Chng X H Thng in ng Lc, iu Khin v Bo V Ca H Thng Lnh

10.1. Cc thit b in thng hay s dng trong h thng lnh

10.1.1 Cc thit b iu khin
lm nhim v iu khin, ng m my trong cc mch in ngi ta s dng nhiu thit b in khc nhau.

10.1.1.1 Aptomat (MCCB)

ng ngt khng thng xuyn trong cc mch in ngi ta s dng cc aptomat. Cu to aptomat gm h thng cc tip im c b phn dp h quang, b phn t ng ct mch bo v qu ti v ngn mch. B phn ct mch in bng tc ng in t theo dng cc i. Khi dng vt qu tr s cho php chng s ct mch in bo v thit b. Nh vy ptomat c s dng ng, ngt cc mch in v bo v thit b trong trong trng hp qu ti.

352

Hnh 10-1: Thit b ng ngt in t ng (aptomat)

10.1.1.2 R le nhit bo v qu dng v qu nhit (OCR)

R le nhit c s dng bo v qu dng hoc qu nhit. Khi dng in qu ln hoc v mt l do g nhit cun dy m t qu cao. R le nhit ngt mch in bo v m t my nn. R le nhit c th t bn trong hoc bn ngoi my nn. Trng hp t bn ngoi r le nhm bo v qu dng thng c lp i km cng tc t. Mt s my lnh nh c b tr r le nhit bn trong ngay u my nn.

1- Dy ni, 2- Chp ni; 3- Cht tip im; 4- u cc 5- Tip im; 6- C cu lng kim; 7- in tr; 8- Thn; 9- Vt Hnh 10-2: R le nhit lp trong my nn

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Hnh 10-3: R le nhit v mch in Phn t c bn ca r le nhit l mt c cu lng kim gm c 2 kim loi khc nhau v bn cht, c h s gin n nhit khc nhau v hn vi nhau. Bn lng kim c t nng bng in tr c dng in ca mch cn bo v chy qua. Khi lm vic bnh thng s pht nng in tr ny khng c cu lng kim bin dng. Khi dng in vt qu nh mc bn lng kim b t nng v b un cong, kt qu mch in ca thit b bo v h

10.1.1.3 Cng tc t v r le trung gian

Cc cng tc t v r le trung gian c s dng ng ngt cc mch in. Cu to ca chng bao gm cc b phn chnh sau y : 1. Cun dy ht 2. Mch t tnh 3. Phn ng (phn ng) 4. H thng tip im (thng ng v thng m)

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Hnh 10-4: Cng tc t Cn lu cc tip im thng m ca thit b ch ng khi cun dy ht c in v ngc li cc tip im thng ng s m khi cun dy c in, ng khi mt in. H thng cc tip im c cu to khc nhau v thng c m km m bo tip xc tt. Cc thit b ng ngt ln c b phn dp h quang ngoi ra cn c thm cc tip im ph ng mch iu khin.

10.1.2 R le bo v p sut v thermostat

bo v my nn khi p sut du v p sut ht thp, p sut u y qu cao ngi ta s dng cc r le p sut du (OP), r le p sut thp (LP) v r le p sut cao (HP). Khi c mt trong cc s c nu trn, cc r le p sut s ngt mch in cun dy ca cng tc t my my nn dng my. Di y chng l cu to v nguyn l lm vic ca cc r le p sut

10.1.2.1 R le p sut du

355

1- Phn t cm bin p sut du; 2- Phn t cm bin p sut ht; 3C cu iu chnh; 4- Cn iu chnh; 5Hnh 10-5 : R le p sut du

p su du ca my nn phi c duy tr mt gi tr cao hn p sut ht ca my nn mt khong nht nh no , tu thuc vo tng my nn c th nhm m bo qu trnh lu chuyn trong h thng rnh cp du bi trn v tc ng c cu gim ti ca my nn. Khi lm vic r le p sut du s so snh hiu p sut du v p sut trong cacte my nn nn cn gi l r le hiu p sut. V vy khi hiu p sut qu thp, ch bi trn khng m bo, khng iu khin c c cu gim ti. p sut du xung thp c th do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Bm du b hng - Thiu du bi trn. - Phin lc du b bn, tc ng dn du; - Ln mi cht vo du qu nhiu. Trn hnh 10-5 gii thiu cu to bn ngoi v bn trong r le p sut du. R le bo v p sut du ly tn hiu ca p sut du v p sut cacte my nn. Phn t cm bin p sut du OIL (1) pha di

356

ca r le c ni u y bm du v phn t cm bin p sut thp LP (2) c ni vi cacte my nn. Nu chnh lch p sut du so vi p sut trong cacte p = pd po nh hn gi tr t trc c duy tr trong mt khong thi gian nht nh th mch iu khin tc ng dng my nn. Khi p nh th dng in s i qua r le thi gian (hoc mch sy c cu lng kim). Sau mt khong thi gian tr nht nh, th r le thi gian (hoc c cu lng kim ngt mch in) ngt dng iu khin khi n khi ng t my nn chnh lch p sut cc tiu cho php c th iu chnh nh c cu 3. Khi quay theo chiu kim ng h s tng chnh lch p sut cho php, ngha lm tng p sut du cc tiu my nn c th lm vic. chnh p sut c c nh 0,2 bar

10.1.2.2. R le p sut cao HP v r le p sut thp LP

R le p sut cao v r le p sut thp c hai kiu khc nhau : * Dng t hp gm 02 r le * Dng cc r le ri nhau Trn hnh 10-6 l cp r le t hp ca HP v LP, chng hot ng hon ton c lp vi nhau, mi r le c ng ni ly tn hiu ring. Cm LP thng b tr nm pha tri, cn Hp b tr nm pha phi. C th phn bit LP v HP theo gi tr nhit t trn cc thang k, trnh nhm ln. Trn hnh 10-7 l cc r le p sut cao v thp dng ri. R le p sut cao c s dng bo v my nn khi p sut u y cao qu mc quy nh, n s tc ng trc khi van an ton m. Hi u y c dn vo hp xp pha di ca r le, tn hiu p sut c hp xp chuyn thnh tn hiu c kh v chuyn dch h thng tip im, qua ngt mch in khi ng t my nn.

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Hnh 10-6 : R le t hp p sut cao v thp

Gi tr t ca r le p sut cao l 18,5 kG/cm2 thp hn gi tr t ca van an ton 19,5 kG/cm2. Gi tr t ny c th iu chnh thng qua vt A. chnh p sut lm vic c iu chnh bng vt B. Khi quay cc vt A v B kim ch p sut t di chuyn trn bng ch th p sut.

a- R le p sut cao HP
Hnh 10-7 : R le p sut cao v thp

b- R le p sut thp

Sau khi xy ra s c p sut v tin hnh x l, khc phc xong cn nhn nt Reset ngt mch duy tr s c mi c th khi ng li c.

358

Tng t HP, r le p sut thp LP c s dng t ng ng m my nn, trong cc h thng lnh chy t ng. Khi nhit bung lnh t yu cu, van in t ngng cp dch cho dn lnh, my thc hin rt gas v bnh cha v p sut pha u ht gim xung di gi tr t, r le p sut tc ng dng my. Khi nhit phng lnh ln cao van in t m, dch vo dn lnh v p sut ht ln cao v vt gi tr t, r le p sut thp t ng ng mch cho ng c hot ng.

10.1.2.3. Thermostat

Hnh 10-8 : Thermostat

Thermostat l mt thit b iu khin dng duy tr nhit ca phng lnh. Cu to gm c mt cng tc i hng n cc (12) duy tr mch in gi cc tip im 1 v 2 khi nhit bu cm bin tng ln, ngha l nhit phng tng. Khi quay trc (1) theo chiu kim ng h th s tng nhit ng v ngt ca Thermostat. Khi quay trc vi sai (2) theo chiu kim th gim vi sai gia nhit ng v ngt thit b.

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Hnh 10-9 : Cu to bn ngoi ca thermostat

10.1.2.4. R le bo v p sut nc (WP) v r le lu lng (Flow Switch)

Nhm bo v my nn khi cc bm gii nhit thit b ngng t v bm gii nhit my nn lm vic khng c tt (p sut tt, thiu nc ..) ngi ta s dng r le p sut nc v r le lu lng. R le p sut nc hot ng ging cc r le p sut khc, khi p sut nc thp, khng m bo iu kin gii nhit cho dn ngng hay my nn, r le s ngt in cun dy khi ng t ca my nn dng my. Nh vy r le p sut nc ly tn hiu p sut u y ca cc bm nc. Ngc li r le lu lng ly tn hiu ca dng chy. Khi c nc chy qua r le lu lng tip im tip xc h, h thng hot ng bnh thng. Khi khng c nc chy qua, tip im ca r le lu lng ng li, ng thi ngt mch in cun dy khi ng t v dng my.

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10.1.3 Cc k hiu trn bn v

thun li cho vic c cc bn v cc mch in, trn hnh 10-10 di y xin gii thiu mt s k hiu qui c cc thit b in ca mch in cc h thng lnh. y l cc k hiu thng hay s dng cho cc mch in h thng lnh hin nay thng hay c s dng. Mt khc trnh nhm ln khi thuyt minh nguyn l hot ng ca cc mch in chng ti k hiu ch s 1 cho tip im thng ng v ch s 2 cho tip im thng m.

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1. Ti p i m c u dao, m y c t, aptomat a. Th- ng m b. Th- ng ng

2. Ti p i m cng t c t, khi ng t, r le a. Th- ng m 3. Nt nh n a. Th- ng m 4. Cun d y r le, cng t c t, khi ng t. AX b. Th- ng ng 5. R le thi gian T
5S

b. Th- ng ng

6. Ti p i m r le nhi t
OFF

OCR 7. n b o s c

L
hp

8. Nm xoay

MAN

AUT COS

9. R le p su t cao
u p-o n

10. R le p su t d u
d o w n -o n wp

op

11. Van i n t

sv

Th

12. R le p su t n- c
d o w n -o n

13. Thermostat
d o w n -o f f

Hnh 10-10: Cc k hiu qui c trn cc mach in

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10.2 iu khin v bo v cc thit b lnh

10.2.1 Bo v my nn
My nn l thit b quan trng nht trong h thng lnh, v vy n c bo v rt nghim ngt. Khi cc iu kin lm vic khng t yu cu, h thng bo v t ng ngt in dng my. C th, my nn c bo v bi cc thit b sau: 1. Bo v p sut - p sut cao HP. - p sut du OP. - p sut thp LP 2. Bo v qu dng v qu nhit (OCR): - Bo v qu dng. - Bo v qu nhit. 3. Bo v khi cc iu kin gii nhit khng tt - Bo v p sut nc, lu lng nc - Bo v khi bm nc gii nhit dn ngng hoc my nn ngng hot ng - Bo v khi qut dn ngng khng lm vic - Bo v khi qut thp gii nhit khng lm vic 4. Bo v khi mt s thit b khc khng lm vic Trong mt s mch in, my nn s t ng dng khi mt thit b no khng lm vic, chng hn nh qut dn lnh, m t cnh khuy nc mui, bm nc lnh vv..

10.2.2 iu khin mc dch bnh trung gian

iu khin mc dch cc bnh trung gian trong cc h thng lnh 2 cp ngi ta s dng cc van phao in t. Mc dch bnh trung gian, ni chung c c khng ch gia 02 mc: cc i v cc tiu.
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- Mc cc i : Khng ch mc cc i nhm bo v my nn trnh ht m, gy ngp lng pha cao p. - Mc cc tiu : Nhm m bo lng dch ti thiu trong bnh tng cng trao i nhit cho ng xon. Khi mc dch trong bnh t mc cc i van phao pha trn tc ng ngt in cun dy van in t cp dch cho bnh trung gian, khi mc dch trong bnh s khng tng. Khi mc dch h xung mc cc tiu van phao tc ng m van in t v dch c tit lu vo bnh.

10.2.3 iu khin mc dch bnh gia mc

i vi cc bnh gi mc ca cc dn lnh, yu cu ch bo v mc dch trn ca bnh trnh ht lng v my nn, do ch cn 01 van phao tc ng ng m van in t cp dch cho bnh v qua duy tr mc dch trong bnh gii hn cho php.

10.2.4 iu khin mc dch bnh cha h p

Bnh cha h p c bo v bng 03 van phao. Nhim v ca cc van phao nh sau: - Van phao trn cng, bo v mc dch cc i trnh vt qu mc cho php, my nn c th ht lng v nguy him. Khi t mc cc i van phao tc ng ng van in t cp dch vo bnh. - Van phao gia, duy tr mc dch trung bnh, khi mc dch trong bnh gim xung mc trung bnh, van phao ng mch in van in t v cp dch vo bnh cha h p. - Van phao di cng bo v mc dch cc tiu, y l mc dch s c, nhm bo v bm. Khi lng dch trong bnh qu thp, van phao tc ng ngt in cun dy khi ng t bm cp dch v bm cp dch s ngng hot ng.

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10.2.5 iu khin nhit phng lnh

i vi kho lnh bo qun h thng lnh hot ng hon ton t ng v c iu khin ng tt theo nhit phng. Qu trnh tc ng nh sau : Khi nhit phng lnh t yu cu (xung bng nhit t ca thermostat), thermostat tc ng ng van in t ngng cp dch cho dn lnh, my nn tip tc hot ng nn p sut ht h xung, sau mt thi gian khi p sut ht xung thp r le p sut thp tc ng dng my. Khi nhit phng nng ln cao, thermostat tc ng m van in t cp dch cho dn lnh, p sut ht tng ln v r p sut thp ng mch khi ng li my nn. V mt nguyn tc, thermostat c th trc tip tc ng mch iu khin ng my nn. Tuy nhin m bo an ton khi dng my phi ht kit gas khi dn lnh nn ngi ta mi cho hot ng nh nu trn.

10.3 MCH IN NG LC V IU KHIN my nn

10.3.1 Mch ng lc ca cc my nn, bm v qut
Mch in ng lc cn gi l mch in ngun l mch in cp in ngun chy cc thit b nh my nn, bm, qut vv.. Dng in trong mch in ng lc ln nh tu thuc vo cng sut thit b v do cng sut cc thit b i km mch in ng lc ph thuc cng sut thit b v la chn mt cch tng ng. c khi nim v mt mch in ng lc ta gi s c h thng lnh kho cp ng gm cc thit b chnh sau y (hnh 10-11): - My nn vi m t 75kW - Bm cp dch dn lnh 1,5 kW - Bm nc gii nhit my nn 2,2 kW
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- Bm nc gii nhit dn ngng 3,7 kW - Bm nc x bng dn lnh 2,2 kW - Qut gii nhit dn ngng : 2 x 1,5 kW - Qut gii nhit dn lnh : 2 x 2,2 kW i vi cc ng c v thit b in ca h thng lnh, do cng sut ln nn vic ng m cc ng c u thc hin bng cc khi ng t. Cc thit b u c ng m v bo v bng cc aptomat, tt c cc thit b u c r le nhit bo v qu dng. Cc thit b c cng sut nh, ampek ni trc tip vo mch in, cn cc thit b c cng sut ln ampek c qua bin dng CT. Cc thit b chnh trn mch in ng lc bao gm : - MCCB - Aptomat - CT : Bin dng - MC : Tip im khi ng t cun chy ca my nn - MD - Tip im khi ng t mch tam gic - MS - Tip im khi ng t mch sao - OCR - Rle nhit - M - Mt ; P Bm (Pump); F Qut (Fan) - A Ampek - Dy in cc loi

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MCCB1 200A CT 200/5A A1 A2

MCCB2 15A

MCCB3 50A CT 50/5A A3 A4

MCCB4 15A

MCCB5 30A

A5

MC 100A OCR 85A

MD 100A

MS 80A

MCLP 11A OCRLP 3A

MCP1 11A OCRP1 4,5A

MCP2 11A OCRP2 4,5A

MCCF1 11A OCRCF1 3A

MCCF2 11A OCRCF2 3A

MCP3 11A OCRP3 4,5A

MCF1 11A OCRF1 4,5A

MCF2 11A OCRF2 4,5A

6x25 + 1x25 mm2 M 75KW

4x2 mm2 MLP 1,5KW

4x2 mm2 MP1 2,2KW

4x2 mm2 MP2 3,7KW

4x2 mm2 MCF1 1,5KW

4x2 mm2 MCF2 1,5KW

4x2 mm2 MP3 2,2KW

4x2 mm2 MF1 2,2KW

4x2 mm2 MF2 2,2KW

E M Y NN KH I NG Y/

E M T B M D CH NH3

E B M N C X B NG

B M N C B M N C GI I NHIT MN GI I NHIT

QU T GI I NHIT QU T 1 QU T 2

QU T DN L NH QU T 1 QU T 2

Hnh 10-11 : Mch in ng lc trong h thng lnh 367

i vi ng c my nn qu trnh khi ng din ra nh sau : Khi nhn nt START trn mch iu khin, nu khng c bt c s c no th cun dy khi ng t (MC) c in v ng tip im thng m MC trn mch ng lc. Trong khong 5 giy u tin (t r le thi gian), cun dy khi ng t (MS) c in v tip im thng m MS ca n trn mch ng lc ng. Lc my chy theo s sao, dng khi ng gim ng k. Sau thi gian t, r le thi gian tc ng ngt in cun (MS) v ng in cho cun (MD), tng ng cc tip im trn mch ng lc, MD ng v MS m. My chuyn t s ni sao sang s tam gic. i vi cc thit b c cng sut nh nh bm, qut dng khi ng nh nn khng cn khi ng theo s sao tam gic nh my nn.

10.3.2 Mch khi ng sao - tam gic

10.3.2.1 Dng in khi ng
Hu ht cc my nn lnh c ln u s dng ng c khng ng b 3 pha. khi ng c cc ng c khng ng b 3 pha m men khi ng ca ng c phi ln thng c m men cn ca ti khi khi ng v ng thi m bo thi gian khi ng nm trong gii hn cho php. Dng in pha khi khi ng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
KD IP =

U1
' 2 ' 2 ( R1 + R2 ) + (X1 + X 2 )

(10-1) trong : R1 - in tr dy qun stato; X1 - in khng stato; R2 - in tr dy qun rto qui i v stato; X2 - in khng dy qun rto qui i v stato;

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Dng in khi m my kh ln, gp 5 7 ln dng in nh mc. Do i vi li in cng sut nh khi khi ng my c th lm st p mng nh hng n s lm vic ca cc thit b khc. V vy cn c cc bin php khi ng hp l gim dng khi ng.

10.3.2.2 Cc phng php khi ng

1. i vi ng c rto dy qun gim dng khi ng i vi ng c loi ny ngi ta ni dy qun rto vi 01 bin tr khi ng. Mun m men khi ng cc i h s trt ti hn phi bng 1 tc l
S TH =
' ' + R KD R2 =1 ' X1 + X 2

(10-2) T xc nh c in tr khi ng ti u t m men cc i Nh mch rto c thm in tr Rk nn dng in khi ng gim

KD IP =

U1 ( R1 + R + R
' 2 ' KD ' 2 )2 + (X1 + X 2 )

(10-3)

2. i vi ng c lng sc * Khi ng trc tip ng trc tip ng c vo mch in. Phng php ny ch p dng cho cc ng c cng sut nh. y l phng php n gin, nhng dng khi ng ln, in p st nhiu, thi gian khi ng lu. * Gim in p stato Khi gim in p stato th dng in m my gim. Tuy nhin lc m men khi ng cng gim theo, nn phng php ny ch p dng cho ng c khng i hi m men khi ng ln. gim in p stato c cc cch sau :
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- Dng in khng ni tip vo mch stato - Dng my t bin p * i mch ni sao - tam gic Phng php ny p dng cho cc ng c khi lm vic bnh thng dy qun stato ni theo kiu tam gic. Khi khi ng, mch in t ng chuyn ni sao, lc in p t vo mi pha gim 3 ln. Sau thi gian khi ng ngi ta chuyn sang mch ni tam gic nh qui nh. - Dng in dy khi ni tam gic:
I d = 3.U 1 zn

(10-4) - Dng in dy khi ni sao:

I d = .U 1 3. z n

(10-5) Theo cc cng thc trn, dng in khi ng khi ni sao nh hn khi ni tam gic 3 ln. Qua vic nghin cu cc phng php khi ng, chng ta nhn thy hu ht cc phng php u lm gim m men khi ng. khc phc iu ny ngi ta ch to loi ng c lng sc kp v loi rnh su c c tnh m my tt.

10.3.2.3 Mch khi ng sao tam gic

Trn hnh 10-12 gii thiu mch in khi ng sao - tam gic thng hay c s dng trong cc h thng lnh.

370

1
AX MCX START T MS MC T AX

MS

MD

STOP OPX HPX

L1

MC

MD

MS

T 5S

WPX

AX

OCR

Hnh 10-12 : Mch khi ng sao - tam gic

Cc k hiu trn mch in - MC, MS v MD Cun dy khi ng t s dng ng mch chnh, mch sao v mch tam gic ca m t my nn. - AX - R le trung gian - T - R le thi gian Khi h thng ang dng cun dy ca r le trung gian (AX) khng c in, cc tip im thng m ca n trng thi h nn cc cun dy (MC), (MD), (MS) khng c in. Khi nhn nt START khi ng my, nu h thng khng c cc s c p sut cao, p sut du, p sut nc, qu nhit th tt c cc tip im thng ng HPX, OPX, WPX, OCR trng thi ng. Dng in i qua cun dy ca r le trung gian (AX). Khi cun dy (AX) c in nh tip im thng ng AX mc ni tip vi tip
371

im MCX nn t duy tr in cho cun AX. Tip im thng m MCX ng khi khng c s c p sut nc bm gii nhit my nn v bm gii nhit dn ngng (xem mch bo v p sut nc). Khi cun (AX) c in, tip im thng m AX th hai ca n s ng mch in cho cc cun dy khi ng t (MC) v (MS) hoc (MD). Trong thi gian 5 giy u (thi gian ny c th thay i tu ) r le thi gian T c in v bt u m thi gian, mch cun dy khi ng t (MS) c in, my chy theo s ni sao, cun (MD) khng c in. Sau thi gian t 5 giy, tip im ca r le thi gian nhy v ng mch cun (MD) v mch cun (MS) mt in. Kt qu my chuyn t s ni sao sang tam gic. Do cun dy (MC) ni vi cp tip im thng m MS, MD ni song song nn d my c chy theo s no th cun (MC) cng c in. Khi xy ra qu nhit (do my qu nng hay dng in qu ln) th c cu lng kim ca r le qu nhit OCR nhy v ng mch in n bo hiu s c (L1) bo hiu s c ng thi cun (AX) mt in v ng thi cc khi ng t ca m t my nn mt in v my dng. Nu xy ra mt trong cc s c p sut du, p sut cao hoc p sut nc, hoc nhn nt STOP th cun (AX) mt in v my nn cng s dng.

10.4 Cc mch in bo v khc trong h thng lnh

Hu ht cc mch bo v p sut du OP, p sut cao HP, p sut nc WP ca cc h thng lnh u c thit k ngt in cun dy (AX) trn mch iu khin chy my nn. Khi cun dy (AX) mt in cc cun dy khi ng t m t my nn s mt in theo v my nn ngng chy. Khi xy ra bt c s c no nu trn th cun (AX) s ngay lp tc mt in v my nn s ngng hot ng, ng thi cc n bo

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hiu s c sng ngi vn hnh c th nhanh chng bit c s c xy ra, ng thi chung bo s c reo ln. Di y chng ti xin gii thiu nguyn tc lm vic ca cc mch in iu khin nu trn.

10.4.1 Mch bo v p sut du

Trn hnh 10-13 gii thiu s nguyn l hot ng ca r le p sut du. Khi hiu p sut du v p sut trong cacte my nn gim xung qu thp, tip im mch in tr ng, dng in i qua in tr v t nng c cu lng kim. Khi nhit c cu lng kim ln, do gin n nhit nn c cu lng kim b un cong lm h tip im (Timer switch), mch in ni vi r le p sut OP mt in. Trn hnh 10-14 trnh by mch in bo v p sut du. Khi h thng ang hot ng bnh thng c cu lng kim ca r le p sut du ng, cun dy r le trung gian (OP) mc ni tip vi n c in. Mch in cun (OPX) v n (L2) khng c in do tip im thng ng OP v thng m OPX ang trng thi h. - Khi p sut du nh hn gi tr nh sn, dng in i qua in tr sy ca r le v bt u t nng c cu lng kim, khi c cu lng kim nh ra cun dy r le trung gian (OP) mc ni tip vi n mt in, ko theo cc tip im thng ng OP ng li, cun dy r le trung gian (OPX) v n (L2) c in. Cun dy (OPX) c in ko theo tt c cc tip im thng ng ca n nh ra, cun dy (AX) trn mch khi ng my nn mt in v tc ng dng my nn. Thng thng khi s c xy ra, cc mch in s c s t duy tr, ch sau khi x l xong s c v nhn nt RESET mi c th khi ng li my nn. Mch in cun s c (OPX) cng t duy tr thng qua tip im thng ng ca n trn s . Nu khng c mch ny th s rt nguy him, v ngi vn hnh c th chy li my ngay m khng l ang c c p sut du. Trn mch p sut du, ngi ta s dng tip im thng m ca cun dy r le trung gian AX nh l iu kin mch p sut du c hiu lc. Mch s c ca cun (OPX) ch c hiu lc khi cun (AX)
373

c in tc khi my nn ang hot ng m mt p sut du. Trng hp khi khi ng my, do bm du cha hot ng nn hiu p sut s bng 0, nhng nh cun (AX) cha c in nn mch s c p sut du cha c hiu lc v my vn c th khi ng c.

Hnh 10-13: S hot ng ca r le p sut du Mt im trong cu to ca r le p sut du cng cn lu l khi hiu p sut gim, r le khng tc ng dng my ngay m phi thng qua in tr t nng c cu lng kim, c cu lng kim gin n nhit mi dng my. C ngha rng, hiu p sut phi thc s gim v gim trong mt thi gian nht nh. iu ny c ngha rt quan trng v trong qu trnh lm vic, do s dao ng hoc do c ln cc bt kh hiu p sut c th gim tc thi. y khng phi l s c m ch l nhng tc ng mang tnh nht thi. Trng hp r le p sut khng c in tr sy v c cu lng kim nh trn, cn phi s dng r le thi gian m thi gian gim

374

hiu p sut. Ch khi hiu p sut gim trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (thng l 10 giy) th mi tc ng dng my nn.

10.4.2 Mch gim ti

Mch gim ti trong s ch ra trn hnh 10-14 c s dng gim ti trong cc trng hp sau: a) Khi mi khi ng ang chy theo s sao Y, do dng khi ng rt ln nn bt buc gim ti. b) Khi vn hnh do ph ti ln, ngi vn hnh mun gim ti bng tay. c) Lc chy bnh thng (ch tam gic ) nhng p sut ht qu thp, h thng hot ng khng hiu qa nn my chuyn sang ch gim ti. Khi gim ti, cun dy van in t (SV) c in v m thng ng du tc ng ln c cu gim ti ca my nn gim ti. Cng tc xoay COS trn s iu khin cho php la chn ch gim ti bng tay MANUAL (ngay lp tc), ch gim ti t ng AUTO hoc ngt mch gim ti OFF. S mch in trn hnh 10-13 cho thy trong qu trnh khi ng khi ang chy theo s sao Y th my nn lun lun gim ti v lc ny cun dy khi ng t (MS) ang c in, tip im thng m ca n trn mch gim ti ng v cun (SV) c in. Khi ch t ng AUTO, ch khi p sut ht nh hn gi tr t trc th s gim ti. Ngoi ra thi im bt k no cng c th gim ti my nn c khi xoay cng tc COS sang v tr MANUAL. Khi my nn ang ch gim ti, n (L3) s sng bo hiu h thng ang chy ch gim ti.

375

1 HP UP-ON

AX

MCX START T T AX

MD

AX

RES

MD

MS

RES

MS

MC DOWN-ON

OP OP

OPX DOWN-ON

LP

HPX

MS

MD

STOP OPX HPX

L1

MC

MD

MS

T 5S

OFF WPX AUT MAN COS

AX

OP

OPX

L2

SV L3 OCR 0 B O V QU D NG B O V P SUT DU B O V P SUT CAO L4

HPX

KH I NG Y/

GI M T I

Hnh 10-14: Mch in iu khin h thng lnh

377

10.4.3 Mch bo v p sut cao

Trn hnh 10-14 biu din mch in bo v p sut cao. Khi h thng hot ng bnh thng, tip im ca r le p sut cao HP m, n (L4) v cun (HPX) khng c in. Khi p sut pha y ca my nn vt qu gi tr t trc khong 18,5 kG/cm2, tip im r le p sut cao HP ng (UP-ON), cun dy r le trung gian (HPX) c in v n (L4) sng bo hiu s c. Lc ny cc tip im thng ng HPX nh ra. Trn mch khi ng cun (AX) mt in v tc ng dng my nn. R le s c (HPX) cng t duy tr in cho n thng qua cc tip im thng ng RES v tip im thng m HPX. Ch sau khi khc phc xong s c v nhn nt RESET th cun (HPX) mi mt in.

10.4.4 Mch bo v qu dng

Trn hnh 10-14, OCR biu th c cu lng kim ca r le nhit. nhit bnh thng c cu lng kim ng tip im mch in cho cc cng tc t my nn v cun (AX). Lc ny h thng c th khi ng lm vic. Khi dng in chy qua mt qu ln, my nn nng c cu lng kim ca r le nhit nh ra v mch in khi ng mt in, c cu lng kim nhy sang pha mch n (L1), n (L1) sng bo hiu s c qu dng. Khi xy ra s c qu dng, phi i cho c cu lng kim ngui v nhy tr v v tr bnh thng, th mi c th khi ng li c. Mch bo v qu dng, khng phc hi qua nt RESET nh cc mch s c p sut khc.

378

10.4.5 Mch iu khin v bo v bm, qut gii nhit

Trn hnh 10-15 gii thiu mch iu khin, bo v bm, qut gii nhit v bo v p sut nc. Mch in c tc dng iu khin chy cc bm, qut gii nhit dn ngng v bo v my nn khi p sut nc thp.

379

AX OFF COS AUT MAN L5

MCP2

MCP1

RES

T2

AUX
WP1 DOWN-ON WP2 DOWN-ON WPX

WPX

MCP1

MCP2

MCCF1

MCCF1

MCP1

MCP2

MCCF1

MCCF2

MCCF2

OCRP1

OCRP2

OCCF1

OCRCF2

MCX

T2 10S

WPX

L6

0 B M GN M Y NN B M N C GI I NHIT QU T GI I NHIT QU T 1 QU T 2 B O V P SUT N C

Hnh 10-15: Mch bo v p sut nc v qu dng bm, qut gii nhit 381

* iu khin chy cc bm v qut chy cc bm v qut gii nhit c th thc hin theo hai ch : - Ch bng tay : Bt cng tc COS sang v tr MAN , nu khng c s c p sut nc v s c qu dng ca cc bm qut (tip im WPX v OCR ng) cc cun dy khi ng t ca cc bm, qut c in v ng in cho m t cc bm, qut. - Ch t ng : Bt cng tc COS sang v tr AUT. ch t ng bm qut s khi ng cng vi my nn. Sau khi nhn nt START trn mch khi ng nu khng c bt c s c no th cun (AX) c in, ng thi ng tip im AX cp in cho cc cun dy ca cc khi ng t (MCP1), (MCP2), (MCCF1) v (MCCF2) ca bm, qut gii nhit v bm, qut hot ng. Khi mt trong cc thit b bm gii nhit my nn, bm v qut gii nhit dn ngng khng lm vic th cun (MCX) mt in, mch khi ng my nn mt in v ngng my nn. * Bo v qu dng bm, qut gii nhit Khi mt trong 4 thit b gm bm gii nhit my nn, bm gii nhit v cc qut gii nhit dn ngng b qu dng, r le nhit nhy khi v tr thng ng v ng mch in cun dy r le trung gian (AUX) v n (L5) sng bo s c. Cun dy s c (AUX) ng mch chung bo hiu s c (hnh 10- ), ng thi cun dy ca r le trung gian (MCX) mt in. Tip im thng m ca n trn mch khi ng nh ra, cun (AX) mt in v my dng ngay lp tc.

10.4.6 Mch bo v p sut nc

Trn hnh 10-15 trnh by mch bo v p sut nc. Trong h thng ny c 02 bm: Bm gii nhit dn ngng v bm gii nhit my nn, v th tng ng s c 02 r le p sut nc WP1 v WP2 bo v. Khi ang hot ng bnh thng, tip im ca cc r le p sut nc m, cun dy r le thi gian T2 khng c in. Khi xy ra s c mt p sut nc ca mt trong hai bm th cun dy r le thi gian (T2) c in v bt u m thi gian. Nu s c
382

ko di qu thi gian t (10 giy) tip im T2 ng, cun (WPX) c in v n (L6) sng bo hiu s c. Cun (WPX) t duy tr nh tip in thng ng ca n v tip im RES. ng thi vi bo hiu s c tip im thng ng ca WPX trn mch khi ng nh ra, cun (AX) mt in v my dng. R le thi gian T2 rt quan trng, n c tc dng iu khin dng my khi p sut nc thc s gim trong mt thi gian nht nh, m khng tc dng tc thi. Trnh trng hp dng my do gim p sut tc thi khi c cc bt kh trong dng nc hoc dao ng bt thng khc. Sau s c p sut nc, mun khi ng li h thng, phi nhn nt RESET mi c th khi ng li my nn.

10.4.7 Mch cp dch v iu khin qut dn lnh

383

1 XD2

MCF1

MCF2

AX OFF COS1 MAN AUT AUT MAN OFF COS2

L9

Th

XD1

MCF1

MCF2

OCRF1 L7 SV L8

OCRF2

0 N B O QU T DN L NH CH Y CP D CH DN L NH QU T DN L NH QU T 1 QU T 2

Hnh 10-16 : Mch cp dch v iu khin qut dn lnh.

Trn hnh 10-16 trnh by mch cp dch, bo v qu dng qut dn lnh v bo chy dn lnh. Trn mch ny van in t (SV) l van in t iu khin cp dch cho dn lnh. Thermostat (Th) iu khin nhit phng lnh, khi nhit t th khng cp dch cho dn lnh na, cc tip im XD1 v XD2 l lin quan ti mch x bng. Khi x bng c nhng giai on phi khng ch dng cp dch hoc dng khng cho qut hot ng trnh bn nc tung to trong kho lnh. a) Mch cp dch dn lnh : Mch in s tc ng ngng cp dch cho dn lnh trong cc trng hp sau y :

384

+ Trong giai on ht dch ca qu trnh x bng (cun XD1 c in v tip im thng ng XD1 m) + Khi nhit phng t yu cu : Tip im thermostat (Th) ngt. + Ngi vn hnh c th ngng cp dch dn lnh bt c lc no khi xoay cng tc COS1 v v tr OFF C 02 ch cp dch : - Ch t ng : Bt cng tc COS1 sang v tr AUT. ch ny vic cp dch ch dng khi x bng hoc khi nhit phng t yu cu. Khi h thng dng, mch cp dch ng. - Ch bng tay: Bt cng tc COS1 sang v tr MAN. ch cp dch bng tay vic cp dch c th thc hin ngay c khi my nn ang ngng hot ng min l nhit phng khng qu thp v khng phi trong giai on rt dch ca qu trnh x bng Khi h thng ang cp dch th n L8 s sng bo hiu ang thc hin cp dch. b). Mch iu khin qut dn lnh. Mch in ny c cc dng iu khin cp in cho cc bm, qut gii nhit v bo v cc thit b khi qu dng. * iu khin chy qut : Khi khi ng h thng, cun dy ca r le trung gian (AX) c in, tip im thng m AX ca n ng mch cung cp in cho cc cun dy ca khi ng t (MCF1) v (MCF2) ca cc qut gii nhit v m t qut c in v bt u lm vic. Thng qua cng tc COS2 c th la chn ch chy quat l t ng AUT hoc bng tay MAN v c th dng qut khi xoay v v tr OFF. Tuy nhin d ch no th khi ang x bng (cun XD2 c in) th qut cng phi dng. * Bo v qu dng Khi xy ra s c qu dng ca mt trong 2 qut th tip im r le nhit nhy v n (L9) sng bo hiu s c. Lc ny cc cun dy ca khi ng t (MCF1 hoc MCF2 ) tng ng s mt in, trn mch in bo v p sut nc (hnh 1014) cun (MCX) mt in v ko theo cun (AX) trn mch khi ng mt in v dng my.

385

10.4.8 Mch x bng ba giai on

Khi bng bm nhiu trn dn lnh, hiu qu trao i nhit gim, m t qut c th b qu ti v chy. Vy th lc no cn x bng cho dn lnh ? Trong qu trnh lm vic, vic phi vo trong cc bung lnh l bt c d v cn hn ch, mt khc bn trong bung lnh khi ang hot ng cng rt kh quan st, kim tra mc bm bng. Hn na nhiu dn lnh c v bao che kh kn bn ngoi nn cng rt kh xc nh mc bm bng. V vy, xc nh mc bm bng dn lnh gin tip thng qua dng in m t qut. Khi bng bm nhiu, ng gi tun hon trong dn lnh b thu hp, tr lc tng ln v dng in m t tng theo. i vi ngi vn hnh c kinh nhim, khi dng in m t tng n mt gi tr no so vi dng chy bnh thng th bit cn phi tin hnh x bng. Mt s h thng lnh do MYCOM lp t ti Vit Nam ngi ta nh du v tr cn x bng trn ampek ca qut dn lnh. Qu trnh x bng thc hin qua 3 giai on v hot ng hon ton t ng. Thi gian thc hin mt giai on c t sn thng qua r le thi gian TD1, TD2 v TD3. Qu trnh lm vic thc t c th iu chnh li thi gian cho ph hp. Tin hnh x bng nh sau: - Nhn nt START bt u qu trnh x bng. - Khi cn dng x bng nhn nt STOP1 Sau khi nhn nt START qu trnh x bng thc hin theo cc giai on sau :

386

1 XD2 XD2 STOP1

AX OFF COS1 MAN AUT AUT MAN OFF COS2

L9

WPX STAR XD1 TD1 XD2 TD2 XD3 STOP2

Th

MCP1

L9

MCP3

TD3

XD2

XD3

XD1

XD1

MCF1

MCF2

XD3

OCRF1 SV L8

OCRF2

OCRP3

L10

XD1

TD1 5M

XD2

TD2 15M

XD3

TD3 5M

0 CP D CH DN L NH QU T DN L NH QU T 1 QU T 2 B M X B NG R T D CH M CH X B NG 3 GIAI O N X B NG LM R O

Hnh 10-17 : Mch in x bng

387

- Giai on 1: Rt dch khi dn lnh Thc hin trong khong 5 pht, thi gian ny c khng ch bng r le thi gian (TD1). Sau khi nhn nt START trn mch x bng, cun dy r le trung gian (XD1) c in, tip im thng m XD1 ca n ng, r le trung gian t duy tr in cho n v r le thi gian TD1 c in. R le thi gian TD1 bt u m thi gian. Trong lc ny tip im thng ng XD1 ca n trn mch cp dch dn lnh nh ra, van in t (SV) mt in v ngng cp dch cho dn lnh, h thng lnh vn chy nn ht dch ra khi dn lnh. Nu trong thi gian 5 pht m vn cha ht kit gas trong dn lnh (Ph = -50CmHg) th phi tng thi gian t (TD1). - Giai on 2: Giai on x bng Sau thi gian nh (5 pht), r le thi gian TD1 iu khin ng tip im TD1 ni ni tip vi r le trung gian (XD2). R le trung gian (XD2) v r le thi gian (TD2) c in. R le thi gian TD2 bt u m thi gian. Trong thi gian ny, tip im thng m ca XD2 trn mch bm x bng ng, bm x bng hot ng v thc hin bm nc x bng. Trong lc x bng r le trung gian XD2 iu khin dng cc qut dn lnh nc khng bn tung to trong bung lnh, ng thi ngt in vo r le thi gian TD1. R le trung gan (XD2) cng t duy tr in thng qua tip im thng m ca n trn mch x bng. - Giai on 3: Giai on lm kh dn lnh Sau thi gian x bng (15 pht), r le thi gian (TD2) iu khin ng tip im TD2 trn mch lm lm kh dn lnh, cun (XD3) v r le thi gian TD3 c in. R le thi gian TD3 bt u m thi gian lm kh dn lnh. Trong giai on ny bm x bng ngng chy v cc qut dn lnh lm vic. Mt im cn lu l trong sut thi gian x bng, cun (XD1) lun lun c in.

388

Sau thi gian lm kh r le thi gian (TD3) ngt in cun (XD1) thng qua tip im thng ng TD3 v cun dy r le trung gian (XD3) mt in theo. Qu trnh x bng kt thc. Ghi ch: - Trong qu trnh vn hnh x bng, nu pht hin sau mt thi gian ngn hn qui nh bng dn lnh c x tan ht, lc c th dng x bng gim tn tht nhit, khng cn duy tr ng thi gian qui nh, nh nt STOP2 c th chuyn ngay sang giai on 3. - C th ngng hon ton qu trnh x bng bt c lc no thng qua nt nhn STOP1 - Cc tip im XD2 v XD3 ni ni tip vi r le thi gian (TD1) nhm ngt in vo n khi ang giai on 2 v 3. - Tip im thng ng XD3 ni ni tip vi cun dy r le trung gian (XD2) c tc dng ngt in cun khi chuyn sang giai on 3. - Tip im XD1 trn mch lm ro dng ngt in cho cun (XD3) v r le thi gian TD3 khi kt thc x bng.

10.4.9 Mch chung bo ng s c

389

HPX

OPX

WPX

OCX

AUX

BZX

BZX

BELL STOP

RESET

BZ

BZX

RES

Hnh 10-18 : Mch chung bo s c

Khi x ra cc s c p sut hoc qu dng mch in ca chung BZ c in v chung reo bo s c. Khi , ngi vn hnh phi nht nt BELL STOP ngng ting chung. Lc cun dy ca r le trung gian (BZX) c in v tip im thng ng ca n nh ra, ngt in ca chung (BZ) Sau khi khc phc cc s c xong, nhn nt RESET, in i qua cun dy ca r le trung gian (RES), tt c cc tip im thng ng RES ca n trn cc mch s c s nh ra, lm mt in mch bo s c v h thng c th bt u khi ng.

** ***

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