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TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC

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LI NI U
Ngy nay vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut bn dn cng sut
ln, cc thit b bin i in nng dng cc linh kin bn dn cng sut
c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip v i sng nhm p ng cc nhu
cu ngy cng cao ca x hi. Trong thc t s dng in nng ta cn thay
i tn s ca ngun cung cp, cc b bin tn c s dng rng ri trong
truyn ng in, trong cc thit b t nng bng cm ng, trong thit b
chiu sng... B nghch lu l b bin tn gin tip bin i mt chiu thnh
xoay chiu c ng dng rt ln trong thc t nh trong cc h truyn ng
my bay, tu thu, xe la...
Trong thi gian hc tp v nghin cu, c hc tp v nghin cu
mn in t cng sut v ng dng ca n trong cc lnh vc ca h thng
sn xut hin i. V vy c th nm vng phn l thuyt v p dng kin
thc vo trong thc t, chng em c nhn n mn hc vi ti:
Thit k v c to mch nghc lu mt pha. Vi ti c giao,
chng em vn dng kin thc ca mnh tm hiu v nghin cu l
thuyt, c bit chng em tm hiu su vo tnh ton thit k phc v cho
vic hon thin sn phm.
Di s hng dn ch bo nhit tnh ca c Nguyn Phng
Tho cng vi s c gng n lc ca cc thnh vin trong nhm chng em
hon thnh xong n ca mnh. Tuy nhin do thi gian v kin thc
cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi thiu st khi thc hin n ny. V vy
chng em rt mong s nhn c nhiu kin nh gi, gp ca thy c
gio, cng bn b ti c hon thin hn.

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!






TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


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NN IO IN
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Hng Yn, ngy 01 thng 05 nm 2012.
Gio vin hng dn


TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


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K hoch thc hin

TT Ni dung thc hin Tun
Thc
hin
Thng
qua
GVHD
Ngi
thc hin
a
im
Thc
hin
Nhn xt
GVHD
1 Lp bng k hoch thc
hin
Tun
5
Tun
5
V.Tnh Ti
nh

2 Phn tch yu cu, mc
tiu, png n tc
hin v ng dng.





Tun
5




Tun
6




V.Trng









Ti
nh

ng I
Gii thiu tng quan v
nghc lu
1.1 Tng quan v
nghch lu
1.1.1 Nghch lu ph
thuc 1 pha 2 na
chu k.
1.1.2 Nghch lu ph
thuc 3 pha na chu
k.
1.1.3 Nghch lu ph
thuc cu 3 pha
1.2 Nghch lu c lp
1.2.1 Nghch lu c lp
ngun p
1.2.2 Nghch lu c lp
ngun dng
1.2.3 Nghch lu ngun
dng 3 pha
1.2.4 Nghch lu ngun p
3 pha









Tun
5








Tun
6








V.Tnh
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


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3
ng II
Thit k mch lc
2.1 Tnh ton My Bin
p
2.2 Mch lc
2.2.1 Chn van khuch i
cng sut.
22.2.mch cch ly


ng III
Thit k mc iu khin



Tun
6



Tun
7




V.Tnh
V.Trng




Ti
nh

3.1 thit k mch iu
khin
3.1.1 Tnh chn gi tr
phn t
3.2 Thit k mch bo v
qu dng qu p
3.3 Thit k s nguyn
l
3.3.1 Phn tch nguyn l
v khi chc nng trong
mch
3.3.2 La chn thit b


4
ng I
Ch to m hnh
Ch to, o kt qu v
hiu chnh thng s p
ng vi yu cu ti
Tun
7
Tun
8
V.Tnh
V.Trng
Xng
in

5 Hon thnh sn phm
Hon thnh ni dung
quyn thuyt minh. Kt
lun

Tun
8
Tun
8
V.Tnh
V.Trng
Ti
nh

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


5
6 Thng qua GVHD tng
hp nh gi
Tun
8
Tun
8
V.Tnh
V.Trng
Xng
in





































TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


6
Trng HSP K thut hng
Yn
Koa in - in t

Cng ho x hi ch ngha vit nam
c lp - T do - Hnh phc

n mn hc

Sinh vin thc hin : 1. Nguyn Vn Tnh
2. Trnh Vn Trng

Lp : K9L1
Kho hc : 2011-2013
Ngn o to : K thut in

Tn ti: it v c to mc ngc lu mt pa
(U
r
=220v_ P=300W)

liu co tc
- Cc gio trnh v ti liu chuyn mn
- Cc trang thit b o, kim tra ti xng thc tp, th nghim.
* Phn tch yu cu ca ti.
Vi yu cu ca ti khi chng ta phi i thit k mt b nghch
lu cho ra in p xoay chiu l 220V t ngun c quy 12V, tn s trong
mch o c l 50Hz, cng sut ra ca b nghch lu l 300W
Mch ly ngun c quy 12V cp trc tip cho mch v cho bin p.
Bin p y s dng nh mt b kch nhm kch ngun p ln gi tr cao
hn nhiu ln so vi gi tr p ban u. Chnh v mch c kh nng bin
i ngun mt chiu thnh ngun xoay chiu nn mch c tnh thit thc
rt ln trong thc t.
Mch l mch cng sut v vy linh kin c s dng phn ln l linh
kin cng sut. Mch s dng cc van bn dn cng sut nh Transistor,
MOSFET, IGBTTrong qu trnh chy mch th xung to ra l xung
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


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vung v c khuych i ln bng cc van bn dn l Transistor,
IGBT
* Mc tiu ca ti.
Nm c mt cch tng quan v cc phn t bn dn cng sut.
Nghin cu v cc mch nghch lu, hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca
mch nghch lu, cc phng php bin i t la chn mt phng n
ti u nht c p dng trn n ca mnh v ngoi thc tin.
C kh nng tnh ton, thit k v ch to mch nghch lu in p mt
pha vi cng sut cho trc.
nga ca ti.
gip sinh vin c th c th cng c kin thc, tng hp v nng
cao kin thc chuyn nghnh cng nh kin thc ngoi thc t. ti cn
thit k ch to thit b, m hnh cc sinh vin trong trng c bit l
sinh vin khoa in in t tham kho, hc hi to tin ngun ti liu
cho cc hc sinh, sinh vin kho sau c thm ngun ti liu nghin cu
v hc tp.
Nhng kt qu thu c sau khi hon thnh ti ny trc tin l s
gip chng em c th hiu su hn v cc b nghch lu, cc phng php
bin i in p. T s tch lu c kin thc cho cc nm hc sau v
ra ngoi thc t.

* Ni dung cn hon thnh:
- p k hoch thc hin.
- Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca mch nghch lu mt
pha.
- Phn tch nguyn l lm vic v cc thng s trong mch nghch lu
mt v ba pha.
- Thit k, ch to mch nghch lu mt pha m bo yu cu:
+ in p u vo mt chiu U = 12V ly t c quy.
+ in p u ra dng cho cc thit b in xoay chiu U = 220V -
f = 50HZ , P = 300W
+ Th nghim, kim tra sn phm, sn phm phi m bo yu
cu k thut, m thut. Quyn thuyt minh.






TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


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ng I
II I M M N L

1.1. Tng quan v nghc lu.
Trong cng ngh, ta thng gp vn bin i in p mt chiu thnh
in xoay chiu v ngc li bng cc thit b nn in. Cc thit b c gi
l nghch lu.
Khi nim: Nghch lu l qu trnh bin i nng lng mt chiu thnh
nng lng xoay chiu.
Phn loi: Cc s nghch lu c chia lm hai loi.
- S nghch lu lm vic ch ph thuc vo li xoay chiu.
- S nghch lu lm vic ch c lp (vi cc ngun c lp nh c
quy, my pht mt chiu ....)
Nghch lu ph thuc c s nguyn l ging nh chnh lu c iu
khin. Mch nghch lu ph thuc l mch chnh lu trong c ngun mt
chiu c i du so vi chnh lu v gc m o ca cc tiristo tho mn
iu kin (t/2 < o <t ) lc cng xut ca my pht in mt chiu tr v
li xoay. Tn s v in p nghch lu ny ph thuc vo tn s in p
li xoay chiu.
Nghch lu c lp lm nhim v bin i in p mt chiu t cc
ngun c lp (khng ph thuc vo li xoay chiu) thnh xoay chiu vi
tn s pha tu . Tn s v in p nghch lu. Ni chung c th iu chnh
tu . C hai dng s nghch lu c lp l mch cu v mch dng bin
p c trung tnh.
S nghch lu lp c chia l ba loi c bn:
- Nghch lu c lp in p .
- Nghch lu c lp dng in.
- Nghch lu c lp cng hng.
1.2 Nghc lu p thuc.
gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca nghch lu ph thuc chng ta s
nghin cu mt vi s c th.
1.2.1 Nghc lu p thuc mt pha hai na chu k.
S cho hnh 1.1a (ging s chnh lu). im khc y l cc
dng ca ngun mt chiu c u vo im trung tnh. S ngun mt
chiu c gi tr s ln hn in p chnh lu trong na chu k. Cc van s
c m khi p th cp ca bin p c gi tr m, gc m (o > t/2). Lc ny
ngun mt chiu tr thnh ngun pht in cung cp nng lng cho li
in cn b bin i lm vic ch nghch lu ph thuc.c duy tr do
nng lng tch ly trong cuc cm x
d
. n thi im u
4
ta li a tn hiu
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


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m van T
2
, dng in li chuyn t T
1
sang T
2
theo nh qu trnh ni
trn.
Thi gian o mnh phi kt thc sm hn thi im u
5
mt thi im
dng van T
1
kp khi phc tnh cht kho ca mnh. Nu thi gian khi
phc khng th sau u
5
van T
1
vn tip tc dn in, in p U
2a
> 0 dng
trong mch I
d
= (E +U
2a
) / R
td
. V in tr tng ng rt b nn dng s
qu ln. Ta gi y l s c lt nghch lu. S c lt s xut hin khi
gc kho | qu b hoc gc o mch qu ln.
Vy nghch lu lm vic c an ton th gc kho gc | =t/18 vi
tiristo thng dng vi khong 100 200 s th trong mi trng hp th vic
ly | = t/18 cn c coi trng, do t/2 < o < t - |.
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


10




































nh


u
21
u
22
~
~
i
d
u
T1
T1
u
T2
T
2
E
-
+

L
a,
c,
i
1
i
2
0

0

i
G
0

0
u
d
u
1
u
2b
u
5
u
2a
I
d
u
o
u
4
u
3 2t

t


|
u
u
i
G1
i
G2
u
E
-E

u
2
b,
i
d
0

u
u
d
u
2b
u
o
u
4
2t

=t+o
0
u
1
u
2a
t

E
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


11


1.2.2. Nghc lu p thuc ba pha na chu k.
S nguyn l ca nghch lu c lp ba pha na chu k cho (hnh
1.2).
V hnh thc ging nh chnh lu ba pha na chu k.Cho ti khi o < t/2 b
bin i cn lm ch chnh lu, ti o = t/2 in p m bng in p
dng tr trung bnh ca in p bng khng khi o > t/2 in p trung bnh
dng sng l m cho n khi o = t. Dng sng lc ny tng t nh khi o
= 0 nhng ngc chiu.
Ti ca chnh lu trn hnh 1.2 l ng c in mt chiu lm vic ch
ng c. Sau khi i chiu S ca ng c, n tr thnh my pht lc
ny b bin i lm vic ch nghch lu. Chiu dng in khng thay
i c, n do chiu ca tiristo quyt nh. i chiu S ng c c
th o cc tnh phn ng hoc o chiu kch t ng c. Kt qu ca vic
i chiu p mt chiu lm cho xut hin dng in chy trong tng pha ca
bin p khi in p pha m. Ni cch khc ng c pht ra cng sut
chuyn vo li in xoay chiu.
cc tiristo chuyn mch c, b bin i cn phi ni vo li xoay
chiu, v vy y l b nghch lu ph thuc.
Ta khng th chuyn dng in ca tiristo, v d t T
1
sang T
2
nu U
2b
t
m hn U
2a
o = t th U
2a
= U
2b
do o = t l gii hn ca s lm vic.
Nguyn l lm vic nh sau:
Ti thi im
1
u (hnh 1.2) lch gc 2 / t o > ta cp xung iu khin vo
T
1
, T
1
m v in p ca n l dng nht. Khi T
1
m sc in ng e s
phng mt dng in i qua pha a ca bin p. Dng in ny cduy tr
cho n tn thi im
2
u nh sc in ng v sc in ng cm ng ca
mch ti. Ti
2
u lch gc o chng ta cp xung iu khin vo T
2
, T
2
m, T
1

kho li. Dng in do sc in ng e sinh ra lc ny li chy qua pha b
ca bin p...
Tng t nh vy n thi im
3
u lch gc o ta li cp xung iu
khin vo T
3
. Dng lc ny li chy qua pha c ca bin p. Cc xung iu
khin lch nhau gc 3 / 2t . Chu k xung l t 2 . Trong mt chu k dng in
ln lt qua cun th cp ca my bin p pha n lch vi pha kia 3 / 2t vi
tn s bng tn s li. Do vy trong cun s cp cng cm ng sc in
ng xoay chiu ba pha c tn s bng tn s ca li. Ni cch khc l s
bin i c in p mt chiu ca ngun sc in ng e thnh in
p xoay chiu ba pha tr v ngun.
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


12
Khi ch ti in cm ca mch ant L
a
(in cm ca bin p) th
vic chuyn dng t T
1
sang T
2
, T
2
sang T
3
.... khng tc thi nh m t
trn m phi qua giai on trng dn (chuyn mch). ln ca gc chuyn
mch ph thuc vo tr s L
a
. Trn hnh 2 trnh by cc ng cong dng, p
ca nghch lu khi ch ti L
a
.
nghch lu khng b lt cn bo m gc kho | ln. Do o
ch nghch lu s nm trong: t/2 < o < t -|
xc nh | cn xut hin t thi gian kho ca t
off
tiristo c dng
trong s nghch lu. Trn hnh 1-2, b c, d biu din sng in p khi
ch chnh lu vi cc gc m khc nhau. hnh 1.2b c o c gi tr nh
hnh 1-2c chnh lu c in p tc thi c on m. hnh 1.2d gc
o=90
0
nn U
tb
= 0.
Trn hnh 1-2 e, n 1-2n biu din ng cong dng p ch nghch
lu khi c hin tng trng dn v khi khng c hin tng trng dn. C o
= | - c th hin thi gian cn thit khi tiristo ang dn m bo tnh trng
kho khi in p m o c gi l gc tt, tr s ca n thng khng di
5
0
.
Cc h thc tnh ton
v r ne
u u u Cos u u A + A + A + =

o
t
2
2
6 3

Trong :
| o
t
Cos u Cos u
2 2
17 . 1
2
6 3
=
: p nghch lu khng ti.
Au
Rr
= I
d
.R
2
: gim p trn in tr th cp bin p.
d
a
I
x
u
t

2
3
= A : gim p do o mch.
d
a
I
x
u
t

2
3
= A : gim p do o mch.
Au
v
= (0.5 1).v : gim p trong van
T c:
v
a
d ne
u
x
R I Cos u u A + |
.
|

\
|
+ + =
t
o
2
3
17 . 1
2 2











TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


13






















u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
u
L
90
0
u
tb
u
2b
u
2c u
2a
0

o

u
tb
u
L
c,

d,

u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
0

o

u

|
u
u
u
u
i
G2

i
G1

i
G3

i
T

o

u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
0

o

u
tb
u
L
|

e,

u
2b u
2c
u
2a
0

o

u
tb
u
L
u

|
f,

nh
E
T
1
u
2A
T
2
u
2B
T
3
u
2C
u
T
u
d
A
B
C
u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
0

o

u
tb
u
L
b,

a,

u

u

u

u

u
L
i
T2
i
T3
i
T1

u
1
u
2
h

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


14
C B A
i
4
i
6
i
2
u
u
i
i
G
u
2b
u
2c
u
2a
0

o

u

i
3
i
5
i
1
i
3
u
1
u
2
2
a c
e e +

2
a c
e e +

2
b a
e e +

u
d
5
4
5
6
1
6
1
2
3
2
e
T
1
T
3
T
5
T
4
T
6
T
2
i
d
L
d
e
c
e
b
e
a
L
a
L
a L
a
_

+

1.2.3.Nghc lu p thuc cu ba pha.
S nguyn l ca nghch lu ph thuc cu ba pha cho trn hnh 1.3.
V hnh thc ging nh s chnh lu ba pha c iu khin. Khi chuyn
sang lm vic ch nghch lu th gc m >90
0
v S E ca ng c
c i chiu so vi ch ng c. Vic i chiu E c th thc hin theo
nhiu gii php k thut khc nhau. Vy ch nghch lu cc dng ca
ngun E c du vo nhm ant, cn cc m u vo nhm catt.
nghch lu ny cc van ca nhm catot s lm vic khi p th cp m
cn nhm anot cc van s lm vic khi p th cp dng. Trong bt k mt
thi im no cng c hai van lm vic, v vy a nghch lu vo lm
vic (khi khi ng) cn a ng thi hai xung m van mt vo nhm ant
chung, mt vo nhm katt chung. Nh vy ta phi a n in cc iu
khin van hai xung hp cch nhau 60
0
in, hoc mt xung rng c thi gian
t > 60
0
.
Vic gii thch nguyn l lm vic ca nghch lu ny cng tng t nh
chnh lu ba pha na chu k, v th hin trn trn th dng, p nghch lu
(hnh 1.3).






















TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


15


Cc h thc tnh ton:
in p trung bnh ca nghch lu cu ba pha:
v r ne
u u u Cos u u A + A + A + =

o
t
2
6 3

Trong : cc tn tht in p trn in tr, o mch v trn van u c gi
tr gp i so vi s ba pha mt chiu na chu k.
Au
r
= 2.I
d
.R
2

d
a
I
x
u
t

2
6
= A

( )v u
v
1 5 . 0 2 = A
v
a
d ne
u
x
R I Cos u u A +
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
t
|
2
6
2 34 . 2
2
1.3. Nghc lu c lp .
Nghch lu c lp vit tt l N l thit b bin i ngun in mt
chiu thnh dng xoay chiu vi ti c lp khng ph thuc vo li in.
Dng xoay chiu c th bin i c vi tn s mong mun nn cng gi
l thit b bin tn gin tip. Gin tip v thng c ngun mt chiu phi
c mt khu chnh lu. mt s ti liu k thut thit b ny c gi l
nghch lu tonm hay onduleur.
Nh ni 1.1 nghch lu c lp c phn lm ba loi l N
dng, N p v N cng hng. Ngi ta cng c th phn loi theo
s pha mt pha, ba pha, cu... N dng u vo phi c in cm L
d

ln v t o mch c np theo lut khng chu k. Dng u vo I
d
l lin
tc, phng khng nhp nh ngha l ngun cung cp thit b ny l ngun
dng.Trong N cng hng ti c in cm ln, cng vi cc phn t R,
L, C ca mch to nn mch vng dao ng RLC v c cng hng p. Tn
s ring ca mch cng hng phi cao hn hoc bng tn s cng tc ca
N.
Trong N p ngun cung cp cho n phi l ngun p (my pht phi
c in tr trong nh)nh vc p dng ch yu ca N dng v p l bin
i tn s, cung cp in xoay chiu cho cc thit b xoay chiu v phc v cho
cc T.. c iu chnh tn s.
Cc N cng hng c dng c li khi tn s ra khong 12 KHz.
Cp cho cc thit b nhit in, thit b siu m v cc truyn ng cao tc.

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


16
1.3.1 Nghc lu c lp ngun p mt pha c my bin p im gia
1.3.1.1 nguyn l:
S nguyn l b nghch lu p mt pha c my bin p im gia
c cho trn hnh 1.4 vi ngun p mt chiu U, my bin p c im gia
v hai kho chuyn mch K1 v K2, dng in ti xoay chiu i. im gia
my bin p 0 ni vi mt cc ngun p U, cn u kia qua kho K1 ni vi
A v qua kho K1 ni vi B. Gi thit my bin p l tng, in p cc
dy qun t l vi s vng dy, ta c:
v
1
= v
1
, u =
2 /
1
2
n
n
v
1

Khi K
1
ng c: v
1
= U , u =
1
2
2
n
n
U
Khi K
1
ng c: v
1
= - U , u = -
1
2
2
n
n
U
Nu b qua dng in t ho, dng s cp v th cp lin h qua phng
trnh cn bng sc t ng:
2
1
n
(i
1 K
- i
1 K
) = n
2
i

Hnh 1.4.B nghch lu my bin p im gia
Hai kho chuyn mch K
1
v K
2
phi mt kho ng, mt kho m
v nu c hai u m ngha l mch ti xoay chiu h mch v:
i
1 K
= i
1 K
= 0 do i = 0
Nu c hai kho cng ng th ngn mch pha ngun mt chiu:
V
A
- Vo = V
B
- Vo do V
A
= V
B
= Vo
Biu thc v dng sng:
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


17
in p ra u c chu k T ta m C t t = 0 n T =
2
T
v K
1
t T =
2
T

n T
- Khi 0 < t <
2
T
, K
1
ng v K
1
m: v
1
= +U , v
1
= +U, u = +
2 /
1
2
n
n
U
v
1 K
= 0 , i
1 K
=
2 /
1
2
n
n
i , i = i
1 K
; v
1 K
= v
1
+ v
1
= +2U , i
1 K
= 0
- Khi
2
T
< t < T , K
1
m v K
1
ng : v
1
= - U , v
1
= - U, u = -
2 /
1
2
n
n
U
v
1 K
= - v
1
- v
1
= +2U , i
1 K
= 0 ; v
1 K
= 0 , i
1 K
= -
2 /
1
2
n
n
i , i = i
1 K

Gi thit dng in ra hnh Sin c dng : i = I
m
Sin ( t e - )
Gc lch pha ca dng ti i so vi in p u dng khi ti in cm, cn
khi ti in dung m.

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


18



Hnh v 1.5 : Dng sng u v i vi ti in dung
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


19


Hnh v 1.6 : Dng sng u v i vi ti in cm

1.3.1.2. Cc linh kin bn dn cn s dng:
Dng sng trn hnh 1.6 cho thy in p trn cc kho chuyn
mch m lun dng v dng in trong kho chuyn mch ng ngc
nhiu. Nu > 0 K
1
v K
1
phi c hai chiu to nn bng mt linh kin
ng t pht v m c iu khin vi mt diode mc song song ngc. Nu
< 0 K
1
v K
1
phi c hai chiu to nn bng mt linh kin ng c iu
khin v m t pht vi mt diode mc song song ngc. Nu bt k linh
kin phi c ng v m tu theo trng hp s dng ta c s sau:
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


20


~






U


T1
T1
D1
D1
U
i
n2
n1
i
+ -
0
A
B


Hnh v 7: S b nghch lu p, my bin p im gia
Hnh 1.6 pha trn v khong dn cc linh kin bn dn. Ta nhn thy
mi chuyn mch dng in khng bng khng to nn gia mt linh kin
c iu khin v 1 diode. Tnh cht ny chung cho cc b nghch lu p. Do
my bin p c im gia, in p trn cc kho chuyn mch h bng 2 ln
in p ngun mt chiu U ta gi b nghch lu nhn i in p.
33c tnh:
Nu gi thit in p vo khng i, dng in ra hnh sin, my
bin p v linh kin bn dn l tng, ta d dng tm c in p ra v
dng in vo:
- in p ra: Trong mt na chu k in p ra bng
2 /
1
2
n
n
+ U v -
2 /
1
2
n
n
U
na chu k kia. in p ra u c tr hiu dng bng: U =
1
2
2
n
n
U
- Tr hiu dng thnh phn c bn : U
1
=
t
2 2
.
1
2
2
n
n
U
- T s iu ho:
' u
t =
1
'
1
U
1
2 2
' ' U U = 0.483
- Khai trin Fourier c:
U =
1
2
2
*
4
n
n
t
U (Sin t = +
3
1
Sin3 t = +
5
1
Sin5 t = +
7
1
Sin7 t = ...) i sng c bn,
ucn cha tt c cc iu ho bc l. Bin iu nghch vi bc ca n.
Dng in vo i c chu k bng mt na chu k ca cc i lng ra t = < t
Ta c biu thc:
i = ) ( '
2
1
2
= t Sin I
n
n
m


TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


21


Gi tr trung bnh:
I =
t
cos
2
'
2
1
2
m
I
n
n

Hiu dng:
I
hd
=
2
1
'
2
1
2
m
I
n
n

Nhp nh:
i A = i
max
- i
min
= ) 1 ( '
2
1
2
Sin I
n
n
m
+
T s iu ho:
2 2
1
I I
I
hd i
= t
t
t
t
t
2
2
cos
8
1
cos 2 2
=
i

Tnh cht thun nghch
B qua cc tn hao trong b nghch lu, cng sut tc thi u ra v vo
nh nhau:
P = ui = ui
Cng sut tc dng: P = UI = U
1
cos
2
'
m
I


1.3.2. nghc lu c lp ngun in p cu 1pha :
3 S nguyn l:


Hnh 1.8


TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


22
2.3.2.2. Nguyn l hot ng:
c im ca nghch lu c lp ngun in p l lun lun nh
dng in p hnh ch nht trn ti vi mi ti , cn dng th dng in
ti li ph thuc vo tnh cht ti C
d
+E
d
to ra ngun in p l tng .
a. xt trng hp ti c tnh cht dung khng:
* V ti c tnh cht in dung , nn dng in ti sm pha hn so vi
in p ti mt gc
t
.
Da vo s nguyn l ta c th dng in , in p trn ti nh hnh v
* Xc nh min dn ca cc van :
Kt hp th dng in i(t), in p u(t) trn ti vi s nguyn tc ta
nhn thy :
-T 0 -
t
c : i
t
> 0 ,U
t
> 0 c c iu ny th V
1

v V
4
thng
-T -
t
: i
t
< 0
U
t
> 0 D
1
v D
4
thng
-T 2-
t
: U
t
< 0
i
t
< 0 V
2
v V
3
thng
-T 2-
t
2 : i
t
> 0
U
t
< 0 D
2
v D
3
thng
* Xc nh thi im chuyn mch gia cc van
Ti -
t
: c s chuyn mch gia cc van : V
1
D
1
; V
4
D
4

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


23

nh 9: th dng in , in p trn ti c tnh cht dung khng
- Ti : c s chuyn mch : D
1
V
3
; D
4
V
2

- Ti 2-
t
: c s chuyn mch : V
2
D
2
; V
3
D
3

- Ti 2 : c s chuyn mch : D
3
V
1
; D
2
V
4
* Xt s chuyn mch dng in gia cc van :

- Xt ti : cn c s chuyn mch : t D
1
V
3
; D
4
V
2

Cn kho D
1
, D
4
, m V
3
, V
2
. Trc mt khonh khc D
1
, D
4
ang thng
dn dng ti nn U
V2
= E
d
>0
U
V3
= E
d
> 0 (v thng qua D
1
dng ngun t vo a, thng qua D
4
m
ngun t vo b)
V vy n pht xung iu khin vo V
2
v V
3
th hai van ny m ngay.
Khi V
2
v V
3
thng : +E
d
t vo b ; - E
d
t vo a.
Do U
D1
=E
d
< 0 ; U
D4
= E
d
< 0 D
1
v D
2
kho
Nh vy qu trnh chuyn mch l s chuyn mch t nhin V
1
, V
2
,V
3
,

V
4
c th chn thyristor thng; xung iu khin cc van ny l xung n.
- Xt ti 2-
t
: cn c s chuyn mch t V
2
D
2
; V
3
D
3

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


24
ti 2-
t
v sau dng in ti i
t
i du t (-) sang (+) dng in ny i
ngcchiu dng in ca V
2
,V
3
lm cho V
2
, V
3
kho li do dng in
ngc. Do yu cu cn bng cng sut phn khng nn D
2
v D
3
phi thng
tip tc duy tr hng ca dng in ti ;
Chiu dng in : Z
t
D
3
C
d
D
2
Z
t

* V U
V1
,i
V1
,U
D1
,i
D1
v i
d
u vo nghch lu :
- Khi V
1
v V
4
thng dn dng in ti th U
V1
=(12 )V >0do st p trn
van,ng thi i
V1
= i
t
> 0
U
D1
= U A
V1
= (12 )V < 0 ; i
D1
=0.
i
d
khp mch : + E
d
V
1
Z
t
V
4
- E
d

i
d
= i
t
> 0
-Khi D
1
v D
4
thng :
U
D1
= U A
D1
= (12 )V > 0
i
D1
=i
t
> 0
U
V1
= U A
D1
= (12 )V < 0 ; i
V1
= 0
i
d
khp mch : Z
t
D
1
C
d
D
4
Z
t

i
d
= i
t
= i
D1
< 0
- Khi V
2
v V
3
thng dn dng in ti th U
V1
= E
d
>0 ; i
V1
= 0
U
D1
= E
d
< 0 ; i
D1
=0.
i
d
khp mch : + E
d
V
3
Z
t
V
2
- E
d
; i
d
= i
t
> 0
- Khi D
2
v D
3
thng :
U
V1
=E
d
> 0; I
V1
= 0; U
D1
=E
d
< 0; i
D1
= 0
i
d
khp mch : Z
t
D
1
C
d
D
4
Z
t

i
d
= i
t
= i
D2
< 0
*Tnh cng sut ngun:
P
d
= E
d
. I
d
vi I
d
=
H
2 2
.I
2
. cos
t

P
t
= U
t
.I
t
.cos
t
; i
t
= 2 . I
2
. cos
t

U
t1
=
H
4
.E
d
.cos(et) : thnh phn sng bc 1
Do : P
t
=
H . 2
4
.E
d
.I
2
.cos
t
=
H
2 2
.E
d
.I
2
.cos
t
P
d
=
H
2 2
.E
d
.I
2
.cos
t
b. Xt trng hp ti c tnh cht cm khng:
* V ti c tnh cht in cm, nn dng in ti chm pha hn so vi in
p ti mt gc
t
.
* Xc nh min dn ca cc van :
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


25


nh 0: th dng in , in p trn ti c tnh cht cm khng

Bng phng php phn tch nh trn,kt hp th dng in i(t) , in
p u(t) trn ti vi s nguyn tc ta xc nh c :
-T 0
t
: i
t
< 0
U
t
> 0 nn D
1
D
4
thng
-T
t
: i
t
> 0
U
t
> 0 nn V
1
V
4
thng
-T +
t
: U
t
< 0
i
t
> 0 nn D
2
D
3
thng
-T +
t
2 : i
t
< 0
U
t
< 0 nn V
2
V
3
thng
* Xc nh thi im chuyn mch gia cc van
Ti
t
: c s chuyn mch : D
1
V
1
; D
4
V
4

Ti : c s chuyn mch : V
1
D
3
; V
4
D
2

Ti +
t
: c s chuyn mch : D
2
V
2
; D
3
V
3
Ti 2: c s chuyn mch : V
3
D
4
; V
2
D
1

* Xt s chuyn mch dng in :
-Xt ti : c s chuyn mch : t V
1
D
3
; V
4
D
2

Trc mt khonh khc c V
1
V
4
ang thng i
v1
= i
v4
= i
t
>>0
Theo yu cu ca ti th ti phi i du chiu in p u
t
tc l kho
V
1
V
4
v m D
2
D
3
. Mun kho V
1
V
4
bng cch duy nht l cng bc
kho bng xung V
1
V
4
l van iu khin hon ton. Nu dng V
1
V
4
l van
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


26
iu khin khng an ton th phi u t hp ca cc van iu khinkhng
hon ton t in cm to ra tnh cht nh van iu
khin hon ton. Khi V
1
V
4
kho th dng in ti gim v khng nhng
do mch ti c in cm nn sinh ra sc in ng tip tc duy tr dng
in theo hng dng khi D
2
D
3
thng dng in ti:Z
t
D
3
C
d

D
2
Z
t

- Xt ti +
t
: D
2
V
2
; D
3
V
3
. Trong thi gian D
2
D
3
thng th U
v2
=
AU
D2
< 0 ; U
v3
= AU
D3
< 0 ; V
2
V
3
b t in p ngc.

n

+
t
: i
D2
= i
D3
= 0 D
2
D
3
bt u kho, sau thi im ny dng
in ti o chiu t (+) (-) ngc vi chiu dng qua D
2
D
3
. Ti +
t
:
tt c cc van u kho U
V2
= U
V3
=
2
d
E
> 0. Nu ti thi im ny c xung
iu khin vo V
2
V
3
V
2
V
3
thng.
*Xc nh cng sut ngun v cng sut ti.
P
d
= E
d
. I
d
vi I
d
=
H
2 2
.I
2
. cos
t

P
t
= U
t
.I
t
.cos
t
; i
t
= 2 . I
2
. cos
t

U
t1
=
H
4
.E
d
.cos(et) : thnh phn sng bc 1
Do : P
t
=
H . 2
4
.E
d
.I
2
.cos
t
=
H
2 2
.E
d
.I
2
.cos
t
P
d
=
H
2 2
.E
d
.I
2
.cos
t

1.3.2.3. Nhn xt v s nghc lu c lp ngun in p :
- V tnh cht ca nghch lu nn cc im
t
, +
t
, 2+
t
l thay i
theo s thay i ca ti nn ngi ta chn cc im 0, ,2, lm thi
im pht xung iu khin cho cc van.

- Nghch lu c lp ngun p khng lm vic c ch khng ti .











TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


27
1.3.3. nghc lu c lp ngun dng in cu 1 pha :
33 S nguyn l:



Hnh 2.1
1.3.3.2. Nguyn l hot ng:
- E
d
: Ngun in p 1 chiu, in cm L
d
to ra ngun dng in
1 chiu l tng vi I
d

- Ngun dng in lun nh dng dng in hnh ch nht trn ti ,
dng in p ph thuc vo ti .
a xt trng hp ti c tnh cht dung khng :
V ti c tnh cht in dung nn dng in sm pha hn so vi in p ti
mt gc
t
.
Da vo s nguyn tc ta c th dng in , in p trn ti nh hnh
v 2.2.
* Xc nh min dn ca cc van:
Kt hp th dng in i(t) ,in p u(t) trn ti vi s nguyn tc ta c
:
- t 0 : i
t
> 0 V
1
V
4
thng
- t 2 : i
t
< 0 V
2
V
3
thng
- t 23 : i
t
> 0 V
1
V
4
thng
* Xc nh thi im chuyn mch gia cc van :
Ti cn c s chuyn mch t V
1
V
3 ,
V
4
V
2

Ti 2 cn c s chuyn mch t V
3
V
1
, V
2
V
4

* Xt s chuyn mch dng in gia cc van :
Ti : c chuyn mch V
1
V
3
; V
4
V
2

Trc mt khong khc , khi V
1
v V
4
ang thng dn dng in ti ,
ta thy u
t
> 0 , c ngha l cc (+) ca u
t
t a , cn (-) ca u
t
t b.
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


28
Nh vy : U
t
thng qua V
1
t thun trc tip ln V
3

U
t
thng qua V
4
t thun trc tip ln V
2
do U
V3
= U
t
> 0 ; U
V2
= U
t
> 0, n pht xung iu khin vo V
2
V
3
th
lp tc hai van ny thng , khi V
2
v V
3
thng dn n cc (+) U
t
t vo
katot V
4
, cc m t vo anot V
1
lm cho U
V1
=U
t
< 0 U
V4
= U
t
< 0
Do hai van V
1
v V
4
kho kt thc qu trnh chuyn mch. Qu trnh
chuyn mch y l chuyn mch t nhin.
V vy cc van t V
1
n V
4
c th chn thyristor thng xung iu khin
cc van ny l xung n. th dng in in p cc van nh th


nh : th dng in , in p trn ti c tnh cht dung khng
* Tnh cng sut ngun :
P
d
= U
d
.I
d
= P
d
= E
d
. I
d
vi E
d
= U
v
=
H
2 2
.U
2
. cos
t

P
d
=
H
2 2
.U
2
.I
d
.cos
t
U
t
= 2 U
2
.sin et
P
ti
=U
t
.I
t
.cos
t

Tr hiu dng ca dng in ti sng bc 1 l : I
1t
=
H . 2
4
I
d
=
H
2 2
.I
d

Do P
ti
=
H
2 2
.U
2
.I
d
.cos
t
P
t
=P
n
do cng sut t ngun truyn ti ti
l ln nht .



TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


29



b xt trng hp ti c tnh cht cm khng:


nh 3: th dng in, in p trn ti c tnh cht cm khng
* V ti c tnh cht in cm , nn dng in ti chm pha hn so vi in
p ti mt gc
t
.
* Xc nh min dn ca cc van :
0 : i
t
> 0 V
1
V
4
thng
2 : i
t
< 0 V
2
V
3
thng
23 : i
t
> 0 V
1
V
4
thng
Khi V
2
V
3
thng : U
V1
=U
t
< 0 V
1
V
4
kho li
| l gc in p ngc ln van chnh l thi gian khi phc li tnh cht iu
khin ca van |
min
> 2Hf.t
q

* Xt s chuyn mch ca cc van
- Xt ti : V
1
V
3
, V
4
V
2

Trc mt khong khc V
1
V
4
ang dn ; U
t
< 0 th (+) t b ; (-) t
a. Thng qua V
1
V
4
ang thng U
t
t ngc ln V
2
V
3
; U
V2
= U
V3
= U
t
< 0.
Nh vy n khi pht xung iu khin vo V
2
V
3
th V
2
V
3
cha thng c.
Theo yu cu ca mch bt buc phi o chiu dng phi cng
bc kho V
1
V
4
. Khi V
1
V
4
kho ; V
2
V
3
cha thng th U
v1
=U
v2
= U
v4
=
2
d
E
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


30
> 0. Khi pht xung iu khin vo V
2
V
3
th 2 van ny thng v thc hin
o chiu dng t (+) (-) Chuyn mch y l chuyn mch cng
bc. Khi V
1
V
4
phi chn van iu khin hon ton.
*Cng sut ngun v cng sut ti.
P
d
= U
d
.I
d
= P
d
= E
d
. I
d
vi E
d
= U
v
=
H
2 2
.U
2
. cos
t

P
d
=
H
2 2
.U
2
.I
d
.cos
t

U
t
= 2 U
2
.sin et
P
ti
=U
t
.I
t
.cos
t

Tr hiu dng ca dng in ti sng bc 1 l : I
1t
=
H . 2
4
I
d
=
H
2 2
.I
d

Do P
ti
=
H
2 2
.U
2
.I
d
.cos
t
P
t
=P
n
do cng sut t ngun truyn
ti ti l ln nht
1.3.3.3. Nhn xt v s nghch lu c lp ngun dng in :
Nghch lu c lp ngun dng in khng lm vic c ch ngn
mch.
1.3.4. Nghc lu dng in ba pha
S nguyn l ca nghch lu ngun dng ba pha cho trn hnh
2.10. T hnh v cho thy nu ta thm mt nhnh vo cu mt pha s c
cu ba pha. Chc nng ca cc phn t , C, D, T trn s ny c
cp ti phn trc. Gi thit ti i xng ba pha, u sao, c tng tr l Z
a
,
Z
b
, Z
c
. Cc tiristor c iu khin m theo th t T
1
, T
2
, T
3
, T
4
, T
5
, T
6
,
T
1
, T
2
....Cc xung iu khin lch pha nhau mt khong thi gian T/6 (T l
chu k ca dng ti).
Gi s ti thi im ban u ta cp xung iu khin cho T
1
v T
2
. Cc
tiristor ny ang lm vic dn dng nn trong khong 3 / 0 t u < < dng in
ngun I
d
chy t + ngun qua T
1
Z
a
Z
c
T
2
ngun.
Ta c: i
a
=I
d
; i
c
= - I
d
; i
b
= 0
Cc t C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
5
c np in, dng bn tri, m bn phi.
in p trn cc t lc ny l U
c1
, U
c2
, U
c3
, U
c5.
Ti thi im 3 / t u = cho
xung iu khin m T
3
. Khi T
3
m U
c1
t in p ngc ln T
1
lm cho T
1

kho li. Dng in I
d
lc ny chy qua T
3
ri r lm hai nhnh, nhnh th
nht qua C
1
, nhnh th hai qua C
3
, C
5
. C hai nhnh hp li chy qua D
1
vo
pha A v ra pha C qua D
2
v T
2
.

Dng I
d
phn b nh sau:
i
C1
= 2I
d
/ 3
i
C 3
=i
C5
= I
d
/ 3
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31
Cc dng in ny s np cho cc t lm cho in p ca chng bin i mt
cch tuyn tnh.
L
C1 C3
C5
C2
C4 C6
T1 T3 T5
T4 T6 T2
D1 D3 D5
D4 D6 D2
Za
Zb
Zc


Hnh 2.4: B nghch lu dng ba pha
T C
5
c np theo chiu ngc li sau mt khong thi gian ngn
dng pha a s gim v khng khi U
c1
= U
ab
th it D
3
bt u dn in. Sau
khong thi gian ngn tip theo U
c1
= -U
cmax
. Nh vy khi T
1
kho T
3
m
dng pha a suy gim v 0, dng pha b tng trng n I
d

Nu gi t
1
l thi im pht xung m T
3

t
2
l thi im U
c1
v tr s 0
t
3
l thi im it D
3
m
t
4
l thi im U
c1
t gi tr max - U
cmax
Khong thi gian kho T
1
l:
t = t
2
- t
1

Khong thi gian dng in trong pha a gim v khng cn dng pha b
tng n I
d
l :
t = t
4
- t
3

Trong khong thi gian lc no ta cng c
i
a
+ i
b
= i
T
= I
d

Ti thi im t
3
D
3
m cn D
1
cng ang m nn c hai pha a v b b ni
ngn mch hnh thnh mch vng dao ng vi tn s gc ring l
CL 3
1
= e
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


32
Khi t = t
4
dng i
a
= 0 cn i
b
= I
d
qu trnh chuyn dng t pha a sang pha
b kt thc. Ti thi im
3
2t
u = cp xung m T
4
. Khi T
4
m th T
2
chu in
p ngc ca C
2
l - U
C2
th T
2
b kho li. Sau thi gian chuyn dng
t pha c v pha a (phn tch tng t phn trn nhng lc ny cc t v
it nhm catt). Dng in ngun s khp mch qua cc phn t sau
ngun qua T
3
D
3
Z
a
D
1
D
4
T
4
v cc m. Dng qua pha a
tng trng theo chiu m v t gi tr -I
d
.
Ta c: i
a
= - I
d
; i
b
= I
d
; i
c
= 0
Ti thi im t u = cho xung m T
5
. Khi T
5
m lm cho T
3
b kho li v
chu in p ngc U
c3
. Dng i
B
ca pha b gim v 0 sau mt khong thi
gian ngn.
Dng I
d
ca ngun lc ny chy theo mch:
Cc dng ngun T
5
D
5
Z
c
Z
a
D
4
T
4
m ngun.
Dng i
C
ca pha C tng t khng n I
d
.
Ta c: i
a
= - I
d
; i
b
= 0

; i
c
= i
d

Mt cch tng t ti
3
4t
u = cho xung m T
6
th T
4
b kho nn trong
khong
3
5
3
4 t
u
t
< <
c : i
a
= 0; i
b
= - I
d
; i
c
= i
d


Ti
3
5t
u =
cho xung m T
1
th T
5
b kho nn trong khong
t u
t
2
3
5
< <
ta
c:
i
a
= i
d
; i
b
= - I
d
; i
c
= 0
Cho n thi im kt thc mt chu k = 2

cho xung m T
2
th T
6

kho li.
Qu trnh lm vic ca nghch lu lp li nh thi k u = 0

tr i.
Trn hnh 2.5 trnh by ng cong dng in ba pha i
a
, i
b
, i
c
cng nh in
p trn t C
1
, C
3
, C
5
. T hnh v 2.5 ta nhn xt rng cc tiristor T
1
, T
3
, T
5

m hnh thnh na sng dng ca dng i
a
, i
b
, i
c
cn khi T
2
, T
4
, T
6
m s
hnh thnh na sng m. Ti mi thi im bao gi cng c hai tiristor m
(mt nhm catt, mt nhm ant). Gc dn ca tiristor bng nhau v
bng 3 / 2t . Cc dng i
a
, i
b
, i
c
lch nhau gc 3 / 2t v c bin bng I
d
ca
ngun dng. Tn s ca dng in ti c xc nh f = 1/T. iu chnh tn
s bng cch thay i thi gian m ca tiristor nh thay i nhp xung m.
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


33
i
a
i
b
i
c
U
c1
U
c3
i
g
U
c5
3 / t
3
2t
t
3 / 4t 3 / 5t
t 2
1 2 3
T
5 6 1 2
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
4

Hnh 2.5: Cc dng sng ca b nghch lu dng ba pha
T C
1
, C
2
, C
3
, C
4
, C
5
, C
6
trong thc t c gi tr nh nhau v c th tnh
gn ng theo biu thc sau:
2
1 max 1
1
max
] 202 . 0 91 . 0 [ 666 . 0
t
m m
m
t
m
n m
L
I f
U
L
f U
f I
C + =
Trong :
f
1r
l tn s nh mc ca ti
f
1rmax
l tn s cc i trong gii iu chnh mong mun
I
1m
l dng t ho ca ti(ti l ng c)
L
t
l in cm tn mt pha ca ti (l ng c)
U
m
l bin ca p dy.
1.3.5 Nghc lu ngun p 3 pha
Bng cch thm mt nhnh vo s nghch lu ngun p cu 1 pha ta
c s nghch lu ngun p cu ba pha.
S hp thnh in p ba pha hnh 2.6
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


34
-
+
u
s
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
D1
D4
D2
D3
D5
D6
Ua Ub
Uc
ia ib ia
id

Hnh 2.6
T1 D1
T4D4
T1 D1
T6 D6 D6 T6
T3D3
T5D5
T5D5
T2D2
TTPa
TTPb
TTPc
D1 T1
D4 T4
T3D3
D6 T6
T2D2
T5D5
2
3
u
s
Ua
Ub
Uc


U
AN
, U
BN,
U
CN
l in p gia cc im A,B,C v im N ca ngun E
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


35
to U
AN
, U
BN,
U
CN
c dng nh hnh v ngi ta cho xung kch m
cc tiristor theo trnh t T
1
, T
2
,T
3
, T
4
, T
5
, T
6
, T
1
.....xung n cch xung kia
T/6
U
AB
= U
AN
U
BN
,
U
BC
= U
BN
U
CN
,
U
CA
= U
CN
U
AN

i vi im O

ca mch ti, ta c
U
AB
= V
A
V
B

U
BC
= V
B
V
C

U
CA
= V
C
V
A
Ti u hnh Y (hnh sao). Ti im O, tng i s cc dng in bng
0. Nu ti 3 pha i xng ta c
V
A
+ V
b
+ V
c
= 0
Trong khong

cc tiristor dn dng l T
1,
T
2
v T
6
ti Z
A

ni tip vi Z
B
// Z
C

I
A
= I =

, U
A
=

.Z =


I
B
=I
C
= -

= -


U
B
= U
C
= -

. z = -


Dng in pha ti
Ti gm R,L mang tnh cm khng dng ti chm sau in p ti 1 gc
arc.tg



KT LUN
Trong thc t s dng in nng ta cn thay i tn s ca ngun cung
cp, cc b bin tn c s dng rng ri trong truyn ng in, trong cc
thit b t nng bng cm ng, trong thit b chiu sng... B nghch lu l
b bin tn gin tip bin i mt chiu thnh xoay chiu c ng dng rt
ln trong thc t.
Trong cc loi nghch lu th nghch lu c lp ngun p c tm quan
trng v thc t hn trong cuc sng sinh hot hng ngy chnh v vy nhm
chng em quyt nh chn ti: thit k v ch to b nghch lu c lp
ngun p
(U
ra
=220 v. P = 300 w)



TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


36
ng II
THIT K MCH LC
2.1.Tnh chn my bin p 1 pha tn s 50Hz
My bin th c th thay i hiu in th xoay chiu, tng th hoc h
th, u ra cho 1 hiu in th tng ng vi nhu cu s dng. My bin p
c s dng quan trng trong vic truyn ti in nng i xa. Ngoi ra cn
c cc my bin th c cng sut nh hn, my bin p (n p) dng n
nh in p trong nh, hay cc cc bin th, cc xc, ... dng cho cc thit
b in vi hiu in th nh (230 V sang 24 V, 12 V, 3 V, ...). trong mch
ny ta la chn my bin p im gia v so snh v mt kinh t v mt k
thut phng n la chn ny l ti u


TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


37

Dng sng thc t o c tn u ra
My bin p c cc thng s: U
1
=U
v
= 12V, U
r
= 220V, f = 50HZ, S=
300VA
Dng in s cp:
I= S/U
1
= 300/12 =25 (A)
Thit din day s cp A
1
= 2.5/I
1
= 2.5/25=0.1 (mm)
(2.5 l mt dng in )
ng knh day s cp : A
1
=( d
1
2
)/4
>> d
1
=

= 0.279 cm chng ta chn dy 3mm
Li thp S = 1.2 = 20.7 (cm
2
)
S vng cn qun cho cun s cp
N s = (K x U s) /S +sai s =( 45.12)/ 20.7 = 26 (vng)
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


38
S vng bn th cp:
N th = (K x U th) /S +sai s = (45.220)/20.7 = 478 (vng)
V th ta chn my bin p c
N1=30(vng),
N2=500(vng)
Vi :N1 l s vng dy qun ca cun dy s cp
N2 l s vng dy qun ca con dy th cp
T ta tnh c:N11=N12=N1/2=30/2=15(vng)
Do my bin p im gia nn in p U
1
= 2.U
11
= 2.12 = 24( V )
Cng sut ca my bin p: S = q.U
2
.I
2

Trong : S l cng sut ca my bin p
U
2
l in p ca cun th cp my bin p
I
2
l dng in ca cun th cp my bin p
q l hiu sut my bin p
Chn q= 0,85 ta tnh c dng in th cp ca my bin p
I
2
=S/(q.U
2
)=
220 . 85 , 0
300
= 1.6 ( A )
p dng t s my bin p

1
2
2
1
I
I
U
U
= I
1
=
1
2 2
.
U
I U

I
1
=
24
6 . 1 . 220
= 14,67( A )
Cng sut ti a m ti chiu cl:
P
1
= U
1
. I
1
cos = 24 .14,67.0.8 = 300 (W)
Mt khc ta c: P
dmax
=U
2
I
2

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


39
Chn q

= 0,85 ta tnh c dng in th cp ca my bin p

(A)
p dng t s my bin p

1
2
2
1
I
I
U
U
= I
1
=
1
2 2
.
U
I U

Do my bin p im gia nn in p s cp c tnh bng U
1
= 24(V )


Vy ta chn my bin p c cng sut S
ba
= 300 VA vi I = 15A
2.2.Mc ng lc
A)S nguyn l
Rt
N11
N22
1N2
i2
GND
GND
IRF 3205
IRF 3205
IRF 3205
IRF 3205
D1
D3 D4
D2
+12v

Mch lc gm2 nhm van:Q1 ,Q2 v Q3,Q4 lp theo cch ghp song
song nhm gia tng h s khuch i ca mch
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


40
B) Nguyn l hot ng


Ti thi im ban u khi cha c xung iu khin kch m cc van Q
1
,
Q
2
, Q
3
, Q
4
dng trn cc van bng 0, in p trn van mc cao.
Khi c xung iu khin vo vo cc cng G mosfet s kch m Q
1
, Q
2

cho dng in i t cc mng ti cc ngun( mosfet loi N) v m ngun.
Lc ny dng trn Q
1
, Q
2
dn mc cao cn in p trn van bng 0. khi
s c dng in chy trong cun s cp ca my bin p im gia sinh ra t
thng trong li thp my bin p cun th cp s c in p vi na chu k
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


41
dng. Khi c xung kch m cho Q
3
, Q
4
, cng tng t nh trn s c dng
chy trong cun s cp theo chiu ngc li so vi khi Q
1
, Q
2
dn. in p
trn van Q
3
, Q
4
bng 0 mc thp xut hin dng trn van mc cao. in
p s cp bin p mc cao v ngc chiu so vi na chu k u.Dng i
t ngun qua s cp bin p, qua Q
3
, Q
4
v m ngun. in p trn cun s
cp ngc chiu so vi ban u nn t thng sinh ra mc vng cuc th cp
lm in p th cp cng ngc chiu so vi na chu k u. Tn hiu u
ra 2 u s cp nhn c c 2 na chu k s cho ta ngc chiu.

+)S xung iu khin n cc van

3.2. MOSFET cng sut IRF 540
a) Tnh chn MOSFET
u
1
=12v, u
2
=220v, P=300VA
Dng lm vic trn 1 van l l I=14,6A
Chn MOSFET c dng lm vic l
6 . 0
I
=25A
Vy ta chn MOSFET c dng lm vic ln hn hoc bng 25A
Nh tnh trn ta s chn MOSFET cng sut l IRF3205 v dng
Thng s nh trong bng:
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


42
Hnh dng




Transistor MOSFEST c ba cc :
D - cc mng ( drain ) : cc in tch a s t thanh bn dn chy ra
mng.
S - cc ngun ( source ) : cc in tch a s t cc ngun chy vo thanh
bn dn.
G - cc cng ( gate ) : cc iu khin

b)Thng s v c tnh

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


43


TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


44

2.3. Mch cch ly:
Ta c in p u ra ti hai chn 10 v 11 ca 4047 l 5,6V .Dng
in v in p lm vic ca IC nh, cn mch ng lc dng lm vic
ln. cch ly gia mch iu khin v mch ng lc ta s dng PC817
c cu trc v thng s nh sau
Hnh dng
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


45


in p vo lm vic ca PC ln nht l 6V v th khi ni gia u ra Q
v Q ca 4047 v PC ta ni qua in tr gy st p trn in tr. Suy ra ta
chn R= 1 kO.
S lc v hot ng ca mch ny nh sau: Khi in p u ra chn
11ca 4047 l 4,8V qua diode v in tr c cp vo chn 1 ca Opto
PC817 khi chn 3Opto c in p l 5,8V tc ng xung n mch lc v
lm cho ti hot ng



TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


46
N III
THIT K M IU KHIN
3.1.Thit k mc iu khin
3.1.1. Nhim v v chc nng ca mc iu khin :
* Nhim v
- iu chnh c rng xung trong na chu k dng ca in
p t ln colector v emitor ca van .
- To ra c xung m c bin cn thit kho van trong
na chu k cn li .
- Xung iu khin phi c bin v nng lng m v
kho van chc chn .
- To ra c tn s theo yu cu .
- D dng lp rp, thay th khi cn thit, vn hnh tin cy, n
nh .
- Cch ly vi mch ng lc
* Yu cu chung v mch iu khin l :
- Mch iu khin l khu quan trng trong h thng, n l b phn
quyt nh ch yu n cht lng v tin cy ca b bin i nn cn c
nhng yu cu sau :
+)V ln ca dng in v in p iu khin:
Cc gi tr ln nht khng vt qu gi tr cho php. Gi tr nh nht
cng phi m bo c rng cung cp cho cc van m v kho an ton.
Tn tht cng sut trung bnh cc iu khin nh hn gi tr cho php .
+)Yu cu v tnh cht ca xung iu khin :
Gia cc xung m ca cc cp van phi c thi gian cht, thi gian cht
ny phi ln hn hoc bng thi gian khi phc tnh cht iu khin ca van.
* Yu cu v tin cy ca mch iu khin :
Phi lm vic tin cy trong mi mi trng nh trng hp nhit thay
i , c t trung...
+)Yu cu v lp rp v vn hnh :
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


47
S dng d dng , d thay th , lp rp . . .

3.1.2 Tnh ton mc iu khin:
to ra khi pht xung ta s dng vi mch CD4047B .Vi mch
CD4047B mc ch chnh trong mch l to dao ng(xung vung),chnh
bi xung to ra t IC ny nn IC CD4047B c chn to dao ng
trong cc mch nghch lu.
in p u ra t c dng sin hay khng l ph thuc phn ln vo
xung tc ng vo cc chn iu khin ca cc van .Cc u ra n nh c
tnh chun v i xng. V cng sut tiu th thp. Chnh nhng u im
m ta chn vi mch CD4047B thit k mch iu khin cho mch nghch
lu.
a) Mch to xung

b) chn ca vi mch
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


48


Cu trc bn trong ca vi mc n sau

TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


49

+)IC4047 c 14 chn trong :
-Chn 1,2,3 l cc chn u vo(lm thay i c xung u ra)
- Chn 5 astable cho php mch lm b to dao ng a hi qua cng 5
- Chn 6 kch hot (t mc cao)
-Chn 7 ni mass
- Chn 8 kch hot (t mc thp)
-Chn 9 l chn khi ng li(ni mas)
-Chn 10chn 11 l chn u ra
- Chn 12 cho php kch m tr li khi n l xung dng
-Chn 13 hin th sng u ra (bnh thng khng cp g)
-Chn 14 l chn cho ngun (+) vo cung cp cho IC
c)Hot ng ca I n sau
Hot ng ca chn astable c php khi t u vo chn 5 mc cao
hoc mc thp ca chn 4 hoc ca 2 chn.
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


50
rng ca xung vung ca Q v Q l hm ca u vo ph thuc vo
RC
Chn 5 astable cho php mch lm b to dao ng a hi qua cng 5.
rng xung chn 13 bng 1/2 u ra Q trong ch astable. Tuy nhin
iu ny ch ng 50%
Trong ch n nh n khi c sn dng u vo +trigger(8), khi
chn trigger(6) mc thp cc xung u vo c th thuc bt k thi im
no tng ng vi xung u ra
+)Ta tnh ton c c xung ra l 50Hz nh sau:
-Gin thi gian tin hiu vo,ra v cng thc tnh rng xung

Dng sng u ra


TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


51
Dng sng thc t





TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


52

Thay s: V
DD
= 12 V
V
TR
= 50% V
DD

Vi f = 50 (hz) T = 0.02 (s)
4.4RC = 0.02 RC = 4.55*10
3

Chn t c C = 10
-4
f
,
Umax Q v Q = 10 V
V thay i tn s khi lm vic ta c th dng bin tr 100k vi di
iu chnh rng khi bin tr gi tr min th tn s F gi tr max. Vi
thng s khi s dng my hin sng o c ng vi tn s 50hz tc l vi
thi gian l 0.02s= 20 ms bin tr s thay i vi gi tr R= 55k. T nhng
gi tr thc t khi dng my hin sng o c tn hiu u ra c tn s
50hz, vi bin l 10v trn 2 chn u ra 10, 11
TRNG I HC SPKT HNG YN N MN HC


53
3.2. Tnh ton v thit k mch bo v p
a. Tnh ton mch phn p
Ta s dng Lm324 lm mch so snh
Cu phn p
Vss=
2 1
2 .
R R
R V
+

5 =
2 1
2 . 12
R R
R
+
=> 12R
2
=5(R
1
+R
2
)
7R
2
= 5R
1

1.5R
2
= R
1

T gi tr thc t ca in tr Ta chn R
1
= 3.3k => R
2
= 6.8k












b. Mch bo v hon chnh
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55
-Nguyn l hot ng:
IC1A bo v qu p
IC1B bo v thp p
IC2 l IC n p.
Khi qu p th led1 s bo
Khi thp p th led2 s bo
R le k ngt in khi xy s c thp p hoc qu p
-Khi cp ngun 12vdc vo th IC 7812 s c nhim v n nh ngun. sau
s a vo mch so snh. Nu ngun vo vt qu 15v th u ra Ic1a
ln mc 1 s cp ngun cho T1 hot ng.do rle k s c in s m tip
im thng ng v ngt ngun cung cp cho mch iu khin














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3.3 nguyn l






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3.3.1 Phn tch nguyn l v khi chc nng tong mch

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Khi in p 12v b bo v cp in p cho mch iu khin. Ic to
xung 4047 hot ng a ra tn hiu ti chn s 10,11.
Ti thi im ban u khi cha c xung iu khin kch m cc van Q
1
,
Q
2
, Q
3
, Q
4
dng trn cc van bng 0, in p trn van mc cao.
Khi c xung iu khin vo vo cc cng G mosfet s kch m Q
1
, Q
2
cho
dng in i t cc mng ti cc ngun( mosfet loi N) v m ngun. Lc
ny dng trn Q
1
, Q
2
dn mc cao cn in p trn van bng 0. khi s
c dng in chy trong cun s cp ca my bin p im gia sinh ra t
thng trong li thp my bin p cun th cp s c in p vi na chu k
dng. Khi c xung kch m cho Q
3
, Q
4
, cng tng t nh trn s c dng
chy trong cun s cp theo chiu ngc li so vi khi Q
1
, Q
2
dn. in p
trn van Q
3
, Q
4
bng 0 mc thp xut hin dng trn van mc cao. in
p s cp bin p mc cao v ngc chiu so vi na chu k u.Dng i
t ngun qua s cp bin p, qua Q
3
, Q
4
v m ngun. in p trn cun s
cp ngc chiu so vi ban u nn t thng sinh ra mc vng cuc th cp
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59
lm in p th cp cng ngc chiu so vi na chu k u. Tn hiu u
ra 2 u s cp nhn c c 2 na chu k s cho ta ngc chiu.






















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KT LUN

Sau qu trnh thc hin bn n chng em thu c mt s kt qu
nh sau:
+ Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca mch nghch lu mt pha
+ Phn tch nguyn l lm vic v cc thng s trong mch nghch lu
mt
+ Gii thiu mt s ng dng v c im ca mch nghch lu mt pha.
+ c bit l chng em hon thin sn phm ca mnh theo yu cu
t ra c th:
* in p ra dng cho ti U = 220 V
Tuy nhin bn n ca chng em cn c nhc im l cha n nh
c in p ra khi ti ln.
Vi s c gng n lc ca mi thnh vin trong nhm chng em hon
thnh n ca mnh theo ng thi gian. Mt ln na chng em xin gi li
cm n ti cc thy c trong khoa in - in T, c bit l thy trc tip
hng dn chng em trong vic hon thnh n. Chng em rt mong nhn
c nhng kin nhn xt, gp ca cc thy c v cc bn bn n
ca cng em hon thin hn.

Chng em xin chn thnh cm n!




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ng I
Gii thiu tng quan v nghc lu
1.1 Tng quan v nghch lu ............................................................8
1.1.1 Nghch lu ph thuc 1 pha 2 na chu k....................................8
1.1.2 Nghch lu ph thuc 3 pha na chu k.......................................11
1.1.3 Nghch lu ph thuc cu 3 pha....................................................14
1.2 Nghch lu c lp ........................................................................15
1.2.1 Nghch lu c lp ngun p.........................................................16
1.2.2 Nghch lu c lp ngun dng.....................................................27
1.2.3 Nghch lu ngun dng 3 pha........................................................30
1.2.4 Nghch lu ngun p 3 pha............................................................33

ng II
Thit k mch lc
2.1 Tnh ton My Bin p...................................................................36
2.2 Mch lc..........................................................................................39
2.2.1 Chn van khuch i cng sut....................................................41
22.2.mch cch ly..................................................................................44

ng III
Thit k mc iu khin
3.1 thit k mch iu khin.................................................................46
3.1.1 Tnh chn gi tr phn t..............................................................47
3.2 Thit k mch bo v qu dng qu p...........................................53
3.3 Thit k s nguyn l................................................................56
3.3.1 Phn tch nguyn l v khi chc nng trong mch .....................57

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