nghim
dng chn on bnh. Cng phi hi li
phng kim nghim xem ch cn cc mu
vt mang du hiu bnh l, hay c nhng
mu vt gm c nhng c th kho mnh
v nhng mu bnh phm trong cng mt
ao nui. Yu cu sau thng c s
dng khi bng pht bnh hoc ln u tin
pht hin chng bnh l. Nhng mu
mang tnh so snh s gip xc nh chnh
xc nhng khc thng trong cc mu vt
b nhim bnh.
C.1.3.5 Ly mu sn vn uyn
(M I)
Mt khi yu cu v kch c mu c
xc nh mi tin hnh thu mu tm t
vng nui. Nn thc hin cng gn ni
s chuyn i cng tt gim kh nng
mu b cht trong qu trnh vn chuyn
(c bit quan trng vi cc mu sp
cht hoc b bnh). Nu c th, cn m
bo cho mi mu vt c nguyn vn.

C.1 K tut un
166
T l m n (%)
K qun n 0.5 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 10.0
50 46 46 46 37 37 29 20
100 93 93 76 61 50 43 23
250 192 156 110 75 62 49 25
500 314 223 127 88 67 54 26
1000 448 256 136 92 69 55 27
2500 512 279 142 95 71 56 27
5000 562 288 145 95 71 57 27
100000 579 292 146 96 72 29 27
1000000 594 296 147 97 72 57 27
10000000 596 297 147 97 72 57 27
>10000000 600 300 150 100 75 60 30
Bng C.1.3.3
1.
S mu cn pht hin ra t nht c mt c th b nhim bnh trong mt
kch c qun n v t l mc bnh nu. Cc gi nhh 2% v 5% mc bnh thng
c dng kim tra cc tc nhn gy bnh t bn ngoi, vi tin cy 95%.
Nh trnh by trong phn C.1.3.1, cn
thng bo cho phng kim nghim thi
gian d kin mu vt s n h
chun b vt liu cn cho xt nghim.
Nh th rt ngn c thi gian di
chuyn mu vt t ao nui n vic
chun b cho xt nghim.
Nn ng gi tm trong nc bin trong
2 lp ti ni-lng vi khong khng trong
ti c np oxy. Cc ti cn c
buc cht bng dy cao su hoc bng
dy thun v c ng gi trong thng
xp. C th b km mt t lnh vo
thng gi cho nc mt, nht l khi
vn chuyn thi gian di. Thng mu
sau c dn bng keo m bo v
c th c b vo thng cac- tng. Hi
li phng kim nghim chn on bnh
v yu cu ng gi. Mt s phng kim
nghim c nhng yu cu ng gi
ring cho cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Cc
mu chuyn i vi mc ch xin chng
nhn c th cn c thm mt s yu cu
b sung v vn chuyn v thu mu.
(xem C.1.3.3).
Nhn ca thng hng phi ghi r:
MU VT SNG, GI
o
C..
CHO N
o
C, KHNG C
NG LNH
(Ghi ngng chu ng v nhit ca
tm s c vn chuyn)
Nu vn chuyn bng ng hng
khng cng cn ghi r:
GI TI SN BAY V GI IN
THOI TIP NHN
- xc nh r tn v s n thoi ca
ngi c trch nhim tip nhn l
hng ti sn bay hoc tip nhn ti
phng kim nghim.
- nu c, nn chuyn hng n
vo u tun trnh n vo ngy
cui tun, d dn n h hng do
bo qun mu khng ng qui
cch.
- thng bo cho ngi tip nhn
cng sm cng tt khi hng
c chuyn, v nu c th th
cung cp tn hng vn chuyn, s
chuyn bay, s vn n v d kin
thi gian n.
(Ghi ch: mt s hng hng khng nghim cm
vn chuyn mu ti trong nc bin hoc mu
c nh. Tt nht l nn kim tra hng hng
khng a phng liu h c bt k yu cu c
bit no khng).

C.1 K tut un
167
1
Ossiander, F,J v G. Wedermeyer. 1973. Tp ch ca U ban Nghin cu Ngh c Canada
30: 1383- 1384
C.1.3.6 Bo qun mu m (M

Trong mt s trng hp, nh v tr ly
mu cch xa phng kim nghim chn
on bnh hoc ni c iu kin vn
chuyn lc hu, s rt kh c c mu
vt tm cn sng. Vic ng lnh
thng khng p ng cho hu ht
cc k thut chn on (m hc, vi
khun hc, nm hc, v.v), do cn
c nh cc mu vt ti ch (bo qun
bng ha cht trnh m b v v
phn hy). iu ny lm cho cc bc
kim tra k tip v m hc, lai ging ti
ch, PCR hay knh hin vi in t ca
mu c thun li, nhng s gii hn
vic nghin cu vi khun, nm, virus
hoc cc k thut khc i hi h vi sinh
cn sng. Do trc khi thu mu cn
tho lun vi phng kim nghim v cc
yu cu chn on.
Dung dch c nh thng dng cho tm
he tt nht l dung dch Davidson.
- 330 ml 95% ethanol
- 220 ml 100% formalin (37%
formaldehyde trong dung dch
nc)
- 115 ml acid acetic bng
- 335 ml nc ct
- ho tan v bo qun nhit
phng.
(Tuy nhin cng cn lu rng d
lng formalin s cn tr qu trnh kim
bng phng php PCR. Do mu
dng cho phn tch PCR nn c c
nh bng dung dch 70% ethanol).
D trong bt k phng php c nh
no, cn ghi nh rng c quan tiu ha
ch yu ca tm (khi gan ty) l rt
quan trng trong chn on bnh,
nhng li b t tiu hy nhanh ngay sau
khi tm cht (s tiu hy m do cht
dch tiu tit ra t cc t bo gan ty
cht). iu ny c ngha l cu trc ca
khi gan ty trc khi cht phn hy rt
nhanh (chuyn sang dng nho). Chm
tr ch trong vi giy khi c nh c quan
ny c th lm cho ton b mu vt tr
nn v dng cho vic chn on, do ,
mu vt phi c ngm hoc tim
dung dch c nh ngay khi vn cn
sng. i vi tm cht, thm ch khi
c bo qun trong (hoc ng
lnh) th cng khng dng c nh
mu tip tc. cc vng nhit i, cch
tt nht l c nh lnh ngha l bo
qun trong ngn ng lnh hoc gi
trong v s trnh c hin tng t
tiu hy v s sinh si vi sinh vt th
cp ging nh cc m c c nh.
Nn ngm trc tip u trng (Larvae) v
hu u trng (PL) giai an sm trong
dung dch c nh vi t l ti thiu l 10
th tch dung dch c nh so vi 1 th
tch m tm. T l 10:1 ny rt quan
trng bo qun mu c hiu qu.
Vic c gng gim chi ph bng cch
gim t th tch cht c nh thp hn t
l trn c th lm cho vic bo qun m
khng t yu cu cho qu trnh phn
tch.
i vi PL c chiu di ln hn 20mm,
nn dng kim nhn to mt ng rch
nng nh nng nh lp v cutin
ng gia lng, ti khp ni cutin gia
gip u ngc v t bng u tin.
Thao tc ny cho php cht c nh
thm nhanh vo khi gan ty.
i vi cc PL ln hn, tm u nin v
tm trng thnh nn tim dung dch c
nh trc tip vo tm, theo cc bc sau:
- t tm ngay ngn trong nc
trn tnh chng.
- dng gng tay cao su gii phu v
knh bo v mt, tim nhanh dung
dch c nh (khong 10% trng
lng c th ca tm) vo cc v tr
sau y (Hnh C.1.3.6):
- khi gan ty
- vng trc khi gan ty
- vng bng trc, v
- vng bng sau
Cn thn khi gi tm sao cho gc tim
trnh xa c th ngi tim, v dung dch
c nh i khi tut ra khi v tr tim do
kim b lch v c th gy tn thng cho
mt. Tt nht l tay cm kim tim p
vo cng tay ca tay gi mu tm,
trnh tim vo tay gi mu. Nn tim
dung dch c nh vo khi gan ty nhiu
hn vng bng. i vi tm kch
thc ln hn, tt hn nn tim vo
nhiu im ca khi gan ty. Tt c biu
hiu ca s sng khng cn v mu sc
ti cc v tr tim s thay i.
Ngay sau khi tim, ct lp cutin bng
ko gii phu dc theo chiu di thn t
t bng th su n lp cutin che
vng u (gip u ngc). T y, i
xuyn gc ct hng ln ti cho n khi
chm n chu. Trnh ct qu su vo
lp m bn di. Tm trn 12 g nn gii
phu theo chiu ngang, ti thiu l
phn sau ca mi ni bng/gip u
ngc v tip tc n bng gia. Sau
ngm cc m ngay vo dung dch c
nh vi t l 10:1 ca th tch dung dch
C.1 K tut un
168
c nh so vi mu m, nhit ca
phng. C th thay dung dch c nh
sau 24-72 gi nu l 70% ethanol,
bo qun trong thi gian di.
C.1.3.7 Vn uyn mu
bo qun
Khi vn chuyn bng ng tu thy,
tch mu vt khi dung dch bo qun
ethanol, gi mu vo khn giy tm
50% ethanol v b vo ti ni-lon dn kn.
Trong ti khng c c dch lng t do.
Buc li v t vo trong ti th hai. Ti
hu ht cc quc gia, s lng nh cc
mu vt dng ny c php vn
chuyn bng ng hng khng n
cc phng kim nghim chn on
bnh. Tuy nhin, mt vi nc v cc
hng vn chuyn (nht l i vi cc
hng vn chuyn bng ng hng
khng) c lut cm vn chuyn bt k
ha cht no, k c cc mu c nh
dng chn on bnh. Nn kim tra
trc vi bu in hoc hng vn
chuyn trc khi tin hnh thu mu
nhm m bo mu vt c x l
v ng gi theo phng thc thch hp
v c chp nhn. Tt c cc ti ng
mu nn c xp trong thng cha
khng b r r v bng vt liu bn.
Nhn thng cha phi ghi r tn v s
in thoi ca ngi c trch nhim tip
nhn l hng ti sn bay hoc tip nhn
ti phng kim nghim.
Nu mu c vn chuyn bng ng
hng khng nn ghi r GI TI SN
BAY V GI IN THOI TIP
NHN
Nu c, nn vn chuyn hng vo
u tun trnh thi im n ni vo
ngy cui tun d dn n h hng do
bo qun mu khng ng cch. Thng
bo cho ngi nhn cng sm cng tt
khi chuyn hng, cng nh cho h
bit tn hng vn chuyn, s chuyn
bay, s vn n v d kin thi gian
n.
C.1.4 Ghi chp - Lu gi

Lu tr h s l rt cn thit qun
l bnh c hiu qu. i vi tm,
nhiu yu t cn c ghi trong h s
thng ngy nh c nu trong
phn C.1.1 v C.1.2. iu ny rt
quan trng a ra v ghi nhn
nhng tp tnh v biu hin bnh
thng so snh vi nhng quan
st khi c dch bnh xy ra.
C.1.4.1 C qun st chung (M

Nhng iu ny c th c trong s nht
k thng thng v s tng trng ca
tm, l tng nht l c theo di u
n c bng ly thm mu t b hoc
ao nui, hoc bng c vic c lng
d bo chnh xc t nhng quan st
b mt.
i vi nhng c s ng p, thng tin
cn thit phi c ghi chp bao gm:
- hot tnh n v mc n
- giai on ca u trng/tng trng
- t l cht
- tnh trng u trng
Nhng quan st ny nn c ghi chp
trong h s mi ngy cho tt c cc giai
on, bao gm ngy, gi, b, ngun tm
b m (nu c nhiu hn mt) v ngun
thc n (m nui tm nc mn hoc
ngun thc n khc). Ngy v gi thay
nc cho b cng phi c ghi chp,
cng vi ngy v gi xi-phng y hay
kh trng. L tng hn, cc s liu ny
nn c kim tra thng xuyn bi
ngi c trch nhim i vi ni/vt
nui.
Nu c, cc tri ng p nn c knh
hin vi soi kim tra u trng hng
ngy. Vic ny s cho php h nhanh
chng pht hin vn ang ny sinh
trong n tm ca h, trc khi chng
biu hin r trong phn ng qun th
tm nui.
i vi ao nui, nhng quan st thit
yu ti thiu cn phi ghi chp bao gm:
- tng trng
- tiu th thc n
- cht vn l lng
- hin tng t vong
Nhng s liu ny nn c ghi chp theo
ngy, v tr v bt k hnh ng no
c hnh (th d thu mu cho phng
kim nghim kim tra). iu ny l quan
trng bit cc mc thay i ca cc
thng s ny l rt cn thit d on
nguyn nhn ca bt k dch bnh bng
pht no. iu ny c ngha cc mc
C.1 K tut un
169
phi c ghi chp thng xuyn v l c
s ng n lp phc theo thi gian.
Tt nht l nhng ghi nhn ny nn c
kim tra thng xuyn bi ngi c trch
nhim i vi ni/vt nui.
C.1.4.2 C qun st mi trn
(M
iu ny thch hp nht vi nhng ao
m. S liu cn thit ti thiu cn c
lu tr bao gm:
- nhit
- mn
- pH
- c (nh gi nh tnh hoc a
secchi)
- s n hoa ca to
- hot ng ca con ngi (x l,
phn loi, thay i ao nui, v.v)
- hot ng ca nh hi.
Nh trong phn C.1.4.1, trng thi v
mc thay i ca cc thng s ny
trc khi bng pht bt k dch bnh
no l cc k quan trng nh gi
nguyn nhn gy nn dch. Mc d c
ch, nhng s liu ghi chp trong ngy
thu mu mang li hiu qu t hn so vi
vic ghi chp lin tc. Do , khng nn
khinh sut tm quan trng ca vic ghi
chp cn thn, u n v lin tc, bt
chp hu qu mong i.
Tn sut ca vic lu tr h s s khc
nhau ty ni, ma. Th d, khi thi tit
khng n nh vic theo di s phi
thng xuyn hn so vi nhng ma c
trng thi n nh ko di.
Hot ng ca con ngi v ch hi
cng nn c ghi chp trong h s
theo ng thc t.
C.1.4.3 Ghi chp v nu t

Tt c vic xut v nhp tm mt c
s ng p v ao/v tr nui u phi
c ghi chp. H s gm c:
- Ngun gc chnh xc ca tm b
m hoc u trng v cc h s
chng nhn sc khe (v d kt qu
kim tra c tin hnh trc v
sau khi vo tri).
- Tnh trng tm khi tip nhn
- Ngy, gi v tn ngi c trch
nhim tip nhn vn chuyn ngun
tm.
- Ngy, gi v a im ngun tm s
c vn chuyn ra khi c s
ng p.
Ngoi ra, tt c di chuyn ca tm trong
tri ng p, ao ng, hoc ao nui tm
tht cng phi c ghi chp theo tng
thi im theo di nu xy ra tnh
hung dch bnh.
Nu c th, khng nn nui chung cc
dng vt nui khc nhau. Nu khng th
trnh vic nui chung, th phi ghi chp
tht cn thn thi im nui chung.
C.1.5 Ti liu tm o
Alday de Graindorge, V. and T.W. Flegel. 1999.
Diagnosis of shrimp diseases with emphasis
on black tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the
United Nations (FAO), Multimedia Asia
Co., Ltd, BIOTEC, Network of Aquaculture
Cen- tres in Asia Pacific (NACA) and
Southeast Asian Chapter of the World
Aquaculture So- ciety (WAS). Bangkok,
Thailand. (Interactive CD-ROM format).
Chanratchakool, P., J.F. Turnbull, S.J.
Funge- Smith, I.H. MacRae and C.
Limsuan.1998. Health Management in
Shrimp Ponds. Third Edition. Aquatic
Animal Health Research In- stitute.
Department of Fisheries. Bangkok,
Thailand. 152p.
Chanratchakool, P., J.F. Turnbull, S. Funge-
Smith and C. Limsuan. 1995. Health Man-
agement in Shrimp Ponds. Second
Edition. Aquatic Animal Health Research
Institute. Department of Fisheries. Bangkok,
Thailand. 111p.
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for
Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp. World
Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA. 304p.
Ossiander, F.J. and G. Wedermeyer. 1973.
Computer program for sample size
required to determine disease incidence in
fish popula- tions. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can.
30: 1383-1384.
Wang,Y.G., K. L. Lee, M. Najiah, M. Shariff and
M. D. Hassan. 2000. A new bacterial
white spot syndrome (BWSS) in cultured
tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and its
compari- son with white spot syndrome
(WSS) caused by virus. Dis. Aquat.Org.
41:9-18.
C.1 K tut un
170
C.2.1 Thn tn un
C.2.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh u vng (YHD) gy ra bi virus
u vng (YHV) (trong cc ti liu c
cn c gi l Baculovirus u vng -
YBV hoc Baculovirus bnh u vng -
YHDBV). Hin nay, ngi ta xc nh
n khng thuc Baculoviridae. YHV ch
l mt RNA si n hnh que (44 6 x
173 13nm) c bc bi bo cht
virus gn ging vi cc virus thuc h
Coronaviridae. in di Agarose cho thy
n l mt gen vi kch thc 22kilo
base. Virus ca c quan Lympho (LOV)
v virus sng mang (GAV) (xem mc
C.6) ca Penaeus monodon xtrylia
c lin quan n cc virus u vng
phc hp, mc d trong hai loi virus
ny ch c GAV c bit l c th lm
tm cht. Cc thng tin chi tit hn v
bnh ny c th tm c trong S tay
Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000 a) v Lightner (1996).
C.2.1.2 Vt
Cc ly nhim t nhin xy ra
Penaeus monodon, nhng cc ly
nhim thc nghim li thy P.
japonicus, P.vannamei, Penaeus setiferus,
P. aztecus, P.duorarum v P. stylirostris.
P. merguiensis c v khng c bnh
(nhng cha chc khng ly nhim).
Palaemon styliferus c coi l loi
mang virus. Euphausia spp, moi (Acetes
spp) v cc loi tm nh khc cng
c thng bo l c mang virus YHD.
C.2.1.3 Phn l
YHD gy bnh cho tm nui chu ,
bao gm Trung Quc, n , Philippin
v Thi Lan. YHD c thng bo c
trong tm nui Texas v c mt mu
c thng bo l dng tnh vi
YHV bng phng php phn tch
khng th (Loh v cs. 1998).
C.2.1.4 H tn o o n
qu v n n vt ty sn
vn u -Th n n
(1999-2000)
YHD c thng bo Malaysia vo
thng 6, Philippin t thng 1-3;
Srilanka vo thng 1 v c th quanh
nm 1999 Thi Lan. Trong bo co
vo nm 2000, n thng bo
bnh ny vo thng 10 v bnh nghi
ng c trong sut nm Thi Lan v
Srilanka (OIE 1999, OIE 2000b).
C.2.2 C n lm sn
Hng lot triu chng lm sng ca
bnh (Hn v tm cht 2-4 ngy
sau khong thi gian n mi nhiu khc
thng v kt thc bng vic t ngt
ngng n. Tm c th cht 100% trong
vng 3-5 ngy. Tm b bnh tp trung
ra ao hoc gn mt nc. Gan ty tm
b i mu lm cho phn u ngc c
mu vng nht- cng l tn ca bnh.
Ton b thn tm c mu nht nht
khc thng. Tm hu u trng (PL)
20-25 ngy tui hoc ln hn rt d b
bnh, trong khi tm PL<15 ngy li
khng c bnh.
Cn thn trng trong chn on v tm
cht do YHD c bit li khng xut
hin mu vng nht thng thy trn
phn u ngc. Triu chng lm sng
khng phi lun xut hin v vic khng
xut hin cc triu chng lm sng
khng phi l khng nhim YHD. Nhng
chn on lm sng khng nh khc
bao gm mt phn ti thiu ca tm,
nhum mu mang v lm lamen huyt
tng cn c thc hin trong bt c
trng hp no d tm b cht nhanh
ngoi mong mun, trong khng th
loi tr c virus YHV.
Thng tm thy virus YHD trong m
ngoi b v trung b ca phi gc, bao
gm: cc m gia ca gan ty, cc t bo
mu tun hon v t bo mu pht trin
trong cc m mu v cc th thc bo c
nh trong tim, c quan bch huyt (Oka),
biu m mang v t bo lng, cc m lin
kt v m xp, lp biu b gn v ngoi v
m tim, cc c vn v c tim, vin nang
bung trng, m thn kinh, cc t bo th
dch thn kinh v t bo hch, d dy, rut
gia, v cc vch manh trng. Cc t bo
biu m ca ng gan ty, rut gia v
manh trng (gc ni b) khng b nhim
YHD mc d c di v cc m lin kt
li b nhim. C quan Oka, mang, tim v
m di m sng k c nhng m ny
biu m d dy cha YHV nhiu nht.
Cc t bo b nhim c biu hin suy thoi
nhn v v nhn, chng l nhng triu
chng d nhn thy ca s pht trin bt
pht do virus (Khanobdee v cs. 2001).
C.2.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Cc thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh YHD c th tm c
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), trn
http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
Bnh u vng (YHD) hin nay c xp vo loi bnh phi khai bo ca OIE (OIE 2000a).
C
C.2 B
1

171
(TW Flegel)












Hnh C.2.2: Biu hin chung ca bnh u
vng th hin 3 tm Penaeus monodon
bn tri.

(DV Lightner)













Hn Lt ct m ca mang
tm P.monodon u nin b bnh u vng.
Hnh nh m t s lan truyn hoi t ca
t bo mang v cc t bo b nhim bnh
kt c u c nhn ng kt v v (mi
tn). Mt s t bo c ln, phn ln c
hnh cu, vi t bo cht a kim cng c
lt ct ny. Cc t bo c th l
nhng huyt bo cn non nhng thnh
thc sm do i ph vi tc ng ca
YHD. Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i
1000x
(DV Lightner)
























Hn .1.4 a,b Lt ct ca c quan
bch huyt tm P.monodon u nin b
bnh u vng cp tnh trm trng c
phng i mc thp v mc cao cho
thy s lan truyn hoi t ca cc t bo
bch huyt. Cc t bo b nhim bnh u
c nhn ng kt v v. Cc th vi
dng n l hoc tp hp quanh nhn bt
mu thuc nhum kim t mu nht ti
mu sm l biu hin ca mt s t bo b
nhim bnh (mi tn). Hin tng hoi t
bnh u vng cp tnh khc bit vi
bnh u vng do b nhim virus hi chng
Taura cng to ra bnh l hc t bo
tng t cc m khc nhau nhng
khng c c quan bch huyt. Mayer-
Bennett H&E ; phng i t trn xung
l 525x v 1700x.
C.2.3.1 D n
Hin khng c nhng quan st chung
(Mc I) hoc nhng k thut chn
on bnh hc t bo (Mc II) cho
php d chn bnh u vng tm cn
lm sng.



C.2 Bn u vn
172
C.2.3.2 Kim n n
C.2.3.2.1. Phng php th phn ng
chui transcriptase polymerase nghch
o RT-PCR (Mc III)
K thut RT-PCR c xut s dng
xc nh s ly nhim virus bnh u
vng ca tm b m v tm con.
Hin c mt s kt th RT-PCR
tch huyt tng t cc m tm b
m v tm PL nhm xc nh RNA ca
virus bnh u vng.
C.2.4. C pn pp n
on n
Nhng thng tin chi tit hn v cc
phng php chn on c th tm c
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), trn
http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.2.4.1 D n
C.2.4.1.1. Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
C th ngh n bnh u vng khi c
s gia tng mc n mt cch khc
thng, tip theo l b hn n. C
th thy tm sp cht bi gn mt nc
hoc ven b cc ao nui tm tht, chng
bi l v phn ng chm. Cn c th
thy chng c ton thn mu nht nht,
gip u ngc vng nht, gan ty v
mang nht nht. Khi c nhng biu hin
ny c th ngh n bnh u vng, nht
l vi tm s v nn ly mu kim
khng nh.
C.2.4.1.2. Tiu bn p mang
Tm c con hoc cc t mang c c
nh qua m trong dung dch c nh
Davidson
2
. Ra t mang bng nc
sch loi b cht c nh v nhum
mu bng thuc nhum H&E Mayer -
Bennett. Lm sch bng Xylen, dng
kp kim i (nu thao tc di knh hin
vi lp th th cng tt), tch b nhng t
th cp v b t mang chnh vo bnh
cha Xylen, y np kn li dng lm
mu tham chiu sau ny. t cc t
mang th cp ln lamen, n nh sao
cho cng phng cng tt to thun
li cho vic nhn xuyn thu tiu bn C
th dng quy trnh tng t cho cc lp
mng ca m biu b. Khi iu chnh
quan st thy c nhiu th vi t bo
cht hnh cu, nhum ng mu, a
kim nng, c ng knh khong 2mm
hoc nh hn v cng vi nhng quan
st tng t cc tiu bn huyt
tng, c th d on l c bnh u
vng. Cc tiu bn v t mang c nh
t v cc lt ct m c th gi lm ti
liu s dng lu di.
C.2.4.1.3. Tiu bn huyt tng (Mc
II)
Nu tiu bn c nhiu t bo mu c
nhn ng kt v v, khng thy c mt
ca vi khun th c th cho l c bnh
u vng th sm. iu quan trng l
khng c vi khun v nu c chng cng
s sn sinh ra nhng bin i nhn hnh
cu tng t. Nhng bin i nh vy
rt kh nhn bit tm sp cht do b
mt cc t bo mu, v vy cn ly tm
khe bnh thng t cng mt ao nui
vi cc tm sp cht lm mu phn
tch cc triu chng ny. Huyt tng
c ly bng bm tim c cha dung
dch Formalin 25% hoc dung dch
Davidson ci tin (axt acetic c thay
bng nc hoc Formalin) vi th tch
nhiu gp hai ln so vi lng huyt
tng. Dng huyn ph ca t bo mu
c lc k trong bm tim sau ly
mt git nh ln lam knh hin vi. Tiu
bn v ch phm lm kh t nhin
trc khi nhum mu bng H&E v
Eosin hoc cc thuc nhum mu tiu
chun khc. Loi b nc v p phng.
Cc tiu bn ton b mang ( trn) hoc
cc lt m phi nh nhau, c dng
chn on s b bnh u vng.
C.2.4.1.4. M bnh hc (Mc II)
C nh tm nghi b bnh u vng sp
cht trong dung dch Davidson v x l
cho nhum mu chun H&E. Hu ht
cc m ni c huyt tng u c th b
nhim bnh, tuy nhin nhng v tr quan
trng nh c quan bch huyt (Hn
C.2.3.1.4ab), cc t bo gan ty trung
gian (khng phi cc t bo biu m
ng), tim, c v cc m lin kt (khng
phi cc t bo biu m), cc m biu b
d dy v m mang (Hn
Bng knh hin vi quang hc c th xc
nh c mt lng ln th vi t bo
cht hnh cu c ng knh khong
2mm (nh hn i vi m trung b v
ngoi b) bt mu thuc nhum kim v
kh ng mu. Tm sp cht c biu
hin hoi t mang v cc t bo biu b
2
Nu cn kt qu nhanh, vic c nh mu c th rt xung 2 gi bng cch thay th thnh
phn axit acetic ca dung dch c nh Davidson bng HCl 50% (khng nn chun b dung dch
ny trc khi s dng qu nhiu ngy). Sau khi c nh, ra cn thn v chnh pH tr v trung
tnh trc khi em nhum. Khng nn c nh mu trong thi gian di hn hoc nhit cao
hn 25
o
C v c th lm m b hng nng gy kh khn hoc khng th dng chn on.
C.2 Bn u vn
1

173
d dy nhiu th vi t bo cht bt mu
thuc nhum kim mnh (nhum H&E)
do nhn thc bo v cc th vi virus.
Trong c quan bch huyt mt lng
ln th vi t bo ng kt nhn v v
nhn bt mu thuc nhum kim
c tm thy trong cc t bo c bn
ca cc ng thng thng. Mt khc
nhng th vi tng t ch c tm
thy trong c quan bch huyt hnh cu
ca Rhabdovirus tm he (RPS) nh
c m t Hawaii v virus bch
huyt kiu Parvo (LPV,LOV) c
m t xtrylia; virus to khng bo
c quan bch huyt (LOVV) trong tm
he chn trng Hawaii v chu M;
virus hi chng Taura (TSV) tm he
chn trng, P.stylirostris v P.setiferus
t Trung v Nam M. Virus gy kt dnh
mang (GAV) tm s xtrylia; virus
gy bnh tng t u vng (YHDLV)
cho tm P. japonicus i Loan, Trung
Quc cng to ra t bo bnh hc ging
nh bnh u vng.
C.2.4 Kim n n
Khi kim s b cho thy c kh nng ly
nhim bnh u vng th cn phi kim
khng nh (v d, ln u pht hin thy
hoc c mt cc yu t bnh l khc),
kim sinh hc (xem mc C.2.4.2.1), soi
knh hin vi in t (mc C.2.4.2.2) v
cc cng ngh phn t (mc C.2.4.2.3-
5) cn c s dng tip.
C.2.4.2.1. Phng php kim sinh hc
(Mc I-II)
Phng php kim sinh hc n gin
nht l cho tm t nhin (10g trng
lng ti) n tm nghi b bnh. Xen k
vi l chun b cc m nghin ng
nht ca mang tm nghi b bnh. Li tm
to vin nh, gn nc v lc (0,45-0,22
mm) dch ni. Cho tm s u nin
((10g trng lng ti) vo dch lc.
Tm b bnh s gy ra cc triu chng
bnh cho tm t nhin trong vng 24-72
gi v trong vng 3-5 ngy 100% tm s
b cht. Vic nhim bnh cn c xc
nhn li bng phng php t bo hc
ca mang v huyt tng.
C.2.4.2.2 Phng php soi knh hin vi
n t (Mc III)
i vi phng php soi knh hin vi in
t, cc m ca mang v c quan bch
huyt ca tm sp cht nghi b bnh u
vng l thch hp nht. C nh cc m
trong dung dch Glutaraldehyde 2,5%,
Paraformaldehyde 2% trong dung dch
m Cacodylate v x l sau khi c nh
bng dung dch Osmium tetroxide 1%,
trc khi loi nc v gn vo nha
Spurr. Nhng lt ct 50nm cho qua li
lc Cu-200 v nn nhum mu bng
Uranyl acetat/ 70% Methanol v Citrat
ch Reynold. Vic chn on virus u
vng c khng nh bng s c mt
ca cc tiu phn hnh que, khng bao,
khng c th vi, kch thc 150-200 x
40-50 nm trong vng bo cht hoc
ngoi nhn ca cc m ch hoc bn
trong cc ti t bo cht. Cc dng t
khng bao kch thc <800nm cng c
th tm thy trong t bo cht. T bo
cht ca nhng t bo b bnh b phn
mnh v ph v sau 32 gi nhim bnh.
C.2.4.2.3. Php kim Western Blot (Mc
III)
Ly 0,1 ml huyt tng t tm nghi b
bnh u vng pha vi 0,1 ml dch m
Citrat dng ngay hoc bo qun
80
o
C khi cn th s dng. Kim tra
dng tnh ca mu th bng xc nh
sch virus v kim khng nh bng cch
xc nh s c mt ca 4 gii Protein
chnh c trng cho virus bnh u vng
phn t lng 135 v 175 kD. nhy
ca phng php Western Blot l 0,4 ng
protein virus bnh u vng.
C.2.4.2.4. Phn ng chui polymerase-
transcriptase nghch o (Mc III)
(RT-PCR)
Phng php ny c th dng kim
tra huyt tng ca tm/tm PL nghi b
bnh (xem mc C.2.3.2.1). Hin c
bn cc kt th RT-PCR kim s b
huyt tng trong cc m tm b
m/tm PL nhm xc nh RNA ca
virus u vng.
C.2.4.2.5. Lai acid nucleic ti ch (Mc
III)
Kt th ti ch xc nh bnh u
vng hin c bn.
C.2.5 C u ln truyn n
Bnh thng c cho l lan truyn
theo phng nm ngang. Tuy nhin
nhng tm sng st sau khi b bnh u
vng vn duy tr ly nhim mn tnh cn
lm sng v c cho l lan truyn theo
phng thng ng i vi nhng c
th ny. C nhiu loi gip xc l hoc
c th l vt truyn bnh nh tm nc
l, Palaemon styliferus v Acetes sp.
chng c th truyn bnh u vng n
tm nui.
C.2 Bn u vn
174
C.2.6 C n pp m sot
Hin vn cha c cc bin php cha tr
tm b bnh u vng. Tuy nhin, c
nhiu bin php phng bnh c nu
ra nhm gim ly lan. Nhng bin php
nh sau:
- tm b m cn c kim s b i
vi virus bnh u vng.
- cc c th b nhim bnh v con
chu chng s b tiu dit bng
phng php tit trng.
- kt hp ty trng thit b v nc
nui.
- loi b nhng vt c kh nng
truyn bnh u vng bng kim s
b tm pl trc khi th vo ao.
- sau khi th, ngn chn vic lan
rng cc sinh vt truyn bnh,
ngun nc dng cho cc ln thay
nc cn phi lc hoc x l trc
trong cc ao cha.
- trnh lm thay i nhanh pH hoc
ko di giai on c oxy ho tan
thp (<2ppm). iu ny c th gy
bng pht bnh u vng mc
di gy cht. kim khng nn
dao ng qu 0,5 n v pH/ngy v
trnh nc c pH>9. Nhng bin
i v mn khng h lm bng
pht bnh.
- trnh dng thc n thy sn ti
trong cc ao nui tm tht, b nui
thnh thc v cc thit b ng, tr
khi thc n c tit trng (bc
x gamma) hoc thanh trng (ngha
l gi 7
o
C trong 10 pht).
Nu xy ra bng pht bnh th phi x l
ao b bnh bng dung dch Chlorine 30
ppm dit tm v cc vt c tim nng
mang bnh. Cn thu gom tm v cc
ng vt khc b cht chn vi hoc
tiu hu. Nu khng th loi b chng
th cn phi kh k ao trc khi th
ging mi.
Nu ao t nhin nhim bnh th c th
thu hoch khn cp. Nc thi cn
c bm vo ao bn cnh tit trng
bng Chlorine v gi t nht trong 4
ngy trc khi tho i. Tt c cc cht
thi khc cn c chn vi hoc tiu
hu. Ngi thu hoch cn thay qun o
v tm ni m nc thi s chy vo
ao x l. Qun o s dng trong khi thu
hoch cn c vo thng ring
x l bng Chlorine v git l. Thit b,
xe c, ng cao su v xung quanh thng
cha tm cn c thanh trng bng
Chlorine v thi nc vo ao x l.
Nhng ngi hng xm cn c thng
bo v bt k tnh hung pht bnh u
vng no v nhng bin php khng
ch v khng nn thay nc ti thiu 4
ngy sau khi tho nc khi ao tit
trng. Cc nh my ch bin khi nhn
tm thu hoch khn cp cn c thng
bo rng nhng l tm ny b nhim
virus bnh u vng v nh my cn c
nhng bin php thch hp trnh vic
lan truyn bnh qua cc cng-ten-n
vn chuyn v cc ph liu ch bin.
Nghim cm a tm sng t vng c
dch cc b bnh u vng v GAV n
nhng vng cha bao gi b bnh.
C.2.6 T lu tm o n
l
Khanobdee, K., C. Soowannayan, T.W. Flegel,
S. Ubol, and B. Withyachumnarnkul. 2001.
Evidence for apoptosis correlated with
mortality in the giant black tiger shrimp
Penaeus monodon infected with yellow
head virus. Dis. Aquat. Org. (in press).
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pa- thology and Diagnostic Procedures for
Dis- ease of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp.
World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,
LA. 304p.
Loh, P.C., E.C.B. Nadala, Jr., L.M. Tapay,
and Y. Lu. 1998. Recent developments in
im- munologically-based and cell culture
proto- cols for the specific detection of
shrimp viral pathogens, pp. 255-259. In:
Flegel T.W. (ed) Advances in Shrimp
Biotechnology. National Center for Genetic
Engineering and Biotechnology, Bangkok,
Thailand.
Lu, Y., L.M. Tapay, and P.C. Loh. 1996.
Devel- opment of a nitrocellullose-enzyme
immu- noassay for the detection of yellow-
head virus from penaeid shrimp. J. Fish
Dis. 19(1): 9-13.
Nadala, E.C.B. Jr., L.M. Tapay, S. Cao, and
P.C. Loh. 1997. Detection of yellowhead
virus and Chinese baculovirus in penaeid
shrimp by the western blot technique. J.
Virol. Meth.69(1-2): 39-44.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
C.2 Bn u vn
1

175
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Spann, K.M., J.E. Vickers, and R.J.G. Lester.
1995. Lymphoid organ virus of Penaeus
monodon from Australia. Dis. Aquat. Org.
23(2): 127-134.
Spann, K.M., J.A. Cowley, P.J. Walker, and
R.J.G. Lester. 1997. A yellow-head-like
virus from Penaeus monodon cultured in
Austra- lia. Dis.Aquat. Org. 31(3): 169-179.
Wang, C.S., K.F.J.Tang, G.H. Kou, S.N.
Chen. 1996. Yellow head disease like virus
infec- tion in the Kuruma shrimp Peneaus
japonicus cultured in Taiwan. Fish Pathol.
31(4): 177- 182.
Wongteerasupaya, C., V. Boonsaeng, S. P a nyim,
A. Tassanakajon, B. Withyachumnarnkul, and
T.W. Flegel. 1997. Detection of yellow-
head virus (YHV) of Penaeus monodon by
RT-PCR amplifica- tion. Dis. Aquat. Org.
31(3): 181-186.

C.2 Bn u vn
176
C.3.1 Thn tn un
C.3.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh hoi t v di v c quan to
mu do nhim trng (IHHN) gy ra bi
virus khng bao gn kt, virus gy bnh
nhim trng v di v hoi t (IHHNV),
c ng knh trung bnh 22nm vi mt
1,4 g/ml CsCl c cha ssDNA mch
thng vi kch thc khong 4,1kb v
mt v Protein-Capsid c 4 polypeptid
vi phn t lng 74, 47, 39 v 37,5kD.
Vi nhng c im ny m IHHNV
c xp l mt thnh vin ca h
Parvoviridae. Thng tin chi tit hn v
bnh ny c th tm c trong S tay
Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000a) v Lightner(1996).
C.3.1.2 Vt
IHHNV gy bnh cho nhiu loi tm
thuc h Panaeidae nhng hnh nh
khng gy bnh cho cc loi cua. thng
bo v nhim bnh t nhin Penaeus
vannamei, P.stylirostris, P.occidentalis,
P.monodon,P.semisultacus, P.califormiensis
v P.japonicus. Vic gy bnh thc
nghim cng tin hnh tm
P.setiferus, P.aztecus v P.duorarum,
Penaeus indicius v P.merguiensis hnh
nh tr vi nhim IHHNV.
C.3.1.3 Phn l
Bnh IHHN xut hin tm Penaeid
nui v hoang d vng Trung M,
Ecuado, n , Indonesia, Malaysia,
Philippin, Peru, i Loan, Trung Quc
v Thi Lan. Mc d virus IHHN c
thng bo c trong tm nui Penaeid
ca phn ln vng Ty bn cu v
tm t nhin Penaeid khp vng a l
dc ven b bin Thi Bnh Dng ca
chu M (t Peru ti bc Mehico), bnh
ny vn khng pht hin thy trong tm
Penaeidae pha b i Ty Dng
ca chu M. Virus IHHN c thng
bo l c trong tm nui Penaeidae ca
Guam, Polynesia thuc Php, Hawaii,
Israrel v New Caledonia. Mt loi virus
khc gn ging virus IHHN cng
c thng bo l c xtrylia.
C.3.1.4 H tn o o n
ngy v n n vt ty sn
vn u -Th n n
(1999-2000)
Bnh ny nghi l xut hin n
trong bo co qu II/1999 v qu I/2000
(OIE 1999, OIE 2000b).
C.3.2 C n lm sn
Penaeus stylirostris. Virus IHHN gy ra
dch cp tnh v gy cht hng lot
(>90%) tm P.stilirostris. Mc d u
trng v hu u trng non b ly nhim
thng ng nhng khng gy ra bnh,
tm u nin trn 35 ngy tui c biu
hin mn cm vi bnh v b cht hng
lot. Vi nhng tm u nin b ly nhim
theo phng nm ngang, giai on
bnh v bt pht ca bnh ph thuc
vo tui v c ca tm, vi tm u nin
non thng b nhim nng nht (Hn
C.3.2a). Tm trng thnh b nhim i
khi cng c biu hin lm sng hoc
cht.
Penaeus vannamei.Bnh mn tnh Hi
chng d hnh ci cc(RDS) (Hn
C.3.2b,c) gy ra bi nhim virus IHHN
P. vannamei. Tm con b RDS biu hin
qua vic tm c nhiu con nh hn
nhiu so vi kch thc trung bnh (tm
ci). Kch c tm thay i thng vt
qu 30% so vi kch c trung bnh v c
th t n 90%. Trong n tm con P.
vannamei khng b nhim bnh thng
c kch c sai khc di 30% so vi
kch thc trung bnh. Cc biu hin
ca RDS cng thy c tm P.stylirostris
nui.
C.3.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh IHHN c th tm c
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a) trn trang
http://www.oie.int hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
C.3.3.1 D n
Khng c cc du hiu th (Mc I)
hoc cc c im m hc (Mc II)
gip cho vic d chn virus gy bnh
IHHN nhng vt mang bnh cn lm
sng.
C.3.3.2 Kim n n
Cn s dng n cc phng php
phn t tch virus IHHN nhng vt
mang bnh cn lm sng.
C.3.3.2.1. Lai Dot Blot (Mc III).
Cc mu huyt tng hoc mt phn
ph b nh (chn bng) c th dng
kim Dot Blot. Cc kit th Dot Blot dng
chn on bnh IHHN hin c trn th
trng.
C.3 B
T N)
177
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Hn Tm P.stylirostris u nin
vi nhng biu hin ca bnh IHHN cp
tnh. C th nhn thy qua lp cutin, c
bit phn bng l nhng tn thng -
cc bnh c mu trng n vng sm
biu m ca lp cutin hoc di da
(mi tn). Trong khi nhng tn thng
nh vy l ph bin tm P.stylirostris
b bnh IHHN cp tnh th cui th chng
li khng l c trng cho bnh IHHN.

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Hn Nhn t pha lng ca tm
con P. vannamei (bo qun trong dung
dch Davidson AFA) cho thy nhiu biu
hin ca virus IHHN gy ra hi chng d
hnh ci cc RDS. Lp cuticun ngoi
khng bnh thng ca t bng th 6
v thy ui c dng minh ha.

Hn Hnh nh mang ca tm
c phng i nhiu ln cho thy cc
th vi ni nhn bt mu Eosin (th vi
Cowdry typ A hoc CAIs) l c trng
cho vic nhim virus IHHN. Mayer-
Bennett H&E. Phng to 1800 ln ()
(DV Lightner)
Hn Hnh
nh nhn t mt bn
ca tm con P.
vannamei (c bo
qun trong dung dch
Davidson AFA) cho
thy nhiu biu hin
ca virus IHHN gy
ra hi chng d hnh
ci cc, RDS. Lp
cutin khng bnh
thng ca t bng
th 6 v thy ui
c dng minh
ha.

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Hn nh chp qua KHV phng
nh mt lt ct nhum mu H&E ca tm
con P.stylirostris b bnh IHHN cp tnh
nghim trng. Lt ct ny chy qua bin m
lp cutin v cc m lin kt di v ngay
pha lng v pha sau tim. Nhiu t bo hoi
t c nhn b ng kt hoc c cc th vi
ni nhn bt mu Eosin c trng (Cowdry
typ A) hin r (mi tn). Mayer-Bennett,
phng to 830x

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C.3 Bn o t v v qun
to mu o nm trn
178
C.3.3.2.2. Phng php phn ng chui
polymerase (PCR) (Mc III)
Cc m tng t nh c m t
phn C.3.3.2.1 c th s dng kim
s b c tm b m v tm con cha
cht ca nhng loi mn cm vi bnh
bng PCR.
C.3.4 C pn pp n
on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on bnh IHHN c th tm
c trong S tay Chn on bnh ng
vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000b), trn
http://www.oie.int hoc trong cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.3.4.1 D n
C.3.4.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
C nhiu biu hin khng c trng i
vi bnh IHHN. Vic ly nhim cp tnh
tm con P.stylirostris c th lm gim
lng tiu th thc n mt cch ng k,
km theo l nhng thay i ngoi hnh
v tp tnh ca tm. Tm c th bi chm
chp lp nc mt, l sau quay
o v t t chm nga bng xung y
ao. Biu hin ny c th tip tc din ra
trong vi gi cho n khi tm qu yu
khng th vn ng c na hoc b cc
tm khe cng n n tht. Khi b nhim
bnh s xut hin nhng m trng hoc
vng sm (khc vi nhng m trng xut
hin bnh m trng - C.4) lp biu b
di v, nht l nhng ch ni ca tm
lng bng tm P.stylirostris. Nhng m
ny sau b nht i. Tm P.stylirostris khi
sp cht c th tip tc bin mu xanh
nht r rt v h c bng m c. Mc d
P. monodon thng b nhim virus IHHN
nhng n thng khng gy thnh bnh
ch yu cho loi tm ny. Tm con ca P.
vannamei v P.stylirostris c triu chng
RDS, chng s b dc hoc bin dng, ru
b gp, v tr nn rp v bin dng. Tm
ci chim t l cao (30-90%) trong khi
n tm khng b bnh ch c di 30%
s tm c c nh hn c trung bnh.
C.3.4.1.2 M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc t bo b bnh xut hin mang
(Hn biu b v di v
(Hn v biu m pha trc
v rut sau, dy thn kinh v hch
thn kinh cng nh c quan to mu,
tuyn anten, tuyn sinh dc, c quan
bch huyt v m lin kt. Ni nhn bt
mu thuc nhum Eosin (vi thuc
nhum H&E), cc th vi Cowdry typ A
(CAIs) s gip cho vic d chn nhim
virus IHHN. Nhn ca t bo bnh b
phng to vi th vi trung tm bt mu
Eosin i khi b tch ra t cht nhim
sc c vin bng mt vng khng bt
mu, c lu gi bng cc cht c
nh c cha axit acetic. Bi v th vi
ni nhn ca virus IHHN c th ln vi
s pht trin cc th vi ni nhn ca
bnh m trng, do cn c knh hin
vi in t (C.3.4.2) hoc php th lai ti
ch cc mu nghi nhim vi mu DNA
c trng ca virus IHHN (C.3.4.2.3-5)
chn on bnh. C th nhn thy
cc thanh nhim sc bt mu kim
bn trong cc th vi Cowdry tp A v
cc th vi t bo cht cng c th l r.
C.3.4.2 Kim n n
C.3.4.2.1 Th nghim sinh hc (Mc
I/II)
S lan rng v tnh c lit ca vic ly lan
virus IHHN c th tng mnh trong qun
th c cch li bng cch gi tm nghi b
bnh vi mt cao hoc trong cc iu
kin gy stress khc (lng Oxy ho tan
thp, nhit nc cao hoc nng
Ammon/Nitrit cao). Nhng iu kin ny
c th lm gia tng tnh trng ly nhim
thp ca virus IHHN v lan truyn bnh t
vt mang bnh cn lm sng sang tm
cha b nhim. Vic lm tng s ly lan v
tnh c lit ny c th gip cho kh nng
pht hin bnh ca cc phng php
kim chn on bnh.
Mu tm ch th (0,1-4 g tm con P.
stylirostris) cng c th dng nh
gi s c mt ca virus IHHN bng cch
cng sng chung v n chung mt loi
thc n t vt mang bnh bm nh
hoc cng c tim bng dch v bo
t tm nghi b bnh.
C.3.4.2.2. Knh hin vi in t (Mc
III)
Ch phm nhum m bn ca virus
lm sch cho thy virus thuc loi khng
bao, dng virus ngh ngoi t bo ch
(virion) c 20 mt, c ng knh 20-22
nm. Tiu bn knh hin vi in t cho
thy cc th vi ni nhn c cha cc
virion vi ng knh 17-26 nm. Cc
tiu phn virus cng c mt trong bo
cht ni m chng t tp v sinh sn.
Cc thanh nhim sc (c th nhn thy
bng knh hin vi quang hc di dng
cc th vi bt mu thuc nhum kim)
l c im ni bt ca cc th vi ni
nhn ca virus IHHN. Bng knh hin vi
quang hc c th pht hin c s sp
xp ca cc virion tng ng vi cc
th vi t bo cht.
C.3 Bn o t v v qun
to mu o nm trn
179
C.3.4.2.3 Lai Dot Blot (Mc III)
Nh c m t C.3.3.2.1
C.3.4.2.4 Phn ng chui polymerase
PCR (Mc III)
Nh c m t C.3.3.2.2
C.3.4.2.5 Lai ti ch (Mc III)
Hin c bn sn cc mu ADN c
trng ca virus IHHN dng cho kim
khng nh bng phng php lai ti
ch trong nghin cu m hc hoc bng
knh hin vi in t.
C.3.5 C u ln truyn
Mt vi c th ca qun th tm P.
vanamei v P.stylirostris cn sng sau
khi b nhim virus IHHN hoc b dch c
th truyn nhim cn lm sng theo
phng nm ngang cho cc n tm
nui khc hoc theo phng thng
ng, nu dng chng lm tm b m.
C.3.6 C n pp m sot
C th p dng cc phng php dit
virus IHHN trong nhng tnh hung nui
thy sn nht nh. Cc phng php
ny ph thuc vo vic dit n tm
nhim bnh, tit trng cc thit b nui,
trnh ti nhim virus (t nhng thit b
nui xung quanh, tm t nhin v.v), v
vic ti to n tm ging sch virus
IHHN t nhng tm b m sch virus
IHHN.
C.3.7 T lu tm o n l
Bell, T.A. and D.V. Lightner, D.V. 1984. IHHN
vi- rus: Infectivity and pathogenicity studies
in Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus
vannamei. Aquac. 38: 185-194.
Bray, W.A., A.L. Lawrence, and J.R. Leung-
Trujillo. 1994. The effect of salinity on
growth and survival of Penaeus vannamei,
with ob- servations on the interaction of
IHHN virus and salinity. Aquac. 122(2-3):
133-146.
Browdy, C.L., J.D. Holloway, Jr., C.O. King,
A.D. Stokes, J.S. Hopkins, and P.A.
Sandifer. 1993. IHHN virus and intensive
culture of Penaeus vannamei: Effects of
stocking density and water exchange rates.
Crus. Biol.13(1): 87-94.
Carr, W.H., J.N. Sweeney, L. Nunan, D.V.
Lightner, H.H. Hirsch, and J.J. Reddington.
1996. The use of an infectious hypodermal
and hematopoietic necrosis virus gene
probe serodiagnostic field kit for screening
of can- didate specific pathogen-free
Penaeus vannamei broodstock.
Aquac.147(1-2): 1-8.
Castille, F.L., T.M. Samocha, A.L. Lawrence,
H. He, P. Frelier, and F. Jaenike. 1993.
Variabil- ity in growth and survival of early
postlarval shrimp (Penaeus vannamei
Boone 1931). Aquac. 113(1-2): 65-81.
Karunasagar, I. and I. Karunasagar. 1996.
Shrimp diseases and control. Aquaculture
Foundation of India, Madras, India 1996:
63-67
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for
Disease of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp.
World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,
LA. 304p.
Lu, Y., P.C. Loh, and J.A. Brock. 1989. Isola-
tion, purification and characterisation of
infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic
ne- crosis virus (IHHNV) from penaeid
shrimp. J.Virol. Meth. 26: 339-344.
Mari, J., J.R. Bonami, and D.V. Lightner.
1993. Partial cloning of the genome of
infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic
necrosis vi- rus, an unusual parvovirus
pathogenic for penaeid shrimps - diagnosis
of the disease using a specific probe. J.
Gen. Vi r. 74(12):2637-2643.
Nunan, L.M., B. Poulos, and D.V. Lightner.
1994. Detection of the infectious hypodermal
and hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV)
in Penaeus shrimp tissue homogenate and
hemolymph using polymerase chain reaction
(PCR). International Symposium on
Aquatic Animal Health: Program and
Abstracts. Uni- versity of California, School
of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA.
1994: P-62.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
C.3 Bn o t v v qun
to mu o nm trn
180
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Owens, L., I.G. Anderson, M. Kenway, L.
Trott, and J.A.H. Benzie. 1992. Infectious
hypoder- mal and haematopoietic necrosis
virus (IHHNV) in a hybrid penaeid prawn
from tropi- cal Australia. Dis. Aquat. Org.
14: 219-228.
Poulos, B.T., D.V. Lightner, B. Trumper, and
J.R. Bonami. 1994. Monoclonal antibodies
to a penaeid shrimp parvovirus, infectious
hypo- dermal and hematopoeitic necrosis
virus (IHHNV). J. Aquat. Anim. Health 6(2):
149-154.
C.3 Bn o t v v qun
to mu o nm trn
181
C.4.1 Thn tn un
C.4.1.1 T nn y n
Tc nhn gy bnh m trng (WSD) l
virus hi chng m trng (WSSV) hoc
virus m trng (WSV), loi virus c
DNA mch i (dsDNA). Trong cc bo
co ban u virus m trng c m t
l mt baculovirus h, nhng phn tch
v sau chui DNA ca virus m trng
cho thy iu ny l khng ng.
Hin nay cc virus trong nhm ny c
xp thnh mt nhm mi vi tn ngh
l Nimaviridae (Van Hulten v cs.,
2001). Mc d vy trong cc ti liu
tham kho cn c mt vi tn khc vn
c s dng m t loi virus ny
nh baculovirus hoi t mu v di da
(HHNBV); bnh dch bng pht tm
(SEED), bnh virus Trung Quc, Virus
nhn hnh que tm Penaeus japoncius
(RV-PJ), baculovirus trung b v ngoi b
(SEMBV), baculovirus m trng
(WSBV) v virus hi chng m trng
(WSSV). Thng tin chi tit hn v bnh
ny c th tm c trong S tay bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a)
v Lightner (1996).
C.4.1.2 Vt
Bnh m trng c s lng vt ch kh
ln. Bnh bng pht c thng bo ln
u tin t tri nui tm P.japonicus
Nht v s ly nhim t nhin sau
quan st thy tm P.chinensis,
P.indicus, P. merguiensis, P.monodon,
P. setiferus, P.styliostris v P.vannamei.
Trong cc nghin cu thc nghim,
bnh m trng cng gy cht cho tm
P.aztecus, P.duodarum v P.setiferus.
C.4.1.3 Phn l
Bnh m trng ln u tin c thng
bo i Loan -Trung Quc v Trung
Quc lc a vo nm 1991-1992,
Nht vo 1993 t tm nhp khu ca
Trung Quc. Sau cng pht hin thy
bnh cc ni khc ca chu nh
Trung Quc, n , Indonesia, Hn
Quc, Malaysia, i Loan - Trung Quc,
Thi Lan v Vit Nam. Ngoi cc nc
chu nu trn cn c nhiu triu
chng v m hc ca bnh m trng
c thng bo M v chu M La
tinh.
Nh nm 1999, bnh m trng
c pht hin t nht 9 nc thuc
chu M l Columbia, Ecuado,
Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua
Panama, Peru v M (Subasinghe v
cs. 2001).
C.4.1.4 H tn o o n qu v
bn n vt ty sn vn
chu -Th n n -2000)
Trong bo co ca nm 1999, bnh m
trng c bo co t Bangladesh,
Trung Quc, Indonesia, Nht, Hn
Quc, Malaysia, Philippin, i Loan-
Trung Quc, Srilanka, Thi Lan v c
th l c Pakistan. Nm 2000 Bangladesh,
n , Nht, Hn Quc, Malaysia,
Philippin, Srilanka, Thi Lan, v Vit
Nam thng bo c xut hin bnh m
trng (NACA/FAO 2000 a,b,c; OIE 1999;
OIE 2000 a,b).
C.4.2 C n lm sn
Bnh m trng bng pht thng c
c trng bi vic cht nhiu v nhanh
ca n tm b nhim bnh sau khi c
biu hin lm sng. Tm b bnh cp
tnh c biu hin bing n, v cht, c
lp v mm vi nhiu m trng (c
ng knh 0,5-2mm) hai bn sn
v tm (Hn . Nhng m
ny trong lp v v khng th loi b
bng vic ch st. Tm sp cht cng
c th bin mu t hng sang . Cc
loi tm nhy cm khi c cc biu
hin lm sng th d dng b cht
nhiu.Triu chng bnh hc kt hp vi
s ph hu h thng m ngoi b v
trung b ca mang v cc m di lp
v.
C.4.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v phng php
kim nh bnh m trng c th tm c
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a), trn
http://www.oie.int hoc trong cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.4.3.1 D n
Hin khng c nhng quan st chung
(Mc I) hoc k thut chn on m
bnh hc c th gip cho vic d chn
bnh m trng tm cn lm sng.
C.4 B WSD)
1

182
(DV Lightner)










Hnh C.4.2a: Tm P.monodon u nin vi
cc m trng ni r ca bnh m trng

(DV Lightner/P.Saibaba)












Hnh C.4.2b: V ca mt tm P. monodon
u nin b bnh m trng. Nhng cn vi
pha di v l cc m trng.

C.4.3.2 Kim n n
C.4.3.2.1 K thut Nested-PCR cho cc
m v huyt tng (Mc III)
Lo v cs. (1996, 1998) xut quy
trnh Nested-PCR cho cc m v huyt
tng. Hin c bn cc kt th xc
nh bnh m trng cc vt mang
bnh bng s dng cc k thut PCR
c bn.
C.4.3.2.2 PCR dng cho hu u trng
(Mc III)
T mt b ng p cha 100.000 hu u
trng (PL) hoc nhiu hn na, ly
khong 1000 PL mi im t 5 im
khc nhau.
(DV Lightner)











Hnh C.4.3.3.1.2a: Lt ct m d dy ca
tm P. chinensis u nin b bnh m
trng. Nhn thy kh nhiu th vi ni
nhn trong biu m lp cuticun v m
lin kt pha di mng ca c quan ny
(mi tn)
(DV Lightner)











Hnh C.4.3.3.1.2b: Lt ct mang ca tm
P.chinensis u nin b bnh baculovirus
m trng. cc t bo nhim bnh thy
cc th vi ni nhn ang v pht trin
y ca baculovirus m trng WSBV
(mi tn). Mayer-Bennett H&E; phng
i 900x
Dn cc mu vo mt chu, khuy nh
v chn cc PL cn sng gia chu
lm mu th. Mi mu cn c 150 PL,
c tin cy l 95% vi mc gi nh
nhim bnh 2% trong qun n. (xem
bng C.1.3.3 mc C.1 K thut chung).
i vi PL 11 v nhiu ngy tui hn
cn loi b mt tm ra khi cc mu m
bi v chng s c ch qu trnh PCR.
Qu trnh tip theo nh c
xut k thut Nested-PCR mc
C.4.3.2.1.

C.4 Bn m trn
183
C.4.3.2.3 Lai Dot Blot (Mc III)
Cc chi tit v k thut lai Dot Blot v kt
th c nu trong S tay Chn
on bnh ca OIE (OIE 2000a)
C.4.3.2.4 Lai ti ch (Mc III)
Cc chi tit v k thut lai ti ch v kt
th c nu trong S tay Chn
on bnh ca OIE (OIE 2000a)
C.4.4 C pn pp n
on n
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on bnh m trng c th
tm c trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000a)
trn http://www.oie.int hoc trong cc ti
liu tham kho chn lc.
C.4.4.1 D n
C.4.4.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Bnh m trng thng c bo hiu
trc bng vic tm ngng n trong mt
vi ngy, tm sp cht bi gn mt nc
b ao nui. Nhng con tm ny s c
cc th vi mu trng ln trong biu b v
thn tm thng hi bin . Cc th vi
lp v thay i t nhng chm nh
thnh nhng a c ng knh vi mm
v chng c th lin kt li vi nhau
thnh nhng mng ln. Chng rt d
nhn thy nh vic bc lp v cuntin khi
gip u ngc, loi b cc m bm v v
cutine soi ra ngoi nh sng. S xut
hin nhng m trng trong lp v cutin
c th do mt vi nguyn nhn khc to
ra. Ring trng hp m Wang v cng
s, 2000 thng bo c gi l Hi
chng vi khun m trng (BWSS) rt d
nhm ln vi bnh m trng (WSD)
(xem mc C.4a). Do vic kim tra m
bnh hc l cn thit chn on khng
nh.
C.4.4.1.2 Lm tiu bn p nhanh (Mc
II)
Hai kiu lm tiu bn p nhanh c th
dng d chn bnh m trng: (i)
mu tm ti, khng nhum mu, c
c nh trong Formalin 10%, v soi trn
nn ti ca knh hin vi vi knh t
quang t, v (ii) cc m c nh
c nhum mu mu H&E.
i vi phng php (ii) ton b con
tm hoc cc t mang c c nh
trong dung dch Davidson qua m. Nu
mun c kt qu nhanh th c th c
nh trong thi gian gim i 2 gi bng
cch thay axit acetic trong dung dch c
nh Davidson bng HCl 50% (dung dch
ny khng nn lu qu vi ngy mi
em dng). Sau khi c nh, ra m tht
k, chun pH n gn trung tnh trc
khi nhum mu. Khng c nh mu
trong thi gian di hn, hoc nhit
trn 25
o
C v n c th lm cho m b
hng gy ra kh xc nh hoc khng
th xc nh c. Nhum mu bng
Meyer H&E v loi nc bng xylen
(hoc bng dung dch lm sch tng
t). t mang ln lam knh, rt b cc
si t th cp. t si t chnh vo l
gn kn, y xylen lm mu lu. Ch
khng cc si t mang th cp b
kh, g loi b cc mnh ln hoc
mnh vn khi lam knh. Nh vo mt
git dung dch lm tiu bn, ph knh
ln, p nh m cng phng cng tt.
Cng c th lm nh vy cho cc lp
mng ca m lp di cutin. Kim tra
bng knh hin vi phng i 40x l
thch hp vi phn ln cc nhn bt
mu kim trng n tp trung
gia, cc th vi c bao quanh bng
cc cht nhim sc. Cng c th gi tt
c cc tiu bn li lm mu lu.
C.4.4.1.3 M bnh hc (Mc III)
Tm nghi b bnh m trng sp cht
cn c c nh trong dung dch
Davidson v nhum mu bng
haematoxylin v Eosin (H&E). M bnh
hc ca bnh m trng l r rt v cho
php chn on khng nh. Tuy nhin,
nu ln u xc nh hoc xc nh
nhng loi m khng c bo trc l
mn cm th cn lm kim nghim phn
t hoc knh hin vi in t v bnh
nguyn hc do virus.
Tm sp cht do virus m trng c biu
hin hu hoi cc m trung b v ngoi
b. Nhn ca cc t bo bnh b phnh to
v khi nhum mu vi H&E s nhn thy
cc th vi trung tm bt mu thuc
nhum kim t nht n sm v c
bao bi cht nhim sc. Cng c th
nhn thy nhng th vi ni nhn ny
trong mu p mang hoc m lp di
cutin (xem mc C.4.4.1.2) hoc trong
cc lt ct m. Nhng m biu hin r
nht xt nghim l di m lp
di cutin ca d dy (Hn
C.4 Bn m trn WSD)
184
C.4.3.3.1.2a), gip u ngc hoc cc
m mang (Hn
C.4.4.2 Kim n n
Vic chn on bnh trn vn c th
c hon thnh bng k thut PCR
(bc n hoc Nested PCR), k thut
lai ti ch, phn tch vt kiu Western (c
th tm cc quy trnh chi tit trong OIE
(2000a) hoc knh hin vi in t (TEM).
C.4.4.2.5. Phng php knh hin vi
in t (Mc III)
Cc m thch hp nht cho vic kim tra
bng knh hin vi in t l cc m di
lp cutin, mang v cc chn b (periopod)
c kim tra trc bng m hc
(C.4.4.1.3) hoc nhum p nhanh
(C.4.4.1.2) s thy r nhn b phng vi cc
th vi Cowdry typ A hoc cht nhim sc
bao quanh th vi bt mu kim. C nh
m t nht 24 gi trong cht c nh l
gluteraldehyde 6%, t l m/dch c nh l
10/1 v vi sodium cacodylate hoc dung
dch phosphate l dung dch m pH t
7. Trng hp bo qun di hn th gim
nng Glutaraldehyde xung 0,5-1%. Sau
c nh mu tip bng dung dch
Osmium tetroxide 1% v nhum mu bng
Uranyl Acetate v Ch Citrate(hoc thuc
nhum mu tng ng dng cho knh
hin vi in t). Cc virion bnh m trng
c hnh que n ellip vi lp v 3 lp, kch
thc 80-120 x 250-380 nm.
C.4.4.2.6 Knh hin vi in t nhum
mu m bn (Mc III)
Cc tiu bn huyt tng ca tm
nhum m bn c th cho thy virion c
cc phn ph dng ui bn trong cc t
bo bnh c nhn trng phng, nhng
khng thy c r th vi.
C.4.5 C u truyn n
Tm b m t ngun t nhin v tm bt
th vo ao nui u mang virus m trng,
cng ging nh nhiu gip xc khc v
thm ch c u trng cn trng thy sinh.
K thut phn t c s dng
khng nh vic truyn nhim ca nhng
vt khng thuc loi tm he mang virus
bnh m trng v nhng nghin cu lan
truyn bnh cho thy chng c th truyn
virus m trng cho tm.
C.4.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Hin vn cha c bin php cha tr
tm b nhim virus m trng, tuy nhin
c nhiu bin php phng nga
hn ch vic ly lan.
Vi cc c s sn xut tm PL ngi ta
ngh l tm b m t nhin cn c
kim tra s b bnh m trng bng k
thut Nested-PCR. Bt k c th no b
bnh, k c th h sau cng cn phi
tiu hu bng cc bin php v sinh v
tt c cc thit b b nhim cng
nh nc nui phi c tit trng.
Ngi ta cng xut l tm
P.monodon b m cn c kim bnh
m trng sau khi nhm tng kh
nng pht hin virus.
Khi nui ln, tm PL cn c kim s
b pht hin virus bnh m trng
bng k thut Nested-PCR, bng cch
s dng mt lng ln tm PL nhm
m bo pht hin cc ly nhim c
ngha. Cch ly mu l chn nhng con
yu kim tra, vic ny s lm tng
kh nng pht hin cc m tm b bnh.
Trong qu trnh nui vic thay i nhanh
nhit nc, cng v mn hoc
gim mc oxy (<2ppm) trong giai on
di c th gy ra bng pht bnh m
trng tm nhim cn lm sng.
Hin vn cha bit liu thay i ln ca
gi tr pH trong ngy m c th lm
bng pht bnh m trng khng nhng
nu ao c pH n nh th nhn chung tm
t b stress. Khng nn dng thc n c
ngun gc ng vt thy sn ti hoc
ti qua p ng nui tm tht, nui
thnh thc v ng p tr khi thc n
c tit trng bng tia gama
hoc thanh trng (gi 70
o
C trong 10
pht).
Bt c ao nui no b bnh cng cn
phi c thanh trng ngay bng
Chlorin 30 ppm dit tm bnh v tt
c cc vt mang bnh khc. Tm v cc
ng vt cht khc cn c dn sch
v chn vi hoc thiu hu. Nc phi
c lu gi t nht 4 ngy trc khi
thi i. Cc ch ao bn cnh cn c
thng bo ngay v khng c thay
nc t nht 4 ngy sau khi nc c
tho khi ao c tm bnh nu nh c
lin quan n ngun nc cp ring.
Nu ao c tm b bnh phi thu khn
cp th nc thi phi c bm vo ao
gn hoc ao cha ty trng bng
Chlorin v lu gi t nht 4 ngy trc
khi tho i. Ton b nc t ao thu
hoch cn c tho vo ao x l v
C.4 Bn m trn
185
bt c ph liu no cng u phi chn
vi hoc t. Ngi thu hoch tm phi
thay qun o v tm ni m nc s
c dn vo ao x l. Qun o ca
ngi thu hoch cn xp vo thng
ring gi i kh trng v git l. Cc
thit b, xe c, giy dp v pha ngoi
cc thng ng tm phi c kh
trng v nc thi phi tho ra ao x l.
Nh my ch bin cn c thng bo
v nhng l tm c bnh m trng v
cc bin php thch hp cn c tin
hnh trong nh my trnh s lan
truyn bnh qua cc thng vn chuyn
v ph thi ch bin. Cn ngn chn
vic a tm sng t vng c dch virus
m trng cc b ti nhng vng cha
h c bnh hoc nhng vng c coi
l sch bnh.
C.4.7 T lu tham kho n l
Chou, H.Y., C.Y. Huang, C.H. Wang, H.C.
Chiang and C.F. Lo. 1995. Pathogenicity of
a baculovirus infection causing white spot
syn- drome in cultured penaeid shrimp in
Taiwan. Dis. Aquat. Org. 23: 165-173.
Inouye, K, S. Miwa, N. Oseko, H. Nakano, T.
Kimura, K. Momoyama and M. Hiraoka.
1994. Mass mortalities of cultured Kuruma
shrimp Penaeus japonicus in Japan in
1993: electron microscopic evidence of the
caus- ative virus. Fish Pathol. 29:149-158.
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for
Disease of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp.
World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,
LA. 304p.
Lo, C.F., Y.S. Chang, C.T. Cheng, and G.H.
Kou 1998. PCR monitoring of cultured
shrimp for white spot syndrome virus
(WSSV) infec- tion in growout ponds. In:
Flegel T.W. (ed) Advances in shrimp
biotechnology, pp. 281-286. National
Center for Genetic Engineer- ing and
Biotechnology. Bangkok, Thailand.
Lo, C.F., J.H. Leu, C.H. Ho, C.H. Chen, S.E.
Peng, Y.T. Chen, C.M. Chou,, P.Y. Yeh,
C.J. Huang, H.Y. Chou, C.H. Wang, and
G.K. Kou. 1996. Detection of baculovirus
associated with white spot syndrome
(WSBV) in penaeid shrimps using
polymerase chain reaction. Dis. Aquat.
Org. 25: 133-141.
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-
Pacific and Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. 2000a.
Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Report
(Asia and Pacific Region), 2000/1,
January-March 2000. FAO Project
TCP/RAS/6714. Bangkok, Thailand. 57p.
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-
Pacific and Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. 2000b.
Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Report
(Asia and Pacific Re- gion), 2000/2, April-
June 2000. FAO Project TCP/RAS/6714.
Bangkok, Thailand. 59p.
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-
Pacific and Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. 2000c.
Quarterly Aquatic Animal Disease Report
(Asia and Pacific Region), 2000/3, July-
September 2000. FAO Project
TCP/RAS/6714. Bangkok, Thailand. 57p.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Subasinghe, R.P., M.G. Bondad-Reantaso,
and S.E. McGladdery. 2001. Aquaculture
devel- opment, health and wealth. In: R.P.
Subasinghe, P. Bueno, M.J. Phillips, C.
Hough, S.E. McGladdery & J.R. Arthur,
eds. Aquaculture in the Third Millennium.
Techni- cal Proceedings of the Conference
on Aquaculture in the Third Millennium,
Bangkok, Thailand, 20-25 February 2000.
NACA, Bangkok and FAO, Rome. (in
press)
Van Hulten, M.C., J. Witteveldt, S. Peters, N.
Kloosterboer, R. Tarchini, M. Fiers, H.
Sandbrink, R.K. Lankhorst, and J.M. Vlak.
2001 The white spot syndrome virus DNA
genome sequence. Virol. 286 (1):7-22.
Wang, C.H., C.F. Lo, J.H. Leu, C.M. Chou,
M.C. Tung, C.F. Chang, M.S. Su and G.H.
Kou. 1995. Purification and genomic
analysis of baculoviruses associated with
white spot syndrome (WSBV) of Penaeus
monodon. Dis. Aquat. Org. 23:239-242.
Wongteerasupaya, C., J.E. Vickers, S.
Sriurairatana, G.L. Nash, A. Akarajamorn,
V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyim, A. Tassanakajon,
B. Withyachumnarnkul and T.W. Flegel.
1995. A non-occluded, systemic baculovirus
that occurs in cells of ectodermal and
mesodermal origin and causes high
mortality in the black tiger prawn, Penaeus
monodon. Dis. Aquat. Org. 21:69-77.
C.4 Bn m trn WSD)
186
Hi chng m trng do vi khun
(BWSS) hin nay c coi l c nh
hng n tm Penaeus monodon.
S hiu bit v bnh ny cn ngho
nn, n c a ra trong S tay
hng dn chn on bnh chu
do c nguy c nhm ln trong chn
on vi bnh m trng do virus.
C.4a.1 Thn tn un
T nm 1993 virus bnh m trng
(WSDV) gy nn nhng thit hi ln
i vi cng nghip nui tm chu
v M-Latinh. Gn y mt hi chng
bnh khc tm c nhiu biu hin lm
sng l cc m trng c xc nh
v thng bo vi ci tn l Hi chng vi
khun m trng (BWSS) (Wang v
cs.,1999,2000). V nhng biu hin lm
sng tng t nh vy nn gy ra s
lng tng trong khi kim s b bnh m
trng bng k thut PCR c bn, tm c
nhng biu hin lm sng ca virus
bnh m trng li cho cc kt qu m
tnh. Nhng nh hng lm sng ca
hi chng vi khun m trng nh hn
rt nhiu so vi bnh m trng, mc d
ngi ta lu rng nu b nhim nng
c th lm gim s lt xc v tc ln.
C.4a.1.1 T nn y n
Vi khun Bacillus subtilis c cho l tc
nhn c kh nng gy bnh do s kt hp
ca chng vi cc m trng (Wang v
cs., 2000) nhng khng c mi quan h
nhn qu no c xc minh v cng
khng c nghin cu gy nhim no c
tin hnh. Vibrio cholerae cng thng
c phn lp vi mt lng ng k v
ging nh cc m trng chng cng
c m t Thi Lan nh l hu qu
ca vic duy tr pH v kim cao
trong ao nui m khng c mt cc virus
m trng hoc nhng mng m do vi
khun, iu cho thy c s lin quan
ca vi khun c th l th yu. S thiu
vng tc nhn gy bnh v kh nng lin
quan th yu ca vi khun cn phi c
nghin cu tip. Cho n nay lnh vc
nghin cu bnh nguyn hc vi khun
ch r l vi khun khng th l tc nhn
gy nn bnh ny.
C.4a.1.2 Vt
Cho n nay hi chng ny ch c
thng bo tm Penaeus monodon nui.
C.4a.1.3 Phn to vn l
Hi chng vi khun m trng ln u
c pht hin tm Penaeus monodon
nui Malaysia nm 1998 (Wang v cs.,
1999, 2000). y vn l bo co duy nht
khng nh c bnh ny.
C.4a.2 C n lm sn
Nhng m trng m c nhn thy
trn v v ton b thn tm v cn d
nhn ra hn khi bc lp v cutin ra khi
c th. Cc m trng hnh trn v
khng dy c nh bnh m trng
(Hn . Soi knh hin vi mu t
s thy c cc m nu m nh
thng tn tng t a y vi vin kiu
g kha trn (mc d trng hp ny
cng ging nh giai on sm ca
bnh m trng v khng th coi nh
mt c im trong chn on bnh).
Gia m thng b n mn, thm ch
cn b c thng. Trong giai on u
nhim bnh, tm vn cn hot ng n
mi v c th lt v, lc c th mt i
cc m trng. Tuy nhin qu trnh lt
v b chm li, chm ln v cht lc c
i vi tm b nhim bnh nng (Wang
v cs.,2000).
C.4a.3 C pn pp m
s
Khng c bo co no v phng php
kim s b khi tm b nhim mc cn
lm sng, k t khi Hi chng vi khun
m trng tr thnh s nhim bnh c
hi.
C.4a.4 C pn pp n
on n
C.4a.4.1 D n
C.4a.4.1.1 Cc quan st chung (Mc I)
S c mt ca cc m trng cc lp
cutin ca tm khng gy ra t vong
ng k.
C.4a.4.1.2 Tiu bn t (Mc I)
Nu cc m lp v cutin c pht
hin tm P.monodon c mu nu nht
ging nh a y c vin kiu g kha trn
v gia c nhng du hiu b n mn
hoc c thng, cng vi s gia tng
ca vi khun, th c th coi l hi
chng vi khun m trng. S ly nhim
nh vy c th c coi l m tnh i
vi bnh m trng.
C.4a.4.1.2 Phn ng chui Polymerase
PCR (Mc III)
Kt qu m tnh ca kim PCR virus gy
bnh m trng cho thy cc biu hin
lm sng i vi bnh m trng c th
C.4a. H
DO VI KHU
187
gi cho nguyn nhn khc gy ra hi
chng vi khun m trng.
C.4a. H n m trn o v un
(BWSS)
188
(M. Shariff)








Hnh C.4a.2. Cc m trng dy c trn
v tm Penaeus monodon do b bnh m
trng
(M. Shariff/Wang v cng s, 2000 (DAO
41:9-18))
















Hnh C.4a.4.2.2a,b. Cc m trng do vi
khun c tha hn cc m trng do virus.
Mt vi vi khun m trng c vng trn
vin hi trng v c th c hoc khng c
m trng nht, nh chnh gia.

(M. Shariff/Wang v cng s, 2000 (DAO
41:9-18))










C.4a.4.2 Kim n n
C.4a.4.2.1. M bnh hc (Mc II)
C th tin hnh kim tra m nhm
khng nh cc m mm kt hp vi
nhng tn thng ca lp cutin khng
phi l nhng biu hin ca cc th vi
ni nhn c trng ni b v trung b.
Trong trng hp hi chng vi khun
m trng, vi khun s l tiu phn vi
sinh vt l ch yu v n s kt hp ch
yu vi chnh nhng tn thng ca lp
cutin.
C.4a.4.2.2. Soi knh hin vi in t (Mc
III)
S c mt ca cc m tn thng
(Hn ,b) cng vi mt lng
ln vi khun (Hn xc nh
bng knh hin vi in t s khng nh
c hi chng vi khun m trng.
C.4a.5 C u ln truyn n
V cc vi khun ch khu tr trn b mt
c th nn kiu lan truyn c cho l
thng qua nc nui. Tuy nhin iu ny
cn c chng minh qua nghin cu.
C.4a.6 C n pp m sot
Mc d nguyn nhn gy bnh cha r
nhng c mt vi bin php c th lm
gim ri ro ca hi chng vi khun m
trng. Cn trnh to ra mt vi khun
cao trong ao nui. Cn thay nc
thng xuyn. Trnh s dng ch phm
sinh hc c cha Bacillus subtilis cho
n khi no hiu r hn mi quan h
gia loi vi khun ny vi hi chng vi
khun m trng. Nn x l nhanh ao
nui c hi chng vi khun m trng
bng vi bt (CaO) vi nng 25 ppm,
tuy nhin iu ny vn cn ang nghin
cu v vic s dng vi bt c th chnh
n gy ra nhng kh khn do lm
tng nhanh pH ca nc ao (xem phn
C.4.6).

Hnh: C.4a.4.2.2c: S c mt ca rt
nhiu vi khun gn kt vi phin si nh
lp trong cutin.

C.4a. H n m trn o v un
(BWSS)
189
C.4a.7 T lu tm o n
l
Wang, Y.G., M. Shariff, K.L. Lee and M.D.
Hassan. 1999. A review on diseases of
cultured shrimp in Malaysia. Paper was
presented at Workshop on Thematic
Review on Management Strategies for
Major Diseases in Shrimp Aquaculture, 28-
30 November 1999, Cebu, Philippines.
WB, NACA, WWF and FAO.
Wang, Y. G., K.L. Lee, M. Najiah, M. Shariff
and M.D. Hassan. 2000. A new bacterial
white spot syndrome (BWSS) in cultured
tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon and its
comparison with white spot syndrome
(WSS) caused by virus. Dis. Aquat. Org.
41: 9-18.
C.5. B
TUY
190
C.5.1 Thn tn un
C.5.1.1 T nn y n
Tc nhn gy bnh virus hoi t tuyn
rut gia (BMN) l virus hoi t tuyn
rut gia (BMNV), l mt virus gy nhim
trng rut h, capsit nhn khng c bao,
c kch thc l 36 x 250 nm; kch thc
virus c bao l 72 x 310 nm. Thng tin chi
tit hn v bnh ny c th tm trong S
tay Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn
ca OIE (2000a) v Lighter (1996).
C.5.1.2 Vt
Bnh virus hoi t tuyn rut gia
c quan st thy cc ly nhim t
nhin tm Pennaeus japoicus, P.
monodon v tm P.plebejus (Hn
C.5.1.2a) v cc ly nhim thc
nghim tm P. chinensis v tm P.
semisulcatus.
C.5.1.3 Phn b l
Bnh Virus hoi t tuyn rut gia
xut hin vng Kyushu v Chugoku
ca Nht t 1971. Nhng virus tng t
nh virus hoi t tuyn rut gia (h,
baculovirus typ C) cng c thng
bo tm P.japonicus Hn Quc v
tm P.monodon Philippin v c th
c Indonesia v xtrylia.
C.5.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn
vn u -Th n n -
2000)
Cc bo co t Nht nm 1999 khng
pht hin thy (nm 1992 l nm cui
cng bnh xut hin). Hn Quc nghi
l c bnh t thng 1-9/1999 v c nm
2000 (OIE 1999; OIE 2000a).
C.5.2. C n lm sn
Nht bnh virus hoi t tuyn rut
gia c coi l mt trong nhng tr
ngi chnh ca cc tri ng ni m u
trng hoc hu u trng giai on sm
b nhim v cht kh cao. S xut hin
mu trng c ca gan ty gy ra do
hoi t ng biu m gan ty v cng c
th hoi t biu m nhy. u trng ni
ln v bt ng nhng cc giai on
mun hn (PL mun) c xu hng
khng c bnh ny.
C.5.3 C pn php m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng php
kim tra bnh virus hoi t tuyn rut gia
c th tm c trong S tay Chn on
bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE
2000a), trn http://www.oie.int hoc trong
cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
C.5.3.1 D n
Hin vn cha c cc k thut ph hp
cho vic d chn bnh cho cc ng vt
khng c triu chng cc mc I
hoc II.
C.5.3.2 Kim n n
C.5.3.2.1. M bnh hc (Mc II)
K thut m bnh hc nh c m
t mc C.5.4.2.1. l phng php
kim chun do OIE xut (2000a).
C.5.4 C pn pp n
on n
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on bnh c th tm c
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE, (OIE, 2002 a); trn
http://www.oie.int hoc trong cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.5.4.1 D n
C.5.4.1.1. Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
u trng mc bnh hoc nhim virus
hoi t tuyn rut gia c biu hin l
tuyn rut gia b c, rt d thy bng
mt thng.
C.5.4.1.2. K thut tiu bn t (Mc
II)
Nhn b trng phng trong mu p ti
(soi knh hin vi trn nn sm) hoc cc
tiu bn tuyn gan ty nhum mu (soi
bng knh hin vi quang hc) l chng t
mu b nhim virus hoi t tuyn rut
gia. Khi quan st trn nn sm c thit b
ri sng vi knh t quang t th nhn b
bnh s cho mu trng trn nn sm. C
hin tng ny l do s gia tng cc tia
pht x v nhiu x sinh ra bi nhiu tiu
phn virus trong nhn. Cc mu c c
nh bng Formalin 10% cng cho nhng
kt qu tng t.
C.5.4.2 Kim n n
C.5.4.2.1. M bnh hc (Mc II)
Cc mu c c nh bng dung dch
Davidson, nhum mu bng H&E v soi
trn knh hin vi trn nn sng. Tm b
bnh s c nhn phng to (Hn
5.4.2.1a) t bo gan ty khi xy ra
hoi t. Nhn t bo tm b bnh c
cht nhim sc ca nhn b co li, nhim
sc cht c vin (Hn v
khng c th n c trng ca
Baculovius penaei (BP) (Hn
C.4a. H n m trn o v un
(BWSS)
191
C.9.3.2.3a,b mc C.9) v ly nhim
Monodon Baculovirus (Hn
C.5. B
TUY
192
(DV Lightner)












Hnh C.5.1.2a. Lt ct gan ty ca tm
P.plebejus cho thy mt vi t bo gan ty
c cha cc th vi ni nhn kiu virus
hoi t tuyn rut gia. Mayer- Bennett
H&E. phng i 1700X

(DV Lightner)











Hnh C.5.4.2.1a: nh phng to nhiu ln
ca gan ty PL ca tm P.monodon b
nhim virus hoi t tuyn rut gia nng
dng Baculovirus. Phn ln cc t bo gan
ty c nhn b ly nhim. Mayer- Bennett
H&E. phng i 1700X

(DV Lightner)










(DV Lightner)






















Hnh C.5.4.2.1b,c: Cc lt ct gan ty ca
PL tm P. japonicus b bnh virus hoi t
tuyn rut gia nng. Cc ng gan ty
phn ln b ph hu ch gi cc li cc
t bo biu m ng c cha nhn b phng
trong c mt th vi hnh dng khng
u bt mu Eosin kim yu v th vi ny
lp y nhn. Nhn b nhim virus hoi t
tuyn rut gia cng c cht nhim sc
nhn b co li, c vin v khng c cc th
n y l c trng ca ly nhim bi cc
Baculovirus th n. Mayer-Bennett H&E.
phng i (a) 1300X; (b) 1700X











Hnh C.5.1.2 d Cc th n MBV thng
xut hin l nhng th vi hnh cu, bt
mu Eosin trong nhn b phng to (mi
tn). Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i
1700X.

C.5. Bn vrus o t tuyn rut
(BMN)
193
C.5.4.2.2. Phng php knh hin in
t (TEM) (Mc III)
Knh hin vi in t c th c dng
chn on bnh virus hoi t tuyn rut
gia nh pht hin ra cc virus c v
bc hnh que nh m t mc
C.5.1.1.
C.5.4 C u ln truyn n
Hnh thc lan truyn ch yu ca bnh
virus hoi t tuyn rut gia l qua
ng ming. Cc virus c thi ra
cng vi phn vo mi trng nc ca
cc h thng nui thm canh tm
P.japonicus gi mt vai tr quan trng
trong vic ly lan bnh
C.5.5 C n pp m sot
bn
Cc nng ca cc cht tit trng khc
nhau dng dit virus hoi t tuyn
rut gia l cht c i vi u trng
tm. C th loi b mt phn hay ton
b s lan truyn ca virus bng cch
ra k cc trng th tinh hoc cc u
trng bng nc bin sch loi b
cc cht thi bm vo. Ty trng cc
thit b nui v trnh ti nhim virus l
cc yu t quyt nh kim sot bnh
virus hoi t tuyn rut gia.
Quy trnh xut nhm loi b ly
nhim virus hoi t tuyn rut gia bao
gm thu thp trng thu hoch t tm
b m v lc chng qua lp sa lt c
kch thc l 800 mm loi b phn
hoc cc cht thi tiu ho ca tm. Sau
, trng c ra tri bng nc bin
sch c mn 28-30 trong 3-5 pht
nhm m bo rng tt c cc cn phn
c loi b. Trng tip tc c tp
trung li bng lc qua li c kch thc
l 100mm. Sau trng tip tc c
ra tri bng nc bin sch c mn
28-30 trong 3-5 pht nhm loi b cc
tiu phn virus bm dnh.
C.5.6 T lu tm o n l
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for
Disease of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp.
World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge,
LA. 304p.
Momoyama, K. and T. Sano. 1989. Develop-
mental stages of kuruma shrimp larvae,
Penaeus japonicus Bate, with baculoviral
mid-gut gland necrosis (BMN) virus. J.
FishDis. 8:585-589.
Natividad, J.M. and D.V. Lightner. 1992.
Preva- lence and geographic distribution of
MBV and other diseases in cultured giant
tiger prawns (Penaeus monodon) in the
Philip- pines, pp.139-160. In: Diseases of
Cultured Penaeid Shrimp in Asia and the
United States, Fulks, W. and Main, K.L
(eds.). The Oceanic Institute, Honolulu,
Hawaii, USA.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific Region).
OIE Representation for Asia and the
Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Park, M.A. 1992. The status of culture and
dis- eases of penaeid shrimp in Korea, pp.
161-167. In: Diseases of Cultured Penaeid
Shrimp in Asia and the United States,
Fulks, W. and Main, K.L (eds.). The
Oceanic Institute, Ho- nolulu, Hawaii, USA.
Sano, T. and K. Momoyama. 1992.
Baculovirus infection of penaeid shrimp in
Japan, pp. 169-174. In: Diseases of
Cultured Penaeid Shrimp in Asia and the
United States, Fulks, W. and Main, K.L
(eds.). The Oceanic Institute, Ho- nolulu,
Hawaii, USA.
Sano, T. T. Nishimura, K. Oguma, K. Momoyama
and N. Takeno. 1981. Baculovirus infection
of cultured Kuruma shrimp Penaeus
japonicus in Japan. Fish Pathol. 15:185-
191.
C.5. Bn vrus o t tuyn rut
(BMN)
194
C.6.1 Thn tn un
C.6.1.1 T nn y nh
Virus gy kt dnh mang (GAV) l mt
virus RNA si n c lin quan vi virus
h Coronaviridae. N c lin quan mt
thit vi virus u vng v c coi l
mt thnh vin ca t hp virus u
vng. GAV c th xut hin tm kho
hoc tm bnh v trc y n c gi
l virus c quan bch huyt (LOV) khi
c tm thy trong tm cn kho mnh.
C.6.1.2 Vt
Ly nhim t nhin vi GAV ch c
tm thy tm Penaeus monodon,
nhng ly nhim thc nghim gy ra
t vong tm P. esculentus,
P.merguiensis v P.japonicus. Tnh
khng bnh c lin quan n tui v
kch c tm c tm thy tm P.
japonicus.
C.6.1.3 Phn l
GAV ch c tm thy Queensland
trn b bin pha ng bc ca xtrylia
v l c hu vi tm P.monodon ca
vng ny.
C.6.1.4 H tn o o n qu
v n n vt ty sn vn
chu -Th n n -2000)
xtrylia thng bo c s xut hin
trn din rng ca LOV trong tm
P.monodon kho nui v hoang d
Queeensland. Cc nc khc cho bit
l khng c thng tin i vi GAV trong
cc bo co giai on 1999 v 2000
(OIE 1999, OIE 2000).
C.6.2 C n lm sn
GAV l c hu tm P.monodon kho
mnh vng bc Queensland. Hin vn
cha r l c phi vic gia tng bnh l
do kt qu ca stress mi trng dn
n triu chng lm sng ca virus
trc khi hin hu, v n c th xut
hin vi bnh u vng v bnh m
trng hoc liu bnh ny pht sinh ra t
mt ly nhim mi vi mt chng gy
bnh ca GAV. GAV c tm thy kh
nhiu mang v c quan bch huyt
nhng cng c tm thy cc t bo
mu. Khi ly nhim cp tnh t bo mu
s gim nhanh c quan bch huyt b
ri lon t chc v khng c cu trc
ng bnh thng v pht hin c
virus trong cc m lin kt ca tt c cc
c quan ch yu.
C.6.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
C.6.3.1 Kim n n
C.6.3.1.1. Phng php th phn ng
chui Polymerase- transcriptase nghch
o RT-PCR (Mc III)
Mi PCR di c thit k
khuych i mt on 618 bp ca GAV:
GAV-5 5-AAC TTT GCC ATC CTC GTC
AC-3
GAV-6 5-TGG ATG TTG TGT GTT CTC
AAC-3
Mi PCR di c thit k
khuych i mt on 317 bp khuych
i bng GAV-5 v GAV-6:
GAV-1 5-ATC CAT ACT ACT CTA AAC TTC
C-3
GAV-2 5-GAA TTT CTC GAA CAA CAG
ACG-3
Ton b RNA (100ng) c phn r vi
s c mt ca 35 pmol ca mi (GAV-5
v GAV-6) bng cch un nng ln 98
o
C
trong 8 pht trong 6 ml, nc DEPC
cha 0,5 ml Formamide kh ion v
c lm lnh bng kh. cDNA c
tng hp bng cch cho 2ml dung dch
m superscript II x 5,1ml 100 mM DTT,
0,5ml 10mM dNTPs, 20 U rRNasin TM
(Promega) v 100U Superscript II
Transcriptase nghch o (Life
Technologies) v nc DEPC n 10ml,
gi phn ng nhit 42
o
C trong 1 gi
sau un nng ln 99
o
C trong 5 pht
trc khi lm lnh trn . Ly 1/10 sn
phm phn ng cDNA (1ml= 10ng RNA)
khuych i ln trong 50ml bng s dng
dch m Taq (10ml Tris-HCl pH 9, 50
mM KCl, 0,1% Triton X-100), 1,5mM
MgCl2, 35 pmol ca mi loi mi GAV-5
v GAV-6 v 200mM dNTPs c ph
bng 50ml parafin lng. PCRs c bt
u bng khi ng nng trong phn
ng c un nng ln 85
o
C trong 5 pht
trc khi thm 2,5Utaq Polymerase
(Promega). DNA c nhn ln 30 chu
k 95
o
C/pht, 58
o
C/pht, 72
o
C/40 giy
tip sau l 72
o
C/10 pht v cui cng gi
20
o
C bng my lun nhit Corbett
Research/Ommigene (Hybaid). Cc sn
phm PCR (10ml) c ho vo 2% gel
agarose-TAE cha 0,5 mg/ml ethidium
bromide.
Khi kt qu ca RT-PCR ln 1 l m tnh
hoc khng th kt lun c th ly
0,5ml PCR ln 1 khuych i bng
Nested-PCR nh trn trong 50ml th
tch - cc mi GAV-1 v GAV-2. Trong
mt vi trng hp dng 5ml ca RT-
C.6. VIRUS G
195
PCR. Cc iu kin ca Nested PCR
cng ging nh vi PCR ln u, ch khc
C.6. Virus gy t n mn
196
l thi gian nhn bn gim xung 30
giy v s chu k gim xung 20. Phn
tch cc mu Nested-PCR (10ml) trn
cc gel Agarose-TAE 2%.
C.6.4 C pn pp n
on n
C.6.4.1 D n
C.6.4.1.1. Cc quan st chung (Mc I)
Tm b nhim GAV cp tnh c biu hin
l , km n, bi lu trn mt nc
hoc quanh b ao. Thn tm bin thnh
mu sm, c bit cc phn ph b,
cnh ui v phn ming; mang bin
sang vng-hng. Cn quan st thy giun
hnh ng v con h bm trn mang bn.
Nhng biu hin chung ca nhim GAV
cp tnh lun thay i v khng phi lun
nhn thy c, v th chng khng ng
tin cy ngay c chn on s b.
C.6.4.1.2.T bo/m bnh hc (Mc II)
Tch gip u ngc ca tm nhim
bnh ra khi phn bng v tch ra theo
chiu dc. Sau em c nh mu
bng dung dch Davidson v x l dng
cho m hc. Nhum cc lt ct bng
H&E. Cc c quan bch huyt ca tm
b bnh b mt cu trc dng tiu qun
thng thng. Ti nhng ni b ph v,
khng c nhn hoc t bo r rng vi
nhn phnh to, ngng kt hoc to ra
khng bo. Foci ca cc t bo khng
bnh thng thy trong cc c quan
bch huyt v chng bt mu Eosin
sm. Cc mang ca tm bnh c biu
hin h hi v cu trc nh gn kt cc
u t mang, hoi t ton b v mt lp
biu b ca cc l mang s cp v th
cp. Cu trc t bo ca mang biu hin
bnh thng tch bit vi foci nh bt
mu kim ca cc t bo hoi t.
C.6.4.2 Kim n n
C.6.4.2.1. Soi knh hin vi in t TEM
(Mc III)
Cc mu m c c nh bng 2,5%
glutaraldehyde hoc 2% paraformaldehyde
trong dung dch m cacodylate v c
nh li bng 1% osmium tetroxide. Mu
c nh sau c loi nc bng
mt lot ethanol c nng khc nhau
v lm tiu bn bng nha Spurr. Cc
lt ct 50nm c a ln sng Cu-200,
nhum mu bng Uranyl acetate hoc
70% methanol v ch Reynold Citrate.
T bo cht ca cc t bo c quan
bch huyt ca tm bnh c cha c
cc mnh virus c v hnh que ln cc
capsid nhn virus. Cc capsid nhn di
166-435 nm v rng 16-18 nm.
(P Walker)


Hnh. C.6.4.2.1. Quan st GAV qua knh
hin vi in t.

Cc capsid nhn c h vch vi chu k
7 nm v thng thy gn kt vi th
li ni cht. Cc virus c v thng t
ph bin, xut hin ch khong 20% cc
t bo trong khu vc b ph v ca c
quan bch huyt. Cc virus c v (Hn
C.6.4.2.1) di 183-200 nm v rng 34-42
nm cng gn kt vi th li ni cht.
C cc virus c v v cc capsid nhn
u c mt trong m mang nhng cc
capsid nhn l ph bin hn, chim 40-
70% cc t bo trong khi cc virus c
v ch chim di 10% cc t bo.
C.6.4.2.2. Phn ng chui polymerase-
transcriptase nghch o (RT-PCR) (Mc
III)
Nh m t mc C.6.3.1.1
C.6.5 C u ln truyn n
Dng lan truyn theo phng nm
ngang c hiu qu nht l do n tht ln
nhau, nhng vic lan truyn cng c th
bng ngun nc. GAV cng c th
truyn theo phng thng ng t tm
b m cn kho. Virus c th lan truyn
hoc t b hoc t m hoc c hai,
nhng khng r l s ly nhim c
trong trng khng.
C.6.6 C n pp m sot n
Hin cha c cc bin php kim
sot GAV. Ngn nga s lan truyn ca
GAV n cc vng cha h b ly nhim
C.6 Virus gy t n mn
197
l mt bin php ang c khuyn
ngh. Phi kh cc ao b nhim bnh
cng l mt bin php c hiu qu
ngn chn s tn lu ca virus.
C.6.7 T lu tm o n l
Cowley, J.A., C.M. Dimmock, C. Wongteera-
supaya, V. Boonsaeng, S. Panyam and
P.J. Walker. 1999.Yellow head virus from
Thailand and gill-associated virus from
Aus- tralian are closely related but distinct
viruses. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36:153-157.
Cowley, J.A., C.M. Dimmock, K.M. Spann
and P.J. Walker. 2000b. Gill-associated
virus of Penaeus monodon prawns: an
invertebrate virus with ORF1a and ORF 1b
genes related to arteri- and coronaviruses.
J. Gen. Virol. 81: 1473 - 1484.
Spann, K.M., J.E. Vi ckers and R.J.G.
Lester.1995. Lymphoid organ virus of
Penaeus monodon from Australia. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 23: 127-134
Spann, K.M., J.A. Cowley, P.J. Walker and
R.J.G. Lester.1997. A yellow-head-like
virus from Penaeus monodon cultured in
Austra- lia. Dis. Aquat. Org. 31: 169-179.
Spann, K.M., A.R. Donaldson, I.J. East, J.A.
Cowley and P.J. Walker. 2000. Differences
in the susceptibility of four penaeid prawn
species to gill-associated virus (GAV). Dis.
Aquat. Org. 42: 221-225.
Walker, P.J., J.A. Cowley, K.M. Spann, R.A.J.
Hodgson, M.A. Hall and B. Withyachum-
nernkul. 2001. Yellow head com- plex
viruses: transmission cycles and topo-
graphical distribution in the Asia-Pacific re-
gion, pp. 227-237. In: C.L. Browdy and
D.E. Jory (eds).The New Wave:
Proceedings of the Special Session on
Sustainable Shrimp Cul- ture, Aquaculture
2001. The World Aquacul- ture Society,
Baton Rouge, LA.
C.7 H
(SMVD)
4

198
C.7.1 Thn tn un
C.7.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh virus gy t vong tm b m
(SMVD) gy ra bi virus DNA si n
khi 12 nh 20 cnh kch thc 20-25
nm. Nhng c im ny l rt gn vi
cc virus thuc h Parvoviridae. Virus
ny c gi l virus gy t vong tm
b m v cc tn bnh khc nh Hi
chng gy t vong tm b m (SMS) v
Hi chng gy t vong gia v (MCMS).
Thng tin chi tit hn v bnh ny c
th tm c trong S tay Chn on
bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE
2000a).
C.7.1.2 Vt
Bnh virus gy t vong tm b m gy
bnh tm Penacus monodon. Cc gy
nhim thc nghim cng gy cht
tm P.esculentus, P. japonieus, P.
merguiensis v Metapenaeusensis. Tm
nui nc ngt Cherax quandricarinatus
sp cht cng c kt hp vi vic
gy nhim SMV gi nh bng cch s
dng cc phn tch mu DNA.
C.7.1.3 Phn l
Bnh virus gy t vong tm b m c
pht hin Queensland, cng nh
Philippin v Srilanka.
C.7.1.4 H tn tn o n
qu v n n vt ty sn
vn u -Th n n -
2000)
Phn ln cc nc bo co rng khng
c thng tin hoc cha bao gi gp
trong 2 nm (1999-2000) ngoi tr
Srilanka, nc ny nghi l c bnh vo
thng 8/1999 v xut hin bnh vo thng
9/1999 (OIE 1999, OIE 2000b). Philippin
bo co c xut hin bnh virus gy t
vong tm b m vo thng 10-12/1998,
ni m cc mu tm P.monodon c gi
i xtrylia lm th nghim lai ti ch
s dng mu SMV cho kt qu dng
tnh (NACA/FAO 1999).
C.7.2 C n lm sn
Hin khng c biu hin lm sng c
trng no i vi virus gy t vong tm b
m. y l mt trong vi virus c lin quan
vi hi chng gy t vong gia v, n
gy cht cho rt nhiu tm s con v sp
trng thnh nui xtrylia t 1994-
1996. Tm P.monodon Philippin cng b
ly nhim tng t bng phy khun pht
sng (Vibrio harveyi).
C.7.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng php
kim tra bnh virus gy t vong tm b m
c th tm c trong S tay Chn on
bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE
2000a), trn http://www.oie.int hoc trong
cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
Hin khng c phng php kim tra
bnh tiu chun no cho cc ng vt
khng c triu chng bnh.
C.7.4 C pn pp n
on n
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on bnh virus gy t vong
tm b m c th tm trong S tay Chn
on bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE
(OIE 200), trn http://www.oie.int hoc
trong cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
C.7.4.1 D n
C.7.4.1.1. Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Khng c cc biu hin lm sng c
trng ca bnh virus gy t vong tm b
m. Tm P.monodon con trong ao nui
tm tht c th b bin mu, l , v
bn v bing n. Hin tng ny c th
gy ra bi mt vi loi vi khun hoc
virus cho nn cn c nhng phng
php chn on khc.
C.7.4.1.2. T bo m bnh hc (Mc
II)
Bnh hc t bo khng c trng i vi
bnh virus gy t vong tm b m tm
P.monodon non b nhim bnh t nhin
tch t hng cu v tiu hu t bo c
tp trung quanh b mt biu m rut.
Cc gy nhim thc nghim s dng
dch chit m ca tm b bnh virus gy
t vong tm b m th hin triu chng
ly nhim bng vic tch t hng cu,
hoi t, lt v cc t bo biu m ca
rut gia v gan ty.
C.7.4.2 Kim n n
C.7.4.2.1. Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Cc virus gy t vong tm b m c
tm thy trong biu m rut. Cc tiu
phn virus c ng knh khong 20-25
nm v c hnh i xng 6 cnh (20 mt).

C.6 Virus gy t n mn
199
4
Bnh ny c lit k trong h thng bo co hng qu v bnh ng vt thy sn ca
FAO/NACA/OIE vi tn l Hi chng gy t vong gia v
C.7.5 C u ln truyn n
Cc c th sp cht v cht b cc
con cn sng n tht v y c coi l
hnh thc lan truyn bnh nhanh chng
theo phng nm ngang
C.7.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Bin php c xut l khng a
tm t ngun b nhim virus gy t vong
tm b m vo nhng vng cha h b
bnh. Loi b tm sp cht khi ao hng
ngy, nht l vo u v sn xut cng
l mt bin php. Vic th vo ao nui
th h con ca nhng trng tm c
phn ng ca phn m tnh vi SMV
bng cch s dng cc mu PCR,
lm gim t vong xung 23%.
C.7.7 T lu tm o n
l
Albaladejo, J.D., L.M. Tapay, V.P. Migo, C.G.
Alfaf ar a, J.R. Somga, S.L. Mayo, R. C.
Miranda, K. Natividad, F.O. Magbanua, T.
Itami, M. Matsumura, E.C.B. Nadala, Jr. and
P.C. Loh. 1998. Screening for shrimp viruses
in the Philippines, pp. 251-254. In: Advances
in shrimp Biotechnology, Flegel, T.W. (ed).
National Center for Genetic Engineering
and Biotechnology. Bangkok, Thailand.
Fraser, C.A. and L. Owens. 1996. Spawner-iso-
lated mortality virus from Australian Penaeus
monodon. Dis. Aquat. Org. 27: 141-148.
NACA/FAO. 1999. Quarterly Aquatic
Animal Disease Report (Asia-Pacific
Region), 98/2, October to December
1998. FAO Project TCP/RAS/6714.
Bangkok, Thailand. 41p.
OIE. 1999. Regional Aquatic Animal Disease
Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 35p.
OIE. 2000a. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000. Office
In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
OIE. 2000b. Regional Aquatic Animal
Disease Yearbook 1999 (Asian and Pacific
Region). OIE Representation for Asia and
the Pacific. Tokyo, Japan. 40p.
Owens, L. and C. McElnea. 2000. Natural
infection of t he redcl aw crayfi sh
Cherax quadricarinatus with presumptive
spawner- isolated mortality virus. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 40: 219-233.
Owens, L., G. Haqshenas, C. McElnea and
R. Coelen. 1998. Putative spawner-
isolated mortality virus associated with mid-
crop mortality syndrome in farmed Penaeus
monodon from northern Australia. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 34: 177-185.

C.8. H
5

200
C.8.1 Thn tn un
C.8.1.1 T nn y n
Hi chng Taura (TS) gy ra bi virus hi
chng Taura (TSV). N tm thi c
xp vo h Picornaviridae da trn hnh
thi hc ca n (31-32 nm khi 20 mt
khng bao), sao chp bo cht, mt
ni 1,338 g/ml, b gen cha si n
thng ssRNA chiu thun di khong
10,2 kb v lp v protein c 3 chui
polypeptid chnh (55 ; 40 ; 24 kD) v mt
chui ph (58kD). Thng tin chi tit hn
v mm bnh c th tm c trong S tay
Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (2000) v Lightner (1996).
C.8.1.2 Vt
Virus hi chng Taura gy bnh nhiu
loi tm he M. Loi mn cm nht l
tm trng Thi Bnh Dng Penaeus
vannamei, mc d tm P.stylirostris v
P.setiferus cng c th b nhim. u
trng v tm u nin P.schmittii,
P.aztecus, P.duorarum, P.chinensis,
P.monodon v Marsupenaeus (Penaeus)
japonicus cng b gy nhim bng
thc nghim.
C.8.1.3 Phn l
Hi chng Taura ln u tin c xc
nh cc tri nui tm gn sng Taura,
Ecuador ( cng l tn ca bnh) vo
nm 1992. Sau bnh lan trn ra hu
khp cc vng nui tm tht ca chu M-
Latinh bao gm Hawaii (lan truyn vng
trn) v vng b bin Thi Bnh Dng
ca Colombia, Costarica, Ecuador, El
Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico,
Nicaragua, Panama v Peru.
Virus hi chng Taura cng c tm
thy tm nui dc b bin i Ty
Dng ca Belize, Brazil, Columbia,
Mexico v Venezuela v cc bang ng-
nam M nh bang Florida, Nam Carolina
v Texas. Virus hi chng Taura pht tn
vng trn t cc n tm nui Florida
v Belize. Virus hi chng Taura c
tm thy trong tm he t nhin
Ecuador, El Salvador, Honduras v
Mexico. pha ng bn cu ch tm thy
virus ny i Loan, Trung Quc ni m
bnh c a vo cng vi tm P.
vannamei t Trung M.
C.8.2 C n lm sn
Hi chng Taura c bit gy hi cho hu
u trng P. vannamei khong 14-40 ngy
sau khi th vo ao hoc b nui tm tht,
tuy nhin cc giai on ln hn chng
vn c th b ly nhim nng.Hi chng
Taura c chia thnh 3 giai on kh r
(i) giai on cp tnh, giai on ny phn
ln tm b cht ; (ii) giai on chuyn tip
ngn ; (iii) giai on mn tnh ca vt
mang bnh. giai on cp tnh biu m
cutin b tc ng mnh nht. giai on
mn tnh, c quan bch huyt l ni c u
th b bnh. giai on b bnh cp tnh
tm P. vannamei c t l cht cao (40-
90%) trong khi nhiu chng tm P.
stylirostris c tnh khng vi cc mc
nguy hi ca bnh. Nhng tm sng
st qua giai on bnh cp tnh s chuyn
qua mt giai on chuyn tip ngn ri
chuyn sang giai on mn tnh v c th
sng st. Giai on cn lm sng ca vic
nhim bnh ny c coi l c tham gia
vo vic lan truyn bnh qua vt mang
virus Taura sng.
C.8.3 C pn pp m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit v cc phng php
kim tra TVS c th tm c trong S tay
Chn on bnh ng vt thy sn ca
OIE (OIE 2000), trn http://www.oie.int
(OIE 2000) hoc cc ti liu tham
kho chn lc.
C.8.3.1 D n
C.8.3.1.1.Cc quan st chung (Mc II)
Bt c tm P.vannamei no hoc nhng
tm he mn cm khc cn sng st sau
khi bng pht hi chng Taura u c
th l vt mang TSV. Mc d vy hin
vn cha c nhng quan st chung
hoc cc triu chng mc I c th
dng kim tra cc vt mang bnh cn
lm sng.
C.8.3.1.2. M bnh hc (Mc I)
Hu u trng, tm con v tm trng
thnh u c th kim tra bnh bng cc
k thut m hc v nhum t bo. Giai
on mn tnh c c trng s tch
ng hnh cu ca cc t bo trong c
quan bch huyt; c gi l cc khi
cu ca c quan bch huyt (LOS).
Cc khi vt cht ny bao gm cc hng
cu thc bo, chng c lp cc virus
hi chng Taura v tch t li trong
khong gia ng ca cc c quan bch
huyt.
C.8 H n ura (TS)
201
C.8.3.1.3. Php th min dch (Mc III)
Hin c kit th dot blot cho virus hi
chng Taura ca DiagXotics (Wilton,
CT, M). Cng sn xut kit ELISA s
dng virus hi chng Taura MAb. Cc
kit th ny c th dng kim tra kh
nng mang virus ny cc vt mang
bnh, nhng bt k kt qu dng tnh
no cng cn c kim tra cho bng
mt php kim khng nh khc, hoc
bng php th sinh hc, cho n khi
thy c cc du hiu lm sng hoc
khng thy c virus bng cc cng ngh
phn t (cch ny cng p dng
kim tra bnh bng PCR - C.8.3.1.5).
C.8.3.1.4.Lai ti ch (Mc III)
Hin c kit th lai ti ch cho virus
hi chng Taura ca DiagXotics (Wilton,
CT, M). K thut ny thng dnh
kim khng nh cc quan st v m hc
(C.8.3.1.2) hn l mt k thut tiu
chun kim tra bnh.
C.8.3.1.5. Kim PCR
Mt php th c bn phn ng chui
transcriptase- polymerase nghch o cho
mc ch kim tra bnh c u im l kim
tra tm b m sng v gip chn lc tm
c phn ng m tnh vi virus hi chng
Taura cho . Nhng kt qu dng
tnh t nhng tm cn sng st t nhng
bng pht virus hi chng Taura trc
c th dng kim khng nh, tuy nhin
nhng kt qu dng tnh ln u t loi
khng mn cm vi bnh hoc t nhng
ni khng b bnh cc b cn c phn
tch bng k thut khng nh khc vi
nhng l do tng t nh k thut lai dot-
blot (C.8.3.1.3).
C.8.4 C pn pp n
on bn
Thng tin chi tit v cc phng php
chn on virus hi chng Taura c th
tm thy trong S tay Chn on bnh
ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000),
trn trang http://www.oie.int, hoc cc
ti liu tham kho chn lc.
C.8.4.1 D n
C.8.3.1.1.Cc quan st chung (Mc I)
C th thy hu u trng hoc c tm
nhiu ngy tui hn ca Penaeus
vannamei chuyn sang mu nht,
nht l ui qut v cc chn bng
(nng dn Ecuador gi l bnh ui
khi bnh ny xut hin ln u y).
S thay i mu ny l do s lan rng
cc t bo sc t trong lp biu m
cuticun. Khi phng to cc mp ca chn
bng hoc chn ui c th thy r
bnh hoi t.
Khi c nhng biu hin ny tm s c
v mm, rut rng v thng cht trong
khi lt v. Khi c dch bnh nng, cc
loi chim bin (mng bin, nhn bin,
chim cc vv...) s b thu ht n ao nui
tm ang c c trn 1mg.
Mc d giai on chuyn tip ca Hi
chng Taura ch ko di vi ngy, mt
s tm c cc biu hin tn thng mu
en vi hnh dng khng ng u v
cutin mt cch ngu nhin (Hn
8.4.1.1.c,d,e). Nhng biu hin ny
tng ng vi hot ng sa cha t
bo mu xung quanh cc tn thng
hoi t do lp biu m cutin b nhim
virus hi chng Taura. Nhng tm nh
th c th hoc khng c th c v mm
v chuyn mu , v vn c th n
bnh thng.
C.8.3.1.2. M bnh hc (Mc II)
Vic chn on hi chng Taura cc
giai on cp tnh cn n nhng biu
hin m hc (cc tiu bn nhum H&E)
ca cc vng b hoi t lp biu m
cutin trn ton b b mt c th, phn
ph, mang, rut sau, thc qun (Hn
C.8.4.1.2b). M lin kt di lp cutin
v cc si c vn di hay k st vi
lp biu m cutin cng c cc du hiu
hoi t. i khi lp biu m ng ca tuyn
ru cng b nh hng. Cc tn thng
ca lp cutin c th cha cc t bo c t
bo cht bt mu Eosin khng bnh
thng (nhum mu hng) v nhn b
ngng kt (cht nhn c c li) hoc b
v (cht nhn b chia nhiu mnh). Trong
giai on cp tnh cc tn thng thng
c rt nhiu cc mnh vn ca cc t bo
hoi t v chng ging nh cc th hnh
cu sn si (ng knh 1-20 m) c mu
nhum thay i t bt mu Eosin sang bt
mu kim sng (mu xanh da tri). Mt
c tnh khc ca hi chng Taura cp
tnh l c s ngng kt hng cu hoc cc
biu hin khc do phn ng t v ca vt
ch. Cc c tnh ny phi hp li to cho
cc tn thng hi chng Taura cp tnh
ging nh rc ht tiu (Hn
iu ny coi nh chn on bnh v c
th coi l kim khng nh (C.8.4.2.2) cho
cc loi mn cm cc vng nc b dch
cc b. Vi nhng quan st ln u v cc
c im m bnh ny, hoc vic chng
xut hin loi tm he khng bnh thng
hoc cc a im khng bnh thng th
dng mt k thut khc kim khng
nh l cn thit.
giai on chuyn tip ca hi chng
Taura, s lng v mc c lit ca
cc tn thng lp cutin l c trng
cho bnh giai on cp tnh c gim i
v bt u c hng cu ngng kt cc
m b bnh. Cc tn thng ny s c
mu en.
C.8 H n ur
202
C.8.4.1.1a,b. Nu nhng tn thng v
cutin cp tnh lm thng lp m sng
ngoi, nhng mt ngoi b tn thng
ny c biu hin ca s hnh thnh tp
on v xm nhp ca vi khun Vibrio
spp. hoc cc bnh nhim th cp
khc.
Trong giai on mn tnh ca hi chng
Taura, biu hin ly nhim ch c th
hin bng s c mt ca cc hnh cu
trong c quan bch huyt (LOS) (Hn
C.8.4.1.2d), n ng vi vic tch ng
cc hng cu trong khong gia cc
khong gia ng ca c quan bch
huyt.

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HnhC.8.4.1.1a,b. a) Tm P.vannamei u
nin trong giai on cp tnh ca hi chng
Taura. Tm l , v mm v ui r rt;
b) nh phng to nhiu ln phn ui cho
thy s chuyn mu v cc g rp ca
lp biu m v cutin cc nng ui c
hoi t trn biu m (mi tn).
(DV Lightner/F Jimenez)































Hnh C.8.4.1.1c,d,e: Tm P.vannamei u
nin nui trong ao (c-t Ecuador;
d-t Texas; e-t Mexico) c nhng vt
en ca hoi t m v cutin do nhim
virus hi chng Taura.




C.8 H n ura (TS)
203
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Hnh C.8.4.1.2a: Nhng tn thng
mang ca tm P.vannamei do virus hi
chng Taura (mi tn). Nhn b ngng kt
v v, tng kh nng bt mu Eosin ca t
bo cht. S a dng ca cc th vi t
bo cht hnh cu nhum mu khc nhau
l c im d nhn bit ca cc tn
thng; phng i 900X

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Hnh C.8.4.1.2b: Lt ct m d dy ca
tm P.vannamei u nin cho thy nhng
vng hoi t ni bt lp biu m v
cuticum (mi tn m). Bn cnh cc tn
thng l nhng t bo biu m bnh
thng (mi tn mnh). Mayer-Bennett
H&E, phng i 300X
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Hnh C.8.4.1.2c: nh phng to hn ca
hnh C.8.4.1.2b s thy nhng th vi t
bo cht c nhn ngng kt v v ging
nh "rc ht tiu. Mayer-Bennett, phng
i 900X

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Hnh C.8.4.1.2d: Lt ct dc gia c quan
bch huyt (LO) ca tm P. vannamei u
nin b gy nhim bnh bng thc nghim.
Ri rc gia cc dy hoc m ca c
quan bch huyt (LO) bnh thng, c
trng bi nhiu lp t bo c v xp xung
quanh mt mch huyt tng trung tm
(mi tn mnh), l s tp trung cc t bo
lympho hn n thnh cc "hnh cu
lympho. Nhng hnh cu lympho ny
khng c mch trung tm v bao gm cc
t bo c nhn to, cc khng bo ni r v
cc th vi bo cht khc (mi tn m).
Mayer-Bennett H&E, phng i 300X




C.8 H n ur
204
C.8.4.2 Kim n n
C.8.4.2.1. Phng php sinh hc (Mc
I/II)
Tm P.vannamei u nin khng c mm
bnh c th dng kim tra tm nghi b
bnh. C th s dng 3 phng php:
(i) Bm nh tm nghi b bnh lm
thc n cho tm. mt b khc nui
tm khng c mm bnh t cng mt
ngun, nhng ch cho n thc n bnh
thng (i chng). Nu tm nghi b
bnh cho kt qu dng tnh vi virus
hi chng Taura th s thy r cc triu
chng chung v tn thng v bnh
hc t bo trong vng 3-4 ngy sau khi
tin hnh th nghim. 3-8 ngy sau s
c mt lng ng k tm b cht. Tm
i chng cn phi kho v khng c
cc triu chng chung hoc cc biu
hin m hc v Hi chng Taura.
(ii) Nghin ng nht c con tm ly t
vng b coi l c dch Taura tim
truyn. Hoc l ch dng u tm, khi
nghi ng c cc biu hin ca hi chng
Taura ang giai on chuyn tip (cc
tn thng mu en) hoc khi khng c
cc du hiu lm sng ca bnh (nghi
giai on mn tnh) do n kim ch c
quan bch huyt.
(iii) Cc mu huyt tng c th ly t
tm b m v dng bc l tm ch th
sch bnh nh vi phng php (ii)
trn.
C.8.4.2.2. M bnh hc (Mc II)
Quan st cc tn thng m t
mc C.8.4.1.2 c th c coi l
phng php kim khng nh i vi
nhng loi nhy cm vi bnh t nhng
ngun c bit l a phng ang c
virus hi chng Taura.
C.8.4.2.3. Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Dng knh hin vi in t xc nh
nhng tn thng biu m giai on
cp tnh hoc cc khi cu c quan
bch huyt thy trong bo cht ca cc
t bo b nhim c cc tiu phn virus
20 mt, khng bao, c ng knh 31-
32 nm c coi l phng php kim
khng nh vi loi tm he nhy cm vi
bnh khi c nhng biu hin lm sng
chung v m hc. Vi nhng chn on
ln u hoc tin hnh loi khc vi
nhng loi mn cm t nhin hoc bng
thc nghim c trong danh mc th
vic kim khng nh thm bng cng
ngh phn t (C.8.4.2.6) l cn thit.
C.8.4.2.4. Phng php Dot Blot
Nh m t mc C.8.3.1.3
C.8.4.2.5. Lai cho ti ch (Mc III)
Nh m t mc C.8.3.1.4
C.8.4.2.6 Phng php PCR (Mc III)
Nh m t mc C.8.3.1.5
C.8.5 C u ln truyn n
Tm cn sng st sau giai on cp tnh
v giai on chuyn tip ca hi chng
Taura c th duy tr ly nhim cn lm
sng mn tnh c quan bch huyt
trong thi gian sng cn li. Nhng con
tm ny c th lan truyn virus theo
phng nm ngang i vi cc tm
khc nhy cm vi bnh. S truyn lan
theo phng thng ng cng c th
din ra nhng iu ny cn phi c
nghin cu thm.
Ngoi ra, vic di chuyn cc vt mang
virus hi chng Taura, cc cn trng
thy sinh v chim bin cng tham gia
vo vic lan truyn bnh. Loi
Tricholorixa reticulata (Corixidae) n
tm cht v c coi l vt lm ly lan
virus Taura do chng bay t ao ny
qua ao khc. Trong phn ca chim
mng bin (Larus atricilla) c ly
quanh cc ao b nhim virus hi chng
Taura Texas trong thi gian b dch
nm 1995 tm thy virus ny cn
sng. Virus hi chng Taura cn sng
cng c tm thy trong cc sn
phm tm ng lnh.
C.8.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Nhiu trang tri vng Trung M ni c
Hi chng Taura cc b, cc ch tri
tng cng s dng tm P. vannamei
nh bt t ngun t nhin nhiu hn
tm ging t ngun sn xut cc tri
ging. Vic lm ny tng c t l
sng n khi thu hoch. C th cho rng
tm PL t nhin c mc khng hi
C.8 H n ura (TS)
205
chng Taura cao hn nh qu trnh
chn lc t nhin. Mt chin lc qun
l khc na l tng gp i mt th
tm PL trong cc ao nui bn thm
canh. Nhng thit hi nng n do hi
chng Taura sm trong chu k sn xut
c b li bng s tm sng (5-40%
s tm ging th ban u) quen vi
hi chng Taura. Vic chn ging cho
thy kh nng tng ngun ging khng
virus hi chng Taura ca tm P.
vannamei v P.stylirostris (chng khng
c c virus IHHN v virus hi chng
Taura). Cc kt qu ban u cho thy t
l sng tng t 20-40%.
Kh nng loi tr bnh ph thuc vo
vic loi b hon ton ngun tm ly
nhim, vic tit trng c s nui, trnh
ti nhim virus (t cc thit b nui
gn , tm t nhin hoc cc vt mang
bnh cn lm sng v.v), v th li tm
ging mi sch virus hi chng Taura t
ngun tm b m sch virus hi chng
Taura.
C.8.7 T lu tm o n
l
Aragon-Noriega, E.A., J.H. Cordova-Murueta,
and H.L. Trias-Hernandez. 1998. Effect of
Taura-like viral disease on survival of
the western white shrimp (Penaeus
vannamei) cultured at two densities in
Northwestern Mexico. World Aquac.
29(3):66-72.
Bonami, J.R., K.W. Hasson, J. Mari, B.T. Poulos,
and D.V. Lightner. 1997. Taura syndrome
of marine penaeid shrimp: Characterisation
of the viral agent. J. Gen. Virol. 78(2):313-
319.
Brock, J.A., R. Gose, D.V. Lightner, and
K.W. Hasson. 1995. An overview of Taura
Syn- drome, an import ant disease of
farmed Penaeus vannamei, pp. 84-94. In:
Swimming through troubled water.
Proceedings of the Special Session on
Shrimp Farming, World Aquaculture
Society, Baton Rouge, LA.
Dixon, H. and J. Dorado. 1997. Managing Taura
syndrome virus in Belize: A case
study. Aquac. Mag. 23(2): 30-42.
Garza, J.R., K.W. Hasson, B.T. Poulos, R.M.
Redman, B.L. White, and D.V. Lightner. 1997.
Demonstration of infectious Taura
syndrome virus in the feces of seagulls
collected during an epizootic in Texas. J.
Aquat. Anim. Health 9(2):156-159.
Hasson, K.W., D.V. Lightner, B.T. Poulos,
R.M. Redman, B.L. White, J.A. Brock, and
J.R. Bonami. 1995. Taura syndrome in
Penaeus vannamei: Demonstration of a
viral etiology. Dis. Aquat. Org. 23(2):115-
126.
Hasson, K.W., J. Hasson, H. Aubert, R.M.
Redman, and D.V. Lightner. 1997. A new
RNA-friendly fixative for t he
preservation of penaeid shrimp samples
for virological de- tection using cDNA
genomic probes. J. Virol. Meth. 66:227-236.
Hasson, K.W., D.V. Li ghtner, J. Mari, J.R.
Bonami, B.T. Poulos, L.L. Mohney, R.M.
Redman, and J.A Brock. 1999a. The geo-
graphic distribution of Taura Syndrome
Virus (TSV) in the Americas: determination
by histopathology and in situ hybridisation
us- ing TSV-specific cDNA probes. Aquac.
171(1-2):13-26.
Hasson, K.W., Lightner, D.V., Mohney, L.L.,
Redman, R.M., Poulos, B.T. and B.M.
White. 1999b. Taura syndrome virus (TSV)
lesion de- velopment and the disease cycle
in the Pa- cific white shrimp Penaeus
vannamei. Dis. Aquat. Org. 36(2):81-93.
Hasson, K.W., D.V. Lightner, L.L. Mohney, R.M.
Redman, and B.M. White. 1999c. Role of
lymphoid organ spheroids in chronic Taura
syndrome virus (TSV) infections in
Penaeus vannamei. Dis. Aquat. Org.
38(2):93-105.
Jimenez, R., R. Barniol, L. Barniol and M.
Machuca. 2000. Periodic occurrence of epi-
thelial viral necrosis outbreaks in Penaeus
vannamei in Ecuador. Di s. Aquat.Org.
42(2):91-99.
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures
for Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp.
World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA.
304p.
Lightner, D.V. 1999. The penaeid shrimp viruses
TSV, IHHNV, WSSV and YHV: Current Status
in the Americas, available diagnostic
meth- ods and management strategies. J.
Applied Aquac. 9(2):27-52.
Lightner, D.V. and R.M. Redman. 1998.
Strategies for the control of viral diseases of
shrimp in the Americas. Fish Pathol.
33:165-180.
Lightner, D.V., R.M. Redman, K.W. Hasson, and
C. R. Pantoja. 1995. Taura syndrome in
Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Decapoda):
Gross signs, histopathology and
ultrastructure. Dis. Aquat. Org. 21(1):53-59.
Lotz, J.M. 1997a. Effect of host size on viru-
lence of Taura virus to the marine shrimp
Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Penaeidae).
Dis. Aquat. Org. 30(1):45-51.
Lotz, J.M. 1997b. Disease control and
pathogen status assurance i n an SPF-
C.8 H n ur
206
based shrimp aquaculture industry, with
particular reference to the United States,
pp. 243-254. In: Diseases in Asian
Aquaculture III. Flegel, T.W. and I.H. MacRae
(eds.). Fish Health Sec- tion, Asian Fisheries
Society, Manila, The Phil- ippines.
Morales-Covarrubias, M.S. and C. Chavez-
Sanchez. 1999. Histopathological studies on
wild broodstock of white shrimp Penaeus
vannamei in the Platanitos Area, adjacent
to San Blas, Nayarit, Mexico. J. World
Aquac..Soc. 30(2):192-200.
Nunan, L.M., B.T. Poulos, and D.V. Lightner.
1998. Reverse transcriptase polymerase
chain reaction (RT-PCR) used for the
detection of Taura Syndrome virus (TSV) in
experi- mentally infected shrimp. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 34(2):87-91.
OIE. 2000. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000. Office
In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
Overstreet, R.M., D.V. Lightner, K.W.
Hasson, S. McIlwain, and J.M. Lotz. 1997.
Susceptibility t o Taura syndrome virus
of some penaeid shrimp species native to
the Gulf of Mexico and the southeastern
United States. J. Invert. Pathol. 69(2):165-
176.
Poulos, B.T., R. Kibler, D. Bradley-Dunlop, L.L.
Mohney, and D.V. Lightner. 1999. Production
and use of antibodies for the detection of the
Taura syndrome virus in penaeid shrimp. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 37(2):99-106.
Tu, C., H.-T. Huang, S.-H. Chuang, J.-P.
Hsu, S.-T. Kuo, N.-J. Li, T.-L. Hsu, M.-C.
Li, and S.-Y. Lin. 1999. Taura syndrome in
Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei
cultured in Taiwan. Dis. Aquat. Org.
38(2):159-161.
Yu, C.-I. and Y.-L. Song. 2000. Outbreaks
of Taura syndrome in Pacific whit e
shrimp Penaeus vannamei cultured in
Taiwan. Fish Pathol. 35(1):21-24.
Zarain-Herzberg, M. and F. Ascencio-Valle.
2001. Taura syndrome in Mexico: follow-
up study in shrimp farms of Sinaloa.
Aquac. 193(1-2):1-9.
C.9 B A DI
(BACULOVIRUS PENAEI [BP] PvSNPV; MONODON BACULOVIRUS [MBV]PmSNPV)
207
C.9.1 Thn tn un
C.9.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh ci do virus a din c nhn (NPB)
l do virus h Baculoviridae, Baculovirus
penaei (BP-Pv SNPV) v Mondon
baculovirus (MBV-PmSNPV). Cc bnh
c lin quan n virus ny l bnh ci do
virus, bnh a din c nhn, bnh do th
vi a din ca virus (PIB), bnh do th
n a din ca virus (POB) v bnh do
virus Baculovirus penaei (BP). Thng tin
chi tit v bnh ny c th tm trong s
tay chn on bnh ng vt thy sn
ca OIE (OIE 2000).
C.9.1.2 Vt
Bnh BP ly nhim trn nhiu loi tm
he nh: Penaeus duorarum, P. aztecus,
P. setiferus, P. vannamei, P. stylirostris
v P. marginatus. Bnh BP cng c
tm P. penicillatus, P. schmitti, P.
paulensis, v P. subtilis.
Cc baculovirus dng MBV, theo tn gi
tm thy ch yu tm P. monodon
nui. Nhng loi tm cng nui khc
cng b nhim virus dng MBV, nhng
li khng kt hp vi bnh l trm trng
hoc khng pht trin cc ngun bnh
khc vi tm s.
C.9.1.3 Phn l
Bnh BP c pht hin khp chu M
t vng vnh Mexico n trung tm
Brazil vng b bin pha ng v t
Peru n Mexico vng b bin Thi
Bnh Dng. Bnh BP cng c tm
thy trn tm t nhin Hawaii. Nhiu
dng bnh BP cng c tm thy trong
vng a l ny.
Bnh MBV c ghi nhn t xtrylia,
ng Phi, Trung ng, nhiu nc n
- Thi Bnh Dng, v t Bc n
ng . Cc virus dng MBV cng c
cng tm thy cc vng nui tm s P.
monodon a Trung Hi v Ty Phi,
Tahiti v Hawaii, cng nh mt vi ni
thuc Bc v Nam M, v vng Caribbe.
C.9.2 C n lm sn
nh hng ca bnh BP khc bit gia
cc loi khc nhau. Tm Penaeus
aztecus v P. vannamei mn cm cao.
Penaeus stylirostris mn cm va phi,
P. monodon v P. setiferus c sc
khng/chng chu bnh. Trong cc loi
tm d mc bnh, nhim bnh BP c
biu hin c trng giai on u trng
v hu u trng, tm t ngt b m yu
v cht nhiu. Tc ln gim, tm
ngng n, l v trn b mt thn tm
c nhiu vt bn bm (do gim hot
ng t lm v sinh ca tm). Virus
khng ch tn cng vo nhn ca biu
m gan ty m cn tc ng vo biu
m rut gia. Mc d nhim bnh c th
l mn tnh hoc cp tnh, vi t l cht
ly tin cao, th s c mt ca virus
bnh BP khng phi lun i km vi
bnh v tm hu u trng c trn 63
ngy tui cho thy khng c du hiu
bnh l ca s nhim bnh (xem
C.9.6.).
Bnh MBV c du hiu bnh l tng t
nh bnh BP, do cng cm nhim trn
nhn gan ty v nhn ca biu m rut
gia. S ly nhim bnh MBV cn xy
ra trong c quan bch huyt. Cc giai
on u trng ca tm P. monodon rt
d b nhim bnh. Tuy nhin, t l nhim
hn 45% li thng tm giai on u
nin v giai on trng thnh nhng
khng c cc nh hng bnh l r rt.
C.9.3 C png php m
tra bn
C th tm thy cc thng tin chi tit hn
v phng php kim tra bnh NPB
trong S tay Chn on bnh ngvt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000),trn
http://www.oie.int, hoc trong cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.9.3.1 D n
Khng c cc phng php d chn
bnh cho cc vt mang bnh BP v
MBV m khng c triu chng, tr cc
phng php soi knh hin vi trc tip
(C.9.3.2) quan st c im ca cc th
n (Hnh t din ca bnh BP v hnh
cu- hnh trng ca bnh MBV) c
coi nh l kim khng nh.
C.9.3.2 Kim n n
C.9.3.2.1. Tiu bn t ca m ti
(Mc I/II)
C th khng nh nhim bnh BP bng
quan st knh hin vi nn sng hoc
tng phn cc th vi (th n) 4 cnh
(nhiu cnh) n c hoc phc hp
(Hn trong nhn phnh to
ca gan ty hoc biu m rut gia. Cc
th ny c kch thc dao ng t 0,1 -
20,0 m (kch thc chun = 8 - 10m)
tnh theo trc dc t y hnh thp n
im i din.
C th quan st bnh MBV cng bng
knh hin vi thy cc th n hnh n
cu hoc a cu hoc n bn cu hoc
a bn cu trong nhn phnh to ca gan
ty hoc biu m rut gia. Cc th n
ca bnh MBV c ng knh 0.1 -
20,0m (Hn Cc th n
c nhum mu bng dung dch 0,05%
malachite green, khi cc th n s bt
mu m hn cc th hnh cu c cng
C.8 H n ur
208
kch thc xung quanh (nhn t bo,
cc ht tit, cc git lipid, v.v...)
C.9 B A DI
(BACULOVIRUS PENAEI [BP] PvSNPV; MONODON BACULOVIRUS [MBV]PmSNPV)
209
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Hnh. C.9.3.2.1b,c. Hnh phng i va v
to ca cc tiu bn p m gan ty ca hu
u trng tm P. monodon b nhim MBV.
Hu ht cc t bo gan ty c 2 hu u
trng thng c cc th n ni nhn hnh
cu (mi tn) chng c chn on cho
bnh MBV. 0.1% malachite green.
phng i 700X (b), v 1700X (c).

(DV Lightner)












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Hnh. C.9.3.2.3a,b. a) Hnh phng i trung
bnh ca cc lt ct chy dc gia thn
hu u trng tm P. vannamei b bnh BP
nng khi gan ty cho thy c cc th n
t din BP bt mu Eosin trong nhn t
bo gan ty mt cch r rt (mi tn).
Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i 700X;
b) Hnh phng i ln ca mt ng gan ty
cho thy mt s t bo b nhim BP c cc
th n hnh t din, ni nhn, bt mu
Eosin ca PB (mi tn). Mayer-Bennett
H&E. phng i 1800X.





Hnh. C.9.3.2.1a. Tiu bn t phn
ca tm P. vannamei nhim bnh BP cho
thy cc th n t din (mi tn) c
chn on l gy bnh cho khi gan ty
hoc cc t bo biu m rut gia ca
tm. Pha tng phn, khng nhum,
phng i 700X.



C.9 Bn o vrus a din nn
(BACULOVIRUS PENAEI [BP] PvSNPV; MONODON BACULOVIRUS [MBV]PmSNPV)
210
C.9.3.2.2. Kim tra phn (Mc I/II)
Lm cc tiu bn t cc di phn v
quan st cc th n nh m t cho
cc tiu bn m ti (C.9.3.2.1).
C.9.3.2.3. M bnh hc (Mc II)
C nh cc m t tm sng hay cn
trong tnh trng sp cht (khng dng
tm cht do qu trnh ho lng ca c
quan cn quan st l khi gan ty) bng
dung dch Davidson m bo c nh
tt nht khi gan ty (dung dch 10%
m formalin bo qun khi gan ty
di mc cc thun). Dung dch c nh
c tim trc tip vo khi gan ty.
Nn ct lp cutin dc theo ng lng
ca gip u ngc m bo s xuyn
nhp ca dung dch c nh vo cc lp
m nm di v c nh cc m ny t
24 - 48 gi trc khi chuyn sang lu
tr trong ethanol 70%. Bc x l tip
theo l c mu paraffin, sau mu
c ct vi dy 5 - 7m ri c
nhum bng thuc nhum Haematoxylin
v Eosin theo phng php nhum ca
Harris, hoc ca Giemsa hoc theo cc
phng php nhum Gram. Phng
php nhum Gram biu m ca Brown
v Brenn cho thy cc th n ca bnh
MBV (xem thm Hn - C.5)
v bnh BP bt mu m hoc ta
gip cho thy c s khc bit ca
chng trong cc m xung quanh.
C.9.3.2.4. Xt nghim bng PCR (Mc
III)
bn trn th trng 2 chui mi c
sn ca on gen a din pht hin
bnh MBV (ca Lu v cs., 1993) v 1
cp mi ca on gen virus 1017bp
(Mari v cs., 1993). Cc chi tit v qui
trnh k thut PCR kim tra bnh
m v cc mu phn c cp trong
S tay Chn on bnh ca OIE (OIE
2000) hay trong cc ti liu tham kho
chn lc (C.9.7).
C.9.4 C png php n
on n
C th tm thy thng tin chi tit hn v
cc phng php chn on bnh NPB
trong S tay Chn on bnh ng vt
thy sn ca OIE (OIE 2000),
http://www.oie.itn, hay cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.9.4.1 D n
C.9.4.1.1.Cc quan st chung ( Mc I)
Nhng du hiu chung ca bnh BP rt
khc bit gia cc loi nhng thng
bao gm: gim sc tng trng, ngng
n v lm v sinh thn, l v tng
tnh trng ng bn trn ton thn. Mt
s tm cn xut hin ng rut gia
mu trng xuyn qua lp cutin phn
bng. Khng phi cc triu chng ny
u c trng cho bnh BP, nhng c
th dng chng phng on cho cc
loi tm d b nhim bnh v cc giai
on u ca qu trnh pht trin
sm/hu u trng c tin s b nhim
bnh BP.
MBV cng c nhng du hiu bnh l
tng t nh bnh BP, nhng ch yu
ch gy bnh giai on u trng tm P.
monodon vi mt tng quan nghch
gia tui ca u trng v cc hiu qu
bnh l. Tm trng thnh cng c kh
nng mc bnh nhng khng c nhng
triu chng r rt (xem C.9.3.). Cng
nh bnh BP, cc du hiu ny cng
khng c trng cho bnh MBV.
C.9.4.2 Kim n n
C.9.4.2.1. Tiu bn t ca m ti
(Mc I/II)
Nh c m t C.9.3.2.1.
C.9.4.2.2. Kim tra phn (Mc I/II)
Nh c m t C.9.3.2.2.
C.9.4.2.3. M bnh hc (Mc II)
Nh c m t C.9.3.2.3.
C.9.4.2.4. Nhum t pht hunh quang
vi phloxine (Mc II)
Dung dch 0.001% phloxine c dng
lm cc tiu bn p m hoc phn, lm
cho cc th n ca bnh BP v MBV bt
hunh quang mu xanh- vng khi quan
st di knh hin vi hunh quang (lc
cn sng 0 - 515nm, v lc kch ng
490nm) (Thurman v cs. 1990). Hiu
qu tng t t c khi dng dung
dch 0,005% phloxine trong qu trnh
nhum cc tiu bn m hc bng
Haematoxyline v Eosin.
C.9.4.2.5. Knh hin vi in t (TEM)
(Mc III)
Cc virus gy bnh BP c hnh que vi
v nhn bao ph c kch thc 286-
337nm x 56 - 79nm. Cc virus c th t
do hoc b bao ph bi mt khi protein
trong sut (gi l th n). Trong giai
on u nhim bnh, cc virus kt
hp vi nhng ch phnh ca nhn,
lm bin dng cc khun mu m ca
cht nhn, gy ra thoi ho nhn v
phn chia nh mng nhn. cc giai
on cui nhim bnh hnh thnh ra
cc th n.
C.9 Bn o vrus a din nn
(BACULOVIRUS PENAEI [BP] PvSNPV; MONODON BACULOVIRUS [MBV]PmSNPV)
211
Bnh MBV c 2 dng th n khi quan
st di knh hin vi in t (Ramasamy
v cs., 2000). Dng th nht c mt dy
trong sut cc th a din nm cch
nhau 5 - 7nm bn trong mt lp mng,
cha cc th virus n (cng c mt vi
th virus hin r ngoi bin) c mng
kp vi kch thc 2672 x 783nm.
Cc th n dng 2 cha cc th khng
trong sut, dng ht c ng knh
12nm, cha hu ht l cc th virus hin
r vi kch thc 3264 x 731nm.
Ngoi ra, gn y ngi ta cn nhn
din c mt giai on khng c bao
ngoi (Vicker v cs., 2000) trong t bo
cht ca cc t bo b bnh v c lin
quan mt thit n mng nhn.
C.9.4.2.6. Lai ti ch (Mc III)
Chi tit cc bc chun b v qui trnh
phn tch cn thit lai ti ch nhm
khng nh bnh BP v MBV c
nu trong S tay Chn on bnh ca
OIE (OIE 2000a) trong chng Bnh ci
do virus c nhn a din (chng 4.2.2)
v chng Bnh hoi t v di v c
quan to mu do nhim trng (chng
4.2.3).
C.9.5 C u ln truyn
Bnh BP v MBV ly truyn qua ng
ming do virus c trong phn ca tm b
nhim bnh (C.9.3.2.2), hoc do tm n
tht tm cht hoc va cht. Tm
trng thnh b nhim bnh cng c kh
nng truyn sang con ca chng thng
qua lm bn khi trng ra do phn.
C.9.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Mt nui cao, ha cht v cc stress
do mi trng lm tng tnh c ca
bnh BP v MBV cc loi tm d b
nhim bnh trong iu kin nui.
C th trnh cho ngun tm b m
khng b nhim bnh bng cch kim tra
bnh ca phn tm b m v chn
nhng con trng thnh khng b nhim
bn phn bng cc th n mi loi virus.
Vic phng trnh nhim bnh bng cch
ty u b mt ca u trng nauplius
hoc cc trng th tinh bng
formalin, iodophore, v lc sch nc
bin theo cc bc sau:
- tp trung nauplius v ra nh
nhng bng dng nc bin chy
t 1 - 2 pht.
- ngm nauplius trong dung dch
formalin nng 400ppm trong 1
pht ri chuyn sang ngm trong
dung dch iodine 0,1ppm trong 1
pht. qui trnh ny cng c dng
cho cc trng th tinh vi nng
formaline gim cn 100ppm.
- x li nauplius x l bng dng
nc bin trong 3- 5 pht, sau
chuyn i p.
C th tit trng cc dch bnh BP v
MBV mt s c s nui trng thy sn
bng cch di chuyn hoc cho tiu hy
n tm b nhim bnh, kh trng
dng c nui, trnh virus ti nhim (t
cc phng tin nui khc bn cnh,
tm t nhin,vv...)
C.9.7 T lu tm o n l
Alcivar-Warren,A., R.M. Overstreet, A.K.
Dhar, K. Astrofsky, W.H. Carr, J. Sweeny
and J.M. Lotz. 1997. Genetic susceptibility
of cultured shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) to
infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic
necrosis virus and Baculovirus penaei:
Possible relation- ship with growth status
and metabolic gene expression. J.
Invertebr. Pathol. 70(3): 190-197.
Belcher, C.R. and P. R. Yo ung. 1998.
Colourimetric PCR-based detection of
monodon baculovirus in whole Penaeus
monodon postlarvae. J. Virol. Methods
74(1): 21-29.
Brock, J.A., D.V. Lightner and T.A. Bell. 1983.
A review of four virus (BP, MBV, BMN, and
IHHNV) diseases of penaeid shrimp with
particular reference to clinical significance,
diagnosis and control in shrimp aquaculture.
Proc. 71st Intl. Council for the Exploration
of the Sea, C.M. 1983/Gen: 10/1-18.
Brock, J.A., L.K. Nakagawa, H. Van Campen,
T. Hayashi, S. Teruya. 1986. A record of
Baculovirus penaei from Penaeus
marginatus Randall in Hawaii. J. Fish Dis.
9: 353-355.
Bruce, L.D., B.B. Trumper, and D.V. Lightner.
1991. Methods of viral isolation and DNA
extraction for a penaeid shrimp baculovirus.
J. Virol. Meth. 34:245-254.
Bruce, L.D., R.M. Redman and D.V. Lightner.
1994. Application of gene probes to deter-
mine target organs of a penaeid
shrimpbaculovirus using in situ hybridisation.
Aquaculture 120(1-2): 45-51.
C.9 Bn o vrus a din nn
(BACULOVIRUS PENAEI [BP] PvSNPV; MONODON BACULOVIRUS [MBV]PmSNPV)
212
Bruce, L.D., D.V. Lightner, R.M. Redman and
K.C. Stuck. 1994. Comparison of traditional
and molecular tools for Baculovirus penaei
infections in larval Penaeus vannamei. J.
Aquatic Anim. Health 6(4): 355-359.
Bueno, S.L., R.M. Nascimento and I.
Nascimento. 1990. Baculovirus penaei infec-
tion in Penaeus subtilis: A new host and a
new geographic range of the disease. J.
World Aquacult. Soc. 21(3): 235-237.
Chen, S.N., P.S. Chang and G.S. Kou. 1993.
Diseases and treatment strategies on
Penaeus monodon in Taiwan. pp. 43-57 In:
Proceedings of the Symposium on Aquacul-
ture held in Beijing, 21-23 December 1992,
Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, Keelung,
TRFI Conf. Proc. #3.
Chen, S.N., P.S. Chang, C.C. Chen and G.H.
Kou. 1993. Studies on infection pathway of
Monodon Baculovirus (MBV). COA Fish. Ser.
40: 81-85.
Chen, X., D. Wu, H. Huang, X. Chi and P. Chen.
1995. Ultrastructure on Penaeus monodon
baculovirus. J. Fish. China (Shuichan
Xuebao) 19(3): 203-209.
Fegan, D.F., T.W. Flegel, S. Sriurairatana and
M. Waiyakruttha. 1991. The occurrence, de-
velopment and histopathology of monodon
baculovirus in Penaeus monodon in Thailand.
Aquac. 96(3-4): 205-217.
Flegel, T.W., V. Thamavit, T. Pasharawipas and
V. Alday-Sanz. 1999. Statistical correlation
between severity of hepatopancreatic
parvovirus infection and stunting of farmed
black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon).
Aquac.174(3-4): 197-206.
Hammer, H.S., K.C. Stuck and R.M. Overstreet.
1998. Infectivity and pathogenicity of
Baculovirus penaei (BP) in cultured larval and
postlarval Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus
vannamei, related to the stage of viral devel-
opment. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 72(1): 38-43.
Hao, N.V., D.T. Thuy, L.T. Loan, L.T.T. Phi, L.H.
Phuoc, H.H.T. Corsin and P. Chanratchakool.
Presence of the two viral pathogens WSSV
and MBV in three wild shrimp species
(Penaeus indicus, Metapenaeus ensis and
Metapenaeus lysianassa). Asian Fish. Sci.
12(4): 309-325.
Hsu, Y.L., K.H. Wang, Y.H. Yang, M.C. Tung,
C.H. Hu, C.F. Lo, C.H. Wang and T. Hsu.
2000. Diagnosis of Penaeus monodon -type
baculovirus by PCR and by ELISA. Dis.
Aquatic Org. 40(2): 93-99.
Karunasagar, I., S.K. Otta and I. Karunasagar.
1998. Monodon baculovirus (MBV) and bac-
terial septicaemia associated with mass
mortality of cultivated shrimp (Penaeus
monodon) from the east coast of India. In-
dian J. Virol. 14(1): 27-30.
LeBlanc, B.D. and R.M. Overstreet. 1990.
Prevalence of Baculovirus penaei in experi-
mentally infected white shrimp (Penaeus
vannamei) relative to age. Aquac. 87(3-4):
237-242.
LeBlanc, B.D. and R.M. Overstreet. 1991. Ef-
fect of dessication, pH, heat and ultraviolet
irradiation on viability of Baculovirus penaei. J.
Invertebr. Pathol. 57(2): 277-286.
LeBlanc, B.D. and R.M. Overstreet. 1991. Effi-
cacy of calcium hypochlorite as a disinfec-
tant against the shrimp virus Baculovirus
penaei. J. Aquatic Anim. Health 3(2): 141-
145.
LeBlanc, B.D., R.M. Overstreet and J.M. Lotz.
1991. Relative susceptibility of Penaeus
aztecus to Baculovirus penaei. J. World
Aquacult. Soc. 22(3): 173-177.
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures for
Disease of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp. World
Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA. 304p.
Lightner, D.V. and R.M. Redman. 1989.
Baculovirus penaei in Penaeus stylirostris
(Crustacea: Decapoda) cultured in Mexico:
Unique cytopathology and a new geographic
record. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53(1): 137-139.
Lightner, D.V., R.M. Redman, and E.A. Almada
Ruiz. 1989. Baculovirus penaei in Penaeus
stylirostris (Crustacea: Decapoda) cultured in
Mexico: unique cytopathology and a new
geographic record. J. Inverteb. Pathol.
53:137-139.
Lu, C.C., K.F.J. Tang, G.H. Kou and S.N. Chen.
1995. Detection of Penaeus monodon-type
baculovirus (MBV) infection in Penaeus
monodon Fabricius by in situ hybridisation. J.
Fish Dis. 18(4): 337-345.
Lu, C.C., K.F.J. Tang and S.N. Chen. 1996.
Morphogenesis of the membrane labyrinth in
penaeid shrimp cells infected with Penaeus
monodon-baculovirus (MBV). J. Fish Dis.
19(5): 357-364.
OIE. 2000. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000. Office
In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris, France.
237p.
Poulos, B.T., J. Mari, J-R. Bonami, R. Redman
and D.V. Lightner. 1994. Use of non -radio-
actively labeled DNA probes for the detec-
tion of a baculovirus from Penaeus monodon
by in situ hybridisation on fixed tissues. J.
Virol. Methods 49(2): 187-194.
Ramasamy, P., P.R. Rajan, V. Purushothaman
and G.P. Brennan. 2000. Ultrastructure and
pathogenesis of Monodon baculovirus (Pm
SNPV) in cultuerd larvae and natural brood-
ers of Penaeus monodon. Aquac.184(1-2):
45-66.
C.9 Bn o vrus a din nn
(BACULOVIRUS PENAEI [BP] PvSNPV; MONODON BACULOVIRUS [MBV]PmSNPV)
213
Shariff, M., R.P. Subasinghe and J.R. Arthur
(eds) (1992) Diseases in Asian Aqaculture.
Proceedings of the First Symposium on Dis-
eases in Asian Aquaculture, Bali 1990. Fish
Health Section, Asian Fisheries Society, Ma-
nila, Philippines, 585pp.
Spann, K.M., R.J.G. Lester and J.L.
Paynter.1993. Efficiency of chlorine as a
disinfectant against Monodon baculovirus.
Asian Fish. Sci. 6(3): 295-301.
Stuck, K.C. and R.M. Overstreet. 1994. Effect of
Baculovirus penaei on growth and survival of
experimentally infected postlarvae of the
Pacific white shrimp, Penaeus vannamei. J.
Invertebr. Pathol. 64(1): 18-25.
Stuck, K.C. and S.Y. Wang. 1996.
Establishment and persistence of Baculovirus
penaei infec- tions in cultured Pacific white
shrimp Penaeus vannamei. J. Invertebr.
Pathol. 68(1):59-64.
Stuck, K.C., L.M. Stuck, R.M. Overstreet
andS.Y. Wang. 1996. Relationship between
BP (Baculovirus penaei) and energy reserves
in larval and postlarval Pacific white shrimp
Penaeus vannamei. Dis. Aquat. Org. 24(3):
191-198.
Thurman, R.B., T.A. Bell, D.V. Lightner and S.
Hazanow. 1990. Unique physicochemical
properties of the occluded penaeid shrimp
baculoviruses and their use in diagnosis of
infections. J. Aquat. Anim. Health 2(2): 128-
131.
Vickers, J.E., J.L. Paynter, P.B. Spradbrow and
R.J.G. Lester. 1993. An impression smear
method for rapid detection of Penaeus
monodon-type baculovirus (MBV) in Austra-
lian prawns. J. Fish Dis. 16(5): 507-511.
Vickers, J.E., R. Webb and P.R. Young. 2000.
Monodon baculovirus from Australia: ultra-
structural observations. Dis. Aquat. Org.
39(3): 169-176.
Wang, S.Y., C. Hong and J.M. Lotz. 1996. De-
velopment of a PCR procedure for the de-
tection of Baculovirus penaei in shrimp. Dis.
Aquat. Org. 25(1-2): 123-131.
C.9 Bn o vrus a din nn
(BACULOVIRUS PENAEI [BP] PvSNPV; MONODON BACULOVIRUS [MBV]PmSNPV)
214
C.10.1 Thn tn un
C.10.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh hoi t gan ty (NHP) do mt loi
vi khun c kch thc tng i nh,
a hnh mc cao Gram m, ch gy
bnh trong ni bo.Vi khun gy bnh
NHP c hai hnh dng khc nhau v
hnh thi: mt dng l que nh a hnh
v khng c tin mao; trong khi dng
kia l mt que di xon c 8 tin mao
trn nh ca vi khun v mt tin mao
ph (i khi l 2) g ca vng xon.
Vi khun NHP l mt ging mi trong
nhm vi khun phn gii protein nhm o
v c lin h mt thit vi vi khun ni
cng sinh khc ca ng vt nguyn
sinh. NHP cng c bit n vi cc
tn gi nh bnh gan ty hoi t Texas
(TNHP), hi chng cht trong ao Texas
(TPMS) v bnh gan ty hoi t Peru
(PNHP). C nhiu thng tin hn v bnh
trong Lightner (1996).
C.10.1.2 Vt
NHP gy bnh trn tm Penaeus vannamei
v P. stylirostris nhng gy cht hng
lot tm P.vannamei. Cng tm thy
NHP tm P. aztecus, P. californiensis
v P. setiferus.
C.10.1.3 Phn l
NHP ln u tin c m t Texas
nm 1985. Cc trn dch khc cng
c ghi nhn hu ht cc nc chu
M Latinh c b bin Thi Bnh
Dng v i Ty Dng, bao gm
Brazil, Costarica, Ecuador, Mexico,
Panama, Peru v Venezuela.
C.10.2 C n lm sn
Vi khun gy bnh NHP ch tc ng r
rt ln cc t bo biu m c lin quan
n tuyn gan ty, cho n nay, vn
cha c loi t bo no khc b nhim vi
khun ny. Khi gan ty tm l mt c
quan d b nhim bnh do chng va
tham gia vo tiu ha thc n, hp thu
v d tr cht dinh dng, nn bt k
bnh no cng d xm nhp v gy hu
qu nghim trng n vt b nhim
bnh, t vic lm gim sc tng trng
n t vong. S thay i cc yu t mi
trng ng vai tr quan trng cho vic
bc l cc biu hin lm sng ca bnh
NHP; trong nhn t quan trng nht
l mn ca nc trn 16ppt v nhit
nc ln hn hoc bng 26
o
C.
C.10.3 C png php m
tra bn
C.10.3.1 Kim n n
C.10.3.1.1. Phng php chm vt i
vi ng vt cha c triu chng b
bnh (Mc III)
Hin c kit th pht hin chm vt
kim tra bnh NHP do Diagxotics cung
cp (Wilton, CT, USA).
C.10.3.1.2. Lai ti ch (Mc III)
Hin c kit pht hin lai ti ch
kim tra bnh NHP do Diagxotics cung
cp (Wilton, CT, USA).
C.10.3.1.3. Xt nghim bng phng
php PCR (Mc III)
Mu gan ty c c nh trong ethanol
70% v c nghin trc khi x l.
DNA c tch bit nh sau: Ha tan
25mg gan ty c nghin nh trong
250 l dung dch m tiu ho (50mM
Tris, 20mM EDTA, 0.5% SDS, pH8,5)
trong ng eppendorf 0,5ml. B sung
enzyme proteinase K (7,5l ca 20mg
ml
-1
dung dch gc) v ng 60
o
C
trong 2 gi c khuy trn theo chu k.
tip ng 95
o
C trong 10pht nhm bt
hot enzyme proteinase K.. bc tip
theo, dch nghin c ly tm 3 pht
tc 13000rpm (160000x g) v 75l
ca dch ni trn mt c chuyn sang
mt ct Chroma Spin TE-100 (Clontech
Labs) v ly tm trong my Rto nm
ngang theo hng dn ca nh sn
xut. Dung dch thu c sau khi ly tm
c pha long nng 1:100 v
1:1000 bng nc ct v trng trc khi
tin hnh xt nghim PCR.
Di y l on mi oligonucleotide
dng khuych i cc vng khc
nhau ca mt on gen 16S rRNA:
Xui: 5-ACG TTG GAG GTT CGT CCT
TCA G-3
Ngc 1: 5-TCA CCC CCT TGC TTC TCA
TTG T-3
Ngc 2: 5-CCA GTC ATC ACC TTT TCT
GTG GTC-3
Mi xui v mi ngc 1 khuch i cho
on 441bp, mi xui v mi ngc 2
khuch i cho on 660bp. PCR c
tin hnh trong 50l cha 10mM Tris-
HCl (pH 8.3), 50mM KCl, 1,5mM MgCl,
200mM deoxynucleotides, 0,5mM ca
mi xui v cp mi ngc v 0,03 -
0,3g mu DNA. un nng cc cht
phn ng n 94
o
C trong my lun nhit
c lp trnh sn trc khi b sung
1,25 n v Taq DNA polymerase. Sau
dung dch cui cng c ph b
mt bng mt lp du khong. Chu trnh
khuch i gm 35 chu k vi 30 giy
94
o
C, 30 giy 58
o
C v 1 pht 72
o
C
v thm 5 pht 72
o
C tip theo chu
trnh cui. Sn phm PCR c quan
B
C.10 B
215
st bng cch in di trn thch agarose
1% trong mi trng m TAE cha
0.5m?g ml
-1
ethidium bromide.
C.10 Bn o t n ty
216
(DV Lightner)
























Hnh. C.10.4.1.3a,b. Cc nh vi phng
i thp v va ca khi gan ty tm P.
vananmei giai on u nin b bnh NHP
nng. S sng hng cu nghim trng ca
khoang bn trong tuyn (mi tn nh) phn
ng li triu chng hoi t, tnh trng t
bo b tiu hy v lt v ca cc t bo
biu m tuyn gan ty (mi tn ln) l
nhng thay i m bnh hc chnh do bnh
NHP. Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i
150X (a), v 300X(b)
(DV Lightner)











Hnh. C.10.4.1.1. Tm P. vannamei giai
on u nin b bnh NHP cho thy khi
gan ty b teo r rt n 50% so vi th
tch bnh thng.















Hnh. C.10.4.1.2. Tiu bn t khi gan
ty ca tm nhim bnh c hng cu b
sng phng, cc tuyn gan ty b ha en
v mt cc git lipid. Tiu bn khng
nhum, phng i 150X.

(DV Lightner)

















Hnh. C.10.4.1.3c. phng i thp ca
tuyn gan ty tm P. vannamei giai on
u nin b nhim bnh NHP nng, mn
tnh. Biu m tuyn gan ty b teo r rt,
dn n ph thng nng (dch trn hoc
cc khu vc c nc trong gan ty).
Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i 100X.

C.10 Bn o t n ty
217
C.10.4 C png php n on
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on NHP c th tm trong
Lightner (1996) hoc trong cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.10.4.1 D n
C.10.4.1.1.Cc quan st s b (Mc I)
C nhiu du hiu s b dng xc nh
kh nng hin din ca bnh NHP. Chng
bao gm: l , gim n, t l chuyn ho
thc n cao, bing n v rut rng, gim
sc tng trng r rt, t l trng lng-
chiu di thn thp (mng ui); v mm
v c th nhn; mang en hoc sm mu;
b nhiu vi sinh vt c hi bm trn mt v;
bnh v b nhim vi khun, bao gm cc
tn thng lot lp cutin hoc phn ph b
n mn ha en; b phng rp cc t bo
sc t dn n s xut hin cc ra sm
mu cc nng ui v chn bng. Khi
gan ty c th b teo (Hn v
c mt trong cc c im sau: mm v
sng nc; dch trn vo trung khu; nht
nht vi sc sm mu (tuyn b bin en);
trung khu ti nht thay th cho mu vng
nht n mu da cam thng thng. T l
cht cao n trn 90% trong vng 30 ngy
sau khi pht cc triu chng bnh nu
khng c x l.
C.10.4.1.2. Lm tiu bn t (Mc II)
Lm tiu bn t khi gan ty ca tm
b bnh NHP c th thy hin tng
gim hoc bin mt cc git lipid
hoc/v cc tuyn gan ty b bin en
(Hn
C.10.4.1.3.M bnh hc (Mc II)
c tnh ca bnh NHP l lm teo khi
gan ty t t n hon ton ca tuyn
nim mc v s hnh thnh cc dng vi
khun thng qua cc tiu bn m.
Nhng thay i m hc ch yu l do
NHP bao gm c hin tng vim hng
cu trong lng cc tuyn phn ng li
hoi t, tiu hu t bo v hin tng lt
v cc t bo biu m tuyn gan ty
(Hn Biu m tuyn
gan ty b teo r rt, to nn vng b ph
thng rng (dch trn hay sng nc)
trong gan ty (Hn Cc t
bo biu m tuyn bn trong nhng
tn thng dng ht b teo r rt v suy
gim t dng hnh tr n gin thnh
hnh lp phng khi xt v hnh thi
hc. Chng cha t hoc khng cn
cha cc git lipid (Hn
gim ng k hoc khng cn cc
khng bo.
C.10.4.2 Kim n n
C.10.4.2.1. Knh hin vi In t (TEM)
(Mc III)
C hai hnh dng phn bit ca vi khun
gy bnh NHP trong cc t bo gan ty
b nhim. Dng th nht c hnh que c
kch thc 0.3m x 9m khng c tin
mao. Dng th hai c hnh xon c c
kch thc 0.2m x 2,6 - 2,9m vi 8
tin mao nh ca vi khun v c thm
t 1-2 tin mao ph g ca vng xon
c (Hn
C.10.4.2.2. Phng php Dot-blot i
vi ng vt cha c triu chng b
bnh (Mc III)
Hin c b kit Dot-blot kim tra
bnh NHP do Diagxotics cung cp
(Wilton, CT, USA).
C.10.4.2.3. Lai ti ch (Mc III)
Hn c b kit pht hin lai ti ch
kim tra bnh NHP do Diagxotics cung
cp (Wilton, CT, USA).
C.10.4.2.4. K thut PCR (Mc III)
Nh c m t C.10.3.1.3
C.10.5 C u ln truyn n
Pht hin sm bnh l NHP l rt quan
trng tm bin php x l c hiu qu
do kh nng tim n ca nhm sinh vt n
tht lm khuych i v lan truyn bnh.
Xt nghim phn t hu u trng ca tm
b m b bnh cho thy s truyn bnh
theo trc ngang khng xy ra.
C.10.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Ly mu nh k v kim tra (bng
phng php m bnh hc, knh hin vi
in t rt c khuyn co ti cc tri
nui xy ra bnh NHP v nhng ni
m iu kin mi trng thun li cho
bng pht bnh. Hin nay, vic s dng
khng sinh oxytetracycline (OTC) trong
thc n c trn thuc c xem l bin
php tt nht tr bnh NHP c hiu qu,
nht l nu bnh c pht hin sm.
Cng c mt vi bng chng cho thy cc
ao nui c mc nc su hn (2m) v
vic s dng Ca(OH)2 x l y ao
trong qu trnh chun b ao trc khi th
ging c th lm gim t l mc bnh
NHP. Cc bin php phng nga bao
gm no vt bn y ao, ko di thi gian
phi nng cho ao v cc knh mng dn
nc trong vi tun, kh trng dng c
nh bt v cc thit b khc bng cch
dng Calcium hypochlorite, phi kh v ri
vi khp ao.
C.10 Bn o t n ty
218
(DV Lightner)












Hnh.C.10.4.1.3.d. Cc t bo biu m
tuyn gan ty khng c cc git lipid trong
t bo cht, nhng thay vo l nhng
vi khun bnh NHP rt nh bn trong t
bo cht, khng c mng bao bc (mi
tn). Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i
1700 X.

(DV Lightner)












Hnh.C.10.4.2.1. Khi gan ty ca tm P.
vanamei giai on u nin b bnh NHP
xem phng i thp ca knh hin vi
in t. Trong t bo cht c nhiu vi
khun bnh NHP dng hnh que (mi tn
ln) v hnh xon (mi tn nh). phng
i 10000X.
C.10.7 T lu tm o n
l
Brock, J.A. and K. Main. 1994. A Guide to the
Common Problems and Diseases of Cul-
tured Penaeus vannamei. Oceanic
Institute, Makapuu Point, Honolulu, Hawaii.
241p.
Frelier,P.F., R.F. Sis,T.A. Bell and D.H. Lewis.
1992. Microscopic and ultrastructural stud-
ies of necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in Texas
cultured shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). Vet.
Pathol. 29:269-277.
Lightner, D.V. 1996. A Handbook of Shrimp
Pathology and Diagnostic Procedures
for Diseases of Cultured Penaeid Shrimp.
World Aquaculture Society, Baton Rouge, LA.
304p.
Lightner, D.V., R.M. Redman and J.R.
Bonami. 1992. Morphological evidence for
a single bacteri al aetiol ogy i n Texas
necrotizing hepatopancreatitis in Penaeus
vannamei (Crustacea:Decapoda). Dis.
Aquat. Org. 13:235-239.

B
C.11 B
219
C.11.1 Thn tn un
C.11.1.1 T nn y n
Bnh nm tm cng (cn gi l
Krebspest, Kraftpest, la peste, hoc
crayfish aphanomyciasis) do ging
nm non, loi Aphanomyces astaci.
y l loi gn ging vi loi gy bnh
c l A. invadans, trong hi chng
dch bnh l lot (EUS) vng ng
Nam (xem phn F.11).
C.11.1.2 Vt
Gy bnh trn loi tm Astacus astacus
ca vng ty bc chu u, loi tm
Austropotamobius pallipes ca vng ty
nam v ty chu u, tm ni
Austopotmobiss torrentium ca vng ty
nam chu u, tm cng nh hay cn gi
tm Th Nh K Astacus leptodactylus
ca vng ng u v Trung . Mt loi
cua Trung Quc (Eriocheir sinenis) cng
b nhim bnh trong iu kin thc
nghim. Tm Bc M (Pacifasticus
leniusculus, mt loi tm bo hiu, v
Procambarus clarkii, loi tm chuyn
sng m ly vng Louisiana) cng b
nhim nm A. astaci, nhng chng c
sc khng tng i tt vi bnh, ch
bc l cc du hiu lm sng trong iu
kin nui thm canh.
C.11.1.3 Phn l
Nm A. astaci phn b rng khp c
chu u cng nh Bc M. Bnh xut
hin u tin vng Bc Italia vo gia
th k 19 v sau lan rng n Balkan
v vng bin en, vo Nga, Phn Lan
v Thu in. Vo nhng nm 1960,
bnh xut hin Ty Ban Nha v lan
sang cc o Anh Quc, Th Nh K, Hy
Lp v Na Uy vo nhng nm 1980.
C.11.2 C n lm sn
Si nm ca A.astaci pht trin trn
khp cc phn khng b vi ha ca lp
cutin v lan rng dc theo dy thn kinh.
Loi tm khng vi bnh (vng Bc
M) bao bc si nm trong cc nt nh
b ho en lm ngn cn s tng sinh
ca si nm. Loi tm d mc bnh
khng c kh nng sn sinh ra phn
ng t v ny v nm tng sinh trn cc
lp m ngoi v lp cutin gia ca b
gip ngoi. Tn thng ca lp cutin v
m mm c lin quan, trong iu kin
nc m, s lm tm cht nhanh v lm
tm cht 100%. Loi tm Bc M cn
sng sau khi mc bnh c th tr thnh
vt mang nm bnh cn lm sng. Tuy
nhin, trong iu kin nui bt li nhng
mm bnh ny s pht thnh bnh.
C.11.3 C png php m
tra bn
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php kim tra bnh nm tm cng
c th tm thy trong S tay Chn on
bnh ca ng vt thy sn ca OIE
(OIE 2000), trn trang web
http:www.oie.int hoc trong cc ti liu
tham kho chn lc.
C.11.3.1 D n
C.11.3.1.1.Cc quan st chung (Mc
I)
Nhng nt en trn lp cutin ca bt k
loi tm cng u ch r s tn ti ca
dch bnh trn tm. Nhng loi tm ny
cn c coi l vt mang mm bnh
tim n v cn c kim tra
Aphanomyces astaci bng nhng k
thut chn on khng nh (C.11.3.2 v
C.11.4.2).
C.11.3.1.2. Soi knh hin vi (Mc I/II)
Nh m t phn C.12.3.1.1, nm
ca bnh c th khng d nhn thy
bng mt thng. Kim tra bng cch
soi knh hin vi c th pht hin nhng
m trng nh trong cc m c nm
di nhng nt nh trong lp cutin.
Nhng m ny lm lp cutin ha nu.
Nhng ng mu nu r nt trong lp
cutin cng b nghi ng l cc si nm
ca. Nhng vng cn kho st k l lp
cutin vng bng mm ca bng v ui;
lp cutin gia v gip v ui, cc khp
ni ca cc chn bi (c bit cc khp
gia), lp cutin quanh hu mn v
mang.
C.11.3.2 Kim n n
C.11.3.2.1 Nui cy (Mc II)
C th phn lp t nm lp cutin v cc
m nghi ng bng cch dng mi
trng thch cha dch chit men bia,
glucose v khng sinh (penicillin G v
axit oxolinic) ha vo nc sng t
nhin (khng cn kh khong). Vic xc
nh n loi cn n c im hnh thi
hc ca cc b phn sinh sn hu tnh
ca nm, tuy vy, cc bc ny u
khng c nm A. astaci, do , bc
khng nh ca bnh thng da trn
s phn lp cc tp on nm vi cc
c im sau y (khng c loi
Oomycetes khc c lin quan mt thit
gy bnh cho tm):
C.11 Bn nm tm n
220
- pht trin trong mi trng thch
(tr khi nui cy di 7
o
C, s
kch thch s pht trin b mt);
- cc tp on khng mu;
- khng c vch, phn nhnh nhiu,
si nm sinh dng c ng knh
7-9m (ti thiu 5 m, ti a 10
m);
- si nm non mc theo cm rt dy,
t bo cht hnh ht v cha cc
ht c tnh khc x cao;
- si nm gi hn cha nhiu khng
bo, v si nm gi nht s tr nn
rng.
Khi cy chuyn tn nm t mi trng
nui cy sang nc ct v trng, chng
pht trin ti bo t trong 12-15 gi
(20
o
C) hoc 20-30 gi (16
o
C). Bo t c
hnh dng amip ko di khng u s
c gii phng v nhanh chng hnh
thnh nang l mt khi xung quanh nh
ca ti bo t (Hn Cc
bo t u tin to nang c ng knh
9-11 m (ti thiu 8m, ti a 15 m).
Vic phng thch ng bo t th cp
xy ra t nhng phn nh c trn b
mt ca nang bo t u tin. Hin
tng ny xy ra khi nhit thp hn
4
o
C, t nh 20
o
C v ngng nhit
cao hn 24
o
C. Cc ng bo t c
tin mao bn v kch thc 8x12m.
Cc chi tit v mi trng nui cy, k
thut v giai on pht trin m hc
c cp trong S tay ca OIE (OIE
2000).
C.11.3.2.2. Xt nghim sinh hc (Mc
I/II).
Vic khng nh bnh dch tm c th
c thc hin bng cch dng cc
ng bo t nui cy t nm c
phn lp t cc m ca tm nghi ng c
bnh. Tm nhy cm vi bnh b cht
nhanh, cng vi s ti phn lp ca
nm nh m t trn y, c th coi
nh kt lun thuyt phc v A.astaci.
C.11.4 C pn pp n
on n
Thng tin chi tit hn v cc phng
php chn on bnh dch tm sng
c th tm thy trong S tay Chn on
bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE (OIE
2000), trn trang web http://www.oie.int
hoc cc ti liu tham kho chn lc.
Khng c bnh no khc, hoc khng b
tc ng ca nhim gy cht hon
ton tm sng nhng li khng gy hi
g cho cc ng vt khc cng sng
trong nc, trong cc tnh hung ny v
vi loi tm d b mc bnh th vic
chn on cc bnh c th a n kt
lun ng n. Tuy nhin, trong cc
trng hp xy ra ln u hoc trong
cc tnh hung vi loi c sc khng
th cn phn lp mm bnh khng
nh.
(EAFP/DJ Alderman)









Hnh. C.11.3.2.1a Tiu bn hin vi ti
ca mt phn lp v gip b nhim bnh
cho thy cc bo t ca nm.
(EAFP/DJ Alderman)
















Hnh. C.11.4.1.1a,b. Cc du hiu bnh l
ca tm b bnh cho thy h c hoi t
trng ui v i km l cc nhim mn
tnh do lp v gip ho en.
C.11 Bn nm tm n
221
C.11.4.1 D n
C11.4.1.1. Quan st chung (Mc I)
Tm thng hot ng v m, khi thy
mt s ln tm hot ng vo ban ngy
th cn phi c nghi vn. Mt s bi
khng thnh n, u d nghing v
pha ui v khng t un thng li
c.
Nhng du hiu bnh l chung ca bnh
dch tm sng thay i t ch khng c
g n hng lot tn thng bn
ngoi. Nhng m trng m c pha
di cc vng cutin trong sut (nht l
vng bng v cc khp ni chn b) v
cc chm nu en (Hn
l nhng biu hin ng nht.
C.11.4.1.2. So knh hin vi (Mc I/II)
Nh phn C.11.3.1.2.
C.11.4.2 Kim n n
C.11.4.2.1. Nui cy (Mc II)
Nh phn C.12.3.2.1, chn on dch
bnh tm sng i hi s phn lp v
xc nh c im ca mm bnh, nm
A. astaci, bng cch s dng mi
trng nui cy nm c b sung cc
cht khng sinh kim sot s nhim
khun. Vic phn lp ch c th t kt
qu trc hoc trong 12 gi sau khi tm
b nhim bnh cht.
C.11.4.2.2. Xt nghim sinh hc (Mc
I/II)
Nh phn C.11.3.2.2
C.11.5 Kiu ln truyn n
Lan truyn theo phng nm ngang v
trc tip qua giai on ng bo t hai
tin mao ca nm A.astaci, nm ny c
tnh hng ho dng c lin quan ti
tm. Bnh c th lan truyn xui theo
dng chy ca sng v c ti liu ghi
nhn s lan truyn ngc dng ca
nm trong phm vi 2-4 km mi nm. S
lan truyn theo hng ngc dng
c nghi ng l do tm di chuyn vo
gia giai on nhim bnh v giai on
cui ca bnh. S lan truyn bnh cng
lin quan n nc dng vn chuyn
c gia cc tri nui cng nh cc dng
c b nhim (giy, dng c nh bt, by
tm,vv)
Ngi ta cho rng vic di nhp tm
sng Bc M v nui l ngun gy
bng pht dch bnh tm chu u.
C.11.6 C n pp m sot
bn
Hin nay vn cha c bin php tr bnh
dch tm nc ngt v mc t vong cao
cn tr chn lc t nhin cho tnh
khng bnh loi d cm nhim nht
(mt vi qun n ngy nay b tuyt
chng). Kim sot bnh c kt qu nht
bng cch ngn nga di nhp hoc
tm xng ra cc vng nc khng b
nhim bnh. Ngoi ra, nn trnh chuyn
nc hay bt c dng c no t vng
nc b nhim n vng khng b
nhim, hoc tin hnh nhng c s
cnh bo v dit khun. C th dng
Sodium hypochlorite v iod dit
khun dng c v phi nng hn 24 gi
cng c kt qu do nm Oomycetes
khng chu c kh.
C.11.7 T lu tm o n l
Alderman, D.J. 1996. Geographical spread of
bacterial and fungal diseases of crustaceans.
OIE International Conference on the
preven- tion of diseases of aquatic animals
through international trade. Office Interna-
tional des Epizooties, Paris, France, June
7-9 1995. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz. 15:
603-632.
Alderman, D.J. and J.L. Polglase. 1986.
Aphanomyces astaci: isolation and culture.
J. Fish Dis. 9: 367-379.
Alderman, D.J., J.L. Polglase,. Frayling and J.
Hogger. 1984. Crayfish plague in Britain. J.
Fish Dis. 7(5): 401-405.
Alderman, D.J., J.L. Polglase and M. Frayling.
1987. Aphanomyces astaci pathoogenicity
under laboratory and field conditions. J.
Fish Dis. 10: 385-393.
Alderman, D.J., D. Holdich and I. Reeve.
1990. Signal crayfish as vectors of crayfish
plague in Britain. Aquac. 86(1): 306.
Dieguez-Uribeondo, J., C. Temino and J.L.
Muzquiz. 1997. The crayfish plague
Aphanomyces astaci in Spain. Bull. Fr.
Peche Piscic. 1(347): 753-763.
Fuerst, M. 1995. On the recovery of Astacus
astacus L. populations after an epizootic of
the crayfish plague (Aphanomyces astaci
Shikora). Eighth Int. Symp. Astacol., Louisi-
ana State Univ. Printing Office, Baton
Rouge, LA, pp. 565-576.
C.11 Bn nm tm n
222
Holdich, D.M. and I.D. Reeve. 1991. Distribu
tion of freshwater crayfish in the British
Isles, with particular reference to crayfish
plague, alien introductions and water
quality. Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshwat.
Ecosyst, 1(2): 139-158.
Lilley, J.H. and V. Inglis. 1997. Comparative
ef- fects of various antibiotics, fungicides
and disinfectants on Aphanomyces
invaderis and other saprolegniaceous
fungi. Aquac. Res. 28(6): 461-469.
Lilley, J.H., L. Cerenius and K. Soderhall.
1997. RAPD evidence for the origin of
crayfish plague outbreaks in Britain. Aquac.
157(3-4): 181-185.
Nylund, V. and K. Westman. 1995. Fequency
of visible symptoms of the crayfish plague
fun- gus (Aphanomyces astaci) on the
signal crayfish (Pacifasticus leniusculus) in
natural populations in Finland in 1979-
1988. Eighth Int. Symp. Astacol., Louisiana
State Univ. Print- ing Office, Baton Rouge,
LA.
Oidtmann, B., M. El-Matbouli, H. Fischer, R.
Hoffmann, K. Klaerding, I. Schmidt and R.
Schmidt. 1997. Light microscopy of
Astacus astacus L. under normal and
selected patho- logical conditions, with
special emphasis to porcelain disease and
crayfish plague. Fresh- water Crayfish 11.
A Journal of Astacology, Int. Assoc.
Astacology, pp. 465-480.
Oidtmann B., L. Cerenius, I. Schmid, R.
Hoffman and K. Soederhaell. 1999.
Crayfish plague epizootics in Germany -
classification of two German isolates of the
crayfish plague fun- gus Apahnomyces
astaci by random ampli- fication of
polymorphic DNA. Dis. Aquat. Org. 35(3):
235-238.
OIE. 2000. Diagnostic Manual for Aquatic
Animal Diseases, Third Edition, 2000.
Office In- ternational des Epizooties, Paris,
France. 237p.
Reynolds, J.D. 1988. Crayfish extinctions and
crayfish plague in central Ireland. Biol.
Conserv. 45(4): 279-285.
Vennerstroem, P., K. Soederh aell andL.
Cerenius. 1998. The origin of two crayfish
plague (Aphanomyces astaci) epizootics in
Finland on noble crayfish, Astacus astacus.
Ann. Zool. Fenn. 35(1): 43-46.
PH
THAM V
223
Bn Chuyn n t nm
C mm n
c p x
Prof. D. Lightner
Aquaculture Pathology Section
Department of Veterinary Science
University of Arizona
Building 90, Room 202,
Tucson AZ 85721,
USA
Tel: (1.520) 621.84.14
Fax: (1.520) 621.48.99
E-mail: dvl@u.arizona.edu

Prof. S.N. Chen
Department of Zoology
Director, Institute of Fishery Biology
National Taiwan University
No. 1 Roosevelt Road
Section 4, Taipei, Taiwan 10764
TAIWAN PROVINCE of CHINA
Tel: 886-2-368-71-01
Fax: 886-2-368-71-22
E-mail: snchen@cc.ntu.edu.tw
PH
V -THI B
224
Bn Chuyn
Bn tm

Dr. Richard Callinan
NSW Fisheries, Regional Veterinary Laboratory
Wollongbar NSW 2477,
AUSTRALIA
Tel (61) 2 6626 1294 Mob 0427492027 Fax (61) 2 6626 1276
E-mail: richard.callinan@agric.nsw.gov.au
Dr. Indrani Karunasagar
Department of Fishery Microbiology
University of Agricultural Sciences Mangalore - 575 002, INDIA
Tel: 91-824 436384 Fax: 91-824 436384
E-mail: mircen@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in
Dr. C.V. Mohan
Department of Aquaculture
College of Fisheries
University of Agricultural Sciences
Mangalore-575002,
INDIA
Tel: 91 824 439256 (College); 434356 (Dept), 439412 (Res) Fax:
91 824 438366
E-mail: cv_mohan@yahoo.com
Prof. Mohammed Shariff
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 Serdang, Selangor,
MALAYSIA
Tel: 603-9431064; 9488246
Fax: 603-9488246; 9430626
E-mail: shariff@vet.upm.edu.my
Dr. Jie Huang
Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute
Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences
106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao,
Shandong 266071,
PEOPLE o
Tel: 86 (532) 582 3062
Fax: 86 (532) 581 1514
E-mail: aqudis@public.qd.sd.cn
Dr. Jian-Guo He
School of Life Sciences
Zhongshan University Guangzhou 510275
PEOPLE o
Tel: +86-20-84110976 Fax: +86-20-84036215
E-mail: lsbrc05@zsu.edu.cn
Dr. Juan D. Albaladejo
Fish Health Section
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Arcadia Building, 860 Quezon Avenue Quezon City, Metro Manila,
PHILIPPINES
Tel/Fax: 632-372-5055
E-mail: jalbaladejo99@yahoo.com

Ph l pn t nm
tham vn v n p x
225
Bn Chuyn
Dr. Joselito R. Somga
Fish Health Section
Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Arcadia Building, 860 Quezon Avenue Quezon City,
Metro Manila,
PHILIPPINES
Tel/Fax: 632-372-5055
E-mail: jrsomga@edsamail.com.ph
Dr. Leobert de la Pena
Fish Health Section Aquaculture Department
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021,
PHILIPPINES
Tel: 63 33 335 1009
Fax: 63 33 335 1008
E-mail: leobert65@yahoo.com; leobertd@aqd.seafdec.org.ph
Dr. P.P.G.S.N. Siriwardena
Head, Inland Aquatic Resources and Aquaculture
National Aquatic Resources Research and Develoment Agency
Colombo 15,
SRI LANKA
Tel: 941-522005
Fax: 941-522932
E-mail: sunil_siriwardena@hotmail.com
Dr. Yen-Ling Song Department of Zoology College of Science
National Taiwan University
1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd.
TAIWAN PROVINCE OF CHINA
E-mail: yenlingsong@hotmail.com
Dr. Pornlerd Chanratchakool
Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Jatujak, Ladyao,
Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: 662-5794122
Fax: 662-5613993
E-mail: pornlerc@fisheries.go.th
Mr. Daniel F. Fegan
National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC)
Shrimp Biotechnology Programme
18th Fl. Gypsum Buidling Sri Ayuthya Road, Bangkok
THAILAND
Tel: 662-261-7225 Fax:662-261-7225
E-mail: dfegan@usa.net
Dr. Chalor Limsuan Chalor Limsuwan
Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart Unviersity
Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: 66-2-940-5695

Ph l pn t nm
tham vn v n p x
226
Bn Chuyn
Bn vrus
Dr. Gary Nash
Center for Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and
Biotechnology
Chalerm Prakiat Building
Faculty of Science, Mahidol University
Rama 6 Road
Bangkok 10400
THAILAND
Tel: 66-2-201-5870 to 5872
Fax: 66-2-201-5873
E-mail: gnash@asiaaccess.net.th

Dr Nguyen Thanh Phuong
Aquaculture and Fisheries Sciences Institute
(AFSI) College of Agriculture
Cantho University, Cantho
VIETNAM
Tel.: 84-71-830-931/830246
Fax: 84-71-830-247.
E-mail: ntphuong@ctu.edu.vn

Dr Peter Walker
Associate Professor and Principal Research Scientist
CSIRO Livestock Industries
PMB 3 Indooroopilly Q 4068
AUSTRALIA
Tel: 61 7 3214 3758
Fax: 61 7 3214 2718
E-mail: peter.walker@tag.csiro.au
C n v
khun
Mrs P.K.M. Wijegoonawardena
National Aquatic Resources Research and Development Agency
Colombo 15,
SRI LANKA
Tel: 941-522005
Fax: 941-522932
E-mail: priyanjaliew@hotmail.com

Prof. Tim Flegel
Centex Shrimp, Chalerm Prakiat
Building Faculty of Science, Mahidol
University Rama 6 Road, Bangkok
10400
THAILAND
Personal Tel: (66-2) 201-5876
Office Tel: (66-2) 201-5870 or 201-5871 or 201-5872
Fax: (66-2) 201-5873
Mobile Phone: (66-1) 403-5833
E-mail: sctwf@mahidol.ac.th

Mrs. Celia Lavilla-Torres
Fish Health Section
Aquaculture Department
Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center
Tigbauan, Iloilo 5021
PHILIPPINES
Tel: 63 33 335 1009
Fax: 63 33 335 1008
E-mail: celiap@aqd.seafdec.org.ph

PH II DANH S
H O
B TH
227
- Bn u - Th m t n ys n
a ch lin lc: Japanese Society of Fish Pathology
- S ty n on n n v p x n nons
(1998) c rm s oz st osrm rs nny v
Yuasa.
a ch lin lc: Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries
P.O. Box 140 Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia
Tel: (62) 362 92278
Fax: (62) 362 92272

- Qun l s o tron o nu tm n ln
c Chanratchakool, J.F.Turnbull, S.J.Funge-Smith, I.H. MacRae v
C. Limsuan.
a ch lin lc: Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University
Campus Jatujak, Ladyao, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: (66.2) 579.41.22
Fax: (66.2) 561.39.93
E-mail: aahri@fisheries.go.t
- Bn n o nn n nu n orn
a ch lin lc: Fisheries Western Australia
3rd Floor, SGIO Atrium
186 St. Georges Terrace, Perth WA 6000
Tel: (08) 9482 7333 Fax: (08) 9482 7389
Web: http://www.gov.au.westfish
- Bn n vt ty sn xtryl - Hn n n lo no t
lstr rort v rnt wln
a ch lin lc: AFFA Shopfront - Agriculture, Fisheries and
Forestry - Australia
GPO Box 858, Canberra, ACT 2601
Tel: (02) 6272 5550 or free call: 1800 020 157
Fax: (02) 6272 5771
E-mail: shopfront@affa.gov.au
- Bn tm t lppns n ln vll-
Pitogo, G.D. Lio-Po, E.R. Cruz-Lacierda, E.V. Alapide-Tendencia v
L.D. de la Pena
a ch lin lc: Fish Health Section
SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department Tigbauan,
Iloilo 5021, Philippines Fax: 63-33 335 1008
E-mail: aqdchief@aqd.seafdec.org.ph
devcom@aqd.seafdec.org.ph
Ph l n s s ty
hn n u n n on n
gip x u - Th n ng
228
- S ty n on n - II Bn v p x n nons
(2001) c Isti Koesharyani, Des Roza, Ketut Mahardika, Fris Johnny,
Zafran and Kei Yuasa, edited by K. Sugama, K. Hatai, and T Nakai
a ch lin lc: Gondol Research Station for Coastal Fisheries
P.O. Box 140 Singaraja, Bali, Indonesia
Tel: (62) 362 92278
Fax: (62) 362 92272
- Trn t tn n pt n rus n m trn
tm n t nm v n n sn tm p , S
Thn -2001.
a ch lin lc: Shrimp Biotechnology Service Laboratory
73/1 Rama 6 Rd., Rajdhewee, Bangkok 10400
Tel. (662) 644-8150
Fax: (662) 644-8107
DANH S
C I
229
Qu Tn v
xtryl Dr. Eva -Maria Bernoth
Manager, Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Office of the Chief
Veterinary Officer
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry GPO Box
858, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Fax: 61-2-6272 3150; Tel:
61-2-6272 4328
Email: Eva-Maria.Bernoth@affa.gov.au
Dr. Alistair Herfort (Focal point for disease reporting)
Aquatic Animal Health Unit, Office of the Chief Veterinary
Officer
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry GPO Box
858, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia Fax: +61 2 6272 3150; tel:
+61 2 6272 4009
E-mail: Alistair.Herfort@affa.gov.au
Bangladesh Dr. M. A. Mazid
Director General, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute
(BFRI) Mymensingh 2201, Bangladesh
Fax: 880-2-55259, Tel: 880-2-54874
E-mail: frifs@bdmail.net
Campuchia Mr. Srun Lim Song
Head, Laboratory Section, Department of Fisheries
186 Norodom Blvd.,P.O. Box 835, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Fax: (855) 23 210 565; Tel: (855) 23 210 565
E-mail: smallfish@bigpond.com.kh
CHND Trung Hoa Mr. Wei Qi
Extension Officer, Disease Prevention and Control Division
National Fisheries Technology Extension Centre, No. 18
Ministry of Agriculture
Mai Zi dian Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100026, China
Fax: 0086-165074250; Tel: 0086-10-65074250
E-mail: weiqi_moa@hotmail.com

Prof. Yang Ningsheng (Focal point for AAPQIS)
Director, Information Center, China Academy of Fisheries
Science
150 Qingta Cun, South Yongding Road, Beijing 100039, China
Fax: 86-010-68676685; Tel: 86-010-68673942
E-mail: ningsheng.yang@mh.bj.col.com.cn
CHDCND
Triu n
Mr. Chong Yong Ho
Director of Fish Farming Technical Department
Bureau of Freshwater Culture
Sochangdong Central District, P.O.Box. 95, Pyongyong, DPR
Korea
Fax- 850-2-814416; Tel- 3816001, 3816121
*



*
y l danh sch cc iu phi vin quc gia do cc Chnh ph v cc khu vc trng im
c bo co hng qu v bnh ng vt thu sn chu -Thi Bnh Dng
Danh s iu p vn qu
230
Hong Kong
Trung Qu
Dr. Roger S.M. Chong
National Coordinator and Fish Health Officer Agriculture,
Fisheries and Conservation Department Castle Peak
Veterinary Laboratory
San Fuk Road, Tuen Mun New Territories, Hong Kong Fax:
+852 2461 8412
Tel: + 852 2461 6412
E-mail: vfhoafd@netvigator.com
n Dr. AG Ponniah
Director
National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources
Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha
Lucknow-226 002, U.O., India
Fax: (911-522) 442403; Tel: (91-522) 442403/442441
E-mail: nbfgr@1w1.vsnl.net.in; nbfgr@400.nicgw.nic.in
Shri M.K.R. Nair
Fisheries Development Commissioner
Innx Mr. Bambang Edy Priyono
National Coordinator (from September 2000) Head, Division of
Fish Health Management Directorate General of Fisheries
Jl. Harsono RM No. 3
Ragunan Pasar Minggu Tromol Pos No.: 1794/JKS Jakarta -
12550 Indonesia Tel: 7804116-119
Fax: 7803196 - 7812866
E-mail: dfrmdgf@indosat.net.id
Iran Dr. Reza Pourgholam
National Coordinator (from November 2000) Veterinary
Organization
Ministry of Jihad - E - Sazandegi
Vali-ASR Ave
S.J.Asad Abadi St
PO Box 14155 - 6349
Tehran, Iran
Tel: 8857007-8857193
Fax: 8857252
Nht n Dr. Shunichi Shinkawa
Fisheries Promotion Division, Fishery Agency
1-2-1, Kasumigaseki
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8907, Japan
Fax: 813-3591-1084; Tel: 813-350-28111(7365)
E-mail: shunichi_shinkawa@nm.maff.go.jp
CHDCND Lo Mr. Bounma Luang Amath
Fisheries and Livestock Department
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
P.O. Box 811, Vientianne, Lao PDR
TeleFax: (856-21) 415674; Tel: (856-21) 416932
1


1
Cc chuyn gia c tn trong Danh sch ny c hi kin trc v h ng cung
cp cc thng tin v t vn c gi tr v bnh c lin quan n lnh vc chuyn mn ring ca
h.
Danh s iu p vn qu
231
Malaysia Mr. Ambigadevi Palanisamy (from September 2001)
National Coordinator
Fisheries Research Institute Department of Fisheries Penang,
Malaysia
E-mail: ambigadevip@yahoo.com
Dr. Ong Bee Lee (focal point for disease reporting) Head,
Regional Veterinary Laboratory Services Department of
Veterinary Services
8th & 9th Floor, Wisma Chase Perdana
Off Jln Semantan 50630, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Fax: (60-3) 254 0092/253 5804; Tel: (60-3) 254 0077 ext.173
E-mail: ong@jph.gov.my
Myanmar Ms. Daw May Thanda Wint
Assistant Staff Officer, Aquatic Animal Health Section
Department of Fisheries
Sinmin Road, Alone Township, Yangon, Myanmar
Fax: (95-01) 228-253; Tel: (95-01) 283-304/705-547
Npn Mr. M. B. PanthaChief, District Agri Devt. Officer Dist Agric.
Devt Office Janakpur, Dhanusha
Nepal
Fax: (977-1) 486895
E-mail: image@bhawani.wlink.com.np
Pakistan Rana Muhammad Iqbal
Assistant Fisheries Development Commissioner II Ministry of
Food, Agriculture and Cooperatives R#310, B-Block,
Islamabad,
Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
Fax: 92-051-9201246; Tel: 92-051-9208267
Dr. Rukshana Anjum
Assistant Fisheries Development Commissioner Ministry of
Food, Agriculture and Livestock Government of Pakistan
Fax: 051 9221246
Philippin Dr. Joselito R. Somga
Aquaculturist II, Fish Health Section, BFAR
860 Arcadia Building, Quezon Avenue, Quezon City 1003
Fax: (632)3725055/4109987;
Tel:(632) 3723878 loc206 or 4109988 to 89
E-mail: sssomga@edsamail.co.ph
Hn u Dr. Mi-Seon Park
Director of Pathology Division
National Fisheries Research and Development Institute
408-1 Sirang, Kijang
Pusan 619-900 Korea RO
Tel: 82-51-720-2470; Fax: 82-51-720-2498
E-mail: parkms@haema.nfrda.re.kr
Danh s iu p vn qu
232
Singapore Mr. Chao Tien Mee
SAVAO (Senior Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority Officer)
OIC, Marine Aquaculture Centre (MAC)
Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA)
300 Nicoll Drive, Changi Point, Singapore 498989
Tel: (65) 5428455; Fax No.: (65) 5427696
E-mail: CHAO_Tien_Mee@ava.gov.sg
Dr. Chang Siow Foong (focal person for disease reporting)
Agri-Food and Veterinary Authority of Singapore
Central Veterinary Laboratory
60 Sengkang East Way
Singapore 548596
Tel: (65) 3863572; Fax No. (65) 3862181
E-mail: CHANG_Siow_Foong@AVA.gov.sg
Sri Lanka Mr. A. M. Jayasekera
Director-General
National Aquaculture Development Authority of Sri Lanka
Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development,
317 1/1 T.B. Jayah Mawatha, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka
Tel: (94-1) 675316 to 8; Fax: (94-1) 675437
E-mail: aqua1@eureka.lk
Dr. Geetha Ramani Rajapaksa (focal point for disease
reporting) Veterinary Surgeon
Department of Animal Production and Health
Veterinary Investigation Centre, Welisara, Ragama, Sri Lanka
Tel: + 01-958213
E-mail: sser@sri.lanka.net
Th n Dr. Somkiat Kanchanakhan
Fish Virologist, Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
(AAHRI) Department of Fisheries, Kasetsart University
Campus
Jatujak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
Fax: 662-561-3993; Tel: 662-579-4122, 6977
E-mail: somkiatk@fisheries.go.th
Vit m Dr. Le Thanh Luu
Vice-Director
Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1 (RIA No. 1) Dinh
Bang, Tien Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
Fax: 84-4-827-1368; Tel: 84-4-827-3070
E-mail: ria1@hn.vnn.vn
Ms Dang Thi Lua (Focal point for disease reporting)
Researcher, Research Institute for Aquaculture No.1 (RIA No.1)
Dinh Bang, Tien Son, Bac Ninh, Vietnam
Fax: 84-4-827-1368; Tel: 84-4-827 - 3070
E-mail: ria1@hn.vnn.vn; danglua@hotmail.com


C
C (RWG, 1998-2001)
233
Dr. Eva-Maria Bernoth
Manager, Aquatic Animal Health Unit
Office of the Chief Veterinary Officer
Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Australia
GPO Box 858, Canberra Act 2601,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: 61-2-6272-4328
Fax: 61-2-6272-3150
E-mail: Eva-Maria.Bernoth@affa.gov.au

Mr. Daniel Fegan
Apt. 1D Prestige Tower B
168/25 Sukhumvit Soi 23
Klongtoey, Bangkok 10110,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 261-7225/(661) 825-8714
Fax: (662) 261-7225
E-mail: dfegan@usa.net

Professor Jiang Yulin
Shenzhen Exit & Entry Inspection and Quarantine Bureau
40 Heping Road, Shenzhen 518010
PEOPLES REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Tel: 86-755-5592980
Fax: 86-755-5588630
E-mail: szapqbxi@public.szptt.net.cn

Dr. Indrani Karunasagar
UNESCO MIRCEN for Marine Biotechnology
Department of Fishery Microbiology
University of Agricultural Sciences
College of Fisheries
Mangalore - 575 002
Karnataka,
INDIA
Tel: 91-824 436384
Fax: 91-824 436384/91-824 438366
E-mail: mircen@giasbg01.vsnl.net.in

Ms. Celia Lavilla-Pitogo Torres
SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department
5021 Tigbauan
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
Tel: 63-33 336 2965
Fax: 63-33 335 1008
E-mail: celiap@seafdec.org.ph


C tn vn nm n t
khu v (RWG, 1998 - 2001)
234
Professor Mohammed Shariff
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Universiti Putra Malaysia
43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan,
MALAYSIA
Tel: 60-3-89431064
Fax: 60-3-89430626
E-mail: shariff@vet.upm.edu.my

Dr. Kamonporn Tonguthai Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University
Campus Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 940-6562
Fax: (662) 562-0571
E-mail: kamonpot@fisheries.go.th

Dr. Yugraj Singh Yadava
National Agriculture Technology Project
Ministry of Agriculture
Pusa, New Delhi 110012,
INDIA
Tel: (91-11)-6254812 (residence)
(91-11) 5822380/5822381 (office)
E-mail: y.yugraj@mailcity.com


C
D
235
Dr. James Richard Arthur
FAO Consultant
RR1, Box 13, Savarie Rd.
Sparwood, B.C.
Canada V0B 2G0
Tel: 250-425-2287
Fax: 250 425-0045 (indicate for delivery to R. Arthur, Tel. 425-2287)
E-mail: rarthur@titanlink.com

Dr. Chris Baldock
Director, AusVet Animal Health Services
PO Box 3180
South Brisbane Qld 4101,
AUSTRALIA
Tel: 61-7-3255 1712
Fax: 61-7-3511 6032
E-mail: ausvet@eis.net.au

Mr. Pedro Bueno
Co-ordinator
Network of Aquaculture Centres in
Asia-Pacific
Department of Fisheries
Kasetsart University Campus
Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 561-1728 to 9
Fax: (662) 561-1727
E-mail: pedro.bueno@enaca.org

Dr. Supranee Chinabut
Director, Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute
Department of Fisheries
Kasetsart University Campus,
Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 579-4122
Fax: (662) 561-3993
E-mail: supranee@fisheries.go.th

Professor Timothy Flegel
Department of Biotechnology Faculty of Science
Mahidol University
Rama 6 Road, Bangkok 10400,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 245-5650
Fax: (662) 246-3026
E-mail: sctwf@mahidol.ac.th

Professor Tore Hastein
National Veterinary Institute Ullevalsveien 68,
P.O. Box 8156 Dep. 0033,
NORWAY
Tel: 47 22964710
Fax: 47 22463877
E-mail: Tore.Hastein@vetinst.no
C thn vn n v
h tr tut
236
Dr. Barry Hill
OIE Fish Disease Commission
CEFAS Weymouth Laboratory
The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel: 44-1305 206 626
Fax: 44-1305-206 627
E-mail: B.J.HILL@cefas.co.uk

Mr. Hassanai Kongkeo
Special Advisor Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus
Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 561-1728 to 9
Fax: (662) 561-1727
E-mail: hassanak@fisheries.go.th

Dr. Sharon E. McGladdery
Shellfish Health Pathologist
Department of Fisheries and Oceans - Canada
Gulf Fisheries Centre, P.O. Box 5030,
Moncton, NB, CANADA E1C 9B6
Tel: 506 851-2018
Fax: 506 851-2079
E-mail: McGladderyS@mar.dfo-mpo.gc.ca

Dr. Kazuhiro Nakajima
Head, Pathogen Section Fish Pathology Division
National Research Institute of Aquaculture
422-1 Nansei-cho, Watarai-gun, Mie 516-0193,
JAPAN
Tel: 81-599 66-1830
Fax: 81-599 6 6-1962
E-mail: kazuhiro@nria.affrc.go.jp

Dr. Yoshihiro Ozawa
OIE Representation for Asia and the Pacific
OIE Tokyo, East 311, Shin Aoyama Bldg,
1-1-1 Minami-aoyama, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107,
JAPAN
Tel: 81-3-5411-0520
Fax: 81-3-5411-0526
E-mail: Oietokyo@tky.3web.ne.jp

Dr. Michael J. Phillips Environment Specialist
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus Ladyao
Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 561-1728 to 9
Fax: (662) 561-1727
E-mail: Michael.Phillips@enaca.org
C tn vn n v
h tr tut
237
Dr. Melba B. Reantaso
Aquatic Animal Health Specialist
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
Department of Fisheries, Kasetsart University Campus
Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 561-1728 to 9
Fax: (662) 561-1727
E-mail: Melba.Reantaso@enaca.org; melbar@fisheries.go.th

Dr. Rohana P. Subasinghe
Senior Fishery Resources Officer (Aquaculture)
Inland Water Resources and
Aquaculture Service Fisheries Department,
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 00100,
ITALY
Tel: 39-06 570 56473
Fax: 39-06 570 53020
E-mail: Rohana.Subasinghe@fao.org

Mr. Zhou Xiao Wei
Program Officer (Training)
Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific
Department of Fisheries Kasetsart University Campus
Ladyao, Jatujak, Bangkok 10900,
THAILAND
Tel: (662) 561-1728 to 9
Fax: (662) 561-1727
E-mail: zhoux@fisheries.go.th
DANH M
238
PH - B

PH

Hn. Bnh m c trm c (MG Bondad-Reantaso)
Hn Trng m neo Lerneae cyprinacea k sinh bn ngoi c tai tng
(JR Arthur)
Hn C thm, Plecoglossus altivelis, b nhim sn l
Posthodiplostomum cuticola (?) u trng metacercariae th hin l cc m
en trn da (K Ogawa)
Hn L lot c trng, mt li, vy v ui b ra do Vibrio sp. (R
Chong)
Hn V d v s n mn mang c hi i Ty Dng, Salmo salar,
do ng vt chn cho k sinh dy c Salmincola salmoneus (SE
McGladdery)
Hn Mang c c k sinh trng n ch (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn Nhim Myxobolus artus trong c xng ca c chp (H
Yokoyama)
Hn Nhim u trng Ligula sp. (sn dy) khoang bng ca c bng
vng Nht Bn, Acanthogobius flavimanus (K Ogawa)
Hna. Bng c vng b trng phng (H Yokoyama)
Hn C ging c hi Nht Bn (Onchorynchus masou) c bng phnh to
do nhim nm men bia (MG Bondad - Reantaso)

PH

Hn Hin tng cht hng lot ca ring c vc vy . Lu c nh b
bnh v mt con c b sng phng d dy gia nh. Lu c im mang
b xut huyt con c bn tri ca hnh chn (AAHL)

PH

Hn C bt nhim IHN c ti non hong b xut huyt (EAFP)
Hn Cc du hiu lm sng ca c nhim IHN bao gm da b sm, xut
huyt bng v mt quanh ng t (EAFP).
PH
Hn C hi ch nhim OMV c cc m trng gan (M Yoshimizu).
Hn Khi u xung quanh ming c ging c hi ch do nhim OMV (M
Yoshimizu).
Hn tiu phn OMV phn lp t c hi Nht Bn, kch thc ca
nucleocapsid t 100 n 110 nm (M Yoshimizu).
PH
Hn C b nhim IPN c mt phn ba thn pha sau b ti mu v cc u nh
trn u (EAFP)
Hn C hng ca c hi vn c bng b phng to c trng ca nhim
IPN.Trng th tinh ca loi c ny c nhp t Nht Bn vo Trung
Quc nm 1987 (J Yulin)
Hn Pha trn c hng ca c hi vn bnh thng; pha di: c b
bnh (EAFP)
Hn CPE ca IHNV.(J Yulin)
Hn Virus IPN c phn lp t c hi vn nhp khu t Nht Bn nm
1987. Cc tiu phn virus c ng knh 55 nm (J Yulin).

PH
Hn C cht do b bnh VER (J Yulin)
Hn S to thnh khng bo trong no (Br) v vng mc mt (Re) c m
b nhim GNNV i Loan Trung Quc (thc o t l = 100 mm) (S Chi Chi)
Danh m n mn
239
PH
Hn Cc du hiu lm sng khng c trng c nhim bnh
SVC, c th l phng bng, xut huyt da, m m bng, bng hi v cc
du hiu khc (EAFP).

PH

Hn Du hiu bn trong khng c trng (m xut huyt c) ca c b
nhim bnh VHS (EAFP).

PH

Hn.9.2a. C qu t nhin b bnh u nang bch huyt c xut hin cc khi ni
r c cu trc nh cui khng u (MG Bondad - Reantaso).
Hn C bn b bnh u nang bch huyt nng (J Yulin)
Hn Cc tn thng u nang bnh huyt c cc th vi dng ht
Yulin).
Hn Bnh u ma c chp gy ra bi Herpesvirus (J Yulin).
Hn C vng b nm trn da (J Yulin).
Hn Cc t bo u nang bch huyt khng l c cc th vi dng li
bao quanh nhn
Hnh.F.9.4.2.1b. Mt lam knh c o v u nang bch huyt cho thy mt s t bo
khng l v cc nang trong sut (J Yulin).
Hn Soi knh hin vi in t thy nhiu tiu phn virus trong t bo cht
(J Yulin).
Hn Cc tiu phn virus phnh to l hnh thi in hnh ca iridovirus
(Thc o t l 100 m)
(J Yulin).
Hn So vi virus gy bnh u nang bch huyt th Herpervirus bnh
u ma c chp l cc virus nh hn v c bao (J Yulin).

PH BKD)

Hn Cc tp n c hnh u kim ng knh 2mm ca
Renibacteriium salmonimarum, mu trng ng, bng, trn, hon ton nh cao;
ba tun sau khi nui cy trong mi trng KDM-2 15
o
C (M Yoshimizu).
Hn Vi khun hnh que Renibacterium salmoninarum phn lp t c
hi Nht Bn (M Yoshimizu).
Hn Thn ca c hi Nht Bn b trng v c mng mu xm khng
u (M Yoshimizu).
Hn c b nhim BKD cn quan st thy l lch phnh to.

PH G D

Hn C thm, Plecoglatus altivelis, b bnh vi cc u ht nm (K Hatai)
Hn C vc trng Bidyanus bidyanus nui ng xtrylia b nhim
EUS (RB Callinan)
Hn C tr c cc m do mi nhim EUS (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn C qu Philippin (1985) b cc tn thng in hnh ca EUS (MG
Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn C i t nhin ca Philippin b EUS (1989) (MG Bondad -
Reantaso)
Hn Bnh m c trm c ca Vit Nam c cc tn thng l
lot (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn U ht trong tiu bn p c c b EUS (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn Cc u ht in hnh b nhim nng nm lt ct c ca c b EUS
(H & E) (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
HnCc u ht nm c si nm (bt mu en) nh nhum Grocotts
(MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn c im in hnh ca s hnh thnh bo t Aphanomyces (K
Hatai)
Hn . Aphanomyces invadans mc trn mi trng aga 6P (MG
Bondad - Reantaso)
Danh m n mn
240
PH
M

Hn V cng ca trai Mercenaria mercenaria h ming, mc d trn
cn (SE McGladdery)
Hn Hin tng bm nhuyn th (mi tn) trai cnh Pteria penguin.
Tri Ngc trai Guian, ng Samar, Philippin (1996) (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn Trai Pteria penguin nui tri ngc trai Guian, ng Samar, Philippin
c v b tn thng do bt bin ca nc triu dng cao (1992) (D Ladra)
Hn Sinh vt bm dy trn v Pteria penguin. Tri ngc trai Guian,
ng Samar, Philippin (1996) (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn Cc ng ho do Polydora sp. o v s ph hy lp v do vi
ha khp ni ca hu M, Crassostrea virginica, cng vi s kt v ca con
sum trn cc b mt v khc (SE McGladdery)
Hn Trai cnh Pteria penguin, c v bi tn thng do bt bin ca nc
triu dng cao. Tri ngc trai Guian, ng Samar, Philippines (1996) (MG
Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn Trai Pinctada maxima, v b bt bin lm tn thng do chng
o thnh cc hc thot- ht trn b mt (mi tn). Cc hc khc (mi tn
nh) l do giun nhiu t, c hoc cc sinh vt bm khc. Tri Ngc trai Guian,
ng Samar, Philippin (1996) (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn.1.1.3a. V Hu c cnh Pteria penguin b bt bin gy tn thng c thng
vo tn mt v bn trong. Tri Ngc trai Guian, ng Samar, Philippin (1996)
(MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn Bo ng ((Haliotis roei) b cht do giun (B Jones)
Hn b,c. b. Du hiu b xi mn lp x c mt v trong ca Pinctada maxima
(mi tn), c th lin quan n s co rt mng o mn tnh. C. Mt trong ca lp
v b bt bin c l xm nhp hon ton. (mi tn nh) (D Ladra)
Hn V ca trai Pinctada maxima (d) Pteria penguin (e) v hu
Crassostrea sp. (f) b Polydora- c thnh ng ngm, iu ny dn ti s
hnh thnh cc bng cha y bn (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn Lp v bn trong ca trai ngc cho thy: cc ng ngm mp v
(mi tn thng, m); ng ngm do bt bin (mi tn trong sut); v cc
bng nc (mi tn nh, m) v tr gn kt ca c khp v. Tri Ngc trai
Guian, ng Philippin (1996) (MG Bondad - Reantaso)
Hn S xm nhp qua lp v bi giun nhiu t v bt bin lm suy yu
v co rt cc m mm khi mp v hu M Crassostrea virginica (SE
McGladdery)
Hn Cc m ca hu (Crassostrea virginica) trng thi bnh thng
(SE McGladdery)
Hn Cc m cha nc hu Crassostrea virginica - so snh vi hnh
M.1.1.4a (SE McGladdery)
HnNhng tn thng mng m (cc chm mu vng kem) lp mng
o ca hu Thi Bnh Dng (Crassostrea gigas) (SE McGladdery)
Hn Cc tn thng b mt v hu Thi Bnh Dng (Crassostrea
gigas) do Marteiliodes chungmuensis (MS Park v o
Hn Bng nc cc m mm ca mp mng o ca hu M
(Crassostrea virginica) (SE McGladdery)
Hn Cn vi (cc vin ngc) m mng o ca vm do tc nhn kch
thch l bn hoc bo nang giun dp (SE McGladdery)
Hn Cc ng ho di lp x c mp trong ca v hu Thi Bnh
Dng (Crassostrea virginica), c thm mt con giun nhiu t sng t do
Nereis diversicolor trn b mt trong ca v (SE McGladdery v
Stemphenson)
M
Hn Xm nhim t bo mu v thot mch qua thnh rut ca hu chu
u (Ostrea edulis) b nhim Bonamia ostreae (SE McGladdery)
Hn nh qua knh hin vi du ca Bonamia ostreae trong cc t bo mu
ca loi hu chu u (Ostrea edulis) (mi tn). thc t l 20 m (SE
McGladdery)
Hn Xm nhim c h thng ca t bo mu hu xtrylia, Ostrea
angasi b nhim Bonamia sp. Ch s xut hin hc trn thnh rut (H&E)
(PM Hine)
Danh m n mn
241
Hn nh qua knh hin vi du ca Bonamia sp. gy nhim cc t bo mu
v nm t do (mi tn) trong huyt tng ca loi hu phng xtrylia Ostrea
angasi khng b bnh. Thc t l 20 m (H&E) (PM Hine)
Hn Bng nc cc m mm ca mp mng o ca hu M
(Crassostrea virginica) (PM Hine)
Hn nh qua knh hin vi du cc t bo mu ca hu,Tiostrea lutaria b
nhim Bonamia sp. (mi tn) (PM Hine)
M
Hn ng tiu ho ca hu chu u, Ostrea edulis cho thy s nhim th
hp bo dng gip (mi tn) ca Marteilia refringrens vng ngoi t bo biu
m. Thc o t l 15 m (H&E) (SE McGladdery)
Hn ng tiu ho ca hu chu u, Ostrea edulis, cho thy giai on bo
t khc x ca Marteilia refringrens (ngi sao). Thc o t l 50 m (H&E)
(SE McGladdery)
Hn Mu m t hu Sydney, Saccostrea commercialis b nhim
nng Marteilia sydneyi (mi tn) (bnh QX).Thc o t l 250 m (H&E) (RD
Adlard)
Hn nh qua knh hin vi du ca mu m p giai on bo t ca
Marteilia sydneyi hu Sydney (Saccostrea commercialis); nh phng to
nh km gc cho thy 2 bo t trong ti bo t. Thc o t l 50 m
(H&E) (RD Adlard)
M
Hn Nhng tn thng p xe (mi tn) trn b mt cc m o ca hu
Thi Bnh Dng (Crassostrea virginica) do Mikrocytos mackini gy ra bnh
nng (bnh o Denman) (SM Brower)
Hn. Lt ct m qua vng p xe m o- tng ng vi vng tn thng
hnh M.4.2a, do Mikrocytos mackini gy ra cho loi hu Thi Bnh Dng
(Crassostrea virginica) (H&E) (SM Brower)
Hn Mikrocytos mackini (mi tn) nhn di knh hin vi soi du trong
cc m lin kt quanh vng b tn thng p xe c hnh M.4.3.2.1a.
Thc o t l 20 m (H&E) (SM Brower)
M
Hn. Perkinsus k sinh trong m lin kt ca s Arca. Hnh chn phng
i cho thy chi tit ca giai on th nt ri sm c cc c th dinh dng
vi cc th vi dng khng bo. Thc t l 100 m (H&E) (PM Hine)
Hn Trai ngc Pinctada albicans b nhim k sinh trng Perkinsus. nh
chn phng i cho thy chi tit ca giai on ging th nt ri c cha cc c
th dinh dng vi cc th vi dng khng bo. Thc o t l 250 m (H&E)
(PM Hine)
Hn Giai on c th dinh dng (Hnh nhn c khc du) ca
Perkinsus marinus (mi tn) nguyn nhn gy bnh Dermo m lin kt ca
loi hu M (Crassostrea virginica).Thc o t l 20 m(H&E) (SM Brower)
Hn Giai on th nt ri ca Perkinsus marimes (mi tn), nguyn
nhn gy ra bnh dermo m lin kt tuyn tiu ho ca hu M (craosos
virginica). Thc t l 30 m (H&E).
Hn nh phng i bo t ng ca Perkinsus marinus c nhum
xanh en bng dung dch Lugon iodine, sau khi nui cy trn mi trng
thioglycollate lng. Thc o t l 200 m (SE McGladdery)
M
Hn. Ly nhim t loi k sinh cha nh tn tng t nh
Haplosporidium trn ng tiu ho v m lin kt ca loi trai ngc mi vng
Pinctada maxima min Bc Ty xtrylia. Thc o t l 0,5 mm (H&E) (PM
Hine)
Hn nh phng i qua kinh hin vi du giai on bo t c vy ca loi
k sinh tng t nh Haplosporidium trn trai ngc mi vng Pinctada
maxima min bc Ty xtrylia (PM Hine)
Danh m n mn
242
Hn Xm nhim t bo mu vo m lin kt ca hu Sydney
(Saccostrea cucullata) mang cc bo t ca loi k sinh trng tng t nh
Haplosporidium (mi tn). Thc o t l 0,5 mm (H&E) (PM Hine)
Hn nh phng i qua knh hin vi du cc bo t ca loi k sinh trng
tng t Haplosporidium (mi tn) gn lin vi s xm nhim t ca t bo
mu hu Sydney (Saccostrea cucullata). Thc o t l 10 m (H&E)
(PM Hine)
Hn Hp bo (mi tn en) v bo t (mi tn trng) ca
Haplosporidium costale, tc nhn gy bnh SSO c trong m lin kt ca hu
M (Crassostrea virginica) (SE McGladdery)
Hn Hp bo (mi tn en) v bo t (mi tn trng) ca
Haplosporidium nelsoni, tc nhn gy bnh MSX trn m lin kt v ng tiu
ho ca loi hu M (Crassostrea virginica). Thc o t l 100 m (SE
McGladdery)
Hn. nh phng i qua knh hin vi du cc bo t SSO trong m lin
kt ca hu M Crassostrea virginica. Thc o t l 100 m (SE
McGladdery)
Hn nh phng i qua knh hin vi du cc bo t MSX trong biu m
ng tiu ho ca hu M Crassostrea virginica. Thc o t l 25 m (H&E)
(SE McGladdery)

M S
Hn Bin dng ton b cc m o ca hu Thi Bnh Dng
(Crassostrea gigas) Hn Quc, do nhim loi k sinh, trng ng vt nguyn
sinh Marteiloides chungmuensis, gy ra vic lu gi trng nhim bnh trong
bung trng v sinh dc;(Hnh chn) m o bnh thng ca hu Thi Bnh
Dng (MS Park v o
Hn Lt ct m bnh hc qua bung trng ca hu Thi Bnh Dng
(Crassostrea gigas) vi trng bnh thng (mi tn trng) v trng b nhim nng
k sinh trng Marteiloides chungmuensis (mi tn en). Thc o t l 100 m
(MS Park)

PH - B
M
Hn Quan st tp tnh ca tm PL trong mt ci bt (P Charatchokoo)
Hn Tm c mu sng v trong rut c y thc n c ao c thc
vt ph du pht trin tt (P Charatchokoo)
Hn Cc phn ph b tn thng chuyn sang mu en (P
Charatchokoo)
Hn ui Tm b sng do nhim vi khun (P Charatchokoo)
HnTm c v mm lu di (P Charatchokoo/MG Bondad-
Reantaso)
Hn S chuyn mu xanh da tri v khng bnh thng (P
Charatchokoo)
Hn S chuyn mu phn ph sng phng (P Charatchokoo)
Hn Mang ca tm b thi bn nghim trng (P Charatchokoo)
Hn1.1.3b. Mang tm chuyn sang mu nu (P Charatchokoo)
Hn Tm bn tri c khi gan ty nh (P Charatchokoo)
Hn Cc v d v cc dng n hoa khc nhau ca sinh vt ph du (a-
hoa nc mu vng/xanh l cy; b- hoa nc mu nu; c- hoa nc mu lam
(P Charatchokoo)
Hn Thc vt ph d cht (P Charatchokoo)
Hn Cc im tim c nh mu (V Alday de Graindorge v
Flegel)

M
Hn Biu hin chung ca bnh u vng th hin 3 tm Penaeus
monodon bn tri (TW Flegel)
Hn Lt ct ca c quan bch huyt tm P.monodon u nin cp
tnh trm trng c phng i mc thp v mc cao cho thy s lan truyn
hoi t ca cc t bo bch huyt. Cc t bo b nhim bnh u c nhn
Danh m n mn
243
ng kt v v. Cc th vi dng n l hoc tp hp quanh nhn bt mu
thuc nhum kim t mu nht ti mu sm l biu hin ca mt s t bo b
nhim bnh (mi tn). Hin tng hoi t bnh u vng cp tnh khc bit
vi bnh u vng do b nhim virus hi chng Taura cng to ra bnh l hc
t bo tng t cc m khc nhau nhng khng c c quan bch huyt.
Mayer-Bennett H&E ; phng i t trn xung l 525x v 1700x (V Alday
de Graindorge v ll
Hn Lt ct m ca mang tm P.monodon u nin b bnh u vng.
Hnh nh m t s lan truyn hoi t ca t bo mang v cc t bo b nhim
bnh kt c u c nhn ng kt v v nn c s suy thoi v v nhn (mi
tn). Mt s t bo c ln, phn ln c hnh cu, vi t bo cht a kim
cng c lt ct ny. Cc t bo c th l nhng huyt bo cn non
nhng thnh thc sm do i ph vi tc ng ca YHD.Mayer-Bennett
H&E, nh phng i 1000x (DV Lightner)

M HI
TR
Hn Tm P.stylirostris u nin vi nhng biu hin ca bnh IHHN cp
tnh. C th nhn thy qua lp cutin, c bit phn bng l nhng tn
thng -cc bnh c mu trng n vng sm biu m ca lp cutin hoc
di da (mi tn). Trong khi nhng tn thng nh vy l ph bin tm
P.stylirostris b bnh IHHN cp tnh th cui th chng li khng l c trng
cho bnh IHHN (DV Lightner)
Hn Nhn t pha lng ca tm con P. vannamei (bo qun trong dung dch
Davidson AFA) cho thy nhiu biu hin ca virus IHHN gy ra hi chng d
hnh ci cc RDS. V lp cutin ngoi khng bnh thng ca t bng th 6
v thy ui c dng minh ha (DV Lightner)
Hn Hnh nh nhn t mt bn ca tm P. vannamei (c bo qun trong
dung dch Davidson AFA) cho thy nhiu biu hin ca virus IHHN gy ra hi
chng d hnh ci cc, RDS. Lp cuticum khng bnh thng ca t bng th
6 v thy ui c dng minh ha (DV Lightner)
Hn nh chp qua KHV phng nh mt lt ct nhum mu H&E ca
tm con P.stylirostris b bnh IHHN cp tnh nghim trng. Lt ct ny chy
qua bin m lp cutin v lin kt di v ngay pha lng v pha sau tim.
Nhiu t bo hoi t c nhn b ng kt hoc c cc th vi ni nhn bt mu
Eosin c trng (Cowdry typ A) hin r (mi tn). Mayer-Bennett, phng to
830x (DV Lightner)
Hn Hnh nh mang ca tm c phng i nhiu ln cho thy cc
th vi ni nhn bt mu Eosin (th vi Cowdry typ A hoc CAIs) l c trng
cho vic nhim virus IHHN. Mayer-Bennett H&E. Phng to 1800 ln (DV
Lightner)

M
Hn Tm P.monodon u nin vi cc m trng ni r ca bnh m trng
Hn V ca mt tm P. monodon u nin b bnh m trng. Nhng cn
vi pha di v l cc m trng (DV Lightner/P. Saibaba)
Hn Lt ct m d dy ca tm P. chinensis u nin b bnh m
trng. Nhn thy kh nhiu th vi ni nhn trong biu m lp cutin v m lin
kt pha di mng ca c quan ny (mi tn) (DV Lightner)
Hn Lt ct hn mang ca tm P.chinensis u nin b bnh baculo
virus m trng. cc t bo nhim bnh thy cc th vi ni nhn ang v
pht trin y ca baculovirus m trng WSBV (mi tn). Mayer-
Bennett H&E; phng i 900x (DV Lightner)

M
Hn Cc m trng dy c trn v tm Penaeus monodon do b bnh m
trng
Hn Cc m trng do vi khun c tha hn cc m trng do virus.
Mt vi vi khun m trng c vng trn vin hi trng v c th c m trng
nht, nh chnh gia (M. Shariff/Wang et al. 2000 (DAO 41:9-18))
Danh m n mn
244
Hn S c mt ca rt nhiu vi khun gn kt vi phin si nh lp
trong cutin (M. Shariff/Wang et al. 2000 (DAO 41:9-18))
M
Hn Lt ct gan ty ca tm P.plebejus cho thy mt vi t bo gan ty
c cha cc th vi ni nhn kiu Virus hoi t tuyn rut gia. Mayer-
Bennett H&E, phng i 1700X (DV Lightner)
Hn nh phng to nhiu ln ca gan ty PL ca tm P.monodon b
nhim virus hoi t tuyn rut gia nng dng Baculovirus, Phn ln cc t
bo gan ty c nhn b ly nhim. Mayer- Bennett H&E., phng i 1700X
(DV Lightner)
Hn Cc lt ct gan ty ca PL tm P. japinicuss b bnh virus hoi t
tuyn rut gia nng. Cc ng gan ty phn ln b ph hu ch gi cc li
cc t bo biu m ng c cha nhn b phng trong c mt th vi hnh
dng khng u bt mu Eosin kim yu v th vi ny lp y nhm. Nhn b
nhim Virus hoi t tuyn rut gia cng c cht nhim sc nhn b co li, c
vin v khng c cc th n y l c trng ca ly nhim bi Baculovirus
th n. Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i (a) 1300X; (b) 1700X (DV
Lightner)
Hn Cc th n MBV thng xut hin l nhng th vi hnh cu, bt
mu Eosin trong nhn b phng to (mi tn). Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng
i 1700X (DV Lightner)
M
Hn. C.6.4.2.1. Quan st GAV qua knh hin vi in t (P Walker)
M
Hn a. Tm P. vannamei trong giai on cp tnh ca hi chng
Taura. Tm l , v mm v ui r rt;b. nh phng to nhiu ln phn
ui cho thy s chuyn mu v cc g rp ca lp biu m v cutin cc
nng ui c hoi t trn biu m (mi tn) (DV Lightner)
Hn Tm P. vannamei u nin nui (c-t Ecuador; d-t Texas; e-t
Mexico) c nhng vt en ca hoi t m v cutin do nhim virus hi chng
Taura (DV Lightner/F Jimenez)
Hn Nhng tn thng mang ca tm do virus hi chng Taura (mi
tn). Nhn b ngng kt v v, tng kh nng bt mu Eosin ca t bo cht.
S a dng ca cc th vi t bo cht hnh cu nhum mu khc nhau l c
im d nhn bit ca cc tn thng; phng i 900X (DV Lightner)
Hn Lt ct m d dy ca tm P. vannamei u nin cho thy nhng
vng hoi t ni bt lp biu m v cuticum (mi tn m). Bn cnh cc
tn thng l nhng t bo biu m bnh thng (mi tn mnh). Mayer-
Bennett H&E, phng i 300X (DV Lightner)
Hn nh phng to hn ca hnh C.8.4.1.2b s thy nhng th vi t bo
cht c nhn ngng kt v v ging nh rc ht tiu . Mayer-Bennett, phng
i 900X (DV Lightner)
Hn Lt ct dc gia c quan bch huyt (LO) ca tm P. vannamei u
nin b gy nhim bnh bng thc nghim. Ri rc gia cc dy hoc m
c quan bch huyt (LO) bnh thng, c trng bi nhiu lp t bo c v
xp xung quanh mt mch huyt tng trung tm (mi tn mnh), l s tp
trung cc t bo LO hn n thnh cc hnh cu LO. Nhng hnh cu LO ny
khng c mch trung tm v bao gm cc t bo c nhn to, cc khng bo
ni r v cc th vi bo cht khc (mi tn m). Mayer-Bennett H&E,
phng i 300X (DV Lightner)
M A DI
Hn Tiu bn t phn ca tm P. vannamei nhim bnh BP cho thy
cc th n t din (mi tn) c chn on l gy bnh cho khi gan ty
hoc cc t bo biu m rut gia ca tm. Pha tng phn, khng nhum,
phng i 700X
Danh m n mn
245
Hn Hnh phng i va v to ca cc tiu bn p m gan ty t hu
u trng tm P. monodon b nhim p MBV. Hu ht cc t bo gan ty c 2
hu u trng thng c cc th n ni nhn hnh cu (mi tn) chng c
chn on cho bnh MBV. 0.1% malachite green. phng i 700X (b), v
1700X (c) (DV Lightner)
Hn a Hnh phng i trung bnh ca cc lt ct chy dc gia thn
hu u trng tm P. vannamei b bnh BP nng khi gan ty cho thy cc
th n t din BP bt mu Eosin trong nhn t bo gan ty mt cch r rt
(mi tn). Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i 700X;b: Hnh phng i ln ca
mt ng gan ty cho thy mt s t bo b nhim BP c cc th n hnh t
din, ni nhn, bt mu Eosin ca PB (mi tn). Mayer-Bennett H&E.
phng i 1800X (DV Lightner)

M
Hn Tm P. vannamei giai on u nin b bnh NHP cho thy khi gan
ty b
teo r rt n 50% so vi th tch bnh thng (DV Lightner)
Hn Tiu bn t khi gan ty ca tm nhim bnh c hng cu b
sng phng cc tuyn gan ty b ha en v mt cc git lipid. Tiu bn
khng nhum, phng i 150X (DV Lightner)
Hn Cc nh vi phng i thp v va ca khi gan ty tm
P. vananmei giai on u nin b bnh NHP nng. S sng hng cu nghim
trng ca khoang bn trong tuyn (mi tn nh) phn ng li triu chng hoi
t, tnh trng t bo b tiu hy v lt v ca cc t bo biu m tuyn gan ty
(mi tn ln) l nhng thay i m bnh hc chnh do bnh NHP. Mayer-
Bennett H&E. phng i 150X (a), v 300X(b) (DV Lightner)
Hn phng i thp ca tuyn gan ty tm P. vannamei giai
on u nin b nhim bnh NHP nng, mn tnh. Biu m tuyn gan ty b
teo r rt, dn n ph thng nng (dch trn hoc cc khu vc c nc b
sng nc trong gan ty). Mayer-Bennett H&E. phng i 100X (DV
Lightner)
Hn .10.4.1.3.d. Cc t bo biu m tuyn gan ty khng c cc git lipid trong t
bo cht, nhng thay vo l nhng vi khun bnh NHP rt nh bn trong
t bo cht, khng c mng bao bc (mi tn). Mayer-Bennett H&E.
phng i 1700 X (DV Lightner)
Hnh C.10.4.2.1. Khi gan ty ca tm P. vanamei giai on u nin b bnh NHP
xem phng i thp ca knh hin vi in t. Trong t bo cht c nhiu
vi khun bnh NHP dng hnh que (mi tn ln) v hnh xon (mi tn nh).
phng i 10000X (DV Lightner)

M
Hn Tiu bn hin vi ti ca mt phn lp v gip b nhim bnh cho
thy cc bo t ca nm (EAFP/DJ Alderman)
Hn Cc du hiu bnh l ca tm b bnh cho thy h c hoi t
trng ui v i km l cc nhim mn tnh do lp v gip ho en
(EAFP/DJ Alderman)







246



































63 630
78/ 622 05
NN 2005

Chu trch nhim ni dung: NAFIQAVED
Chu trch nhim xut bn: NGUYN CAO DOANH
Ph trch bn tho: LI TH THANH TR


In 2.015 bn kh 15 x 25,5cm ti Cng ty C phn in 15. Giy chp
nhn KHT s 78/622 XB-QLXB do CXB cp ngy 29/4/2005. In xong
v np lu chiu qu IV/2005.
Danh m n mn
247
Hng dn Chn on bnh ca ng vt thy sn chu hoc Hng dn
Chn on bnh ca chu l mt hng dn chn on cp nht v cc mm
bnh v bnh c lit k trong H thng bo co hng qu v bnh ng vt
thy sn ca NACA/FAO/OIE. Ti liu c xy dng trn c s c s tham gia
tch cc v mt k thut ca cc nh khoa hc v bnh ng vt thy sn khu vc
chu -Thi Bnh Dng h tr cho chng trnh khu vc. Ti liu Hng dn
chn on bnh chu c th c s dng c hiu qu chn on bnh cho
c trang tri v phng th nghim, khng ch b sung cho S tay cc Quy trnh
thc hin Cc nguyn tc ch o k thut khu vc chu v qun l sc kho
di chuyn c trch nhim cc ng vt thy sn sng, m cn tham gia vo vic m
rng nng lc tim tng chn on sc kho ng vt thy sn ca quc gia v
khu vc, t h tr cc quc gia nng cao nng lc k thut nhm p ng cc
yu cu ca B quy tc quc t v ng vt thy sn ca OIE v S tay chn on
bnh ng vt thy sn ca OIE.


























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