Toan Cao Cap A1

SCH HNG DN HC TP
TON CAO CP (A1)

Bin son: TS. V GIA T Ths. PHI NGA
Gii thiu mn hc
0 1
2 GII THIU MN HC
1. GII THIU CHUNG: Ton cao cp A1 l hc phn u tin ca chng trnh ton dnh cho sinh vin cc nhm ngnh thuc khi k thut. hc tt mn Ton cao cp theo phng thc o to t xa, bn cnh cc hc liu: sch, gio trnh in, bng a hnh,..., sch hng dn cho ngi hc ton cao cp l rt cn thit. Tp sch hng dn ny c bin son l nhm mc ch trn. Tp sch c bin son theo chng trnh qui nh nm 2001 ca B Gio dc o to v theo cng chng trnh c Hc vin Cng ngh BC-VT thng qua nm 2004. Sch hng dn hc ton cao cp A1 bm st cc gio trnh ca cc trng i hc k thut, gio trnh dnh cho h chnh qui ca Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT bin son nm 2001 v kinh nghim ging dy nhiu nm ca tc gi. Chnh v th, ti liu ny c th dng hc tp v tham kho cho sinh vin ca tt c cc trng, cc ngnh i hc v cao ng. Cch trnh by trong sch thch hp cho ngi t hc, c bit phc v c lc trong cng tc o to t xa. Trc khi nghin cu cc ni dung chi tit, ngi c nn xem phn hng dn ca mi chng thy c mc ch, yu cu chnh ca chng . Trong mi chng, mi ni dung, ngi c c th t c v hiu c cn k thng qua cch din t v chng minh r rng. Sau cc chng, ngi c phi t tr li c cc cu hi n tp. Nh cc v d minh ho c a ra t n gin n phc tp, ngi c c th coi l bi tp mu t gii cc bi tp c trong ti liu. Ngi c c th t kim tra, nh gi kin thc, kh nng thu nhn da vo phn hng dn v p s c cung cp nhng trang cui sch. Cng cn nhn mnh rng, ni dung chnh ca ton cao cp l php tnh vi phn v php tnh tch phn m nn tng ca n l php tnh gii hn ca hm s. Chnh v th chng ti trnh by kh t m hai chng u ca ti liu ngi hc t c cng c th c c cc kin thc vng vng c tip cc chng sau. Trong qu trnh t c v hc qua mng, tu theo kh nng tip thu, hc vin c th ch cn nh cc nh l v b qua phn chng minh ca n.
2
Gii thiu mn hc
Nhn y tc gi cng lu rng bc trung hc ph thng ca nc ta, chng trnh ton cng bao hm cc kin thc v vi, tch phn. Tuy nhin cc ni dung ch mang tnh cht gii thiu do lng thi gian hn ch, do cu to chng trnh. V th nu khng t c mt cch nghim tc cc nh ngha, nh l cng s vn ch nm c mt cch hi ht v nh vy rt gp kh khn trong vic gii cc bi tp ton cao cp. Sch gm 5 chng tng ng vi hc phn gm 60 n 75 tit: Chng I: Gii hn ca dy s. Chng II: Hm s mt bin s. Chng III: Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s. Chng IV: Php tnh tch phn. Chng V: L thuyt chui 2. MC CH MN HC Hc phn ny s cung cp cc kin thc v php tnh vi, tch phn ca hm s mt bin, s thc v php tnh vi phn ca hm nhiu bin s. Ni dung ca hc phn tun th theo quy nh v hc phn Ton cao cp A1 ca B GD-T dnh cho cc Trng thuc khi ngnh cng ngh. 3. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MN HC hc tt mn hc ny, sinh vin cn lu nhng vn sau : 1- Thu thp y cc ti liu :
Bi ging: Ton cao cp A1.V Gia T, Nguyn Phi Nga, Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2005. Sch hng dn hc tp v bi tp: Ton cao cp A1. V Gia T, Nguyn Phi Nga, Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2005. Bi ging in t: Ton cao cp A1. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, 2005.
Nu c iu kin, sinh vin nn tham kho thm: Cc ti liu tham kho trong mc Ti liu tham kho cui cun sch ny. 3
Gii thiu mn hc
2- t ra mc tiu, thi hn cho bn thn: 9 t ra mc cc mc tiu tm thi v thi hn cho bn thn, v c gng thc hin chng Cng vi lch hc, lch hng dn ca Hc vin ca mn hc cng nh cc mn hc khc, sinh vin nn t t ra cho mnh mt k hoch hc tp cho ring mnh. Lch hc ny m t v cc tun hc (t hc) trong mt k hc v nh du s lng cng vic cn lm. nh du cc ngy khi sinh vin phi thi st hch, np cc bi lun, bi kim tra, lin h vi ging vin. 9 Xy dng cc mc tiu trong chng trnh nghin cu Bit r thi gian nghin cu khi mi bt u nghin cu v th thc hin, c nh nhng thi gian hng tun. Suy ngh v thi lng thi gian nghin cu Tit kim thi gian. Nu bn mt qu nhiu th gi nghin cu, bn nn xem li k hoch thi gian ca mnh. 3- Nghin cu v nm nhng kin thc ct li: Sinh vin nn c qua sch hng dn hc tp trc khi nghin cu bi ging mn hc v cc ti liu tham kho khc. Nn nh rng vic hc thng qua c ti liu l mt vic n gin nht so vi vic truy cp mng Internet hay s dng cc hnh thc hc tp khc. Hy s dng thi quen s dng bt nh du dng (highline maker) nh du cc mc v nhng ni dung, cng thc quan trng trong ti liu. 4- Tham gia y cc bui hng dn hc tp: Thng qua cc bui hng dn hc tp ny, ging vin s gip sinh vin nm c nhng ni dung tng th ca mn hc v gii p thc mc; ng thi sinh vin cng c th trao i, tho lun ca nhng sinh vin khc cng lp. Thi gian b tr cho cc bui hng dn khng nhiu, do ng b qua nhng bui hng dn c ln k hoch. 5- Ch ng lin h vi bn hc v ging vin: Cch n gin nht l tham d cc din n hc tp trn mng Internet. H thng qun l hc tp (LMS) cung cp mi trng hc tp trong sut 24 gi/ngy v 7 ngy/tun. Nu khng c iu kin truy nhp Internet, sinh vin cn ch ng s dng hy s dng dch v bu chnh v cc phng thc truyn thng khc (in thoi, fax,...) trao i thng tin hc tp.
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Gii thiu mn hc
6- T ghi chp li nhng chnh: Nu ch c khng th rt kh cho vic ghi nh. Vic ghi chp li chnh l mt hot ng ti hin kin thc, kinh nghim cho thy n gip ch rt nhiu cho vic hnh thnh thi quen t hc v t duy nghin cu. 7- Tr li cc cu hi n tp sau mi chng, bi. Cui mi chng, sinh vin cn t tr li tt c cc cu hi. Hy c gng vch ra nhng tr li chnh, tng bc pht trin thnh cu tr li hon thin. i vi cc bi tp, sinh vin nn t gii trc khi tham kho hng dn, p n. ng ngi ngn trong vic lin h vi cc bn hc v ging vin nhn c s tr gip. Nn nh thi quen c v ghi chp l cha kho cho s thnh cng ca vic t hc!
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s
1. 2. CHNG I: GII HN CA DY S
1.1 MC CH
Trong nhiu vn l thuyt cng nh thc t, ngi ta phi xt nhng i lng m trong qu trnh bin thin i lng ly nhng gi tr rt gn n mt hng s a no y. Trong qu trnh ny, ta gi i lng ang xt l dn n a hay c gii hn l a. Nh vy i lng c gii hn l a c th t c gi tr a v cng c th khng bao gi t c gi tr a, iu ny trong qu trnh tm gii hn khng cn quan tm n. V d: 1. Gi x l bin ca mt con lc tt dn. R rng trong qu trnh dao ng, bin ca n gim dn ti 0 v thc t sau khong thi gian xc nh con lc dng li, ta ni rng x c gii hn l 0 trong qu trnh thi gian tri i. 2. Xt dy s (un) c dng
un = n . n +1
Qu trnh n tng ln mi th un tng
dn v s rt gn 1. Ni rng dy s c gii hn l 1 khi n tng ln v cng. Gii hn l mt khi nim kh ca ton hc. Khi nim gii hn c cho bi t gn, m t nh tnh. Cn nh ngha chnh xc ca n cho bi cm t b hn hoc ln hn M m t nh lng s c gii thiu trong chng ny. Khi hiu c khi nim gii hn th s d dng hiu c cc khi nim o hm, tch phn. Bi v cc php ton u xut pht t php tnh gii hn. Trong mc th nht cn hiu c vai tr thc s ca s v t. Nh tnh cht y ca tp s thc m ngi ta c th biu din tp s thc trn trc s gi l trc thc v ni rng tt c cc s thc lp y trc s. Ni khc i c s tng ng 1-1 gia cc s thc v cc im trn trc s. Cng nn nhn xt c tp Q khng c tnh y. Hc vin cn nm chc khi nim tr tuyt i ca mt s thc v cc php tnh v n. Trong mc th hai cn hiu c vai tr ca s phc v mt l thuyt cng nh ng dng sau ny trong k thut. Thc cht mt s phc z l mt tng ng 1-1 vi cp c th t cc s thc (x,y). Cn phi nm vng khi nim 7
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s modul v acgumen ca s phc v cc dng biu din s phc: dng i s, dng lng gic, dng hm m. T c th lm thng tho cc php tnh trn tp C, c bit dng cng thc Moivre trong cc ng dng vo lng gic. Trong mc th ba cn nm vng khi nim hi t, c gii hn v phn k ca dy s. Nm vng cc tnh cht: b chn, khng b chn, n iu ca dy s. Nh vo cc tnh cht ny m thit lp c cc iu kin cn, iu kin dy s c gii hn. Khi nim dy con ca mt dy s cng l mt khi nim kh. Ngi hc phi c k nh ngha v c gng hnh dung hiu r khi nim ny. i khi s hi t hay phn k ca mt dy s c th nhn bit nh vo tnh cht ca vi dy con. c bit phi nm c khi nim hai dy k nhau t c khi nim v cc on lng nhau c dng trong chng minh nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass. 1.2 TM TT NI DUNG
1.2.1 S thc
a. Cc tnh cht c bn ca tp s thc. Tt c cc s hu t v s v t to thnh tp hp s thc. K hiu tp s thc l R. Tp s v t l R\Q. 9 Tnh cht 1: Tp R l mt trung giao hon vi hai php cng v nhn: (R, + , .). 1. a, b R, a + b R, a.b R 2. a, b, c R, (a + b) + c = a + (b + c), (a.b)c = a (bc) 3. a, b R, a + b = b + a, ab = ba 4. R c phn t trung ho i vi php cng l 0 v i vi php nhn l 1
a R , a + 0 = 0 + a = a
a.1
= 1.a = a
5. Phn phi i vi php cng

a, b, c R, a (b + c) = ab + ac (b + c ) a = ba + ca
6. Tn ti phn t i ca php cng

a R, ( a ), a + ( a ) = 0
Tn ti phn t nghch o ca php nhn 8
a R * , R * = R \ {0}, a 1 , a.a 1 = 1
9 Tnh cht 2: Tp R c xp th t ton phn v ng kn i vi cc s thc dng. 1. 2.

a, b R, a < b hoc a = b
hoc a > b
a, b, c R, a b a + c b + c a, b R, c R+ , a b ac bc
3. a, b R+ , a + b R+ , ab R+ 9 Tnh cht 3: Tp R l y theo ngha sau y: Mi tp con X khng rng ca R b chn trn trong R u c mt cn trn ng thuc R v mi tp con khng rng X ca R b chn di trong R u c mt cn di ng thuc R. b. Tp s thc m rng Ngi ta thm vo tp s thc R hai phn t k hiu l v + . Tp s thc m rng k hiu l R v R = R { ,+}, cc php ton + v ., quan h th t c nh ngha nh sau: 1. x R 2. 3.
x + ( + ) = ( +) + x = + x + ( ) = () + x = ( +) + (+ ) = + ( ) + ( ) =
* * x R+ , R+ = {x R, x > 0}
x(+ ) = (+ ) x = + x( ) = ( ) x =
* * x R , R = {x R, x < 0}
x( + ) = (+ ) x = x( ) = ( ) x = + ( + )(+) = ( )() = + (+ )() = ( )(+) =
4.
5. x R
< x < + + +
c. Cc khong s thc Cho

a, b R
v a b .Trong R c chn loi khong sau y: 9
[a, b] = {x R; a x b} c gi l on hay khong ng b chn [a, b ) = {x R; a x < b} c gi l khong na ng hoc na m (a, b] = {x R; a < x b} [a,+ ) = {x R; a x} ( , a] = {x R; x a} (a, b ) = {x R; a < x < b} c gi l cc khong m (a,+ ) = {x R; a < x} ( , a ) = {x R; x < a}
Cc s thc a,b gi l cc mt ca khong. d. Gi tr tuyt i ca s thc 9 nh ngha: Gi tr tuyt i ca s thc x, k hiu x l mt s thc khng m xc nh nh sau
x x = x khi x 0 khi x 0
9 Tnh cht 1. x R, 3.
x, y R, n N ,
*
x = Max( x, x)
2. x = 0 x = 0
xy = x y x1 , x 2 , x3 , K , x n R, xi = xi
i =1 i =1 n n
x R, x n = x
4. x R * , 5.
1 1 = x x
10
x, y R, x + y x + y n N * , x1 , x 2 ,K , x n R,
xi xi
i =1 i =1
6.
x, y R, Max( x, y ) = Min( x, y ) = 1 (x + y + x y ) 2 1 (x + y x y ) 2
7.
x, y R,
x y x y
e. Khong cch thng thng trong R 9 nh ngha: Khong cch trong R l nh x

d : R R R
( x, y ) a
x y
l hnh nh trc quan v khong cch gia 2 im x v y trn ng thng trc s thc R. 9 Tnh cht 1. d (x, y ) = 0 x = y 2. x, y R, 3.
d ( x, y ) = d ( y , x )
x, y, z R, d ( x, z ) d ( x, y ) + d ( y, z )
4. x, y, z R, d (x, y ) d (x, z ) d ( y, z ) 1.2.2 S phc a. nh ngha: Cho (x, y ) R 2 ,mt s biu din di dng z=x+iy,trong i 2 = 1 gi l mt s phc.Tp cc s phc k hiu l C. Gi x l phn thc ca z, k hiu Rez =x y l phn o ca z,k hiu l Imz =y Gi mun ca z,k hiu z xc nh bi s thc khng m
z = x2 + y2 = r 0
11
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Gi Acgumen ca z ,k hiu Argz xc nh bi s thc Argz= R; R; cos =

x y v sin = , z z
vi z 0
Nh vy Acgumen ca z sai khc nhau
k 2 , k Z
v Arg0 khng xc nh.
Vy s phc z c cc dng vit: 1. z =x+iy gi l dng chnh tc hay dng i s ca s phc z . 2. z = r (cos + i sin ) gi l dng lng gic ca s phc z. b. Cc php ton trn tp C 9 Php so snh bng nhau
x, y , x , y R ,
' ' 4
' x = x x + iy = x + iy ' y = y ' '
9 Php ly lin hp Cho z = x + iy C ,lin hp ca z,k hiu
cho bi z = x iy
9 Php ly s phc i Cho z=x+iy C,s phc i ca z, k hiu z (c l tr z ) c xc nh: -z = -x-iy 9 Php cng Cho z = x+iy,z= x+iy,tng ca z v z,k hiu z+z xc nh nh sau: z+z=(x+x)+i(y+y) 9 Php nhn Cho z=x+iy v z=x+iy,tch ca z v z,k hiu z.z xc nh nh sau: z.z=(xx-yy) + i(xy+xy) 9 Php tr v php chia L cc php tnh ngc ca php cng v php nhn
z z ' = z + ( z ' ) z = z" z = z '.z" z'
9 Php lu tha,cng thc Moavr ( Moivre) Cho z = r (cos + i sin ),

k Z
Gi z k l lu tha bc k ca z. Bng qui np ,d chng minh c

z k = r k (cos k + i sin k )
12
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s 9 Php khai cn bc n ca

z C* .
Cho n N * , z = r (cos + i sin ) . Gi C * l cn bc n ca z, k hiu n z ,xc nh nh sau: n = z Nu gi =

n
n = r v = Arg th hay l = r n v n = + 2k
= + 2k vi k = 0,1,2,..., n 1 . Vy s z c ng n cn bc n, l cc s phc c dng:

1 n
= r cos
+ 2k
n
+ i sin
+ 2k
n
k = 0,1,2,..., n 1
c. p dng s phc vo lng gic 9 Khai trin

cos n , sin n , tgn
Cho R, n N * .p dng cng thc Moivre v cng thc nh thc Newton

k cos n + i sin n = (cos + i sin ) = Cn cos n k .i k sin k n k =0 n
1. cos n biu din di dng mt a thc ca cos ,gi l cng thc Chebyshev loi 1. 2. sin n bng tch ca sin vi mt a thc ca cos ,gi l a thc Chebyshev loi 2. 3.
sin n 1 3 3 n sin n Cn tg Cn tg + L = cos = tgn = 2 2 4 cos n 1 Cn tg + Cn cos n tg 4 L cos n
9 Tuyn tnh ho cos p , sin p , cos p .sin q Cho

1 2 cos = + = + R , p N * , = e i 2i sin = = 1
1 2 p cos p = +
p
V y
v (2i )p sin p
1 =
S dng cng thc nh thc Newton v xt cc trng hp sau y: 13
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s a. Trng hp p = 2m, m N *

1 1 m 1 2 m2 + 2m2 + L + C 2 2 2 m cos 2 m = 2 m + 2 m + C 2 m m m 1 m 1 = 2 cos 2m + 2C 2 m cos 2( m 1) `+ L + 2C 2 m cos 2 + C 2 m 1 m m 1 k cos 2 m = 2 ( 2 m 1) C 2 m + C 2 m cos 2( m k ) k =0 2 1 1 1 2m 2 m + 2 m 2 + L + (1) m C2 22 m (1) m sin 2 m = 2 m + 2 m C2 m m 1 m m = 2 cos 2m 2C2 m cos 2( m 1) + L + ( 1) C2 m
m m 1 m ( 1) m k k + sin 2 m = 2 ( 2 m 1) ( 1) C ( 1 ) C cos 2 ( m k ) 2 m 2 m 2 k = 0
b.Trng hp
p = 2m + 1, m N
2 m1 1 1 1 m 1 2 2 m+1 cos 2 m+1 = 2 m+1 + 2 m+1 + C 2 + 2 m1 + L + C2 m +1 m +1 +

m 1 = 2 cos(2m + 1) + 2C 2 m +1 cos( 2m 1) + L + 2C 2 m +1 cos k cos 2 m+1 = 2 2 m C 2 m +1 cos(2 m + 1 2k ) k =0 m
1 1 2m+ 1 22 m +1 i (1) m sin 2 m +1 = 2 m +1 + 2 m +1 C2 2 m 1 + L m +1 1 m = 2i sin(2m + 1) 2i.C2 m +1 sin(2m 1) + L + 2i (1) m C2 m +1 sin sin 2 m +1 = 2 2 m ( 1)

p
m
(1)
k =0
k C2 m +1 sin( 2m + 1 2k )
tuyn tnh ho cos . sin q trc ht tuyn tnh ho tng tha s cos p , sin q , sau thc hin php nhn ri cng tuyn tnh ho cc s hng thu c. 1.2.3 Dy s thc a. Cc khi nim c bn ca dy s thc 9 nh ngha Mt dy s thc l mt nh x t N vo R,k hiu:
u:N R
hay n gin nht,k hiu (un)
14
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Vi n = n0 N xc nh, un gi l s phn t th n0 ca dy,un thng l mt biu thc ph thuc vo n gi l phn t tng qut ca dy,chng hn cho cc
0
dy sau y: (1),
((1) ),
n +1
1 , n
1 n 1 + n
9 S hi t, s phn k ca dy s 1. Dy (un) hi t v a R nu
> 0, n0 N , n N , n > n0 un a <
K hiu
lim un = a ,
r rng (un-a) hi t v 0.
n
2. Dy (un) hi t nu c s a R
lim un = a
3. Dy (un) phn k nu n khng hi t,ngha l:

a R, > 0, n N , n0 N , n0 > n, un a
4. Dy (un) nhn + lm gii hn nu

A > 0, n0 N , n > n0 un > A
K hiu
lim un = + ,
i khi ni rng (un) tin ti + .
5. Dy (un) nhn - lm gii hn nu

B < 0 n0 N , n > n0 un < B
K hiu
lim un =
Dy c gii hn l + hoc - cng gi l phn k. 9 Dy s b chn 1. Ni rng (un) b chn trn bi s 2. Ni rng (un) b chn di bi s b. Tnh cht ca dy hi t 9 Tnh duy nht ca gii hn nh l: Dy (un) hi t v a th a l duy nht 9 Tnh b chn 1. Dy (un) hi t th b chn trong R. 2. Dy (un) tin n + th b chn di. 15
A R
BR
nu n N , un A . nu n N , un B .
3. Ni rng (un) l dy b chn nu tn ti M R+ sao cho n N , un M .
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s 3. Dy (un) tin n - th b chn trn. 9 Tnh cht i s ca dy hi t

lim un = a lim un = a . 1. n n lim un = 0 lim un = 0 . 2. n n
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
lim un = a, lim vn = b lim (un + vn ) = a + b

n n n
lim un = a lim un = a
.
lim (un vn ) = 0 .
n
lim un = 0,
(vn) b chn
n
lim un = a, lim vn = b lim (un vn ) = ab .

n
lim un = a, lim vn = b 0 lim

n
un a = . vn b
9 Tnh cht v th t v nguyn l kp 1. Gi s 2. Gi s

n
lim un = l ( a, b) .Khi
n0 , n > n0 a < un < b
lim un = l
v n0, , n > n0 c a un b khi a l b
3. Gi s 3 dy (un),(vn),(wn) tho mn:

n0 , n > n0 un vn wn v lim un = lim wn = a
n n
Khi
lim vn = a
n
4. Gi s n > n0 m un vn v c. Tnh n iu ca dy s 9 Dy n iu
lim un = + .Khi
lim vn = +
1. Dy (un) tng nu n N , un un +1 , Dy (un) tng ngt nu n N , un < un +1 . 2. Dy (un) gim nu n N , un un +1 , Dy (un) gim ngt nu n N , un > un +1 . 3. Dy (un ) n iu nu n tng hoc gim. Dy (un ) n iu ngt nu n tng ngt hoc gim ngt nh l 1: 16
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s 1. Mi dy tng v b chn trn th hi t. 2. Mi dy gim v chn di th hi t. nh l 2: 1. Dy (un) tng v khng b chn trn th dn n + . 2. Dy (un) gim v khng b chn di th dn n 9 Dy k nhau Hai dy (un),(vn) gi l k nhau khi v ch khi (un) tng (vn) gim v
n
lim (vn un ) = 0
nh l: Hai dy k nhau th hi t v c chung mt gii hn l, ngoi ra

n N , un un +1 l vn +1 < vn
H qu: (nh l v cc on lng nhau) Cho hai dy (an),(bn) tho mn : n N , an bn , [an +1 , bn +1 ] [an , bn ] v
n
lim (bn an ) = 0
Khi tn ti duy nht s l sao cho d. Dy con
n N
I [a , b ] = {l}
n n
Cho (un),t cc s hng ca n lp mt dy mi nk < .... Gi

(u n k )
(un k ) vi n1
< n2 < ...<
l mt dy con ca (un).Chng hn:
(u2n) v (u2n+1) l cc dy con ca (un)
(u ) l cc dy con ca (un)
n2
(u n 2 n )
khng phi l dy con ca (un) v s hng u0 xut hin 2 ln
ng vi n=0,n=1 nh l : Nu (un) hi t v a R th mi dy con ca n cng hi t v a H qu: (un) hi t n l iu kin cn v l hai dy con (u2n) v (u2n+1) u hi n l . nh l : (nh l Bnzan Vyxtrase),(Bolzano -Weierstrass): T mi dy (un) b chn u c th ly ra mt dy con hi t
17
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s 1.3 CU HI N TP Cu 1. S thc l g? Nu cc tnh cht ca s thc. Cu 2. S hu t c tnh y khng? Cho v d minh ho. Cu 3. Trc s l g? nh ngha cc loi khong s thc. Cu 4. Tr tuyt i ca s thc l g? Nu cc tnh cht ca n. Cu 5. S phc l g? Ti sao trc honh v trc tung c tn gi l trc thc v trc o. Cu 6. Nu cc dng s phc. Cu 7. Nu cc php tnh s phc. Cu 8. Php khai cn s phc khc vi php khai cn s thc ch no? Cu 9. Dy s thc l g? Cu 10. nh ngha s hi t ca dy s thc. T c th nh ngha v s hi t ca dy s phc? Cu 11. Th no l dy s b chn? Cu 12. Th no l dy s n iu? Cu 13. Dy s hi t th b chn c ng khng? Ngc li dy b chn c hi t khng? Ti sao? Cu 14. Cc dy khng hi t c tnh cht i s ging nh cc dy hi t khng? Cu 15. Nu iu kin mt dy n iu hi t. Cu 16. Th no l hai dy k nhau? Th no l cc on lng nhau? Nu cc tnh cht ca chng. Cu 17. Th no l mt dy con? Nu dy phn k th cc dy con ca n c phn k khng? Cu 18. Pht biu nh l Bolzano-Weierstrass. Nu dy khng b chn th c th ly ra mt dy con ca n hi t c khng? 1.4 BI TP CHNG I S THC: Cu 1. Chng minh rng 3 l s v t. Cu 2. Gii cc phng trnh sau vi ( x, y, z) R 3 . 18
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s a) 3x2 + y2 +z2 =2x(y + z). b) 3x2 + 4y2 +18z2 - 4xy - 12xz = 0 . Cu 3. Tm cn trn ng,cn di ng (nu tn ti) ca tp E sau y trn R
1 + (1) n E ={ n 2 , n N *} . n
Cu 4. Bng nh ngha hy chng minh s hi t ca cc dy cho bi s hng tng qut tng ng v tm gii hn ca chng a) u n = c) u n =
n . n +1
n2 . n3 + 1
n +1 . 4n + 1 3 + ( 3) n d) u n = . 4n
b) u n =
Cu 5. Tm gii hn ca cc dy cho bi s hng tng qut di y a) x n = n n 2 1 c) x n = n + 3 1 n 3 . . b) x n = n (n + a ) n . d)

3
n +1 3 n .
Cu 6. Chng minh s hi t v xc nh gii hn ca cc dy sau cho bi s hng tng qut tng ng

1 a) . k =1 k ( k + 1)
n
b)
(3k + 1) (2k + 3)
k =0 k =0 n
c)
3 + sin n .
Cu 7. Cho (a , b, c) R 3 v b2 - 4ac < 0 , (un), (vn) l hai dy s thc tho mn iu kin: lim (aun2 + bunvn + cvn2 ) = 0 n Chng minh lim u n = lim v n = 0 .. n n Cu 8. Cho dy (xn) vi xn = xn-1 +
1 x n 1
, x0 = 1
a) Chng minh (xn) khng c gii hn hu hn. b) Chng minh lim x n = + . n Cu 9. Cho dy (xn) vi x n = 2bn-1 , a0 > 0, b0 > 0 19
an trong an = 2an-1 + 3bn-1, bn
bn = an-1 +
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s a) Chng t rng an >0, bn >0 n N . b) Biu din xn+1 qua xn. c) Tnh xn+1 - xn v chng t rng (xn) n iu. Hy tm lim xn n Cu 10. Chng t rng cc dy sau c gii hn hu hn a) x n = 1 +
1 1 +L+ 2 . 2 2 n
b) x n =
1 1 +L+ . 2! n!
Cu 11. Chng t cc dy sau c gii hn l + a) x n = 1 + b) x n = log a

2 x n 1
1 1 +L+ . 2 n
2 3 n +1 + log a + L + log a , a>1. 1 2 n
Cu 12. Tm gii hn ca dy sau: a) x n =

+ 1 , x0 = 1 .
b) x n = 1 + x n 1 , x0 = 3 . c) xn(3 + xn-1) + 1 = 0, x0 = 1. d) x n = a + x n 1 (n > 1), x1 = a , a >0. e) x n +1 =

x n + x n 1 , x1 = 0, x2 = 1. 2
1 1 x2 f) x n = + n 1 , x1 = . 2 2 2
5 + x2 n 1 g) x n = , x1 > 5. 2x n 1
Cu 13. Chng minh rng mt dy n iu c gii hn nu n c mt dy con c gii hn. Cu 14. Chng minh rng nu ba dy con (x2n), (x2n+1) v (x3n) hi t th dy (xn) hi t. C th thay s 2 bi s t nhin k >2 c khng?. Cu 15. Nu x n a (hu hn hay v hn).C th ni g v lim n
x n +1 . xn
20
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s S PHC Cu 1. Cho E,F,G,H R 2 , xc nh bi cc h thc sau: E: G:

x 2 y2 = x . x + y2
2
F: H:
2xy +
y = 3. x + y2
2
x3 - 3xy2 +3y = 1.
3x2y - 3x -y3 =0.
Chng minh E F = G H. Cu 2. C tn ti ( z 1 , z 2 ) C 2 tho mn cc iu kin di y khng? z1 + z2 =1 , z12 + z22 = 2 , z13 + z23 = 3. Cu 3. Tm tt c cc ( x, y, z ) C 3 sao cho
x, y, z Khc nhau tng i mt x( x 1) + 2 yz = y ( y 1) + 2 xz = z ( z 1) + 2 x
Cu 4. Gii h phng trnh vi n ( x, y, z) C 3 xy = z , yz = x , zx = y. Cu 5. Cho nh x f: C C tho mn

x R, f ( x) = x f(z + z' ) = f(z) + f(z' ) 2 ( z , z ' ) C , f ( zz ' ) = f ( z ). f ( z ' )
Chng minh [
f ( z ) = z z C f ( z ) = z z C
Cu 6. Gii phng trnh vi n s z C 2z + 6 z = 3 + 2i Cu 7. Xc nh tp cc s phc z C sao cho z = r0 z , r0 R Cu 8. Vi (a,b,c) C 3 tho mn a a = b b = cc = 1 v a+b+c = 0. Chng minh a3 = b3 =c3 Cu 9. Chng minh (z, z' ) C 2 a. b. c. d.
z + z' + z z' = 2( z + z' ) (Hng ng thc hnh bnh hnh).
zz' + 1 + z z' = (1 + z )(1 + z' ) . zz' 1 z z' = (1 z )(1 z' ) .
zz' =
2 2 2 2 1 ( z + z' z z' + i z + i z' i z i z' ) . 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
21
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Cu 10. Cho n N * , (z1,...,zn) C n .Chng minh khi u C , ( 1 ,..., n ) R+n , z k = k .u, k = 1, n Cu 11. Chng minh (a , b) C 2 a. b.
a + b (1 + a )(1 + b ) . Khi no xy ra ng thc? 2a b a b (a + b)ab ba
db da v l bc ca
2 2 2
zk = zk
k =1 k =1
khi v ch
Cu 12. Cho a,b,c,d C khc nhau tng i mt sao cho nhng s thun o. Chng minh rng
dc cng thun o. ab
Cu 13. Xc nh tp hp cc im M c to v z tho mn iu kin: a. z = 2 z 1 . b.

z2 iR . z+i Sup z 3 z + 2
z =1
Cu 14. Tnh
Cu 15. Vi a R ,n (x,y) R 2 . Tm nghim ca h

cos a + cos(a + x ) + cos(a + y) = 0 sin a + sin(a + x ) + sin(a + y) = 0
Cu 16. Gii cc phng trnh sau trn trng s phc: a. z2 - 2zcos +1 = 0 , R . b. z3 - (1- 2i)z2 + (1-i)z -2i = 0, bit rng phng trnh c mt nghim thun o. Cu 17. Gii cc phng trnh vi n s (x,y,z) C 3 a.
( x + y)( x y ) = 819 3 3 ( x y)( x + y ) = 399
3 3
b.
x = y 2 2 y = z z = x 2
Cu 18. Chng minh vi R a. b. 22

1 + itg n 1 + itgn . ( ) = 1 itg 1 itgn
zm + z-m = 2cosm nu z +
1 = 2 cos . z
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Cu 19. Cho (n,x) N * R , tnh Cu 20. Vi a.

( n, x ) N ( R 2Z )
S=
cos
k=0
kx .
tnh cc tng: b.
B n (x) = A k (x) .
k =0 n
A n (x) =
k=n
e ikx .
1.5 HNG DN V P S BI TP CHNG I S THC Cu 2. Rt gn v dng ton phng bng phng php Gauss a. b. (0,0,0). ( 3z,
3 z ,z) , z R hoc (6t, 3t, 2t) ,t R . 2
Cu 3. Khng tn ti InfE , Cu 4. a) Cu 5. a) Cu 6. a) 1;
1 ; 2
SupE = -1 = MaxE c) c) c) 0; 0; 1; d) d) 0 0
1;
1 ; 4 a b) ; 2 3 b) ; 2
b)
Cu 7. Hy biu din tam thc di dng chnh tc, sau s dng nguyn l kp. Cu 8. a) Dng phng php phn chng. b) Chng minh (xn) tng v khng b chn trn. Cu 9. a) Dng qui np. c) xn+1 - xn = b) xn =
2x n + 3 xn + 2
( 3 x n )( 3 + x n ) xn + 2
Bng qui np chng minh: * Nu x0 < 3 th (xn) tng v xn < 3 n . Qua gii hn s c xn 3 * Nu x0 > 3 th (xn) gim v xn > 3 n . Qua gii hn s c xn 3 * Nu x0 = 3 th xn = 3 n .
x n = 3 khng ph thuc x0,tc l khng ph thuc a0,b0. Tm li lim n
23
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Cu 10. a) R rng xn < xn+1 v xn < 1 + b) Tng t a) Cu 11. a) xn > n b) xn = log a (n + 1) Cu 12. a) R rng xn >1 n N * , ta c biu din xn =
x n2 +1 2 + x n2
1 1 1 +L+ = 2 < 2, n > 1 1.2 (n 1)n n
xn+1 - 2 =
x n 1 2 , n x n 1 + 2
Suy ra : (x2n) tng v b chn trn bi s 2. (x2n+1) gim v b chn di bi s 2. xn = 2 L lun s nhn c lim n b) suy ra Qui np s nhn c dy (xn) n iu gim v b chn di bi s 0,
1 2 lim x = a 0 a = (1 + 5) , ta c a = 1+ a n n 2
c)
Bng qui np chng minh c xn+1 - xn = V y

x n x n 1 (3 + x n 1 )(3 + x n )
1 (3 5 ) < x n < 0, n 1 2
ngoi ra
(xn)
iu
gim
chn
di
do
1 lim x = a = (3 5 ) n n 2
d)
Bng qui np chng minh xn < xn+1 v xn < a + 1 n t

lim x n = b,
n
b=
1 + 1 + 4a 2
e)
x1 + x 0 x + x1 , x3 = 2 ,... 2 2 1 1 x2 - x1 = (x0 - x1), x3 - x2 = (x1 - x2), ... 2 2
x2 =
Bng qui np chng minh xk - xk-1 = 24
( 1) k 2
x 2 x1 , k2 2 k 2
) n2 Cng lin tip xn - x1 = (x2 -x1)[ 1 1 + 12 + ... + (1 ] n2
x 2 x1 2 n-2 = (x2 - x1) - (-1) 3.2 n 2 3
xn =
n
2x 2 x 1 x x (1) n 2 2 n 2 1 3 3.2
2 3
lim x n =
f) v
R rng xn > 0 n , bng qui np chng minh c (xn) n iu tng

lim x n = a =
n
xn< 1 n g) suy ra S PHC xn = 1 (

5 2 x n 1
1 a2 + 2 2
lim x n
n
+ x n 1 ) 5 , n .
Suy ra xn > xn+1. Vy tn ti a =
a = 5.
Cu 1. t z = x + iy, (x,y) R 2 (x,y) E F x2 - y2 + i(2xy +

1 y x )= 2 + 3i z 2 = + 3i 2 2 z x +y x +y
2
3 2 x 3 xy + 3 y = 1 ( x, y ) G H 2 3 x y x y 3 3 = 0
Cu 2. Khng Cu 3. Khng tn ti.

xyz( xyz 1) = 0 xy = z, yz = x, zx = y
Cu 4.
(0,0,0), (1,1,1) (1,-1,-1), (-1,1,-1) (1,1,1)
Cu 5. Xt (f(i))2 = f(i2) = f(-1) =-1 f(i) = i Kim tra f(z) = z hoc f(z) = z tho mn. Cu 6. z =
3 1 i 8 2
= {1}
Xt (x,y) R 2 ,f(x+iy) = f(x) +f(iy) = f(x) + f(i)f(y) = x + iy
25
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Cu 7. z R iR Cu 8.
a+b+c = 0 1 1 1 bc + ca + ab + + = = 0 a 2 = a (b + c) = a b c abc
bc
a 3 = abc
Do tnh i xng suy ra a3 = b3 = c3 Cu 9. p dng: z C th z = z z v cc tnh cht ca php ly lin hp. Cu 10. Qui np theo n. Cu 11. a) Xt (1+ a 2 )(1 + b 2 ) a + b 2 = 1 + a 2 b 2 ab ab = 1 ab
1 ab = 0 a 0
2
v b =
a a
2
b) a = 0 hoc b =0 ng Xt ng vi
a a+b u+ b a+b v 1 u+v 2
a 0, b 0 :
t u =
a b . Bt ng thc cho tng ,v = a b
K hiu =
a a+b
(0,1)
m=
1 1 (u + v), d = (v u ) 2 2
Vy qui v m + (1 2 )d m Ch rng Re(m d) = Re( (u v uv)) = 0 v u = v = 1 Cu 12. Ta c o. Mt khc ta c s thun o s = ( b a a b)(cb bc)(a c ca ) = Suy ra iu phi chng minh. Cu 13. a) ng trn tm (0, ) v bn knh b) Biu din
z2 z 2 ( z i) = 2 z+i z +i
( d a )(b c ) + ( d b)(c a ) + ( d c )( a b)
1 4
da 1 = (d a )(b c) thun o (d a )( b c) thun bc bc2
4 3
2 3
, Re(z2( z -i))=x(x2 + y2 + 2y)
26
Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Trc Oy v ng trn tm (0,-1) bn knh 1 b i im (0,-1) Cu 14. 13 Cu 15. sin x + sin y = 0
1 + cos x + cos y = 0
( 2 2 + 2m ,m + 2n ), m, n Z 3 3
(x,y) =
Cu 16. a) z = e i b) Gi z = ix l nghim thun o x = 1 z3 + (1-2i)z2 + (1 - i)z - 2i = (z -i).[z2+(1-i)z + 2] z1 = i, z2,3 =

1 {1 2 17 4 + (1 17 + 4 )i}
2 2 2 ( x y )( x + y ) = 1029 2 2 2 ( x y )( x y ) = 189
Cu 17. a) a v tng ng vi
u = x y
t u 8 = 38 v = x + y (5,2), (-2 ,5), (5i,2i), (2i,5i), (5,2), (2,5), (5i,2i), (2i,5i) trong = e
2i 8
1+ i 2
=e
2 ik 7
b) Suy ra x = y2 = z4 = x8 x = 0, x7 = 1 (0,0,0), ( k , k4 , k2 ), k = 0,6 , k Cu 19. cos3kx =

1 (cos3kx + 3coskx) 4
sin (n + 1) x 3(n + 1) x sin nx 2 2 + 3 cos 4} x 3x 2 sin sin 2 2
sin 2 (n + 1) x 2 x sin 2
* x 2Z th S = n * x 2Z th S = {cos
1 4 3nx 2
Cu 20. An(x) = -1 + 2 cos kx = 1 + 2 cos nx

k =0
Bin i tip An(x) =
sin(n +
1 x) 2 x sin 2
27
n +1 sin n 1 1 2 sin( k + ) x Bn(x) = = x 2 sin x sin k =0 2 2
2
28
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s
CHNG II: HM S MT BIN S

2.1 MC CH
Mi vt xung quanh ta u bin i theo thi gian. Chng ta c th nhn thy iu qua s chuyn ng c hc ca cc vt th: t, my bay; s thay i ca cc i lng vt l: nhit , tc , gia tc; s bin ng kinh t trong mt x hi: Gi c phiu, li sut tit kim,.... Tt c cc loi hnh c gn mt tn chung l i lng hay hm s, n ph thuc vo i s no , chng hn l thi gian. Xem xt hm s tc l quan tm n gi tr, tnh cht v bin thin ca n. Vic t ra nh mt nhu cu khch quan ca con ngi v x hi. Trong mc th nht ca chng ny, ngi c cn nm vng hm s v k hiu hm s. Lu rng nh x f hay quy lut nu trong nh ngha c tnh tng qut, khng nht thit phi l mt cng thc gii tch trn khong xc nh ca n. N c th biu th bng nhiu cng thc trong cc khong con ca tp xc nh hoc bng s hoc bng th. Nm vng cc tnh cht ca hm s l iu v cng quan trng. Chng hn nu hm chn hoc l trn khong (-a,a) th ch cn xt trn khong (0,a), hm tun hon chu k T, ch cn xt trn khong
( T T , ) l c th bit ton cnh ca hm s . Tnh cht ny ca hm s s 2 2
cn c xem xt cc chng tip theo. Nhng hm s thng dng l cc hm s s cp c bn, l hm hu t lun lun c s dng trong cc chng sau. Phi lu n tp gi tr ca cc hm ngc ca cc hm lng gic. Khi xem xt cc hm s cp c bn l phi phc tho c th ca chng, c nh th chng ta mi thy c c tnh ca hm s, c bit c tnh ca hm s ln cn x=0 v ln cn v cng (nhng im kh xa gc to ). Trong mc th hai khi nim gii hn ca hm s l bao hm khi nim gii hn ca dy s th hin qua nh ngha ca n, c bit qua nh l v mi lin h vi dy s. Nh li rng gii hn l mt khi nim kh nn cc tnh cht ca hm c gii hn, cc iu kin cn, cc iu kin phi hiu chnh xc. Ngoi ra cng cn phi lu khi nim gii hn mt pha bi v cc hm thng c cho khng phi lun lun di dng s cp. Tt c cc khi nim 28
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s trn ngi hc phi minh ho c bng th. Cui cng l cc gii hn ng nh, chng c coi l cc gii hn i cng vi chng ta sut qu trnh hc tp. Trong mc th ba lp cc v cng b, v cng ln c cp mt cch t nhin, bi v chng c mi lin h trc tip vi hm s c gii hn. Hn na trong cc tnh ton thng hay gp cc i lng ny. Cn nm c cc so snh v cng b, v cng ln bi v n rt c ch trong qu trnh kh cc dng bt nh, trong qu trnh nh gi, tnh gn ng v c bit l cch m t sau ny. Bit cc v cng b hoc v cng ln tng ng thc s c k nng k xo gii cc bi tp sau ny. Cui cng trong mc th t chng ta cp n mt lp hm s c bit quan trng bi v n lun lun xut hin trong ton cao cp A1, A3: Hm s lin tc. Vic m t hnh hc hm s lin tc ti x0, lin tc mt pha ti x0, lin tc trn khong (a,b), trn on [a,b] ,... l vic lm v cng cn thit. N phn nh s hiu thu o v tnh lin tc, tnh gin on ca hm s. Cng nh tnh cht lin tc ca hm s m c th kh c cc dng bt nh c bit :
log a (1 + x) , x
a x 1 , [u ( x)]v( x ) . Khi cp n hm lin tc trn mt on kn l phi ngh x
ngay n tnh tr mt, tnh t c gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca n, tnh lin tc u. Nhng tnh cht ny lm c s cho bi ton tm gi tr b nht, ln nht, tm nghim gn ng ca phng trnh i s hay tnh kh tch ca n. 2.2 TM TT NI DUNG
2.2.1 Cc khi nim c bn v hm s
a. Cc nh ngha c bn 9 nh ngha hm s Cho X l tp khng rng ca R. Mt nh x hm s mt bin s X gi l tp xc nh ca hiu 9 Hm chn, l Cho X i xng vi 0 tc l
x X , x X f f f :X R
t X vo R gi l mt
x a f (x)
f (X )
y = f ( x ), x X
gi l tp gi tr ca f . i khi k x gi l i s, y gi l hm s.
29
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Hm s Hm s Hm s th f(x). 9 Hm s n iu Cho 1. 2. 3.

f f f
(x) chn khi v ch khi f ( x) = f ( x) . (x) l khi v ch khi f ( x) = f ( x).
9 Hm s tun hon
* (x) gi l tun hon trn X nu tn ti R+ sao cho x X x+ X v f (x+ )= f (x).
S T dng b nht trong cc s gi l chu k ca hm s tun hon
(x) vi x X . Ni rng Ni rng Ni rng

f f
(x) tng nu x1, x2 X , x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) .

x1 , x2 X , x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 ) .
v f (x) tng ngt nu

f
(x) gim nu x1, x2 X , x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) .

x1 , x2 X , x1 < x2 f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 )
v f (x) gim ngt nu

f
(x) n iu nu n tng hoc gim.
Ni rng 1. Hm s
x X , f ( x ) A
(x) n iu ngt nu n tng ngt hoc gim ngt. (x) b chn trn trong X nu tn ti s A sao cho :
9 Hm s b chn
f
.
f
2. Hm s 3. Hm s 9 Hm s hp Cho
f
(x) b chn di trong X nu tn ti s B sao cho: (x) b chn trong X nu tn ti cc s A,B sao cho:
x X , B f ( x ) A .
x X , f ( x ) B f
: X R v g: Y R vi
g0 f : X R x a g ( f ( x ))
f (X ) Y
gi nh x
Hay y = g( f (x)) l hm s hp ca hai hm 30
v g.
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s nh l: N u
f ,g : X R
X
b chn trn th
X
+ g cng b chn trn v

X
Sup( f ( x ) + g ( x )) Sup f ( x ) + Sup g ( x )
1. Nu
f ,g : X R
X
b chn trn v khng m th f . g b chn trn v

X X
Sup( f ( x ).g ( x )) Sup f ( x ). Sup g ( x )
2. Nu
f :X R
X
b chn trn v R* th f b chn trn ng thi

X
Sup . f ( x ) = Sup f ( x )
3. f khi
:X R
X
b chn di, iu kin cn v l - f b chn trn v

X
Inf f ( x ) = Sup( f ( x ))
9 Hm s ngc Cho song nh nh x ngc

f : X Y, X ,Y R
f 1 : Y X
gi l hm s ngc ca
y a x = f 1 ( y )
Thng thng i s k hiu l x, hm s k hiu l y, vy hm ngc ca y = f ( x ) l hm s y = f 1 ( x ) . V th trn cng mt phng to 0xy, th ca hai hm s f v f 1 l i xng nhau qua ng phn gic ca gc phn t th I v III. b. Cc hm s thng dng 9 Hm lu tha
* R+
Cho R . Hm lu tha vi s m ,c k hiu l * vo R, xc nh nh sau x R+ ,P ( x) = x Nu > 0 , coi rng

P (0) = 0
P ,
l nh x t
Nu = 0 , coi rng
expa x ,
P0 (0) = 1
9 Hm m c s a
* Xt a R+ \ {1} . Hm m c s a, k hiu l * R+ , xc nh nh sau: x R , exp a x = a x .
l nh x t R vo
9 Hm lgarit c s a
* Xt a R+ \ {1} . Hm lgarit c s a, k hiu l log a , l nh x ngc * vi nh x expa , nh vy ( x , y ) R+ R, y = log a x x = a y
31
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Tnh cht ca hm s lgarit 1. 2.

log a 1 = 0
log a xy = log a x + log a y
x , y R ,
* +
log a
x = log a x log a y y
log a x = log a x
3.
* a, b R+ , log b x = log b a. log a x
* , 4. x R+
log 1 x = loga x
a
9 Cc hm s lng gic Cc hm s lng gic: sinx, cosx, tgx, cotgx c xt k trong chng trnh ph thng trung hc. Di y chng ta ch nhc li mt s tnh cht c bn ca chng. Tnh cht: - sinx xc nh trn R, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn: 1 sin x 1, x R - cosx xc nh trn R, l hm s chn, tun hon vi chu k T = 2 v b chn: 1 cos x 1, x R - tgx xc nh trn R\{
2 + k , k Z },
l hm s l, tun hon vi chu
k T = v nhn gi tr trn khong
(,+ ) .
- cotgx xc nh trn R\{ k , k Z }, l hm s l, tun hon vi chu k T = v nhn gi tr trn khong ( ,+ ) . 9 Cc hm s lng gic ngc
- Hm arcsin l nh x ngc ca sin: , [ 1,1]
2 2
K hiu l arcsin: [ 1,1] , .

2 2
Vy ta c: x [ 1,1], y , ,
2 2
y = arcsin x x = sin y
32
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s - Hm arccos l nh x ngc ca cos : [0, ] [ 1,1] k hiu:

arccos : [ 1,1] [0, ] x [ 1,1], y [0, ], y = arccos x x = cos y
tg : , R , 2 2
- Hm actang l nh x ngc ca
arctg : R , 2 2
k hiu:
Vy ta c
x R, y , 2 2
y = arctgx x = tgy
- Hm acctang l nh x ngc ca cotg : (0, ) R k hiu:

arc cot g : R 0, 2
Vy ta c
x R, y 0, 2
y = arc cot gx x = cot gy
Ngi ta gi hm s lu tha, hm s m, hm s lgarit, cc hm s lng gic v cc hm s lng gic ngc l cc hm s s cp c bn. 9 Cc hm hypeblic thun - Hm sinhypeblic l nh x sh : R R xc nh nh sau:
x R,
shx =
1 x (e e x ) 2
- Hm csinhypeblic l nh x ch : R R xc nh nh sau:
x R,
chx =
1 x (e + e x ) 2
- Hm tanghypeblic l nh x th : R R xc nh nh sau:
x R, shx e 2 x 1 thx = = chx e 2 x + 1 coth : R * R ,
- Hm cotanghypeblic l nh x
x R * , coth x =
xc nh nh sau:
chx 1 e2 x + 1 = = 2x shx thx e 1
Tnh cht: - Shx,thx,cothx l cc hm s l cn chx l chn v x R , chx > 0 33
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s x , a , b , p , q R ,
cc hm hypeblic tho mn cng thc sau y:

x2 y2 = 1 biu din tham s s l: a2 b2
tR
sh ( a + b) = sha.chb + shb.cha sh (a b) = sha.chb shb.cha
+ ch 2 x sh 2 x = 1 Hyperbon
x = acht y = bsht
ch( a + b) = cha.chb + sha.shb ; ch(a b) = cha.chb sha.shb ;
th(a + b) =
tha + thb ; 1 + tha.thb
th(a b) =
tha thb 1 tha.thb
ch 2a = ch 2 a + sh 2 a = 2ch 2 a 1 = 1 + 2sh 2 a .
sh2a = 2sha.cha .
th 2a =
ch 2 a =
2tha . 1 + th 2 a
1 1 (ch 2a + 1); sh 2 a = (ch 2a 1) . 2 2 p+q pq ch 2 2
chp + chq = 2ch
chp chq = 2sh
p+q pq sh 2 2 p+q pq shp + shq = 2sh ch 2 2 p+q pq shp shq = 2ch sh 2 2
9 Cc hm hypeblic ngc 1. Hm Acsinhypeblic l nh x ngc ca

Argsh : R R sh : R R ,
k hiu:
hayl
( x , y ) R 2 , y = Argshx x = shy
2. Hm Accsinhypeblic l nh x ngc ca ch : R [1,+] , k hiu:

Argch : [1,+ ) R+ , tc
l x [1,+), y R+ , y = Argchx x = chy

th : R ( 1,1), k
3. Hm Actanghypeblic l nh x ngc ca
Argth : ( 1,1) R ,
hiu:
tc l
x ( 1,1), y R , y = Argthx x = thy
34
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s 4. Hm Acctanghypeblic l nh x ngc ca Arg coth : R \ [ 1,1] R * , tc l hiu: 9 a thc, hm hu t. 1. nh x P: v

X R
coth : R * R \ [ 1,1], k
x R \ [ 1,1], y R * , y = Arg coth x x = coth y
c gi l a thc khi v ch khi tn ti n N

x X , P ( x ) = ai x i
i =0 n
( a0 , a1 ,..., an ) R n +1
sao cho
Nu
an 0 ,
f
gi n l bc ca a thc, k hiu degP(x)=n

X R
2. nh x a thc P,Q: Gi
c gi l hm hu t khi v ch khi tn ti hai

x X , Q( x ) 0, f ( x) = P( x ) Q( x )
X R
f ( x) =
sao cho
P( x ) Q( x )
l hm hu t thc s khi v ch khi:
degP(x)<degQ(x) 3. Hm hu t ti gin l cc phn thc c dng:

A ( x a) k
hoc
Bx + C ( x + px + q) k
2
Trong
k N * , a, p, q, A, B , C l
cc s thc v p 2 4q <0
Di y ta a ra cc nh l c chng minh trong l thuyt i s nh l 1: Mi a thc bc n vi cc h s thc u c th phn tch ra tha s trong dng: P ( x ) = an ( x 1 ) k ...( x l ) k ( x 2 + p1 x + q1 ) ...( x 2 + pm x + qm )
1 l 1 m
Trong i (i = 1, l) l cc nghim thc bi

pj , qj , j R
ki
ca a thc cn
vi
j = 1,2,..., m
ki + 2 j = n ,
i =1 j =1
p j 4q j < 0 ; j = 1, m
nh l 2: Mi hm hu t thc s u c th phn tch thnh tng hu hn cc hm hu t ti gin. c. Hm s s cp nh ngha: Hm s s cp l nhng hm s c to thnh bi mt s hu hn cc php tnh cng, tr, nhn, chia v cc php ly hm hp i vi cc hm s s cp c bn v cc hng s. 35
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s 2.2.2 Gii hn ca hm s a. Khi nim v gii hn 9 nh ngha gii hn Ta gi ln cn ca im a R l tp Gi A- ln cn ca + l tp Gi B- ln cn ca
( a ) = ( a , a + )
A (+) = ( A,+)
vi A>0 v kh ln. vi B>0 v kh ln.
l tp
B () = (, B )
Cho f xc nh ln cn im a (c th khng xc nh ti a). 1. Ni rng l ti a) nu 2. Ni rng

f
c gii hn l l khi x dn n a (gi tt: c gii hn l

> 0, (a) X , x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) l <
c gii hn l + ti a nu
A > 0, ( a) X , x (a) \ {a} f ( x ) > A .
3. Ni rng 4. Ni rng
f f
c gii hn l ti a nu c gii hn l l ti + nu
c gii hn l + ti a.
> 0, A (+) X , x A (+) f ( x ) l < .
5. Ni rng
c gii hn l l ti
n u .
> 0, B () X , x B () f ( x ) l <
6. Ni rng
c gii hn l + ti + nu
A > 0, M (+) X , x M (+) f ( x ) > A .
7. Ni rng l + ti + . 8. Ni
c gii hn l
f
ti + nu v ch nu hn l
+
c gii hn
rng
gii
ti
nu
A > 0, M ( ) X , x M ( ) f ( x) > A .
9. Ni rng f c gii hn l ti khi v ch khi f c gii hn l + ti Khi f ( x ) c gii hn l l ti a hoc ti ni rng f ( x ) c gii hn hu hn ti a hoc ti . Ngc li f ( x ) c gii hn l , ni rng n c gii hn v hn. 36
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s 9 nh ngha gii hn mt pha. 1. Ni rng

f
c gii hn tri ti a l l1 nu c gii hn phi ti a l l2 nu
> 0, > 0 ( (a) X ), x,0 < a x < f ( x ) l1 < .
2. Ni rng
> 0, > 0 , x, 0 < x a < f ( x ) l2 < .
K hiu
c gii hn l l ti a thng l: hoc

f ( x ) x l a
lim f ( x ) = l
xa
Tng t c cc k hiu:
lim f ( x ) = +,;
xa x
lim = l,+,
K hiu
x a
lim f ( x ) = f a = l1
( )
c gii hn tri ti a l l1 , thng dng

lim f ( x ) = f a + = l2
lim f ( x ) = l
xa
Tng t
x a+
( )
H qu: iu kin cn v b. Tnh cht ca hm c gii hn. 9 S lin h vi dy s
f (a ) = f (a + ) = l.
nh l: f ( x ) c gii hn l l ti a iu kin cn v l mi dy (un ) trong X hi t v a th n lim f (un ) = l 9 Tnh duy nht ca gii hn nh l: Nu 9 Tnh b chn nh l: Nu
lim f ( x ) = l
x a
lim f ( x ) = l
x a
th l l duy nht.
th
f ( x ) b
chn trong mt ln cn ca a.
9 Tnh cht th t ca gii hn v nguyn l kp. nh l 1: Cho

lim f ( x ) = l .
x a
Khi :
a : c < f (x) a : f (x) < d
1. Nu c < l th trong ln cn b ca 2. Nu l < d th trong ln cn b ca
37
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s 3. Nu c < l < d th trong ln cn b ca nh l 2: Cho 1. 2. 3. N u N u N u

lim f ( x ) = l,
xa
a : c < f ( x) < d
khi
c f (x) f (x) d
trong ln cn ca a th c l trong ln cn ca a th l d trong ln cn ca a th c l d

f , g, h
xa
c f (x) d
nh l 3: Nguyn l kp: Cho ba hm s f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) trn X; lim f ( x ) = lim h( x ) = l Khi x a x a nh l 4: Nu trong ln cn ca a c

lim g ( x ) = +
xa
tho mn: th:
lim g ( x ) = l
lim f ( x ) = +
xa
f ( x ) g( x )
9 Cc php tnh i s ca hm s c gii hn nh l 1 (Trng hp gii hn hu hn): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

f ( x ) x l f ( x ) x l a a f ( x ) x 0 f ( x ) x 0 a a
f ( x ) x l1 a
g ( x ) x l2 f ( x ) + g ( x ) x l1 + l2 a a
f ( x ) x l . f ( x ) x l, a a f ( x ) x 0 a
v v v
g( x )
chn
trong
ln
cn
ca
a f ( x ).g ( x ) x 0 a
f ( x ) x l1 a f ( x ) x l1 a g ( x ) l2 f ( x ).g ( x ) l1.l2 xa x a
g ( x ) x l2 0 a
f ( x) l x 1 a g( x ) l2
nh l 2 (Trng hp gii hn v hn): 1. Nu 2. Nu

f ( x) x + a f ( x) x + a
v v
g ( x) m
trong ln cn ca a th trong ln cn ca a th
f ( x) + g ( x) x + a
g ( x) m > 0
f ( x).g ( x) x + a
9 Gii hn ca hm hp Cho 38
f : X R, g : Y R
v f ( X ) Y
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s nh l: Nu
f ( x) x b a
g ( y ) l y b
th
g ( f ( x)) x l a
9 Gii hn ca hm n iu nh l 1: Cho 1. Nu 2. Nu
f f f : (a, b) R, a, b R
x b
hoc
a, b R
v l hm tng.
b chn trn th lim f ( x) = Sup f ( x)

( a ,b )
khng b chn trn th lim f ( x) = +

x b
nh l 2: Nu f ( x) xc n ti a v tng ln cn ca a th lun tn ti mt gii hn tri v mt gii hn phi hu hn ti a v:

xa
lim f ( x) f (a) lim+ f ( x)

xa
c. Cc gii hn ng nh a. b.
lim
x sin x = lim =1 x0 x 0 sin x x

1 1 lim 1 + = lim 1 + = e x + x x x
x x
c. lim ln x = +,
x +
x 0 +
lim ln x =
d. S tn ti gii hn ca cc hm s cp nh l: Hm s s cp xc nh ti
x0
f ( x) = f ( x0 ) th xlim x
0
2.2.3 i lng v cng b (VCB) v i lng v cng ln (VCL) a. i lng VCB 9 nh ngha: nh x : X R , gi l i lng VCB ti a nu nh ( x) x 0 , a c th l + hoc - a 9 H qu: tn ti
( x) = f ( x) l
lim f ( x) = l
xa
iu kin cn v l hm s
l VCB ti a.
9 Tnh cht i s ca VCB: Da vo tnh cht i s ca hm c gii hn, nhn c tnh cht i s ca cc VCB sau y: 1. Nu i ( x), i = 1,2,..., n l cc VCB ti a th tng i ( x) , tch i ( x)
i =1 i =1 n n
cng l VCB ti a 39
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s 2. Nu ( x ) l VCB ti a, l VCB ti a. 1. Nu

= o( )
x 0 a
f ( x)
b chn trong ln cn ca a th ( x). f ( x)
9 So snh cc VCB: Cho ( x), ( x ) l cc VCB ti a.
th ni rng l VCB cp cao hn ti a, k hiu
ti a, cng ni rng l VCB cp thp hn ti a.

c 0 th ni rng , l cc VCB ngang cp ti a. c xa
2. Nu
bit c = 1 th ni rng , l cc VCB tng ng ti a. Khi k hiu ~ ti a. R rng nu , ngang cp ti a th ~ c ti a. 3. Nu ti a 4. Nu ti a

= o( k ) ~ c k
th ni rng l VCB c cp cao hn k so vi VCB

(c 0)
th ni rng l VCB c cp k so vi VCB

lim
xa
H qu 1: Nu ~ 1 , ~ 1 ti a th H qu 2: Nu
= o( )
= lim 1 x a 1
ti a th +
ti a .
H qu 3: Qui tc ngt b VCB cp cao: Nu * l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB i , (i = 1, m) v * l VCB cp thp nht trong s cc VCB i , (i = 1, n ) ti a . Khi :
lim
i =1 xa n j =1
= lim
* xa *
b. i lng VCL 9 nh ngha: nh x A: X R gi l i lngVCL ti a nu nh A( x) x + hoc (a c th l + hoc ). a H qu:

A( x )
l VCL ti a th cn v l ( x) =
1 A( x )
l VCB ti a.
9 Tnh cht ca VCL 1. Nu tng 40

n
Ai ( x), i = 1,2,..., n
i =1 i
l cc VCL cng du (+ ) hay ( ) ti a th
A ( x) l VCL mang du ti a.
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Nu
Bi ( x), i = 1,2,..., n
l cc VCL ti a th tch Bi ( x) l VCL ti a

i =1
2. Nu A( x) l VCL ti a v n th A( x). f ( x) l VCL ti a. 9 So snh cc VCL Cho

A( x ), B ( x )
f ( x)
gi nguyn du ti a v ln cn ca
l cc VCL ti a th ni rng
A
1. Nu hay
B
A( x) B ( x) x a
A( x )
l VCL cp cao hn
B ( x)
ti a,
l VCL c cp thp hn 2. Nu
A( x ) c 0 B( x) x a
ti a
A, B
th ni rng
A, B
l VCL ngang cp ti a.
c bit c = 1 th ni rng A ~ B ti a.
l cc VCL tng ng ti a, k hiu

A( x) A ( x) = lim 1 x a B ( x) x a B ( x) 1
B ( x ) t i
H qu 1: Nu A ~ A1 , B ~ B1 ti a th H qu 2: Nu
A( x )
lim
lVCL cp cao hn
a th
A+ B ~ A.
H qu 3: Qui tc ngt b ccVCL cp thp: Nu A* l cc CVL cp cao nht trong s cc VCL Ai ( x), i = 1,2,..., m v B* l VCL cp cao nht trong s cc VCL B j ( x), j = 1,2,..., n ti a th ta c
lim
i =1 xa n j =1
A ( x)
i j
B ( x)
= lim
A* ( x) x a B* ( x)
2.2.4 S lin tc ca hm s a. Cc khi nim c bn 9 Hm lin tc ti mt im Cho

f : X R
v a X . Ni rng
lim f ( x ) = f (a )
xa
f ( x)
lin tc ti a nu
xa xa
hay lim f ( x) = f ( lim x)
Tc l > 0, > 0, x :
x a < f ( x) f (a) <
41
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s 9 Hm lin tc mt pha ti a Cho

f : X R, a X .
Ni rng hm
lin tc bn tri ti a nu
xa
lim f ( x) = f (a ) = f (a)
Hm
lin tc bn phi ti a nu
xa +
lim f ( x) = f (a + ) = f (a)
H qu: hm
f ( x)
lin tc ti a iu kin cn v l:
f (a ) = f (a + ) = f (a)
9 Hm lin tc trn mt khong 1. Hm tp X .

f ( x)
lin tc ti mi im x X th ni rng n lin tc trn
2. Hm f ( x) lin tc trn khong m (a,b) v lin tc tri ti b,lin tc phi ti a ni rng n lin tc trn [a,b] 9 Hm lin tc tng khc Hm f :
[a, b] R,
f
a, b R.
lin tc tng khc trn [a, b] khi v ch khi n N * v (a0 , a1,..., an ) [a, b]n +1 sao cho a = a0 < a1 < ... < an = b v f lin tc trn tt c cc khong m (ai , ai +1 ), i = 0,1,..., n 1 v c gii hn phi hu hn ti ai , c gii hn tri hu hn ti ai +1 Ni rng hm 9 im gin on ca hm s 1. Nu x =a.
f ( x)
khng lin tc ti a, ni rng
f ( x)
c im gin on ti
2. Nu a l im gin on v f (a ), f (a + ) l cc s hu hn th gi x = a l im gin on loi 1 ca hm s v gi h f (a) = f (a + ) f (a ) l bc nhy ca f ( x) ti a. H qu: Nu f ( x) tng (gim) ln cn im a khi f ( x) lin tc ti a khi v ch khi h f (a) = 0 . iu ny suy ra t nh l 2 ca hm s n iu. 3. Nu a l im gin on ca f ( x) v khng phi l im gin on loi 1 th ni rng f ( x) c im gin on loi 2 ti x = a . 42
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s b. Cc php ton i s ca hm lin tc nh l 1: Cho 1. Nu 2. Nu 3. Nu 4. Nu 5. Nu

f ( x) f ,g : X R, a X , R
lin tc ti a th f ( x) lin tc ti a. cng lin tc ti a th

f ( x) + g ( x)
f ( x ), g ( x ) f ( x)
lin tc ti a.
lin tc ti a th f ( x) lin tc ti a. lin tc ti a th

f ( x).g ( x )
f ( x ), g ( x ) f ( x ), g ( x )
lin tc ti a.
f ( x) g ( x)
g:
lin tc ti a v g ( x) 0 th
lin tc ti a.
Y R
nh l 2: Cho f : X R; a X , Nu f ( x) lin tc ti a v g ( y ) lin tc ti tc ti a.
f (X ) Y.
b = f (a)
th hm hp
g ( f ( x))
lin
nh l 3: Mi hm s s cp xc nh ti x = a th lin tc ti a. c. Tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on Cho f :
[a, b] R l lin tc,
a < b.
9 Tnh tr mt ca hm s lin tc nh l 1: Nu c (a, b ) f (c) = 0

f ( x)
lin tc trn [a, b] v
f ( a ). f (b) < 0
th tn ti
nh l 2: Nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] khi gian gia f (a ) v f (b) ngha l: 9 Tnh b chn ca hm s lin tc
f ( x)
nhn gi tr trung
[ f (a), f (b)], c [a, b], f (c) =
nh l 3: Hm s f ( x) lin tc trn [a, b] th t c gi tr ln nht v nh nht trn [a, b] ngha l:

xm , xM [a, b ], x [a, b ]
c f ( xm ) f ( x) f ( xM )
H qu: Nu f : [a, b] R lin tc th f ([a, b]) = [m, M ] R Trong

m = Inf f ( x),
[a , b ]
M = Sup f ( x )
[a , b ]
43
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s d. Tnh lin tc u 9 A. nh ngha: Cho

f : X R.
Ni rng
lin tc u trn
nu
> 0, > 0, ( x' , x") X 2 :
x' x" < f ( x' ) f ( x" ) <

X
9 H qu: Nu N u
f ( x ) lin
f ( x)
lin tc u trn
th lin tc trn
a, b R
9 nh l Hyne (Heine) tc trn on ng [a, b] , th lin tc u trn [a, b] .
2.3 CU HI N TP Cu 1. Nu cc nh ngha v hm s chn, l, tun hon.Cc hm s tun hon v ng thi l chn; l c tn ti khng? Cho v d. Cu 2. Th no l hm s n iu trong khong (a,b)? Cu 3. Th no l hm s b chn trong khong (a,b)? Cu 4. Th no l hm s hp? Cu 5. Th no l hm s s cp? Cu 6. nh ngha gii hn ca hm s. Cu 7. Nu cc tnh cht ca hm c gii hn. Hm s b chn trong ln cn im a th c gii hn ti a khng? Cu 8. Nu cc php tnh v hm s c gii hn hu hn. Trong trng hp hm s khng c gii hn hu hn, cc php tnh cn ng khng?
sin x 1 = 1, lim (1 + ) x = e x x . Cu 9. Chng minh cc gii hn x0 x lim
Cu 10. Th no l mt VCB? Mt hng s b bao nhiu th c coi l VCB? V sao? Cu 11. Nu cc tnh cht i s ca VCB. Cu 12. Tng v hn cc VBC c phi l v cng b khng? Cu 13. So snh cc VCB: ngang cp, tng ng, cp cao hn. Cu 14. Th no l mt VCL? Mt hng s ln bao nhiu th c th c xem l VCL? Ti sao? Cu 15. Nu mi quan h gia VCB v VCL. 44
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Cu 16. Nu mi quan h gia VCB v hm c gii hn. Cu 17. nh ngha hm lin tc ti mt im x0, (a,b), [a,b]. Cu 18. Nu cc tnh cht ca hm s lin tc trn mt on kn. Tnh cht cn ng khng nu on khng kn? Cu 19. Nu cc php ton i s v hm lin tc. 2.4 BI TP CHNG II
1 f ( x) = Arccos(lgx) . Tnh f ( ), f (1), f (10) . 10
Cu 1. Cho hm s
Cu 2. Tm min xc nh v min gi tr ca cc hm s: a. f ( x) = 2 x 2 , c. h( x) = x 2 x , a. f ( x) = x , c. h( x) =
1 4 x2
b. g ( x) =
1 , x 2 +1
d. k ( x) = 2 x . b. g ( x) = x 2 2 x + 1 ,
Cu 3. Xt xem hm s c chn hoc l khng v phc ho th ca n.
d. k ( x) = x + x 2 .
Cu 4. Xt xem hm s no tun hon v tm chu k ca n a. f ( x) = 10 sin 3x , c. h( x) = tgx , a. y = 2 x + 3 , c. y = 3 1 x 3 , Cu 6. Cho

f ,g :
b. g ( x) = sin 2 x , d.
k ( x) = sin x .
Cu 5. Tm hm ngc ca cc hm s sau: b. y = x 2 1, x < 0 , c.

RR
y = lg
x . 2
sao cho
( x, y ) R 2 , { f ( x) f ( y )}{g ( x) g ( y )} = 0
Chng minh rng c t nht mt trong hai nh x l nh x hng. Cu 7. Tm tt c cc nh x a.

x R,
f : RR
sao cho:
f ( x) f ( x 2 1) = sin x
45
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s b. c. d. e.
x R, xf ( x) + f (1 x) = x3 + 1 f ( x + y 2 ) = f ( x2 ) + f ( y) f ( x + y ) f ( x y ) = 2 y (3x 2 + y 2 )
f ( x. y ) + f ( x.z ) 2 f ( x ). f ( y.z ) 1 2
( x, y ) R 2 , ( x, y ) R 2 ,
( x, y, z ) R 3 ,
Cu 8. Gii phng trnh

x18 + x10 = 544, x R+
Cu 9. Cho
f :
RR
sao cho
tng f ( f ( x)) gi mngt ngt f ( f ( f ( x))) gim
Chng minh
f ( x)
gim ngt
x + x 2 + ... + x n n x 1
Cu 10. Tm cc gii hn a.
lim
x2
(x
(x
3
x2
20
12 x + 16
10
b. lim x 1
c. lim x 1
x100 2 x + 1 x50 2 x + 1
d. lim xa
(x
a n ) na n 1 ( x a ) ( x a) 2
Cu 11. Tm cc gii hn a. xlim +

x+ x+ x x +1
b. xlim +
x +3 x +4 x 2x + 1
Cu 12. Tm cc gii hn a.
1 + x n 1 + x lim x0 x
m
b.
lim
x 0
1 + x .n 1 + x 1 x
Cu 13. Tm cc gii hn a. c.
lim sin x sin a xa xa 1 cos x. cos 2 x. cos 3 x x0 1 cos x
b. d.
lim
x0
1 + tgx 1 + sin x x3 cos x 3 cos x sin 2 x
lim
lim
x0
Cu 14. Tm cc gii hn a. 46
lim
x4
x 2 x 5x + 4
2
3 x3 + x 2 1 x b. xlim +
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Cu 15. Tm cc gii hn

a. xlim + 2 x 2 + x + 1 3x x + 1
2 x2 1 x
b. lim x x 2 + 1
x 1
2
x 1 x +1
(1 2 x ) c. lim x 0
x 2
1 x
d. f.
lim cos x
x0 x +
1 x
(sin x )tgx e. lim

g.
ex e x lim x 0 sin x sin x
2 2 cot g x
lim [sin ln( x + 1) sin ln x ]
h. n lim n 2 (n x n +1 x ) j.
1 + tgx sin x lim x 0 1 + sin x
1
x>0
i. lim (1 + x x0 k. lim x
ln (2 + e3 x ) ln (3 + e 2 x )
Cu 16. Tm cc gii hn sau

x cos a. lim x 0 1 x
b.
lim sin sin ...sin x

n du sin
c.
1 lim x x 0 x
lim Sgn[sin 2 (nx)] d. n
Cu 17. Xt s lin tc ca cc hm s sau: a. f ( x) = x c.

1 n x sin f ( x) = x 0
b.
x 0, n N * x=0
x 2 4 (x 2) f ( x) = A , x = 2
sin x vi x hu t 0 vi x v t vi x hu t vi x v t
x2
d. f ( x) =
e.
1 f ( x) = x
vi x hu t vi x v t
f.
2 x f ( x) = 2 x
Cu 18. Chng minh rng nu cc hm

( x) = min{ f ( x), g ( x)} ( x) = max{ f ( x), g ( x)}
f ( x)
g ( x)
lin tc th cc hm
cng l hm lin tc 47
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Cu 19. Xt tnh lin tc ca hm hp a. b. a. b. c. Cu 21. Hm Hy tnh

f ( x) = Sgnx f ( x) = Sgnx f ( g ( x))
g ( f ( x))
nu
v g ( x) = 1 + x 2 v g ( x) = 1 + x [x]
f ( x)
Cu 20. Tm tt c cc hm
tho mn:
f (3 x) = f ( x )
lin tc ti x = 0 v x R c lin tc ti x = 0 v x R c
x f ( x) = f 2 1+ x
lin tc ti x = 1 v x R c f ( x) = f ( x 2 )
f ( x)
1 1 lin tc trn [0,1] v ch nhn gi tr hu t v f = . 2 2
2 f 2
f ( x) = g ( x)
Cu 22. Cho f ( x) v g ( x ) l hai hm s lin tc trn [a, b] v mi x l hu t. Chng minh f ( x) = g ( x) trn [a, b]
ti
Cu 23. Chng minh rng mi phng trnh i s bc l c t nht mt nghim thc Cu 24. *Chng minh hm s tc u trn (0,1) Cu 25. *Chng minh rng hm s
f ( x) = sin
x
f ( x) =
1 x
lin tc trn (0,1) nhng khng lin
lin tc v b chn trn (0,1) nhng khng lin tc u trn (0,1) Cu 26. *Chng minh hm s f ( x) = Sinx 2 lin tc v b chn trn R nhng khng lin tc u trn R Cu 27. *Chng minh rng nu f ( x) lin tc trn [a,+ ) v tn ti gii hn hu hn lim f ( x) = c th x + a. b. 48
f ( x) f ( x)
b chn trn [a, ) . lin tc u trn [a,+ )
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Cu 28. *Chng minh rng hm s

f ( x) = sin x x
( 1,0), (0,1)
a. lin tc u trn mi khong
b. khng lin tc u trn (1,1) \ {0} Cu 29. *Chng minh rng nu hm (a, b) th lin tc u trn (a, b) Cu 30. *Cho
xn +1 = f ( xn ), n 1
f ( x) f ( a ) a , f (b ) b . f ( x)
n iu b chn v lin tc trn
l hm s tng v lin tc trn [a, b] ,tho mn iu kin Ly

x1 [a, b]
v xc nh dy s
( xn )
vi
lim xn = x* v f ( x* ) = x* Chng minh rng tn ti n
Cu 31. *Cho f , g l cc nh x lin tc ca [0,1] ln chnh [0,1] . Chng minh rng tn ti x0 [0,1] c g ( f ( x0 )) = f ( g ( x0 )) Cu 32. *Tn ti hay khng hm lin tc
vx R \ Q f ( x) = hx Q
f : RR
tha mn
vi x Q vi x R \ Q
Cu 33. *Cho R v Chng minh rng: a. Nu b. Nu c. Nu u. d. Nu

f ,g f
f , g : ( a, b) R
lin tc u th f lin tc u. lin tc u th

f + g
f ,g f
lin tc u.
1 lin tc f
lin tc u v c > 0 sao cho f ( x) c, x (a, b) th
lin tc u v tn ti hm hp g 0 f th g 0 f lin tc u.
2.5 HNG DN V P S BI TP CHNG II

Cu 1. 1. ; ;0
2
Cu 2. 2. a. R.
b. R ,
c. ( ;0] [1;+ ) ,
d. ( ;2] 49
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s Cu 3. a. Hm chn, b. Hm khng chn, khng l, c. Hm chn, d. Hm khng chn, khng l. Cu 4. a. Tun hon, T =
2 , b. Tun hon, T = , 3
c. Tun hon, T = , d. Khng tun hon. Cu 5. a. y = ( x 3), b. y = x + 1 , c. y = 3 1 x 3 , d. y = 2.10 x . t i g ( a ) = g (b ) g ( x ) = g ( a ) x R . Cu 7. a. , b. f ( x) = x 2 x + 1 , c.

f ( x) = 0 ,
1 2
Cu 6. Gi
tn
(a, b ) R 2
sao
cho
f ( a ) f (b )
rng
(thay lin tip

x = 0,
x = 0,
y=0
y=y
x = y2 , y = y )
d. f ( x) = x3 + c.
c = const
(Qui v ( X , Y ) R 2 , f ( X ) f (Y ) = X 3 Y 3 e.
S : f ( x) =
1 , 2
Cho
x = y = z = 1 f (1) =
1 2
x = y = 0, z = 1 f (0) = x = 0, z = 0 f ( y ) 1 y = z = 1 f ( x) . 2 1 2
1 2
Cu 8. x = 2 . Cu 10. a.
3 2
10
b. b.
n(n + 1) ; 2
2 2
c.
1 ; 24
d.
n(n 1) n 2 a 2
Cu 11. a. 1; 50
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s
Cu 12. a.
b. b. b.
m
1 4 1 3
. c. 14 ; d.
1 12
Cu 13. a. cos a ; Cu 14. a.

1 12
Cu 15. a. 0 ; e. 1 ;
b.1 ; f. 0 ;
c. g. 1 ;
3 2
e 2 ;
d. h. ln x
1 2
i. e ;
j. 1 ;
k.
Cu 16. a. 0 ;
b. 0 ;
c. 1 nu x v t. 0 nu x hu t v thuc Z, khng c gii hn vi x cn li. Cu 17. a. lin tc trn R ; b. lin tc trn R vi A=4, lin tc trn R\ {2} vi A 4; c. lin tc trn R ; e. lin tc ti x=1 ; Cu 19. a.
f ( g ( x )) = 1
d. lin tc trn Z; f. lin tc ti x =0. lin tc trn R
2 g ( f ( x)) = 1
x0 x=0
lin tc trn R\ {0} lin tc trn R lin tc trn R
b.
f ( g ( x )) = 1 g ( f ( x )) = 1
Ch : Cu 20. a.
x = [x] + r , 0 r < 1
n N
x f ( x) = f 3n
(Bng qui np)
f ( x) = c = const x R
51
Chng 2: Hm s mt bin s b.
f (c ) = c = const x R
Chng minh
f ( x) = f ( n ( x))
x 1 + x2
n ( x) = ( n 1 )
trong 1 ( x) =
c.
f ( x) = 0 .
x R
xt x = 0 xt Do Cu 21.
x>0
f ( x)
f (0) = f (02 ) f (0) = 0

21n f ( x ) = (1) f x f ( x) = 0
n
chn suy ra
f ( x) = 0
x R .
2 1 f 2 = 2
Cu 32. .
52
Chng 3: Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s
CHNG III: PHP TNH VI PHN HM S MT BIN S

3.1 MC CH Php tnh vi phn ca hm mt bin s gn lin vi php tnh o hm ca hm s. Khi nim o hm l mt trong nhng t tng quan trng nht ca gii tch. Trong chng 2, chng ta t vn xem xt hm s, nhng vn ct li ca hm s l tc bin thin ca n cha c xt n. Nh vo khi nim o hm ngi ta c th kho st ton din mt i lng bin thin. Khi nim o hm gn lin vi cc i lng vt l: vn tc ti thi im t ca mt vt chuyn ng, nhit dung ca vt th nhit to, cng dng in,v.v...; gn lin vi cc hin tng ho hc: tc phn ng ho hc thi im t; gn lin vi cc bi ton kinh t x hi: vn tng trng kinh t, phng n ti u trong giao thng, trong sn xut kinh doanh, v.v.... Trong mc th nht ca chng ny cn phi nm vng nh ngha hm s kh vi th hin qua vic tnh o hm ca hm s. Thc cht tnh o hm chnh l vic kh dng bt nh
0 . 0
Phi nm chc quy trnh tnh o hm theo
nh ngha. Lu n khi nim o hm mt pha, cc iu kin cn, iu kin cn v hm kh vi. Bn cnh cn nm c ngha hnh hc, c hc ca o hm, cc php tnh i s ca hm c o hm, iu ny cng cp chng trnh ph thng trung hc. Cn phi nm vng ngha v cng dng php tnh o hm ca hm hp, hm ngc, php tnh o hm lgarit. Nu thuc cc php tnh trn v cc cng thc o hm ca cc hm thng dng th mi bi ton tnh o hm u c th lm nhanh v khng nhm ln. Trong mc th hai vi phn ca hm s l biu hin nh lng ca hm s kh vi, c th l phn chnh bc nht ca s gia hm s. Chnh v th ngi ta nh ngha tnh kh vi nh vo s tn ti o hm. iu ny khc hn so vi hm s nhiu bin s c xem xt sau ny. c bit cng thc gn ng ca s gia hm s hay c p dng vo cc bi ton thc tin. Trong mc th ba cn nm vng cc php tnh v o hm v vi phn cp cao, c bit cng thc o hm cp cao ca mt tch (cng thc Leibniz). Phi thuc cng thc tnh cc o hm cp cao ca cc hm s cp c bn:
e x , sin x, cos x ,
1 ax + b
bi v sau ny thng xuyn dng n cc kt qu . 53
Trong mc th t trc ht cn hiu k v iu kin cn ca cc tr khi hm s kh vi. Cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh c hiu theo ngha sau y : vi nhng iu kin nht nh ca hm s f(x) th trong khong h (a,b) tn ti im no , ko theo gi tr f ' ( ) , gi tr ny c tnh cht c bit gi chung l gi tr trung bnh. c im ca cc nh l ny l khng ch r c s lng im , cng nh gi tr c th ca n. Khi hc cc nh l ny nn a ra cc phn v d thy rng ch cn thiu mt trong cc gi thit ca nh l l kt lun khng cn ng na. Mi nh l u c th minh ho hnh hc kim tra li kin thc v tnh cht ca hm s: hm s lin tc, hm s kh vi. Phn bit cng thc s gia hu hn v cng thc s gia ca hm s biu din nh vo vi phn ca hm s. Trong mc th nm nhng ng dng trc tip cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh v o hm cp cao c a ra. Trc ht cn phn bit cc khi nim: a thc Taylor, cng thc Taylor ca hm s ti ln cn x0 . Phi nh v bit cch vn dng cng thc Maclaurin ca cc hm thng dng khi gii cc bi ton tnh gn ng. Cui cng cng thc LHospital cho ta iu kin kh cc dng bt nh
0 0
hoc
v ng nhin cc dng bt nh khc
0 0 ,1 , 0
sau khi
dng phng php lgarit. Chnh v th quy tc ny khng phi l vn nng. Trong mc th su nhng ng dng ca hm s kh vi, c bit hm kh vi bc cao c trnh by. Lu rng bn thn tnh n iu hay cc tr ca hm s c m t khng bt buc hm s phi kh vi. iu ny hc sinh thng hay nhm ln. Tuy nhin nhn bit cc tnh cht ca hm s s n gin rt nhiu khi bit rng hm s kh vi. Trong mc th by ngi hc phi phn bit c khi nim cc i, cc tiu vi khi nim gi tr ln nht, gi tr b nht ca hm s. Cn nh l hm s khng b chn di (chn trn) th khng c gi tr b nht (ln nht). Ngoi ra hm b chn th cha chc c c gi tr b nht v ln nht. Chnh v th tnh lin tc trn mt on kn [a,b] l iu quan trng. Nm c cc bc tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr b nht, cc gi tr thng t c bin. Trng hp tp xc nh khng phi on kn phi n gi tr ca n st bin mi gii quyt c bi ton. Cn thc c rng bi ton tm gi tr b nht, gi tr ln nht c mt vai tr rt ln trong thc t. Trong mc th tm khi nim hm li, lm c a ra mt cch chnh xc nh vo bt ng thc ton hc lin quan n gi tr hm s. Tuy nhin khi 54
hm kh vi, th iu kin nhn bit n gin hn nhiu. c bit hm kh vi n cp hai th ch n tnh i du ca o hm cp hai m thi. Ngi hc ch n iu kin tm im un khi hm kh vi n cp hai. Trong mc th chn cho chng ta cch tm tim cn ca ng cong. Nn nh rng khng th c cng tim cn ngang v tim cn xin cng mt pha. nhn bit tim cn ng phi i tm cc cc im ca hm s. hc tt phn ny phi nm chc cch kh cc dng bt nh
, .
Trong mc cui cng ngi hc phi nm vng s tng qut kho st v v th hm s. y l dp vn dng v t kim tra cc kin thc hc phn trn. 3.2 TM TT NI DUNG 3.2.1 o hm a. o hm ti mt im 9 nh ngha o hm ti mt im Cho hu hn
a X ,a + h X , f RX .
lim
h0
Ni rng
kh vi ti a nu tn ti gii hn
f (a + h) f (a ) h
Gii hn ny thng k hiu a. T s i s. 1.

f ( a + h ) f ( a ) f ( a ) = x h
df (a ) f ' ( a ) hay dx
gi l o hm ca
ti
gi l t s ca cc s gia hm s v s gia
9 nh ngha o hm mt pha Cho a X , a + h X . Ni rng

h0+
kh vi phi ti a nu tn ti gii
hn hu hn
a X ,a + h X
lim
f ( a + h) f ( a ) h
f p ' (a)
Gii hn ny k hiu l 2. Cho

lim
, gi l o hm phi ca
f
ti a.
. Ni rng
h0
kh vi tri ti a nu tn ti gii
hn hu hn
f ( a + h) f ( a ) h
55
Gii hn ny k hiu l 9 nh l 1: Cho 1. 2. 3. 4.

f +g f
f t ' (a)
, gi l o hm tri ca
ti a.
b. Cc php tnh i s ca cc hm kh vi ti mt im v
g
kh vi ti a khi
( f + g )' ( a ) = f ' (a ) + g ' ( a )
kh vi ti a v
R , f
f .g
kh vi ti a v (f )' (a) = . f ' (a)

( f .g )' (a ) = f ' (a ).g ( a ) + f (a ).g ' (a )
kh vi ti a v
g (a) 0
Nu
th
f g
kh vi ti a v
f f ' (a ).g (a ) f (a ).g ' (a ) g (a) = g 2 (a)
'
9 nh l 2: (o hm ca hm hp). Cho a X , f : X R, g : Y R vi f ( X ) Y . Nu f kh vi ti a v g kh vi ti f ( a ) th hm hp gof kh vi ti a v ( gof )' (a) = g ' ( f (a)). f ' (a). 9 nh l 3: (o hm ca hm ngc). Gi s f : X R n iu ngt v lin tc trn X kh vi ti a X v f ' (a) 0 . Khi hm ngc ca
f
: f (X ) R
kh vi ti
f RX
f ( a ) v
( f ) ( f (a) ) =
1 '
1 f ' (a)
c. o hm trn mt khong (nh x o hm) 9 nh ngha: Cho K hiu nh x kh vi ti mi im

x (a, b) R f ': ( a , b ) R x a f ' ( x)
l nh x o hm hay o hm ca
f ' ( x)
f ( x)
trn (a,b) thng k hiu

( a, b) X
hay
df ( x ), x ( a, b) dx .
Cng ni rng
f ( x)
kh vi trn , (tc l
9 Cc tnh cht nh l 1: Cho 1. 2. 3. 56

f +g f ,g : X R
X
kh vi trn v
X
( a, b) = X
) khi .
kh vi trn
( f + g )' = f '+ g '
R , f
f .g
kh vi trn
X
v (f )' = f '
kh vi trn
( f .g )' = f ' g + fg '

f g
f f ' g fg ' = g g2
X
'
4.
g ( x) 0
trn
X
X
th
kh vi trn N u
f
nh l 2: Cho f R v f ( X ) th gof kh vi trn X v nh l 3: Cho

f ' ( x) 0
g RY .
kh vi trn
X
v g kh vi trn
X
( gof )' = ( g ' of ) f '
f RX
f
1
n iu ngt trn
f (X )
, kh vi trn
1 f'
trn
khi
kh vi trn
( f 1 )' =
3.2.2 Vi phn ca hm s a. nh ngha vi phn ti mt im

X Cho f R , f kh vi ti a X . Vi phn ca f ti a k hiu df (a ) = f ' ( a ).h vi h R nh bi cng thc
df (a )
xc
V y
df (a )
l mt hm tuyn tnh ca h
f ( x) = x
Xt hm s
trn
R , f ' ( x) = 1, x R
vy dx = 1.h
T cng thng k hiu nh l : Nu 1. 2. 3. 4.

X
df ( a ) = f ' ( a ).dx
f , g RX
v kh vi ti a X th vi R
d ( f + g )(a ) = df ( a ) + dg ( a )
d (f )( a ) = df ( a )
d ( f .g )(a ) = f ( a ) dg ( a ) + g (a )df ( a )
f 1 d g (a) = g 2 (a ) ( g (a)df (a) f (a)dg (a) )
khi
g (a) 0
b. Vi phn trn mt khong Cho f R kh vi trn (a, b) X . Vi phn ca hm s trn xc nh theo cng thc df ( x) = f ' ( x).h vi x (a, b) . Tng t nh nh l trn, ta nhn c nh l sau y. nh l: Nu cc h thc sau. 1. 2.
f ,g
( a, b)
kh vi trn
( a, b)
th trn khong cng tho mn
d ( f + g )( x ) = df ( x) + dg ( x )
d (f )( x ) = df ( x )
57
3. 4.
d ( f .g )( x ) = f ( x ) dg ( x ) + g ( x ) df ( x )
f 1 d g ( x) = g 2 ( x) ( g ( x)df ( x) f ( x)dg ( x) )
khi
g ( x) 0
3.2.3 o hm v vi phn cp cao a. o hm cp cao 9 nh ngha 1. Cho f kh vi trn X , nu f ' ( x) kh vi ti a X th ni rng f c o hm cp 2 ti a v k hiu o hm l f " ( a ) . Tng t o hm cp n ca
f
( n 1)
f ( x)
ti a, k hiu l
f ( x)
X
f ( n ) (a )
chnh l o hm ca hm
X
( x)
ti a. Ni rng
f ( n ) ( x)
2. tn ti 3.
kh vi n cp n (hay n ln) trn

n N*
khi v ch khi
f ( n 1) ( x)
f ( x)
trn
trong
f ( n ) ( x)
l o hm ca
X
Ni rng
X
f ( x)
kh vi v hn ln trn
khi v ch khi
(0)
kh vi
n ln trn 9 nh l
, n N . Sau y thng k hiu

*
( x) = f ( x)
Cho R, n N thc sau y : 1. ( f

+ g)
(n)
, f , g RX
kh vi n ln trn
, khi trn
c cc h
= f (n) + g (n)
(n) (n) 2. (f ) = f
3. 4.
( fg )( n ) = Cnk f ( k ) g ( n k )
k =0
gi l cng thc Leibnitz

f g
g ( x) 0
trn
th
kh vi n ln trn
b. Vi phn cp cao 9 nh ngha 1. Nu

d f (a ) = f
n
(n)
kh vi n cp n ti a X th biu thc
d f (a) .
n
f ( n ) (a ).h n
(n)
gi l vi
(a )h n
phn cp n ti a k hiu l
(a)dx
n
Vy l
d f (a) = f
n
hay
58
2. Nu
X
kh vi n cp n trn
d f ( x), x X
n
th vi phn cp n ca
trn
c k hiu l
v xc nh theo cng thc sau
x X , d n f ( x) = f ( n ) ( x )h n = f ( n ) ( x )dx n
9 nh l: Nu 1.
f ,g
kh vi n cp n trn
th khi
d n ( f + g) = d n f + d ng
2. Vi R,
n
d n ( f ) = d n f
3.
k k d n ( f .g ) = Cn d f .d n k g k =0
4. Nu
g ( x) 0
th
f g
c vi phn n cp n.
c. Lp ca mt hm 9 nh ngha 1. Cho n N , Ta ni
f
thuc lp
Cn
X
(k hiu
f Cn )
trn
nu
kh vi n ln trn 2. Ni rng 3. Ni rng
(n)
lin tc trn
X X
.
X
f C f C0
trn trn
nu f kh vi v hn ln trn nu f lin tc trn

X
9 nh l nh l 1: Nu 1.
( f + g) Cn
f , g Cn
trn
th
trn
2. f 3. 4.
Cn
Cn
trn trn trn
X , R
X
fg C n
f Cn g
khi
g ( x) 0
x X
nh l 2: Cho th
gof C n
f RX
g RY ,
f (X ) Y
. N u
thuc lp
trn
59
3.2.4 Cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh a. nh l Phc ma (Fermat) 9 im cc tr ca hm s Cho

f RX .
Gi hm s t cc tr a phng ti a X khi v ch khi

x (a )
tn ti (a)
X,
tho mn
f ( x) f (a ) 0
hoc
f ( x) f (a ) 0
Trng hp th nht xy ra ni rng f t cc tiu a phng ti a, trng hp sau ni rng f t cc i a phng ti a. Nu ch c f ( x) f (a ) > 0 hoc tr a phng ngt ti a. 9 nh l Fermat nh l: Nu
f ' (a) = 0
f ( x)
f ( x) f (a ) < 0
ni rng hm s t cc
kh vi ti a v t cc tr a phng ti a th
b. nh l Rn (Rolle) 9 nh l: Cho 1. 2.
f ( a ) = f (b )
f R [a , b ]
f f
tho mn.
lin tc trn [a,b] kh vi trn (a,b)

c ( a, b)
khi tn ti
f R [a , b ]
sao cho
f ' (c ) = 0
c. nh l s gia hu hn. (nh l Lagrng (Lagrange)) 9 nh l: Cho tho mn:

c ( a, b)
1. Lin tc trn [a,b] 2. Kh vi trn (a,b), khi tn ti sao cho

f ( b ) f ( a ) = (b a ) f ' ( c )
d. nh l s gia hu hn suy rng (nh l Csi(Cauchy)) 9 nh l: Cho 1. 2. 3. 60

f ,g f ,g
f , g R [a , b ]
tho mn:
lin tc trn [a,b] kh vi trn (a,b)
g ' ( x ) 0 x ( a , b ) .

f (b) f (a ) f ' (c ) = g (b) g (a ) g ' (c)
Khi tn ti
c ( a, b )
sao cho
3.2.5 ng dng cc nh l v gi tr trung bnh a Cng thc Taylo(Taylor), cng thc Maclranh(McLaurin) 9 nh ngha 1. Cho hm
f
kh vi n cp (n+1) ti a X tc l
Pn ( x)
f Cn
ti ln cn tho
ca a v c o hm cp n+1 ti a. Gi a thc mn iu kin

Pn( k ) (a) = f ( k ) (a) k = 0, n
vi
deg Pn ( x) n
l a thc Taylor ca f ( x) ti ln cn im a, hay l phn chnh qui ca khai trin hu hn bc n ti a ca f ( x) 2. Nu a = 0 th 9 nh l N u

Pn ( x)
Pn ( x)
gi l a thc McLaurin ca
f ( x)
f ( x)
l a thc Taylor ca
Pn ( x) = f (a) +
ti ln cn ca a th n l duy
nht v c dng Cho

Pn ( x)
f ' (a) f ( n ) (a ) ( x a) + ... + ( x a) n 1! n!
9 Cng thc Taylor l a thc Taylor ca

rn ( x) = f ( x) Pn ( x)
f ( x)
ti ln cn ca a
f ( x)
1. Gi
n
l phn d Taylor bc n ti a ca
2. Gi cng thc
f ( x) =
k =0
f ( k ) (a ) f ( n +1) (a + ( x a)) ( x a)k + ( x a) n +1 k! (n + 1)!

f ( x)
bc n , hay khai trin hu hn bc n hm

f ( x) =
n
l cng thc Taylor ti ln cn ca a l cng thc ti ln cn ca 0.
k =0 3. Gi cng thc McLaurin bc n, hay khai trin hu hn bc n ca
f ( k ) (0) k f ( n +1) (x) n +1 x + x k! (n + 1)!

f ( x)
9 Cng thc McLaurin ca cc hm thng dng 1.

f ( x) = e x , x R .
61
Ta thy Suy ra 2.
f C
n
trn
f ( k ) (0) = 1 k N
ex =
xk + 0( x n ) k = 0 k!
f C
f ( x ) = sin x, x R,
k = 2m k 0 , f ( k ) ( x) = sin x + k f ( k ) (0) = sin = 2 2 (1) m , k = 2m + 1

sin x =
m=0
(1)m
n
x 2 m +1 + 0( x 2 n + 2 ) (2m + 1)! x2m + 0( x 2 n +1 ) (2m)! .
Tng t 3. th
f C
cos x =
m =0
(1)m
f ( x) = (1 + x) , R, x X
ph thuc . Vi x ln cn ca 0
f ( k ) ( x) = ( 1)...( k + 1)(1 + x) k f ( k ) (0) = ( 1)...( k + 1)

(1 + x) = 1 +
k =1 n
( 1)...( k + 1)
k!
Suy ra 4.
x k + 0( x n )
f ( x ) = ln(1 + x) ,
ln cn 0 th
f C
f ( n +1) ( x) = (1) n
n! f ( n +1) (0) = (1) n .n! ( x + 1) n +1
ln(1 + x) = x
x2 xn + ... + (1) n 1 + 0( x n ) 2 n
5.
f ( x ) = arctgx , x R
nu k = 2m 0 f C , f ( k ) (0) = m 1 (1) (2m 2)!, nu k = 2m + 1

x3 x5 (1) m 1 2 m 1 x arctgx = x + + ... + + 0( x 2 m ) 2m 1 3 5
f C
V y 6. 62
f ( x) = tgx,
ln cn ca 0.
Ta biu din
x3 x5 + sin x x3 3 ! 5 ! tgx = = = x + + 0( x 3 ) 2 4 x x cos x 3 1 + 2! 4! x
b. Qui tc Lpitan (LHospital) Cho 1. 2. 3.

a X , f , g RX
tho mn cc iu kin sau:

x (a ) \ {a}
lin tc ti a v kh vi ln cn (a ) \ {a}
g ' ( x) 0
lim
xa
f ' ( x) =l g ' ( x) f ( x) f (a) =l g ( x) g (a) .
Khi
lim
xa
3.2.6 S bin thin ca hm s a. Tnh n iu ca hm kh vi 9 nh l 1: Cho 1. 2. 3.

f R [a , b ]
tha mn:
f lin tc trn on [a,b] f kh vi trn khong (a,b)

f ' ( x) = 0, x ( a, b)
khi f(x) khng i trn [a,b]
9 nh l 2: Cho f lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trn (a,b). f tng trn [a,b] th cn v l f ' ( x) 0, x (a, b) 9 nh l 3: Cho f lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trn (a,b). f tng ngt trn [a,b], iu kin cn v l a.
f ' ( x) 0, x ( a, b)
b. Tp {x (a, b), f ' ( x) = 0} khng cha bt k mt khong c phn trong khng rng no. b. iu kin hm s t cc tr 9 nh l 1: Cho f R . Nu tn ti ln cn (a ) X v ( a , a ) v f ' ( x ) 0 trn ( a + , a ) th f c mt cc i ti a.
X
f ' ( x) 0
trn
63
9 nh l 2: Cho Khi : a.
f
(n)
f Cn
ti ln cn
(a )
v tha mn iu kin:
f ' (a ) = ... = f ( n 1) (a ) = 0, f ( n ) (a ) 0
Nu n chn th f(x) t cc tr ti a: t cc tiu nu t cc i nu

f ( n ) (a) < 0 .
(a) > 0 ,
b.
Nu n l th f(x) khng t cc tr ti a.
3.2.7 Bi ton tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr b nht Bi ton: Cho hm s f ( x) xc nh trn tp X . Tm gi tr b nht (GTBN) , gi tr ln nht (GTLN) ca hm s trn tp . Ni rng hm Ni rng hm
f ( x)
t GTBN l m ti x1 X khi v ch khi :

m = f ( x1 ) f ( x), x X
f ( x)
t GTLN l M ti x 2 X khi v ch khi:

M = f ( x 2 ) f ( x), x X
a. Hm lin tc trn on kn [a,b] Theo tnh cht lin tc ca hm s trn mt on kn bao gi cng tn ti m,M. Theo nh l Fermat nu hm kh vi ti x0 v t cc tr ti th f(x0)=0. V cc tr c tnh a phng nn cc im ti hm t GTBN, GTLN ch c th l hoc cc im ti hm s khng kh vi hoc cc im lm o hm trit tiu hoc cc im a,b. T cc quy tc tm m, M tng ng x1, x2 nh sau: 9 Tm cc gi tr f(a), f(b). 9 Tm cc gi tr ca hm s ti cc im hm s khng kh vi. 9 Tm gi tr ca hm s ti cc im lm trit tiu o hm f(x). 9 So snh cc gi tr tm c trn tm ra gi tr b nht, l m, tm ra gi tr ln nht, l M. b. Hm lin tc trn khong m, khong v hn Trong trng hp ny, thay v tnh f(a), f(b), ta tm gii hn ca hm s khi x dn ti a, dn n b, hoc dn n . Tuy nhin phi xem xt hm s c t c gii hn ny khng. Cc bc tip theo thc him nh mc trn. 64
3.2.8 Hm li a. Khi nim v hm li, hm lm v im un 9 nh ngha 1. nh x

f :X R
c gi l li nu
x1 , x 2 X , [0,1], f (x1 + (1 ) x2 ) f ( x1 ) + (1 ) f ( x2 )
Ni rng f l lm khi v ch khi f l li. 2. Cho f R . Gi s X = [a, b] [b, c] m f li (lm) trn [a,b], f lm (li) trn [b,c] . Khi im U(b,f(b)) gi l im un ca th Cf ca hm s. Nh vy im un l im phn bit gia cc cung li v cung lm ca th hm s.
X
9nh l 1: f l li trn X iu kin cn v l a X , t s gia ti a ca f tng trn X \ {a} , tc l

a ( x) =
f ( x) f (a) xa
tng trn
X \ {a} .
9 nh l 2 : ( Bt ng thc Jensen) N u
f RX
n
li ,
n N * , x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n X ; 1 , 2 ,..., n [0,1]

n
sao cho
k =1
=1
th s c
f k xk k f ( xk ) k =1 k =1
b. iu kin hm li 9 nh l 1: Gi s f l li trn X khi f kh vi phi v tri ti mi im trong ca X v a, b, c X sao cho a<b<c, ta c

f (b ) f ( a ) f ( c ) f (b ) f t ' (b) f p ' (b) ba cb
9 nh l 2: Cho tng trn X
f RX
kh vi. f li trn X iu kin cn v l f
3.2.9 Tim cn ca ng cong a. Khi nim chung v tim cn: ng thng ( ) c gi l tim cn ca ng cong Cf nu nh khong cch t mt im M ( x, y ) C f n ( ) dn n 0 khi chy ra v cng trn ng cong Cf).
x 2 + y 2 +
(Tc l M 65
b. Phn loi v cch tm tim cn 9 Tim cn ng (Tim cn song song vi trc tung): ng x=a l tim cn ng ca ng cong
lim f ( x) =
xa
y = f ( x)
khi v ch khi
+
Gii hn trn c th bao hm c trng hp x a , x a , y , y + . ng vi tng trng hp s nhn c tim cn ng pha trn hoc pha di, bn phi hoc bn tri ng cong Cf. S a chnh l cc im ca hm s. 9 Tim cn ngang (Tim cn song song vi trc honh) ng y=b l tim cn ngang ca ng cong
lim f ( x) = b
x
y = f ( x)
khi v ch khi
Tu theo x hay x + ta c tim cn ngang bn tri hay bn phi. 9 Tim cn xin (Tim cn khng song song vi cc trc to ) ng
y = x +
, 0 l tim cn xin ca ng cong

f ( x) = lim x x lim[ f ( x) x] = x
y = f ( x)
khi v ch khi
Tu theo x hay x + ta c tim cn xin bn tri hay bn phi. R rng v pha no khi c tim cn ngang y=b th khng th c tim cn xin bi v khi 3.2.10
lim
x
f ( x) =0 x
v ngc li.
Bi ton kho st hm s
S tng th kho st hm s gm cc bc di y 1. Tm min xc nh f (nu nh cha cho) v cc tnh cht c bit ca hm s nh: chn, l, tun hon (nu c) 2. Xt s bin thin ca hm s: Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s. 3. Tm cc tr (nu c) 4. Xt tnh li, lm ca hm s, im un (nu c) 5. Tm tim cn ca th hm s (nu c) 66
6. Lp bng bin thin 7. V th 3.3 CU HI N TP Cu 1. nh ngha hm s kh vi ti im x0, kh vi trong khong (a,b), kh vi trong on [a,b], kh vi trong khong ( a, ) . Cu 2. o hm ca hm s ti x0 l g? Vi phn ca hm s ti x0 l g? Cu 3. Nu ngha hnh hc ca o hm ti im x0. Cu 4. im ti m o hm hai pha khc nhau th tng ng th c tip tuyn khng? Cu 5. im ti c o hm l v cng th tng ng tip tuyn ca th c tnh cht g? Cu 6. V sao ni rng iu kin lin tc ca hm s ch l iu kin cn ch khng phi l iu kin ca hm kh vi? Cu 7. Nu cc tnh cht i s ca hm kh vi. Cc tnh cht cn ng khng i vi cc hm khng kh vi? Cu 8. Nu cng thc tnh gn ng s gia ca hm s nh vo vi phn ca hm s. chnh xc trong php tnh ph thuc vo i lng no? Cu 9. nh ngha o hm cp cao ca hm s ti im x0 Cu 10. nh ngha vi phn cp cao ca hm s ti im x0 Cu 11. Hiu th no l tnh bt bin ca vi phn cp 1? Cu 12. Vit cng thc tnh o hm cp cao ca tch hai hm s. Cu 13. nh ngha cc tr ca hm s. Ti sao ni rng cc tr c tnh cht a phng? Cu 14. Pht biu nh l Fermat. V sao ni rng l iu kin cn ca hm kh vi? ngha ca nh l Fermat? Cu 15. Pht biu v nu ngha hnh hc ca nh l Rolle. Nu mt trong cc iu kin ca nh l Rolle khng tho mn th c tn ti gi tr trung bnh khng? Cu 16. Pht biu v nu ngha hnh hc ca nh l Largrange. Nu mt trong cc iu kin ca nh l Largrange khng tho mn th c tn ti gi tr trung bnh khng? 67
Cu 17. Pht biu nh l Cauchy. Chng t cng thc Cauchy l tng qut nht v gi tr trung bnh. Cu 18. Ti sao ni cng thc Largrange l cng thc s gia hu hn? Cu 19. Phn d Taylor ca hm s f(x) c phi l mt a thc ca x khng? Ti sao? Cu 20. Nu ngha ca cng thc Taylor, cng thc McLaurin. Cu 21. Nu cc iu kin ca cc tr. Cu 22. Nu cc iu kin nhn bit hm s tng, gim trn mt khong. Cu 23. nh ngha hm li, hm lm. M t hnh hc. Cu 24. Nu cch tm im un, khong li, khong lm ca ng cong. Cu 25. Nu quy tc LHospital . Cho v d chng t rng quy tc khng m t iu kin cn ca s tn ti gii hn. Cu 26. Trnh by cch tm tim cn ca ng cong. Cu 27. Trnh by s tng qut kho st v v th hm s. 3.4 BI TP CHNG III Cu 1. Dng nh ngha hy tnh cc o hm cc hm s a. f ( x) = 2 x + 1 b. f ( x) = x + c. f ( x) =
1 x
1+ x x
d. f ( x) = x Cu 2. Tnh cc o hm ca cc hm s a. y = ( x 1) ( x + 1)
2 3
x 2ex , b. y = 1 , e
2
x 1 x >1
1 n * x sin , x 0, n N c. y = x ,x = 0 0
d. y = x. x
68
Cu 3. Chng t rng nu f (x) kh vi ti x=a th

x. f (a ) af ( x) = f ( a ) af ' (a ) xa xa lim
Cu 4. Chng minh rng hm s f ( x) = x a ( x) trong ( x) l hm s lin tc v (a) 0 khng kh vi ti x=a. Cu 5. Tnh cc o hm fp(0) v ft(0) ca cc hm s sau y: a. f ( x) = sin x
2
a2 x2 b. f ( x) = arcsin 2 2 a +x
x ,x 0 1 c. f ( x) = 1 + e x ,x = 0 0
x 2
1 1 x d. f ( x) = x n e , x 0, n N 0 ,x = 0
2
Cu 6. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s: a. y = ln tg c. y = e
sin 2
b. y = ln( x + x 2 + 1)
2x 2 d. y = arcsin 1+ x4
3
1 x
1 e. y = 1 + 3 x
f. y = arctg h. y = k. y =
1
1 2
2x 1 x2
g. y = ln i. y = ln
x ln x 1 x ln x + 1
2ax x 2
x2 1 ax 4
1 (1 + cos 4 x) 5
x
l. y = cos 2
1 x 1+ x
1 x 1+ x
1 m. y = 1 + tg x+
n. y = arcsin
o. y = log 2 log 3 log 5 x
Cu 7. Tnh o hm sau bng phng php o hm lga: a. y = x x c. y =

2
b. y = (sin x) cos x
( x 3) 2
( x + 1) 3 4 x 2
5
x d. y = 1+ x
69

x( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 1) 2
e. y = ( x 2 + 1) sin x g. y = i. y =
1 xx
f. y = 3
h. y = x x 2 x x 2 k. y = log cos x sin x
xx ( x ln x x 1) ex
Cu 8. Tnh vi phn ca hm s a. y =
cos x 1 x tg ln 2 2 sin 2 x 2
b. Cho f ( x) = x 3 2 x + 1 . Tnh f (1), df (1) c. Vi x << a 2 chng minh d. Vi p dng tnh e. y =

1 3x
10
(a > 0)
x 2a
a2 + x a +
(a > 0)
n
x << a n
chng
minh
an + x a +
x na n1
10 3 = 10 210 24
1 +6 22x
ti x = 1 v dx = 0,2
Cu 9. Tnh o hm ca y x ' ca cc hm cho theo tham s: y = b sin 3 a. x = a cos 3 , b. x = ln(1 + t 2 ) , c. x =

1+ t3 , t 2 1
y = t arctgt
y=
t t 2 1
d. x = a(t sin t ) , Cu 10. Tnh a.
y = a(1 cos t )
d d sin x ( x 3 2 x 6 x 9 ) b. 3 d (x ) d (x2 ) x 1+ t 3 2 ,y = 3 + 3 t 2t t 1 1+ t 2 ln
c.
d (sin x) d (cos x)
Cu 11. Chng minh cc h thc sau: a. x. y '3 = 1 + y ' vi x =
b. y 1 + y '2 = y ' vi x = 70
t 1+ 1+ t 2 ,y = t 1+ t 2
c. y. y ' = 2 x. y ' 2
vi x =
1 + ln t 3 + 2 ln t ,y = 2 t t
Cu 12. Chng minh cc h thc sau: a. Cho f ( x) = ln

1 . Chng minh f ( n) (0) = (n 1)! 1 x
x a ( n)
b. Cho f ( x) = x e . Chng minh f

n
(1) n .n.(n 1) ( 0) = a n2
f ' (1) f ( n ) (1) c. Cho f ( x) = x . Chng minh f (1) + + ... + = 2n 1! n!
Cu 13. Tnh o hm cp n ca cc hm s: a. y = 2 x + 2 x c. y =
ax + b cx + d
b. y = ln(ax + b) c. y = x f. y =
1+ x x
e. y = x n . x
Cu 14. Tnh cc o hm cp cao sau: a. y = ( x 2 + 1) sin x ,

ex b. y = x
tnh y(20) tnh y(10) tnh y(n) tnh y(n) tnh y(100) tnh y(n) tnh y(n)
, ,
c. y = e x .sin x
1+ x 1 x x 1+ x
d. y = sin ax.sin bx , e. y = , ,
f*. y = 3
g*. y = e ax sin(bx + c) ,
Cu 15. Chng minh hm s y = e arcsin x tha mn:

(1 x 2 ) y ( n+ 2) (2n + 1) xy ( n+1) (n 2 + 2 ) y ( n ) = 0, n N
Cu 16. Chng minh hm s y = (1 x) .e x tha mn

(1 x) y ( n+1) (n + x) y ( n ) ny ( n1) = 0, n N *
71

1 n 1 x x e
Cu 17. Chng minh hm s y =
tha mn y
(n)
(1) n = n +1 e x x
m
Cu 18. Chng minh a thc Lging (Legendre) Pm (x) =
(m) 1 ( x 2 1)m , m = 0,1,2,... 2 m!
tha mn phng trnh (1 x 2 ) Pm "2 xPm '+ m(m + 1) Pm = 0 Cu 19. Chng minh a thc Trbsp- Hcmt ( Chebyshev Hermite):
H m ( x) = ( 1) m e x ( e x ) ( m ) , m = 0,1,2,...
2 2
tha mn phng trnh: H m "2 xH m '+2mH m = 0 Cu 20. p dng o hm tnh cc tng sau: a. An = 1 + 2 x + 3x 2 + ... + nx n1 b. Bn = 1.2 + 2.3.x + 3.4.x 2 + ... + n(n 1) x n2 c. C n = 12 + 2 2 x + 32 x 2 + ... + n 2 x n1 Cu 21. Chng minh rng phng trnh x n + px + q = 0, n N * khng c qu 2 nghim thc vi n chn, khng c qu 3 nghim thc vi n l. Cu 22. Chng minh rng m phng trnh x 3 3x + m = 0 khng th c 2 nghim khc nhau trong [0,1]. Cu 23. Chng t rng phng trnh f(x)=0 c 3 nghim thc bit rng
f ( x) = x( x + 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
Cu 24. Chng minh rng s nghim ca phng trnh f(x)=0 khng nhiu hn qu 1 n v ca s nghim ca phng trnh f(x)=0 Cu 25. Cho f(x) kh vi trn [a,b] v c o hm n cp hai trn (a,b). Chng minh rng x (a, b) c th tm c t nht s C x (a, b) sao cho
f ( x) f (a ) f (b) f (a ) ( x a )( x b) ( x a) = f " (C x ) ba 2
Cu 26. a. Khng cn tm o hm ca hm s f ( x) = ( x 2 1)( x 2 4) . Hy cho bit s nghim ca phng trnh f(x)=0 v ch ra cc khong cha nghim . b. Cho f ( x) = 1 + x m ( x 1) n vi m, n N * chng t rng f(x)=0 c nghim trong khong (0,1). 72
Cu 27. Cho hm f(x) lin tc trn [a,b], kh vi trong (a,b). Chng t rng
x f ( x) 1 f (b) 1 f (a) 1
nu p dng nh l Rolle cho hm s: c nh l Lagrange
F ( x) = b a
s nhn
Cu 28. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau y: a. b.

ab a ab ln , (0 < b a ) a b b
tg tg , ( 0 < < ) 2 cos 2 cos 2
c. nb n1 (a b) a n b n na n1 (a b), (b < a), n N d. arctga arctgb a b Cu 29. a. Tm cc hng s a,b tn ti gii hn hu hn ca f(x) khi x 0
f ( x) = 1 1 a b sin 3 x x 3 x 2 x
b. Tm hng s k tn ti gii hn hu hn ca hm f(x) khi x 0

1 x2 f ( x) = (arcsin x + k ) x
Cu 30. Dng qui tc LHospital tm cc gii hn sau: a. lim

x 2 xe
x+e tg
b. lim
1 x 1 sin
x1
c. lim
x
ln( x a) xa ln(e x e a )
d. lim
x1
2 ln(1 x)
e. lim
x 0
ln x 1 + 2 ln sin x
f. lim
x cot g
x 0
Cu 31. Tm cc gii hn sau: a. lim

1 x 0 x
1 e 1
x
b. lim ln x. ln( x 1)
x1
c. lim e
x0
1 x2
x 100
d. lim
p q x 1 1 x p 1 xq
73

1 1 x1 2(1 x ) 3(1 3 x )
e. lim
f. lim 2 cos x x cot gx

2
Cu 32. Tm cc gii hn sau: a. lim (1 + x)

x 0 ln x
b. lim (tgx)
x
2 cos x
c. lim ( x +
x 0
1 2x x e )
tgx x d. lim x 0 x
1
2
e. lim x
x 0
ln(e 1)
x
a x x ln a x f. lim x 0 b x x ln b
3 1) 2
1
2
Cu 33. Tm cc khong tng, gim v cc tr ca cc hm s sau: a. y = x(1 + x ) d. y =

ex x
b. y = x ln x e. y = x ax x 2 , (a > 0)
c. y = ( x
Cu 34. Tm cc tr cc hm s sau: a. y = x (1 x x ) d. y = xe
x2 2
b. y = x ( x + 2) e. y =
c. y =
2 x3
+ (x
2 2) 3
1 + ln x x
f. y = 2 cos + 3 cos
x 2
x 3
g. y = sin x 2
x 1 + x2
x 1 x2
h. y = ln 1 + x 2 arctgx
Cu 35. Chng minh cc ng thc sau: a. arctgx = arcsin b. arcsin x = arctg
Cu 36. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau: a. sin x + tgx 2 x, b. cos x > 1 x 2 , c. 74

tg
1 2
x 0, 2
x > 0
0< < <
<
tg
d. e x > 1 + x ,
x2 e. x ln(1 + x) x , x 0 2 x3 f. x sin x x , 6 x3 g. tgx > x + , 3
x 0
x 0
0< x<
h. 2 x > 3 ,
1 x
x > 1
i. 2 x.arctgx ln(1 + x 2 ) x k. ln x >

2( x 1) , x +1
arctgx , 1+ x
x > 1 x > 0
l. ln(1 + x) >
Cu 37. Chng minh tnh duy nht nghim ca cc phng trnh sau: a. 2 x + sin x + cos x = 0 b.
2 3 x 2 x 2 + 1 = 0, 3
x0
0 < a < c,0 < b < c
c. a x + b x = c x , d. x = a 2 + 2 sin
a+x , a 2
e. x 3 + sin 2 ax + cos3 a = 0, a Cu 38. Tm gi tr ln nht, b nht ca cc hm s:

1 x + x2 a. y = , 1+ x + x2
0 x 1
0 < x < 1, a > 0, b > 0
0 x<
a2 b2 b. y = + , x 1 x
c. y = 2tgx tg 2 x, d. y = arctg
1 x , 1+ x
0 x 1
75
Cu 39. Tm cc tim cn ca cc ng cong a. y = x + ln x d. y = x 2 +

x2 x2 + 9
x3 x 2 + 12
b. y =
sin x x
c. y = x 2 e x
2
1 e. y = x ln e + f. y = xe x + 1 x
Cu 40. Xt tnh li lm v tm im un ca hm s: a. y = b. y = (1 + x 2 )e x d. y = ln
a x a x
( a > 0)
c. y = a 5 ( x b) 2
Cu 41. Kho st hm s sau: a. y = (2 + x 2 )e x b. y =

2
ln x x
x
c. y = + f. y =
1 ex
4 x
1 x4
1 1 d. y = e. y = 1 + sin x + cos x x
3.5 HNG DN V P S BI TP CHNG III Cu 1. a. f / ( x) = c. f / ( x) =

1 x2
2
1 2x + 1
1
3 2x 2
, b. f / ( x) = 1 , d. f / ( x) =
1
1 x2
2 x
,x0
2
Cu 2. a. y = ( x 1) x + 1 (5 x 1)
2 x 2 x(1 x )e , x 1 b. y = 0, x > 1 /
1 1 n2 x nx sin cos , x 0, n 2 c. y / = x x 0, x = 0
d. y / = 2 x
2 2 , f t / ( 0) = a a
Cu 5. a. f p/ (0) = 1, f t / (0) = 1 , c. f p/ (0) = 0, f t / (0) = 1, 76
b. f p/ (0) = d.
f / ( 0) = 0
Chng 3: Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s 1 Cu 6. a. y = sin x

/
b. y =
/
1 x2 +1
,
2
c. y =
1 x2
sin 2
1 x
2 sin , x
,
d. y = g. y / = i. y / =
4x 1 + x4
, ,
1 1 e. y = 1 + 3 , x x x
f. y / =
,
1 x2 + 1
2(ln x + 1) x 2 ln 2 x 1
h. y / = k. y / =
xa (2ax x )
2 3
2 x ax
5
20 sin 4 x , (1 + cos 4 x) 6
1 x sin 2 1 + x l. y / = , 2 x (1 + x )
m. y / =
x2 1 1 1 2 x 2 cos 2 x + 1 + tg x + x x
n. y / =
1 (1 + x) 2 x(1 x)
2
o. y / =
1 x log 5 x. log 3 (log 5 x) ln 2. ln 3. ln 5
Cu 7. a. y / = x x
/
+1
(2 ln x + 1) .
cos x cos
b. y = (sin x)
/
x , sin ln sin x x sin nx

2
57 x 2 302 x + 361 ( x + 1) 2 4 x 2 c. y = . 5 20( x 2)( x 3) ( x 3) 2
x x 1 + ln d. y = . x + 1 x + 1 x + 1
/
e. y / = ( x 2 + 1) sin x f. y =
/
2 x sin x 2 cos ln( 1 ) . + x x + x2 +1

3
x 4 + 6 x 2 + 1 x ( x 2 + 1) 3 x(1 x 4 )
1 ln x x2 .
( x 2 1) 2
g. y / = y
77
h. i. k.
y / = y (ln 2 +
y/ = y/ = 1 e
x
2 1 ln x) x
x x +1 ln x(ln x 1). 1 (cot gx ln cos x + tgx ln sin x).
ln 2 cos x dx sin x
2
Cu 8. a. dy = d.
10
b. f (1) = x + 3(x) 2 + (x) 3 , df (1) = x . e. dy (1) = 0,3466.

/ b. y x = ,
10 3 1,9955...
b a
/ Cu 9. a. y x = tg ,
t 2
c.
/ yx
1+ t2 t ( 2 + 3t t 2 )
/ = cot g . d. y x
t 2
Cu 10. a. 1 4 x 3 3x 6 , c. cot gx. Cu 13. a. y

(n)
b.
1 sin x cos x , 2 x 2x
= 2 + ( 1) 2
]ln
2,
b. y
(n)
= ( 1)
n 1
(n 1)! a n (ax + b) n ,
c. y ( n ) = e. y Cu 14.
(n)
n! ( ad bc )(c ) n 1 (cx + d ) n +1 2n x,
,
(n)
d. y ( n ) =
=
( 1) n 1 ( 2n 3)!! 2
n
2 n 1
( 2n + 1)!!
f. y
(1) n 1 (2n 3)!!

2 n +1 n 2 x 2
( x 2n + 1).
a. y (20) = ( x 2 379) sin x 40 x cos x.

n b. y (10) = e x (1) n C10 n =0
10
n!
c. y ( n ) 78
x n +1 n k k sin x + = e x Cn . 2 k =0
d. y ( n) = (a b) n cos(a b) x + e. y (100) = f. . y ( n)
=
1 2
n n n + + + ( ) cos ( ) a b a b x . 2 2
197!!(399 x) 2100 (1 x)100 1 x

n+
.
.
(1) n +1 .1.4...(3n 5)(3n + 2 x) 3 n (1 + x)

n 2 2 b )
1 3
g. y ( n ) = e ax (a 2 +
sin(bx + c + n ) .
b sin = a2 + b2 a cos = a2 + b2
Cu 26. a. x1 (2;1), Cu 29. a. a = 0; b = , Cu 30. a. 0, Cu 31. a.

1 , 2
1 2
x 2 ( 1;1),
x 3 (1;2). b.
f (0) = f (1)
b. k = 0. c. 1, c. 0, c. e
1
3
b. , b. 0, b. 1,
d. , d. d.
1 e. , 2
f.
2
2
pq , 2
1 e3
e.
1 , f. 1 12
Cu 32. a. 1,
1
e. e
f.
1 2 (ln a ln 2 b ) 2 e
Cu 33. a. Tng [0,+) khng c cc tr. b. Tng 0, , gim ,+ , xC = 1 . e e e c. Gim ( ;1], tng [1;+ ) . d. Gim ( ;0 ), (0;1), tng [1;+ ) , xCT = 1 . e. Gim a; a , tng 0; a , 4 4 Cu 34. a. min (0;0), b. min (0;0),
3 max 2
3 xCD = a. 4
2 63 4 . ; 49 7 7
max (1;1). max (1;2). 79
c. min (0; 3 4 ), min (2; 3 4 ),
d. min 1;
e. max (1;1).

1 , e
max 1;
1 . e
1 f. min 12 k ;5 cos , 5 5
min [6(2k + 1) ;1],

2 5 2 . 5
max (12k ;5), g. min (0;0),
max 12 k ;5 cos max

4n + 1 ;1 . 2
1 h. min 1; ln 2 .
2 4
Cu 38. a. m = , M = 1. b. m = (a + b) 2 . c. M = 1. d. m = 0, M = Cu 39. a. x = 0. d. y = 2, f. x=0, y=x Cu 40. a. xU = {0;6} c. b. xU = { 1;3}. d.

xU =
3 ae 2 .
1 3
b.
y=0 .
c.
1 e
y = 0. 1 y = x+ . e
y = 2( x 1).
e. x = ,
80
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn
3. 4.
5. CHNG IV: PHP TNH TCH PHN

4.1 MC CH
Php tnh tch phn l php tnh c bn th hai ca ton cao cp. y l php tnh ngc ca php tnh vi phn. Chnh v th tnh tch phn nhanh chng, chnh xc cn thng tho php tnh o hm ca hm s. Trong mc th nht ca chng ny cn nm vng nh ngha tch phn xc nh. Bn cht ca n l php tnh gii hn ca mt dy s c to ra theo mt nguyn tc nht nh (lp tng tch phn) t hm s f(x) xc nh trn on [a,b]. Sau khi hiu c lp cc hm kh tch s thy r khi nim tch phn xc nh hc ph thng trung hc ch l mt trng hp ring ca khi nim tch phn xc nh c trnh by mc ny. C th l cng thc Newton-Leibnitz ch c p dng khi hm di du tch phn lin tc trn on [a,b]. Ngi hc phi nm c iu kin cn ca hm kh tch sau ny phn bit vi tch phn suy rng. Bn cnh phi bit vn dng cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh bi v nh c tnh cht ny v cc tch phn c bn m ta c th tnh c cc tch phn phc tp hn. Cn hiu c nguyn hm ca hm s l g v phn bit tch phn xc nh vi tch phn bt nh. Trong mc th hai cn nm vng hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn xc nh: Phng php tch phn tng phn v phng php i bin s. Cn hiu rng phn ln cc tch phn ch c tnh bng mt phng php duy nht. Do trc ht phi phn loi sau mi i vo tnh ton. Nm chc cc iu kin i vi hm s khi thc hin php i bin s. Lu rng khi thc hin php i bin s th cn ca tch phn cng bin i theo. Mc th ba trnh by phng php tnh tch phn bt nh. Ngoi hai phng php c bn cn phi thuc cch i bin thch hp cho tng trng hp: hm hu t, hm hu t lng gic, hm v t,.... Mc th t gm cc ng dng mang tnh cht hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh: din tch hnh phng, th tch vt th, di cung. Phi ch n tnh cht bin ca cc hnh ri mi p dng cc cng thc tnh thch hp: trong h ta cc, ta cc. Sau ny cn c bit nhiu ng dng rng ri ca tch phn xc nh. 81
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn Trong mc th nm ngi hc phi hiu r tch phn suy rng, ngha hnh hc ca n. Phn bit s khc nhau gia tch phn suy rng v tch phn xc nh. Nm vng khi nim hi t, phn k ca tch phn suy rng. Khi s dng tiu chun hi t ca lp hm gi nguyn du cn phi dng n php so snh cc v cng b, v cng ln. Cn nm vng khi nim hi t tuyt i, bn hi t ca tch phn suy rng, bi v cc ni dung trn s gp trong chng tip theo. Cng cn nh rng rt nhiu vn k thut gn lin vi vic tnh cc tch phn suy rng. 4.2 TM TT NI DUNG
4.2.1 Khi nim v tch phn xc nh
a. nh ngha tch phn xc nh Cho f : [a, b] R , a < b 1. Ta gi mt h hu hn cc im

a = x0 < x1 < ... < xn 1 < xn = b ( xi ) , i = 0, n
sao cho
l mt phn hoch (hay mt cch chia) on [a, b] v gi = 0Max xi , i n 1 trong hoch l

xi = xi +1 xi , i = 0, n 1 l bc ca phn hoch chn. Tp phn
(n )
2. Ta gi mt cch chn ng vi phn hoch l mt cch ly n im i , sao cho i [xi , xi +1 ] , i = 0, n 1 3. Ta gi s thc

f
n 1 i =0
= f ( i )xi l
tng Riman (Riemann) ca hm

f R [a , b ]
ng vi mt phn hoch v mt cch chn.R rng vi v hn tng Riemann K hiu l ( n ) . [a,b] v cch chn cc im i ng vi cch chia ) th xc nh ca
f
s c dy
4. Nu 0 m n I hu hn ( khng ph thuc vo cch chia on

I
gi l tch phn
f
trn [a, b] , K hiu l Nh vy
f ( x)dx , khi ni rng

a
kh tch trn
[a, b]
82
f ( x)dx = lim f ( i )xi

0
i =0
n 1
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn b . iu kin tn ti 9 iu kin cn nh l: Nu

f
kh tch trn [a,b] th
b chn trn [a,b] nh

(i = 0, n)
9 Cc tng cbu (Darboux) Cho f : [a, b] R v phn hoch t

[xi , xi +1 ]
n 1 i =0
( xi ) xc
mi = Inf f , M i = Sup f , i = 0, n 1 .
[ xi , xi + 1 ]
n 1 i =0
Ta gi
s = mi xi , S = M i xi
l cc tng Darboux di v trn, hay tng

f
tch phn di v tng tch phn trn ca V rng

mi f ( i ) M i , i [xi , xi +1 ]
ng vi mt phn hoch xc nh. nn s S .
Mt phn hoch nh th s, S l hng s, tng Riemann ph thuc vo i [xi , xi +1 ] i = 0, n 1 . Chng t cc tng Darboux l cn di ng v cn trn ng ca H qu 1: Nu thm vo im chia mi th s tng v S gim. H qu 2: Mi tng Darboux di khng vt qu mt tng Darboux trn. 9 iu kin cn v hm kh tch nh l: cho hm f kh tch trn [a,b] iu kin cn v l
lim ( S s ) = 0
0
c. Lp cc hm kh tch. 9 nh l 1: Nu 9 nh l 2: Nu .
f ( x ) lin
tc trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on iu v b chn trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on
f ( x ) n
9 H qu: Nu f ( x) lin tc tng khc trn [a,b] th kh tch trn on . Di y ta a ra cc nh l v s khng chng minh, v mt lp hm kh tch, lp hm ny cha tt c cc lp hm xt trn 9 nh l 3: Nu f ( x) b chn trn [a,b] v ch c hu hn im gin on th kh tch trn [a,b] f ( x) 83
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn 9 nh l 4: Nu tch trn [a,b]. 9 nh l 5: Nu f , g kh tch trn [a,b] th tng, hiu, tch ca chng cng kh tch trn [a,b] 9 nh l 6: Nu f kh tch trn [a,b] th kh tch trn mi on [ , ] [a, b] . Ngc li nu [a,b] c tch ra thnh mt s on v trn mi on hm kh tch th f kh tch trn [a,b]. d. Cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh 9 Tnh cht Cho 1. 2. 3.
f , g kh f ( x ) kh
tch trn [a,b] th f ( x) , k. f ( x) (k = const) cng kh
tch trn [a,b] v a<b, l hng s.

c b
a b a
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx + f ( x)dx

a c b
vi
c (a, b)
f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx
a
( f ( x) + g ( x))dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx

a a a
4. Nu
f ( x ) 0 trn
[a,b] th
f ( x)dx 0
a
5. Nu f ( x) g ( x), x [a, b] th 6. Nu
b
f ( x)dx g ( x)dx
a
f 0
trn [a,b],
lin tc ti
x0 [a, b]
f ( x0 ) > 0
th f ( x)dx > 0
a
7. f ( x)dx
a
f ( x) dx
b
8. Nu m f ( x) M , x [a, b] th m(b a) f ( x)dx M (b a)

a
9 nh l tng qut v gi tr trung bnh
84
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn nh l: Cho v

m f ( x) M f , g kh
tch trn [a,b], a<b,
g ( x ) 0 hoc g ( x ) 0
b b
trn [a,b]
. Khi tn ti [m, M ] cho f ( x).g ( x)dx = g ( x)dx .

a a
Nu thm iu kin
b
f ( x ) lin
b
tc th tn ti c [a, b] sao cho
f ( x).g ( x)dx =
a
f (c) g ( x)dx
a
9 Bt ng thc Csi-Svc( Cauchy-Schwarz) i vi tch phn nh l: Nu

f , g lin
tc tng khc trn [a,b] th khi

2
b f ( x).g ( x)dx a
f 2 ( x)dx. g 2 ( x)dx .
a
e. Cng thc Niutn-Lpnt (Newton-Leibnitz). 9 Hm tch phn ca cn trn Cho f ( x) kh tch trn [a,b]. Ly x0 c nh, x0 [a, b] . Cho x [a, b] khi theo nh l 6 th hm f ( x) kh tch trn [x0 , x] vi x tu trong [a,b]. Hm s
( x) =
x0
f (t )dt
f ( x)
gi l hm tch phn ca cn trn hay tch phn ca hm trn nh l 1: ( x) l hm lin tc trn [a,b] nh l 2: Nu
f ( x)
theo cn
lin tc trn [a,b] th ( x) kh vi trn [a,b] v c

' ( x) = f ( x) , x [a, b] .
H qu: Nu ( x), ( x ) kh vi trn
X , f ( x)
lin tc trn v
[ ( x), ( x)] X
x X
th
G ( x) =
f (t )dt kh vi trn
( x)
( x)
G' ( x) = f ( ( x) ) ' ( x) f ( ( x) ) ' ( x)
9 Nguyn hm ca hm s v tch phn bt nh Cho f , F : X trn X v ta c

R.
Gi
F ' ( x) = f ( x) ,
l mt nguyn hm ca x X .
trn
nu
F kh
vi
85
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn nh l: Nu f ( x) lin tc trn X th s c nguyn hm trn X v nu F ( x ) l mt nguyn hm th tp hp cc nguyn hm ca f l
{F ( x) + C
, C R}
9 Cng thc Newton-Leibnitz. nh l: Nu [a,b] th i lng ca

F ( x) . F (b ) F ( a ) f ( x ) lin
b
tc trn [a,b] c mt nguyn hm l
F ( x)
trn
f ( x)dx = F (b) F (a)

a
c k hiu
F ( x) b a
gi l bin phn t a n b
4.2.2 Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn xc nh a. Php i bin 9 nh l 1: Nu v

: [ , ] R
f : [ a, b] R
thuc lp C1 trn [ , ] thuc lp C0 trn [a,b] Khi :

( )
([ , ]) [ a, b].
'
f ( (t )). (t ).dt = f ( x)dx

( )
9 nh l 2: Nu vi
t = ( x)
: [ , ] R
vi n iu v thuc lp C1 trn [ , ]
f C
0
f : [ a, b] R
trn [a,b]
f ( x)dx = g (t )dt , g C 0
trn [ (a ), (b)] . Khi :
f ( x)dx =
g (t )dt
(a)
(b)
b. Php tch phn tng phn 9 nh l: Nu

b
u , v : [ a, b] R
u, v C
b b a
trn [a,b] th:
u ' ( x).v( x)dx = u( x).v( x)

a
u ( x).v' ( x)dx
a
4.2.3 Phng php tnh tch phn bt nh Ta bit rng f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C trn ca f ( x) trn X v C l hng s tu . 86
X
Trong
F ( x ) l
mt nguyn hm
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn a. Tnh cht c bn ca tch phn bt nh. Cho
f ,g
c nguyn hm, R
'
1. ( f ( x)dx ) = f ( x) , d f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx 2. ( f ( x) + g ( x) )dx = f ( x)dx + g ( x)dx 3. . f ( x)dx = f ( x)dx 4. Nu f ( x) c mt nguyn hm l hm l F (u ( x)) nu u C1 , tc l
F ( x)
th f (u( x))u' ( x) c mt nguyn
f ( x)dx = F ( x) + C f (u ( x) )u ' ( x)dx = F (u ( x) ) + C

b. Hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn bt nh 9 Phng php tch phn tng phn Cho
u, v C1
trn
khi
X
u ( x)dv( x) = u ( x).v( x) v( x)du ( x) trn

9 Phng php i bin s t
x = (t ) ,
vi n iu v C1 trn
t = 1 ( x )
khi
f ( x)dx = f [ (t )] ' (t )dt

t
t = ( x)
khi
f ( x ) dx = g (t )dt
t = ( x )
f ( x)dx = g (t )dt
c. Cch tnh tch phn bt nh ca cc hm s hu t 9 Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th nht
I=
( x a)
dx
, aR
= ln x a + C
dx Nu n = 1 th xa
Vi C = const khi xt x < a hoc x > a N u

n N* \ { 1}
th ( x a)n
dx
1 1 +C . n 1 ( x a ) n 1
9 Tch phn cc phn thc ti gin loi th hai
87

I=
(ax
x +
2
+ bx + c)
dx , , , a, b, c R
b 2 4ac < 0, n N *
N u = 0
I = dx (ax + bx + c) n
2
Bin i
2ax + b ax + bx + c = 1 + 4a
2
2 , = b 4ac
Thc hin i bin Suy ra I = Dn n tnh Trc ht

4a
n
t=
2ax + b
dt 2a (1 + t 2 ) n
J n (t ) =
(1 + t
2
dt
2 n
bng phng php truy ton.
J1 (t ) =
1+ t
dt
= arctgt + C
Tch phn tng phn s c

t t 2 dt J n (t ) = + 2n (1 + t 2 ) n (1 + t 2 ) n +1
Jn = t + 2 n ( J n J n +1 ) (1 + t 2 ) n t (1 + t 2 ) n
2nJ n +1 = (2n 1) J n +
Nu 0.
I= 2a (ax 2 + bx + c) n
2ax +
2 a
dx
2a (ax
2ax + b 2a dx b dx + n 2 n + bx + c) 2a (ax + bx + c)
u = ax 2 + bx + c
Tch phn th nht tnh c nh php i bin
(ax
1 du 2ax + b 1 +C dx = n = n 2 + bx + c) u 1 n (ax + bx + c) n 1
Tch phn th hai tnh theo 88
Jn
trnh by trn.
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn d. Tnh nguyn hm cc phn thc hu t i vi mt s hm thng dng 9 Hm hu t i vi sin v csin 1. Trng hp tng qut.
R
Xt R(sin x, cos x)dx trong Thc hin php i bin:
l phn thc hu t hai bin Khi
t = tg
x . 2
2t 1 t2 2dt sin x = , cos x = , dx = 2 2 1+ t 1+ t 1+ t2
Khi a v dng dt Q (t ) Tuy nhin bc ca P (t ) v Q(t ) thng l cao, lm cho qu trnh tnh ton rt nng nhc. Sau y ta xt mt s trng hp c bit, vi cch i bin thch hp s tnh ton d dng hn. 2. Trng hp c bit th nht. N u N u N u 3. Khi
R (sin x, cos x ) = R ( sin x, cos x) R (sin x, cos x ) = R (sin x, cos x ) R (sin x, cos x ) = R ( sin x, cos x)
P (t )
th i bin t = tgx hoc th i bin t = sin x th i bin

t = cos x
t = cot gx
Trng hp c bit th hai.

R(sin x, cos x) = sin m x. cos n x , m, n Z
Nu m l th i bin N u
t = cos x
Nu n l th i bin t = sin x
m, n
chn v khng cng dng th i bin t = tgx
Nu m, n chn v cng dng th tuyn tnh ho sau tnh nguyn hm. 9 Hm hu t i vi shx v chx V o hm ca cc hm shx v chx tng t nh cc hm sin x v cos x , m c php i bin tng ng l R(sin x, cos x)dx
89

x , t = cos x , t = sin x , t = tgx , cho nn 2 x tng ng l t = th , t = chx , t = shx , t = thx 2 t = tg
R(shx, chx)dx c php i bin
9 Hm hu t i vi Xt
I=
ex , R
f (e
)dx ,
trong
f ( x)
l hm hu t. Thc hin php i bin
t = ex , dt = ex dx ,
I=
Khi
f (t ) dt t
n
9 Hm hu t i vi x v Xt
ax + b n dx I = R x , cx + d
ax + b cx + d
trong
R ( x, y )
l hm hu t ca hai bin
x, y
Vi y = n
ax + b cx + d
tho mn iu kin ad bc
y
Thc hin php i sang bin
th
y n d b ny n 1 (ad bc) R( x, y )dx = R a cy n , y (a cy n ) 2 dy

= f ( y ) dy
Trong
f ( y)
l hm hu t ca y.
4.2.4 Mt s ng dng ca tch phn xc nh a. Tnh din tch hnh phng 9 Min phng gii hn bi cc ng cong trong to cc(Descartes) Gi s min phng D gii hn bi cc ng: trong f1 , f 2 lin tc tng khc trn [a,b]. Gi din tch ca min phng D l S. Theo ngha hnh hc ca tch phn xc nh, nhn c cng thc tnh S nh sau:
x = a , x = b , (a < b) , y = f1 ( x) , y = f 2 ( x)
S = f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) dx
a b
Tng t, nu D gii hn bi cc ng: 90

y = c , y = d , (c < d ) , x = g1 ( y) , x = g 2 ( y )
trong g1 , g 2 lin tc tng khc
trn [c,d] th
S = g1 ( y ) g 2 ( y ) dy
c d
9 Gi s min phng D gii hn bi ng cong cho di dng tham s:

x = x(t ) y = y (t ) t0 t t1
,
Khi
S=
y(t ).x (t ) dt
9 Nu min phng D gii hn bi ng cong c phng trnh cho di dng to cc.

r = r ( )
,
Lin h gia to Descartes v to cc l:

x = r ( ) cos y = r ( ) sin
Khi
S=
1 2 r ( )d 2
b. Tnh di ng cong phng 9 Phng trnh cho trong h to Descartes vung gc Gi s ng cong AB cho bi phng trnh
y = f ( x) , A (a, f (a) ) , B(b, f (b) )
Trong
f C1
trn [a, b] , (a < b)
Nu gi l l di cung AB th l c tnh theo cng thc

l = 1 + f '2 ( x)dx
a b
9 Phng trnh cho trong dng tham s

x = (t ) y = (t ) , t0 t t1
91

, C1 trn [t0 , t1 ]
l=
t1
t0
'2 (t ) + '2 (t )dt
9 Phng trnh cho trong dng to cc

r = r ( ) ,
l = r 2 ( ) + r , ( )d
c. Tnh th tch vt th 9 Cng thc tng qut Gi s vt th (V ) nm gia hai mt phng vung gc vi trc Ox, cc mt phng ny c phng trnh l x = a v x = b , a < b . Cc thit din ca vt th (V ) vung gc vi trc Ox nm trn mt phng c phng trnh x = x0 , x0 [a, b] c din tch tng ng S ( x0 ) . Khi th tch ca vt th (V), k hiu l V, tnh theo cng thc 9 Cng thc tnh cho vt th trn xoay Vt th (V) trn xoay l vt th c to thnh do mt hnh thang cong gii hn bi cc ng: x = a , x = b , (a < b) , y = 0 v y = f ( x) 0 , x [a, b] quay xung quanh trc Ox (xem hnh 4.8). C th hn, phn khng gian b chim ch do hnh thang cong quay xung quanh trc Ox gi l vt th trn xoay. Nh vy cc thit din vung gc vi trc Ox l cc hnh trn. Din tch ca thit din nm trn mt phng x = x0 s l . f 2 ( x0 ) . T nhn c cng thc tnh:
V = f 2 ( x)dx
a b
V = S ( x)dx
a
d. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay Mt trn xoay l mt mt cong c to thnh do mt cung cong AB quay xung quanh trc Ox to ra. C th hn: Phn khng gian b chim ch ) do cung AB quay xung quanh trc Ox gi l mt trn xoay. Gi S l din tch ca mt trn xoay, di y chng ta s a ra cc cng thc tnh. Cung AB cho bi phng trnh 92
y = f ( x) 0 , a x b

S = 2 f ( x) 1 + f '2 ( x)dx
a b
Cung AB cho bi phng trnh tham s

x = x(t ) y = y (t ) 0
t1
t0 t t1
S = 2 y (t ) x'2 (t ) + y '2 (t ) dt
t0
Cung AB cho bi phng trnh trong h to cc

r = r ( ) ,
S = 2 r ( ) sin r 2 ( ) + r '2 ( )d
4.2.5 Tch phn suy rng a. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn 9 nh ngha 1. Cho f : [a,+) R , a R , kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a . Tch phn suy rng ca
f
+
vi cn + c k hiu l:
+
f ( x)dx
a
Ni rng tch phn suy rng

lim
f ( x)dx hi t v s
a
IR
nu
A +
f ( x)dx = I
k hiu
f ( x)dx = I
a
N u
+
a
khng tn ti hoc
I = ,
th ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx phn k.
2. Cho f : ( , a] R , a R , kh tch trn [B, a] , B < a Tch phn suy rng ca
f
a
vi cn
a
k hiu l f ( x)dx .
Ni rng tch phn suy rng f ( x)dx hi t v s J R nu
93

lim
f ( x) dx = J =
f ( x)dx
Nu J khng tn ti hoc J = , th ni rng tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx phn k.
3. Cho
f :RR
kh tch trn [A, B] , A, B R . Tch phn suy rng

+
ca
vi cc cn v hn, k hiu l: f ( x)dx .

+
Ni rng tch phn suy rng f ( x)dx hi t khi v ch khi cc tch
phn suy rng f ( x)dx v
f ( x)dx cng hi t,
a
a R .
Trong trng hp
ny k hiu
f ( x)dx =
f ( x)dx +
f ( x)dx , a R
a
F ( x)
R rng nu f lin tc trn tp xc nh ca n, v c nguyn hm th c th dng k hiu Newton-Leibnitz nh sau:

+
f ( x)dx =
a
a
A +
+ lim F ( A) F (a ) = F ( x) a
f ( x)dx = F (a) lim F ( B) = F ( x)

B
f ( x)dx =
A +
lim F ( A) lim F ( B ) = F ( x) + B
9 iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng Sau y ta xt trng hp tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx vi
a
f ( x) 0 .
Cc trng hp tch phn suy rng khc vi f ( x) gi nguyn du, chng ta c th suy din tng t nhn c cc kt qu tng ng. t
( A) = f ( x)dx
a A
V f ( x) 0 trn [a,+ ) , chng t ( A) n iu tng trn [a,+ ) . T nh l v gii hn ca hm n iu suy ra: 94
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn nh l 1: Cho hm s phn suy rng

( A) L , A
+
a
f ( x) 0 v
kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a tch

LR
f ( x)dx hi t, iu kin cn v l tn ti
f ( x ), g ( x )
sao cho
nh l 2: Cho cc hm s f ( x ) g ( x ) , x b > a khi N u N u

+
kh tch trn [a, A] , A > a v
g ( x)dx
a a
hi t th
f ( x)dx hi t.
a
f ( x)dx phn k th g ( x)dx phn k

a
nh l 3: Cho cc hm s [a, A] , A > a . Khi : 1. Nu

+
f ( x ), g ( x )
khng m v kh tch trn

+
f ( x) * lim = l , l R+ x + g ( x )
th cc tch phn suy rng
f ( x)dx v
a
g ( x)dx cng hi t hoc cng phn k.

a
x +
2. Nu 3. Nu
lim
f ( x) =0 g ( x)
g ( x)dx hi
a
t th
f ( x)dx hi t
a
x +
lim
f ( x) = + g ( x)
v g ( x)dx phn k th
a
f ( x)dx phn k
a
H qu 1: Gi s vi x ln hm s
f ( x) = h( x ) , k > 0 , h( x ) 0 . xk
+
f ( x ) c
dng:
Khi
Nu k > 1 v 0 h c < + th Nu k 1 v
h( x) c > 0
f ( x)dx hi t.
a
th
f ( x)dx phn k
a
Trong c l hng s.
95
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn H qu 2: Nu

+
f ( x) 0
v l VCB cp k so vi VCB
1 x
ti + th
f ( x)dx hi t khi
a
k >1
v phn k khi k 1
H qu 1 c suy ra trc tip t nh l 2 v v d 1d. H qu 2 c suy ra trc tip t nh l 3 v v d 1d. nh l 4: tch phn suy rng
+
f ( x)dx hi t, iu kin cn v l:
a
> 0 , A0 > a , A > A0 , A' > A0 ( A' ) ( A) <
Hay
A'
f ( x)dx
A A'
<
Da vo tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh
A'
f ( x)dx
f ( x) dx
Ta nhn c h qu sau y H qu 3: Nu
+
f ( x) dx
hi t th
f ( x)dx hi t.
a
9 S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t ca tch phn suy rng 1. Ni rng tch phn suy rng suy rng
+ +
f ( x)dx hi t tuyt i nu tch phn

a
f ( x) dx
hi t.
+
2. Ni rng tch phn suy rng v

+
f ( x)dx
bn hi t nu
f ( x)dx hi t
a
f ( x) dx
phn k.
+
nh l 5: Nu tch phn suy rng

g ( x)
f ( x)dx hi t tuyt i v hm s
a
b chn trn [a,+ ) th
f ( x) g ( x)dx hi t tuyt i
a
b. Tch phn suy rng vi hm di du tch phn c cc im 96
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn 9 nh ngha 1. Cho f : (a, b) \ {x o } R . Ni rng x0 (a, b) l cc im ca f nu lim f ( x) = . Hm s c cc im ti a hoc b nu f (a + ) = hoc f (b ) = x x
0
2. Cho
f : [a, b ) R , f (b ) = ,
f
kh tch trn [a, b ] , > 0 b. ch
phn suy rng ca hi t v

IR
trn [a, b] , k hiu

b
f ( x)dx . Ni rng tch phn suy rng

a
nu
lim
0
f ( x)dx = I , k hiu
a
I = f ( x)dx
a
Nu khng tn ti gii hn hu hn (khng c tch phn suy rng f ( x)dx phn k.

a b
hoc
I = )
th ni rng
3. Cho f : (a, b] R , f (a + ) = kh tch trn [a + , b] Ni rng tch phn suy rng f ( x)dx hi t v J nu
a b
lim
0
a +
f ( x)dx = J (hu hn).

l cc im ca
b
Nu khng tn ti J ni rng tch phn suy rng phn k. 4. Cho

f : [a, b] \ {x o } R , x o (a, b)
f
Ni rng tch phn suy rng phn suy rng

x0 b
f ( x)dx hi t khi v ch khi cc tch

a
f ( x)dx v f ( x)dx cng hi t, Khi k hiu:

a x0
f ( x) dx =
x0
f ( x) dx +
x0
f ( x)dx
gi nguyn du trn
(a, b) .
9 iu kin hi t ca tch phn suy rng Chng ta gii hn trng hp f ( x) 0 trn [a, b ) v f (b ) = t ( ) =
b
f ( x)
Gi s
f ( x)dx
a
97
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn R rng ( ) l hm s gim ln cn bn phi ca im 0. T nh l v gii hn ca hm n iu, chng ta nhn c nh l sau y: nh l: tich phn suy rng
( )
f ( x)dx hi t, iu kin cn v l
a
b chn ln cn bn phi im = 0 , tc l ( ) L
, > 0
4.3 CU HI N TP Cu 1. Nu nh ngha tch phn xc nh v ngha hnh hc ca n. Cu 2. iu kin cn ca hm kh tch l g? Cu 3. Trnh by lp cc hm kh tch. Cu 4. Nu cc tnh cht ca tch phn xc nh. Cu 5. Pht biu nh l tng qut v gi tr trung bnh ca tch phn xc nh. Cu 6. Tch phn theo cn trn l g v tnh cht ca n Cu 7. Th no l nguyn hm ca hm s? Nu tnh cht ca nguyn hm. Cu 8. Th no l tch phn bt nh ca hm s? Nu tnh cht ca n. Cu 9. Nu cng thc Newton-Leibnitz. ngha ca n. Cu 10. Trnh by hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn xc nh. Cu 11. Trnh by hai phng php c bn tnh tch phn bt nh. Cu 12. Vit cng thc tnh din tch hnh phng nh vo tch phn xc nh. Cu 13. Vit cng thc tnh di cung nh vo tch phn xc nh. Cu 14. Vit cng thc tnh th tch vt th, gii thch cng thc . Cu 15. Vit cng thc tnh din tch mt trn xoay. Cu 16. Tch phn suy rng vi cn v hn l g? Th no l s hi t ca n? Cu 17. Tch phn suy rng vi hm di du tch phn c cc im l g? Khi no tch phn hi t? Cu 18. Pht biu cc tiu chun hi t trong trng hp hm di du tch phn gi nguyn du. Cu 19. Th no l s hi t tuyt i, s bn hi t ca tch phn suy rng?
98
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn 4.4 BI TP CHNG IV Cu 1. Bin i v cc tch phn n gin tnh cc tch phn sau: a.
ax x dx a 1 + 3 x
x4 1 + x 2 dx
b. d.
c. ax .b x dx e. g.
dx xa + xb
1 + ln x dx x dx
x 4 dx x10 1 3x 2 + 2 x 3 +2 x 1 dx
f.
h. x cos 2 (1 + ln x) j. l.
x i. 2 x arcsin dx 2 1 x
1 x dx 1+ x
x + (arccos 3 x) 2 1 9x2
dx
k.
(x +
dx
dx x 2 1) 2
dx
m. 2 4x 9 o.
n. 2 4x + 4x + 5 p.
3 + 2 x x 2 dx
dx 4x + 4x + 3
2
3x 2 3x + 1dx
dx 8 + 6x 9x2
q.
r.
Cu 2. Dng phng php i bin tnh cc tch phn sau: a. x c. x e. g.

2 5 x dx dx 1+ x
2
b. x 5 (1 + 2 x 2 )10 dx d. x
dx x2 1 dx
dx x(1 x)
xdx
2
f. x ln x. ln(ln x) h.
6x 9 x 4 x dx
(x
+ 2) 3 x 2 + 5
Cu 3. Dng phng php tch phn tng phn: a. arctg

x dx
b. (arcsin x) 2 dx e. 2 dx sin x
x
c. xshxdx f.
d. (ln x) 2 dx
arcsin x dx 1+ x
99
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn g. cos(ln x)dx j. m.

ln x dx x
2
h.
ln x dx x2 1+ x
i.
x cos x dx sin 3 x 2 x 1dx
k. x ln dx 1 x n.
x2 (1 + x 2 )2 dx
ln(sin x) dx sin 2 x
l. arctg
dx
x ln( x + 1 + x 2 )dx 1 + x2
xe
arctgx 3 2 2
o. 2 2 2 (a + x ) r.
p.
dx
(1 + x )
q.
arcsin
x 2 dx 2 x
Cu 4. Tnh tch phn cc phn thc hu t: a. c. e.

x4 x 2 + a 2 dx
xdx ( x 2 + 2 x + 2) 2
b. d.
3x 2 + 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)2 ( x 2 + 1) dx x2 1 x 4 + 1 dx
dx
x2 + 1 ( x 4 + x 2 + 1)2 dx
dx
f. 4 dx x +1 h.
x4 + 1 x6 + 1 dx
g. 10 2 x( x + 1) Cu 5. Tch phn cc hm v t: a. x c. e.
dx x2 + 1
b. 4 d. 3 f.
xdx x 3 (a x) dx
, a>0
1+
dx x + x +1
( x + 1) 2 ( x 1) 4
x2 + 2x + 2 dx x
1 x dx 1+ x
Cu 6. Tch phn cc hm lng gic: a. cos x.3 sin 2 x c.

dx
b. dx sin 2 x d.
tgx
dx sin x x cos3 2 2
dx tgx
100
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn e.

sin 2 x sin x + 2 cos x dx
dx x f. 4 dx sin x + cos 4 x cos 2
g. 2 (sin x + 2 cos 2 x) 2 i. sin x sin a k.

dx
h. sin( x + a ) sin( x + b) j. dx sin x + cos x

sin x cos sx
dx
sin xdx 2 + sin 2 x
Cu 7. Tch phn cc hm Hyperbolic: a. coth 2 xdx c.

chx + 1dx
b. shx.sh 2 x.sh3 xdx d.

1 + 2 shx dx ch 2 x
Cu 8. Tnh cc tch phn sau: a. x x dx c. max (1, x )dx e. shax. cos bxdx Cu 9. Tm cng thc truy ton cc tch phn sau: a. ln n xdx = I n tnh I 2 b. sin n xdx = J n d 2 2n (x a )
dx = Ln
b. f ( x)dx bit d. {1 + x
3 1 + x , x > 1 f ( x) = x 1 , x 1
1 x }dx
tnh J 5
c. cos n xdx = K n tnh K 7 Cu 10. Tm hm a.

f ' ( x 3 + 1) = 1 x2
f ( 0) = 0 f ( x)
nu bit: b. f ' (ln x) =

1 x khi 0 < x 1 khi 1 < x < +
c. f ' (sin 2 x) = cos4 x v

b
Cu 11. Tnh cc tch phn sau bng nh ngha: a.

dx , (0 < a < b) x2 a
b. x m dx , (0 < a < b , m 1)
a
101
2 1
c. sin xdx
0
d. a x dx , (a > 0)
0
e.
ln x , (0 < a < b) x a
Cu 12. S dng cng thc Newton-Leibniz tnh cc tch phn sau: a.

3
x dx x+4
b.
1 x dx
0
1
c.
dx (a, b 0) 2 2 2 2 a cos x + b sin x 0
d. 2 x 2 x cos x + 1
1
n
dx
, (0 < < )
e.
1 2
1 2
dx 1 x2
f.
0
a 2
x n 1dx a 2 x2n
, (a > 0 , n N )
Cu 13. Tnh cc tch phn sau bng php i bin: a. d.
x sin xdx 1 + 2 cos 2 x 0
b. e.
ln 2
e x 1dx
c. f.
a
0
arcsin x dx ( 1 ) x x 0
dx (3 + x )
3
5 2 2
1 + x2 dx 4 1 1+ x
2
x+
3
dx a2 x2
g.
a 2
(2 x
0
dx
2
+ 1) 1 + x
h.
ex e +e
x x
dx
i.
arcsin
0
x dx 1+ x
j.
x dx ax
k.
1 + tg 2 x dx 2 ( 1 + ) tgx
3 4
Cu 14. Chng minh cc ng thc sau: a.

dt dt = , ( x > 0) 2 1+ t 1+ t2 x 1
sin 2 x
1 x
b.
tgx
tdt + 2 1 1+ t
e
cot gx
1 e
dt =1 t (1 + t 2 )
c.
arcsin
0
cos 2 x
t dt +
arccos
0
t dt =
102
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn Cu 15. Tnh cc tch phn sau bng phng php tch phn tng phn:
a.
e2
cos(ln x)dx
1
b.
ln x dx
1 e
c.
x sin x dx 2 x cos 0
d.
sin
4
xdx 2 x
Cu 16. Tnh cc tch phn sau:

n
a. An = cos x sin nxdx

0
e
(n > 1)
b. Bn = cosn x cos nxdx

0
(n > 1)
c.
Cn = ln n xdx
1
(n > 1)
d. Dn =
cos(2n + 1) x dx cos x 0
e. En = sin x cos(n + 1) xdx

n 1
0
f. I m, n = sin m x cosn xdx

0
g. J m, n = x m (1 x)n dx
0
Cu 17. Chng minh rng:
a. cosn x cos(n + 2) xdx = 0 , n N * b. cosn x sin(n + 2) xdx =

0 0
1 , n N* n +1
Cu 18. Tnh cc tch phn sau bng cch s dng hn hp cc phng php:
5
a.
x 9 dx 5 3 0 (1 + x )
b.
0
x15dx (1 + x )
2 8 5
c.
x
0 ln 5
1 + x 2 dx
d.
x sin x dx 3 cos x 0
2
e.
dx 2 cos x + 3 0
16
f.
ex ex 1 dx ex + 3
g.
0
dx x + 1 + ( x + 1)3
h. arctg
1
x 1dx
i.
sin x cos xdx 2 2 2 2 0 a cos x + b sin x
j.
ln(1 + x) dx 1 + x2 0
103
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn Cu 19. So snh cc tch phn sau: a. I1 = e x dx v I 2 = e x dx
2
b. J1 = e cos xdx v J 2 = e x cos2 xdx

x2
2
2
c. K1 =
0
sin x 1 x2
dx
v K 2 =
0
cos x 1 x2
dx
Cu 20. Chng minh cc bt ng thc: a.

1 dx < < 2 0 1 x2n 6
4 1 2
(n N , n 1)
b. 0,78 <
0
dx 1 + x4
< 0,93
c.
1 1 < tg n xdx < 2(n + 1) 0 2(n 1)
(n N , n > 1)
d.
3 3 sin x 1 < dx < 4 2 x

6
Cu 21. Tm cc gii hn sau: a.

2 n 1 1 lim 2 + 2 + ... + 2 n n n n
n
b. d.
n n
lim
n! n
lim c. n
k =1
1 4n 2 k 2
3 n n n lim 1 + + + ... + n n n+3 n+6 n + 3( n 1)
e.
lim
1 n3
(1 +
2 + ... + n
lim sin f. n
n
k =1
1 2 + cos k n
Cu 22. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong trong h to Descartes vung gc. a. y = 2 x x 2 v
x+ y =0
b. y = 2 x , d. y 2 =
x3 2a x
y=2
x=0
c. y 2 = x 2 (a 2 x 2 ) , a > 0 e. y = e x sin x g.
x2 y 2 + =1 a 2 b2
x = 2a , a > 0
v v
y=0 , x0
f. x = 0 v x = y 2 ( y 1)
x2 y 2 + =1 b2 a 2
104
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn Cu 23. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cho bi phng trnh tham s. a. x = 3t 2 , y = 3t t 3 b. c.
c2 c2 3 3 x = cos t , y = sin t , c 2 = a 2 b 2 a b
x = a ( 2 cos t cos 2t ) , y = a ( 2 sin t sin 2t )
Cu 24. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cho trong to cc. a. r 2 = a 2 cos 2 c.
r = a cos 5
b. r 2 + 2 = 1 d.
r= p , = , = 1 cos 4 2
Cu 25. Tnh di ng cong cho bi phng trnh. a.

y = ln cos x , 0 x a <
b.
c2 x = cos3 t a 2 y = c sin 3 t , c 2 = a 2 b 2 b
= r , 0r5
c. y = a(sin t t cos t ) , 0 t 2 e.
r= p 1 + cos ,
x = a(cos t + t sin t )
d.
<
Cu 26. Tnh th tch vt th gii hn bi cc mt cong. a.

x2 y 2 c + 2 = 1 , z = x , z = 0 , a, , b, c > 0 2 a b a
b. x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = a 2 , x 2 + y 2 = a 2 , a > 0 c. z 2 = b(a x) , x 2 + y 2 = ax , a, b > 0 Cu 27. Tnh th tch ca vt th trn xoay to ra khi quay cc min phng gii hn bi cc ng sau y xung quanh trc tng ng. a. b.
x 3 y = b , 0 x a a
y = sin x , y=0 ,
2
quanh trc Ox
0 x
quanh trc Oy
c. x 2 + ( y b) 2 = a 2 , 0 < a b quanh trc Ox
105
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn d. y = x 2

, y=4
quanh ng x = 2
Cu 28. Tnh din tch mt trn xoay khi quay cung ng cong quanh trc tng ng. a. 3 y x3 = 0 , 0 x a quanh trc Ox b.
y = tgx , 0 x
quanh trc Ox quanh trc Oy
c. y = a(1 cos t )
x = a(t sin t )
, 0 t 2
Cu 29. Tnh cc tch phn suy rng sau a. d. g. j.

+
a2
x x
2
dx 1 + x2 dx x2 1
b. e. h.
arctgx (1 + x )
x
3 2 2
dx
c. f. i.
1+ x
0
2
dx
e
0
dx
3 x x e dx 0
n x x e dx
+ x
dx
x e
0
2 x2
dx
sin 2 x dx x
+ x e dx =
2
Cu 30. Bit
02
sin x dx = 2 x 0
Xt s hi t hay phn k ca cc tch phn a. c.

+
xm dx 1 + xn 0
(n 0 , m, n N ).
b. x e x dx (a, , > 0)
a
xdx e2 x 1
d. x
1
ln x x2 1
dx
2x e. 1 34 sin dx x +3 x
1
Cu 31. Tnh cc tch phn suy rng
a.
1
dx 4x x2 3
b.
ln(sin x)dx
0
c.
arcsin x dx x 0
106
2 1
d. g.
x cot gxdx
0
e.
0
1
ln x 1 x2
3
dx
f.
(1 x) n dx x 0
e dx x3 1
1 x
h. ln(23 x
1
x)
dx
Cu 32. Xt s hi t hay phn k ca cc tch phn sau a.

dx x e cos x 0
b.
e
0 1
dx
x
c.
sin
0
dx
k
d.
dx p sin x cosq x 0
e.
1 x p ln q dx x 0
f.
x 1 x4
dx
4.5 HNG DN V P S BI TP CHNG IV

ax 2 +C ln a x
Cu 1. a. c. e.
b. d. f. h. j.
1 3 x x + arctgx + C 3
1 3(b a )
axb x +C ln a + ln b
1 ln x 5 + x10 1 + C 5
{ ( x a)
( x b)3 + C
2 (1 + ln x)3 + C 3
g. 2 x3 + 2 x 1 + C i. k. l. m. n.
2 1 x2 2 (arcsin x)3 + C 3
tg (1 + ln x ) + C
1 x 2 + arcsin x + C
2 3 x ( x 2 1)3 x + C 3
(Nhn c t v mu vi ( x x 2 1) 2 )
1 1 9 x 2 + (arccos 3 x)3 + C 9 1 2x 3 ln +C 12 2 x + 3
(Tng t bi i)
1 2x + 1 arctg +C 4 2
107
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn o. 2 arcsin p. q. r.

x 1 ( x 1) 3 + 2 x x 2 +C 2 2
3 1 1 ln 3 x 2 3 x + 1 + ( 2 x 1) + C (2 x 1) 3 x 2 3 x + 1 + 2 4 8 3 1 ln(2 x + 1 + 4 x 2 4 x 3 ) + C 2 1 3x 1 arcsin +C 3 3 8 + 30 x (2 5 x) 2 + C 375
Cu 2. a. b.
(t 2 5 x = t (t t = (1 + 2 x 2 )10 )
1 1 1 1 2 20 2 10 2 110 (1 + 2 x ) (1 + 2 x ) + (1 + 2 x ) + C 16 13 6 11
c. ln
1 + 1 + x2 +C x
(Bin i
1 d x dx = 1 x 1 + x2 1+ 2 x
d. arcsin
1 +C x
e. 2 arcsin x + C f. ln ln(ln x) + C (t
ln(ln x ) = t )
g. arctg 3x 2 + 5 + C (t t = 3x 2 + 5 ) h.
3x 2 x 1 +C ln x 2(ln 3 ln 2) 3 + 2 x
x + (1 + x ) arctg x + C
Cu 3. a.
b. x(arcsin x)2 + 2 1 x 2 arcsin x 2 x + C c. xchx shx + C e. x cot gx + ln sin x + C g.

x (cos ln x + sin ln x) + C 2
d. x{(ln x 1) 2 + 1}+ C f. 2 1 + x arcsin x + 4 1 x + C h.

ln x + 1 x +C
108
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn i.

1 x 2 + cot gx + C 2 sin x
j. l. n. p. r. b. ln
1 (ln 2 x + 2 ln x + 2) + C x xarctg 2 x 1 2x 1 +C 2
k. x m. o.
1 x2 1 + x ln +C 2 1 x
1 + x 2 ln( x + 1 + x 2 ) x + C
x 1 x + 3 arctg + C , (a 0) 2 2 2a ( a + x ) 2a a
2
x 1 + arctgx + C 2 2(1 + x ) 2 x 1
2
2 1+ x
e arctgx + C x +C 2
q. {x + cot gx ln(e sin x)} + C Cu 4. a. c.

x3 x a 2 x + a 2 arctg + C 3 a
4 2 + x 2 2 x arcsin
1 + x2 1 + arctgx +C x +1 x +1
1 x+2 2 + arctg ( x + 1) + C 2 x + 2x + 2
(Phn tch x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)2 + 1 )

1 1 d 1 + 2 x 1 x x dx = ) dx = 2 4 1 x +1 2 1 x + 2 x+ 2 x x
2
d.
1 2 2
ln
x 2x + 1 +C x2 + 2x + 1
2
(Bin i
e.
x3 + 2 x +C 6( x 4 + x 2 + 1)
Phn tch x 4 + x 2 + 1 = ( x 2 + 1) 2 x 2 = ( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 x + 1) f.

1 4 2 ln x2 + 2x + 1 1 + arctg ( 2 x + 1) + arctg ( 2 x 1) + C 2 x 2x + 1 2 2
1 x+ 2 x 2 = 2 x + 1 2 2 ( x + 2 x + 1) 2 2 ( x 2 2 x + 1)
4
Phn tch g.
1 1 x 10 ln +C + 10 10 10 + 1 + 1 x x
Phn tch h.
1 1 x9 x9 = x( x10 + 1) 2 x x10 + 1 ( x10 + 1) 2
1 arctgx + arctgx 3 + C 3
109
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn Phn tch

x4 + 1 ( x 4 x 2 + 1) + x 2 1 x2 = = + x 6 + 1 ( x 2 + 1)( x 4 x 2 + 1) x 2 + 1 x 6 + 1 1 + x2 + 1 +C x
Cu 5. a. ln b.
t x = tgt
at a t2 + t 2 +1 a t2 1 + ln + arctg +C 1+ t4 4 2 t2 t 2 +1 2 2 t 2
Vi t = 4 c. d. e.
x ax
v xem kt qu bi 4.f. t x + x + 1 = t
x 1 2 1 x + ln( x + x + 1) + x + x +C 2 2 2
3 3 x +1 +C 2 x 1
2
x 1 =t x +1
2
x + 2 + 2( x 2 + 2 x + 2) x + 2 x + 2 + ln( x + 1 + x + 2 x + 2 ) 2 ln +C x
Bin i Tnh
x2 + 2x + 2 1 2x + 2 = + x 2 x2 + 2x + 2 dx x2 + 2x + 2
x= 1 t
1 x2 + 2x + 2
2 x x2 + 2x + 2
= 2 ln
x + 2 + 2( x 2 + 2 x + 2) +C x
bng cch t f.
( x 2) 1 x arcsin x + C
Hai bc i bin : u = x , t = Cu 6. a. b. c.
1 (1 + t ) 2 (t 2 + t 1) 3 3t ln + arctg +C 2 2 4 (1 t ) (t t + 1) 2 1 t2
1 u 1+ u
Vi t = 3 sin x
tgx + C
t t = tgx
1 + cos
x x 4 2 +C + 2arctg cos ln 2 x x cos 1 cos 2 2
t 2 = cos
x 2
110
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn d. ln

1 5 1 4 (1 + t 2 ) 2 3 2t 2 1 + arctg +C t4 t2 +1 2 3 4
t t = 3 tgx t
tg x =t 2
e. (2 sin x + cos x) + f. g. h.
1 2 2
x arctg 2 ln tg + +C 2 5 5 2
ln
2 + sin 2 x +C 2 sin 2 x
t tgx = t vi t = tgx
t 3 t + arctg +C 4(t + 2) 4 2 2
2
sin( x + b) 1 +C ln sin(b a) sin( x + a )

xa 1 2 +C ln cos a cos x + a 2 sin 1 2 1
Biu din sin(a b) = sin{( x + a) ( x + b)}

x a x + a cos a = cos 2 2
i.
Biu din
j. (sin x cos x) Biu din

1 2
x ln tg + + C 2 2 2 2
1 1 (sin x + cos x) 2 2 2
sin x cos x =
k. ln(sin x + cos x + 2 + sin 2 x ) + arcsin Biu din

sin x =
1 3
sin x cos x +C 3
1 {(sin x + cos x) + (sin x cos x)} 2
2 + sin 2 x = 1 + (sin x + cos x) 2 = 3 (sin x cos x) 2
Cu 7. a. x coth x + C S dng b.
coth 2 x = 1 +
1 sh 2 x
1 1 1 ch6 x ch 4 x ch 2 x + C 24 16 8
c. 2 chx 1 + C d.
shx 2 +C chx x2 x 3 +C
Biu din
chx + 1 =
ch 2 x 1 chx 1
Cu 8. 8. a.
111

1 x + x3 + 1 + C , x > 1 4 1 x x x + C , x 1 2 1 1 x+ +C 2 2 1 x 3 + C 2 2 1 , x 1 Max(1, x ) = x , x >1
b.
c.
d. e. Cu 9. a.
1 1 ( x + 1) x + 1 + (1 x ) 1 x + C 2 2 achax cos sbx + bshax sin bx +C a 2 + b2

I n = x ln n x n x ln n 1 x ( n 1) I n 2
= x ln n x n ln n 1 x + n(n 1) ln n 2 x + ... + (1) n 1 n(n 1)...2 ln x + (1) n n + C

I 2 = x (ln x 1) + 1 + C
2
b.
Jn =
1 (n 1) J n 2 cos x sin n 1 x + C n
2 1 J 5 = cos x + cos3 x cos 5 x + C 3 6
c.
Kn+2 =
sin x n + Kn n +1 ( n + 1) cos x n + 1
3 1 K 7 = sin x sin 3 x + sin 5 x sin 7 x + C 5 7
d. Cu 10. a.
Ln =
1 2n 3 Ln 1 2 2 n 1 2(n 1)a ( x a ) 2(n 1)a 2

2
f ( x) =
3 ( x 1) 3 + C 5
x3 + 1 = t
b. f ( x) = c. Cu 11. a. 112
f ( x) = ba ab
ln x + 1 + C x + C
t ln x = t t
sin 2 x = t
1 5 2 3 x x + x+C 5 3
Ly
i = xi xi +1
b.
b m +1 a m + 1 m +1
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn c. 1 d.

a 1 ln a
e.
ln 2 b ln 2 a 2
Cu 12. a. 5 ln 4 ln 6 1 c. e. Cu 13. a. d. f. h. j. Cu 15. a. c. Cu 16.
2 ab
b. 1 d. f.
2 sin
6n 2
2
3 24
arctg 2
b. e. g.
c. 4 (t
t = x 1 ) x
1 3 arctg 2 2 2
arctg 1 2
4 ln e + 1 + e2 1+ 2
i. k.
4 3 3 1 3 2
a ( 2) 4
(t x = a sin 2 t )
e 2 1 2
5 2 2 ln tg 12 3
b. 2(1 e 1 ) d.
(9 4 3 )
36 1 3 + ln 2 2
An =
Bn =
2k 2n +1 k =1 k 1
n
1 2 An = + An 1 n
2 n +1
Cn = e[1 + n + (n 1)n + ... + 3.4...(n 1)n] n!

Dn = ( 1) n
En = 0
113

(n 1)!! nu n l + + + + ( m n )( m n 2 )...( m 3 )( m 1 ) (m 1)!! = nu m l (m + n)(m + n 2)...(n + 3)(n + 1) (n 1)!!(m 1)!! nu m, n chn 2 (m + n)!!
I m, n
Cng thc truy ton .

I m, n = I m, n = n 1 m 1 I m, n 2 = I m 2, n m+n m+n m!n! (m + n + 1)!
x = sin 2 t
Cu 18. a. c. e. g. i.
2 45 848 105
b. d.
5 (5 + 75 53 ) 192
1 2
2 1 arctg 5 5
f. 4 h.
16 2 3 3 8
6 1 a ln 2 a b b
2
j. ln 2 b. J1 > J 2
Cu 19. a. I1 > I 2 c. K 2 > K1 (Chng minh

K1 < 1 , K 2 > 3 8
(S dng nh l trung bnh tng qut)
)
x2 , x (0,1) 2
Dng bt ng thc sin x x , cos x 1 Cu 21. a.

1 2
b. e.
1 e 2 3
c. f. b.
1 2 ln 2
d. 2 Cu 22. a.
9 2
3 4a 3 3
c.
114
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn d. 3a 2 g. Cu 23. a. Cu 24. a. d. Cu 25. a. d. Cu 26. a. Cu 27. a.
4 ab arctg 72 3 5
a2
e.
b a
1 coth 2 2
f.
1 12
b. b.
3 c 4 8 ab
2 3
c. 6a 2 c.
a 2
4
p2 (3 + 4 2 ) 6
a ln tg + 4 2 19 3 2 abc 3 3 2 ab 7
b.
4( a 3 b 3 ) ab
c. 2 2 a
e. p 2 + ln(1 + 2 ) b.
2a 3 4 3 3
]
c.
16a 2 ab 15
b. 2 2 d.
128 3 5 2 + ln (1 + 2 )( 5 1) 2
c. 2 2 a 2b Cu 28. a. c. Cu 29. a. d.
3 4 2 ( 1 + ) 1 a 9
b.
16 2 a 2
1 + 1 + a4 ln a2
b.
c. f.
2 3 3
1 2
e. 2 h.
g. n! j.
i.
Cu 30. a. Hi t khi n m > 1 d. Hi t
b. Hi t e. Hi t
c. Hi t
115
Chng 4: Php tnh tch phn Cu 31. a. d.
2 ln 2
x = sin 2 t )
b. e.
ln 2 ln 2
c. f.
2 2
ln 2
(2n)!! (2n + 1)!!
(t g.
2 e
h.
9 6 ln 3 2
Cu 32. a. Phn k d. Hi t khi e. Hi t f. Hi t.

p < 1, q < 1
b. Hi t
c. Hi t khi k < 1 , phn k khi k 1 khi

p > 1 , q > 1
116
Chng 5: L thuyt chui 3. 4.
5. CHNG V: L THUYT CHUI

5.1 MC CH Bi ton tnh gi tr gn ng ca mt hm s ti im x1 gn vi im x0 m gi tr f(x0) bit rt hay gp trong thc t: bi ton lp biu , bi ton ni suy,.... Vic tnh ton tr nn n gin nh cc php tnh c bn +, -, ., / v lu tha khi khai trin hm s thnh chui Taylor. Vic biu din mt tn hiu phc tp thnh cc tn hiu n gin hoc cc sng phc tp thnh cc sng n gin chnh l nh vo vic khai trin mt hm s thnh chui Fourier. c c c s gii thch cho cc bi ton dng trn cn nm vng cc ni dung ca l thuyt chui. Trong mc th nht cn nm vng cc khi nim: hi t, phn k ca chui s. Lun lun ghi nh iu kin cn ca s hi t nhn bit v kh nng phn k ca chui s. Khi xem xt cc tnh cht ca chui s hi t phi ngh ngay xem cc chui phn k c tnh cht khng. iu ny hon ton ging nh cc dy s hi t, cc hm lin tc, cc hm kh vi,....Phi nhn bit s hng tng qut ca chui s phn loi c cc c tnh ca chui s: chui s dng, chui s an du hay chui s c du bt k t s dng cc tiu chun thch hp kt lun v s hi t ca n. i vi chui s dng khi dng tiu chun so snh phi lun dng n chui Riemann. Bn cnh phi nm vng cc tiu chun DAlembert, tiu chun Cauchy, tiu chun tch phn Cauchy-McLaurin xem xt s hi t, phn k ca chui s dng. i vi chui an du, c nh l Leibnitz, nh l cho ta iu kin nhn bit s hi t ca n. nh l ny ng vai tr rt quan trng trong vic nh gi sai s ca nhiu bi ton tnh gn ng. Trong nh l ny, iu kin dy s (an) n iu gim l rt quan trng, nhiu sinh vin hay b qua iu kin ny. Khi xem xt chui s c s hng mang du bt k trc ht nn xt s hi t tuyt i ca n v khi c th li dng c cc tiu chun hi t ca chui s dng. Trong mc th hai cn nm vng khi nim min hi t ca chui hm v bi ton tm min hi t ca chui hm l mt trong cc bi ton c bn. Khi nim hi t u ca chui hm l khi nim rt kh cng nh khi nim lin tc ca hm s. Chnh v th phi c k v hiu chnh xc khi nim ny. Nh vo 116
Chng 5: L thuyt chui s hi t u ca chui hm m c th thc hin c cc php tnh ging nh cc php tnh v tng hu hn. iu kin nhn bit chui hm hi t u hay s dng l tiu chun Weierstrass. Trong mc th ba cn nm vng tnh cht c bit v min hi t ca chui lu tha thng qua nh l Abel. Chnh v th phi thuc qui tc tm bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha. Cn lu cch tm bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha cch. Bit cch p dng cc tnh cht ca lu tha: php tnh o hm, php tnh tch phn c th tnh c tng ca mt s chui hm. Khai trin Taylor ti ln cn x0 hoc khai trin Maclaurin thc cht l cch biu din hm s thnh chui lu tha. ngha tht r rng: mt hm s c biu din qua mt a thc c bc v hn, vic tnh gi tr gn ng ca n thng qua cc php tnh +, -, ., /, lu tha. Tuy nhin phi lu n iu kin hm s khai trin thnh chui lu tha. Cn nh khai trin cc hm s thng dng thnh chui McLaurin t nh vo php i bin thch hp c th gii quyt cc bi ton khai trin thnh chui Taylor ti ln cn x0 m khng phi tnh o hm. Ch rng cng nh vo khai trin Taylor m c th tnh c tng ca mt s chui s. Trong mc th t cn nm vng cng thc tnh cc h s Fourier ca hm s f(x). Nm vng cc dng chui Fourier: dng chui lng gic v dng phc. Nm vng cc dng chui Fourier khi hm s c tnh cht c bit: hm chn, hm l, hm tun hon vi chu k T. Bn cnh bit cch biu din hm s cho theo cc hm sin hoc cosin. Phi ch n nh l Dirichlet - iu kin khai trin hm thnh chui Fourier v vn dng nh l tnh tng ca mt chui s. 5.2 TM TT NI DUNG 5.2.1 Chui s a. Cc khi nim chung 9 nh ngha chui s v s hi t ca chui s 1. Cho dy s thc Gi
( a n ) , an R
vi mi n
a1 + a2 + ... + an + ...
l mt chui s thc
K hiu chui s trn l ak

k =1
(1) 117
Chng 5: L thuyt chui S thc ak vi k xc nh gi l s hng th k ca chui, vi k khng xc nh gi l s hng tng qut ca chui .Sau y l mt vi chui s dng c bit :
(1)
n =1
n 1
1 1 1 1 =1 + ... + ( 1) n 1 + ... 2 3 n n
c s hng tng qut l
(1) n 1
1 n
(1)
n =1
n 1
= 1 1 + 1 1 + ... + (1) n 1 + ... 1 1 1 1 + + + ... + k + ... 2 4 8 2
2
k =0
1
k
= 1+
gi l chui cp s nhn c cng bi l
1 . 2
1 1 1 n = 1 + 2 + ... + n + ... gi l chui iu ho .

n =1
n
n =1
= 1+
1 1 1 + + ... + + ... 2 3 n
gi l chui Riemann vi tham s .
2. Cho chui s (1). Gi tng ring th n ca chui (1) l

S n = ai
i =1 n
N u
lim S n = S
(hu hn) th ni rng chui s (1) hi t v c tng
l S, khi k hiu (1) phn k .
a
i =1
=S.
Nu khng xy ra iu trn ni rng chui
3. Nu chui (1) hi t v S th gi
Rn = S S n
l phn d th n ca chui.
Rn
Theo trn suy ra: chui (1) hi t v S th cn v l phn d t v 0. 9 iu kin hi t ca chui s T iu kin Cauchy cho dy s hi t suy ra. nh l 1: chui s (1) hi t th cn v l
> 0 , n0 : n > n0 , p , n, p N *
hi
an + an +1 + ... + an + p <
118
Chng 5: L thuyt chui T nh ngha v s hi t ca chui s suy ra: nh l 2: iu kin cn ca chui s hi t l s hng tng qut dn n 0 khi n : n lim an = 0 9 Tnh cht ca chui s hi t 1. Tnh cht hi t hay phn k ca chui s vn gi nguyn khi thay i hu hn s hng u tin ca chui . 2. Nu chui (1) hi t v S th chui Tht vy nu gi tng ring th n ca (5.1) l
Sn an
a hi t v
i =1 i
th
ai = ai = Sn
i =1 i =1
a
i =1 i =1
= S
3. Nu cc chui ai v bi hi t tng ng v A v B th chui

i =1
(a
i =1
+ bi )
hi t v A+B.
n n n
Tht vy (ai + bi ) = ai + bi
i =1 i =1 i =1
Qua gii hn s c (ai + bi ) = A + B

i =1
b. Chui s dng Sau y xt chui s ai vi

i =1
* ai R+
cc kt qu s c chuyn sang
cho chui s ai vi
i =1
ai R *
9 iu kin hi t ca chui s dng nh l: Chui s dng hi t khi v ch khi dy tng ring ca n b chn trn. S n M , n N 9 Cc tiu chun v s hi t : 1. Cc nh l so snh. Cho 2 chui s dng ai (a) v bi (b)
i =1 i =1
119
Chng 5: L thuyt chui nh l 1: Gi s

an bn , n n0 , n0 N *
Khi : Nu chui (b) hi t th chui (a) hi t . Nu chui (a) phn k th chui (b) phn k . nh l 2: Gi s
n
lim
an =k bn
Khi : Nu 0 < k < + hai chui (a) v (b) cng hi t hoc cng phn k Nu k = 0 v chui (b) hi t th chui (a) hi t. Nu k = v chui (b) phn k th chui (a) phn k . 2. Cc tiu chun hi t . Tiu chun almbe (DAlembert). Gi ( Dn ) =
an +1 an
l dy DAlembert sao cho

Dn q < 1
Nu tn ti s N u
Dn 1
* q R+
th chui hi t
th chui phn k
n
nh l: Gi s N u
D >1 D <1 D =1
lim Dn = D
khi :
th chui phn k th chui hi t th cha th kt lun c.
Tiu chun Csi (Cauchy). Gi

(Cn ) =
(a)
n n
l dy Cauchy sao cho

Cn q < 1
Nu tn ti s N u
Cn 1
* q R+
th chui s hi t
th chui s phn k .
n
nh l: Gi s
lim Cn = C
khi
Nu C > 1 th chui phn k

C <1 C =1
th chui hi t th cha th kt lun c.
120
Chng 5: L thuyt chui Tiu chun tch phn Cauchy-McLaurin. Gi s

f ( x)
dng v lin tc trn [1,+ ) tho mn cc iu kin.
f ( x ) gi m v 0 khi x f (n) = an , n = 1,2,...
Khi chui an hi t hay phn k cng vi s hi t hay phn

n =1
k ca tch phn f ( x)dx

1
c. Chui an du 9 nh ngha chui an du Chui s c dng (1) k +1 ak trong

k =1
ak > 0 , k
(2)
hoc (1) k ak trong

k =1
ak > 0 , k
gi l chui an du. l cc chui an du
Chng hn
(1)n .
n =0
1 , n +1
(1) n 2 n =1 n
9 iu kin hi t ca chui an du nh l Leibnitz. Cho chui (2) nu dy Dy

n
( an ) tho
mn cc iu kin :
an > an +1 , n N
( an )
n iu gim:
lim an = 0
Th chui (2) hi t v tng S v S < a1 d. Chui c s hng mang du bt k 9 S hi t tuyt i v bn hi t Cho chui s bt k ai
i =1
, ai R
(a) (b)
Lp chui s dng ai
i =1
1. Nu chui (a) hi t v chui (b) phn k th ni rng chui (a) bn hi t 121
Chng 5: L thuyt chui 2. Nu chui (a) v (b) cng hi t th ni rng chui (a) hi t tuyt i. nh l: Nu chui (b) hi t th chui (a) cng hi t . 9 Mt s tnh cht ca chui bn hi t v hi t tuyt i 1. Nu chui cho l bn hi t th c th ly s S * tu (hu hn hoc v hn) sao cho khi thay i v tr cc s hng c chui mi hi t v S * . Ni cch khc, trong trng hp ny tnh cht giao hon , tnh cht kt hp khng cn ng i vi tng v hn. 2. Nu chui cho hi t v S v l hi t tuyt i th chui mi nhn c bng cch thay i v tr cc s hng hoc bng cch nhm mt s hu hn cc s hng li cng hi t v S v cng l hi t tuyt i. Ni cch khc trong trng hp ny tnh cht giao hon v kt hp c gi nguyn i vi chui v hn 3. Cho hai chui s ai v bi
i =1 i =1
Lp bng s
a1b1 a1b2
a2b1 a2b2
a3b1 ... ak b1 ... a3b2 ... ak b2 ...
.........................................
a1b j a 2b j a3b j ... ak b j ...
Lp dy s
(u n ) (vn )
vi u1 = a1b1 , u2 = a1b2 + a2b1 , ... vi v1 = a1b1 , v2 = a1b2 + a2b2 + a2b1 , ...
n =1
Cc chui un v vn gi l chui tch ca hai chui cho.

n =1
Nu hai chui cho hi t tng ng v S1 , S2 v l hi t tuyt i th cc chui tch ca chng hi t v S1 . S2 v l hi t tuyt i. 5.2.2 Chui hm a. Cc khi nim chung v chui hm 9 nh ngha chui hm Cho dy hm thc ( f n ( x) ) , gi
x ( a, b)
, (3)
f1 ( x) + f 2 ( x) + ... + f n ( x) + ... = f k ( x)
k =1
l mt chui hm xc nh trn (a,b). 122
Chng 5: L thuyt chui 9 Min hi t ca chui hm 1. im hi t . 2. Tp

X
x0 (a, b)
l im hi t ca chui hm nu chui s f n ( x0 )
n =1
cc im hi t ca chui hm gi l min hi t ca chui hm.

S n ( x) = f k ( x) vi x ( a, b)
k =1 n
3. Hm s
gi l tng ring th n chui hm.

n
Chui hm gi l hi t v S ( x) vi x X nu trng hp ny k hiu f n ( x) = S ( x)

n =1
lim S n ( x) = S ( x), x X
. Trong
, x X
X
4. Nu chui hm
n =1
f n ( x)
X
hi t trn tp .
th ni rng chui hm
f
n =1
( x)
hi t tuyt i trn tp
b. S hi t u ca chui hm 9 nh ngha 1. Dy hm ( f n ( x) ) c gi l hi t u v hm
> 0 ,
n0 ( ) ,
f ( x ) trn
tp X nu nh nu dy
n > n0 f n ( x) f ( x) <
, x X
S ( x ) trn X
2.Chui hm (3) c gi l hi t u v hm tng ring ca n hi t u v S ( x ) trn X . Vy nu chui hi t u v t u v 0, tc l: th phn d
Ngha l: > 0 , n0 ( ) , n > n0 Sn ( x) S ( x) < , x X

S ( x)
Rn ( x) = S ( x) S n ( x)
s hi
> 0 , n0 ( ) , n > n0 Rn ( x) < , x X
Trong trng hp chui hi t u v hm
S ( x)
trn (a,b) thng k hiu
f
n =1
( x ) S ( x ) , x ( a, b)
9 Cc tiu chun v s hi t u ca chui hm 1. Tiu chun Cauchy. nh l: Gi s (Sn ( x)) l dy tng ring ca chui hm. chui hm hi t u trn tp X iu kin cn v l: 123
Chng 5: L thuyt chui

> 0 , n0 ( ) N , n > n0 , p N
S n + p ( x ) S n ( x) < , x X
2. Tiu chun Weierstrass. nh l: Gi s cc s hng ca chui hm tho mn bt ng thc

f n ( x) an , x X

v chui s an hi t . Khi chui hm f n ( x) hi t tuyt i v

n =1 n =1
u trn tp
9 Cc tnh cht ca chui hm hi t u nh l 1: Cho chui hm (3), cc hm s fi ( x) , (i = 1,2,...) lin tc trn tp X v hi t u v S ( x ) trn X th S ( x ) lin tc trn X nh l 2: Cho chui hm (3) hi t u v f i ( x) , (i = 1,2,...) lin tc trn [a, b] th
S ( x)
trn [a, b] v cc hm
S ( x)dx = fi ( x)dx
a i =1 a
nh l 3: Nu chui hm (2) hi t v hm hm fi ( x) tho mn: +

f i ' ( x)
S ( x)
trn tp
v cc
lin tc trn
X , i = 1,2,... R ( x)
+ fi ' ( x) hi t u v
i =1
trn
Khi
S ' ( x) = R ( x) = f i ' ( x) , x X
i =1
5.2.3 Chui ly tha a. Cc khi nim chung v chui lu tha 9 nh ngha chui lu tha Mt chui hm c dng ai x i
i =0
, ai R , i , a
(4)
hoc ai ( x a)i
i =0
l hng s
124
Chng 5: L thuyt chui Gi l mt chui lu tha. Trong chui lu tha trn (i = 1,2,...) gi l cc h s ca chui lu tha. 9 Tnh cht hi t ca chui lu tha nh l Aben (Abel) Nu chi lu tha (4) hi t ti mi im x tho mn x < x0
x = x0 0 ai
l cc hng s
th hi t tuyt i ti
Nu chui lu tha (4) phn k ti x = x1 th phn k ti mi im x tho mn x > x1 9 Bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha nh l 1: i vi chui lu tha (4) lun tn ti s R 0 chui hi t tuyt i trong khong ( R, R ) , phn k trong cc khong ( , R ), ( R,+ ) . S R tho mn iu kin trn gi l bn knh hi t ca chui (5.16). nh l 2: (Qui tc tm bn knh hi t). N u
an + 1 = hoc lim n an = n a n n lim
1 nu 0 < < + R = 0 nu = nu = 0
th
R=0
R=
ngha l chui lu tha ch hi t ti x = 0 ngha l chi lu tha hi t ti mi x
9 Tnh cht ca chui lu tha Gi s chui lu tha (4) c bn knh hi t R > 0 v [a, b] l on tu cha trong khong ( R, R ) . Tnh cht 1. Chui lu tha hi t u trn [a, b] . Tnh cht 2. Chui lu tha hi t u v hm
( R, R ) S ( x) ,
lin tc trn
125
Chng 5: L thuyt chui Tnh cht 3. Bt k x1, x2 trong khong

x2 x1 n = 0 n n an x dx = an x dx n=0 x1 x2
( R, R )
lun c
c bit Tnh cht 4.
x ( R , R )
th
n an x dx = 0 n =0
an n +1 x n =0 n + 1
'
x ( R , R )
lun c
an x n = nan x n 1 n =0 n =1
b. Khai trin mt hm s thnh chui lu tha 9 Khi nim v chui Taylor ca hm s

f ( x)
ln cn x0
Gi s hm s f ( x) C ti ln cn im x0 . Chui lu tha c dng

f ( x0 ) + f ' ( x0 ) f ( n ) ( x0 ) ( x x0 ) + ... + ( x x0 ) n + ... 1! n!
f ( x)
c gi l chui Taylor ca
ln cn im x0
Gi s hm s f ( x) C ti ln cn im 0. Chui lu tha biu din trong dng

f ' (0) f ( n ) (0) n f (0) + .x + ... + .x + ... 1! n!
f ( x) .
c gi l chui McLaurin ca hm s Taylor ca f ( x) ln cn ca x = 0 nh l: Nu

x0 :
f ( x ) biu
chnh l chui
din di dng chui lu tha ln cn ca
f ( x) = a0 + a1 ( x x0 ) + ... + an ( x x0 ) n + ...
Th chui l chui Taylor ca
f ( x)
ln cn ca x0 .
9 iu kin hm s khai trin thnh chui Taylor nh l 1: Cho f ( x) C ln cn x = x0 , hm f(x) khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn ca x0 th cn v l phn d Taylor rn ( x) dn n khng khi n nh l 2: Nu f ( x) C ln cn ca x = x0 v trong ln cn c f ( k ) ( x ) M , k N th f ( x ) khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn x0 . 126
Chng 5: L thuyt chui 5.2.4 Chui Phuri (Fourier) a. Cc khi nim chung 9 Chui lng gic Chui hm c dng trong lng gic.
a0 + an cos nx + bn sin nx 2 n =1
(5)
a0 , an , bn , n = 1,2,...
l cc hng s , c gi l mt chui
9 iu kin hi t ca chui lng gic nh l 1: Nu cc chui s an

n =1
b hi t tuyt i th chui
n =1 n
lng gic (5) hi t tuyt i v u trn tp
R.
nh l 2: Nu cc dy s (an ) , (bn ) n iu gim v hi t v 0 khi n th chui lng gic (5) hi t trn tp X = R \ {2m , m Z } 9 Chui Fourier Cho hm s
f ( x)
kh tch trn [ , ] , chui lng gic c dng (6)

k
a0 + ak cos kx + bk sin kx 2 k =1
trong
k = 1,2,...
a0 =
f ( x)dx , a
f ( x) cos kxdx , b
f ( x) sin kxdx ,
c gi l chui Fourier ca hm s f ( x) , cc hng s tnh theo cng thc trn gi l cc h s Fourier ca hm s f ( x) . 9 Chui Fourier trong dng phc Chui Fourier c dng
c0 + ck eikx + c k e ikx
k =1
hay
k =
c e
k
ikx
vi c k =
f ( x)e
ikx
dx , k = 0 1 , 2 , 3 ,...
gi l chui Fourier ca hm
f ( x ) trong
dng phc. 127
Chng 5: L thuyt chui 9 Hm s khai trin thnh chui Fourier Nu trong [ , ] chui Fourier (6) hi t v chnh hm s f ( x) th ni rng hm s f ( x) khai trin c thnh chui Fourier trn [ , ] . nh l: Nu
i =1
f ( x)
i =1
biu din thnh chui lng gic (5) trn [ , ] v
cc chui s ai , bi hi t tuyt i th chui chnh l chui Fourier ca

f ( x) .
b. iu kin hm s khai trin thnh chui Fourier 9 nh l irichl (Dirichlet): Nu f ( x) tun hon vi chu k 2 , n iu tng khc v b chn trn [ , ] th chui Fourier ca hm s f ( x) hi t v tng S ( x ) trn tp R . Tng S ( x ) c tnh cht:
S ( x) =
1 [ f ( x 0) + f ( x + 0)] , x R 2
5.3 CU HI N TP Cu 1. nh ngha chui s, s hi t, phn k ca chui s. Cu 2. Pht biu chng minh iu kin cn ca chui s hi t. Cu 3. Pht biu cc tnh cht ca chui s hi t. Cc tnh cht cn ng khng nu cc chui s phn k? Cu 4. nh ngha chui s dng. Pht biu iu kin cn v chui s dng hi t. Cu 5. Pht biu cc nh l so snh nhn dng s hi t ca chui s dng. Cu 6. Pht biu tiu chun DAlembert v s hi t ca chui s dng. Cu 7. Pht biu tiu chun Cauchy v s hi t ca chui s dng. Cu 8. Pht biu tiu chun tch phn Cauchy-McLaurin v s hi t ca chui s dng. Cu 9. nh ngha chui s an du. Pht biu iu kin cho chui an du hi t. Cu 10. nh ngha s hi t tuyt i, s bn hi t ca chui s. Cu 11. nh ngha chui hm. Min hi t ca chui hm l g? 128
Chng 5: L thuyt chui Cu 12. nh ngha s hi t u ca chui hm. Cu 13. Pht biu tiu chun Weierstrass v s hi t u ca chui hm. Cu 14. Pht biu cc tnh cht ca chui hm hi t u. Cu 15. nh ngha chui lu tha. Pht biu nh l Abel. Cu 16. Bn knh hi t chui lu tha l g? Cu 17. Nu qui tc tm bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha. Cu 18. Nu cc tnh cht ca chui lu tha. Cu 19. nh ngha chui Taylor ln cn ca x0 ca hm s f(x). nh ngha chui McLaurin ca hm s f(x). Cu 20. Th no l hm s khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn ca x0. Cu 21. Nu iu kin cn v hm s f(x) khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn ca x0. Cu 22. Pht biu iu kin hm f(x) khai trin c thnh chui Taylor ln cn x0. Cu 23. Vit khai trin McLaurin cc hm s thng dng. Cu 24. nh ngha chui Fourier ca hm s f(x). Cu 25. Pht biu iu kin hm s khai trin c thnh chui Fourier. Cu 26. Vit chui Fourier trong dng phc. Cu 27. Vit khai trin thnh chui Fourier ca hm s bt k. Cu 28. Vit khai trin theo cc hm s sin ca hm s f(x). iu kin c khai trin ? Cu 29. Vit khai trin theo cc hm s cosin ca hm s f(x). iu kin c khai trin ? Cu 30. C mt hay nhiu chui Fourier ca mt hm s cho trc trn khong (a,b) 5.4 BI TP CHNG V
Cu 1. Cho chui s
ak
k =1
bit rng chui s
a hi t v chui s
p =1 2p
a
p =0
2 p +1
phn k. Chng minh chui s cho phn k. 129
Chng 5: L thuyt chui Cu 2. Chng minh rng cc chui s c s hng tng qut sau y hi t v hy tm tng ca chng a. c.
an = an =
1 (2n 1)(2n + 1) 2n + 1 n (n + 1) 2
2
b.
an =
1 n +n
2
d.
an = (1) n +1
2n + 1 n(n + 1)
Cu 3. Xt s hi t ca cc chui s c s hng tng qut sau y: a. d.

an = n 2 + n n
b. an = arctg e. h. k.
an =
2
n2 n n2 + 1
c. an = f. i.
an =
2n + n 3n + n3 + 3
2 + cos n , > 0 n
an = ln(1 + tg
1 ) n2
n ( n + 2) n + 3 ln n
g. an = n j.
an =
1 1 (1+ + ) n n2
n n2 an = ( ) n + 1)
an =
2n
n2
1 n + (1) n n
2n
an =
cos 2 x dx 2 2 n x + cos 0
2
l. an =
n +1
dx x4 + x + 1
n+
1 2
m.
an =
dx x sin x
2 5 2
o.
e
o
xn
dx
Cu 4. Cho chui s dng
a hi t. Chng minh rng chui s

k =1 k
a , > 1 cng hi t
k =1 k
Cu 5. Cho hai chui s dng an , bn v tn ti s t nhin n0 sao cho

n =1 n =1
n n0
tho mn
an +1 bn +1 an bn
. Chng minh rng nu chui bn hi t th chui

n =1
th nht hi t . Cu 6. Xt s hi t ca cc chui c s hng tng qut sau y: a. d.

n2 an = n 2 +n
an = n! sin
k =1 n
b. an =
1 2k
32 2
3n
c.
an =
ln(n!) n!
e.
an =
2.4...( 2n) nn
f. an =
an n2 + 1
, a>o
130
Chng 5: L thuyt chui g.

an = ( n + 1) n ln n ) 2n 1
h.
1 an = ( arctg ) n n
i.
an =
n ln n (ln n) n
Cu 7. Xt s hi t ca cc chui c s hng tng qut sau y: a. an = (1) n (tg c. e. g.

1 1 sin ) n n
b.
an = (1
n n ) ln n
an = sin( n 4 + 1 )
d. an = f. h.
(1) n 1 (n + 1) n2 + n + 2
an =
an =
(1) n n ln n
1 + (1) n n 1+ n
1 an = sin ( + n) n
an =
1 (
(1) n n 2 (ln n) n
Cu 8. Chng minh rng chui hm

n =1
n 1
2x + 1 n ) x+2
hi t u trn on [-,1]. hi t u trn on [a,b]
Cu 9. Chng minh rng chui hm
(1)n
n =1
x2 + n n2
nhng khng hi t tuyt i trn on . Cu 10. Chng minh rng chui hm ne nx hi t u trn [a,+ ) vi a>0
n =1
nhng khng hi t u trn [o,+ ). Cu 11. Cho chui hm 1 + xn

n =1
a. Tm min hi t ca chui hm. b. Xt s lin tc ca tng S(x). c. Xt s kh vi ca tng S(x). Cu 12. Tm min hi t u ca cc chui hm a.
n =1
n xe xn
b. n x (1) n
n =1
Cu 13. Chng minh rng hm s f(x) = trn [o,+ ]
1 n =1 n( n + x)
xc nh, lin tc, kh vi
Cu 14. Tm min hi t ca chui lu tha c s hng tng qut sau: a.

un ( x) = x n ln n
b.
un ( x) = ( nx ) n
131
Chng 5: L thuyt chui c. un ( x) = (1) n =1 f.

(5 x) n un ( x ) = n! xn n
d. un ( x) =
( x 4) n n
n 1
e.
xn n!
n +1 2n un ( x) = ( x 2) 2n + 1
g. un ( x) = (1)
h.
xn u n ( x ) = , > o n
Cu 15. Tm min hi t v tnh tng cc chui lu tha c s hng tng qut sau: a.
un ( x) = (3n + 1) x 3n , n 1
b. d.
u n ( x ) = ( 2 n + 3n ) x n , n o un ( x) = chna.x n , a > o, n o
c. un ( x) = e.
n 2 + 3n 1 x n ,n o , n + 3 n! (1) n +1 x n 1 ,n o n
un ( x) =
Cu 16. Khai trin thnh chui Taylor ca cc hm s sau: a. f(x) =

1 x
ti ln cn im x=3.
b. f(x) = e x 1 ti ln cn im x=-1. c. f(x) = sinx ti ln cn im x=2. Cu 17. Khai trin thnh chui Macluin cc hm s sau: a. f(x) = chx , c. f(x) =
sin 2 x
b. f(x) = , d. f(x) = f. f(x) =

e x cos x
x 2e x
e. f(x) = ln( x 2 5 x + 6) , g. f(x) =

1 1 + x ln x 1 x 2 khi x 0 khi x = 0
1 x 3x + 2
2
h. f(x) = cos t 2dt

0
Cu 18. Cho hai chui lu tha an x n , bn x n c bn knh hi t tng ng l

n =1 n =1
R1 , R2
a. Chng minh rng nu tn ti n0 N sao cho an bn , n n0 thi R1 R2 . b. Chng minh rng nu an ~ bn khi n th R1 = R2 . Cu 19. Tm bn knh hi t ca cc chui lu tha c s hng tng qut sau: a. 132
un ( x) = chn n x sh 2 n 1 n )x n2
b.
un ( x) = arccos(1
Chng 5: L thuyt chui c. un ( x) = cos(

n 2 + n + 1) x n
d. un ( x) = (n n + 1 n n ) x n ,
e. un ( x) = arctg (1 +
1 ) xn 2 n 4
Cu 20. Tnh cc s sau vi chnh xc l 10 4 a.

e
, b.
1,1
, c. ln (1,04) , d. cos180
Cu 21. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier hm s f(x) l, tun hon vi chu k 2 v f(x) = x vi 0<x< . Cu 22. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier hm s f(x) chn, tun hon vi chu k 2 v f(x) = 1
2x
vi 0<x< . T hy tnh tng
1 (2n + 1) .
n =0 2
Cu 23. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier hm s: f(x) = 1 T tnh tng

1 2 n =1 n
x2
vi - < x <
(1) n 2 n =1 n
Cu 24. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier hm s: f(x) = Cu 25. Khai trin hm s f(x)
x = 2
nu 0 < x < nu
sin x 2
vi
- <x< .
< x <
thnh chui theo cc hm a. sin nx,
n N
b. cos nx, n N T tnh tng
(2n + 1)
n =1
Cu 26. Khai trin thnh chui Fourier hm s f(x) = e x vi -1<x<1. 133
Chng 5: L thuyt chui 5.5 HNG DN V P S BI TP CHNG V Cu 2. a.

1 2
b. 1 ; c. 1 ; d. 1
Cu 3. a. Phn k ; b. Phn k ; c. Hi t ; d. Hi t ; e. Phn k ; f. Hi t khi > 1, Phn k khi 1 ; g. Phn k ; h. Hi t ; i. Hi t ; j. Phn k ; k. Hi t ; l. Hi t ; m. Hi t ; n. Phn k. Cu 6. a. Hi t ; b. Hi t ; c. Hi t ; d. Hi t ; e. Hi t ; f. Hi t khi a 1 , Phn k khi a>1 ; g. Hi t ; h. Hi t ; i. Hi t . Cu 7. a. Hi t tuyt i ; b. Hi t tuyt i ; c. Hi t tuyt i. d. Hi t ; e. Hi t ; f. Hi t ; g. Phn k ; h. Hi t tuyt i. Cu 11. a. x > 1 ; b. Lin tc vi x > 1 ; c. Kh vi vi x > 1 Cu 12. a. R+ ; b. [a, + ) , a>0 . Cu 14. a. -1< x <1 ; b. {0} c. 1 < x 1 d. 3 x < 5 ; g. < x <
vi x <
e. 2- 2 < x < 2 + 2 ; f. - < x < ; h. 1 x <1 vi 1 ,- 1 x 1 vi > 1 Cu 15. a. S =

4 x3 x6 vi x < 1 (1 x 3 ) 2
b.
S=
1 1 + 1 2 x 1 3x
1 3
c. d. e. Cu 16. a. c. 134
1 khi x = 0 3 S= xe x 1 e x ( x 2 2 x + 2) 2 khi x 0 x3 1 xcha S= vi x < e a 2 1 + x 2 xcha 1 khi x = 0 S = ln(1 + x) khi x 0 v - 1 < x 1 x
1 x 3 (1) n 3 n=0 3
b.
e 2
( x + 1) n n! n =0
sin2
(1)n
n=0
( x 2) 2 n ( x 2) 2 n +1 + cos 2 (1) n (2n)! (2n + 1)! n=0
Chng 5: L thuyt chui Cu 17. a. f (x) = c. f (x) =

x2n n = 0 ( 2n)!

, x R ; , x R ;
+
b. f (x) =
xn+ 2 n = 0 n!
, x R
22 n 1 x 2 n n =1 ( 2n)!
n =1
1 d. f (x) = (1 n +1 ) x n , x < 1 2
n=0
e. f (x) = ln6 - n 2n
1 1
1 n x , x < 2 ; 3n
f. f (x) = (1) n
n=0
x 4 n +1 (2n)!(4n + 1)
g. f (x) = 2
x2n n = 0 2n + 1
, x <1 ;
h. f (x) =
n n ( 2 )n x , x R cos n! 4 n=0
Cu 19. a. R=1; b. R=1; c. R=1; d. R=1; e. R=2. Cu 20. a. 1,6488; b. 1,0192; c. 0,392; d. 0,9511. Cu 21. f (x) = 2 Cu 22. f (x) = Cu 23. f (x) =
8
sin kx k k =1
, x 2n , n Z . x R ; ,
cos(2n + 1) x , 2 n = 0 (2n + 1) 2
2 1 = 2 8 n = 0 ( 2n + 1)
2 4 cos nx 2 (1) n n2 3 n =1
1 2 = 2 6 n =1 n
2 (1) n = 2 12 n =1 n
Cu 24. f (x) = (1) n +1 2 , x 0 4n 1

n =1
n sin nx
Cu 25. a. f (x) = b. f (x) =
1 sin 2mx 2 (1) m + + sin(2m + 1) x 2 m = 0 (2m + 1) 2(2m + 1) 2 m =1 m
3 1 2 cos(2m + 1) x + cos 2(2m + 1) x 8 m=0 (2m + 1) 2
1 2 = 1 2 8 n =1 ( 2n + 1)
( 1) k Cu 26. e = Sh1 + 2 Sh1 2 2 (cos kx k sin kx) . k =1 k + 1
x
135
Ti liu tham kho
1. TI LIU THAM KHO
1. G. M. FICHTENGN, Gio trnh php tnh vi tch phn, Tp 1,2,3. Nauka, Moskva,1969. (ting Nga) 2. G. M. FICHTENGN, C s gii tch ton hc, Tp 1,2,3. NXB i hc v Trung hc chuyn nghip, H ni, 1977. 3. K. MAURIN, Analiza, Czes , c , 1. PWN, Warszawa, 1976. 4. R. A. ADAMS, Calculus-a complete, Addison,Wesley, New York, Don Mills, 1991. 5. NGUYN NH TR (ch bin), Ton hc cao cp, Tp 1,2,3. NXB i hc v Gio dc chuyn nghip, H ni, 1990. 6. JEAN-MARIE MONIER, Gio trnh ton, Tp 1,2,3,4. NXB Gio dc, H Ni, 1999 (dch t ting Php, DUNOD, Paris,1999)
136
Mc lc
MC LC
Gii thiu mn hc ......................................................................................................3 1. Gii thiu chung ....................................................................................................3 2. Mc ch ...............................................................................................................4 3. Phng php nghin cu mn hc........................................................................4 Chng I: Gii hn ca dy s ..................................................................................7 1.1. Mc ch.............................................................................................................7 1.2. Tm tt ni dung ................................................................................................8 Chng II: Hm s mt bin s ............................................................................... 28 2.1. Mc ch ........................................................................................................... 28 2.2. Tm tt ni dung .............................................................................................. 29 2.3. Cu hi n tp................................................................................................... 44 2.4. Bi tp chng II.............................................................................................. 45 2.5. Hng dn v p s bi tp chng II ........................................................... 49 Chng III: Php tnh vi phn hm s mt bin s ............................................... 53 3.1. Mc ch ........................................................................................................... 53 3.2. Tm tt ni dung .............................................................................................. 55 3.3. Cu hi n tp................................................................................................... 67 3.4. Bi tp chng III ............................................................................................ 68 3.5. Hng dn v p s bi tp chng III.......................................................... 76 Chng IV: Php tnh tch phn ............................................................................. 81 4.1. Mc ch ........................................................................................................... 81 4.2. Tm tt ni dung .............................................................................................. 82 4.3. Cu hi n tp................................................................................................... 97 4.4. Bi tp chng IV ............................................................................................ 98 4.5. Hng dn v p s bi tp chng IV........................................................106 Chng V: L thuyt chui ....................................................................................116 5.1. Mc ch .........................................................................................................116 5.2. Tm tt ni dung ............................................................................................117 5.3. Cu hi n tp.................................................................................................128 5.4. Bi tp chng V............................................................................................129 5.5. Hng dn v p s bi tp chng V .........................................................134 Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................................136
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SCH HNG DN HC TP

TON CAO CP (A1)

Qu trnh n tng ln mi th un tng

5. Phn phi i vi php cng

6. Tn ti phn t i ca php cng

Tn ti phn t nghch o ca php nhn 8

9 Tnh cht 2: Tp R c xp th t ton phn v ng kn i vi cc s thc dng. 1. 2.

x( + ) = (+ ) x = x( ) = ( ) x = + ( + )(+) = ( )() = + (+ )() = ( )(+) =

c. Cc khong s thc Cho

v a b .Trong R c chn loi khong sau y: 9

e. Khong cch thng thng trong R 9 nh ngha: Khong cch trong R l nh x

Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Gi Acgumen ca z ,k hiu Argz xc nh bi s thc Argz= R; R; cos =

Nh vy Acgumen ca z sai khc nhau

v Arg0 khng xc nh.

' x = x x + iy = x + iy ' y = y ' '

9 Php ly lin hp Cho z = x + iy C ,lin hp ca z,k hiu

9 Php lu tha,cng thc Moavr ( Moivre) Cho z = r (cos + i sin ),

Gi z k l lu tha bc k ca z. Bng qui np ,d chng minh c

Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s 9 Php khai cn bc n ca

Cho n N * , z = r (cos + i sin ) . Gi C * l cn bc n ca z, k hiu n z ,xc nh nh sau: n = z Nu gi =

= + 2k vi k = 0,1,2,..., n 1 . Vy s z c ng n cn bc n, l cc s phc c dng:

c. p dng s phc vo lng gic 9 Khai trin

Cho R, n N * .p dng cng thc Moivre v cng thc nh thc Newton

9 Tuyn tnh ho cos p , sin p , cos p .sin q Cho

S dng cng thc nh thc Newton v xt cc trng hp sau y: 13

Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s a. Trng hp p = 2m, m N *

2 m1 1 1 1 m 1 2 2 m+1 cos 2 m+1 = 2 m+1 + 2 m+1 + C 2 + 2 m1 + L + C2 m +1 m +1 +

1 1 2m+ 1 22 m +1 i (1) m sin 2 m +1 = 2 m +1 + 2 m +1 C2 2 m 1 + L m +1 1 m = 2i sin(2m + 1) 2i.C2 m +1 sin(2m 1) + L + 2i (1) m C2 m +1 sin sin 2 m +1 = 2 2 m ( 1)

hay n gin nht,k hiu (un)

3. Dy (un) phn k nu n khng hi t,ngha l:

4. Dy (un) nhn + lm gii hn nu

i khi ni rng (un) tin ti + .

5. Dy (un) nhn - lm gii hn nu

3. Ni rng (un) l dy b chn nu tn ti M R+ sao cho n N , un M .

Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s 3. Dy (un) tin n - th b chn trn. 9 Tnh cht i s ca dy hi t

lim un = a, lim vn = b lim (un + vn ) = a + b

lim un = a, lim vn = b lim (un vn ) = ab .

lim un = a, lim vn = b 0 lim

9 Tnh cht v th t v nguyn l kp 1. Gi s 2. Gi s

n0 , n > n0 a < un < b

v n0, , n > n0 c a un b khi a l b

3. Gi s 3 dy (un),(vn),(wn) tho mn:

nh l: Hai dy k nhau th hi t v c chung mt gii hn l, ngoi ra

Khi tn ti duy nht s l sao cho d. Dy con

Cho (un),t cc s hng ca n lp mt dy mi nk < .... Gi

< n2 < ...<

l mt dy con ca (un).Chng hn:

(u2n) v (u2n+1) l cc dy con ca (un)

khng phi l dy con ca (un) v s hng u0 xut hin 2 ln

Cu 5. Tm gii hn ca cc dy cho bi s hng tng qut di y a) x n = n n 2 1 c) x n = n + 3 1 n 3 . . b) x n = n (n + a ) n . d)

Cu 6. Chng minh s hi t v xc nh gii hn ca cc dy sau cho bi s hng tng qut tng ng

Cu 11. Chng t cc dy sau c gii hn l + a) x n = 1 + b) x n = log a

Cu 12. Tm gii hn ca dy sau: a) x n =

b) x n = 1 + x n 1 , x0 = 3 . c) xn(3 + xn-1) + 1 = 0, x0 = 1. d) x n = a + x n 1 (n > 1), x1 = a , a >0. e) x n +1 =

Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s S PHC Cu 1. Cho E,F,G,H R 2 , xc nh bi cc h thc sau: E: G:

3x2y - 3x -y3 =0.

Cu 4. Gii h phng trnh vi n ( x, y, z) C 3 xy = z , yz = x , zx = y. Cu 5. Cho nh x f: C C tho mn

Cu 13. Xc nh tp hp cc im M c to v z tho mn iu kin: a. z = 2 z 1 . b.

Cu 15. Vi a R ,n (x,y) R 2 . Tm nghim ca h

Cu 18. Chng minh vi R a. b. 22

Chng 1: Gii hn ca dy s Cu 19. Cho (n,x) N * R , tnh Cu 20. Vi a.

1 1 1 +L+ = 2 < 2, n > 1 1.2 (n 1)n n

Bng qui np chng minh c xn+1 - xn = V y