Sach TN PPGNBTHH - CHV

Bn in gc r nt nht ch c ti hiu Photo Thanh Bnh SN 59 (Gn cng trng CHV)
Photo Thanh Bnh T: 0914235215 hoc 01698001858

1
Li ni u
Cc em , sng trn i iu quan trng l phi hiu c ai l ngi yu
thng mnh nht. Cc em th i tm cu tr li thng qua cu truyn di y
nh!
Nhng chic v lon bia ca b
(Dn tr) - Nm ti ln 10 tui, b mua v cho mt con bp b. l mn qu u tin trong i ti
nhn c khi kt thc lp 4 vi kt qu hc sinh gii.
B lm ngh li xe m, quanh nm i nng i ma ch khch kim thm thu nhp cho gia nh
ngoi ci ngh thu mua ng nt ca m. Tuy chy xe m, nh ng u thy nhng lon bia hay lon
nc ngt nm ln lc l b dng xe nht, mc cho khch ngi sau xe t ra kh chu hay cm thng
cho b. Nhiu hm c nhng v khch khi thy h nh ng ca b khen b l ngi chng t t, l
ngi b bit chm lo gia nh, khi thanh ton tin xe h trnh trng th ng thm cho b t tin
v bo: Ti khm phc nhng ngi nh anh.
M ti vi vnh nn l t ti trn vai i quang gnh i t ng con hm mua nhm ng, nha v
nhng th ngi ta chun b vt i mong bn li kim cht li.
Gia nh ti sng trong con hm cht chi nm ngoi th nh. B m cht chiu mi vn khng xy
ni cn nh ng hong che ma che nng, ch c cn lu che tm trong ci xm ng c . T ci
ngy b m bn i cn nh tranh xiu vo, khng chng chi ni vi nhng c n bo di qu
sng tm b ni khu chut ny, khun mt b ngy cng gy thm, i tay m ngy mt en sm
v nng.
Thnh ph lc ny l khng gian thch th i vi anh em chng ti, nhng vi b m l mt s vt
ln kim tng ng thu nhp nh nhoi, thm lng v lao lc. Tui th l ng ti cha h tm
ti.
2
Cuc sng thiu thn l th, nhng gia nh 5 thnh vin ca chng ti lun rn r ting ci a v
s chm sc chu o, ht mc ca ba m.
Nm ti hc lp 12, trong mt ln cng bn b i hc v, tnh c thy b ang ch khch tr n ng
bt ng dng xe li trc mt ng v bia chng 20 lon, v khch y ngi tr n xe, b ly bao
nilon nht chng vo trc nhng con mt ngc nhi n ca m bn. Ti mt, tai khi trong m
bn c a ln ting bo: C phi b ca con P. y khng? Ti chy mt mch v nh , b li
m bn, b li mt cht t ti, mc cm rt ngy th ri m mt khc nc n.
Ti b cm ti, nm l trn ging. M n d xt mi ti mi chu ni ra l v sao mnh khc. Khi
ti ni ra nhng iu , m m ti bt khc. M k cho ti nghe b tng ti con bp b hi hc lp
4 l kt qu t vic nht lon bia, ri tin mua ci o nhn lc sinh nht, v ng eo tay, sch v tt
c u l tin b ki cp t m c. V tt c tin chy xe m b u a cho m trang tri cuc
sng, duy ch c thu nhp t i t nhng lon bia l b gi li i n lc cn thit s mua qu bnh
cho ti.
Tt c nhng th con c u l t lon bia y con . M ti bo nh th. Nghe xong nhng cu ni
trong nc mt ca m, ti khc nh cha bao gi c khc ri mong b i chuyn xe m cui
cng v nh sm, ti s chy o ra m b v bo: B i con thng b nhiu, con c li vi b.
Yn M Sn
3
MC LC
Trang
Phn 1: Gii thiu cc chuyn
phng php gi i nhanh bi tp ha hc 4-196
Chuyn 1 : Phng php ng cho 4
Chuyn 2 : Phng php t chn lng cht 25
Chuyn 3 : Phng php bo ton nguyn t 40
Chuyn 4: Phng php bo ton khi lng 52
Chuyn 5 : Phng php tng gi m khi lng, s mol,
th tch kh 71
Chuyn 6 : Phng php bo ton electron 88
Chuyn 7 : Phng php quy i 123
Chuyn 8 : Phng php s dng phng trnh ion rt gn 135
Chuyn 9 : Phng php bo ton in tch 159
Chuyn 10 : Phng php s dng cc gi tr trung bnh 170
Chuyn 11 : Gii thiu mt s cng thc tnh nhanh s
ng phn v gii nhanh bi tp ha hc 187
Phn 2 : p n 197 - 199
4
PHN 1: GII THIU CC CHUYN
PHNG PHP GII NHANH BI TP HA HC
CHUYN 1 : PHNG PHP NG CHO
I. Nguyn tc :
- Cc gi tr trung bnh nh : Khi lng mol trung bnh; s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh; s
nguyn t hiro trung bnh; s lin kt pi trung bnh; nng mol trung bnh; nng % trung
bnh; s khi trung bnh ca cc ng v lun c mi quan h vi khi lng mol; s nguyn t
cacbon; s nguyn t hiro; s lin kt pi; nng mol; nng %; s khi ca cc cht hoc
nguyn t bng cc ng cho.
- Trong phn ng axit baz : Th tch ca dung dch axit, baz ; nng mol ca H
+
, OH
-
ban
u v nng mol ca H
+
, OH
-
d lun c mi quan h vi nhau bng cc ng cho.
II. Cc trng hp s dng s ng cho
1. Trn ln hai cht kh, hai cht tan hoc hai cht rn khng tc dng vi nhau
Ta c s ng cho :
B
A A
B B
A
M M
n V
n V
M M
= =
Trong :
- n
A
, n
B
l s mol ca : Cc cht A, B hoc cc ng v A, B ca mt nguyn t ha hc.
- V
A
, V
B
l th tch ca cc cht kh A, B.
- M
A
, M
B
l khi lng mol ca : Cc cht A, B hoc s khi ca cc ng v A, B ca mt
nguyn t ha hc.
- M l khi lng mol trung bnh ca cc cht A, B hoc s khi trung bnh ca cc ng v A, B
ca mt nguyn t ha hc.
2. Trn ln hai dung dch c cng cht tan :
- Dung dch 1 : c khi lng m
1
, th tch V
1
, nng C
1
(nng phn trm hoc nng
mol), khi lng ring d
1
.
2
, th tch V
2
, nng C
2
(C
2
> C
1
), khi lng ring d
2
.
- Dung dch thu c : c khi lng m = m
1
+ m
2
, th tch V = V
1
+ V
2
, nng C
(C
1
< C < C
2
) v khi lng ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l :
a. i vi nng % v khi l ng:
m
1
C
1
|C
2
- C|
C
m
2
C
2
|C
1
- C|
(1)
| C C |
| C C |
m
m
1
2
2
1
=
n M M M
B A A
M
n M M M
B B A

5
b. i vi nng mol/lt :
V
1
C
1
|C
2
- C|
C
V
2
C
2
|C
1
- C|
(2)
| C C |
| C C |
V
V
1
2
2
1
=
c. i vi khi lng ring :
V
1
d
1
|d
2
- d|
d
V
2
d
2
|d
1
- d|
(3)
| d d |
| d d |
V
V
1
2
2
1
=
Lu : Mt s cng thc lin quan n bi ton c cn, pha long dung dch
1
, th tch V
1
, nng C
1
(nng phn trm hoc nng
mol).
- Sau khi c cn hay pha long dung dch bng nc, dung dch thu c c khi lng
m
2
= m
1

2
H O
m ; th tch V
2
= V
1

2
H O
V nng C (C
1
> C
2
hay C
1
< C
2
).
i vi nng %v khi lng:
m
ct
= m
1
C
1
= m
2
C
2

1 2
2 1
m C
m C
=
i vi nng mol/lt :
n
ct
= V
1
C
1
= V
2
C
2

1 2
2 1
V C
V C
=
3. Phn ng axit - baz
a. Nu axit d :
Ta c s ng cho :
b d
A
B b d
OH + H
V
V H H
+
+ +

] ]
=

] ]
- V
A
, V
A
l th tch ca dung dch axit v baz.
-
b
OH

]
l nng OH
-
ban u.
-
b
H
+

]
,
d
H
+

]
l nng H
+
ban u v nng H
+
d.
b. Nu baz d :
Ta c s ng cho :

V H O H H
A d b b
H
d
V O H H H
B d b b

] ] ]

]

] ] ]
+ +
+
+
+ +

V H O H O H
A d b b
O H
d
V O H H O H
B d b b

] ] ]

]

] ] ]
+
+
+
6
b d
A
B b d
OH OH
V
V H + OH

+

] ]
=

] ]
- V
A
, V
A
l th tch ca dung dch axit v baz.
-
b
OH

]
,
d
OH

]
l nng OH
-
ban u v nng OH
-
d.
-
b
H
+

]
l nng H
+
ban u.
III. Cc v d minh ha
Dng 1: Pha trn hai dung dch c cng cht tan hoc pha nc vo dung dch
cha 1 cht tan
Phng php gi i
Nu pha trn hai dung dch c nng phn trm khc nhau th ta dng cng thc :
(1)
| C C |
| C C |
m
m
1
2
2
1
=
Nu pha trn hai dung dch c nng mol khc nhau th ta dng cng thc :
(2)
| C C |
| C C |
V
V
1
2
2
1
=
Nu pha trn hai dung dch c khi l ng ring khc nhau th ta dng cng thc :
(3)
| d d |
| d d |
V
V
1
2
2
1
=
Cc v d minh ha i vi dng 1
Dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
V d 1: thu c dung dch HCl 25% cn ly m
1
gam dung dch HCl 35% pha vi m
2
gam dung
dch HCl 15%. T l m
1
/m
2
l :
A. 1:2. B. 1:3. C. 2:1. D. 1:1.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho ta c :
2 1
2 1
C C m
m C C

1
2
15 25 m 10 1
m 35 25 10 1
= = =
.
p n D.
7
V d 2: pha c 500 ml dung dch NaCl 0,9M cn ly V ml dung dch NaCl 3M pha vi n c
ct. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 150 ml. B. 214,3 ml. C. 285,7 ml. D. 350 ml.
Hng dn gii
Gi th tch ca dung dch NaCl (C
1
= 3M) v th tch ca H
2
O (C
2
= 0M) ln lt l V
1
v
2
V .
2 1
2 1
C C V 0, 9 0 0, 9
V C C 3 0, 9 2,1

= = =

V
1
=
0, 9
.500
2,1 0, 9 +
= 150 ml.
p n A.
Ch : Cng c th p dng cng thc pha long dung dch :
1 2
2 1
V C
V C
= :
2 2
1
1
V C 500.0, 9
V 150
C 3
= = = ml.
V d 3: Cn bao nhiu lt axit H
2
SO
4
(D = 1,84 gam/ml) v bao nhiu lt nc ct pha thnh 9 lt
dung dch H
2
SO
4
c D = 1,28 gam/ml ? Bit khi lng ring ca nc l 1 gam/ml
A. 2 lt v 7 lt. B. 3 lt v 6 lt. C. 4 lt v 5 lt. D. 6 lt v 3 lt.
Hng dn gii
S ng cho:
2
2 4
H O
H SO
V
0,56 2
V 0, 28 1
= =
Mt khc
2
H O
V +
2 4
H SO
V = 9
2
H O
V = 6 lt v
2 4
H SO
V = 3 lt.
p n B.
2
2 4
HO: 1 |1,84 1,28| 0,56
1,28
HSO : 1,84 |1,28 1| 0,28
=
=
8
Dng 2 : Ha tan mt kh (HCl, NH
3
), mt oxit (SO
3
, P
2
O
5
) hoc mt tinh th
(CuSO
4
.5H
2
O, FeSO
4
.7H
2
O, NaCl) vo dung dch cha mt cht tan c mt
dung dch mi cha mt cht tan duy nht
Phng php gi i
Trng hp ha tan tinh th vo dung dch th ta coi tinh th l mt dung dch c nng
phn trm l : C% =
chat tan
tinhthe
m
.100%
m
, sau p dng cng thc :
(1)
| C C |
| C C |
m
m
1
2
2
1
=
Trng hp ha tan kh hoc oxit vo dung dch th ta vit phng trnh phn ng ca kh
hoc oxit vi nc (nu c) trong dung dch , sau tnh khi l ng ca cht tan thu c. Coi
oxit l mt dung dch cht tan c nng phn trm l : C% =
chat tan
oxit
m
.100%
m
(C% >100%), sau
p dng cng thc :
(1)
| C C |
| C C |
m
m
1
2
2
1
=
V d 4: Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO
4
8%
pha thnh 280 gam dung dch CuSO
4
16% ?
A. 180 gam v 100 gam. B. 330 gam v 250 gam.
C. 60 gam v 220 gam. D. 40 gam v 240 gam.
Hng dn gii
4 2
160
250
CuSO .5H O
Ta coi CuSO
4
.5H
2
O nh l dung dch CuSO
4
c: C% =
160.100
250
= 64%.
Gi m
1
l khi lng ca CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v m
2
l khi lng ca dung dch CuSO
4
8%.
Theo s ng cho :
2 1
2 1
C C m
m C C

1
2
m 8 1
m 48 6
= = .
Mt khc m
1
+ m
2
= 280 gam.
Vy khi lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O l : m
1
=
280
.1
1 6 +
= 40 gam m
2
= 280 40 = 240 gam.
p n D.
9
V d 5: Ha tan 200 gam SO
3
vo m
2
gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% ta c dung dch H
2
SO
4
78,4%.
Gi tr ca m
2
l :
A. 133,3 gam. B. 146,9 gam. C. 272,2 gam. D. 300 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
200 gam SO
3

98.200
80
= 245 gam H
2
SO
4
Coi SO
3
l dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng phn trm l : C% =
245
.100% 122, 5%
200
=
Gi m
1
, m
2
ln lt l khi lng ca SO
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly.
2 1
2 1
C C m
m C C

1
2
49 78, 4 m 29, 4
m 122,5 78, 4 44,1
= =
2
44,1
m .200
29, 4
= = 300 gam.
p n D.
Dng 3: Xc nh % s nguyn t (%s mol nguyn t) ca cc ng v ca mt
nguyn t ha hc
Phng php gi i
S dng cng thc :
B
A
B
A
M M
n
n
M M
Trong :
- n
A
, n
B
l s mol ca : Cc ng v A, B ca mt nguyn t ha hc.
- M
A
, M
B
l khi lng mol ca : S khi ca cc ng v A, B ca mt nguyn t ha hc.
- M l s khi trung bnh ca cc ng v A, B ca mt nguyn t ha hc.
V d 6: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l 35,5. Trong t nhin clo c hai ng v bn l
35
Cl v
37
Cl . Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
35
Cl l :
A. 75. B. 25. C. 80. D. 20.
Hng dn gii
37
35
Cl
Cl
n
35, 5 35 1
n 37 35, 5 3
= =

10
%
35
Cl =
3
.100%
4
= 75%.
p n A.
V d 7: Trong nc, hiro tn ti hai ng v
1
H v
2
H. Bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hiro l
1,008; ca oxi l 16. S nguyn t ng v ca
2
H c trong 1 ml nc nguyn cht (d = 1 gam/ml) l
:
A. 5,53.10
20
. B. 5,35.10
20
. C. 3,35.10
20
. D. 4,85.10
20
.
Hng dn gii
1
2
H
H
n
2 1, 008 0, 992 99, 2%
n 1 1, 008 0, 008 0, 8%
= = =
S mol nc l :
1
18
mol ; S mol H l : 2.
1
18
; S mol
2
H l : 2.
1
18
. 0,8%
S nguyn t ng v
2
H trong 1 gam nc l : 2.
1
18
. 0,8%.6,02.10
23
= 5,35.10
20
.
p n B.
Dng 4: Xc nh % v s mol (phn trm v th tch) ca hn hp cht kh hoc
phn trm v s mol ca hn hp cht rn
Phng php gi i
S dng cng thc :
B
A A
B B
A
M M
n V
n V
M M
= =
Trong :
- n
A
, n
B
l s mol ca cc cht A, B.
- V
A
, V
B
l th tch ca cc cht kh A, B.
- M
A
, M
B
l khi lng mol ca cc cht A, B.
- M l khi lng mol trung bnh ca cc cht A, B.
V d 8: Hn hp hai kh NO v N
2
O c t khi hi i vi hiro bng 16,75. T l s mol hoc t l
th tch ca NO v N
2
O trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 1 : 3. B. 3 : 1. C. 1 : 1. D. 2 : 3.
Hng dn gii
2
(NO,N O) M =16,75.2 =33,5
2
N O
NO
V
33, 5 30 1
V 44 33, 5 3
= =
p n B.
11
V d 9: t chy hon ton m gam cacbon trong V lt kh oxi (ktc), thu c hn hp kh A c t
khi so vi oxi l 1,25. Xc nh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong A.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit : = = A M 1, 25.32 40 C th xy ra cc trng hp sau :
Trng hp 1 : Hn hp A gm hai kh l O
2
d v CO
2
2 2
2 2
CO CO
O O
V n
40 32 8 2
V n 44 40 4 1
= = = =
%CO
2
=
2
.100% 66, 67%
2 1
=
+
; %O
2
= (100 66,67)% = 33,33%.
Trng hp 2 : Hn hp A gm hai kh l CO v CO
2
2 2
CO CO
CO CO
V n
40 28 12 3
V n 44 40 4 1
= = = =
%CO
2
=
3
.100% 75%
3 1
=
+
; %CO = (100 75)% = 25%.
V d 10: Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 19,2. Thnh
phn % v khi lng ca O
3
trong hn hp l :
A. 66,67%. B. 33,33%. C. 35%. D. 75%.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho :
3 3
2 2
O O
O O
V n
19, 2.2 32 6, 4 2
V n 48 19, 2.2 9, 6 3
= = = =
3
2.48
%O .100 50%
2.48 3.32
= =
+
.
p n B.
V d 11: Hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr. Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d th to ra kt
ta c khi lng bng khi lng ca AgNO
3
tham gia phn ng. Thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca NaCl trong hn hp u l :
A. 25,84%. B. 27,84%. C. 40,45%. D. 27,48%.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng :
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl+ + NaNO
3
(1)
NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr+ + NaNO
3
(2)
Khi lng kt ta (gm AgCl v AgBr) bng khi lng AgNO
3
, do khi lng mol trung
bnh ca hai mui kt ta
+ = =
3
A g C l A g B r
A g N O
M M 1 7 0
(v
+
=
3
A g C l A g B r A g N O
n n
). Do :

Cl ,Br M = 170 108 = 62.
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai mui ban u NaCl ,NaBr M = 23 + 62 = 85
12
NaCl
NaBr
n 103 85 18
n 85 58, 5 26, 5
= =
= = =
+ +
NaC l
NaBr NaC l
m 18.58, 5
% NaC l .100% 27, 84%
m m (26, 5.103) (18.58, 5)
.
p n B.
V d 12: Cho hn hp gm N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
c t khi so vi hiro l 8. Dn hn hp i qua dung
dch H
2
SO
4
c, d th th tch kh cn li mt na. Thnh phn phn trm (%) theo th tch ca mi
kh trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 25% N
2
, 25% H
2
v 50% NH
3
. B. 25% NH
3
, 25% H
2
v 50% N
2
.
C. 25% N
2
, 25% NH
3
v 50% H
2
. D. 15% N
2
, 35% H
2
v 50% NH
3
.
Hng dn gii
Khi i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, d ton b NH
3
b hp th, do thnh phn ca NH
3
l 50%.
2 2 3
( N ,H , NH ) M = 8.2 = 16
2, 2 3
2 2
( N H ) NH
(H , N )
n
16 M 1
n 17 16 1
= =

2, 2
( N H ) M = 15
2, 2
( N H ) M = 15 l khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp ca N
2
v H
2
. Tip tc p dng s
ng cho ta c :
2
2
H
N
n
28 15 1
n 15 2 1
= =
%N
2
= %H
2
= 25%.
p n A.
Dng 5 : Xc nh nng mol, th tch ca dung dch axit, baz hoc t l th
tch cachng trong phn ng gia cc dung dch axit v dung dch baz
Phng php gi i
Nu axit d ta s dng cng thc :
b d
A
B b d
OH + H
V
V H H
+
+ +

] ]
=

] ]
Nu baz d ta s dng cng thc :
b d
A
B b d
OH OH
V
V H + OH

+

] ]
=

] ]
13
V d 13: Trn 250 ml dung dch cha hn hp HCl 0 ,08M v H
2
SO
4
0,01 M vi 250 ml dung dch
NaOH aM thu c 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr a l :
A. 0,13M. B. 0,12M. C. 0,14M. D. 0.10M.
Hng dn gii
Nng H
+
ban u l : 0,08 + 0,01.2 = 0,1M.
Nng OH
-
ban u l : aM.
Dung dch sau phn ng c pH = 12, suy ra OH
-
d, pOH = 2.
Nng OH
-
d l : 10
-2
= 0,01M.
p dng s ng cho cho trng hp OH
-
d ta c :
b d
A
B b d
OH OH
V
V H + OH

+

] ]
=

] ]
=
a 0, 01 1
a 0,12
0,1 0, 01 1
= =
+
.
p n B.
V d 14: Trn ln 3 dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M, HNO
3
0,2M v HCl 0,3M vi nhng th tch bng
nhau thu c dung dch A. Ly 300 ml dung dch A cho phn ng vi V lt dung dch B gm
NaOH 0,2M v KOH 0,29M thu c dung dch C c pH = 2. Gi tr V l :
A. 0,134 lt. B. 0,214 lt. C. 0,414 lt. D. 0,424 lt.
Hng dn gii
Nng H
+
ban u l : (0,1.2.0,1 + 0,2.0,1 + 0,3.0,1) : 0,3 =
0, 7
3
M.
Nng OH
-
ban u l : (0,2 + 0,29) = 0,49M.
Dung dch sau phn ng c pH = 2, suy ra H
+
d.
Nng H
+
d l : 10
-2
= 0,01M.
p dng s ng cho cho trng hp H
+
d ta c :
b d
A
B b d
OH + H
V
V H H
+
+ +

] ]
=

] ]
=
0, 49 0, 01 0, 3
V 0,134
0, 7
V
0, 01
3
+
= =
.
p n A.
V d 15: Dung dch A gm HCl 0,2M ; HNO
3
0,3M ; H
2
SO
4
0,1M ; HClO
4
0,3M, dung dch B
gm KOH 0,3M ; NaOH 0,4M ; Ba(OH)
2
0,15M. Cn trn A v B theo t l th tch l bao nhiu
c dung dch c pH = 13 ?
A. 11: 9. B. 9 : 11. C. 101 : 99. D. 99 : 101.
Hng dn gii
Nng H
+
ban u l : (0,2 + 0,3 + 0,1.2 + 0,3) = 1M.
Nng OH
-
ban u l : (0,3 + 0,4 + 0,15.2) = 1M.
Dung dch sau phn ng c pH = 13 pOH = 1 Nng OH
-
d l : 10
-1
= 0,1M.
-
d ta c :
b d
A
B b d
OH OH
V
V H + OH

+

] ]
=

] ]
=
1 0,1 9
1 0,1 11
=
+
.
p n B.
14
Dng 6: Xc nh % v s mol (% vth tch - i vi cc cht kh) ; % v khi
lng ca hn hp cc cht hoc xc nh cng thc ca mt hp cht hay mt
n cht
Phng php gi i
S dng cng thc ng cho :
2
A A
B B
1
n n
n V
n V
n n
= =
hoc
B
A A
B B
A
M M
n V
n V
M M
= =
Trong :
- n
A
, n
B
l s mol ca cc cht A, B.
- V
A
, V
B
l th tch ca cc cht A, B.
- n
1
, n
2
l s nguyn t cacbon ca cc cht hu c A, B.
- n l s cacbon trung bnh ca cc cht hu c A, B.
- M
A
, M
B
l khi lng mol ca cc cht A, B.
- M l khi lng mol trung bnh ca cc cht A, B.
V d 16: Hn hp kh A gm etan v propan. t chy hn hp A thu c kh CO
2
v hi H
2
O
theo t l th tch 11:15.
a. Thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn hp l :
A. 18,52% ; 81,48%. B. 45% ; 55%. C. 28,13% ; 71,87%. D. 25% ; 75%.
b. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp l :
A. 18,52% ; 81,48%. B. 45% ; 55%. C. 28,13% ; 71,87%. D. 25% ; 75%.
Hng dn gii
a. t CTPT trung bnh ca etan v propan l :
n 2n 2
C H
+
Phn ng chy :
n 2n 2
C H
+
+ O
2
n CO
2
+ ( n +1)H
2
O
Theo gi thit ta c :
n 1 15
n 2, 75
11 n
+
= =
p dng s ng cho cho s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca hai cht ta c :
2 6
3 8
C H
C H
n
3 2, 75 0, 25 25%
n 2, 75 2 0, 75 75%
= = =
p n B.
b. Thnh phn phn trm v khi l ng ca cc cht l :
%C
2
H
6
=
0, 25.30
.100%
0, 25.30 0, 75.44
=
+
18,52% %C
3
H
8
= 81,48%.
p n A.
15
V d 17: Hn hp kh A iu kin ti u chun gm hai olefin. t chy 7 th tch A cn 31 th
tch O
2
(ktc). Bit olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim khong 40% 50% th tch hn hp A. Cng
thc phn t ca hai elefin l :
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
. C. C
2
H
4
v C
4
H
8
. D. A hoc C ng.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh ca hai olefin l :
n 2n
C H
Phng trnh phn ng :
n 2n
C H +
3n
2
O
2
n CO
2
+ n H
2
O (1)
Th tch: 7 7.
3n
2
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 7.
3n
2
= 31 n ~ 2,95
Trong hai olefin phi c mt cht l C
2
H
4
v cht cn li c cng thc l
n 2n
C H
V olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim khong 40% 50% th tch hn hp A nn
n 2n
2 4 n 2n
C H
C H C H
n
40% 50%
n n
< <
+
(2)
p dng s ng cho i vi s cacbon ca hai olefin ta c :
n 2n
2 4
C H
C H
n
2, 95 2
n n 2, 95

n 2n
2 4 n 2n
C H
C H C H
n
2, 95 2 0, 95
n n n 2, 95 2, 95 2 n 2
= =
+ +
(3)
Kt hp gia (2) v (3) ta c : 3,9 < n < 4,375 n = 4
p n C.
V d 18: Cn trn hai th tch metan vi mt th tch ng ng X ca metan thu c hn hp
kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 15. X l :
A. C
3
H
8
. B. C
4
H
10
. C. C
5
H
12
. D. C
6
H
14
.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho :
4
CH
X
X
X
V
M 30 2
M 58
V 30 16 1
= = =
14n + 2 = 58 n = 4
X l C
4
H
10
.
p n B.
V d 19: Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton
hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, thu c hn hp kh Z c t
khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
3
H
8
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
3
H
4
.
Hng dn gii
= Z M 38 Z gm CO
2
v O
2
2
2
O
CO
n
44 38 1
n 38 32 1
= =

16
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
x
H
y
+ (x+
y
4
) O
2
xCO
2
+
y
2
H
2
O
b: 1 10
p: 1 (x+
y
4
) x
sp: 0 10 (x+
y
4
) x
10 (x+
y
4
) = x 40 = 8x + y x = 4 v y = 8
p n C.
V d 20: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau
khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t
khi i vi hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 0,92. B. 0,32. C. 0,64. D. 0,46.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc phn t ca ancol no, n chc X l : C
n
H
2n + 2
O
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
n
H
2n + 2
O + CuO C
n
H
2n
O + H
2
O + Cu (1)
mol : x x x x x
Khi lng cht rn gim = m
CuO
m
Cu
= 80x 64x = 0,32 x = 0,02
Hn hp hi gm C
n
H
2n
O v H
2
O c khi lng mol trung bnh l : 15,5.2 = 31 gam/mol.
n 2n
2
C H O
H O
n
31 18 13 1
n 2
n (14n 16) 31 14n 15 1
= = = =
+
Vy khi lng ca X l : m = (14n + 18).0,02 = (14.2 + 18).0,02 = 0,92 gam.
p n A.
Nhn xt : Bi tp ny nn lm theo phng php bo ton khi lng th ngn gn hn (Xem li
gii chuyn phng php bo ton khi lng).
V d 21: Cho hn hp X gm 2 este c CTPT l C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
tc dng vi NaOH d thu
c 6,14 gam hn hp 2 mui v 3,68 gam ancol B duy nht c t khi so vi oxi l 1,4375. S gam
ca C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
trong A ln lt l :
A. 3,6 gam v 2,74 gam. B. 3,74 gam v 2,6 gam.
C. 6,24 gam v 3,7 gam. D. 4,4 gam v 2,22 gam.
Hng dn gii
M
B
= 1,4375.32 = 46 ancol B l C
2
H
5
OH.
n
B
= n
mui
=
3, 68
46
= 0,08 (mol) = = mui
6,14
M 76, 75 (gam / mol)
0, 08
3
HCOONa
CH COONa
n 82 76, 75 3
n 76, 75 68 5
= =

17
= = =

= =
=

3 2 5 4 8 2
3
2 5 3 6 2
CH COOC H C H O
CH COONa
HCOOC H C H O
HCOONa
n 0, 05 m 4, 4 gam
n 0, 05
n 0, 03 m 2, 22 gam
n 0, 03
p n D.
V d 22: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C
2
H
7
NO
2
tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm hai kh
(u lm xanh giy qu m). T khi hi ca Z i vi H
2
bng 13,75. C cn dung dch Y thu c
khi lng mui khan l :
A. 16,5 gam. B. 14,3 gam. C. 8,9 gam. D. 15,7 gam.
Hng dn gii
Hn hp Z gm 2 kh c tnh baz l NH
3
v CH
3
NH
2
. Vy hn hp X gm CH
3
COONH
4
v
HCOOH
3
NCH
3
Phng trnh phn ng :
CH
3
COONH
4
+ NaOH CH
3
COONa + NH
3
+ H
2
O (1)
mol: x x x
HCOOH
3
NCH
3
+ NaOH HCOONa + CH
3
NH
2
+ H
2
O (2)
mol: y y y
p dng s ng cho ta c:
3
3 2
NH
CH NH
n
31 13, 5.2 1
n 13, 5.2 17 3
= =
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c h :

x y 0, 2
x 0, 05
x 1
y 0,15
y 3
+ =
=
:

= =
m = 68.0,15 + 82.0,05 = 14,3 gam.

p n B.
Nhn xt : Bi tp ny nn lm theo phng php bo ton khi lng th ngn gn hn (Xem li
gii chuyn phng php bo ton khi lng).
V d 23: Cho 3,6 gam hn hp gm K v mt kim loi kim A tc dng va ht vi n c, thu c
2,24 lt H
2
0,5 atm v 0
o
C. Bit s mol kim loi (A) trong hn hp ln hn 10% tng s mol 2 kim
loi. A l kim loi :
A. K. B. Na. C. Li. D. Rb.
Hng dn gii
Gi khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai kim loi kim l : M
Phng trnh phn ng :
2K + 2H
2
O 2KOH + H
2
(1)
2A + 2H
2
O 2AOH + H
2
(2)
Theo cc phn ng ta thy :
2
(K,A) H
PV
n 2.n 2. 0,1
RT
= = = mol M =
3, 6
0,1
= 36 gam/mol.
V M < M
K
nn M > M
A
A c th l Na hoc Li.
A
K A A
n 39 36 3
n 36 M 36 M
= =

A A
hh A K A
n n 3
n n n 3 36 M
= =
+ +
(3)
18
Theo gi thit n
A
> 10%.n
hh

A
hh
n
10% 0,1
n
> = (4)
T (3) v (4) M
A
> 9 A l Na
p n B.
V d 24: A l qung hematit cha 60% Fe
2
O
3
. B l qung manhetit cha 69,6% Fe
3
O
4
. Trn m
A
tn
qung A vi m
B
tn qung B thu c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th i u ch c 0,5 tn
gang cha 4% cacbon. T l m
A
/m
B
l :
A. 5:2. B. 3:4. C. 4:3. D. 2:5.
Hng dn gii
S kg Fe c trong 1 tn ca mi qung l :
Qung A cha:
60 112
1000 420
100 160
= kg
Qung B cha:
69, 6 168
1000 504
100 232
= kg
Qung C cha:
4
500 1 480
100
|
=
|
'
kg
S ng cho:
m
A
420 |504 - 480| = 24
480
m
B
504 |420 - 480| = 60
5
2
60
24
m
m
B
A
= =
p n D.
Dng 7: Tnh nng mol ; nng % ; th tch ca nc cn pha thm hay c
cn bt ; th tch ca dung dch cht tan tr c haysau khi pha long, c cn dung
dch
Phng php gi i
S dng cc cng thc pha long, c cn dung dch
Lu : Khi pha long hay c cn dung dch th lng cht tan khng i nn :
- i vi nng % v khi lng ta c :
m
ct
= m
1
C
1
= m
2
C
2

1 2
2 1
m C
m C
=
- i vi nng mol/lt ta c :
n
ct
= V
1
C
1
= V
2
C
2

1 2
2 1
V C
V C
=
19
Dnh cho hc sinh lp 10, 11
V d 25: Lm bay hi 500 ml dung dch cht A 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml) ch c n 300 gam dung dch.
Nng % ca dung dch ny l :
A. 30%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 60%.
Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc c cn, pha long dung dch ta c :
1 2
2 1
m C
m C
=
1 1
2
2
m C 500.1, 2.20%
C 40%
m 300
: = = = .
p n B.
V d 26: pha c 500 ml (V
2
= 500) dung dch KCl 0,9M cn ly V ml (V
1
) dung dch KCl 3M
pha vi nc ct. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 150 ml. B. 214,3 ml. C. 285,7 ml. D. 350 ml.
Hng dn gii
1 2
2 1
V C
V C
= :
2 2
1
1
V C 500.0, 9
V 150
C 3
= = = ml.
p n A.
V d 27: S ml H
2
O cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch HCl 2M thu c dung dch mi c nng
0,8M l :
A. 1,5 lt. B. 2 lt. C. 2,5 lt. D. 3 lt.
Hng dn gii
1 2
2 1
V C
V C
= :
1 1
2
2
VC 1.2
V 2, 5
C 0, 8
= = = lt.
M V
2
=V
1
+
2
H O
V
2
H O
V = 2,5 1 = 1,5 lt.
p n A.
V d 28: Pha long dung dch HCl c pH = 3 bao nhi u ln c dung dch mi c pH = 4 ?
A. 5. B. 4. C. 9. D. 10.
Hng dn gii
1 2
2 1
V C
V C
= :
3
1 1 1
2 1 4
2
VC V10
V 10V
C 10
= = =
Vy phi pha long dung dch HCl c pH = 3 10 ln c dung dch HCl c pH = 4
p n D.
V d 29: Pha long 1 lt dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 bng bao nhi u lt nc c dung dch
mi c pH = 11 ?
A. 9. B. 99. C. 10. D. 100.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch NaOH c pH = 13 pOH = 1 C
1
= [OH
-
] = 10
-1
Dung dch NaOH sau khi pha long c pH = 11 pOH = 3 C
2
= [OH
-
] = 10
-3
20
1 2
2 1
V C
V C
= :
1
1 1
2 3
2
VC 1.10
V 100
C 10
= = = lt
2
H O 2 1
V V V 100 1 99 = = = lt.
p n B.
IV. Cc bi tp p dng
1. Bi tp dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
Cu 1: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng 63,54. ng c hai ng v bn:
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu . Thnh
phn % s nguyn t ca
63
29
Cu l :
A. 73,0%. B. 34,2%. C. 32,3%. D. 27,0%.
Cu 2: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l 35,5. Trong t nhin clo c hai ng v bn l
35
Cl
(75%) v
A
Cl (25%). Gi tr ca A l :
A. 36. B. 37. C. 38. D. 39.
Cu 3: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo l 35,5. Clo trong t nhin c 2 ng v l
35
17
Cl v
37
17
Cl .
Phn trm v khi lng ca
37
17
Cl cha trong HClO
4
(vi hiro l ng v
1
1
H, oxi l ng v
16
8
O ) l
gi tr no sau y ?
A. 9,20%. B. 8,95%. C. 9,67%. D. 9,40%.
Cu 4: Trong nc, hiro tn ti hai ng v
1
H v
2
H. Bit nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hiro l
1,008; ca oxi l 16. S nguyn t ng v ca
2
H c trong 1 ml nc nguyn cht (d = 1 gam/ml) l
:
A. 5,53.10
20
. B. 5,35.10
20
. C. 3,35.10
20
. D. 4,85.10
20
.
Cu 5: Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
long thu c hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t khi
so vi H
2
bng 18,5. T l th tch kh NO v N
2
O trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 2 : 3. B. 1 : 2. C. 1 : 3. D. 1 : 1.
Cu 6: Mt hn hp gm H
2
, CO iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 3,6.
a. Thnh phn % v th tch ca CO trong hn hp l :
A. 66,67%. B. 20%. C. 35%. D. 75%.
b. Thnh phn % v khi lng ca CO trong hn hp l :
A. 77,77%. B. 33,33%. C. 35%. D. 75%.
Cu 7: Mt hn hp 104 lt (ktc) gm H
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan bng 1,5 th
2
H
V v
V
CO
trong hn hp l :
A. 16 lt v 88 lt. B. 88 lt v 16 lt. C. 14 lt v 90 lt. D. 10 lt v 94 lt.
Cu 8: Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau khi kt thc cc phn
ng, lc b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi l ng ca Zn
trong hn hp bt ban u l :
A. 85,30%. B. 90,27%. C. 82,20%. D. 12,67%.
Cu 9: S ml H
2
O cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch HCl 2M thu c dung dch mi c nng
0,8M l :
A. 1,5 lt. B. 2 lt. C. 2,5 lt. D. 3 lt.
Cu 10: Th tch nc v dung dch CuSO
4
2M cn pha c 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,4M ln
lt l :
A. 50 ml v 50 ml. B. 40 ml v 60 ml. C. 80 ml v 20 ml. D. 20 ml v 80 ml.
21
Cu 11: Mt dung dch KOH nng 2M v mt dung dch KOH khc nng 0,5M. c dung
dch mi nng 1M th cn phi pha ch v th tch gia 2 dung dch theo t l l :
A. 1 : 2 B. 2 : 1 C. 1 : 3 D. 3 : 1
Cu 12: Cn trn V
1
ml dung dch HCl 2M vi V
2
ml dung dch HCl 0,5M thu c 300 ml dung
dch HCl 1M. Gi tr V
1
, V
2
ln lt l :
A. V
1
= V
2
= 150. B. V
1
= 100, V
2
= 200.
C. V
1
= 200, V
2
= 100. D. V
1
= 50, V
2
= 250.
Cu 13: Mt dung dch HCl nng 35% v mt dung dch HCl khc c nng 15%. thu c
dung dch mi c nng 20% th cn phi pha ch 2 dung dch ny theo t l khi lng l :
A. 1:3. B. 3:1. C. 1:5. D. 5:1.
Cu 14: Khi lng dung dch NaCl 15% cn trn vi 200 gam dung dch NaCl 30% thu c
dung dch NaCl 20% l :
A. 250 gam. B. 300 gam. C. 350 gam. D. 400 gam.
Cu 15: Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO
4
8%
pha thnh 420 gam dung dch CuSO
4
16% ?
A. 140 gam v 280 gam. B. 330 gam v 90 gam.
C. 60 gam v 360 gam. D. 180 gam v 240 gam.
Cu 16: Lng SO
3
cn thm vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% c 100 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
20%
l:
Cu 17: Lm bay hi 500 ml dung dch cht A 20% (D = 1,2 g/ml) ch cn 300 gam dung dch.
Nng % ca dung dch ny l :
A. 30%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 60%.
Cu 18: Trn V
1
ml dung dch NaOH (d = 1,26 g/ml) vi V
2
ml dung dch NaOH (d = 1,06 g/ml) thu
c 1 lt dung dch NaOH (d = 1,16 g/ml). Gi tr V
1
, V
2
ln lt l :
A. V
1
= V
2
= 500. B. V
1
= 400, V
2
= 600.
C. V
1
= 600, V
2
= 400. D. V
1
= 700, V
2
= 300.
Cu 19: T 200 gam dung dch KOH 30% c dung dch 50% cn th m vo s gam KOH nguyn
cht l :
Cu 20: Th tch nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml)
c dung dch mi c nng 10% l :
A. 14,192 ml. B. 15,192 ml. C. 16,192 ml. D. 17,192 ml.
Cu 21: Cn cho m gam H
2
O vo 100 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
90% c dung dch H
2
SO
4
50%.Gi tr m l :
Cu 22: Trn 1 lt dung dch KCl C
1
M (dung dch A) vi 2 lt dung dch KCl C
2
M (dung dch B)
c 3 lt dung dch KCl (dung dch C). Cho dung dch C tc dng va vi dung dch AgNO
3
thu
c 86,1 gam kt ta. Nu C
1
= 4C
2
th C
1
c gi tr l :
A. 1 M. B. 1,2 M. C. 1,4 M. D.1,5 M.
Cu 23: Mt hn hp kh X gm SO
2
v O
2
c t khi so vi metan bng 3. Thm V lt O
2
vo 20 lt
hn hp X thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi metan bng 2,5. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 20. B. 30. C. 5. D. 10.
22
Cu 24: Pha long dung dch KOH c pH = 13 bao nhi u ln c dung dch mi c pH = 12 ?
A. 5. B. 4. C. 9. D. 10.
Cu 25: Pha long 1 lt dung dch HCl c pH = 3 bng bao nhi u lt nc c dung dch mi c
pH = 4 ?
A. 9. B. 99. C. 10. D. 100.
Cu 26: Hn hp Kh X gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi hi so vi He l 1,8. un nng X mt thi gian
trong bnh kn c xc tc thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so vi He l 2. Hiu sut ca phn
ng tng hp NH
3
l :
A. 25%. B. 50%. C. 60%. D. 75%.
Cu 27: Mt dung dch HNO
3
nng 60% v mt dung dch HNO
3
khc c nng 20%. c
200 gam dung dch mi c nng 45% th cn phi pha ch v khi l ng gia 2 dung dch HNO
3
60%, 20% ln lt l :
A. 75 gam ; 125 gam. B. 125 gam ; 75 gam.
C. 80 gam ; 120 gam. D. 100 gam ; 100 gam.
Cu 28: Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M. Khi lng cc mui
thu c trong dung dch l :
A. 10,44 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 8,5 gam K
3
PO
4
. B. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 12,72 gam K
3
PO
4
.
C. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
. D. 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam K
3
PO
4
.
Cu 29: Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe v Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO
3
, thu c V lt
(ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui v axit d). T khi ca
X i vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 2,24. B. 4,48. C. 5,60. D. 3,36.
Cu 30: Cho 6,12 gam Mg tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch X ch c mt mui v
hn hp kh Y gm NO v N
2
O c t khi hi i vi hiro bng 16,75. Th tch NO v N
2
O ( ktc)
thu c ln lt l :
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. B. 2,016 lt v 0,672 lt.
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt. D. 1,972 lt v 0,448 lt.
Cu 31: Trn ln 3 dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M, HNO
3
0,2M v HCl 0,3M vi nhng th tch bng nhau
thu c dung dch A. Ly 450 ml dung dch A cho phn ng vi V lt dung dch B gm NaOH
0,2M v KOH 0,29M thu c dung dch C c pH = 2. Gi tr V l :
A. 0,201 lt. B. 0,321 lt. C. 0,621 lt. D. 0,636 lt.
Cu 32: Trn 100 ml dung dch c pH = 1 gm HCl v HNO
3
vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH nng
aM thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca a l ([H
+
][OH
-
] = 10
-14
) :
A. 0,15. B. 0,30. C. 0,03. D. 0,12.
Cu 33: Trn 200 ml dung dch cha hn hp HCl 0,1M v H
2
SO
4
0,05M vi 300 ml dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
c nng a mol/lt thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH = 13. Gi tr a v
m ln lt l :
A. 0,15 M v 2,33 gam. B. 0,15 M v 4,46 gam.
C. 0,2 M v 3,495 gam. D. 0,2 M v 2,33 gam.
Cu 34: Ly dung dch axit A c pH = 5 v dung dch baz B c pH = 9 theo t l no thu c
dung dch c pH = 8 ?
A.
B
A
V 11
V 9
= . B.
B
A
V 9
V 11
= . C. V
B
= V
A
. D. Khng xc nh c.
23
Cu 35: Trn dd X cha NaOH 0,1M, Ba(OH)
2
0,2M vi dd Y cha HCl 0,2M, H
2
SO
4
0,1M theo t
l V
X
: V
Y
no dd thu c c pH = 13 ?
A. 5/4. B. 4/5. C. 5/3. D. 3/2.
Cu 36: Trn mt th tch metan vi mt th tch hirocacbon X thu c hn hp kh (ktc) c t
khi so vi H
2
bng 22. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
2
H
6
. B. C
3
H
8
. C. C
4
H
10
. D. C
5
H
12
.
Cu 37: Khi tin hnh phn ng th gia ankan X vi kh clo c chiu sng ng i ta thu c hn
hp Y ch cha hai cht sn phm. T khi h i ca Y so vi hiro l 35,75. Tn ca X l :
A. 2,2-imetylpropan. B. metan.
C. etan. D. 2,2,3,3 - tetrametylbutan.
Cu 38: t chy 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp X gm metan v etan trong oxi d, thu c 3,36 lt kh
CO
2
(ktc). Thnh phn phn trm v s mol ca metan v etan ln lt l :
A. 77,77% v 22,23%. B. 33,33% v 66,67%.
C. 35% v 65%. D. 50% v 50%.
Cu 39: Hn hp kh A iu kin ti u chun gm hai olefin. t chy 7 th tch A cn 31 th
tch O
2
(ktc). Bit olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim khong 40% - 50% th tch hn hp A. Cng
thc phn t ca hai elefin l :
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
.
C. C
2
H
4
v C
4
H
8
. D. A hoc C ng.
Cu 40: Hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
c t khi so vi hiro l 15,25. t chy ht 4,48 lt
(ktc) hn hp X th th tch O
2
(ktc) ti thiu cn dng l :
A. 14 lt. B. 15,6 lt. C. 22,4 lt. D. 28 lt.
Cu 41: Dung dch ru etylic 13,8
o
c d (g/ml) bng bao nhiu ? Bit
2 5
C H OH(ng.cht)
d = 0,8 g/ml ;
2
H O
d 1 g ml = .
A. 0,805. B. 0,855. C. 0,972. D. 0,915.
Cu 42: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,64 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t khi
i vi hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 1,84. B. 0,64. C. 1,48. D. 0,92.
Cu 43: Cho m gam hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc
dng vi CuO (d) nung nng, thu c mt hn hp rn Z v mt hn hp hi Y (c t khi hi so
vi H
2
l 13,75). Cho ton b Y phn ng vi mt l ng d Ag
2
O (hoc AgNO
3
) trong dung dch
NH
3
un nng, sinh ra 64,8 gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 7,8. B. 7,4. C. 9,2. D. 8,8.
Cu 44: Cho hn hp X gm 2 este c CTPT l C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
tc dng vi NaOH d thu c
12,28 gam hn hp 2 mui v 7,36 gam ancol B duy nht c t khi so vi oxi l 1,4375. S gam ca
C
4
H
8
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
trong A ln lt l :
Cu 45: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C
2
H
7
NO
2
tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 2,24 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm hai kh
2
24
Cu 46: Cn ha tan bao nhiu gam P
2
O
5
vo 500 gam dung dch H
3
PO
4
15% thu c dung dch
H
3
PO
4
30%?
Cu 47: C 200 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (D = 1,84 g/ml). Ngi ta mun pha long th tch H
2
SO
4
trn thnh dung dch H
2
SO
4
40% th th tch nc cn pha long l bao nhiu ?
A. 711,28cm
3
. B. 533,60 cm
3
. C. 621,28cm
3
. D. 731,28cm
3
.
Cu 48: Ha tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu c
dung dch NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 11,3. B. 20,0. C. 31,8. D. 40,0.
Cu 49: Ha tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, sau phn
ng thu c 448 ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO
3
trong hn hp l :
A. 50%. B. 55%. C. 60%. D. 65%.
3
v MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl (d) thu c
0,672 lt kh iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % khi lng ca MgCO
3
trong hn hp l :
A. 33,33%. B. 29,58%. C. 54,45%. D. 66,67%.
Cu 51: Cho 4,48 lt CO (ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt ox it st n khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng thc ca oxit
st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO
2
trong hn hp kh sau phn ng l :
A. FeO; 75%. B. Fe
2
O
3
; 75%. C. Fe
2
O
3
; 65%. D. Fe
3
O
4
; 65%.
Cu 52: A l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu
2
O. B l khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO. Cn trn A
v B theo t l khi lng T = m
A
: m
B
no c qung C m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch
c ti a 0,5 tn ng nguyn cht ?
A. 5 : 3 B. 5 : 4 C. 4 : 5 D. 3 : 5
Cu 53: T 1 tn qung hematit A iu ch c 420 kg Fe. T 1 tn qung manhetit B iu ch
c 504 kg Fe. Hi phi trn hai qung tr n vi t l khi lng (m
A
: m
B
) l bao nhiu c 1
tn qung hn hp m t 1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480 kg Fe ?
A. 1 : 3. B. 2 : 5. C. 2 : 3. D. 1 : 1.
Cu 54: Ha tan 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO
3
, thu c V lt ( ktc) hn
hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
), dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui) v 3,2 gam cht rn khng tan. T
khi ca X i vi H
2
A. 2,24. B. 4,48. C. 5,60. D. 3,36.
25
CHUYN 2 : PHNG PHP T CHN LNG CHT
1. Nguyn tc p dng :
Khi gp cc bi tp ha hc c lng cht m bi cho di dng tng qut (dng t l mol, t l
% theo th tch, khi lng, hoc cc lng cht m bi cho u c cha chung mt tham s: m
gam, V lt, x mol ) th cc bi ton ny s c kt qu khng ph thuc vo lng cht cho. Do
ta t chn mt lng cht c th theo hng c li cho vic tnh ton, bin bi ton t phc tp
tr nn n gin. Sau khi chn lng cht thch hp th bi ton tr thnh mt dng rt c bn,
vic gii ton lc ny s thun li hn rt nhiu.
2. Phn dng bi tp :
T nhng yu cu c th ca bi ton, ta phn chia ra thnh cc dng bi tp gii bng
phng php t chn lng cht thng gp nh sau :
Dng 1: i lng t chn l mol
Dng 2: i lng t chn l gam (thng chn l 100 gam)
Dng 3: i lng t chn ph thuc vo cho, nhm trit tiu biu thc ton hc phc tp
thnh s c th
3. Cc v d minh ha
Dng 1: i lng t chn l mol
Phng php gii
- Ta thng la chn s mol ca mt cht hoc ca hn hp cc cht l 1 mol.
- i vi bi ton v cht kh ta thng chn s mol ca cc kh ban u bng ng t l mol
hoc t l th tch ca cc kh m bi cho.
V d dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ha tr n bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ri c cn
dung dch sau phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi l ng gp 5 ln khi l ng kim loi
R ban u em ho tan. Kim loi R l
A. Al. B. Ba. C. Zn. D. Mg
Hng dn gii
Chn s mol ca R tham gia phn ng l 1 mol
S phn ng :
2 4
H SO
2 4 n
2R R (SO )
mol: 1 0,5
Theo gi thit ta c :
0,5.(2R + 96n) =5R R= 12n
Nu n = 1 M = 12 (loi)
Nu n = 2 M = 24 (nhn)
Nu n = 3 M = 36 (loi)
Vy M l magie (Mg)
p n D.
26
V d 2: Ho tan mt lng oxit ca kim loi R vo trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
4,9% (va ) th thu
c mt dung dch mui c nng 5,87%. Cng thc ca oxit kim l oi l :
A. CuO. B. FeO. C. MgO. D. ZnO.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca oxit l R
2
O
x
( x l ho tr ca R )
Gi s ho tan 1 mol R
2
O
x
R
2
O
x
+ xH
2
SO
4
R
2
(SO
4
)
x
+ xH
2
O
mol: 1 x 1
gam: (2M
R
+ 16x) 98x (2M
R
+ 96x)
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
= + + = +
d d sau p R R
98.x
m (2M 16 x) 100 (2M 2016 x) g am
4, 9
Phng trnh nng % ca dung dch mui l :
R
R
2 M 9 6 x
100% 5 , 8 7
2 M 2016 x
+
=
+
M
R
= 12x
R
x 2
M 24
=
Vy kim loi R l Mg ; oxit kim loi l : MgO

p n B.
V d 3: Ho tan x gam kim loi M trong y gam dung dch HCl 7,3% (l ng axit va ) thu c
dung dch A c nng 11,96%. Kim loi M l :
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Mg. D. Mn.
Hng dn gii
Gi s s mol ca kim loi M (c ho tr n) phn ng l 1 mol
Phng trnh phn ng :
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
mol: 1 n 1 0,5n
gam: M 36,5n (M + 35,5n) n
Theo gi thit ta c
dd HCl
36,5n.100
m 500n
7,3
= =
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
n 2
dd MCl M dd HCl H
m m m m = + M 500n n M 499n = + = +
,
2
MCl
M 35,5n
C% .100 11,96
M 499n
+
= =
+
M = 27,5 n
Nu n = 1 M = 27,5 (loi)
Nu n = 2 M = 55 (nhn)
Nu n = 3 M = 72,5 (loi)
Vy M l mangan (Mn)
p n D.
27
V d 4: Cho hn hp gm NaBr v NaI ho tan hon ton vo nc c dung dch A. Cho vo
dung dch A mt lng brom va thu c mui X c khi l ng nh hn khi lng ca mui
ban u l a gam. Ho tan X vo nc thu c dung dch B. Sc kh clo vo dung dch B thu c
mui Y c khi lng nh hn khi lng ca mui X l 2a gam. Phn trm theo khi l ng ca
NaBr v NaI trong hn hp mui ban u l (coi clo, brom, iot khng tc dng vi H
2
O) :
A. 50%; 50%. B. 65%; 45%.
C. 43,31%; 56,69%%. D. 56,69%; 43,31% .
Hng dn gii
Gi s trong 1 mol hn hp c x mol NaI v (1 x) mol NaBr
Cho dung dch A tc dung vi brom
2 NaI + Br
2
2 NaBr + I
2
(1)
mol : x x
mui X ch c NaBr vi s mol l x + (1 x) = 1 mol
m
NaBr
= 103 . 1 = 103 gam
m
hh u
= 103 + a gam
Cho dung dch B tc dng vi clo
2 NaBr + Cl
2
2 NaCl + Br
2
(2)
mol : 1 1
m
NaCl
= 58,5 . 1 = 58,5 gam
Theo gi thit: m
NaBr
= m
NaCl
+ 2a
103 = 58,5 + 2a a = 22,25
Vy m
hh u
= 103 + 22,25 = 125,25 gam
M m
hh u
= m
NaI
+ m
NaBr
= 150x + 103(1 x) = 125,25
x = 0,4734
NaI
NaBr
0, 4734.150
%m .100 56,69%
125,26
%m 100 56,69 43,31%
= =
= =
p n C.
V d 5: Hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr. Cho hn hp tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d th to ra kt
ta c khi lng bng khi lng ca AgNO
3
tham gia phn ng. Thnh phn % theo khi lng
ca NaCl trong hn hp u l :
A. 25,84%. B. 27,84%. C. 40,45%. D. 27,48%.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng :
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl+ + NaNO
3
(1)
mol : x x x
NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr+ + NaNO
3
(2)
mol : y y y
Theo gi thit ta c :
170(x+y) = 143,5x + 188y
x 18
y 26,5
=
Chn
NaCl NaI
n 18 mol ; n 26,5 mol = =
28
= = =
+ +
NaC l
NaBr NaC l
m 18. 58, 5
% NaC l . 100% 27, 84%
m m (26, 5. 103) (18. 58, 5)
.
p n B.
V d 6: Sau qu trnh tng hp NH
3
t H
2
v N
2
2 2
H N
(n : n 1:3) = , p sut trong bnh gim i 10% so
vi p sut lc u. Bit nhit ca phn ng gi khng i tr c v sau phn ng. Phn trm theo
th tch ca N
2
, H
2
, NH
3
trong hn hp kh thu c sau phn ng ln l t l :
A. 25%; 25%; 50%. B. 30%; 25%; 45%.
C. 22,22%; 66,67%; 11,11%. D. 20%; 40%; 40% .
Hng dn gii
Gi s lc u ta ly 1 mol N
2
v 3 mol H
2
Trong mt bnh kn c nhit khng i th p sut t l thun vi s mol hn hp kh :
1 1 1
2 2 1
n p p
n p 90%p
= = n
hn hp kh sau phn ng
=
2
n =
90
4. 3,6 mol
100
=
Gi s c x mol N
2
phn ng
Phng trnh ho hc:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
S mol ban u: 1 3 0
S mol phn ng: x 3x 2x
S mol sau phn ng: 1x 33x 2x
n
hn hp kh sau phn ng
= (1x) + (33x) + 2x = 4 2x = 3,6 x = 0,2
2
2
3
N
H
NH
1 0,2
%V .100 22,22%
3,6
3 3.0,2
%V .100 66,67%
3,6
0,2.2
%V .100 11,11%
3,6
= =
= =
= =
p n D.
V d 7: Hn hp kh X gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X mt thi gian
trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He bng 2. Hiu
sut ca phn ng tng hp NH
3
l :
A. 50%. B. 36%. C. 40%. D. 25%.
Hng dn gii
p dng phng php ng cho ta c :
2
2
H
N
n
28 1,8.4 20,8 4
n 1,8.4 2 5, 2 1
= = =
Chn
2 2
N H
n 1mol ; n 4 mol = =
Phng trnh phn ng ho hc:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
S mol ban u: 1 4 0
S mol phn ng: x 3x 2x
S mol sau phn ng: 1x 43x 2x
29
n
hn hp kh sau phn ng
= (1x) + (43x) + 2x = 5 2x
p dng nhlut bo ton khi lng ta c :
m
X
= m
Y
: n
X
. X M = n
Y
. Y M :
Y
X
X
Y
n M 2.4 5
x 0, 25
n 1, 8.4 5 2x M
= = = =
Hiu sut phn ng tnh theo N

2
v H
2
d : H =
0,25
.100% 25%
1
=
p n D.
V d 8: Hn hp kh X gm H
2
v C
2
H
4
c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua Ni nung nng, thu
c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho l :
A. 20%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 25%.
Hng dn gii
2
2 4
H
C H
n
28 15 1
n 15 2 1
= =
C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo H

2
hoc theo C
2
H
4
Phng trnh phn ng :
H
2
+ C
2
H
4
o
Ni,t
C
2
H
6
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
m
X
= m
Y
: n
X
. X M = n
Y
. Y M :
Y
X
X
Y
n M 5.4 4
n 3, 75.4 3 M
= = =
Chn n
X
= 4 mol
2
H
n =
2 4
C H
n = 2 mol ;
2(p )
H X Y
n n n 1 = = mol.
Hiu sut phn ng : H =
1
.100% 50%
2
= .
p n C.
V d 9: Cho hn hp X gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi heli bng 3,33. Cho X i qua bt
niken nung nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi heli l 4.
CTPT ca X l :
A. C
2
H
4
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
5
H
10
.
Hng dn gii
V Y M = 4.4 = 16 nn suy ra sau phn ng H
2
cn d, C
n
H
2n
phn ng ht.
m
X
= m
Y
: n
X
. X M = n
Y
. Y M :
Y
X
X
Y
n M 4.4 1, 2
n 3, 33.4 1 M
= = =
Chn n
X
= 1,2 v n
Y
=1
2(p ) n 2n
H C H X Y
n n n n 0,2 = = = mol.
Ban u trong X c 0,2 mol C
n
H
2n
v 1 mol H
2
Ta c : X M =
0, 2.14n 1.2
3, 33.4 n 5
1, 2
+
= =
p n D.
30
V d 10: A l hn hp 2 kim loi kim X v Y thuc 2 chu k k tip. Nu cho A tc dng va
vi dung dch HCl th thu c a gam 2 mui, cn nu cho A tc dng va vi dung d ch H
2
SO
4
th thu c 1,1807a gam 2 mui. X v Y l
A. Li v Na. B. Na v K. C. K v Rb. D. Rb v Cs.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai kim loi kim l M
Chn s mol ca M tham gia phn ng l 1 mol
S phn ng :
HCl
M MCl
mol: 1 1
2 4
H SO
2
4
2M M SO
mol: 1 0,5
Theo gi thit ta c :
( M +35,5) = a (1) v 0,5.(2 M +96) =1,1807a (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: M =33,67
Nhn xt : M
Na
< M < M
K
X v Y l Na v K
p n D.
V d 11: Hn hp X gm Na v Al. Cho m gam X vo mt lng d nc th thot ra V lt kh. Nu
cng cho m gam X vo dung dch NaOH d th c 1,75V lt kh. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi
lng ca K trong X l (bit cc th tch kh o trong cng iu kin)
A. 41,94%. B. 77,31%. C. 49,87%. D. 29,87%.
Hng dn gii
X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c lng kh nhiu hn so vi khi X tc dng vi
H
2
O, chng t khi X tc dng vi H
2
O th Al cn d, dung dch sau phn cha NaAlO
2
.
i vi cc cht kh th t l th tch cng chnh l t l mol nn cn c vo gi thit ta chn s
mol H
2
gii phng hai trng hp ln lt l 1 mol v 1,75 mol
t s mol ca Na v Al tham gia phn ng vi H
2
O l x mol
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c :
2
Na Al H
1.n 3.n 2.n + = :1.x + 3.x = 2.1 :x = 0,5
t s mol Al ban u l y, khi X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th Al phn ng ht
2
Na Al H
1.n 3.n 2.n + = :1.0,5 + 3.y = 2.1,75 :y = 1
Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Na trong X l :
0, 5.23
.100% 29, 87%
0, 5.23 1.27
=
+
.
p n D.
31
V d 12: Ho tan hon ton hn hp X gm Fe v Mg bng mt lng va dung dch HCl 20%,
thu c dung dch Y. Nng ca FeCl
2
trong dung dch Y l 15,76%. Nng phn trm ca
MgCl
2
trong dung dch Y l :
A. 15,76%. B. 28,21%. C. 11,79%. D. 24,24%.
Hng dn gii
Chn s mol ca Fe bng 1 mol ; s mol ca Mg bng x mol
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(1)
mol: 1 2 1 1
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
mol: x 2x x x
2 2 2
2 2
(Mg, Fe) dd HCl dd (FeCl , MgCl ) H
dd (FeCl , MgCl )
m m m m
(2x 2).36,5
m (1.56 24x) 2.(1 x) (419 387x) gam
20%
+ = +
+
= + + + = +
2
FeCl
m 1.(56 71) 127 gam = + =
2
(FeCl )
127
C% 15, 76% x 1
419 387x
= = =
+
2
(MgCl )
1.(24 71)
C% .100% 11, 79%
419 387.1
+
= =
+
p n C.
V d 13: Cho cng mt lng kh clo ln lt tc dng hon ton vi kim loi R (ho tr I) v kim
loi X (ho tr II) th khi lng kim loi R phn ng gp 3,375 ln khi l ng ca kim loi X
phn ng. Khi lng mui clorua ca R thu c gp 2,126 ln khi l ng mui clorua ca X
to thnh. Hai kim loi R v X l :
A. Ag v Cu. B. Ag v Zn. C. Na v Cu. D. Na v Zn.
Hng dn gii
Gi s c 1 mol clo tham gia phn ng
Phng trnh phn ng:
Cl
2
+ 2R 2RCl
mol: 1 2 2
Cl
2
+ X XCl
2
mol: 1 1 1
Theo gi thit ta c :
R R
R X
X X
m 2M
3,375 2M 3,375M
m M
= = = (1)
2
RCl R
R X
XCl X
m 2M 71
2,126 2M 2,126M 79,946
m M 71
+
= = =
+
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c X l Cu (M
X
= 64)
R l Ag (M
R
= 108)
p n A.
32
Dng 2: i lng t chn l khi lng
Phng php gi i
- Ta thng la chn khi lng ca mt cht, mt dung dch hay mt hn hp l 100 gam
- Dng ny thng gp vi bi tp cho i lng tng qut l khi lng ca mt hn hp, l
phn trm khi lng, hoc nng phn trm.
V d 14: Cho x gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
nng y% tc dng ht vi mt l ng d hn hp khi
lng Na, Mg. Lng H
2
(kh duy nht) thu c bng 0,05x gam. Nng phn trm ca dung
dch H
2
SO
4
l :
A. 15,5%. B. 15,81%. C. 18,5%. D. 8,45% .
Hng dn gii
Gi s khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
ban u x = 100 gam
2 4
H SO
m =y gam ;
2
H
0, 05.100
n 2,5 mol
2
= =
Phng trnh phn ng :
H
2
SO
4
+ 2Na Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
(1)
H
2
SO
4
+ Mg MgSO
4
+ H
2
(2)
Do Na v Mg cn d nn c phn ng :
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
(3)
2NaOH + MgSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ Mg(OH)
2
(4)
Theo phng trnh (1) v (2)
2 2 4
H (1), (2) H SO
y
n n mol
98
= =
Theo phng trnh (3)
2 2
H (3) H O
1 1 100 y 100 y
n n . mol
2 2 18 36

= = =
Vy tng s mol H
2
thu c cc phng trnh trn l :
2
H
y 100 y
n 2,5
98 36
L = + = y = 15,81
=>
2 4
(H SO )
C% 15,81% =
p n B.
V d 15: Cho dung dch NaOH 20,00% tc dng va vi dung dch FeCl
2
10,00%. un nng
trong khng kh cho cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Nng phn trm ca mui to thnh trong
dung dch sau phn ng l (coi nc bay hi khng ng k) :
A. 7,5%. B. 7,45%. C. 8,5%. D. 8,45% .
Hng dn gii
Gi s c 100 gam dung dch NaOH tham gia phn ng
NaOH
100.20
n 0,5 mol
100.40
= =
33
Phng trnh phn ng:
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
mol: 0,25 0,5 0,25 0,5
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
mol: 0,25 0,0625 0,25
Theo gi thit ta c :
2
dd FeCl
0,25.127
m 317,5 gam
10%
= =
S gam kt ta :
3
Fe(OH)
m 0,25.107 26, 75 gam = =
2 2 3
dd NaCl dd FeCl dd NaOH O Fe(OH)
m m m m m = + +
m
dd NaCl
= 317,5 + 100 + 32. 0,0625 26,75 = 392,75 gam
Khi lng mui trong dung dch sau phn ng:
m
NaCl
= 0,5 . 58,5 = 29,25 gam
29,25
C%(NaCl) .100 7, 45%
392, 75
= =
p n B.
V d 16: Mt loi phn supephotphat kp c cha 69,62% mui canxi ihirophotphat, c n li gm
cc cht khng cha photpho. dinh dng ca loi phn ln ny l
A. 48,52%. B. 42,25%. C. 39,76%. D. 45,75%.
Hng dn gii
dinh dng ca phn ln c nh gi bng hm lng ca P
2
O
5
tng ng vi lng
photpho c trong thnh phn ca n.
Gi s c 100 gam supephotphat kp th khi lng ca canxi ihirophotphat l 69,62 gam
Ta c s :
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
P
2
O
5
gam: 234 142
gam: 69,62
69,62.142
x 42,25
234
= =
Vy dinh dng ca ca loi phn ln ny l 42,25%.
p n B.
V d 17: X l 1 loi vi cha 80% CaCO
3
, phn cn li l tp cht tr. Nung 50 gam X mt thi
gian, thu c 39 gam cht rn. % CaCO
3
b phn hu l
A. 50,5%. B. 60%. C. 62,5%. D. 65%.
Hng dn gii
Gi s c 100 gam vi th khi lng ca CaCO
3
l 80 gam. Do trong 50 gam X c 40 gam
CaCO
3
.
Phng trnh phn ng ha hc :
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
mol: x x
34
Theo phng trnh v theo gi thit ta c :
100x 56x = 50 39 = 11 x = 0,25
Vy % CaCO
3
b phn hy l
0,25.100
62,5%
40
=
p n C.
V d 18: Nung nng m gam PbS ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian di, thu c hn hp rn (c
cha mt oxit) nng 0,95m gam. Phn trm khi l ng PbS b t chy l:
A. 74,69%. B. 95,00%. C. 25,31%. D. 64,68%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
PbS +
3
2
O
2
PbO + SO
2
(1)
mol : a a
T PbS PbO th khi lng gim = 16a = 0,05m. Chn m =100 a = 0,3125
% PbS b t chy : % PbS =
239.0, 3125
.100%
100
= 74,69%.
p n A.
Dng 3: i lng t chn ph thuc vo cho nhm trit tiu biu thc ton
hc phc tp thnh s c th
V d 19: t chy hon ton a gam mt hp cht A ca photpho cn
a
17
mol O
2
sn phm ch thu
c P
2
O
5
v
13,5a
gam
17
H
2
O. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A bit M
A
< 65
Hng dn gii
Gi s a = 17
2
O
n = 1 mol
V sn phm ch c P
2
O
5
v H
2
O trong A c H, P v c th c O
Gi cng thc ca A l H
x
P
y
O
z
4 H
x
P
y
O
z
+ (x + 5y 2z) O
2
2x H
2
O + 2y P
2
O
5
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c
2 5
P O
m = 17 + 32 13,5 = 35,5
Ta c :
2 2 5
H H O P P O
13,5.2 35,5.2
n 2n 1,5 mol ; n 2n 0,5 mol
18 142
= = = = = =
O
17 (1,5 0,5.31)
n 0
16
+
= = . Vy trong A khng c oxi
x : y = n
H
: n
P
= 1,5 : 0,5 = 3 : 1
V M
A
< 65 nn cng thc ca A l PH
3
35
V d 20: t chy hon ton m gam ancol X, sn phm thu c cho i qua bnh ng dung dch
nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng thm p gam v c t gam kt ta. Cng thc ca X l
(Bit p = 0,71t ; t =
m p
1, 02
+
) :
A. C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
. C. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
. D. C
3
H
5
OH.
Hng dn gii
Chn t =
m p
1, 02
+
= 100 =
3
CaCO
m
p = 71 gam ; m = 31 gam
Gi cng thc tng qut ca ancol R l C
x
H
y
O
z
x y z
C H O +
2 2 2
y z y
(x )O xCO H O
4 2 2
+ + (1)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (2)
Theo phng trnh (2)
2 3
C CO CaCO
n n n 1mol = = =
Khi lng bnh tng ln: p =
2 2
CO H O
m m +
2 2
H O H O
m 71 44 27 gam n 1,5 mol = = =
V
2 2
H O CO
n n > nn ancol X l ancol no
O
31 (12 1,5.2)
n 1mol
16
+
= =
Vy ta c x : y : z = n
C
: n
H
: n
O
= 1 : 3 : 1
Cng thc ca ancol X c dng (CH
3
O)
n
= C
n
H
3n
O
n
= C
n
H
2n
(OH)
n
V X l ancol no nn: s nguyn t H = 2.s nguyn t C + 2 s nhm OH
2n = 2n + 2 n n = 2
Vy cng thc ca ancol R l : C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
p n C.
V d 21: Hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B c khi lng a gam. Nu em t chy hon ton
X th thu c
132a
41
gam CO
2
v
45a
41
gam H
2
O. Nu thm vo X mt na lng A c trong X ri
t chy hon ton th thu c
165a
41
gam CO
2
v
60, 75a
41
gam H
2
O. Tm cng thc phn t ca A
v B. Bit X khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom v A, B thuc loi hirocacbon hc.
Hng dn gii
Gi s a = 41
Khi t chy X:
2 2
CO H O
132 45
n 3mol ; n 2,5 mol
44 18
= = = =
Khi t chy X +
2
1
A:
2 2
CO H O
165 60, 75
n 3, 75 mol ; n 3,375 mol
44 18
= = = =
Vy khi t chy
2
1
A ta thu c:
2 2
CO H O
n 0, 75 mol ; n 0,875 mol = =
V
2 2
CO H O
n n < A l hirocacbon no
36
Gi cng thc ca A l C
n
H
2n + 2
2C
n
H
2n + 2
+ (3n + 1) O
2
2n CO
2
+ 2(n+1) H
2
O
Ta c
2
2
H O
CO
n
2(n 1) 0,875
n 6
n 2n 0, 75
+
= = =
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C
6
H
14
Khi t chy B ta thu c s mol ca H
2
O v CO
2
l :
2
2
CO C
H O H
n 3 0, 75.2 1,5 mol n 1,5 mol
n 2,5 0,875.2 0, 75 mol n 1,5 mol
= = =
= = =
n
C
: n
H
= 1,5 : 1,5 = 1 : 1
Vy cng thc n gin nht ca B l (CH)
n
= C
n
H
n
Theo gi thit B khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom B ch c th l aren
s nguyn t H = 2 s nguyn t C 6
Hay n = 2n 6 n = 6
Vy cng thc ca B l C
6
H
6
4. Bi tp p dng
4.1. Bi tp dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
Cu 1: t chy hon ton hn hp Mg, Fe trong oxi d, sau phn ng thy khi lng cht rn
nng gp 1,5 ln so vi khi l ng cht rn ban u. Phn trm khi l ng ca Mg v Fe trong hn
hp ln lt l :
A. 30% v 70%. B. 40% v 60%. C. 70% v 30%. D. 60% v 40%.
Cu 2: Ho tan a gam mt oxit kim loi M ho tr II (khng i) bng mt l ng va dung dch
H
2
SO
4
4,9% ngi ta thu c mt dung dch mui c nng 5,88%. Kim loi M l :
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Mg. D. Zn.
Cu 3: Khi ha tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)
2
bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% thu
c dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l :
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Mg.
Cu 4: Ho tan a gam M
2
(CO
3
)
n
bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% thu c dung dch
mui c nng 15,09%. Cng thc ca mui cacbonat l :
A. K
2
CO
3
. B. FeCO
3
. C. SrCO
3
. D. CuCO
3
.
Cu 5: Cho a gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
long nng C% tc dng hon ton vi hn hp 2 kim loi K
v Fe (Ly d so vi lng phn ng). Sau phn ng, khi l ng kh sinh ra l 0,04694a gam. Tm
C%
A. 24,5%. B. 14,5%. C. 13%. D. 25%.
Cu 6: Hn hp A gm NaCl v NaBr khi tc dng vi AgNO
3
d to ra mt lng cht kt ta
bng lng AgNO
3
phn ng. Phn trm khi l ng ca NaCl v NaBr ln lt l :
A. 30 % v 70%. B. 25% v 75%.
C. 27,84% v 72,16%. D. 22,2% v 77,8%.
Cu 7: Mui A to bi kim loi M (ho tr II) v phi kim X (ho tr I). Ho tan 1 lng A vo nc
c dung dch A
1
. Nu thm AgNO
3
d vo A
1
th lng kt ta tch ra bng 188% l ng A. Nu
thm Na
2
CO
3
d vo dung dch A
1
th lng kt ta tch ra bng 50% l ng A. Cng thc ca mui
A l :
A. CaBr
2
. B. CaCl
2
. C. BaBr
2
. D. BaCl
2
.
37
Cu 8: Phng in qua O
2
c hn hp kh O
2
, O
3
c M 33 = gam. Hiu sut phn ng l :
A. 7,09%. B. 9,09%. C. 11,09%. D. 13,09%.
Cu 9: Cho dung dch NaHSO
3
26% phn ng va ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
19,6%, thu c dung
dch A. Nng phn trm ca cht tan trong dung dch A l :
A. 21,21%. B. 11,22%. C. 22,11%. D. 12,12%.
Cu 10: Khi cho a gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
nng C% tc dng vi lng d hn hp Na, Mg th
lng kh H
2
thot ra bng 4,5% lng dung dch axit dng. C% ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
l :
A. 15%. B. 45%. C. 30%. D. 25%.
Cu 11: Hn hp A gm 3 kh NH
3
, N
2
, H
2
. Dn hn hp A vo bnh c nhit cao. Sau phn ng
phn hy NH
3
(coi nh hon ton) thu c hn hp kh B c th tch tng 25% so vi A. Dn B i
qua ng ng CuO nung nng sau loi n c th ch cn mt cht kh c th tch gim 75% so vi
B. Phn trm th tch ca cc kh NH
3
, N
2
, H
2
trong A ln lt l :
A. 25%; 20%; 55%. B. 25%; 18,75%; 56,25%.
C. 20%; 25%; 55%. D. 30,5%; 18,75%; 50,75%.
Cu 12: Hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
c X M 12, 4 = . Dn X i qua bnh ng bt Fe ri nung nng bit
rng hiu sut tng hp NH
3
t 40% th thu c hn hp Y. Y M c gi tr l :
A. 15,12. B. 18,23. C. 14,76. D. 13,48.
Cu 13: Mt hn hp N
2
, H
2
c ly vo bnh phn ng c nhit c gi khng i. Sau thi
gian phn ng, p sut ca cc kh trong bnh gim 5% so vi p sut lc u. Bit rng % s mol
ca N
2
phn ng l 10%. Phn trm th tch ca cc kh N
2
, H
2
trong hn hp u ln lt l :
A. 75%; 25%. B. 25%; 75%. C. 20%; 80%. D. 30%; 70%.
Cu 14: Hn hp X gm N
2
v c H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn ng
tng hp c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 4. Hiu sut phn ng tng hp l :
A. 10%. B. 15%. C. 20%. D. 25%.
Cu 15: Phn supephotphat kp thc t sn xut c thng ch c 40% P
2
O
5
. Vy % khi lng
Ca(H
2
PO
4
)
2
trong phn bn l
A. 78,56%. B. 56,94%. C. 65,92%. D. 75,83%.
Cu 16: Hn hp A gm mt Anken v hiro c t khi so vi H
2
bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken
nung nng c hn hp B c t khi so vi H
2
bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l 100%).
Cng thc phn t ca anken l :
A. C
2
H
4
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
5
H
10
.
Cu 17: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B cng nhit
p sut theo t l th tch (1:15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo bnh kn dung tch khng i V.
Nhit v p sut trong bnh l t
o
C v p
1
atm. Sau khi t chy A trong bnh ch c N
2
, CO
2
v hi
nc vi
2 2
CO H O
V : V 7 : 4 = a bnh v t
o
C. p sut trong bnh sau khi t l p
2
. Gi tr ca p
1
l :
A.
2 1
47
p p .
48
= B. p
2
= p
1
. C.
2 1
16
p p .
17
= D.
2 1
3
p p .
5
=
Cu 18: Cho hn hp A gm 3 hirocacbon kh X, Y, Z thuc ba d y ng ng v hn hp kh B
gm O
3
v O
2
. Trn A vi B theo t l th tch V
A
:V
B
= 1,5:3,2 ri t chy. Hn hp sau phn ng
thu c ch gm CO
2
v hi nc c t l th tch l
2 2
CO H O
V : V 1,3:1,2 = . Bit t khi ca B so vi
H
2
l 19. T khi ca A so vi hiro l :
A. 24 B. 12. C. 36. D. 18.
38
Cu 19: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X hai hirocacbon A, B thu c
132.a
41
gam CO
2
v
2
45a
gam H O
41
. Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na l ng A c trong hn hp X ri t chy ho n
ton th thu c
2
165a
gam CO
41
v
2
60,75a
gam H O
41
. Bit A, B khng lm mt mu nc Br
2
.
a. Cng thc phn t ca A l :
A. C
2
H
2
. B. C
2
H
6
. C. C
6
H
12
. D. C
6
H
14
.
b. Cng thc phn t ca B l
A. C
2
H
2
. B. C
6
H
6
. C. C
4
H
4
. D. C
8
H
8
.
c. Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l :
A. 60%; 40%. B. 25%; 75%. C. 50%; 50%. D. 30%; 70%.
Cu 20: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C
6
H
14
v C
6
H
6
theo t l s mol (1:1) vi m gam
mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c
2
275a
gam CO
82
v
94,5a
82
gam H
2
O.
a. D thuc loi hirocacbon no ?
A. C
n
H
2n+2
. B. C
m
H
2m2
. C. C
n
H
2n
. D. C
n
H
n
.
b. Gi tr m l :
A. 2,75 gam. B. 3,75 gam. C. 5 gam. D. 3,5 gam.
Cu 21: Oxi ha C
2
H
5
OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH
3
CHO,
C
2
H
5
OH d v H
2
O c M = 40 vC. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ha l :
A. 25%. B. 35%. C. 45%. D. 55%.
Cu 22: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th thu
c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 20%. B. 16%. C. 15%. D.13%.
Cu 23: Ha tan ht mt lng hiroxit kim loi M(OH)
n
bng mt lng va dung dch HCl
10% thu c dung dch A, cho dung dch A phn ng va vi dung dch AgNO
3
20% thu c
dung dch mui B c nng 8,965%. Cng thc ca M(OH)
n
l :
A. Ca(OH)
2
. B. KOH. C. NaOH. D. Mg(OH)
2
.
Cu 24: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt l ng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
9,8% ta thu c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. Kim loi M l :
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
Cu 25: Ly m gam A gm Na, Al chia lm 2 phn bng nhau :
Phn 1 cho vo nc d n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thy thot ra V
1
lt kh H
2
(ktc); phn 2
cho vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thy thot ra V
2
lt kh H
2
(ktc).
Thnh phn % v khi lng ca Al trong hn hp l (bit V
2
=7,75V
1
) :
A. 92,15%. B. 80,16%. C. 95,05%. D. 72,34%.
Cu 26: Ho tan ht hn hp X gm Fe v Mg bng mt lng va dung dch HCl 20%, thu
c dung dch D. Nng ca FeCl
2
trong dung dch D l 15,757%. Nng phn trm ca MgCl
2
trong dung dch D l
A. 11,787%. B. 84,243%. C. 88,213%. D. 15,757%.
39
Cu 27: Nu ho tan a gam hn hp A cha Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
bng dung dch HCl d th lng kh
thot ra bng 1% khi lng hn hp ban u. Nu kh a gam hn hp A bng H
2
nng d th thu
c mt lng nc bng 21,15% khi l ng hn hp ban u. Phn trm khi l ng Fe, FeO,
Fe
2
O
3
trong hn hp A ln lt l :
A. 36%; 36%; 28%. B. 28%; 38%; 34%.
C. 28%; 30%; 42%. D. 28%; 36%; 36%.
Cu 28: Hn hp CaCO
3
, CaSO
4
c ho tan bng axit H
2
SO
4
va . Sau phn ng un nng cho
bay hi nc v lc c mt lng cht rn bng 121,43% lng hn hp ban u. Phn trm khi
lng CaCO
3
, CaSO
4
trong hn hp u ln lt l :
A. 55,92%; 44,08% B. 59,52%; 40,48%
C. 52,59%; 47,41% D. 49,52%; 50,48%
Cu 29: Mt loi cha 80% CaCO
3
phn cn li l tp cht tr. Nung ti phn ng hon ton
(ti khi lng khng i) thu c cht rn R. Vy % khi l ng CaO trong R l
A. 62,5%. B. 69,14%. C. 70,22%. D. 73,06%.
Cu 30: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO
3
(phn cn li l tp cht tr) mt thi
gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65 % CaO. Tnh hiu sut phn hy CaCO
3
.
A. 50%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 70%.
40
CHUYN 3 : PHNG PHP BO TON NGUYN T
I. Phng php bo ton nguyn t
1. Ni dung nh lut bo ton nguyn t :
- Trong phn ng ha hc, cc nguyn t lun c bo ton.
2. Nguyn tc p dng :
- Trong phn ng ha hc, tng s mol ca nguy n t trc v sau phn ng lun bng nhau.
3. Cc v d minh ha :
Dng 1 : Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt hp cht v c hoc mt hp cht
hu c
Phng php gi i
- Bc 1 : T gi thit ta c th xc nh c thnh phn nguyn t trong hp cht, ring i
vi nguyn t oxi c nhng trng hp ta khng th xc nh chnh x c trong hp cht cn tm c
oxi hay khng, trong nhng trng hp nh vy ta gi s l hp cht c oxi.
- Bc 2 : t cng thc phn t ca hp cht : C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
. Lp s chuyn ha :
C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O + N
2
- Bc 3 : p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t tm s nguyn t C, H, O, N trong hp
cht, suy ra cng thc ca hp cht C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
x y z t 2
x y z t 2
x y z t 2
x y z t 2 2 2
C(C H O N ) C(CO )
H(C H O N ) H(H O)
N(C H O N ) N( N )
O(C H O N ) O(O ) O(CO ) O(H O)
n n
x
n n
y
n n z
t
n n n n
=
=

=
=
:

= =

=
+ = +
Lu : t c cng thc phn t ca hp cht th iu quan trng nht l ta phi xc nh

c thnh phn nguyn t ca hp cht v cc hp cht khc nhau s c thnh phn nguyn t
khc nhau.
Cc v d dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
V d 1: Hp cht A (khng cha clo) chy c trong kh clo to thnh nit v hiro clorua. Bit t
l th tch clo tham gia phn ng v th tch nit to thnh l 3 : 1. Cng thc phn t ca kh A l :
A. N
3
H. B. NH
3
.
C. N
2
H
4
. D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta suy ra thnh phn nguyn t trong A gm N v H
t cng thc phn t ca A l : N
x
H
y
S phn ng :
N
x
H
y
+ Cl
2
N
2
+ HCl
Th tch: a 3 1 b
41
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi Cl, N, H ta c :
3.2 b.1
x 1
ax 1.2
y 3
ay b.1
=
= =
. Vy cng thc phn t ca A l NH

3
.
p n B.
V d 1 : t chy hon ton 3,4 gam hp cht A thu c 2,24 lt kh SO
2
(kc) v 1,8 gam H
2
O.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hp cht A?
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta suy ra thnh phn nguyn t trong A gm S, H v c th c hoc khng c oxi
t cng thc phn t ca A l : S
x
H
y
O
z
2 2 2 2 2
A O SO H O O O
m m m m m 4, 8 gam n 0,15 mol + = + = =
S phn ng :
S
x
H
y
O
z
+ O
2
SO
2
+ H
2
O
mol: a 0,15 0,1 0,1
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi S, H, O ta c :
a.x 0,1.1 a.x 0,1
x 1
ay 0,1.2 a.y 0, 2
y 2
az 2.0,15 0,1.2 0,1.1 az 0
= =

= : = =

+ = + =

.
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l H
2
S.
V d 2: t chy 1 lt hi hirocacbon vi mt th tch khng kh (l ng d). Hn hp kh thu c
sau khi hi H
2
O ngng t c th tch l 18,5 lt, cho qua dung dch KOH d cn 16,5 lt, cho hn hp
kh i qua ng ng photpho d th cn li 16 lt. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht tr n bit cc th tch
kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut v O
2
chim 1/5 khng kh, cn li l N
2
.
A. C
2
H
6
. B. C
2
H
4
. C. C
3
H
8
. D. C
2
H
2
.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, ta c :
2
CO
V 2 = lt ;
2
O
V (d) = 0,5 lt ;
2
N
V 16 = lt
2
O
V (ban u) = 4 lt
S phn ng :
C
x
H
y
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O + O
2 d
+ N
2
lt: 1 4 2 a 0,5
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c :
1.x 2.1 x 2
1.y a.2 y 6
4.2 2.2 a 0.5.2 a 3
= =

= : =

= + + =

Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C
2
H
6
p n A.
42
V d 3: Cho 0,5 lt hn hp gm hirocacbon v kh cacbonic vo 2,5 lt oxi (l y d) ri t. Th
tch ca hn hp thu c sau khi t l 3,4 lt. Cho hn hp qua thit b l m lnh, th tch hn hp
kh cn li 1,8 lt v cho li qua dung dch KOH ch cn 0,5 lt kh. Th tch cc kh c o trong
cng iu kin. Tn gi ca hirocacbon l :
A. propan. B. xiclobutan. C. propen. D. xiclopropan.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit, ta c :
2
H O
V 1, 6 = lt ;
2
CO
V 1, 3 = lt ;
2
O
V (d) = 0,5 lt
S phn ng :
(C
x
H
y
+ CO
2
) + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O + O
2 d
lt: a b 2,5 1,3 1,6 0,5
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c :
a.x b.1 1, 3 x 3
a.y 1, 6.2 y 8
b.2 2, 5.2 1, 3.2 1, 6.1 0, 5.2 a 0, 4
a b 0, 5 b 0,1
+ = =

= =

:

+ = + + =

+ = =

Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C
3
H
8
p n A.
V d 4: t chy hon ton 10 ml mt este cn dng ht 45 ml O
2
, thu c V
2
CO
: V
2
H O
= 4 : 3.
Ngng t sn phm chy thy th tch gim 30 ml. Cc th tch o c ng iu kin. Cng thc ca
este l :
A. C
8
H
6
O
4
. B. C
4
H
6
O
2
. C. C
4
H
8
O
2
D. C
4
H
6
O
4
.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit suy ra : V
2
H O
= 30 ml ; V
2
CO
= 40 ml
S phn ng :
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
ml : 10 45 40 30
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cho cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c :
10.x 40.1 x 4
10.y 30.2 y 6
10.z 45.2 40.2 30.1 z 2
= =

= : =

+ = + =

Vy este c cng thc l : C
4
H
6
O
2
p n B.
43
Dng 2: Tnh s mol ; th tch kh ; khi l ng ca cc cht ban u hoc cc
cht sn phm
Phng php gi i
- Bc 1 : Da vo gi thit lp s chuyn ha gia cc cht .
- Bc 2 : Da vo yu cu ca bi xc nh xem cn p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn
t i vi mt hay nhiu nguyn t m c th l nhng nguyn t no.
- Bc 3 : p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t : Tng s mol nguyn t trc v sau phn
ng lun bng nhau t m ra kt qu m bi yu cu.
V d 5: Cho V lt hn hp kh gm H
2
S v SO
2
tc dng vi dung dch brom d. Thm dung dch
BaCl
2
d vo hn hp trn th thu c 2,33 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,112 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 1,12 lt. D. 0,224 lt.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
H
2
S + 4Br
2
+ 4H
2
O 8HBr + H
2
SO
4
SO
2
+ Br
2
+ 2H
2
O 2HBr + H
2
SO
4
H
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2HCl
2 2 2 4 4
(H S,SO ) H SO BaSO
n n n = = =
2, 33
0, 01
233
= mol
2 2
(H S,SO )
V = 0,01.22,4 = 0,224 lt.
p n D.
V d 6: Cho hn hp Fe v FeS tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c 2,464 lt hn hp kh
iu kin tiu chun. Dn hn hp kh ny qua dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
d, sinh ra 23,9 gam kt ta en.
Phn trm khi lng ca Fe v FeS trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 5,98% v 94,02%. B. 94,02% v 5,98%.
C. 25% v 75%. D. 75% v 25%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe + HCl FeCl
2
+H
2
(1)
FeS + HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S (2)
p nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi lu hunh ta c :
2
FeS H S PbS
23, 9
n n n 0,1
239
= = = = mol.
2
H
2, 464
n 0,1 0, 01
22, 4
= = mol
2
Fe H
n n 0, 01 = = mol
Vy phn trm v khi l ng ca Fe v FeS trong hn hp ban u l :
%Fe =
0, 01.56
.100% 5, 98%
0, 01.56 0,1.88
=
+
; %FeS = (100 5,98)% = 94,02%
p n A.
44
V d 7: Cho hn hp gm 0,3 mol Fe, 0,15 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
tc dng ht vi dung dch
H
2
SO
4
long thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d , lc kt ta
em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn C. Tnh m
A. 70. B. 72. C. 65. D. 75.
Hng dn gii
Tng s mol nguyn t Fe trong hn hp Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
l : 0,3 + 0,15.2 + 0,1.3 = 0,9 mol.
Sau tt c cc phn ng thu c cht rn C l Fe
2
O
3
s mol Fe
2
O
3
thu c l 0,45 mol.
Khi lng Fe
2
O
3
thu c l: 0,45.160 = 72 gam.
p n B.
V d 8: Ha tan ht 0,02 mol Al v 0,03 mol Cu vo dung dch HNO
3
, c cn dung dch sau phn
ng v nung n khi lng khng i th thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l :
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
2Al 2Al(NO
3
)
3
Al
2
O
3
(1)
0,02 0,02 0,01
Cu Cu(NO
3
)
2
CuO (2)
0,03 0,03 0,03
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cho s (1), (2) ta thy :
2 3
Al O
n 0, 01 = mol ;
CuO
n 0, 03 = mol
Vy khi lng cht rn thu c l : 0,01.102 + 0,03.80 = 3,42 gam.
p n A.
V d 9: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm x mol FeS
2
v y mol Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ), thu
c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. T l x : y l :
A. 1 : 3. B. 3 : 1. C. 1 : 2. D. 2 : 1.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
2FeS
2
+ Cu
2
S Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2CuSO
4
(1)
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cho s (1), ta thy :
2
2
FeS
Cu S
n
2
n 1
= x : y = 2 : 1
p n D.
V d 10: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CH
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu c 4,4 gam CO
2
v
2,52 gam H
2
O. m c gi tr l :
Hng dn gii
= + = + = + =
X C H
4, 4 2, 52
m m m .12 . 2 1, 2 0, 28 1, 48
44 18
gam.
p n A.
45
V d 11: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ru A v B ta c hn hp Y gm cc olefin.
Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
. Vy khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi
lng nc v CO
2
to ra l :
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t, ta c: = =
2
C (X) C (Y) CO
0, 04 n n n mol
M khi
2
O
Y
+
2
CO
n =
2
H O
n = 0,04 mol
+
+ = =
2 2
CO H O
1, 76 ( 0, 04.18) 2, 48 m gam.
p n B.
V d 12: Chia hn hp 2 anehit no n chc thnh 2 phn bng nhau :
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 0,54 gam H
2
O.
- Phn 2 cng H
2
(Ni, t
o
) thu c hn hp A.
Nu t chy hon ton A th th tch kh CO
2
thu c (ktc) l :
A. 0,112 lt. B. 0,672 lt. C. 1,68 lt. D. 2,24 lt.
Hng dn gii
t chy hn hp l anehit no, n chc = =
2 2
CO H O
n n 0,03 mol
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta c :
= = =
1 2
C (A) C (P ) C (P )
n n n 0,03 mol =
2
CO
V 0,672 lt.
p n B.
V d 13: Cho hn hp kh X gm CH
3
CHO v H
2
i qua ng s ng bt Ni nung nng. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kh Y gm hai cht. t chy ht ht Y t hu c 11,7
gam H
2
O v 7,84 lt CO
2
(ktc). Phn trm theo th tch ca H
2
trong X l :
A. 63,16%. B. 46,15%. C. 53,85%. D. 35,00%.
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta thy : Thnh phn nguyn t trong hn hp X v Y l nh
nhau nn ta suy ra t chy hn hp Y cng nh t chy hn hp X.
Phng trnh phn ng :
2CH
3
CHO + 5O
2
4CO
2
+ 4H
2
O (1)
mol : 0,175 0,35 0,35
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O (2)
mol : 0,3 (0,65 0,35) = 0,3
Theo cc phn ng v gi thit suy ra phn trm th tch ca hiro trong hn hp l :
% H
2
=
0, 3
.100% 63,16%
0,175 0, 3
=
+
.
p n A.
V d 14: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc cn va V lt O
2
(ktc), thu
c 0,3 mol CO
2
v 0,2 mol H
2
O. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 8,96 lt. B. 11,2 lt. C. 6,72 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Hng dn gii
Axit cacbonxylic n chc c 2 nguyn t O nn c th t l ROOH.
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi ta c :
46
2 2 2
O ( ROOH) O (O ) O (CO ) O ( H O)
n n n n + = + : 0,1.2 +
2
O (O )
n = 0,3.2 + 0,2.1
2
O (O )
n = 0,6 mol
2
O
n 0,3 mol =
2
O
V 6, 72 = lt.
p n C.
V d 15: Hn hp X gm ru no n chc A v axit no n chc B. Chia thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: B t chy hon ton thy to ra 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc)
- Phn 2: c este ha hon ton v va thu c este E.
Khi t chy este E th lng nc sinh ra l :
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t, ta c :
= = =
2 1
C (este) C (P ) C (P )
0,1 n n n mol
Este no, n chc
+
= = =
2
2
O
H O C C (este)
n n n 0,1mol
= =
2
H O
m 0,1. 18 1, 8 gam.
p n A.
V d 16: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
(dung dch X) vi in cc tr sau thi gian ngng
in phn th thy khi lng X gim. Dung dch sau in phn tc dng va vi 500 ml dung
dch BaCl
2
0,3M to kt ta trng. Cho bit khi l ng ring dung dch CuSO
4
l 1,25 g/ml; sau i n
phn lng H
2
O bay hi khng ng k. Nng mol/lt v nng % dung dich CuSO
4
trc in
phn l :
A. 0,35M, 8%. B. 0,52, 10%. C. 0,75M, 9,6%. D. 0,49M, 12%.
Hng dn gii
Khi in phn dung dch CuSO
4
, ion SO
4
2-
khng b in phn nn p dng nh lut bo ton
nguyn t ta c :
4 4 2
CuSO BaSO BaCl
n n n = = = 0,15 mol.
Nng mol ca dung dch CuSO
4
l : C
M
=
0,15
0, 2
= 0,75M.
Nng % ca dung dch CuSO
4
l : C% =
0,15.160
.100%
200.1, 25
= 9,6%.
p n C.
V d 17: Kh hon ton 24 gam hn hp CuO v Fe
x
O
y
bng H
2
d nhit cao thu c 17,6 gam
hn hp 2 kim loi. Khi lng H
2
O to thnh l :
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit tr n l
H
2
+ O H
2
O
m
O (trong oxit)
= m
oxit
m
kim loi
= 24 17,6 = 6,4 gam.
,
2
O H O
m 6, 4 = gam
2
H O O
6, 4
n n 0, 4
16
= = = mol
2
H O
m 0, 4.18 7, 2 = = gam
p n C.
47
V d 18: Kh ht m gam Fe
3
O
4
bng CO thu c hn hp A gm FeO v Fe. A tan va trong
0,3 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M cho ra 4,48 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Tnh m ?
Hng dn gii
S phm ng:
Fe
3
O
4
(FeO, Fe) 3FeSO
4
,
2
4
4
Fe trong FeSO
SO
n n 0,3
= = mol
t s mol ca Fe
3
O
4
l n
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t Fe :
, ,
3 4 4
Fe trongFe O Fe trongFeSO
n n =
3n = 0,3 n = 0,1
3 4
Fe O
m 23, 2 = gam.
p n A.
V d 19: Thi t t V lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm CO v H
2
i qua mt ng ng 16,8 gam hn hp
3 oxit : CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, Al
2
O
3
nung nng, phn ng hon ton. Sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn
v mt hn hp kh v hi nng hn khi lng ca hn hp V l 0,32 gam. Tnh V v m.
A. 0,224 lt v 14,48 gam. B. 0,448 lt v 18,46 gam.
C. 0,112 lt v 12,28 gam. D. 0,448 lt v 16,48 gam.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l :
CO + O CO
2
H
2
+ O H
2
O
Khi lng hn hp kh to thnh nng hn hn hp kh ban u chnh l khi lng ca nguyn
t oxi trong cc oxit tham gia phn ng. Do vy :
m
O
= 0,32 gam
O
0, 32
n 0, 02 mol
16
= =
,
2
CO H
n n 0, 02 mol + = .
m
oxit
= m
cht rn
+ 0,32
16,8 = m + 0,32 m = 16,48 gam.
2
(CO H )
V 0, 02.22, 4 0, 448
+
= = lt.
p n D.
V d 20: Cho 4,48 lt CO (ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng thc
ca oxit st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO
2
A. FeO; 75%. B. Fe
2
O
3
; 75%. C. Fe
2
O
3
; 65%. D. Fe
3
O
4
; 65%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe
x
O
y
+ yCO xFe + yCO
2
Kh thu c c M 40 = gm 2 kh CO
2
v CO d
2
CO
CO
n 44 12
40
n 28 4
48
2
CO
CO
n
3
n 1
=
2
CO
%V 75% = .
Mt khc:
2
CO ( ) CO
75
n n .0, 2 0,15
100
= = =
p.
mol n
CO d
= 0,05 mol.
Thc cht phn ng kh oxit st l do
CO + O
(trong oxit st)
CO
2
n
CO
= n
O (trong oxit st)
= 0,15 mol m
O
= 0,15.16 = 2,4 gam.
m
Fe
= 8 2,4 = 5,6 gam n
Fe
= 0,1 mol.
Ta c:
Fe
O
n x 0,1 2
n y 0,15 3
= = = Oxit st c cng thc l Fe
2
O
3
.
p n B.
V d 21: em 11,2 gam Fe ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c mt hn hp gm Fe v
cc oxit. Ha tan hon ton hn hp trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng d thu c 3,36 lt kh
SO
2
(ktc). S mol H
2
SO
4
tham gia phn ng l :
A. 0,4 mol. B. 0,3 mol. C. 0,5 mol. D. 0,45 mol.
Hng dn gii
S phm ng :
Fe (FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe) Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
mol : 0,2 0,1 0,15
Cn c vo s (1) v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta c :
2
2 4 2
4 2 4 3
H SO SO
SO trong Fe (SO )
n n n 0,1.3 0,15 0, 45
= + = + = mol.
p n D.
4. Bi tp p dng :
Cu 1: Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol Fe, 0,075 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,05 mol Fe
3
O
4
tc dng ht vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng ht vi dung dch NaOH d, lc
kt ta em nung trong khng kh n khi l ng khng i thu c m gam cht rn C. Gi tr ca
m l :
A. 36. B. 72. C. 65. D. 75.
Cu 2: Kh 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
thu c hn hp A gm Fe, Fe
2
O
3,
FeO, Fe
3
O
4
. Cho A tc dng ht vi
dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng. Khi lng mui sunfat to ra trong dung dch l :
Cu 3: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,2 mol FeO vo dung dch HCl d thu
c dung dch A. Cho NaOH d vo dung dch A thu c kt ta B. Lc ly kt ta B ri em
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c m gam cht rn, m c gi tr l :
Cu 4: Cho hn hp X gm SO
2
v O
2
theo t l s mol 1:1 i qua V
2
O
5
xc tc, un nng thu c
hn hp Y c khi lng 19,2 gam. Ho tan Y vo nc sau thm Ba(NO
3
)
2
d thu c 37,28
gam kt ta. Hiu sut phn ng SO
2
+ O
2
l :
A. 40%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 60%.
49
Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ), thu
c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,04. B. 0,075. C. 0,12. D. 0,06.
Cu 6 : t chy 9,8 gam bt Fe trong khng kh thu c hn hp cht rn X gm 3 oxit ca Fe.
ho tan X cn va ht 500 ml dung dch HNO
3
1,6M thu c V lt NO (sn phm duy nht). Gi
tr V l :
A. 6,16 lt. B. 10,08 lt. C. 11,76 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Cu 7: Khi t 1 lt kh X cn 6 lt O
2
thu c 4 lt CO
2
v 5 lt hi H
2
O (cc th tch kh o cng
iu kin nhit , p sut). CTPT ca X l :
A. C
4
H
10
O. B. C
4
H
8
O
2
. C. C
4
H
10
O
2
. D. C
3
H
8
O.
Cu 8: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon trong 0,5 lt hn hp ca n vi CO
2
bng 2,5 lt O
2
thu
c 3,4 lt kh. Hn hp ny sau khi ngng t ht hi nc cn 1,8 lt, tip tc cho hn hp kh cn
li qua dung dch kim d th cn li 0,5 lt kh. Cc th t ch c o cng iu kin nhit , p
sut. CTPT ca hirocacbon l :
A. C
4
H
10
. B. C
3
H
8
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
3
H
6
.
Cu 9: t chy hon ton 0,6 gam hp cht hu c X ri cho sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung
dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy c 2 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh tng thm 1,24 gam. T khi ca X so vi
H
2
bng 15. CTPT ca X l :
A. C
2
H
6
O. B. CH
2
O. C. C
2
H
4
O. D. CH
2
O
2
.
Cu 10: t 0,15 mol mt hp cht hu c thu c 6,72 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 5,4 gam H
2
O. Mt khc
t 1 th tch hi cht cn 2,5 th tch O
2
. Cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut.
CTPT ca hp cht l :
A. C
2
H
6
O
2
. B. C
2
H
6
O. C. C
2
H
4
O
2
. D. C
2
H
4
O.
Cu 11: t chy 200 ml hi mt hp cht hu c X cha C, H, O trong 900 ml O
2
, th tch hn
hp kh thu c l 1,3 lt. Sau khi ngng t hi nc ch cn 700 ml. Tip theo cho qua dung dch
KOH d ch cn 100 ml kh bay ra. Cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. CTPT ca
Y l :
A. C
3
H
6
O. B. C
3
H
8
O
2
. C. C
3
H
8
O. D. C
3
H
6
O
2
.
Cu 12: Cho 224,00 lt metan (ktc) qua h quang c V lt hn hp A (ktc) cha 12% C
2
H
2
;
10% CH
4
; 78% H
2
(v th tch). Gi s ch xy ra 2 phn ng :
2CH
4
C
2
H
2
+ 3H
2
(1)
CH
4
C + 2H
2
(2)
Gi tr ca V l
A. 407,27. B. 448,00. C. 520,18 D. 472,64.
Cu 13: t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng
kh (trong khng kh, oxi chi m 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 9,9 gam nc.
Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l :
A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.
Cu 14: X l mt ancol no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6 gam oxi, thu c hi
nc v 6,6 gam CO
2
. Cng thc ca X l :
A. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
. B. C
3
H
7
OH. C. C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
. D. C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
.
Cu 15: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt anehit n chc X cn dng va 12,32 lt O
2
(ktc) thu
c 17,6 gam CO
2
. X l anehit no sau :
A. HCC CH
2
CHO. B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CHO.
C. CH
2
=CH CH
2
CHO. D. CH
2
=C=CH CHO.
50
Cu 16: Chia hn hp gm hai anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam H
2
O.
- Phn 2: Tc dng vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) th thu c hn hp A. em t chy hon ton th th tch
kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l :
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Cu 17: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacboxylic n chc, cn va V lt O
2
(ktc), thu
c 0,3 mol CO
2
v 0,2 mol H
2
O. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 8,96. B. 11,2. C. 6,72. D. 4,48.
Cu 18: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X (C, H, N) bng lng khng kh va (gm
1/5 th tch O
2
, cn li l N
2
) c kh CO
2
, H
2
O v N
2
. Cho ton b sn phm chy qua bnh ng
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thy c 39,4 gam kt ta, khi lng dung dch gim i 24,3 gam. Kh thot
ra khi bnh c th tch 34,72 lt (ktc). Bit
2
O X
d < 2. CTPT ca X l :
A. C
2
H
7
N. B. C
2
H
8
N. C. C
2
H
7
N
2
. D. C
2
H
4
N
2
.
Cu 19: t chy hon ton 1,605 gam hp cht hu c A thu c 4,62 gam CO
2
; 1,215 gam H
2
O
v 168 ml N
2
(ktc). T khi hi ca A so vi khng kh khng vt qu 4. Cng thc phn t ca A
l :
A. C
5
H
5
N. B. C
6
H
9
N. C. C
7
H
9
N. D. C
6
H
7
N.
Cu 20: Phn tch 0,31gam hp cht hu c X ch cha C, H, N to thnh 0,44 gam CO
2
. Mt khc,
nu phn tch 0,31 gam X ton b N trong X chuyn thnh NH
3
ri dn NH
3
va to thnh vo
100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,4M th phn axit d c trung ha bi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 1,4M.
Bit 1 lt hi cht X (ktc) nng 1,38 gam. CTPT ca X l :
A. CH
5
N. B. C
2
H
5
N
2
. C. C
2
H
5
N. D. CH
6
N.
Cu 21: Phn tch 1,5 gam cht hu c X thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
; 0,9 gam H
2
O v 112 ml N
2
o
0
o
C v 2 atm. Nu ha hi cng 1,5 gam cht Z 127
o
C v 1,64 atm ngi ta thu c 0,4 lt kh
cht Z. CTPT ca X l :
A. C
2
H
5
ON. B. C
6
H
5
ON
2
. C. C
2
H
5
O
2
N. D. C
2
H
6
O
2
N.
Cu 22: t chy 0,282 gam hp cht hu c X ch cha C, H, N, cho sn phm i qua cc b nh
ng CaCl
2
khan v KOH d. Thy bnh ng CaCl
2
tng thm 0,194 gam cn bnh ng KOH tng
thm 0,8 gam. Mt khc nu t chy 0,186 gam cht X th thu c 22,4 ml kh N
2
( ktc). Bit
rng hp cht X ch cha mt nguyn t nit. Cng thc phn t ca hp cht X l :
A. C
6
H
6
N
2
. B. C
6
H
7
N. C. C
6
H
9
N. D. C
5
H
7
N.
Cu 23: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin X bng lng khng kh va thu c 17,6 gam
CO
2
, 12,6 gam H
2
O v 69,44 lt N
2
(ktc). Gi thit khng kh ch gm N
2
v O
2
trong oxi chim
20% th tch khng kh. X c cng thc l :
A. C
2
H
5
NH
2
. B. C
3
H
7
NH
2
. C. CH
3
NH
2
. D. C
4
H
9
NH
2
.
Cu 24: Ly a mol NaOH hp th hon ton 2,64 gam CO
2
thu c ng 200 ml dung dch X.
Trong dung dch X khng cn NaOH v nng ca ion CO
2
3
l 0,2M. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,06. B. 0,08. C. 0,1. D. 0,12.
Cu 25: Cho 6 lt hn hp gm CO
2
v N
2
(ktc) i qua dung dch KOH d thu c dung dch
cha 2,07 gam K
2
CO
3
v 6 gam KHCO
3
. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca CO
2
trong hn hp
l :
A. 82%. B. 18,5%. C. 28%. D. 58,1%.
Cu 26: Hn hp X gm Ba v Cu. Khi nung X vi O
2
d th khi lng tng ln 4,8 gam. Khi cho
cht rn thu c tc dng vi H
2
d th khi lng cht rn gim 3,2 gam. Khi lng X l :
51
Cu 27: t chy m gam Na bng l ng va 5,6 lt O
2
(ktc) ta thu c 21,8 gam hn hp X
gm Na
2
O
2
v Na
2
O. Cho X vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, va thy thot ra V lt kh (ktc) v thu
c dung dch Y.
a. Khi c cn Y thu c mui khan c khi lng l :
b. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,12. B. 2,24. C. 3,36. D. 4,48.
Cu 28: Cho 1,56 gam hn hp gm Al v Al
2
O
3
phn ng ht vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c V
lt kh H
2
(ktc) v dung dch X. Nh t t dung dch NH
3
n d vo dung dch X thu c kt ta,
lc ht lng kt ta, nung n khi lng khng i thu c 2,04 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,672. B. 0,224. C. 0,448. D. 1,344.
Cu 29: Nung 24 gam hn hp Fe
2
O
3
v CuO trong ng s c thi lung H
2
d n khi phn ng
hon ton. Cho hn hp kh to thnh i qua bnh cha H
2
SO
4
c, d th khi lng bnh tng 7,2
gam. Khi lng Fe v khi lng Cu thu c l:
A. 5,6 gam Fe v 3,2 gam Cu. B. 11,2 gam Fe v 6,4 gam Cu.
C. 5,6 gam Fe v 6,4 gam Cu. D. 11,2 gam Fe v 3,2 gam Cu.
Cu 30: Cho 3,04 gam hn hp Fe
2
O
3
v FeO tc dng vi CO d n khi phn ng hon ton. Cht
kh thu c cho qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thu c 5 gam kt ta. Khi lng Fe
2
O
3
v FeO c
trong hn hp l :
Cu 31: Kh 39,2 gam hn hp A gm Fe
2
O
3
v FeO bng CO thu c hn hp B gm FeO v Fe.
ho tan B cn va 2,5 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,2M thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc). Khi l ng
Fe
2
O
3
v FeO ln lt l :
A. 32 gam v 7,2 gam. B. 16 gam v 23,2 gam.
C. 18 gam v 21,2 gam D. 20 gam v 19,2 gam
Cu 32: Cho 4,48 lt kh CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng thc
ca oxit st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO
2
A. FeO; 75%. B. Fe
2
O
3
; 75%. C. Fe
2
O
3
; 65%. D. Fe
3
O
4
; 75%.
Cu 33: Dn t t V lt kh CO (ktc) i qua mt ng s ng lng d hn hp rn gm CuO,
Fe
2
O
3
( nhit cao). Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c kh X. Dn ton b kh X
trn vo lng d dung dch Ca(OH)
2
th to thnh 4 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,120. B. 0,896. C. 0,448. D. 0,224.
Cu 34: Kh hon ton mt oxit st X nhit cao cn va V lt kh CO (ktc), sau phn ng
thu c 0,84 gam Fe v 0,02 mol kh CO
2
. Cng thc ca X v gi tr V ln lt l :
A. Fe
3
O
4
v 0,224. B. Fe
2
O
3
v 0,448.
C. Fe
3
O
4
v 0,448. D. FeO v 0,224.
Cu 35: Cho V lt hn hp kh ( ktc) gm CO v H
2
phn ng vi mt lng d hn hp rn gm
CuO v Fe
3
O
4
nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng hn hp rn gim 0,32
gam. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,448. B. 0,112. C. 0,224. D. 0,560.
Cu 36: Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuFeS
2
v 0,09 mol Cu
2
FeS
2
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d
thu c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gm NO v NO
2.
Thm BaCl
2
d vo dung dch X thu c
m gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch X, ly kt ta nung trong khng kh
n khi lng khng i thu c a gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m v a l:
A. 111,84 gam v 157,44 gam. B. 111,84 gam. v 167,44 gam.
52
CHUYN 4 : PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG
I. Phng php bo ton khi lng
1. Ni dung nh lut bo ton khi lng:
- Trong phn ng ha hc, tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng lun bng tng khi l ng
cc sn phm to thnh.
2. Nguyn tc p dng :
- Trong phn ng ha hc, tng khi l ng cc cht tham gia phn ng lun bng tng khi l ng
cc sn phm to thnh.
- Tng khi lng cc cht em phn lun bng tng khi l ng cc cht thu c.
- Trong phn ng ca kim loi vi dung dch axit: Khi l ng mui thu c bng tng khi l ng
kim loi cng khi lng gc axit to mui.
- Tng khi lng cc cht tan trong dung dung dch bng tng khi lng ca cc ion.
- Tng khi lng dung dch sau phn ng bng tng khi l ng ca dung dch trc phn ng
cng khi lng cht tan vo dung dch tr i khi lng cht kt ta, cht bay hi.
3. Cc v d minh ha :
3.1. Cc v d dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
V d 1: Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 6,0 gam Fe
2
O
3
ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit nhm. Sau
phn ng ta thu c m gam hn hp cht rn. Gi tr ca m l :
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng :
m
hh sau phn ng
= m
hh trc phn ng
= 5,4 + 6,0 = 11,4 gam.
p n C.
V d 2: Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl
2
. Sau phn ng
thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch thu c m gam mui clorua. Vy m
c gi tr l :
Hng dn gii
Thay Na, K bng kim loi M
Phng trnh phn ng :
M
2
CO
3
+ BaCl
2
2MCl + BaCO
3
2 3
BaCl BaCO
0, 2 mol n n = =
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng : m
hn hp
+
2
BaCl
m
= m
kt ta
+ m
m = 24,4 + 0,2.208 39,4 = 26,6 gam.
p n C.
V d 3: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi ho tr (I) v
mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) trong dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng thu c 4,48 lt kh
(ktc). em c cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan ?
53
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
RCO
3
+ 2HCl RCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
CO
4,88
n 0, 2
22, 4
= = mol
Tng n
HCl
= 0,4 mol v
2
H O
n 0, 2 mol. =
23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = m
mui
+ 0,2.44 + 0,2.18
m
mui
= 26 gam.
p n C.
V d 4: Cho 2,81 gam hn hp A gm 3 oxit Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO tan va trong 300 ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, khi l ng hn hp cc mui sunfat khan to ra l :
Hng dn gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m
oxit
+
2 4
H SO
m = m
mui
+
2
H O
m
m
mui
= m
oxit
+
2 4
H SO
m
2
H O
m
Trong :
= = =
2 2 4
H O H SO
n n 0, 3.0,1 0, 03
mol.
m
mui
= 2,81+ 0.03.98 0,03.18 = 5,21 gam.
p n C.
V d 5: Ho tan ht 38,60 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi M trong dung dch HCl d thy thot ra
14,56 lt H
2
(ktc). Khi lng hn hp mui clorua khan thu c l :
Hng dn gii
Ta c: m
mui
= m
kim loi
+
Cl
m

Trong :

= = =
2
HCl H
Cl
14, 46
2 2.
22, 4
n n n
= 1,3 mol
m
mui
= 38,6 + 1,3.35,5 = 84,75 gam.
p n B.
V d 6: Cho 0,52 gam hn hp 2 kim loi Mg v Fe tan hon ton trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, d
thy c 0,336 lt kh thot ra (ktc). Khi l ng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c l :
A. 2 gam. B. 2,4 gam. C. 3,92 gam. D. 1,96 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c mui thu c gm MgSO
4
v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
m
mui
= m
kim loi
+
2
4
SO
m

= = =
2
2
4
H
SO
0, 336
n n 0, 015 mol
22, 4
54
m
mui
= 0,52 + 0,015.96 = 1,96 gam.
p n D.
V d 7: Ha tan 10,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt l ng va dung dch HCl thu c
7,84 lt kh A (ktc) v 1,54 gam cht rn B v dung dch C. C cn dung dch C thu c m gam
mui, m c gi tr l :
A. 33,45. B. 33,25. C. 32,99. D. 35,58.
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
2
HCl H
Cl
n n 2n
= = = 0,7 mol
m = m
(Al + Mg)
+
Cl
m

= (10,14 1,54) + 0,7.35,5 = 6,6 + 24,85 = 33,45 gam.
p n A.
b. Cc v d dnh cho hc sinh lp 11
V d 8: Cho 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Cu tc dng va vi dung dch HNO
3
63%. Sau
phn ng thu c dung dch A v 11,2 lt kh NO
2
duy nht (ktc). Nng % cc cht c trong
dung dch A l :
A. 36,66% v 28,48%. B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%. D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
2
NO
n 0, 5 = mol
3 2
HNO NO
n 2n 1 = = mol.
2
2
3
NO
d HNO
m m m m
1.63.100
12 46.0, 5 89 gam.
63
= +
= + =
2 2
d mui h k.loi
t n
Fe
= x mol, n
Cu
= y mol ta c:
56x 64y 12
3x 2y 0,5
+ =
+ =

x 0,1
y 0,1
=
3 3
Fe( NO )
0,1.242.100
%m 27,19%
89
= =
3 2
Cu( NO )
0,1.188.100
%m 21,12%.
89
= =
p n B.
V d 9: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c
CO
2
v hi nc theo t l th tch 4 : 3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi ca A so
vi khng kh nh hn 7.
A. C
8
H
12
O
5
. B. C
4
H
8
O
2
. C. C
8
H
12
O
3
. D. C
6
H
12
O
6
.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit: 1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O
2
4a mol CO
2
+ 3a mol H
2
O.
55
2 2
CO H O
m m 1, 88 0, 085.32 46 gam + = + =
Ta c: 44.4a + 18.3a = 46 a = 0,02 mol
Trong cht A c:
n
C
= 4a = 0,08 mol
n
H
= 3a.2 = 0,12 mol
n
O
= 4a.2 + 3a 0,085.2 = 0,05 mol
n
C
: n
H
: n
o
= 0,08 : 0,12 : 0,05 = 8 : 12 : 5
Vy cng thc ca cht hu c A l C
8
H
12
O
5
c M
A
< 203
p n A.
V d 10: Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch
kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng 12. Cng thc phn t ca
X l :
A. C
6
H
14
. B. C
3
H
8
. C. C
4
H
10
. D. C
5
H
12
.
Hng dn gii
m
X
= m
Y
: n
X
M
X
= n
Y Y M : M
X
=
Y
Y
X
n M
n
=
Y
X
X
3n M
n
= 3. Y M = 3.12.2 = 72
X l C
5
H
12
p n D.
V d 11: Hn hp kh X gm H
2
v C
2
H
4
A. 20%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 25%.
Hng dn gii
2
2 4
H
C H
n
28 15 1
n 15 2 1
= =
C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo H

2
hoc theo C
2
H
4
Phng trnh phn ng :
H
2
+ C
2
H
4
o
Ni,t
C
2
H
6
m
X
= m
Y
: n
X
. X M = n
Y
. Y M :
Y
X
X
Y
n M 5.4 4
n 3, 75.4 3 M
= = =
t n
X
= 4 mol
2
H
n =
2 4
C H
n = 2 mol;
2( pu )
H X Y
n n n 1 = = mol.
Hiu sut phn ng : H =
1
.100% 50%
2
= .
p n C.
56
V d 12: Cho hn hp X gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi heli bng 3,33. Cho X i qua bt
CTPT ca X l :
A. C
2
H
4
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
5
H
10
.
Hng dn gii
V Y M = 4.4 = 16 nn suy ra sau phn ng H
2
cn d, C
n
H
2n
phn ng ht.
m
X
= m
Y
: n
X
. X M = n
Y
. Y M :
Y
X
X
Y
n M 4.4 1, 2
n 3, 33.4 1 M
= = =
t n
X
= 1,2 v n
Y
=1
2( pu) n 2n
H C H X Y
n n n n 0, 2 = = = mol.
Ban u trong X c 0,2 mol C
n
H
2n
v 1 mol H
2
Ta c : X M =
0, 2.14n 1.2
3, 33.4 n 5
1, 2
+
= =
p n D.
V d 13: Hn hp X gm hiro v mt hirocacbon. Nung nng 14,56 lt hn hp X (ktc), c Ni
xc tc n khi phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y c khi l ng 10,8 gam. Bit t khi ca Y
so vi metan l 2,7 v Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Cng thc phn t ca
hirocacbon l :
A. C
3
H
6
. B. C
4
H
6
. C. C
3
H
4
. D. C
4
H
8
.
Hng dn gii
n
X
= 0,65 mol ; Y M = 43,2 gam/mol.
m
x
= m
Y
= 10,8 gam :n
X
. X M = n
Y
. Y M = 10,8 n
Y
= 0,25 mol.
V hn hp Y c kh nng l m mt mu dung dch brom nn hiro phn ng ht, hirocacbon
cn d. Nh vy trong hn hp X :
2
H
n 0, 65 0, 25 0, 4 = = mol ;
x y
C H
n 0, 25 = mol
(12x + y).0,25 + 0,4.2 = 10,8 :12x + y = 40
x = 3 ; y = 4 Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon l C
3
H
4
p n C.
Lu :
Trong phn ng cng hiro s mol kh gim sau phn ng bng s mol hiro phn ng.
Sau phn ng cng hiro vo hirocacbon khng no m khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn
hp thu c nh hn 28 th trong hn hp sau phn ng c hiro d.
V d 14: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc
dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l :
A. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH.
Hng dn gii
15,6 + 9,2 = 24,5 +
2
H
m
2
H
m = 0,3 gam
2
H
n = 0,15 mol n
X
= 2.
2
H
n = 0,3 mol
57
M=
15, 6
0, 3
= 52 n = 2,4 Hai ancol l :
2 5
3 7
C H OH
C H OH
p n B.
V d 15: un 132,8 gam hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C thu c hn hp
cc ete c s mol bng nhau v c khi lng l 111,2 gam. S mol ca mi ete trong hn hp l bao
nhiu ?
Hng dn gii
Ta bit rng c 3 loi ru tch nc iu kin H
2
SO
4
c, 140
o
C th to thnh 6 loi ete v
tch ra 6 phn t H
2
O.
Theo LBTKL ta c
2
H O ete
m m m 132,8 11, 2 21, 6 = = =
ru
gam
2
H O
21, 6
n 1, 2
18
= = mol.
Mt khc c hai phn t ru th to ra mt phn t ete v mt phn t H
2
O do s mol H
2
O
lun bng s mol ete, suy ra s mol mi ete l
1, 2
0, 2
6
= mol.
p n D.
V d 16: Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thu c V lt
kh CO
2
(ktc) v a gam H
2
O. Biu thc lin h gia m, a v V l :
A.
V
m a
5, 6
= . B.
V
m 2a
11, 2
= . C.
V
m 2a
22, 4
= . D.
V
m a
5, 6
= + .
Hng dn gii
V cc ancol l no n chc nn :
2 2
O(ancol) ancol H O CO
n n n n = = =
a V
18 22, 4

m = m
ancol
= m
C
+ m
H
+ m
O (ancol)
=
V a a V
.12 .2 ( ).16
22, 4 18 18 22, 4
+ +
V
m a
5, 6
= .
p n A.
V d 17: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau
khi phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t
khi i vi hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 0,92. B. 0,32. C. 0,64. D. 0,46.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
C
n
H
2n +2
O + CuO C
n
H
2n
O | + H
2
O | + Cu (1)
mol : x x x x x
Theo gi thit ta c : 80x 64x = 0,32 x = 0,02
Hn hp hi gm C
n
H
2n
O v H
2
O c khi lng mol trung bnh l 15,5.2 = 31 v c s mol l
0,02.2 = 0,04 mol.
58
n 2n 2
C H O
m 0, 02.64 0, 04.31 0, 02.80 0, 92
+
= + = gam.
p n A.
V d 18: Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n ch c X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung dch
gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan.
Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
2
H
5
COOH. B. CH
3
COOH. C. HCOOH. D. C
3
H
7
COOH.
Hng dn gii
m
X
+ m
(KOH, NaOH)
= m
cht rn
+ m
nc
m
nc
= 1,08 gam.
V X l axit n chc nn n
X
= n
nc
= 0,06 mol.
M
X
= 60 X l CH
3
COOH
p n B.
c. Cc v d dnh cho hc sinh lp 12
V d 19: Cho 0,1 mol este to bi 2 ln axit v ru mt ln ru tc dng hon ton vi NaOH thu
c 6,4 gam ru v mt lng mui c khi l ng nhiu hn lng este l 13,56% (so vi lng
este). Cng thc cu to ca este l :
A. CH
3
COO CH
3
. B. CH
3
OCOCOOCH
3
.
C. CH
3
COOCOOCH
3
. D. CH
3
COOCH
2
COOCH
3
.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
R(COOR')
2
+ 2NaOH R(COONa)
2
+ 2R'OH
mol : 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2
R OH
6, 4
M 32
0, 2
'
= = Ru CH
3
OH.
m
este
+ m
NaOH
= m
mui
+ m
ru
m
mui
m
este
= 0,2.40 64 = 1,6 gam.
m m
mui
m
este
=
13, 56
100
m
este
m
este
=
1, 6.100
11, 8 gam
13, 56
= M
este
= 118 vC
R + (44 + 15).2 = 118 R = 0.
Vy cng thc cu to ca este l CH
3
OOCCOOCH
3
p n B.
V d 20: Thu phn hon ton 11,44 gam hn hp 2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau bng
dung dch NaOH thu c 11,08 gam hn hp mui v 5,56 gam hn hp ru. Cng thc cu to
ca 2 este l :
A. HCOOCH
3
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
. B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.
C. HCOOC
3
H
7
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
. D. C B, C u ng.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh tng qut ca hai este n chc ng phn l RCOOR' .
59
Phng trnh phn ng :
RCOOR' + NaOH RCOONa + R' OH
gam : 11,44 11,08 5,56
m
NaOH
= 11,08 + 5,56 11,44 = 5,2 gam
NaOH
5, 2
n 0,13 mol
40
= =
RCOONa
11,08
M 85, 23
0,13
= = R 18, 23 =
R OH
5,56
M 42,77
0,13
'
= = R 25,77 ' =
RCOOR
11, 44
M 88
0,13
'
= =
CTPT ca este l C
4
H
8
O
2
Vy cng thc cu to 2 este ng phn l :
HCOOC
3
H
7
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
hoc C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
p n D.
V d 21: Cho 0,15 mol este X mch h vo 150 gam dung dch NaOH 8%, un nng phn ng
thu phn este xy ra hon ton thu c 165 gam dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c 22,2 gam cht
rn khan. C bao nhiu cng thc cu to ca X tho mn ?
A. 3. B. 1. C. 2. D. 4.
Hng dn gii
m
X
+ m
NaOH
= m
dd Y
m
X
= 165 150 =15 gam M
X
= 100 gam/mol
V M
X
= 100 gam/mol nn X phi l este n chc, t cng thc ca este X l RCOOR'
Phng trnh phn ng :
RCOOR' + NaOH RCOONa + R'OH
mol : 0,15 0,15 0,15
Nh vy hn hp cht rn khan gm :
NaOH: 0,15
RCOONa : 0,15
40.0,15 + (R + 67).0,15 = 22,2 R = 41 ( C

3
H
5
) R' = 15 (CH
3
)
Vy cng thc phn t ca este l : C
3
H
5
COOCH
3
Cng thc cu to ca X :
2 2 3
3 3
2 3 3
CH CH CH COO CH
CH CH CH COO CH
CH C(CH ) COO CH
=
p n A.
60
V d 22: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C
2
H
7
NO
2
tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z (ktc) gm hai kh
2
A.16,5 gam. B. 14,3 gam. C. 8,9 gam. D. 15,7 gam.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta suy ra hn hp X l mui amoni ca axit hu c no, n chc
t cng thc ca hai cht trong X l :
3
RCOOH NR'
Phng trnh phn ng :
3
RCOOH NR' + NaOH RCOONa +
2
R NH ' + H
2
O (1)
mol : 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Theo phn ng (1) v nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
RCOONa
m = 0,2.77 + 0,2.40 0,2.13,75.2 + 0,2.18 = 14,3 gam.
p n B.
V d 23: Ha tan ht 1 lng Na vo dung dch HCl 10% thu c 46,88 gam dung dch gm NaCl
v NaOH v 1,568 lt H
2
(ktc). Nng % NaCl trong dung dch thu c l :
A. 14,97. B. 12,48. C. 12,68. D. 15,38.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + H
2
(1)
mol : x x x 0,5y
2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
(2)
mol : y y y 0,5y
Theo cc phn ng v nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
23(x + y) +
36, 5x
10%
2(0,5x + 0,5y) = 46,88 (3)
Mt khc s mol ca hiro l : 0,5x + 0,5y = 0,07 (4)
T (3) v (4) ta c : x = 0,12 ; y = 0,02
Nng % NaCl trong dung dch thu c l :
0,12.58, 5
.100% 14, 97%
46, 88
= .
p n A.
V d 24: Hn hp A gm CuSO
4
+ FeSO
4
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
c % khi lng ca S l 22%. Ly 50 gam
hn hp A ha tan trong nc. Thm dung dch NaOH d, kt ta thu c em nung ngoi khng
kh ti khi lng khng i. Lng oxit sinh ra em kh hon ton bng CO thu c m gam hn
hp Cu + Fe. Gi tr ca m l :
Hng dn gii
Ta thy trong phn t cc cht CuSO
4
, FeSO
4
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
khi lng ca oxi lun gp hai ln
khi lng ca lu hunh.
Theo gi thit % khi lng ca S l 22%, suy ra % khi lng ca O l 44% ; % khi lng ca
Fe, Cu l 34%.
Vy khi lng ca hn hp Fe v Cu l : 34%.50 = 17 gam.
p n A.
61
V d 25: Thi 8,96 lt CO (ktc) qua 16 gam Fe
x
O
y
nung nng. Dn ton b lng kh sau phn ng
qua dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thy to ra 30 gam kt ta. Khi l ng st thu c l :
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe
x
O
y
+ yCO xFe + yCO
2
n
CO
=
8,96
22, 4
= 0,4 mol
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
= = =
2 3
C O C aC O
30
n n 0, 3 m ol
100
2
CO CO
n n > CO d v Fe
x
O
y
ht
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
x y 2
Fe O CO Fe CO
m m m m + = +
16 + 28.0,3 = m
Fe
+ 0,3.44 m
Fe
= 11,2 gam.
Hoc:
x y
Fe Fe O O
m m m = = 16 0,3.16 = 11,2 gam.
p n D.
V d 26: Thi mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm CuO, Fe
2
O
3
, FeO, Al
2
O
3
nung nng thu c 2,5 gam cht rn. Ton b kh thot ra sc vo nc vi trong d thy c 15
gam kt ta trng. Khi lng ca hn hp oxit kim loi ban u l :
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
M
x
O
y
+ yCO
0
t
xM + yCO
2
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
Ta c: m
oxit
= m
kim loi
+ m
oxi
Trong : n
O
= n
CO
= = =
2 3
CO CaCO
n n 0,15 mol.
m
oxit
= 2,5 + 0,15.16 = 4,9 gam.
p n B.
V d 27: Thi mt lung kh CO d i qua ng ng hn hp 2 oxit Fe
3
O
4
v CuO nung nng n
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 2,32 gam hn hp kim loi. Kh thot ra c a vo bnh
ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy c 5 gam kt ta trng. Khi l ng hn hp 2 oxit kim loi ban
u l :
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4CO
0
t
3Fe + 4CO
2
CuO + CO
0
t
Cu + CO
2
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
62
CO ly oxi trong oxit to ra CO
2
n
O (trong oxit)
= n
CO
=
2 3
CO CaCO
n n = = 0,05 mol
m
oxit
= m
kim loi
+ m
oxi trong oxit
= 2,32 + 0,05.16 = 3,12 gam.
p n A.
V d 28: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO v Fe
2
O
3
. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp
X nung nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 64 gam cht rn A trong ng s v 11,2 lt kh B
(ktc) c t khi so vi H
2
l 20,4. Gi tr ca m l :
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng kh st oxit c th c :
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
o
t
2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2
(1)
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
o
t
3FeO + CO
2
(2)
FeO + CO
o
t
Fe + CO
2
(3)
Nh vy cht rn A c th gm 3 cht Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
hoc t hn, iu khng quan trng v
vic cn bng cc phng trnh trn cng khng cn thit, quan trng l s mol CO phn ng bao gi
cng bng s mol CO
2
to thnh.
B
11, 2
n 0,5
22,5
= = mol.
Gi x l s mol ca CO
2
ta c phng trnh v khi lng ca B :
44x + 28(0,5 x) = 0,5.20,4.2 = 20,4
nhn c x = 0,4 mol v cng chnh l s mol CO tham gia phn ng.
Theo LBTKL ta c:
m
X
+ m
CO
= m
A
+
2
CO
m
m = 64 + 0,4.44 0,4.28 = 70,4 gam.
p n C.
V d 29: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
t nng.
Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s cho hp
th vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d th thu c 9,062 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi l ng Fe
2
O
3
trong
hn hp A l :
A. 86,96%. B. 16,04%. C. 13,04%. D. 6,01%.
Hng dn gii
0,04 mol hn hp A (FeO v Fe
2
O
3
) + CO 4,784 gam hn hp B + CO
2
.
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2 d
BaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O
2 3
CO BaCO
n n 0, 046 mol = =
v
2
CO( ) CO
n n 0, 046 mol
p.
= =
m
A
+ m
CO
= m
B
+
2
CO
m
m
A
= 4,784 + 0,046.44 0,046.28 = 5,52 gam.
t n
FeO
= x mol,
2
Fe O
3
n y mol = trong hn hp B ta c :
63
x y 0,04
72x 160y 5,52
+ =
+ =
:
x 0,01 mol
y 0,03 mol
=
% FeO =
0, 01.72.101
13, 04%
5, 52
= ; % Fe
2
O
3
= 86,96%.
p n A.
Nhn xt : Phng php bo ton khi lng p dng c cho rt nhiu dng bi tp: Ha v
c, ha hu c, bi tp lin quan n phn ng oxi ha kh hoc phn ng khng oxi ha kh,
v vy vic phn dng bi tp c trng l rt kh khn. Hi vng thng qua cc v d c th cc em
hc sinh c th hiu v vn dng thnh tho phng php ny gii cc bi tp trong thi i
hc, cao ng.
4. Bi tp p dng
Cu 1: Kh hon ton 6,64 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn dng 2,24 lt CO (ktc).
Khi lng Fe thu c l :
Cu 2: Cho 3,45 gam hn hp mui natri cacbonat v kali cacbonat tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl
thu c V lt CO
2
(ktc) v 3,78 gam mui clorua. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 6,72 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 0,224 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Cu 3: Cho 9,125 gam mui hirocacbonat phn ng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
(d), thu c dung
dch cha 7,5 gam mui sunfat trung ho. Cng thc ca mui hirocacbonat l :
A. NaHCO
3
. B. Mg(HCO
3
)
2
. C. Ba(HCO
3
)
2
. D. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
Cu 4: Ha tan hon ton 3,22 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn bng mt dch H
2
SO
4
long, thu
c 1,344 lt hiro ( ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 9,52. B. 10,27. C. 8,98. D. 7,25.
Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit H
2
SO
4
0,1M
(va ). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l :
Cu 6: Cho 3,68 gam hn hp gm Al v Zn tc dng vi mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
10%,
thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Khi lng dung dch thu c sau phn ng l :
Cu 7: Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Zn bng dung dch HCl d . Dung dch thu
c sau phn ng tng l n so vi ban u (m 2) gam. Khi lng (gam) mui clorua to thmh
trong dung dch l :
A. m+71. B. m + 36,5. C. m + 35,5. D. m+ 73.
Cu 8: Nung mt hn hp X gm SO
2
v O
2
c t khi so vi O
2
l 1,6 vi xc tc V
2
O
5
thu c
hn hp Y. Bit t khi ca X so vi Y l 0,8. Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng tng hp SO
3
?
A. 66,7%. B. 50%. C. 75%. D. 80%.
Cu 9: Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B (u c ho tr II) v o nc
c dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl
c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung dch X tc

dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 17,22 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta, thu c dung dch Y. C
cn Y c m gam hn hp mui khan. Gi tr m l :
64
Cu 10: Hn hp kh X gm N
2
v H
2
c t khi so vi He bng 1,8. un nng X mt thi gian
trong bnh kn (c bt Fe lm xc tc), thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He bng 2. Hiu
sut ca phn ng tng hp NH
3
l :
A. 50%. B. 36%. C. 40%. D. 25%.
Cu 11: Ha tan ht 44,08 gam Fe
x
O
y
bng dung dch HNO
3
long, thu c dung dch A. Cho
dung dch NaOH d vo dung dch A. Kt ta thu c em nung nhit cao cho n khi l ng
khng i. Dng H
2
kh ht lng oxit to thnh sau khi nung th thu c 31,92 gam cht rn.
Fe
x
O
y
l :
A. FeO. B. Fe
2
O
3
.
C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. Khng xc nh c.
Cu 12: X l hn hp 2 hirocacbon mch h, cng dy ng ng. t chy ht 2,8 gam X cn
6,72 lt O
2
(ktc). Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d c m gam kt ta. Gi tr
m l :
Cu 13: Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch
kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng 12. Cng thc phn t ca
X l :
A. C
6
H
14
. B. C
3
H
8
. C. C
4
H
10
. D. C
5
H
12
.
Cu 14: Khi crckinh hon ton mt ankan X thu c hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o c ng iu
kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng 14,5. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
6
H
14
. B. C
3
H
8
. C. C
4
H
10
. D. C
5
H
12
.
Cu 15: Crackinh 1 ankan A thu c hn hp sn phm gm 5 hirocacbon c M = 36,25, hiu
sut phn ng l 60%. Cng thc phn t ca A l :
A. C
4
H
10
. B. C
5
H
12
. C. C
3
H
8
. D. C
2
H
6
.
Cu 16: Hn hp kh X gm H
2
v C
2
H
4
A. 20%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 25%.
Cu 17: Cho hn hp X gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi heli bng 3,33. Cho X i qua bt
CTPT ca X l :
A. C
2
H
4
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
5
H
10
.
Cu 18: Hn hp kh X gm H
2
v mt anken c kh nng cng HBr cho sn phm hu c duy nht.
T khi ca X so vi H
2
bng 9,1. un nng X c xc tc Ni, sau khi phn ng xy ra ho n ton, thu
c hn hp kh Y khng l m mt mu nc brom; t khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng 13. Cng thc cu
to ca anken l :
A. CH
3
CH=CHCH
3
. B. CH
2
=CHCH
2
CH
3
.
C. CH
2
=C(CH
3
)
2
. D. CH
2
=CH
2
.
Cu 19: Hn hp X gm hiro v mt hirocacbon. Nung nng 14,56 lt hn hp X (ktc), c Ni
xc tc n khi phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y c khi l ng 10,8 gam. Bit t khi ca Y
so vi metan l 2,7 v Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Cng thc phn t ca
hirocacbon l :
A. C
3
H
6
. B. C
4
H
6
. C. C
3
H
4
. D. C
4
H
8
.
Cu 20: Hn hp X gm hirocacbon B vi H
2
(d), c
2
X/ H
d = 4,8. Cho X i qua Ni nung nng n
phn ng hon ton c hn hp Y c
2
Y/ H
d = 8. Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon B l :
A. C
3
H
6
. B. C
2
H
2
. C. C
3
H
4
. D. C
4
H
8
.
65
Cu 21: un nng hn hp kh X gm 0,02 mol C
2
H
2
v 0,03 mol H
2
trong mt bnh kn (xc tc
Ni), thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y li t t vo bnh nc brom (d), sau khi kt thc cc phn
ng, khi lng bnh tng m gam v c 280 ml hn hp kh Z (ktc) thot ra. T khi ca Z so vi
H
2
l 10,08. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 0,328. B. 0,205. C. 0,585. D. 0,620.
Cu 22: un nng hn hp kh gm 0,06 mol C
2
H
2
v 0,04 mol H
2
vi xc tc Ni, sau mt thi gian
thu c hn hp kh Y. Dn ton b hn hp Y li t t qua bnh ng dung dch brom (d) th cn
li 0,448 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi O
2
l 0,5. Khi lng bnh ng dung dch brom
tng l :
Cu 23: Cho 4,96 gam gm CaC
2
v Ca tc dng ht vi nc c 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh X.
Dn X qua bt Ni nung nng mt thi gian c hn hp Y. Cho Y qua bnh ng brom d thy
thot ra 0,896 lt (ktc) hn hp Z. Cho t khi ca Z so vi hiro l 4,5. tng khi lng bnh
nc brom l :
Cu 24: Dn 2,24 lt hn hp kh X gm C
2
H
2
v H
2
(c t l th tch tng ng l 2 : 3) i qua Ni
nung nng thu c hn hp Y, cho Y i qua dung dch Br
2
d thu c 896 ml hn hp kh Z bay
ra khi bnh dung dch Br
2
. T khi ca Z i vi H
2
bng 4,5. Bit cc kh u o ktc. Khi
lng bnh Br
2
tng thm l :
Cu 25: Hn hp kh X gm 0,3 mol H
2
v 0,1 mol vinylaxetilen. Nung X mt thi gian vi xc tc
Ni thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi s o vi khng kh l 1. Nu cho ton b Y sc t t vo dung
dch brom (d) th c m gam brom tham gia phn ng. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 32,0. B. 8,0. C. 3,2. D. 16,0.
Cu 26: Hn hp A gm C
3
H
6
, C
3
H
4
, C
3
H
8
. T khi hi ca A so vi H
2
bng 21,2. t chy hon
ton 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp A ri cho sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d. Khi lng dung
dch sau phn ng
A. gim 20,1 gam. B. gim 22,08 gam.
C. tng 19,6 gam. D. tng 22,08 gam.
Cu 27: Cho Na tc dng va vi 1, 24 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc X, Y, Z thy thot ra 0,336
lt kh H
2
(kc). Khi lng mui natri ancolat thu c l :
A. 2,4 gam. B. 1,9 gam. C. 2,85 gam. D. khng xc nh c.
Cu 28: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng, thu c
3,808 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 5,4 gam H
2
O. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 4,72. B. 5,42. C. 7,42. D. 5,72.
Cu 29: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc
dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l :
A. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH.
Cu 30: Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, mch h thu c V lt kh
CO
2
(ktc) v a gam H
2
O. Biu thc lin h gia m, a v V l :
A.
V
m a
5, 6
= . B.
V
m 2a
11, 2
= . C.
V
m 2a
22, 4
= . D.
V
m a
5, 6
= + .
Cu 31: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c c t khi
i vi hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 0,92. B. 0,32. C. 0,64. D. 0,46.
66
Cu 32: Cho m gam hn hp etanal v propanal phn ng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 43,2 gam kt ta v dung dch cha 17,5 gam mui amoni ca hai axit hu c.
Gi tr ca m l :
A. 10,9. B. 14,3. C. 10,2. D. 9,5.
Cu 33: Khi oxi ha hon ton 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng. Cng
thc ca anehit l :
A. HCHO. B. C
2
H
3
CHO. C. C
2
H
5
CHO. D. CH
3
CHO.
Cu 34: Cho hn hp kh X gm HCHO v H
2
i qua ng s ng bt Ni nung nng. Sau khi phn
ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm hai cht hu c . t chy ht Y th thu c 11,7
gam H
2
O v 7,84 lt kh CO
2
( ktc). Phn trm theo th tch ca H
2
trong X l :
A. 65,00%. B. 46,15%. C. 35,00%. D. 53,85%.
Cu 35: Hiro ho hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k tip
nhau trong dy ng ng thu c (m + 1) gam hn hp hai ancol. Mt khc, khi t chy ho n
ton cng m gam X th cn va 17,92 lt kh O
2
( ktc). Gi tr ca m l :
A. 10,5. B. 17,8. C. 8,8. D. 24,8.
Cu 36: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600 ml
dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi
lng l :
Cu 37: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thu c 7,28 gam
mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l :
A. CH
2
=CHCOOH. B. CH
3
COOH.
C. HCC-COOH. D. CH
3
CH
2
COOH.
Cu 38: Cho 0,1 mol axit hu c X tc dng vi 11,5 gam hn hp Na v K thu c 21,7 gam cht
rn v thy thot ra 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Cng thc cu to ca X l :
A. (COOH)
2
. B. CH
3
COOH.
C. CH
2
(COOH)
2.
D. CH
2
=CHCOOH.
Cu 39: Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n ch c X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung dch
gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan.
Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
2
H
5
COOH. B. CH
3
COOH. C. HCOOH. D. C
3
H
7
COOH.
Cu 40: Cho 16,4 gam hn hp X gm 2 axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip nhau phn ng hon
ton vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1M v KOH 1M thu c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y, thu
c 31,1 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng thc ca 2 axit trong X l :
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
v C
3
H
4
O
2
. B. C
2
H
4
O
2
v C
3
H
6
O
2
.
C. C
3
H
4
O
2
v C
4
H
6
O
2
. D. C
3
H
6
O
2
v C
4
H
8
O
2
.
Cu 41: t chy hon ton 29,6 gam hn hp cc axit gm CH
3
COOH, C
x
H
y
COOH, (COOH)
2
, thu
c 14,4 gam nc v m gam CO
2
. Mt khc cho 29,6 gam hn hp cc axit tc dng vi
NaHCO
3
d th thu c 11,2 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca m l :
A. 44 gam. B. 22 gam. C. 35,2 gam. D. 66 gam.
Cu 42: 0,1 mol este E phn ng va vi dung dch chc 0,2 mol NaOH, cho ra hn hp 2 mui
natri c cng thc C
2
H
3
O
2
Na v C
3
H
3
O
2
Na v 6,2 gam ancol X. E c cng thc l :
A. C
6
H
10
O
4
. B. C
6
H
8
O
4
. C. C
7
H
10
O
4
. D. C
7
H
12
O
4
.
67
Cu 43: 0,1 mol este E phn ng va vi dung dch cha 0,3 mol NaOH, cho ra hn hp gm 3
mui natri c cng thc CHO
2
Na ; C
2
H
3
O
2
Na ; C
3
H
3
O
2
Na v 9,2 gam ancol X. E c cng thc phn
t phn t l :
A. C
8
H
10
O
4
. B. C
10
H
12
O
6
. C. C
9
H
12
O
6
. D. C
9
H
14
O
6
.
Cu 44: Cho 0,1 mol este A vo 50 gam dung d ch NaOH 10% un nng n khi este phn ng
hon ton (Cc cht bay hi khng ng k) dung dch thu c c khi lng 58,6 gam. Chng kh
dung dch thu c 10,4 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc ca A l :
A. HCOOCH
2
CH=CH
2
. B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
.
C. CH
2
=CHCOOCH
3
. D. CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
.
Cu 45: Hn hp A gm 1 axit no n chc v mt axit khng no n chc c mt lin kt i
gc hirocacbon. Khi cho a gam A tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thot ra 1,12 lt CO
2
(ktc). Hn hp B
gm CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH khi cho 7,8 gam B tc dng ht Na thot ra 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc). Nu trn a
gam A vi 3,9 gam B ri un nng c H
2
SO
4
c xc tc th thu c m gam este (hiu sut h%).
Gi tr m theo a, h l :
A. (a +2,1)h%. B. (a + 7,8) h%. C. (a + 3,9) h%. D. (a + 6)h%.
Cu 46: X phng ho hon ton 17,24 gam cht bo cn va 0,06 mol NaOH. C cn dung dch
sau phn ng thu c khi lng x phng l :
Cu 47: phn ng vi 100 gam cht bo c ch s axit bng 7 phi dng 17,92 gam KOH. Khi
lng mui thu c l :
A. 98,25gam. B. 109,813 gam. C. 108,265 gam. D. Kt qu khc.
Cu 48: un nng a gam mt hp cht hu c (cha C, H, O), mch khng phn nhnh vi dung
dch cha 11,2 gam KOH n khi phn n g xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch B, trung ho
dung dch KOH d trong B cn dng 80 ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Lm bay hi hn hp sau khi trung
ho mt cch cn thn, ngi ta thu c 7,36 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc v 18,34 gam hn
hp hai mui. Gi tr ca a l :
Cu 49: -aminoaxit X cha mt nhm -NH
2
. Cho 10,3 gam X tc dng vi axit HCl (d), thu c
13,95 gam mui khan. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l :
A. H
2
NCH
2
COOH. B. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
COOH.
C. CH
3
CH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH. D. CH
3
CH(NH
2
)COOH.
Cu 50: X l mt o-amino axit ch cha mt nhm NH
2
v mt nhm COOH. Cho 14,5 gam X tc
dng vi dung dch HCl d, thu c 18,15 gam mui clorua ca X. CTCT ca X c th l :
A. CH
3
CH(NH
2
)COOH. B. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
COOH.
C. CH
3
CH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH. D. CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
CH(NH
2
)COOH.
Cu 51: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C
2
H
7
NO
2
tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z (ktc) gm hai kh
2
A.16,5 gam. B. 14,3 gam. C. 8,9 gam. D. 15,7 gam.
Cu 52: Hn hp A cha 2 cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C
3
H
9
O
2
N thy phn hon ton
hn hp A bng lng va dung dch NaOH thu c hn hp X gm 2 mui v hn hp Y gm
2 amin. Bit phn t khi trung bnh X bng 73,6 vC, phn t khi trung bnh Y c gi tr l :
A. 38,4. B. 36,4. C. 42,4. D. 39,4.
Cu 53: Ha tan ht 1 lng Na vo dung dch HCl 10% thu c 46,88 gam dung dch gm NaCl
v NaOH v 1,568 lt H
2
(ktc). Nng % NaCl trong dung dch thu c l :
A. 14,97. B. 12,48. C. 12,68. D. 15,38.
68
Cu 54: Thi mt lung kh CO d qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm CuO, Fe
2
O
3
, FeO, Al
2
O
3
nung nng thu c 2,5 gam cht rn. Ton b kh thot ra sc vo nc vi trong d thy c 15
gam kt ta trng. Khi lng ca hn hp oxit kim loi ban u l :
Cu 55: Tin hnh thc hin phn ng nhit nhm hon ton 96,6 gam hn hp (Al v mt oxit st
iu kin khng c khng kh thu c hn rn X. Ha tan hon ton X trong dung dch NaOH d
thu c 6,72 lt thot ra v 50,4 gam rn khng tan. Cng thc ca oxit tr n l :
A. Fe
2
O
3
. B. FeO. C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. Fe
2
O
3
hoc Fe
3
O
4
.
II. Kt hp hai phng php bo ton khi lng v bo ton nguyn t
1. Nguyn tc p dng :
- p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi mt nguyn t no tm mi lin quan v s mol
ca cc cht trong phn ng, t p dng nh lut bo to n khi lng tm ra kt qu m
bi yu cu.
2. Cc v d minh ha:
Cc v d dnh cho hc sinh lp 11, 12
V d 30: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d, thu c 1,12
lt (ktc) hn hp kh NO v NO
2
c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Tng khi l ng mui nitrat sinh
ra l :
Hng dn gii
S th hin vai tr ca HNO
3
:
HNO
3
NO
3
-
+ (NO + NO
2
) + H
2
O (1)
mol: (0,05 + x) x 0,05 0,5(0,05 + x)
2
( NO, NO )
n =0,05 mol
t s mol NO
3
-
to mui l x
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t suy ra :
S mol ca HNO
3
l (0,05 + x) ; s mol ca H
2
O l 0,5(0,05 + x).
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng suy ra :
63.(0,05 + x) = 62.x + 0,05.20.2 + 18.0,5(0,05 + x) :x = 0,0875
Khi lng mui nitrat thu c l: m = 1,35 + 0,0875.62 = 6,775 gam.
p n C.
V d 31: Cho hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu. Ly 9,94 gam X ha tan trong lng d HNO
3
long th
thot ra 3,584 lt kh NO (ktc). Tng khi lng mui khan to thnh l :
Hng dn gii
S th hin vai tr ca HNO
3
:
HNO
3
NO
3
-
+ NO + H
2
O (1)
(0,16 + x) x 0,16 0,5(0,16 + x)
NO
n = 0,16 mol
t s mol NO
3
-
to mui l x
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t suy ra :
S mol ca HNO
3
l (0,16 + x) ; s mol ca H
2
O l 0,5(0,16 + x).
69
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng suy ra :
63.(0,16 + x) = 62.x + 0,16.30 + 18.0,5(0,16 + x) :x = 0,48
Khi lng mui nitrat thu c l: m = 9,94 + 0,48.62 = 39,7 gam.
p n A.
V d 32: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO
3
long, un
nng. Sau phn ng thu c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch D v cn li 1,46 gam kim
loi. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
l :
A. 3,2M. B. 3,5M. C. 2,6M. D. 5,1M.
Hng dn gii
Khi lng Fe d l 1,46 gam, do khi lng Fe v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng l 17,04 gam. V sau
phn ng st cn d nn trong dung dch D ch cha mui st (II).
S phn ng:
Fe, Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
mol: (2n+0,1) n 0,1 0,5(2n+0,1)
t s mol ca Fe(NO
3
)
2
l n, p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi nit ta c s mol ca
axit HNO
3
l (2n+ 0,1) ; s mol H
2
O bng mt na s mol ca HNO
3
.
17,04 + 63(2n + 0,1) = 180n + 0,1.30 + 18.0,5(2n + 0,1)
gii ra ta c n = 2,7, suy ra [ HNO
3
] = (2.2,7 + 0,1) : 0,2 = 3,2M.
p n A.
V d 33: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn 0,05 mol H
2
. Mt khc
ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c thu c th tch kh SO
2
(sn
phm kh duy nht) iu kin ti u chun l :
A. 448 ml. B. 224 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
H
2
+ O H
2
O
0,05 0,05
Fe
3, 04 0, 05.16
n 0, 04 mol
56
= =
,
2 4
3
Fe SO
n = 0,02 mol
S phn ng :
FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
(a + 0,06) 0,02 a (a + 0,06)
Gi s mol SO
2
to ra l a mol. Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t, s mol nguyn t lu hunh
v hiro trc v sau phn ng bng nhau nn s mol H
2
SO
4
v s mol nc bng (a + 0,06)
3,04 + 98(a + 0,06) = 400.0,02 + 64a + 18(a + 0,06) a = 0,01
Vy
2
SO
V 224 ml. =
p n B.
70
3. Bi tp p dng
Bi tpdnh cho hc sinh lp 11, 12
Cu 56: Ha tan hon ton 20,88 gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c dung
dch X v 3,248 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam
mui sunfat khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 48,4. B. 52,2. C. 58,0. D. 54,0.
Cu 57: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan hon ton hn
hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d), thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) NO (l s n phm kh duy nht). Gi tr
ca m l :
A. 2,52. B. 2,22. C. 2,62. D. 2,32.
Cu 58: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
long (d), thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung
dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 38,72. B. 35,50. C. 49,09. D. 34,36.
Cu 59: Ha tan hon ton a gam Fe
x
O
y
bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng va , c cha 0,075 mol
H
2
SO
4
, thu c b gam mt mui v c 168 ml kh SO
2
(ktc) duy nht thot ra. Gi tr ca b, a v
cng thc ca Fe
x
O
y
ln lt l :
A. b: 3,48 gam; a: 9 gam; FeO. B. b: 9 gam; a: 3,48 gam; Fe
3
O
4
.
C. b: 8 gam; a: 3,84 gam; FeO. D. b: 3,94 gam; a: 8 gam; Fe
3
O
4
.
Cu 60: Khi oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 12 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
v Fe d. Ho tan A va bi 200 ml dung dch HNO
3
, thu c 2,24 lt NO duy nht
(ktc). Gi tr m v C
M
ca dung dch HNO
3
l :
A. 10,08 gam v 1,6M. B. 10,08 gam v 2M.
C. 10,08 gam v 3,2M. D. 5,04 gam v 2M.
Cu 61: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe
3
O
4
3
long , un
loi.
a. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
l :
A. 3,2M. B. 3,5M. C. 2,6M. D. 5,1M.
b. Khi lng mui thu khi c cn dung dch D l :
A. 48,6 gam. B. 65,34 gam. C. 24 gam. D. 36 gam.
Cu 62: Ho tan hon ton 2,9 gam hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n M
2
O
n
vo nc, thu
c 500 ml dung dch cha mt cht tan c nng 0,04M v 0,224 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Kim loi M
l :
A. Ca. B. Ba. C. K. D. Na.
Cu 63: Cho V lt kh CO (ktc) i qua m gam h n hp X gm 3 oxit ca Fe nung nng thu c
(m4,8) gam hn hp Y v V lt CO
2
(ktc). Cho hn hp Y tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long d
thu c V lt NO (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z thu c 96,8
gam cht rn khan. m c gi tr l :
Cu 64: Cho m gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y. C cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl
2
v 9,75 gam
FeCl
3
. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 9,12. B. 8,75. C. 7,80. D. 6,50.
71
CHUYN 5 : PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG,
S MOL, TH TCH
1. Nguyn tc p dng :
Gi s c phn ng : aA + bB dD + eE (*)
Cn c vo phn ng (*) ta bit c c a mol cht A phn ng to ra d mol cht D th khi
lng tng hoc gim m gam. Cn c v o bi ta bit cht A phn ng to ra cht D khi l ng
tng hoc gim l m gam. T ta s tnh c s mol ca cht A l
'. m a
m
, s mol ca cht D l
'. m d
m
, suy ra s mol ca cc cht cn li v suy ra kt qu ca bi ton.
2. Cc v d minh ha :
a. Dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (I) v mt
mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) bng dung dch HCl thy thot ra 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). C
cn dung dch thu c sau phn ng th khi lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
RCO
3
+ 2HCl RCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Cn c vo cc phn ng ta thy : C 1 mol mui cacbonat to th nh mui clorua th khi lng
mui khan tng l : (71 60) = 11 gam, m
2
CO
n = n
mui cacbonat
= 0,2 mol.
Suy ra khi lng mui khan tng sau phn ng l : 0,2.11 = 2,2 gam.
Vy tng khi lng mui khan thu c l : 23,8 + 2,2 = 26 gam.
p n A
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 4 gam hn hp MCO
3
v MCO
3
vo dung dch HCl thy thot ra V lt
kh (ktc). Dung dch thu c em c cn thu c 5,1 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,12 lt. B. 1,68 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh ca hai kim loi l : M
Phng trnh phn ng :
3 2 2 2
M C O 2 H C l M C l H O C O + + + |
M+60 M+71 1 mol m
tng
= 71 60 = 11 gam
4 gam 5,1 gam x mol m
tng
= 5,1 4 = 1,1 gam
1,1
x
11
= = 0,1 mol V = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt.
p n C.
72
V d 3: Mt bnh cu dung tch 448 ml c np y oxi ri cn. Phng in ozon ho, sau
np thm cho y oxi ri cn. Khi l ng trong hai trng hp chnh lch nhau 0,03 gam. Bit cc
th tch np u ktc. Thnh phn % v th tch ca ozon trong hn hp sau phn ng l :
A. 9,375 %. B. 10,375 %. C. 8,375 %. D.11,375 %.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
3O
2
o
t
2O
3
Th tch bnh khng i, do khi lng chnh lch l do s ozon ha.
C 1 mol oxi c thay bng 1 mol ozon khi l ng tng 16 gam
Vy khi lng tng 0,03 gam th s ml ozon (ktc) l : .
0, 03
24000
16
= 42 ml
%O
3
=
42
.100%
448
= 9,375%.
p n A.
V d 4: Cho dung dch AgNO
3
d tc dng vi dung dch hn hp c ha tan 6,25 gam hai mui
KCl v KBr thu c 10,39 gam hn hp AgCl v AgBr. S mol cc cht trong hn hp u l :
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
KCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + KNO
3
(1)
KBr + AgNO
3
AgBr + KNO
3
(2)
C 1 mol mui halogen to thnh 1 mol kt ta th khi lng tng : 108 39 = 69 gam.
C x mol mui halogen to thnh x mol kt ta th khi lng tng : 10,39 6,25 = 4,14 gam.
Vy tng s mol hn hp u l x = 0,06 mol.
p n B.
V d 5: Ho tan hon ton 104,25 gam hn hp X gm NaCl v NaI vo nc c dung dch A.
Sc kh Cl
2
d vo dung dch A. Kt thc th nghim, c cn dung dch thu c 58,5 gam mui
khan. Khi lng NaCl c trong hn hp X l :
Hng dn gii
Kh Cl
2
d ch kh c mui NaI theo phng trnh :
2NaI + Cl
2
2NaCl + I
2
C 1 mol NaI to thnh 1 mol NaCl th khi lng mui gim : 127 35,5 = 91,5 gam.
C x mol NaI to thnh x mol NaCl th khi lng mui gim : 104,25 58,5 = 45,75 gam.
Vy s mol ca NaI l x = 0,5 mol.
m
NaI
= 150.0,5 = 75 gam ; m
NaCl
= 104,25 75 = 29,25 gam.
p n A.
73
V d 6: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui MgCl
2
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng
vo dung dch A mt thanh st. Sau mt khong thi gian ly thanh st ra cn li thy tng th m 0,8
gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l :
Hng dn gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng : Sau mt khong thi gian tng khi l ng ca thanh
Fe bng gim khi lng ca dung dch mui. Do :
m = 3,28 0,8 = 2,48 gam.
p n B.
V d 7: Nhng 1 thanh nhm nng 45 gam vo 400 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M. Sau mt thi gian
ly thanh nhm ra cn nng 46,38 gam. Khi l ng Cu thot ra l :
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2Al + 3CuSO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3Cu (1)
C 2 mol Al phn ng to thnh 3 mol Cu khi lng tng : 3.64 2.27 = 138 gam.
C x mol Al phn ng to thnh y mol Cu khi lng tng : 46,38 45 = 1,38 gam.
n
Cu
= y = 0,03 mol ; m
Cu
= 0,03.64 = 1,92 gam.
p n C.
V d 8: Cho 3,78 gam bt Al phn ng va vi dung dch mui XCl
3
to thnh dung dch Y.
Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch Y gim 4,06 gam so vi dung dch XCl
3
. Cng thc ca mui
XCl
3
l :
A. FeCl
3
. B. AlCl
3
. C. CrCl
3
. D. Khng xc nh.
Hng dn gii
Gi A l nguyn t khi ca kim loi X
Al + XCl
3
AlCl
3
+ X (1)
mol :
3,78
27
= 0,14 0,14 0,14
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : (A + 35,5.3).0,14 133,5.0,14 = 4,06
Gii ra c : A = 56. Vy kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl
3
.
p n A.
V d 9: Ngm mt vt bng ng c khi l ng 15 gam trong 340 gam dung dch AgNO
3
6%. Sau
mt thi gian ly vt ra thy khi l ng AgNO
3
trong dung dch gim 25%. Khi l ng ca vt sau
phn ng l :
Hng dn gii
3
AgNO ( )
340.6
n =
170.100
ban u
= 0,12 mol
3
AgNO ( )
25
n = 0,12.
100
ph.ng
= 0,03 mol
Phng trnh phn ng :
Cu + 2AgNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
+
mol : 0,015 0,03 0,03
74
m
vt sau phn ng
= m
vt ban u
+ m
Ag (sinh ra)
m
Cu (phn ng)
= 15 + 108.0,03 64.0,015 = 17,28 gam.
p n C.
V d 10: Nhng thanh km vo dung dch cha 8,32 gam CdSO
4
. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd
2+
khi lng thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh km ban u.
Hng dn gii
Gi khi lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng tng thm l
2,35a
100
gam.
Phng trnh phn ng :
Zn + CdSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cd (1)
mol : 0,04 0,04 0,04
Theo gi thit v (1) ta c : 0,04.112 0,04.65 =
2,35a
100
a = 80 gam.
p n C.
V d 11: Cho 1,26 gam mt kim loi c ha tr 2 tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d to ra 3,42
gam mui sunfat. Kim loi l :
A. Mg. B. Fe. C. Ca. D. Al.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
M + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2
(1)
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng ta thy :
C 1 mol kim loi tc dng to thnh 1 mol mui SO
4
2
khi lng tng ln 96 gam.
Theo khi lng tng 3,42 1,26 = 2,16 gam.
Vy s mol kim loi M l :
2,16
96
= 0,0225 mol. Vy M =
1, 26
56 M l Fe
0, 0225
=
p n B.
b. Dnh cho hc sinh lp 11
V d 12: Ha tan 14 gam hn hp 2 mui M
2
CO
3
v RCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c dung
dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c m gam mui khan. m c gi tr l :
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
RCO
3
+ 2HCl RCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
Theo phng trnh ta thy :
C 1 mol mui CO
3
2
2 mol Cl
+ 1 mol CO
2
lng mui tng 71 60 = 11 gam
Theo bi, s mol CO
2
thot ra l 0,03 th khi lng mui tng 11.0,03 = 0,33 gam
Vy m
mui clorua
= 14 + 0,33 = 14,33 gam.
p n B.
75
V d 13: Cho 2,81 gam hn hp gm 3 oxit Fe
2
O
3
H
2
SO
4
0,1M th khi lng hn hp cc mui sunfat khan to ra l :
Hng dn gii
Thay cc kim loi Fe, Mg, Zn bng kim loi M
Phng trnh ha hc : M
2
O
n
+ nH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nH
2
O (1)
C 1 mol H
2
SO
4
phn ng, s thay th 1 mol O
2-
trong oxit bng 1 mol SO
4
2
th khi lng
mui tng so vi khi l ng oxit l : 96 16 = 80 gam.
Theo s mol H
2
SO
4
phn ng l 0,05 th khi lng tng l : 0,05.80 = 4 gam.
Vy khi lng mui khan thu c l : 2,81 + 4 = 6,81 gam.
p n A.
V d 14: Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B (u c ho tr II) v o nc

3
A. 6,36 gam B. 63,6 gam C. 9,12 gam D. 91,2 gam
Hng dn gii
Thay cc kim loi A, B bng kim loi M
Phng trnh phn ng :
MCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2AgCl (1)
C 1 mol MCl
2
1 mol M(NO
3
)
2
v 2 mol AgCl th khi lng tng : 2.62 2.35,5 = 53 gam.
C 0,06 mol MCl
2
0,06 mol M(NO
3
)
2
v 0,12 mol AgCl th khi lng tng :
0,12.53
2
= 3,18
gam.
m
mui nitrat
= m
mui clorua
+ m
tng
= 5,94 + 3,18 = 9,12 gam.
p n C.
V d 15: C 1 lt dung dch hn hp Na
2
CO
3
0,1 mol/l v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25 mol/l. Cho 43 gam hn
hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo dung dch . Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c 39,7 gam kt ta A
v dung dch B. Phn trm khi l ng cc cht trong A l :
A.
3
BaCO
%m = 50%,
3
CaCO
%m = 50%. B.
3
BaCO
%m = 50,38%,
3
CaCO
%m = 49,62%.
C.
3
BaCO
%m = 49,62%,
3
CaCO
%m = 50,38%. D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii
Trong dung dch :
Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+ CO
3
2
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2NH
4
+
+ CO
3
2
BaCl
2
Ba
2+
+ 2Cl
CaCl
2
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
Cc phn ng :
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2
BaCO
3+
(1)
Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2
CaCO
3+
(2)
Theo (1) v (2) c 1 mol BaCl
2
, hoc CaCl
2
bin thnh BaCO
3
hoc CaCO
3
th khi lng mui
gim (71 60) = 11 gam. Do t ng s mol hai mui BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
bng :
76
43 39,7
11
= 0,3 mol
m tng s mol CO
3
2
= 0,1 + 0,25 = 0,35, iu chng t d CO
3
2
.
Gi x, y l s mol BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
trong A ta c :
x y 0,3
197x 100y 39,7
+ =
+ =
x = 0,1 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.

Thnh phn ca A :
3
BaCO
0,1.197
%m .100
39, 7
= = 49,62% ;
3
CaCO
%m = 100 49,6 = 50,38%.
p n C.
V d 16: Nhng mt thanh km v mt thanh st vo cng mt dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian
ly hai thanh kim loi ra thy trong dung dch c n li c nng mol ZnSO
4
bng 2,5 ln nng
mol FeSO
4
. Mt khc, khi lng dung dch gim 2,2 gam. Khi l ng ng bm ln thanh km v
bm ln thanh st ln lt l
A. 12,8 gam; 32 gam. B. 64 gam; 25,6 gam.
C. 32 gam; 12,8 gam. D. 25,6 gam; 64 gam.
Hng dn gii
V trong cng dung dch cn li (cng th tch) nn :
[ZnSO
4
] = 2,5 [FeSO
4
]
4 4
ZnSO FeSO
n 2, 5n =
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu
+
(1)
mol : 2,5x 2,5x 2,5x 2,5x
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
+
(2)
mol : x x x x
Ta nhn thy gim khi l ng ca dung dch bng tng khi l ng ca kim loi. Do :
m
Cu (sinh ra)
m
Zn (phn ng)
m
Fe (phn ng)
= 2,2
64.(2,5x + x) 65.2,5x 56x = 2,2
x = 0,4 mol.
Vy : m
Cu (bm ln thanh km)
= 64.2,5.0,4 = 64 gam ; m
Cu (bm ln thanh st)
= 64.0,4 = 25,6 gam.
p n B.
V d 17: Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim loi ha tr (II) vo dung dch CuSO
4
d.
Sau phn ng khi lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24 gam. Cng thanh grap hit ny nu c
nhng vo dung dch AgNO
3
d th khi phn ng xong thy khi l ng thanh graphit tng l n 0,52
gam. Kim loi ha tr (II) l kim loi no sau y ?
A. Pb. B. Cd. C. Al. D. Sn.
Hng dn gii
t kim loi ha tr (II) l M vi s mol l x mol
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu (1)
mol : x x x x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : Mx 64x = 0,24 (*)
M + 2AgNO
3
M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag (2)
77
mol : x 2x x 2x
Theo (2) v gi thit ta c : 108.2x Mx = 0,52 (**)
Ly (*) chia cho (**) ta c phng trnh mt n M, t suy ra M = 112 (Cd)
p n B.
V d 18: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO
4
, sau mt thi gian ly thanh ki m
loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi tr n vo dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
,
sau mt thi gian thy khi l ng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO
4
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
tham
gia 2 trng hp nh nhau.
A. Al. B. Zn. C. Mg. D. Fe.
Hng dn gii
Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, M l nguyn t khi ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn
ng
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu+ (1)
mol : x x x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : Mx 64x =
0,05. m
100
(*)
M + Pb(NO
3
)
2
M(NO
3
)
2
+ Pb+ (2)
mol : x x x
Theo (2) v gi thit ta c : 207x Mx =
7,1. m
100
(**)
Ly (*) chia cho (**) ta c phng trnh mt n M, t suy ra M = 65. Vy kim loi M l
km.
p n B.
V d 19: Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong bnh kn khng cha khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu
c 4,96 gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton X vo nc c 300 ml dung dch
Y. Dung dch Y c pH bng
A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 1.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2Cu(NO
3
)
2
2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
(1)
mol : x x 2x 0,5x
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3
(2)
mol : 2x 0,5x 2x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 188x 80x = 6,58 4,96 = 1,62 x = 0,015
3
HNO
n =
2
NO
n = 2x = 0,03 [H
+
] = 0,1 pH = 1
p n D.
V d 20: Cho 3,0 gam mt axit no, n chc A tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c 4,1 gam mui khan. CTPT ca A l :
A. HCOOH. B. C
3
H
7
COOH. C. CH
3
COOH. D. C
2
H
5
COOH.
Hng dn gii
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H
2
O (1)
mol : x x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : (R + 67)x (R + 45)x = 4,1 3,0 x =0,05 ; R = 15 (CH
3
)
78
Vy CTPT ca A l CH
3
COOH.
p n C.
V d 21: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thu c 7,28
gam mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. CH
2
=CHCOOH. B. CH
3
COOH.
C. HCCCOOH. D. CH
3
CH
2
COOH.
Hng dn gii
t CTTQ ca axit hu c X n chc l RCOOH
2RCOOH + CaCO
3
(RCOO)
2
Ca + CO
2
|
+ H
2
O (1)
mol : x 0,5x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : (2R + 44.2 + 40).0,5x (R + 45)x = 7,28 5,76
x = 0,08 ; R = 27 (C
2
H
3
)
Vy CTPT ca A l C
2
H
3
COOH hay CH
2
=CHCOOH
p n A.
V d 22: Hn hp Z gm hai axit cacboxylic n chc X v Y (M
X
> M
Y
) c tng khi lng l 8,2
gam. Cho Z tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, thu c dung dch cha 11,5 gam mui. Mt
khc, nu cho Z tc dng vi mt l ng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, thu c 21,6 gam Ag.
Cng thc v phn trm khi lng ca X trong Z l
A. C
3
H
5
COOH v 54,88%. B. C
2
H
3
COOH v 43,90%.
C. C
2
H
5
COOH v 56,10%. D. HCOOH v 45,12%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
COOH + NaOH COONa + H
2
O (1)
mol : x x
HCOOH + 2AgNO
3
+ 4NH
3
+ H
2
O 2Ag + (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+ 2NH
4
NO
3
(2)
mol : 0,1 0,2
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 67x 45x = 11,5 8,2 x = 0,15
Mt khc : n
Ag
= 0,2 n
HCOOH
= 0,1 0,1.46 + 0,05.(R + 45) = 8,2 R = 27 (C
2
H
3
).
Vy axit X : C
2
H
3
COOH (43,90%).
p n B.
c. Dnh cho hc sinh lp 12
V d 23: Cho 5,1 gam Y (C, H, O) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c 4,80 gam mui v 1
ancol. Cng thc cu to ca Y l
A. C
3
H
7
COOC
2
H
5
. B. CH
3
COOCH
3
. C. HCOOCH
3
. D. C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc ca este l RCOOR'
Phng trnh phn ng :
RCOOR' + NaOH RCOONa + R'OH (1)
mol : x x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : (R + 44 + R')x (R + 67)x = 5,1 4,8 :(R' 23)x = 0,3 (*)
Cn c vo (*) suy ra R' > 23. Cn c vo p n R' = 29 (C
2
H
5
) x = 0,05
79
M
Y
=
5,1
102
0, 05
= Y l C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
p n D.
V d 24: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C
5
H
8
O
2
. Cho 5 gam X tc dng va ht vi dung dch
NaOH, thu c mt hp cht hu c khng lm mt mu nc brom v 3,4 gam mt mui. Cng
thc ca X l :
A. CH
3
COOC(CH
3
)=CH
2
. B. HCOOC(CH
3
)=CHCH
3
.
C. HCOOCH
2
CH=CHCH
3
. D. HCOOCH=CHCH
2
CH
3
.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc ca este l RCOOR'
Phng trnh phn ng :
RCOOR' + NaOH RCOONa + R'OH (1)
mol : 0,05 0,05
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c :
0,05.(R + 44 + R') 0,05.(R + 67) = 5 3,4 :0,05.(R' 23) = 1,6 :R' = 55 (C
4
H
7
)
Cng thc phn t ca este l HCOOC
4
H
7
.Cn c iu kin th sn phm thu phn l xeton
(khng lm mt mu Br
2
) nn cng thc cu to ca este l : HCOOC(CH
3
)=CHCH
3
HCOO C(CH
3
) = CH CH
3
+ NaOH HCOONa + CH
3
CO CH
2
CH
3
p n B.
V d 25: Thy phn 0,01 mol este ca 1 r u a chc vi 1 axit n chc tiu tn ht 1,2 gam
NaOH. Mt khc khi thy phn 6,35 gam este th tiu tn ht 3 gam NaOH v thu c 7,05 gam
mui. CTPT v CTCT ca este l :
A. (CH
3
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
. B. (C
2
H
3
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
.
C. C
3
H
5
(COOCH
3
)
3
. D. C
3
H
5
(COOC
2
H
3
)
3
.
Hng dn gii
V n
NaOH
= 3n
este
este 3 chc (Ru 3 chc + axit n chc)
t cng th este (RCOO)
3
R'
(RCOO)
3
R' + 3NaOH (RCOONa)
3
+ R'(OH)
3
(1)
mol : 0,025 0,075 0,025
Theo gi thit v (1) ta c :
0,025.3.(R + 67) 0,025.(3R + 44.3 + R') = 7,05 6,35 R' = 41 R': C
3
H
5
M
este
= =
6, 35
254
0, 025
R =
254 41 44.3
3

= 27 R : C
2
H
3
Vy cng thc ca este l (CH

2
=CHCOO)
3
C
3
H
5
p n B.
80
V d 26: Trung ha han tan 8,88 gam mt amin (bc mt, mch cacbon khng phn nhnh) bng
axit HCl, to ra 17,64 gam mui. Amin c cng thc l
A. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
. B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
.
C. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
NH
2
. D. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
NH
2
+ HCl NH
3
Cl (1)
mol : x x x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 36,5x = 17,64 8,88 = 8,76 x = 0,24
Nu amin c dng l RNH
2
th
2 2
RNH NH
n n 0, 24
= = mol R =
8, 88
16 21
0, 24
= (loi)
Nu amin c dng l R(NH
2
)
2
th
2 2 2
R( NH ) NH
1
n n 0,12
2

= = mol R =
8, 88
16.2 42
0,12
=
R : C
3
H
6
hay CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
(v amin c mch C khng phn nhnh)
Vy cng thc ca amin l : H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
p n D.
V d 27: Hn hp X gm alanin v axit glutamic. Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch
NaOH (d), thu c dung dch Y cha (m+30,8) gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho m gam X tc dng
hon ton vi dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch Z cha (m+36,5) gam mui. Gi tr ca m l
A. 112,2. B. 165,6. C. 123,8. D. 171,0.
Hng dn gii
t s mol ca H
2
N CH(CH
3
) COOH l x v ca HOOC (CH
2
)
2
CH(NH
2
) COOH l y
Phng trnh phn ng :
2
O (1)
mol : (x + 2y) (x + 2y)
NH
2
+ HCl NH
3
Cl (2)
mol : (x + y) (x + y) (x + y)
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c :
67(x 2y) 45(x 2y) (30, 8 m) m
52, 5(x y) 16(x y) (36, 5 m) m
+ + = +
+ + = +
:
x 2y 1, 4
x y 1
+ =
+ =
:
x 0, 6
y 0, 4
=
m = 0,6.89 + 0,4.147 = 112,2 gam.

p n A.
V d 28: Cho 1 mol amino axit X phn ng vi dung dch HCl (d), thu c m
1
gam mui Y. Cng
1 mol amino axit X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c m
2
gam mui Z. Bit m
2
m
1
=
7,5. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C
4
H
10
O
2
N
2
. B. C
5
H
9
O
4
N. C. C
4
H
8
O
4
N
2
. D. C
5
H
11
O
2
N.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc ca X l : (H
2
N)
n
R (COOH)
m
, khi lng ca X l a gam
Phng trnh phn ng :
2
O (1)
mol : m m
81
NH
2
+ HCl NH
3
Cl (2)
mol : n n
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta thy :
m
2
= m
X
+ 67m 45m = m
X
+ 22m
m
1
= m
X
+ 52,5n 16n = m
X
+ 36,5n
m
2
m
1
= 22m 36,5n = 7,5 n = 1 v m = 2
Cng thc ca X l : C
5
H
9
O
4
N (C 2 nhm COOH v 1 nhm NH
2
).
p n B.
V d 29: in phn (vi in cc tr) 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
nng x mol/l, sau mt thi gian
thu c dung dch Y vn cn mu xanh, c khi lng gim 8 gam so vi dung dch ban u. Cho
16,8 gam bt Fe vo Y, sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 12,4 gam kim loi. Gi tr
ca x l
A. 2,25. B. 1,5. C. 1,25. D. 3,25.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2CuSO
4
+ 2 H
2
O
pdd
2Cu + 2H
2
SO
4
+ O
2
(1)
mol : 2a 2a 2a a
2.64a + 32a = 8 a = 0,05 mol
Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2
(2)
mol : 0,1 0,1
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (3)
mol : b b
16,8 (0,1 + b).56 + 64b = 12,4 b = 0,15 mol
Vy tng s mol ca CuSO
4
ban u l : 2a + b = 0,25 mol x =
0, 25
1, 25M
0, 2
= .
p n C.
V d 30: Nung 100 gam hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng
i c 69 gam cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi l ng ca mi cht tng ng trong hn hp ban
u.
A. 15,4% v 84,6%. B. 22,4% v 77,6%.
C. 16% v 84%. D. 24% v 76%.
Hng dn gii
Ch c NaHCO
3
b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO
3
2NaHCO
3
o
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
|
+ H
2
O (1)
mol : x 0,5x
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 84x 106.0,5x = 100 69 x = 1
3
NaHCO
m 84 = gam.
Vy NaHCO
3
chim 84% v Na
2
CO
3
chim 16%.
p n C.
82
V d 31: Cho ho tan hon ton a gam Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch D, cho D tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i na, thy
khi lng kt ta tng ln 3,4 gam. em nung kt ta n khi lng khng i c b gam cht
rn. Gi tr ca a, b ln l t l
A. 46,4 gam v 48 gam. B. 48,4 gam v 46 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl 2FeCl
3
+ FeCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaOH
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaOH
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
2Fe(OH)
3
0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
Nhn xt: Ta thy Fe
3
O
4
c th vit dng Fe
2
O
3
.FeO. Khi cho D tc dng vi NaOH kt ta thu
c gm Fe(OH)
2
v Fe(OH)
3
. ngoi khng kh Fe(OH)
2
Fe(OH)
3
1 mol Fe(OH)
2
1 mol Fe(OH)
3
thm 1 mol OH khi lng tng ln 17 gam
0,2 mol 0,2 mol 3,4 gam
= =
2 3 3 4 2
FeO.Fe O Fe O Fe(OH)
n n n = 0,2 mol
0,2 mol Fe
3
O
4
0,3 mol Fe
2
O
3
a = 232.0,2 = 46,4 gam, b = 160.0,3 = 48 gam.
p n A.
V d 32: Cho lung kh CO (d) i qua 9,1 gam hn hp CuO v Al
2
O
3
nung nng n khi phn
ng hon ton, thu c 8,3 gam cht rn. Khi lng CuO c trong hn hp ban u l :
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
CO + CuO CO
2
+ Cu (1)
mol : x x
80x 64x 9,1 8,3 = 0,8 x = 0,05 m
CuO
= 0,05.80 = 4 gam.
p n D.
V d 33: Nung nng m gam PbS ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian di, thu c hn hp rn (c
cha mt oxit) nng 0,95m gam. Phn trm khi l ng PbS b t chy l:
A. 74,69%. B. 95,00%. C. 25,31%. D. 64,68%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2PbS + 3O
2
2PbO + 2SO
2
(1)
mol : a a
T PbS PbO th khi lng gim = 16a = 0,05m. Chn m =1 a =
0, 05
16
% PbS b t chy : % PbS =
239.0, 05
16
= 74,69%.
p n A.
83
Nhn xt : Phng php tng gi m khi lng p dng c cho rt nhiu dng bi tp: Ha v
c, ha hu c, bi tp lin quan n phn ng oxi ha kh hoc phn ng khng oxi ha kh,
v vy vic phn dng bi tp c trng l rt kh khn. Tuy nhin c th nhn thy phng php
tng gim khi lng c bit t ra hiu qu i cc dng bi tp lin quan n phn ng ca
amino axit vi dung dch axit v dung dch baz ; phn ng ca kim loi tc dng vi dung dch
mui. Hi vng thng qua cc v d c th cc em hc sinh c th hiu v vn dng thnh tho
phng php ny gii cc bi tp trong thi i hc, cao ng.
3. Bi tp p dng
Cu 1: Ha tan 14 gam hn hp 2 mui MCO
3
v R
2
CO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c dung
dch A v 0,672 lt kh (ktc). C cn dung dch A th thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l :
Cu 2: Ho tan hon ton 4 gam hn hp MCO
3
v MCO
3
vo dung dch HCl thy thot ra V lt kh
(ktc). Dung dch thu c em c cn thu c 5,1 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,12 lt. B. 1,68 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Cu 3: Ho tan ht m gam hn hp gm M
2
CO
3
v RCO
3
trong dung dch HCl d thu c dung
dch Y v V lt kh CO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch Y th c (m + 3,3) gam mui khan. Vy th tch
kh CO
2
l :
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Cu 4: Cho 9,125 gam mui hirocacbonat phn ng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
(d), thu c dung
dch cha 7,5 gam mui sunfat trung ho. Cng thc ca mui hirocacbonat l :
A. NaHCO
3
. B. Mg(HCO
3
)
2
. C. Ba(HCO
3
)
2
. D. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
.
Cu 5: Cho 2,81 gam hn hp gm 3 oxit Fe
2
O
3
H
2
SO
4
0,1M th khi lng hn hp cc mui sunfat khan to r a l :
Cu 6: Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit HCl 0,2M
(va ). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui clorua khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l :
Cu 7: Cho dung dch cha 6,03 gam hn hp gm hai mui NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai nguyn t c
trong t nhin, hai chu k lin tip thuc nhm VIIA, s hiu nguyn t Z
X
< Z
Y
) vo dung dch
AgNO
3
(d), thu c 8,61 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi l ng ca NaX trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 52,8%. B. 58,2%. C. 47,2%. D. 41,8%.
Cu 8: Ha tan 104,25 gam hn hp cc mui NaCl, NaI vo nc. Cho kh clo i qua ri c cn.
Nung cht rn thu c cho n khi ht mu tm bay ra. B rn cn li sau khi nung nng 58,5 gam.
Phn trm khi lng mi mui trong hn hp thu c l :
A. 29,5% v 70,5%. B. 65% v 35%.
C. 28,06 % v 71,94% D. 50% v 50%.
Cu 9: C hn hp gm NaI v NaBr. Ha tan hn hp vo nc. Cho brom d vo dung dch. Sau
khi phn ng thc hin xong, l m bay hi dung dch, lm kh sn phm, th thy khi lng ca sn
phm nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u l m gam. Li ha tan sn phm vo nc v cho
clo li qua cho n d. Lm bay hi dung dch v lm kh cht cn li ngi thy khi lng cht
thu c li nh hn khi lng mui phn ng l m gam. Thnh phn phn trm v khi l ng ca
NaBr trong hn hp u l :
A. 3,7%. B. 4,5%. C. 7,3%. D. 6,7%.
84
Cu 10: Sau khi chuyn mt th tch kh oxi thnh ozon th thy th tch gim i 5 ml (bit cc th
tch o cng iu kin). Th tch oxi tham gia phn ng l bao nhiu ?
A. 14 ml. B. 16 ml. C. 17 ml. D. 15 ml.
Cu 11: Mt bnh cu dung tch 448 ml c np y oxi ri cn. Phng in ozon ho, sau
np thm cho y oxi ri cn. Khi l ng trong hai trng hp chnh lch nhau 0,03 gam. Bit cc
th tch np u ktc. Thnh phn % v th tch ca ozon trong hn hp sau phn ng (khi np
thm y oxi) l :
A. 9,375%. B. 10,375%. C. 8,375%. D. 11,375%.
Cu 12: Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi X v Y bng dung dch HCl ta thu c
12,71 gam mui khan. Th tch kh H
2
thu c (ktc) l :
A. 0,224 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 0,448 lt.
Cu 13: Nhng mt thanh nhm nng 45 gam vo 400 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M. Sau mt thi gian
ly thanh nhm ra cn nng 46,38 gam. Khi l ng Cu thot ra l :
Cu 14: Ngm mt vt bng Cu c khi l ng 15 gam trong 340 gam dung dch AgNO
3
6%. Sau
mt thi gian ly vt ra thy khi l ng AgNO
3
trong dung dch gim 25%. Khi l ng ca vt sau
phn ng l :
Cu 15: Nhng thanh Zn vo dung dch cha 8,32 gam CdSO
4
. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd
2+
khi
lng thanh Zn tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Khi l ng thanh Zn ban u l :
A. 80 gam. B. 72,5 gam. C. 70 gam. D. 83,4 gam.
Cu 16: Cho 3,78 gam bt Al phn ng va vi dung dch mui XCl
3
to thnh dung dch Y.
Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch Y gim i 4,06 gam so vi dung dch XCl
3
. Cng thc ca XCl
3
l :
A. InCl
3
. B. GaCl
3
. C. FeCl
3
. D. GeCl
3
.
Cu 17: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui CuCl
2
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng
Mg vo dung dch A cho n khi mt mu xanh ca dung dch. Ly thanh Mg ra cn li thy tng
thm 0,8 gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh m ?
4
. Sau khi kt thc cc
phn ng, lc b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi l ng
ca Zn trong hn hp bt ban u l :
A. 90,27%. B. 85,30%. C. 82,20%. D. 12,67%.
Cu 19: Cho 43 gam hn hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo 1 lt dung dch hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
0,1M v
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25M. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c 39,7 gam kt ta A v dung dch B.
Thnh phn % khi lng cc cht trong A l :
A. 49,62%; 50,38%. B. 49,7%; 50,3%.
C. 50,62%; 49,38%. D. 48,62%; 51,38%.
Cu 20: Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B (u c ho tr II) v o nc

3
85
Cu 21: Cho mt lng bt Zn vo dung dch X gm FeCl
2
v CuCl
2
. Khi lng cht rn sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton nh hn khi lng bt Zn ban u l 0,5 gam. C cn phn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c 13,6 gam mui khan. Tng khi l ng cc mui trong X l :
Cu 22: Nhng mt thanh st nng 100 gam vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M v
AgNO
3
0,2M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra, ra sch l m kh cn c 101,72 gam (gi
thit cc kim loi to thnh u bm ht vo thanh st). Khi lng st phn ng l :
Cu 23: Tin hnh 2 th nghim:
- TN1: Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V
1
lt dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M.
- TN2: Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V
2
lt dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton khi lng cht rn thu c 2 TN u bng nhau. Gi
tr ca V
1
so vi V
2
l :
A. V
1
= V
2
. B. V
1
= 10V
2
. C. V
1
= 5V
2
. D. V
1
= 2V
2
.
Cu 24: Ly 2 thanh kim loi M ho tr II. Thanh 1 nhng v o 250 ml dung dch FeSO
4
; thanh 2
nhng vo 250 ml dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau khi phn ng kt thc, thanh 1 tng 16 gam, thanh 2 tng
20 gam. Bit nng mol/l ca 2 dung dch ban u bng nhau. Vy M l :
A. Mg. B. Ni. C. Zn. D. Be.
Cu 25: Ly 2 thanh kim loi R ho tr II c khi l ng p gam. Thanh 1 nhng vo dung dch
Cu(NO
3
)
2
; thanh 2 nhng vo dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
. Sau th nghim thanh 1 gim 0,2%, thanh 2 tng
28,4%. Bit s mol mui nitrat ca R to ra trong 2 dung dch bng nhau. Vy R l :
A. Fe. B. Ni. C. Zn. D. Mg.
Cu 26: Nhng 1 thanh kim loi ha tr II vo dung dch CuSO
4
d. Sau phn ng khi lng thanh
kim loi gim 0,24 gam. Cng thanh kim loi nu nhng v o dung dch AgNO
3
th khi phn ng
xong thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng 0,52 gam. Kim lo i l :
A. Pb. B. Cd. C. Sn. D. Al.
Cu 27: Nhng thanh kim loi R ha tr II vo dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim
loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
sau mt thi gian thy khi l ng tng 7,1 gam. Bit s mol R tham gia phn ng 2 tr ng hp
nh nhau. R l :
A. Cd. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Sn.
Cu 28: em nung mt khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau mt thi gian dng li l m ngui, ri cn thy
khi lng gim 0,54 gam. Vy khi l ng mui Cu(NO
3
)
2
b nhit phn l bao nhiu gam ?
Cu 29: Nhit phn hon ton 9,4 gam mt mui nitrat kim loi thu c 4 gam oxit rn. Cng thc
mui dng l :
A. Fe(NO
3
)
3
. B. Cu(NO
3
)
2
. C. Al(NO
3
)
3
. D. Mt mui khc.
Cu 30: Nung nng 66,2 gam Pb(NO
3
)
2
thu c 55,4 gam cht rn. Hiu sut phn ng phn hu l
:
A. 25%. B. 40%. C. 27,5%. D. 50%.
Cu 31: Nung 6,58 gam Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong bnh kn khng cha khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c
4,96 gam cht rn v hn hp kh X. Hp th hon ton X vo nc c 300 ml dung dch Y.
Dung dch Y c pH bng :
A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 1.
86
Cu 32: Cho Na tc dng va vi 1,24 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc X, Y, Z thy thot ra 0,336
lt kh H
2
(kc). Khi lng mui natri ancolat thu c l :
A. 2,4 gam. B. 1,9 gam. C. 2,85 gam. D. khng xc nh c.
Cu 33: Trung ha 9 gam axit cacbonxylic A bng NaOH va c cn dung dch c 13,4 gam
mui khan. A c cng thc phn t l :
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
. B. C
2
H
2
O
4
. C. C
3
H
4
O
2
. D. C
4
H
6
O
4
.
Cu 34: Trung ha hon ton 1,8 gam mt axit hu c n chc bng dung dch NaOH va ri
c cn dung dch sau phn ng c 2,46 gam mui khan. Axit l :
A. HCOOH. B. CH
2
=CHCOOH.
C. CH
3
CH
2
COOH. D. CH
3
COOH.
Cu 35: Cho 20,15 gam hn hp 2 axit no n chc tc dng va vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thu
c V lt CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch th thu c 28,96 gam mui. Gi tr ca
V l :
A. 4,84 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 2,42 lt.
Cu 36: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thu c 7,28 gam
mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l :
A. CH
2
=CHCOOH. B. CH
3
COOH.
C. HCC-COOH. D. CH
3
CH
2
COOH.
Cu 37: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600 ml
dung dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi
lng l :
Cu 38: Cho 2,46 gam hn hp gm HCOOH, CH
3
COOH, C
6
H
5
OH tc dng va vi 400 ml
dung dch NaOH 1M. Tng khi lng mui thu c sau phn ng l :
Cu 39: Cho 5,1 gam Y (C, H, O) tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, thu c 4,80 gam mui v 1
ancol. Cng thc cu to ca Y l :
A. C
3
H
7
COOC
2
H
5
. B. CH
3
COOCH
3
. C. HCOOCH
3
. D. C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
.
Cu 40: Cho 10 gam amin n chc X phn ng hon ton vi HCl (d), thu c 15 gam mui. S
ng phn cu to ca X l :
A. 8. B. 7. C. 5. D. 4.
Cu 41: amino axit X cha mt nhm NH
2
. Cho 10,3 gam X tc dng vi axit HCl (d), thu
c 13,95 gam mui khan. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l :
A. H
2
NCH
2
COOH. B. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
COOH.
C. CH
3
CH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH. D. CH
3
CH(NH
2
)COOH.
Cu 42: Trong phn t amino axit X c mt nhm amino v mt nhm cacboxyl. Cho 15,0 gam X
tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH, c cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 19,4 gam mui khan.
Cng thc ca X l :
A. H
2
NC
3
H
6
COOH. B. H
2
NCH
2
COOH.
C. H
2
NC
2
H
4
COOH. D. H
2
NC
4
H
8
COOH.
Cu 43: A l mt amino axit no ch cha mt nhm NH
2
v mt nhm COOH. Cho 17,8 gam
A tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d ta thu c 22,2 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca A l :
A. H
2
NCH
2
COOH. B. NH
2
CH
2
CH
2
COOH.
C. CH
3
CH(NH
2
)COOH. D. CH
3
CH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH.
87
Cu 44: trung ho 200 ml dung dch amino axit X 0,5M cn 100 gam dung dch NaOH 8%, c
cn dung dch c 16,3 gam mui khan. X c CTCT l :
A. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
COOH. B. H
2
NCH(COOH)
2
.
C. (H
2
N)
2
CHCOOH. D. H
2
NCH
2
CH(COOH)
2
.
Cu 45: X l o-aminoaxit mch thng. Bit rng, 0,01 mol X tc dng va vi 80 ml dung dch
HCl 0,125M, thu c 1,835 gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho 2,940 gam X tc dng va vi NaOH
th thu c 3,820 gam mui. Tn gi ca X l :
A. glyxin. B. alanin. C. axit glutamic. D. lysin.
Cu 46: Hn hp X gm alanin v axit glutamic. Cho m gam X tc dng hon ton vi dung dch
NaOH (d), thu c dung dch Y cha (m+30,8) gam mui. Mt khc, nu cho m gam X tc dng
hon ton vi dung dch HCl, thu c dung dch Z cha (m+36,5) gam mui. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 112,2. B. 165,6. C. 123,8. D. 171,0.
Cu 47: Cho 1,82 gam hp cht hu c n chc, mch h X c cng thc phn t C
3
H
9
O
2
N tc
dng va vi dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c kh Y v dung dch Z. C cn Z thu c 1,64
gam mui khan. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l :
A. CH
3
CH
2
COONH
4
. B. CH
3
COONH
3
CH
3
.
C. HCOONH
2
(CH
3
)
2
. D. HCOONH
3
CH
2
CH
3
.
Cu 48: Cho lung kh CO (d) i qua 9,1 gam hn hp CuO v Al
2
O
3
nung nng n khi phn ng
hon ton, thu c 8,3 gam cht rn. Khi l ng CuO c trong hn hp ban u l :
Cu 49: Nung nng 100 gam hn hp NaHCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
n khi lng khng i thu c 69
gam hn hp rn. % khi lng ca NaHCO
3
trong hn hp l :
A. 80%. B. 70%. C. 80,66%. D. 84%.
Cu 50: Cho 8 gam hn hp A gm Mg v Fe tc dng ht vi 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
n khi
phn ng kt thc, thu c 12,4 gam cht rn B v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH d, lc v nung kt ta ngoi khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 8 gam
hn hp gm 2 oxit. Khi l ng Mg v Fe trong A ln lt l :
Cu 51: Cho m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
vo mt lng va dung dch HCl 2M,
thu c dung dch Y c t l s mol Fe
2+
v Fe
3+
l 1 : 2. Chia Y thnh hai phn bng nhau. C cn
phn mt thu c m
1
gam mui khan. Sc kh clo (d) vo phn hai, c cn dung dch sau phn ng
thu c m
2
gam mui khan. Bit m
2
m
1
= 0,71. Th tch dung dch HCl dng l :
A. 160 ml. B. 80 ml. C. 240 ml. D. 320 ml.
Cu 52: Nung nng m gam PbS ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian di, thu c hn hp rn (c
cha mt oxit) nng 0,95m gam. Phn trm khi l ng PbS b t chy l :
A. 74,69%. B. 95,00%. C. 25,31%. D. 64,68%.
88
CHUYN 6 : PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON
1. Ni dung nh lut bo ton electron :
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh, tng s electron m cc cht kh nhng lun bng tng s
electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn.
2. Nguyn tc p dng :
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh, tng s mol electron m cc cht kh nhng lun bng tng s
mol elctron m cc cht oxi ha nhn.
i vi cht kh hoc hn hp cht kh m trong cc nguyn t ng vai tr l cht kh c s
oxi ha duy nht trong cc hp cht th khi phn ng vi cc cht oxi ha (d) khc nhau s mol
electron m cc cht kh nhng cho cc cht oxi ha l nh nhau.
Lu : Khi gii bi tp bng phng php bo ton electron ta cn phi xc nh y , chnh
xc cht kh v cht oxi ha; trng thi s oxi ha ca cht kh, cht oxi ha tr c v sau phn
ng; khng cn quan tm n s oxi ha ca cht kh v cht oxi ha cc qu trnh trung gian.
3. Cc v d minh ha
Dng 1 : Cht kh (Kim loi, oxit kim loi, oxit phi kim) tc dng vi mt hay
nhiu cht oxi ha(H
+
, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, KMnO
4
)
Phng php gi i
- Bc 1 : Lp s phn ng biu din qu tr nh chuyn ha gia cc cht (Sau ny khi
lm thnh tho th hc sinh c th b qua bc ny).
- Bc 2 : Xc nh y , chnh xc cht kh v cht oxi ha ; trng thi s oxi ha ca
cht kh, cht oxi ha trc v sau phn ng; khng cn quan tm n s oxi ha ca cht kh v
cht oxi ha cc qu trnh trung gian nu phn ng xy ra nhiu giai on.
- Bc 3 : Thit lp phng trnh ton hc : Tng s mol elctron cht kh nhng bng tng
s mol electron m cht oxi ha nhn, kt hp vi cc gi thit khc lp cc ph ng trnh ton
hc khc c lin quan. Gii h phng trnh suy ra kt qu m yu cu.
Lu :
- Trong phn ng ca kim loi Mg, Al, Zn vi dung dch HNO
3
long th ngoi nhng sn phm
kh l kh N
2
, N
2
O, NO th trong dung dch cn c th c mt sn phm kh khc l mui
NH
4
NO
3
. tnh ton chnh xc kt qu ca b i ton ta phi kim tra xem phn ng c to ra
NH
4
NO
3
hay khng v s mol NH
4
NO
3
to ra l bao nhiu ri sau p dng nh lut bo to n
electron tm ra kt qu (Xem cc v d 23, 24, 25).
V d 1: Cho m gam Al tc dng vi O
2
, thu c 25,8 gam cht rn X. Ho tan hon ton X bng
dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng, thu c 6,72 lt kh SO
2
A. 21,6. B. 16,2. C. 18,9. D. 13,5.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
o o
2 4
2 3 t ,H SO t
2 4 3 2 2
2
Al O Al
Al (SO ) , SO , H O
O Al

89
Cch 1 :
Cn c vo s phn ng ta thy : Cht kh l Al ; cht oxi ha l O
2
v H
2
SO
4
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Al Al
3+
+ 3e
mol :
m
27
3.
m
27
Qu trnh kh :
O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
mol :
25, 8 m
32
4.
25, 8 m
32
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
(SO
2
)
mol : 0,6 0,3
3.
m
27
= 4.
25, 8 m
32
+ 0,6 m = 16,2 gam.

p n B.
Cch 2 :
t s mol ca Al l x v s mol ca O
2
l y (x, y > 0), ta c : 27x + 32y = 25,8 (1)
2
v H
2
SO
4
Theo nh lut bo ton electron ta c :
2 2
Al O SO
3n 4n 2n 3x 4y 2.0, 3 (2) = + : = +
T (1), (2) suy ra x = 0,6 ; y = 0,3
Vy khi lng nhm l : m = 0,6.27 = 16,2 gam
Nhn xt : Nh vy nu lm theo cch 2 th vi c gii phng trnh tm ra s mol ca Al s nhanh
hn.
V d 2: Trn 56 gam bt Fe vi 16 gam bt l u hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c
cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch B v kh C. t chy C cn
V lt O
2
(ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. V c gi tr l :
A. 11,2 lt. B. 33,6 lt. C. 22,4 lt. D. 44,8 lt.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
o o
2
2 2 O ,t t HCl
2
2 2
H H O Fe FeS
FeCl ;
S Fe H S SO

n
Fe
= 1 mol ; n
S
= 0,5 mol. V
Fe S
n n > nn Fe d v S ht.
Kh C l hn hp H
2
S v H
2
. t C thu c SO
2
v H
2
O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn
ng l Fe v S nhng electron, cn O
2
thu electron.
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Fe Fe
+2
+ 2e
mol : 1 2
S S
+4
+ 4e
mol : 0,5 2
Gi s mol O
2
l x mol
90
Qu trnh kh :
O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
mol : x 4x
4x = 4 x = 1 mol.
2
O
V 22, 4 = lt.
p n C.
V d 3: a gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian s chuyn thnh hn hp A c khi
lng l 75,2 gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
. Cho hn hp A phn ng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c, nng thu c 6,72 lt kh SO
2
(ktc). Khi lng a gam l :
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
a gam Fe
2
O
75,2 gam hn hp cht rn A
2 4
H SO
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6,72 lt SO
2
S mol Fe ban u trong a gam :
Fe
a
n
56
= mol
S mol O
2
tham gia phn ng :
2
O
75, 2 a
n
32
= mol
Qu trnh oxi ha :
3
Fe Fe 3e
+
+ (1)
T (1) n
e nhng
Fe
3a
3.n
56
= =
Qu trnh kh :
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2
(2)
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
(SO
2
) (3)
T (2), (3) n
e nhn
2 2
O SO
4n 2n = + =
75, 2 a
4. 2.0, 3
32
+
3a 75, 2 a
4. 2.0, 3
56 32
= + a = 56 gam.
p n A.
V d 4: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO, Cu
2
O.
Ho tan hon ton X bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c 4,48 lt (ktc) kh SO
2
duy nht. Gi tr m l :
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
m gam Cu
2
O
24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X
2 4
H SO
CuSO
4
+ 4,48 lt SO
2
Cn c vo s phn ng ta thy : Cht kh l Cu ; cht oxi ha l O
2
v H
2
SO
4
2 2
Cu O SO
2.n 4.n 2.n = + :
m
2.
64
=
24, 8 m
.4
32
+ 0,2.2 m = 22,4 gam.

p n D.
91
V d 5: Cho V lt hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
(ktc) tc dng va vi hn hp cha 2,7 gam Al v 3,6
gam Mg, thu c 22,1 gam sn phm rn. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,12 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 5,6 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Hng dn gii
Gi s mol Cl
2
l x v s mol O
2
l y ta c :
71x + 32y = 22,1 (2,7 + 3,6) = 15,8 :71x + 32y = 15,8 (1)
2 2
Mg Al O Cl
2.n 3.n 4.n 2.n + = + : 2.0,15 + 3.0,1 = 4y + 2x : 2x + 4y = 0,6 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c : x = 0,2 v y = 0,05
2 2
(O ,Cl )
n = 0,25 V = 5,6 lt.
p n C.
V d 6: Hn hp X gm S v Br
2
tc dng va vi hn hp Y gm 9,75 gam Zn, 6,4 gam Cu v
9,0 gam Ca thu c 53,15 gam cht rn. Khi l ng ca S trong X c gi tr l :
Hng dn gii
Gi s mol S l x v s mol Br
2
l y ta c :
32x + 160y = 53,15 9,75 6,4 9,0 : 32x + 160y = 28 (1)
2
S Br Zn Cu Ca
2.n 2.n 2.n 2.n 2.n + = + +
:2x + 2y = 0,15.2 + 0,1.2 + 0,225.2 : 2x + 2y = 0,95 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c : x = 0,375 v y = 0,1 m
S
= 0,375.32 = 12 gam.
p n D.
V d 7: Cho 11,2 lt hn hp kh A gm clo v oxi phn ng va ht vi 16,98 gam hn hp B gm
magie v nhm to ra 42,34 gam hn hp cc mui clorua v oxit hai kim loi. Thnh phn % khi
lng ca magie v nhm trong hn hp B l :
A.48% v 52%. B. 77,74% v 22,26%.
C. 43,15% v 56,85%. D.75% v 25%.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c :
2 2
(Cl ,O )
n 0, 5 =
mol ;
2 2
(Cl ,O )
m 25, 36 =
gam
Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Cl
2
v O
2
ta c :
x+y 0,5 x 0, 24
71x+32y 25,36 y 0,26
= =
:

= =

Gi a v b ln lt l s mol ca Al v Mg ta c :
27x + 24y = 16,98 (1)
2 2
Al Mg Cl O
3.n 2.n 2.n 4.n + = + :3a + 2b = 2.0,24 + 4.0,26 :3a + 2b = 1,52 (2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra : a = 0,14 ; b = 0,55
Thnh phn % khi lng ca magie v nhm trong hn hp B l :
% Al =
0,14.27
.100% 22, 26%
16, 98
= ; % Mg = (100 22,26)% = 77,74%.
p n B.
92
V d 8: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X
trong dung dch HNO
3
(d), thot ra 1,68 lt (ktc) NO
2
(l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
Cch 1:
m gam Fe
2
O
3 gam hn hp cht rn X
3
HNO d
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 1,68 lt NO
2
Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ha - kh trn l :
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Fe Fe
+ 3
+ 3e
mol :
m
56

3m
56
Qu trnh kh :
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2
mol :
3 m
32

4(3 m)
32
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
mol : 0,075 0,075
3m
56
=
4(3 m)
32
+ 0,075
m = 2,52 gam.
p n A.
Cch 2:
t s mol ca Fe l x v s mol ca O
2
l y (x, y > 0), ta c : 56x + 32y = 3 (1)
2
v HNO
3
2 2
Al O NO
3n 4n n 3x 4y 0, 075 (2) = + : = +
T (1), (2) suy ra x = 0,045 ; y = 0,015
Vy khi lng st l : m = 0,045.56 = 2,52 gam.
Nhn xt : Nh vy nu lm theo cch 2 th vic gii phng trnh tm ra s mol ca Fe s nhanh
hn.
V d 9: m gam phoi bo st ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp A c khi
lng 12 gam gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho B tc dng hon ton vi axit nitric d
thy gii phng ra 2,24 lt kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca m v s mol HNO
3
phn ng l :
A. 10,08 gam v 0,64 mol. B. 8,88 gam v 0,54 mol.
C. 10,48 gam v 0,64 mol. D. 9,28 gam v 0,54 mol.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
m gam Fe
2
O
12 gam hn hp cht rn A
3
HNO d
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 2,24 lt NO.
Cn c vo s phn ng ta thy : Cht kh l Fe ; cht oxi ha l O
2
v HNO
3
n
Fe
=
m
56
v n
NO
= 0,1
93
2
Fe O NO
3.n 4.n 3.n = + :3.
m
56
= 4.
12 m
32
+ 0,1.3 m = 10,08 gam.

3 3 3
HNO Fe( NO ) NO Fe NO
n 3.n n 3.n n 0, 64 mol. = + = + =
p n A.
V d 10: un nng 28 gam bt st trong khng kh mt thi gian thu c m gam hn hp rn A
gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe. Ha tan ht A trong lng d dung dch HNO
3
un nng, thu c dd
B v 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l :
A. 35,2 gam. B. 37,6 gam. C. 56 gam. D. 40 gam.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
28 gam Fe
2
O
m gam hn hp cht rn A
3
HNO d
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 2,24 lt NO
Cn c vo s phn ng ta thy : Cht kh l Fe ; cht oxi ha l O
2
(x mol) v HNO
3
n
Fe
= 0,5 mol v n
NO
= 0,1 mol
2
Fe O NO
3.n 4.n 3.n = + :0,5.3 = 4x + 0,1.3 x = 0,3
2
O
m = 0,3.32 = 9,6 gam m = 28 + 9,6 = 37,6 gam.
p n B.
V d 11: Cho m gam bt Fe vo dung dch HNO
3
ly d, ta c hn hp gm hai kh NO
2
v NO
c V
X
= 8,96 lt (ktc) v t khi i vi O
2
bng 1,3125. Xc nh % NO v % NO
2
theo th tch
trong hn hp X v khi lng m ca Fe dng ?
A. 25% v 75%; 1,12 gam. B. 25% v 75%; 11,2 gam.
C. 35% v 65%; 11,2 gam. D. 45% v 55%; 1,12 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c : n
X
= 0,4 mol; X M = 42.
S ng cho:
=

= =
2
NO
NO
42 30 3 3x
46 42 1 x
V
V
4x = 0,4 x = 0,1
2
NO
NO
n 0,1 mol
n 0,3 mol
=

2
NO
NO
%V 25%
%V 75%
=
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e
mol : x 3x
Qu trnh kh :
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
mol : 0,3 0,1
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
mol : 0,3 0,3
3x = 0,6 x = 0,2 mol m
Fe
= 0,2.56 = 11,2 gam.
p p B.
94
V d 12: Ha tan 4,59 gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t khi
hi i vi hiro bng 16,75. Th tch NO v N
2
O thu c ln lt l :
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. B. 2,016 lt v 0,672 lt.
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt. D. 1,972 lt v 0,448 lt.
Hng dn gii
= =
2
N O
NO
33, 5 30 1
44 33, 5 3
V
V
Qu trnh oxi ha : Al Al
3+
+ 3e
Qu trnh kh :

+
3
NO 3e NO
9x 3x
+
3 2
2 NO 8e N O
8x x
3.
NO
n + 8.
2
N O
n = 3.
Al
n :9x + 8x = 3.0,17 :x = 0,03
Th tch NO v N
2
O thu c l :
NO
V 3.0, 03.22, 4 2, 016 = = lt ;
2
N O
V 0, 03.22, 4 0, 672 = = lt.
p n B.
V d 13: Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO
3
, thu c V lt
2
) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui v axit d). T khi ca
X i vi H
2
A. 2,24 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 5,60 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Hng dn gii
= =
2
NO
NO
38 30 1
46 38 1
V
V
t n
Fe
= n
Cu
= a mol 56a + 64a = 12 a = 0,1 mol.
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
mol : 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2
Qu trnh kh :
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
mol : 3x x x x
3x + x = 0,5 x = 0,125 V
hn hp kh (ktc)
= 0,125.2.22,4 = 5,6 lt.
p n C.
95
V d 14: Ha tan hon ton 28,8 gam kim lo i Cu vo dung dch HNO
3
long, tt c kh NO thu
c em oxi ha thnh NO
2
ri sc vo nc c dng oxi chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
. Th tch kh
oxi ktc tham gia vo qu trnh trn l :
A. 100,8 lt. B. 10,08 lt. C. 50,4 lt. D. 5,04 lt.
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt : Kt thc cc phn ng tr n ch c Cu v O
2
thay i s oxi ha :
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
mol : 0,45 0,9
Qu trnh kh :
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
mol : x 4x
4x = 0,9 x = 0,225
2
O
V = 0,225.22,4 = 5,04 lt.
p n D.
V d 15: Trn 0,81 gam bt nhm vi bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri t nng tin hnh phn ng nhit
nhm thu c hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO
3
un nng thu c V lt kh
NO (sn phm kh duy nht) ktc. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,672 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
Tm tt theo s :
o
2 3 t
NO
Fe O
0,81 gam Al V ?
CuO
3
ha tan hon ton
dung dch HNO
hn hp A
+ =
Thc cht trong bi ton ny ch c qu trnh cho v nhn electron ca nguyn t Al v HNO
3
.
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Al Al
+3
+ 3e
mol :
0,81
27
0,09
Qu trnh kh :
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
mol : 0,09 0,03
V
NO
= 0,03.22,4 = 0,672 lt.
p n D.
V d 16: Ha tan hon ton m gam Al trong dung d ch HNO
3
long thu c 1,12 lt hn hp X
gm 3 kh NO, N
2
O, N
2
c t l s mol l: 1 : 2 : 2. Gi tr ca m l :
Hng dn gii
n
hn hp kh
= 0,05 mol
Theo t l mol ca 3 kh ta suy ra : n
NO
= 0,01 mol ;
2
N O
n = 0,02 mol v
2
N
n = 0,02 mol
96
2 2
Al N N O NO Al Al
3.n 10.n 8.n 3.n n 0,13 mol m 3, 51 gam. = + + = =
p n B.
V d 17: Ha tan 15 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y gm HNO
3
v
H
2
SO
4
c thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO
2
, NO, NO
2
, N
2
O. Phn trm khi lng ca Al v Mg trong
X ln lt l :
A. 63% v 37%. B. 36% v 64%. C. 50% v 50%. D. 46% v 54%.
Hng dn gii
t n
Mg
= x mol ; n
Al
= y mol. Ta c : 24x + 27y = 15 (1)
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e Al Al
3+
+ 3e
mol : x 2x y 3y
Tng s mol e nhng bng (2x + 3y).
Qu trnh kh :
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
2N
+5
+ 8e 2N
+1
mol : 0,3 0,1 0,8 0,2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
mol : 0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1
Tng s mol e nhn bng 1,4 mol.
2x + 3y = 1,4 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c : x = 0,4 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.
27.0, 2
%Al .100% 36%.
15
= =
%Mg = 100% 36% = 64%.
p n B.
V d 18: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp A gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO
3
d c 1,12 lt NO v NO
2
(ktc) c khi lng mol trung bnh l 42,8. Tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l :
A. 9,65 gam B. 7,28 gam C. 4,24 gam D. 5,69 gam
Hng dn gii
Da vo s ng cho tnh c s mol NO v NO
2
ln lt l 0,01 v 0,04 mol. Ta c cc
qu trnh oxi ha kh :
Qu trnh kh :
NO
3
+ 3e NO
mol : 0,03 0,01
NO
3
+ 1e NO
2
mol : 0,04 0,04
Nh vy, tng electron nhn = tng electron nh ng = 0,07 mol
Thay cc kim loi Cu, Mg, Al bng kim loi M :
Qu trnh oxi ha :
M M
n+
+ ne
mol :
0, 07
n
0,07
97
Khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l :
m =
3 n
M( NO )
m = m
M
+
3
NO
m

= 1,35 +
0, 07
n
.n.62 = 5,69 gam.
p n D.
Nhn xt : Trong phn ng kim loi tc dng vi axit nitric to ra mui nitrat (phn ng khng to
ra mui amoni nitrat), khi lng mui nitrat thu c bng khi lng ca kim loi +62.s mol
electron trao i.
V d 19: Cho 12,9 gam hn hp Al, Mg phn ng vi dung dch hn hp 2 axit HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c nng, thu c 0,15 mol mi kh SO
2
, NO v 0,4 mol NO
2
. C cn dung dch thu c sau phn
ng thu c m gam mui. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 123,3. B. 84,2.
C. 84,2 < m < 123,3. D. 84,2 s m s 123,3.
Hng dn gii
t s mol ca Al v Mg l x v y, theo gi thit ta c : 27x + 24y = 12,9 (1)
3x + 2y = 0,15.2 + 0,15.3 + 0,4 = 1,15 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c : x = 0,1 v y = 0,425
Nu phn ng to ra mui sunfat th m = 12,9 + 0,1.3.96 + 0,425.2.96 = 123,3 gam
Nu phn ng to ra mui mui nitrat th m = 12,9 + 0,1.3.62 + 0,425.2.62 = 84,2 gam
84,2 < m < 123,3
p n C.
V d 20: Ha tan mt hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B trong dung dch HNO
3
long. Kt thc
phn ng thu c hn hp kh Y gm 0,1 mol NO
2
, 0,15 mol NO
2
v 0,05 mol N
2
O. bit rng
khng c phn ng to mui NH
4
NO
3
. S mol HNO
3
phn ng l :
A. 0,95. B. 0,105. C. 0,12. D. 0,13.
Hng dn gii
Cc qu trnh kh :
4H
+
+ NO
3
-
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
mol : 0,4 0,1
2H
+
+ NO
3
-
+ 1e NO
2
+ H
2
O
mol : 0,3 0,15
10H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
+ 3e N
2
O + 5H
2
O
mol : 0,5 0,05
Vy s mol ca HNO
3
= s mol ca H
+
= 0,4 + 0,3 + 0,5 = 1,3 mol.
p n D.
Lu : Ta c th tnh s mol ca axit da vo cng thc :
n
HNO
3
=
n
e trao i
+ n
N trong cc sn phm kh
p dng cng thc trn ta c :
n
e nhn
= 0,1 + 0,15.3 + 0,05.8 = 0,95 n
axit
= 0,95 + 0,1 + 0,15 + 0,05.2 = 1,3 mol.
98
V d 21: Cho 13,5 gam nhm tc dng va vi 2,5 lt dung dch HNO
3
, phn ng to ra mui
nhm v mt hn hp kh gm NO v N
2
O. Tnh nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
. Bit rng t
khi ca hn hp kh i vi hiro bng 19,2.
A. 0,95. B. 0,86. C. 0,76. D. 0,9.
Hng dn gii
= = =
2
N O
NO
38, 4 30 8, 4 3
44 38, 4 5, 6 2
V
V
t s mol ca NO v N
2
O l 2x v 3x, p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c :
2
Al NO N O
13, 5
3.n 3.n 8.n 3. 3.2x 8.3x x 0, 05
27
= + : = + : =
Vy s mol HNO
3
l :
3
HNO
n
=
n
e trao i
+ n
=
13, 5
3. 2.0, 05 3.0, 05.2 1, 9
27
+ + = mol V =
1, 9
0, 76
2, 5
= lt.
p n C.
V d 22: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo 2 lt dung dch HNO
3
phn ng va thu c 1,792 lt
kh X (ktc) gm N
2
v NO
2
c t khi hi so vi He bng 9,25. Nng mol/lt HNO
3
trong dung
dch u l
A. 0,28M. B. 1,4M. C. 1,7M. D. 1,2M.
Hng dn gii
= = =
2
2
NO
N
37 28 9 1
46 37 9 1
V
V
s mol ca NO
2
v N
2
bng nhau v bng 0,04 mol.
Vy s mol HNO
3
l :
3
HNO
n
=
n
e trao i
+ n
= (0,04.1 + 0,04.10) + 0,04 + 0,04.2 = 0,56 mol
Th tch ca dung dch HNO
3
l :
0, 56
0, 28
2
= lt.
p n A.
V d 23: Cho 5,52 gam Mg tan ht vo dung dch HNO
3
th thu c 0,896 lt hn hp kh N
2
v
N
2
O c t khi so vi H
2
l 16. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c mt lng cht rn l :
A. 34,04 gam. B. 34,64 gam. C. 34,84 gam. D. 44, 6 gam.
Hng dn gii
Tng s mol ca N
2
v N
2
O l 0,04 mol
2
2
N
N O
n
44 32 3
n 32 28 1
= =
Suy ra
2 2
N N O
n 0, 03 mol; n 0, 01 mol = =
Tng s mol electron m
5
N
+
nhn sinh ra N
2
v N
2
O l : 10.0,03 + 8.0,01 = 0,38
99
Tng s mol electron m Mg nhng sinh ra
2
Mg
+
l : 0,23.2 = 0,46 > 0,38 nn suy ra ph n
ng to ra c NH
4
NO
3
S mol NH
4
NO
3
l :
0, 46 0, 38
0, 01 mol
8
= (V qu trnh kh
5
N
+
thnh
3
N
nhn vo 8e)
Vy khi lng mui thu c l :
= + = + =
3 2 4 3
mui Mg (NO ) NH NO
m m m 0, 23.148 0, 01.80 34, 84 gam.
p n C.
V d 24: Cho hn hp gm 6,72 gam Mg v 0,8 gam MgO tc dng ht vi lng d dung dch
HNO
3
. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,896 lt mt kh X (ktc) v dung dch Y.
Lm bay hi dung dch Y thu c 46 gam mui khan. Kh X l
A. NO
2
. B. N
2
O. C. NO. D. N
2
.
Hng dn gii
S phn ng :
| +
3
HNO
Mg
X dung dch Y cha 46 gam mui
MgO
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta c :
3 2 3 2
Mg( NO ) Mg MgO Mg( NO )
n n n 0, 3 mol m 0, 3.148 44, 4 gam 46 gam = + = = = <
Phn ng to ra mui NH
4
NO
3
, s mol NH
4
NO
3
bng
46 44, 4
0, 02 mol
80
=
4 3
5
Mg X NH NO 2
2.n n.n 8.n n 10 2N 10e N
+
= + = +
Vy X l N
2
(n l s electron m
5
N
+
nhn to ra kh X)
p n D.
V d 25: Cho hn hp A gm 0,200 mol Al, 0,350 mol Fe phn ng ht vi V lt dung dch HNO
3
1M, thu c dung dch B, hn hp G gm 0,050 mol N
2
O v 0,040 mol N
2
v cn 2,800 gam kim
loi. Gi tr V l :
A. 1,200. B. 1,480. C. 1,605. D. 1,855.
Hng dn gii
Ta thy 2,8 gam kim loi cn d l Fe v vy trong dung dch ch cha mui st (II).
n
Fe p
=0,35 0,05 = 0,3 mol.
n
e cho
= 0,2.3 +0,3.2 = 1,2 mol ; n
e nhn
= 0,05.8 + 0,04.10 = 0,8 mol < 1,2 mol nn ph n ng
to ra NH
4
NO
3
. S mol ca NH
4
NO
3
=
1, 2 0, 8
8
= 0,05 mol.
Vy s mol HNO
3
l :
3
HNO
n
=
n
e trao i
+ n
= 1,2 + 0,05.2 + 0,04.2 + 0,05.2 = 1,48 mol
V = 1,48 lt.
p n B.
100
V d 26: Cho m gam hn hp X gm Al v Na tc dng vi H
2
O d, thu c 8,96 lt kh H
2
(ktc)
v cn li mt lng cht rn khng tan. Khi l ng ca Na trong m gam X l
Hng dn gii
Sau phn ng cn li mt lng cht rn khng tan l Al d, do dung dch sau phn ch
cha NaAlO
2
, suy ra s mol Al v Na tham gia phn ng bng nhau.
t s mol ca Na v Al tham gia phn ng l x mol
2
Na Al H
1.n 3.n 2.n + = :1.x + 3.x = 2.0,4 :x = 0,2. Vy m
Na
= 0,2.23 = 4,6 gam.
p n D.
V d 27: Hn hp X gm K v Al. Cho m gam X vo mt lng d nc th thot ra V lt kh. Nu
cng cho m gam X vo dung dch NaOH d th c 1,75V lt kh. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi
lng ca K trong X l (bit cc th tch kh o trong cng iu kin)
A. 41,94%. B. 77,31%. C. 49,87%. D. 29,87%.
Hng dn gii
X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c lng kh nhiu hn so vi khi X tc dng vi
H
2
O, chng t khi X tc dng vi H
2
O th Al cn d, dung dch sau phn cha KAlO
2
.
Theo bi ta t s mol H
2
gii phng hai trng hp l 1 mol v 1,75 mol
t s mol ca K v Al tham gia phn ng vi H
2
O l x mol
2
K Al H
1.n 3.n 2.n + = :1.x + 3.x = 2.1 :x = 0,5
t s mol Al ban u l y, khi X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th Al phn ng ht
2
K Al H
1.n 3.n 2.n + = :1.0,5 + 3.y = 2.1,75 :y = 1
Thnh phn phn trm theo khi l ng ca K trong X l :
0, 5.39
.100%
0, 5.39 1.27
=
+
41,94%
p n A.
V d 28: Nung nng m gam hn hp gm Al v Fe
3
O
4
trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Sau khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d ) thu
c dung dch Y, cht rn Z v 3,36 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Sc kh CO
2
(d) vo dung dch Y, thu c
39 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 48,3. B. 45,6. C. 36,7. D. 57,0.
Hng dn gii
Hn hp sau phn ng nhit nhm tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH nn Al d, Fe
3
O
4
phn
ng ht.
n
Al ban u
=
3
Al(OH)
n 0, 5 = mol
3.n
Al d
= 2.
2
H
n n
Al d
= 0,1 mol n
Al phn vi oxit st
= 0,5 0,1 = 0,4 mol
3.n
Al phn vi oxit st
=
8
3
.3.
3 4
Fe O
n
3 4
Fe O
n = 0,15 mol
Gi tr ca m l : 0,15.232 + 0,5.27 = 48,3 gam.
p n A.
101
V d 29: Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i th nh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 tan ht trong dung dch HCl, to ra 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phn 2 nung trong oxi thu c 2,84 gam hn hp oxit. Khi l ng hn hp 2 kim loi trong
hn hp u l:
Hng dn gii
A, B l cht kh ; H
+
, O
2
l cht oxi ha
p dng phng php bo ton electron ta c :
S mol e H
+
nhn to ra H
2
bng s mol O
2
nhn
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
0,16 0,16 0,08
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
0,04 0,16 0,08
m
hn hp kim loi ban u
= 2.(m
oxit
2
O
m )
= 2.(2,84 0,04.32) = 3,12 gam.
p n B.
V d 30: Hn hp X gm 2 kim loi c ho tr khng i, khng tc dng vi n c v ng trc
Ag trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi. Cho hn hp X phn ng ho n ton vi dung dch
AgNO
3
d, thu c cht rn B. Cho B tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 1,12 lt kh NO
duy nht ktc. Nu cho l ng hn hp X trn phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
th thu
c bao nhiu lt N
2
. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,336 lt. C. 0,448 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim :
TN1: Cc kim loi nhng electron cho Ag
+
chuyn thnh Ag, sau Ag li nhng electron
cho
5
N
+
thnh
2
N
+
(NO). S mol electron do cc kim loi nhng ra l :
5
N
+
+ 3e
2
N
+
0,15 05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1
=
TN2: Cc kim loi nhng electron trc tip cho
5
N
+
to ra N
2
. Gi x l s mol N
2
, th s mol
electron thu vo l :
2
5
N
+
+ 10e
0
2
N
10x x mol
p dng phng php bo ton electron ta c : 10x = 0,15 x = 0,015
2
N
V = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lt.
p n B.
102
V d 31: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800,00 ml dung dch hn hp gm AgNO
3
0,20M v HNO
3
0,25M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 1,40m gam hn hp kim loi v V lt kh NO (duy
nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l :
A. 21,50 v 1,12. B. 25,00 v 2,24. C. 8,60 v 1,12. D. 28,73 v 2,24.
Hng dn gii
Ag
n 0,16
+
= mol ;
3
HNO
n 0, 2 = mol
Theo gi thit sau phn ng thu c hn hp kim loi nn suy ra Fe d. Vy mui st trong
dung dch l mui st (II).
Qu trnh kh :
4H
+
+ NO
3
-
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
mol : 0,2 0,15 0,05
Ag
+
+ 1e Ag
mol : 0,16 0,16 0,16
Tng s mol electron trao i l 0,31 mol v th tch kh NO l 1,12 lt.
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
mol : 0,155 0,155 0,31
Ta c : m 0,155.56 + 0,16.108 = 1,4m m = 21,5 gam.
p n A.
V d 32: Cho 8,3 gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe (n
Al
= n
Fe
) vo 100 ml dung dch Y gm Cu(NO
3
)
2
v
AgNO
3
. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn A gm 3 kim loi. Ha tan hon ton cht rn
A vo dung dch HCl d thy c 1,12 lt kh thot ra (ktc) v cn li 28 gam cht rn khng tan B.
Nng C
M
ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
v ca AgNO
3
ln lt l :
A. 2M v 1M. B. 1M v 2M. C. 0,2M v 0,1M. D. kt qu khc.
Tm tt s
Al Fe
8,3 gam hn hp X
(n = n )
Al
Fe
+ 100 ml dung dch Y

3
3 2
AgNO : x mol
Cu(NO ) :y mol

Cht rn A
(3 kim loi)
2
HCl d
1,12 lt H
2,8 gam cht r n khng tan B
+
Hng dn gii
Ta c: n
Al
= n
Fe
=
8,3
0,1 mol.
83
=
t
3
AgNO
n x mol = v
3 2
Cu( NO )
n y mol =
Gi thit X + Y to ra cht rn A gm 3 kim loi.
Al ht, Fe cha phn ng hoc cn d. Hn hp hai mui ht.
Qu trnh oxi ha:
Al Al
3+
+ 3e Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
mol : 0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2
Tng s mol e nhng bng 0,5 mol.
103
Qu trnh kh:
Ag
+
+ 1e Ag Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2H
+
+ 2e H
2
mol : x x x y 2y y 0,1 0,05
Tng s e mol nhn bng (x + 2y + 0,1).
Theo nh lut bo ton electron, ta c phng tr nh :
x + 2y + 0,1 = 0,5 hay x + 2y = 0,4 (1)
Mt khc, cht rn B khng tan l : Ag: x mol ; Cu: y mol.
108x + 64y = 28 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c:
x = 0,2 mol ; y = 0,1 mol.
3
MAgNO
0, 2
C
0,1
= = 2M ;
3 2
MCu( NO )
0,1
C
0,1
= = 1M.
p n B.
V d 33: Sau khi un nng 23,7 gam KMnO
4
thu c 22,74 gam hn hp cht rn. Cho hn hp
cht rn trn tc dng hon ton vi dung dch axit HCl 36,5% (d = 1,18 g/ml) un nng. Th tch kh
Cl
2
thu c (ktc) l :
A. 2,24. B. 4,48 C. 7,056. D. 3,36.
Hng dn gii
4
KMnO
n = 0,15 mol
2
O
m = 23,7 22,74 = 0,96 gam
2
O
n = 0,03 mol
Phng trnh phn ng :
2 KMnO
4
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
mol : 0,06 0,03 0,03 0,03
Hn hp sn phm gm:
4
KMnO
n = 0,09 mol ;
2 4
K MnO
n = 0,03 mol v
2
MnO
n = 0,03 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton electron :
+ + =
+ +
= = = =
4 2 2 4 2
2 2
KMnO MnO K MnO Cl
Cl Cl
5.n 2.n 4.n 2.n
5.0, 09 2.0, 03 4.0, 03
n 0, 315 mol V 0, 315.22, 4 7, 056 lt.
2
p n D.
V d 34: Trn 1 lt dung dch A gm K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,15 M v KMnO
4
0,2M vi V lt dung dch FeSO
4
1,25M (mi trng H
2
SO
4
) phn ng oxi ha kh xy ra va . Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,52. B. 0,72 C. 0,8. D. 2.
Hng dn gii
Ta thy cht kh l : FeSO
4
; Cht oxi ha l K
2
Cr
2
O
7
v KMnO
4
2 2 2
4
4 2 7
FeSO
Fe MnO Cr O Fe
1.n 5.n 6.n n n 5.0, 2 6.0,15 1, 9 mol
+ +
= + = = + =
4
dd FeSO
1, 9
V 1, 52 lt
1, 25
= = .
p n A.
104
V d 35: Ha tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,02 mol FeS
2
v 0,03 mol FeS vo lng d dung dch
H
2
SO
4
c nng, thu c Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, SO
2
, H
2
O. Hp th ht SO
2
bng lng va dung dch
KMnO
4
thu c dung dch Y khng mu, trong sut, c pH =2. Tnh th tch dung dch Y.
A. 11,4. B. 22,8 C. 17,1. D. 45,6.
Hng dn gii
Qu trnh oxi ha :
FeS
2
Fe
+3
+ 2S
+4
+ 11e
mol : 0,02 0,04 0,22
FeS Fe
+3
+ S
+4
+ 7e
mol : 0,03 0,03 0,21
Qu trnh oxi kh :
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
mol : 0,43 0,215
p dng nh lut bo ton electron ta c : Tng s mol electron cho = tng s mol electron nhn
= 0,43 mol. Suy ra tng s SO
2
= 0,04 + 0,03 + 0,215 = 0,285 mol
Phng trnh phn ng :
5SO
2
+ 2 KMnO
4
+ 2 H
2
O K
2
SO
4
+ 2 MnSO
4
+ 2 H
2
SO
4
mol : 0,285 0,114
H
n
+
= 0,114.2 = 0,228 vi pH = 2 [H
+
]= 0,01 V = 22,8 lt.
p n B.
V d 36: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng mt thi gian, thu c
13,92 gam cht rn X gm Fe, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO v Fe
2
O
3
. Ho tan ht X bng HNO
3
c nng thu c
5,824 lt NO
2
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt : Trong qu trnh phn ng trn ch c nguyn t cacbon v nguyn t nit thay i s
oxi ha
2
CO NO CO
2.n 1.n n 0,13mol = =
2 3 2 2
2 3
Fe O CO X CO CO CO
Fe O
m m m m man n
m 13,92 0,13.44 0,13.28 16 gam.
+ = + =
= + =
p n A.
105
Dng 2 : Xc nh tn kim loi ; xc nh cng thc ca sn phm kh trong phn
ng ca kim loi vi dung dch HNO
3
hoc dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
Phng php gi i
- Bc 1 : Xc nh y , chnh xc cht kh v cht oxi ha ; trng thi s oxi ha ca
cht kh, cht oxi ha trc v sau phn ng; khng cn quan tm n s oxi ha ca cht kh v
cht oxi ha cc qu trnh trung gian nu phn ng xy ra nhiu giai on.
- Bc 2 : Thit lp phng trnh ton hc : Tng s mol elctron cht kh nhng bng tng
smol electron m cht oxi ha nhn.
- Bc 3 : Lp biu thc lin quan gia nguyn t khi ca kim loi (M) v s oxi ha ca
kim loi (n), th n bng 1, 2, 3 suy ra gi tr M tha mn.
- i vi vic xc nh sn phm kh ta cn tnh xem t o ra sn phm kh th qu trnh
nhn vo bao nhiu electron, t ta suy ra cng thc ca sn phm kh cn t m.
V d 37: t chy hon ton 7,2 gam kim loi M (c ho tr khng i trong hp cht) trong hn
hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
. Sau phn ng thu c 23,0 gam cht rn v th tch hn hp kh phn ng l
5,6 lt ( ktc). Kim loi M l
A. Mg. B. Ca. C. Be. D. Cu.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c :
2 2
(Cl ,O )
n 0, 25 =
mol ;
2 2
(Cl ,O )
m 15, 8 =
gam
Gi x v y ln lt l s mol ca Cl
2
v O
2
ta c :
x+y 0,25 x 0, 2
71x+32y 15, 8 y 0,05
= =
:

= =

2 2
M Cl O
n.n 2.n 4.n = + :
7, 2
.n 0, 2.2 0, 05.4 M 12n
M
= + : =
n 2
M 24
=
Vy kim loi M l Mg.

p n A.
V d 38: Ho tan ht 9,6 gam kim loi M trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng, thu c SO
2
l sn
phm kh duy nht. Cho ton b lng SO
2
ny hp th vo 0,5 lt dung dch NaOH 0,6M, sau phn
ng em c cn dung dch c 18,9 gam cht rn. Kim loi M l :
A. Ca. B. Mg. C. Fe. D. Cu.
Hng dn gii
Kh SO
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH c th xy ra cc kh nng :
- To ra mui NaHSO
3
- To ra mui Na
2
SO
3
- To ra mui NaHSO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
- To ra mui Na
2
SO
3
v d NaOH
Gi s phn ng to ra hai mui NaHSO
3
(x mol) v Na
2
SO
3
(y mol)
106
Phng trnh phn ng :
NaOH + SO
2
NaHSO
3
(1)
mol : x x x
2NaOH + SO
2
Na
2
SO
3
(2)
mol : 2y y y
x+2y 0,3 x 0
104x+126y 18,9 y 0,15
= =
:

= =

Nh vy phn ng ch to ra mui Na
2
SO
3
2
M SO
9, 6
n.n 2.n .n 2.0,15 M 32n
M
= : = : =
n 2
M 64
=
Vy kim loi M l Cu.

p n D.
Ch : Nu gii h trn m
0
0
x
y
<
<
th s xy ra trng hp to ra Na
2
SO
3
v d NaOH, khi cht
rn gm Na
2
SO
3
v NaOH d
V d 39: Ho tan ht 14,4 gam kim loi M trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng, thu c SO
2
l sn
2
ny hp th vo 0,75 lt dung dch NaOH 0,7M, sau
phn ng em c cn dung dch c 31,35 gam cht rn. Kim loi M l :
Hng dn gii
Kh SO
2
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH c th xy ra cc kh nng :
- To ra mui NaHSO
3
- To ra mui Na
2
SO
3
- To ra mui NaHSO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
- To ra mui Na
2
SO
3
v d NaOH
Gi s phn ng to ra hai mui NaHSO
3
(x mol) v Na
2
SO
3
(y mol)
Phng trnh phn ng :
NaOH + SO
2
NaHSO
3
(1)
mol : x x x
2NaOH + SO
2
Na
2
SO
3
(2)
mol : 2y y y
x+2y 0,525 x 0,042
104x+126y 31, 35 y 0,2835
= =
:

= =

Nh vy trng hp to ra c hai mui hoc m t trong hai mui u khng tha mn. Do
trng hp ny phi c NaOH d.
Phng trnh phn ng :
2NaOH + SO
2
Na
2
SO
3
(1)
mol : 2x x x
107
Khi lng cht rn l : 126x + (0,35 2x).40 = 31,35 :x = 0,225
2
M SO
14, 4
n.n 2.n .n 2.0,225 M 32n
M
= : = : =
n 2
M 64
=
Vy kim loi M l Cu.

p n D.
V d 40: Khi cho 9,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c, thy c 49 gam H
2
SO
4
tham gia phn ng, to mui MgSO
4
, H
2
O v sn phm kh X. X l :
A. SO
2
. B. S. C. H
2
S. D. SO
2
, H
2
S.
Hng dn gii
Tng s mol H
2
SO
4
dng l :
49
0,5
98
= mol
S mol H
2
SO
4
dng to mui bng s mol Mg = 9,6 : 24 = 0,4 mol
S mol H
2
SO
4
dng oxi ha Mg l : 0,5 0,4 = 0,1 mol
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c va l cht oxi ha va l mi trng
Gi a l s oxi ha ca S trong X.
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Mg Mg
+2
+ 2e
mol : 0,4 0,8
Qu trnh kh :
S
+6
+ ne X
mol : 0,1 0,1n
0,1n = 0,8 n = 8 S
+6
+ 8e S
-2
. Vy X l H
2
S.
p n C.
V d 41: Ha tan hon ton 2,52 gam hn hp Mg v Al bng dung dch HCl thu c 2,688 lt
hiro (ktc). Cng lng hn hp ny nu ha tan hon ton bng H
2
SO
4
c nng th thu c 0,12
mol mt sn phm X duy nht hnh thnh do s kh S
+6
. X l :
A. S B. SO
2
C. H
2
S D. S hoc SO
2
Hng dn gii
Phn ng ca hn hp hai kim loi vi HCl :
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
|
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
|
Lp h phng trnh v gii h phng trnh cho Mg = 0,06 mol v Al = 0,04 mol
Gi s s electron m S
+6
nhn vo to ra sn phm X l n ta c :
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Al Al
+3
+ 3e
Mg Mg
+2
+ 2e
Tng s mol electron nhng = 0,04.3 + 0,06.2 = 0,24
Qu trnh kh :
S
+6
+ ne X
108
Tng s mol electron thu = 0,12.n
0,12.n = 0,24 n = 2 S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
Vy sn phm X l SO
2
p n B.
V d 42: Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 8,96 lt (ktc)
hn hp kh gm NO
2
v NO c t l th tch 3:1. Kim loi M l :
A. Fe. B. Cu. C. Al. D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
S mol ca hn hp kh:
kh
8,96
n 0,4 mol
22,4
= =
V
2 2 2
NO NO NO NO NO NO
3 1
V :V 3:1 n :n 3:1 n 0,4 0,3 mol; n 0,4 0,1 mol
4 4
= = = = = =
Gi n l ha tr ca M. Qu trnh nhng electron: M M
+n
+ ne (1)
3.
NO
n +
2
NO
n = n.
M
n :3.0,1 + 0,3 = n.
19, 2
M
:M = 32n n = 2 ; M = 64.
Vy kim loi M l Cu.
p n B.
V d 43: Ha tan hon ton 11,2 gam Fe vo HNO
3
d, thu c dung dch A v 6,72 lt hn hp
kh B gm NO v mt kh X, vi t l th tch l 1:1. Kh X l :
A. NO
2
. B. N
2
. C. N
2
O. D. NO.
Hng dn gii
S mol ca hn hp kh B:
B NO X
6,72
n 0,3 mol n n 0,15 mol
22,4
= = = =
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e
mol : 0,2 0,6
Qu trnh kh :
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
mol : 0,45 0,15
N
+5
+ ne X
mol : 0,15n 0,15
0,15n + 0,45 = 0,6 n = 1 N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
Vy kh X l NO
2
.
p n A.
109
V d 44: Chia 38,6 gam hn hp gm Fe v kim loi M c ha tr duy nht thnh 2 phn bng nhau
:
Phn 1: Tan va trong 2 lt dung dch thy thot ra 14,56 lt H
2
(ktc).
Phn 2: Tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
long nng thy thot ra 11,2 lt kh NO duy nht
(ktc). Kim loi M l :
A. Zn. B. Mg. C. Pb. D. Al.
Hng dn gii
- Cho trng hp phn ng vi HCl ta c :
2.n
Fe
+ n.n
M
= 2.
2
H
n :2x + ny = 1,3
- Cho trng hp phn ng vi HNO
3
ta c :
3.n
Fe
+ n.n
M
= 3.
NO
n :3x + ny = 1,5
Kt hp vi gi thit ta c h :
2x ny 1, 3 x 0, 2
3x ny 1, 5 ny 0, 9 M 9n
56x My 19, 3 My 8,1
+ = =

+ = : = =

+ = =

M l Al
p n D.
Dng 3 : in phn cht in li (in phn cht in li nng chy ; in phn
dung dch cht in li)
Phng php gi i
- Bc 1 : Tnh s mol electron trao i trong qu tr nh in phn (nu bi cho bit thi gian
in phn v cng dng in).
n
electron trao i
=
It
96500
Trong : I l cng dng in tnh bng ampe ; t l thi gian in phn tnh bng giy.
- Bc 2 : Xc nh th t kh ti catot, th t oxi ha ti anot ca cc ion v H
2
O ; Vit qu
trnh kh trn antot v oxi ha trn anot theo ng th t u tin.
- Bc 3 : p dng nh lut bo ton electron cho qu trnh in phn :
S mol electron trao i = S mol electron m cc ion dng v H
2
O nhn catot = S mol
electron m cc ion m v H
2
O nhng anot.
Lu : Phn ng in phn nc trn cc in cc :
Ti anot : 2H
2
O

4H
+
+ O
2 +
4e
Ti catot : 2H
2
O + 2e

H
2
+ 2OH
-
110
V d 45: in phn nng chy a gam mui A to bi kim loi M v halogen X thu c 0,96 gam
M catot v 0,896 lt kh anot. Mt khc ho tan a gam mui A vo nc ri cho dung dch trn
tc dng vi AgNO
3
d c 11,48 gam kt ta. X l halogen no ?
A. F. B. Cl. C. Br. D. I.
Hng dn gii
Gi cng thc ca mui A l MX
n
ta c phn ng :
2MX
n

pnc
M + nX
2
mol : b b
nb
2
MX
n
+nAgNO
3

M(NO
3
)
2
+ nAgX
mol : b nb
Suy ra :
nb 0, 896
0, 04
2 22, 4
nb(108 X) 11, 48
= =
+ =
X=35,5. Vy halogen l Clo

p n B.
V d 46: in phn 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
vi I=1,93A ti khi catot bt u c bt kh thot ra
th dng li, cn thi gian l 250 giy. Th tch kh thu c anot (ktc) l :
A. 28 ml. B. 0,28 ml. C. 56 ml. D. 280 ml.
Hng dn gii
n
e trao i
=
1, 93.250
0, 005
96500
= mol
Phn ng xy ra ti anot :
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
Kh thot ra anot l O
2
, s mol kh O
2
l
0, 005
4
= 0,00125 mol, th tch kh O
2
l :
0,00125.22,4 = 0,028 lt = 28 ml.
p n A.
V d 47: Cho mt dng in c cng dng in khng i i qua 2 bnh in phn mc ni
tip, bnh 1 cha 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,01M, bnh 2 cha 100 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,01M.
Bit rng sau thi gian in phn 500 giy th bn bnh 2 xut hin kh bn catot. Cng I, khi
lng Cu bm bn catot v th tch kh (ktc) xut hin bn anot ca bnh 1 l :
A. 0,193A; 0,032 gam Cu; 5,6 ml O
2
. B. 0,193A; 0,032 gam Cu; 11,2 ml O
2
.
C. 0,386A; 0,64 gam Cu; 22,4 ml O
2
. D. 0,193A; 0,032 gam Cu; 22,4 ml O
2
.
Hng dn gii:
Khi cho dng in 1 chiu i qua 2 bnh in phn mc ni tip th s mol electron trao i cc
bnh in phn l nh nhau.
Theo gi thit th sau 500 giy th bnh 2 AgNO
3
b in phn ht nn :
n
e trao i
=
Ag
n
+
= 0,001 mol Cng dng in I =
96500.0, 001
500
= 0,193A
111
bnh 1 :
Khi lng Cu bm vo catot l
0, 001
.64 0, 032
2
= gam
Th tch O
2
l
0, 001
.22, 4 5, 6
4
= ml.
p n A.
V d 48: in phn (in cc tr) dung dch X cha 0,2 mol CuSO
4
v 0,12 mol NaCl bng dng
in c cng 2A. Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot sau 9650 giy in phn l :
A. 2,240 lt. B. 2,912 lt. C. 1,792 lt. D. 1,344 lt.
Hng dn gii
Th t oxi ha trn anot : Cl
-
> H
2
O
n
e trao i
=
2.9650
0, 2
96500
= mol
Cc qu trnh oxi ha :
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
mol : 0,12 0,06 0,12
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
mol : 0,02 (0,2 0,12)
Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot l (0,06 + 0,02).22,4 = 1,792 lt.
p n A.
V d 49: in phn c mng ngn 500 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm CuCl
2
0,1M v NaCl 0,5M
(in cc tr, hiu sut in phn 100%) vi c ng dng in 5A trong 3860 giy. Dung dch thu
c sau in phn c kh nng ho tan m gam Al. Gi tr ln nht ca m l
A. 4,05. B. 2,70. C. 1,35. D. 5,40.
Hng dn gii
-
> H
2
O
Th t kh trn caot : Cu
2+
> H
2
O
n
e trao i
=
5.3860
0, 2
96500
= mol > 2.
2
Cu
n
+
= 0,1 mol nn Cu
2+
ht v catot nc b in phn
mt phn
Phn ng in phn ti catot :
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
mol : 0,05 0,1
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ 2OH
-
mol : (0,2 0,1) 0,1
Phn ng ca nhm vi dung dch sau i n phn :
2Al + 2H
2
O + 2OH
-
3H
2
+ 2AlO
2
-
mol : 0,1 0,1
Khi lng Al phn ng l 0,1.27 = 2,7 gam.
p n B.
112
V d 50: in phn 200 ml dung dch Y gm KCl 0,1M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M vi cng dng in
5A trong thi gian 1158 giy, in cc tr , mng ngn xp. Gi s nc bay hi khng ng k.
gim khi lng ca dung dch sau khi in ph n l
Hng dn gii
-
> H
2
O
Th t kh trn caot : Cu
2+
> H
2
O
n
e trao i
=
5.1158
0, 06
96500
= mol
Ta thy : n
e trao i
>
Cl
n

nn ti anot Cl
-
v H
2
O b oxi ha
n
e trao i
< 2.
2
Cu
n
+
nn ti catot ch c Cu
2+
b kh
Qu trnh oxi ha :
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
mol : 0,02 0,01 0,02
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
mol : 0,01 (0,06 0,02) = 0,04
Qu trnh oxi kh :
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
mol : 0,06 0,03
gim khi lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l :
m
gim
=
2 2
Cl O Cu
m m m + + = 0,01.71 + 0,01.32 + 0,03.64 = 2,95 gam.
p n D.
V d 51: in phn 100 ml hn hp dung dch gm Fe(NO
3
)
3
1M, Cu(NO
3
)
3
1M v HCl 2M vi
in cc tr c mng ngn xp cng dng in l 5A trong 2 gi 40 pht 50 giy. Gi s nc
bay hi khng ng k. gim khi lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l
Hng dn gii
-
> H
2
O
Th t kh trn caot : Fe
3+
> Cu
2+
> Fe
2+
> H
2
O
n
e trao i
=
5.(2.3600 40.60 50)
0, 5
96500
+ +
= mol
Qu trnh oxi kh :
Fe
3+
+ 1e Fe
2+
mol : 0,1 0,1 0,1
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
mol : 0,1 0,2 0,1
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
mol : 0,2 0,2 0,1
Nh vy ti catot va kh ht H
+
ca HCl
113
Qu trnh oxi ha :
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
mol : 0,2 0,1 0,2
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
mol : 0,075 0,3
Nh vy ti anot Cl
-
b oxi ha ht, H
2
O b oxi ha mt phn
gim khi lng ca dung dch sau khi in phn l :
m
gim
=
2 2 2
Cl H O Cu
m m m m + + + = 0,1.71 + 0,1.2 + 0,075.32 + 0,1.64 = 16,1 gam.
p n C.
V d 52: Ho tan 55,6 gam tinh th FeSO
4
.7H
2
O vo 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,6M c dung dch
A. Tin hnh in phn dung dch Avi dng in c cng 1,34A trong bn gi. Tnh khi
lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch kh (ktc) thu c anot. Bit hiu sut in phn l
100%.
A. 5,6 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 5,6 gam v 1,792 lt.
C. 2,24 gam v 1,792 lt. D. 2,24 gam v 2,24 lt.
Hng dn gii
S mol FeSO
4
= s mol tinh th FeSO
4
.7H
2
O ban u = 55,6 : 278 = 0,2 mol. S mol HCl ban
u = 0,12 mol.
-
> H
2
O
Th t kh trn caot : H
+
> Fe
2+
> H
2
O
n
e trao i
=
1, 34.4.60.60
0, 2
96500
= mol
Nhn xt : n
e trao i
>
H
n
+ = 0,12 nn H
+
b in phn ht, n
e trao i
<
H
n
+ + 2. 2
Fe
n
+ = 0,52 nn Fe
2+
cha b in phn ht ; n
e trao i
>
Cl
n

= 0,12 nn Cl
-
b in phn ht v anot nc b in phn
mt phn
Phn ng in phn ti catot :
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
mol : 0,12 0,12 0,06
Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe
mol : (0,2 0,12) 0,04
Vy khi lng Fe thu c catot l 2,24 gam
Phn ng in phn ti anot :
2Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e
mol : 0,12 0,06 0,12
2H
2
O 4H
+
+ O
2
+ 4e
mol : 0,02 (0,2 0,12)
Th tch kh (ktc) thot ra anot l (0,06 + 0,02).22,4 = 1,792 lt.
p n C.
114
4. Bi tp p dng :
Cu 1: Ha tan hon ton 2,4 gam kim loi Mg vo dung dch HNO
3
long, gi s ch thu c V lt
kh N
2
l sn phm kh duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,672 lt. B. 6,72lt. C. 0,448 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Cu 2: Ha tan ht 1,84 gam hn hp Cu v Fe trong dung dch HNO
3
to thnh 0,01 mol NO v
0,04 mol NO
2
. S mol Fe v Cu theo th t l :
A. 0,02 v 0,03. B. 0,01 v 0,02. C. 0,01 v 0,03. D. 0,02 v 0,04.
Cu 3: Ha tan 14,8 gam hn hp Fe v Cu vo lng d dung dch hn hp HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4
c
nng. Sau phn ng thu c 10,08 lt NO
2
v 2,24 lt SO
2
(ktc). Khi lng Fe trong hn hp ban
u l :
Cu 4: Cho 18,4 gam hn hp Mg, Fe phn ng vi dung dch HNO
3
d c 5,824 lt hn hp kh
NO, N
2
(ktc) c khi lng l 7,68 gam. Khi lng ca Fe v Mg ln lt l (Bit phn ng khng
to ra mui NH
4
NO
3
) :
Cu 5: Cho m gam Cu phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c 8,96 lt (ktc) hn hp kh NO
v NO
2
c t khi i vi H
2
l 19. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 25,6 gam. B. 16 gam. C. 2,56 gam. D. 8 gam.
Cu 6: Ha tan hon ton 16,2 gam mt kim loi M bng dung dch HNO
3
c 5,6 lt (ktc) hn
hp A nng 7,2 gam gm NO v N
2
. Kim loi M l :
A. Fe. B. Zn. C. Al. D. Cu.
Cu 7: Cho 24,3 gam mt kim loi c ha tr khng i tc dng vi O
2
, thu c 38,7 gam cht rn
X. Ho tan hon ton X bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng, thu c 10,08 lt kh SO
2
(ktc). Kim
loi cho l :
A. Al. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Cu.
Cu 8: Chia 10 gam hn hp gm Mg, Al, Zn thnh hai phn bng nhau. Phn 1 c t chy hon
ton trong O
2
d thu c 21 gam hn hp oxit. Phn hai h a tan trong HNO
3
c, nng d thu c
V lt NO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht) ktc. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 22,4. B. 44,8. C. 89,6. D. 30,8.
Cu 9: t chy hon ton 7,2 gam kim loi M (c ho tr khng i trong hp cht) trong hn hp
kh Cl
2
v O
2
. Sau phn ng thu c 23,0 gam cht rn v th tch hn hp kh phn ng l 5,6
lt ( ktc). Kim loi M l :
A. Mg. B. Ca. C. Be. D. Cu.
Cu 10: Cho 7,84 lt (ktc) hn hp kh oxi v clo tc dng va vi hn hp cha 0,1 mol Mg v
0,3 mol Al thu c m gam hn hp mui clorua v oxit. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 21,7 gam. B. 35,35 gam.
C. 27,55 gam. D. 21,7gam < m < 35,35 gam.
Cu 11: Hn hp kh A gm clo v oxi. A phn ng va ht vi mt hn hp gm 4,8 gam magie v
8,1 gam nhm to ra 37,05 gam hn hp cc mui clorua v oxit hai kim loi. Thnh phn % th tch
ca oxi v clo trong hn hp A l :
A. 26,5% v 73,5%. B. 45% v 55%.
C. 44,44% v 55,56%. D. 25% v 75%.
115
Cu 12: Cho 11,2 lt hn hp kh A gm clo v oxi phn ng va ht vi 16,98 gam hn hp B gm
magie v nhm to ra 42,34 gam hn hp cc mui clorua v oxit hai kim loi. Thnh phn % khi
lng ca magie v nhm trong hn hp B l :
A.48% v 52%. B. 77,74% v 22,26%.
C. 43,15% v 56,85%. D.75% v 25%.
Cu 13: Trn 5,6 gam bt st vi 2,4 gam bt l u hunh ri nung nng trong iu kin khng c
khng kh, thu c hn hp rn Y. Cho Y tc dng vi l ng d dung dch HCl, gii phng hn
hp kh Z v cn li mt phn khng tan G. t chy ho n ton Z v G cn va V lt O
2
(
ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 2,8. B. 3,36. C. 3,08. D. 4,48.
Cu 14: Ho tan ht 9,6 gam kim loi M trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng, thu c SO
2
l sn
2
ny hp th vo 0,5 lt dung dch NaOH 0,6M, sau phn
ng em c cn dung dch c 18,9 gam cht rn. Kim loi M l :
Cu 15: Cho m gam Al tan hon ton trong dung d ch HNO
3
th thy thot ra 11,2 lt (ktc) hn hp
kh A gm 3 kh N
2
, NO, N
2
O c t l s mol tng ng l 2 : 1 : 2. Gi tr m l :
Cu 16: Ha tan 4,59 gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t khi hi
i vi hiro bng 16,75. Th tch NO v N
2
O thu c ktc l :
A. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. B. 2,016 lt v 0,672 lt.
C. 0,672 lt v 2,016 lt. D. 1,972 lt v 0,448 lt.
Cu 17: Ho tan 2,64 gam hn hp Fe v Mg bng dung dch HNO
3
long, d, thu c sn phm
kh l 0,896 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh gm NO v N
2
, c t khi so vi H
2
bng 14,75. Thnh phn %
theo khi lng ca st trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 61,80%. B. 61,82%. C. 38,18%. D. 38,20%.
Cu 18: Ho tan hn hp gm Mg, Al trong V lt dung dch HNO
3
2M va thu c 1,68 lt hn
hp kh X (ktc) gm N
2
O v N
2
. T khi ca X so vi H
2
l 17,2. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,42. B. 0,84. C. 0,48. D. 0,24.
Cu 19: Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO
3
, thu c V lt
2
), dung dch Y (khng cha mui NH
4
NO
3
). T khi ca X
i vi H
2
A. 2,24. B. 4,48 C. 5,60. D. 3,36.
Cu 20: Cho 3,024 gam mt kim loi M tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
long, thu c 940,8 ml kh
(ktc) N
x
O
y
(sn phm kh duy nht) c t khi i vi H
2
bng 22. Kh N
x
O
y
v kim loi M l :
A. N
2
O v Fe. B. NO
2
v Al. C. N
2
O v Al. D. NO v Mg.
Cu 21: Ho tan 62,1 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HNO
3
long thu c 16,8 lt hn hp kh X
(ktc) gm 2 kh khng mu khng ho nu trong khng kh. T khi hi ca X so vi H
2
l 17,2.
Kim loi M l (Bit phn ng khng to ra NH
4
NO
3
):
A. Mg. B. Ag. C. Cu. D. Al.
Cu 22: Cho 11,2 gam hn hp Cu v kim loi M tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 3,136 lt
(ktc). Cng lng hn hp ny cho tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
long thu c 3,92 lt kh
NO (ktc, sn phm kh duy nht). Kim loi M l :
A. Mg. B. Fe. C. Mg hoc Fe. D. Mg hoc Zn.
116
Cu 23: Cho 7,22 gam hn hp X gm Fe v mt kim loi M c ho tr khng i, chia X thnh 2
phn bng nhau : Phn 1 tc dng vi HCl d thu c 2,128 lt kh (ktc) ; Phn 2 cho tc dng vi
dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 1,792 lt NO l sn phm kh duy nht (ktc). Kim loi M v % M
trong hn hp l :
A. Al vi 53,68%. B. Cu vi 25,87%.
C. Zn vi 48,12%. D. Al vi 22,44%.
Cu 24: Ho tan hon ton 8,9 gam hn hp Zn, Mg bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c thu c 1,12 lt
SO
2
(ktc), 1,6 gam S (l nhng sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Khi lng mui khan
trong dung dch X l :
Cu 25: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d, thu c 1,12 lt
(ktc) hn hp kh NO v NO
2
c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra
l :
Cu 26: Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp 3 kim loi cha r ha tr bng dung dch HNO
3
thu
c V lt hn hp kh A (ktc) gm NO
2
v NO (khng sinh ra mui NH
4
NO
3
). T khi hi ca A
so vi H
2
bng 18,2. Tng s gam mui khan to th nh theo m v V l :
A. m+6,0893V. B. m+ 3,2147. C. m+2,3147V. D. m+6,1875V.
Cu 27: Ha tan hon ton 12,42 gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
long (d), thu c dung dch X
v 1,344 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh Y gm hai kh l N
2
O v N
2
. T khi ca hn hp kh Y so vi kh
H
2
l 18. C cn dung dch X, thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 97,98. B. 106,38. C. 38,34. D. 34,08.
Cu 28: Chia hn hp gm Mg v MgO thnh 2 phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thu c 3,136 lt H
2
(ktc), dung dch sau phn
ng cha 14,25 gam mui.
- Phn 2: Cho tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu dc 0,448 lt kh X nguyn cht (ktc). C
cn cn thn v lm kh dung dch sau phn ng thu c 23 gam mui.
Cng thc phn t ca kh X l :
A. N
2
O. B. NO
2
. C. N
2
. D. NO.
Cu 29: Cho hn hp A gm 0,200 mol Al, 0,350 mol Fe phn ng ht vi V lt dung dch HNO
3
1M, thu c dung dch B, hn hp G gm 0,050 mol N
2
O v 0,040 mol N
2
v cn 2,800 gam kim
loi. Gi tr V l :
A. 1,200. B. 1,480. C. 1,605. D. 1,855.
Cu 30: 0,15 mol oxit st tc dng vi HNO
3
un nng, d, thy thot ra 0,05 mol NO. Cng thc
oxit st l :
A. FeO. B. Fe
2
O
3
. C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. FeO hoc Fe
3
O
4
.
Cu 31: Cho 0,01 mol mt hp cht ca st tc dng ht vi H
2
SO
4
c nng, d, ch thot ra kh
SO
2
vi th tch 0,112 lt (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Cng thc ca hp cht st l :
A. FeS. B. FeO. C. FeS
2
. D. FeCO
3
.
Cu 32: Ho tan hon ton m gam Fe
3
O
4
vo dung dch HNO
3
long d, tt c lng kh NO thu
c em oxi ho thnh NO
2
ri sc vo nc cng dng kh O
2
chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
. Cho
bit th tch kh oxi (ktc) tham gia qu trnh trn l 3,36 lt. Gi tr ca m l :
117
Cu 33: a. Cho hn hp cha x mol Mg, y mol Fe vo dung dch cha z mol CuSO
4
. Sau khi kt
thc cc phn ng thu c cht rn gm 2 kim loi. Mi quan h gia x, y, z l :
A. x < z < y. B. z x. C. x z < x +y. D. z = x + y.
b. Cho a mol kim loi Mg vo dung dch hn hp cha b mol CuSO
4
v c mol FeSO
4
. Kt thc phn
ng dung dch thu c cha 2 mui. Mi quan h gia a, b, c l :
A. a
>
b. B. b s a < b +c. C. b s a s b +c. D. b < a < 0,5(b + c).
Cu 34: Cho x mol Al v y mol Zn vo dung d ch cha z mol Fe
2+
v t mol Cu
2+
. Cho bit 2t/3 < x.
Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. iu kin ca y theo x, z, t dung dch thu c c cha 3 loi ion
kim loi l :
A. y < z 3x + t. B. y < z + t 3x/2.
C. y < 2z + 3x t. D. y < 2z 3x + 2t.
Cu 35: Cho hn hp gm 1,2 mol Mg v x mol Zn vo dung dch cha 2 mol Cu
2+
v 1 mol Ag
+
n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c mt dung dch cha ba ion kim loi. Trong cc gi
tr sau y, gi tr no ca x tho mn trng hp trn ?
A. 2. B. 1,2. C. 1,5. D. 1,8.
Cu 36: Cho hn hp bt gm 9,6 gam Cu v 2,8 gam Fe vo 550 ml dung dch AgNO
3
1M. Sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l (bit th t trong dy th
in ho: Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
ng trc Ag
+
/Ag) :
A. 54,0. B. 48,6. C. 32,4. D. 59,4.
Cu 37: Cho 0,3 mol Magie vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp cha Fe(NO
3
)
3
2M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M, sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng kim loi thu c l :
A. 12 gam. B. 11,2 gam C. 13,87 gam. D. 16,6 gam.
Cu 38: Cho 6,48 gam bt kim loi nhm vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
1M v ZnSO
4
0,8M. Sau khi kt thc phn ng, thu c m gam hn hp cc kim loi. Gi tr ca m l :
Cu 39: Cho hn hp X (dng bt) gm 0,01 mol Al v 0,025 mol Fe tc dng vi 400 ml dung d ch
hn hp Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,05M v AgNO
3
0,125M. Kt thc phn ng, lc kt ta cho nc lc tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH d thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
Cu 40: Cho hn hp gm 0,01 mol Al v 0,02 mol Mg tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch cha AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c m gam cht rn X gm 3 kim loi, X tc
dng hon ton vi HNO
3
c, d thu c V lt NO
2
( ktc l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca
V l :
A. 1,232. B. 1,456. C. 1,904. D. 1,568.
Cu 41: Cho 5,4 gam Al vo dung dch cha 0,15 mol HCl v 0,3 mol CuSO
4
, sau mt thi gian thu
c 1,68 lt H
2
(ktc), dung dch Y, cht rn Z. Cho dung dch Y tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
d
thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Khi l ng ca cht rn Z l :
Cu 42: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,2 M vi I = 9,65A (Hiu sut in phn l 100%).
Khi lng Cu bm ln catot khi thi gian in phn t
1
= 200 giy, t
2
= 500 giy ln lt l :
4
nng 0,5M vi in cc tr mt thi gian th thy
khi lng catot tng 1 gam. Nu dng dng in mt chiu c cng 1A (Hiu sut in phn l
100%), th thi gian in phn ti thiu l :
A. 0,45 gi. B. 40 pht 15 giy. C. 0,65 gi. D. 50 pht 15 giy.
118
4
vi in cc tr bng dng in mt chiu vi cng
dng in l 9,65A. Khi th tch kh thot ra c hai in cc u l 1,12 lt (ktc) th dng in
phn. Khi lng kim loi sinh ra catot v thi gian in phn l (Hiu sut in phn l 100%) :
A. 3,2 gam v 2000 giy. B. 2,2 gam v 800 giy.
C. 6,4 gam v 3600 giy. D. 5,4 gam v 800 giy.
Cu 45: C hai bnh in phn mc ni tip: Bnh 1 cha 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,1M ; Bnh 2
cha 100 ml dung dch NaCl 0,1M tin h nh in phn c mng ngn cho ti khi bnh hai to ra
dung dch c pH=13 th ngng in phn. Gi s th tch dung dch hai b nh khng i. Nng
mol ca Cu
2+
trong dung dch bnh 1 sau in phn l (Hiu sut in phn l 100%):
A. 0,04M. B. 0,10M. C. 0,05M. D. 0,08M.
Cu 46: C hai bnh in phn mc ni tip nhau. Bnh 1 cha dung dch CuCl
2
, bnh 2 cha dung
dch AgNO
3
. Tin hnh in phn vi in cc tr (Hiu sut in phn l 100%), kt thc in phn
thy catot ca bnh 1 tng ln 1,6 gam. Khi lng catot ca bnh 2 tng ln l :
Cu 47: C 2 bnh in phn mc ni tip bnh 1 cha CuCl
2
, bnh 2 cha AgNO
3
. Khi anot ca
bnh 1 thot ra 22,4 lt mt kh duy nht th anot ca bnh 2 thot ra bao nhiu lt kh ? (Bi t cc th
tch o cng iu kin, hiu sut in phn l 100%).
A. 11,2 lt. B. 22,4 lt. C. 33,6 lt. D. 44,8 lt.
4
0,2M v AgNO
3
0,1M vi cng dng in 3,86A
(Hiu sut in phn l 100%). Thi gian in phn c 1,72 gam kim loi bm tr n catot l
1,72 gam (Hiu sut in phn l 100%).
A. 250 giy. B. 1000 giy. C. 500 giy. D. 750 giy.
Cu 49: in phn 100 ml hn hp dung dch gm FeCl
3
1M, FeCl
2
2M, CuCl
2
1M v HCl 2M vi
in cc tr c mng ngn xp vi cng dng in l 5A trong 2 gi 40 pht 50 giy (Hiu sut
in phn l 100%). Khi lng kim loi thu c catot l :
A. 5,6 gam Fe. B. 2,8 gam Fe. C. 6,4 gam Cu. D. 4,6 gam Cu.
Cu 50: in phn dung dch cha 0,2 mol FeSO
4
v 0,06 mol HCl vi cng dng in 1,34A
trong 2 gi (in cc tr, c mng ngn). B qua s ho tan ca clo trong nc v coi hiu sut in
phn l 100%. Khi lng kim loi thot ra catot v th tch kh thot ra anot (ktc) ln l t l :
A. 1,12 gam Fe v 0,896 lt hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
B. 1,12 gam Fe v 1,12 lt hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
C. 11,2 gam Fe v 1,12 lt hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
D. 1,12 gam Fe v 8,96 lt hn hp kh Cl
2
v O
2
.
Cu 51: in phn mng ngn, in cc tr 100 ml dung dch cha CuSO
4
v NaCl u c nng
0,1M vi cng dng in 0,5A (Hiu sut in phn l 100%), sau thi gian t thu c dung
dch c pH = 1. Gi s th tch ca dung dch sau in phn khng thay i so vi th tch ca dung
dch ban u. Gi tr ca t l :
A. 3860 giy. B. 1930 giy. C. 2132 giy. D. 3212 giy.
Cu 52: in phn dung dch hn hp gm 0,1 mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
v 0,06 mol HCl vi cng dng
in 1,34 A trong 2 gi vi in cc tr (Hiu sut in phn l 100%). Khi lng kim loi thot ra
catot v th tch kh thot ra anot l :
A. 3,2 gam v 0,896 lt. B. 6,4 gam v 0,896 lt.
C. 0,32 gam v 0,896 lt. D. 6,4 gam v 8,96 lt.
Cu 53: Trong bnh in phn cc tr cha 200 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M.
ng mch in th cng dng in chy qua mch l 5A, hiu sut in phn l 100%. Sau 19
pht 18 giy ta ngt dng in. Khi lng kim loi bm vo catot l :
119
Cu 54: Trong bnh in phn cc tr cha 200 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M.
ng mch in th cng dng in chy qua mch l 5A, hiu sut in phn l 100%. Sau 19
pht 18 giy th ngt dng in. Th tch kh thot ra anot l :
A. 0,672 lt. B. 0,56 lt. C. 0,224 lt. D. 0,336 lt.
Cu 55: Cho hn hp gm Na v Al c t l s mol tng ng l 1 : 2 vo nc d. Sau khi cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 8,96 lt kh H
2
(ktc) v m gam cht rn khng tan. Gi tr ca
m l :
A. 10,8. B. 5,4. C. 7,8. D. 43,2.
Cu 56: Ly m gam A gm Na, Al chia lm 2 phn bng nhau : Phn 1 cho vo nc cho n khi
ht phn ng thy thot ra 0,448 lt kh H
2
(ktc) ; phn 2 cho vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d n khi ht
phn ng thy thot ra 3,472 lt kh H
2
Cu 57: t nng mt hn hp gm Al v 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
(trong iu kin khng c khng kh) n
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp rn X. Cho X tc dng va vi V ml dung dch
NaOH 1M sinh ra 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 150. B. 100. C. 200. D. 300.
Cu 58: Mt hn hp X gm Al v Fe
2
O
3
. Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm hon ton thu c hn
hp Y. em Y tan ht trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
thu c 7,84 lt H
2
(ktc). Nu cho Y tc dng NaOH
d thy c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc). Khi lng Al trong hn hp X l :
Cu 59: Mt hn hp Al v Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng l 26,8 gam. Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (phn
ng hon ton) thu c cht rn X. Chia X lm 2 phn bng nhau : Phn 1 tc dng vi NaOH cho
ra kh H
2
. Phn cn li tc dng vi dung dch HCl d cho ra 5,6 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Khi lng ca
nhm v oxit st trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 12,7 gam Al ; 14,1 gam Fe
2
O
3
. B. 10,8 gam Al ; 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
.
C. 15,4 gam Al ; 11,4 gam Fe
2
O
3
. D. 17,1 gam Al ; 9,7 gam Fe
2
O
3
.
Cu 60: Mt hn hp gm Al v Fe
2
O
3
thc hin phn ng nhit nhm. Phn ng ho n ton cho ra
cht rn X. X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d cho ra 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc) li cht rn Y. cho Y tc
dng vi H
2
SO
4
long, d, thy gii phng 8,96 lt kh (ktc). Khi l ng ca Al v Fe
2
O
3
trong hn
hp X ln lt l :
A. 13,5 gam; 32 gam. B. 10,8 gam ; 16 gam.
C. 13,5 gam ; 16 gam. D. 6,75 gam; 32 gam.
Cu 61: Trn 0,54 gam bt nhm vi bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm thu c
hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO
3
c hn hp kh gm NO v NO
2
c t l
s mol tng ng l 1 : 3. Th tch (ktc) kh NO v NO
2
ln lt l :
A. 0,224 lt v 0,672 lt. B. 0,672 lt v 0,224 lt.
C. 2,24 lt v 6,72 lt. D. 6,72 lt v 2,24 lt.
Cu 62: Trn u 10,8 gam Al vi hn hp Fe
2
O
3
, CuO, Cr
2
O
3
ri t nng tin hnh phn ng
nhit nhm thu c hn hp X. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
un nng thu
c V lt (ktc) hn hp kh NO, NO
2
c t khi so vi hiro l 21. V c gi tr l :
A. 20,16 lt. B. 17,92 lt. C. 16,8 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Cu 63: Kh 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
bng kh CO nhit cao thu c hn hp rn X, cho hn hp X tc
dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 1,12 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Th tch kh CO
2
(ktc) to
ra khi kh Fe
2
O
3
l :
A. 1,68 lt. B. 6,72 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 1,12 lt.
120
Cu 64: Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c
6,96 gam hn hp rn X, cho X tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
0,1M va thu c dung dch
Y v 2,24 lt hn hp kh Z gm NO v NO
2
c t khi so vi hiro l 21,8.
a. m c gi tr l :
A. 8 gam. B. 7,5 gam. C. 7 gam. D. 8,5 gam.
b. Th tch dung dch HNO
3
dng l :
A. 4 lt. B. 1 lt. C. 1,5 lt. D. 2 lt.
Cu 65: Cho m gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Zn (c cng s mol) tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu
c dung dch Y v V lt H
2
(ktc). Mt khc oxi ha m gam hn hp X cn V lt Cl
2
(ktc).
Bit VV=2,016 lt. C cn dung dch Y thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan ?
Cu 66: Ha tan m gam FeSO
4
vo nc c dung dch A. Cho nc Clo d vo dung dch A, sau
khi phn ng kt thc thu c dung dch B. C cn dung dch B thu c m+6,39 gam hn hp 2
mui khan. Nu ha tan m gam FeSO
4
vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d th dung dch thu c ny
lm mt mu va bao nhiu ml dung dch KMnO
4
1M ?
A. 40 ml. B. 36 ml. C. 48 ml. D. 28 ml.
Cu 67: Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam bt st trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d thu c dung dch A.
phn ng ht vi mui Fe
2+
trong dung dch A cn dng ti thiu bao nhiu gam KMnO
4
?
A. 3,67 gam, B. 6,32 gam, C. 9,18 gam D. 10,86 gam.
Cu 68: Ha tan 5,6 gam Fe bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d thu c dung dch X. Dung dch X
phn ng va vi V ml dung dch KMnO
4
0,5M. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 20 ml. B. 80 ml. C. 40 ml. D. 60 ml.
Cu 69: Th tch dung dch FeSO
4
0,5M cn thit phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch cha
KMnO
4
0,2M v K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,1M mi trng axit l :
A. 0,16 lt. B. 0,32 lt. C. 0,08 lt. D. 0,64 lt.
Cu 70: Cho dung dch X cha 0,1 mol FeCl
2
, 0,2 mol FeSO
4
. Th tch dung dch KMnO
4
0,8M
trong H
2
SO
4
long va oxi ha ht cc cht trong X l :
A. 0,075 lt. B. 0,125 lt. C. 0,3 lt. D. 0,03 lt.
Cu 71: Cho 6,72 gam Fe vo 400 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M, n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu
c kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. Dung dch X c th ho tan ti a m gam Cu.
Gi tr ca m l :
A. 1,92. B. 3,20. C. 0,64. D. 3,84.
Cu 72: Cho m gam Fe vo dung dch cha ng thi H
2
SO
4
v HNO
3
thu c dung dch X v
4,48 lt NO (duy nht). Thm tip H
2
SO
4
vo X th li thu c thm 1,792 lt kh NO duy nht na
v dung dch Y. Dung dch Y ho tan va ht 8,32 gam Cu khng c kh bay ra (cc kh o ktc).
Khi lng ca Fe cho vo l :
Cu 73: Cho hn hp gm 2 gam Fe v 3 gam Cu vo dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,448 lt NO (sn
phm kh duy nht, ktc). Khi l ng mui trong dung dch sau phn ng l :
Cu 74: Hn hp X gm Cu v Fe c t l khi lng tng ng l 7:3. Ly m gam X phn ng
hon ton vi dung dch cha 0,7 mol HNO
3
. Sau phn ng cn li 0,75m gam cht rn v c 0,25
mol kh Y gm NO v NO
2
. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 40,5. B. 50,4. C. 50,2. D. 50.
121
Cu 75: Cho hn hp gm 1,12 gam Fe v 1,92 gam Cu vo 400 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm
H
2
SO
4
0,5M v NaNO
3
0,2M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X cha m
gam mui v kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Cho V ml dung dch NaOH 1M v o dung dch X th
lng kt ta thu c l ln nht. Gi tr ti thiu ca V l :
A. 240. B. 120. C. 360. D. 400.
Cu 76: Cho 2a mol bt Fe tc dng vi dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
sau khi phn ng kt thc thu
c dung dch X v 14,4 gam cht rn Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
thy gii phng kh
NO l sn phm kh duy nht. ha tan ht cht rn Y cn :
a. Ti thiu bao nhiu ml dung dch HNO
3
1M ?
A. 480 ml. B. 640 ml. C. 360 ml. D. 800 ml.
b. Ti a bao nhiu ml dung dch HNO
3
1M (Bit HNO
3
khng d sau phn ng) ?
A. 680 ml. B. 640 ml. C. 760 ml. D. 800 ml.
Cu 77: Ho tan hon ton 10,4 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi R (c ha tr khng i) bng
dung dch HCl thu c 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc). Mt khc, nu cho A tc dng hon ton vi dung dch
HNO
3
long, d th thu c 1,96 lt N
2
O l sn phm kh duy nht (ktc). Kim loi R l :
A. Al. B. Mg. C. Zn. D. Ca.
Cu 78: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800,00 ml dung dch hn hp gm AgNO
3
0,20M v HNO
3
0,25M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 1,40m gam hn hp kim loi v V lt kh NO (l
sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l :
A. 21,50 v 1,12. B. 25,00 v 2,24. C. 8,60 v 1,12. D. 28,73 v 2,24.
Cu 79: t chy x mol Fe bi oxi thu c 5,04 gam hn hp (A) gm cc oxit st. Ha tan hon
ton (A) trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,035 mol hn hp (Y) gm NO v NO
2
. T khi hi ca
Y i vi H
2
l 19. Gi tr ca x l :
Cu 80: Nung x gam Fe trong khng kh thu c 104,8 gam hn hp rn A gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
. Ha tan A trong dung dch HNO
3
d, thu c dung dch B v 12,096 lt hn hp kh NO v
NO
2
(ktc) c t khi i vi He l 10,167. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 74,8. B. 87,4. C. 47,8. D. 78,4.
Cu 81: Cho 61,2 gam hn hp X gm Cu v Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
long, un nng
v khuy u. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra ho n ton, thu c 3,36 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht, ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,4 gam kim loi. C cn dung dch Y, thu c m gam mui
khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 97,5. B. 108,9. C. 137,1. D.151,5.
Cu 82: Cho hn hp gm FeO, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
c s mol 3 cht u bng nhau tc dng ht vi dung
dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh gm 0,09 mol NO
2
v 0,05 mol NO. S mol ca mi cht l :
A. 0,36. B. 0,24. C. 0,12. D. 0,21.
Cu 83: Ha tan hon ton y gam mt oxit st bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng thy thot ra kh SO
2
duy nht.
Trong th nghim khc, sau khi kh hon ton cng y gam oxit bng CO nhit cao ri h a
tan lng st to thnh bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng th thu c lng kh SO
2
nhiu gp 9 ln lng kh
SO
2
th nghim trn. Cng thc ca oxit st l :
A. FeO. B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. FeCO
3
.
Cu 84: Cho 36 gam hn hp Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng hon ton vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng d
thy thot ra 5,6 lt kh SO
2
ktc (sn phm kh duy nht). S mol H
2
SO
4
phn ng l :
A. 0,5 mol. B. 1 mol. C.1,5 mol. D. 0,75 mol.
122
Cu 85: Ho tan 20,8 gam hn hp bt gm FeS, FeS
2
, S bng dung dch HNO
3
c nng d thu
c 53,76 lt NO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc v dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH d, lc ly ton b kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi l ng khng i th khi
lng cht rn thu c l :
A. 16 gam. B. 9 gam. C. 8,2 gam. D. 10,7 gam.
Cu 86: Ha tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,02 mol FeS
2
v 0,03 mol FeS vo lng d H
2
SO
4
c
nng thu c Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, SO
2
v H
2
O. Hp th ht SO
2
bng mt lng va dung dch KMnO
4
thu c dung dch Y khng mu, trong sut, c pH = 2. Th tch ca dung dch l :
A. V
dd
(Y) = 57 lt. B. V
dd
(Y) = 22,8 lt.
C. V
dd
(Y) = 2,27 lt. D. V
dd
(Y) = 28,5 lt.
Cu 87: Ho tan hon ton m gam Fe
x
O
y
bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c kh A v dung
dch B. Cho kh A hp th hon ton bi dung dch NaOH d to ra 12,6 gam mui. Mt khc, c
cn dung dch B th thu c 120 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca st oxit Fe
x
O
y
l :
A. FeO. B. Fe
3
O
4
. C. Fe
2
O
3
. D. FeO hoc Fe
3
O
4
.
Cu 88: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng mt thi gian, thu c
13,92 gam cht rn X gm Fe, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO v Fe
2
O
3
. Ho tan ht X bng HNO
3
c nng thu c
5,824 lt NO
2
Cu 89: Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu
c hn hp X nng 44,64 gam gm Fe
3
O
4
, FeO, Fe v Fe
2
O
3
d. Ho tan ht X bng HNO
3
long
thu c 3,136 lt NO (ktc). Gi tr ca m l :
Cu 90: Thi kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau phn ng thu c m
1
gam
cht rn Y gm 4 cht. Ho tan ht cht rn Y bng dung dch HNO
3
(sn phm kh duy nht, o iu kin chun) v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z thu c
m
1
+16,68 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l :
123
CHUYN 7 : PHNG PHP QUY I
I. Quy i cht
1. Nguyn tc p dng :
Trong mt s bi tp m bi cho mt hn hp gm nhiu cht th ta c th quy i thnh mt
hn hp t cht hn nhng vn phi m bo thnh phn nguyn t v khi lng nh trong hn hp
ban u.
- Nu bi cho hn hp gm cc cht Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO th ta c th quy i thnh hn hp
FeO v Fe
2
O
3
.
- Nu bi cho hn hp gm cc cht Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO th ta c th quy i thnh hn hp FeO
v Fe
2
O
3
.
- Nu bi cho hn hp gm cc cht Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO vi s mol FeO v Fe
2
O
3
bng nhau th
ta c th quy i thnh Fe
3
O
4
.
- Khi bi cho mt hn hp cc cht m ch c to thnh t 2 hoc 3 nguyn t ha hc th ta
quy i hn hp cc cht thnh hn hp ca cc nguyn t.
V d : + Hn hp gm Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO c th quy i thnh hn hp gm Fe v O
+ Hn hp gm FeS, FeS
2
, Fe, S c th quy i thnh hn hp gm Fe v S
+ Hn hp gm CuS, Cu
2
S, Cu, S c th quy i thnh hn hp gm Cu v S
+ Hn hp gm cc hirocacbon bt k c th quy i thnh hn hp gm C v H
- Khi bi cho hn hp phn t O
2
v O
3
th ta quy i thnh nguyn t O
- Khi bi cho oleum H
2
SO
4
.nH
2
O ta c th quy i thnh H
2
O.xSO
3
- Khi bi cho hn hp cc cht (t 3 cht tr l n) m trong c mt s cht c khi l ng phn
t bng nhau th ta quy i nhng cht c cng khi lng phn t thnh mt cht.
V d : + Hn hp NaHCO
3
, KHCO
3
, MgCO
3
c th quy i thnh hn hp NaHCO
3
v KHCO
3
hoc thnh hn hp NaHCO
3
v MgCO
3
(v KHCO
3
v MgCO
3
u c khi lng phn t bng 40)
2. Cc v d minh ha :
V d 2: ho tan hon ton 23,2 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
(trong s mol FeO
bng s mol Fe
2
O
3
), cn dng va V lt dung dch HCl 0,5M. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,8. B. 0,8. C. 2,3. D. 1,6.
Hng dn gii
V s mol ca FeO v Fe
2
O
3
trong hn hp bng nhau nn ta quy i hn hp FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
thnh Fe
3
O
4
.
Ta c
3 4
Fe O
n =
23, 3
233
= 0,1 mol
Phng trnh phn ng:
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl FeCl
2
+ 2FeCl
3
+ 4H
2
O (1)
mol: 0,1 0,8
V
dd HCl
=
0, 8
0, 5
= 1,6 lt.
p n D.
124
V d 3: Cho m gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
2
v 9,75 gam
FeCl
3
. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 9,12. B. 8,75. C. 7,80. D. 6,50.
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
thnh FeO v Fe
2
O
3
.
Phng trnh phn ng:
FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
mol: 0,06 0,06
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
mol: 0,03 0,06
T (1) v (2) m = 0,06.72 + 0,03.160 = 9,12 gam.
p n A.
V d 2: Ho tan 4,18 gam oleum X H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
vo nc ngi ta phi dng 1 lt dung dch KOH
0,1 M trung ho dung dch X. Cng thc phn t oleum X l cng thc no sau y :
A. H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
. B. H
2
SO
4
.2SO
3
. C. H
2
SO
4
.4SO
3
. D.H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
.
Hng dn gii
Quy i oleum X thnh H
2
O. xSO
3
(V c th coi H
2
SO
4
l H
2
O. SO
3
)
S phn ng :
H
2
O. xSO
3
2
H O +
H
2
SO
4
KOH +
K
2
SO
4
3 2 3 2 4 2 4 3
2 2 4 2
3 2 4 3
SO trong H O.xSO H SO K SO KOH SO
H O H SO trong oleum X H O
SO trong oleum X H SO SO
1
Ta c: n n n .n 0, 05 mol m 4 gam
2
m 4,18 4 0,18 gam n n 0, 01 gam
4,18 0, 01.98
n 0, 04 mol n : n 1: 4 n 4
80
= = = = =
= = = =
= = = =
p n C.
V d 12: Hn hp A gm O
2
v O
3
c t khi so vi hiro l 20. Hn hp B gm H
2
v CO c t
khi so vi hiro l 3,6. Th tch kh A (ktc) cn dng t chy hon ton 4 mol kh B l :
A. 19,38 lt. B. 28 lt. C. 35,84 lt. D. 16,8 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp A thnh O, ta c
2 3
(O ,O )
m = m
O
Phng trnh phn ng:
H
2
+ O H
2
O
CO + O CO
n
O
= n
( CO, H
2
)
= 4 mol.
m
( O
2
, O
3
)
= m
O
= 4.16 = 64 gam.
n
A
=
64
1, 6 mol
20.2
=
V
A
= 1,6.22,4 = 35,84 lt.
p n B.
125
V d 4: Nung 8,4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau ph n ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe,
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO. Ha tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO
3
2
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3
Phng trnh phn ng:
FeO + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
mol: 0,1 0,1
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
mol: x
p dng nh lut bo ton i vi nguyn t Fe ta c :
2 3
FeO Fe O Fe
n 2.n n 0,1 2x 0,15 x 0, 025 + = + = =
Vy
2
h X
m = 0,1.72 + 0,025.160 = 11,2 gam.
p n A.
Lu : - Vn c th quy hn hp X v hai cht (FeO v Fe
3
O
4
) hoc (Fe v FeO), hoc (Fe v
Fe
3
O
4
) hoc (Fe v Fe
2
O
3
) nhng vic gii tr nn phc tp hn (c th l ta phi t n s mol mi
cht, lp h phng trnh, gii h phng trnh hai n s).
- Trong bi ton quy i khi tnh ton ra kt qu th s mol ca mt trong cc cht trong hn
hp c th b m nhng kt qu ca bi ton khng c g thay i so vi khi gii bng cc phng
php khc.
V d 8: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X
trong dung dch HNO
3
(d) thot ra 0,56 lt NO ( ktc) (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
:
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp cht rn X v hai cht FeO, Fe
2
O
3
Phng trnh phn ng:
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O
mol: 0,075 0,075 0,025
2 3
Fe O
m = 3 72.0,075 = 2,4 gam
2 3
Fe O
m 0, 015 mol =
2 3
Fe ( trong Fe O v FeO)
n 0, 015.2 0, 075 0, 045 mol = + =
m
Fe
= 56.0,045 = 2,52 gam.
p n A.
126
V d 10: Nung 8,96 gam Fe trong khng kh c hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. A ha tan
va ht trong dung dch cha 0,5 mol HNO
3
, bay ra kh NO l sn phm kh duy nht. S mol NO
bay ra l :
A. 0,01. B. 0,04. C. 0,03. D. 0,02.
Hng dn gii
Fe
8, 96
n 0,16
56
= = mol
Quy hn hp A gm (FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
) thnh hn hp (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
) ta c phng trnh:
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
mol: x
10x
3

x
3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
mol: y 6y
Theo gi thit v p dng nh lut bo ton i vi nguyn t Fe ta c:
x 2y 0,16
10x
6y 0, 5
3
+ =
+ =

x 0, 06
y 0, 05
=
NO
0,06
n 0,02
3
= = mol.
p n D.
Nhn xt : Bi ny nn p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t th gii nhanh hn:
3 3 3
HNO Fe( NO ) NO NO
n 3.n n n 0, 02 mol = + =
V d 5: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng HNO
3
c nng thu c 4,48
lt kh NO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan gi tr ca m l :
Hng dn gii
3 3
Fe( NO )
145, 2
n
242
= = 0,6 mol.
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3
Phng trnh phn ng:
FeO + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
mol: 0,2 0,2 0,2
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
mol: 0,2 0,4
Vy ta c : m
X
= 0,2.(72 + 160) = 46,4 gam.
p n B.
127
V d 7: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
th cn 0,05 mol H
2
. Mt
khc ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng th thu c th tch
kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht ktc) l :
A. 224 ml. B. 448 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3
vi s mol ln lt l x, y
Phng trnh phn ng:
FeO + H
2
o
t
Fe + H
2
O
mol: x x
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
o
t
2Fe + 3H
2
O
mol: y 3y
Theo phng trnh v gi thit ta c :
x 3y 0,05
72x 160y 3,04
+ =
+ =

x 0, 02
y 0, 01
=
2FeO + 4H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 4H
2
O
mol: 0,02 0,01
Vy:
2
SO
V = 0,01.22,4 = 0,224 lt (hay 224 ml).
p n A.
V d 6: Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c nng
thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO
2
(ktc).
a. Tnh phn trm khi lng oxi trong hn hp X.
A. 40,24%. B. 30,7%. C. 20,97%. D. 37,5%.
b. Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Y.
A. 160 gam. B.140 gam. C. 120 gam. D. 100 gam.
Hng dn gii
a. Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO, Fe
2
O
3
Phng trnh phn ng:
2 4 2 4 3 2 2
2 3 2 4 2 4 3 2
2FeO 4H SO Fe (SO ) SO 4H O
mol : 0, 8 0, 4 0, 4
Fe O 3H SO Fe (SO ) 3H O
mol : 0, 05 0, 05
+ + +

+ +

2 3
Fe O
m = 49,6 0,8.72 = 8 gam
2 3
Fe O
m = 0,05 mol
n
O (X)
= 0,8 + 3.(0,05) = 0,65 mol.
Vy ta c :
O
0, 65.16.100
%m
49, 9
= = 20,97%.
p n C.
b.
2 4 3
Fe (SO )
m = [0,4 + (-0,05)].400 = 140 gam.
p n B.
128
V d 11: Ha tan hon ton 30,4 gam cht rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu
2
S v S bng dung dch HNO
3
d, thot ra 20,16 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch Y thu
c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 81,55. B. 110,95. C. 115,85. D. 104,20.
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp X thnh hn hp Cu v S.
Qu trnh oxi ha :
Cu Cu
+2
+ 2e
mol: x x 2x
S S
+6
+ 6e
mol: y y 6y
Qu trnh oxi kh :
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
mol: 3.0,9 0,9
Ta c h phng trnh:
2x 6y 0, 9.3
64x 32y 30, 4
+ =
+ =

x 0, 3 mol
y 0, 35 mol
=
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
0,35 0,35
Cu
2+
+ 2OH
-
Cu(OH)
2
0,3 0,3
Vy m = 0,35.233 + 0,3. 98 = 110,95 gam.
p n B.
V d 9: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo
dung dch Y gm (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v th
tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt. C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X thnh hn hp Y gm: 0,2 mol Fe
3
O
4
v 0,1 mol Fe 0,1
Phn ng ca hn hp Y vi H
+
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
mol: 0,2 0,2 0,4
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
|
mol: 0,1 0,1
Dung dch Z: (Fe
2+
: 0,3 mol; Fe
3+
: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
:
3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO
|
+ 2H
2
O
mol: 0,3 0,1 0,1
V
NO
= 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt.
3 2
3
Cu( NO )
NO
1
n n
2

= = 0,05 mol
2
3 2
d Cu( NO )
0,05
V
1
= = 0,05 lt (hay 50 ml).
p n C.
129
V d 1: Ha tan 14,52 gam hn hp X gm NaHCO
3
, KHCO
3
, MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu
c 3,36 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng KCl to thnh trong dung dch sau phn ng l :
A. 8,94. B. 16,17. C. 7,92. D. 11,79.
Hng dn gii
Quy i hn hp X thnh hn hp NaHCO
3
v KHCO
3
(v KLPT ca MgCO
3
v NaHCO
3
bng
nhau).
NaHCO
3
+ HCl NaCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
x x x
KHCO
3
+ HCl KCl + H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
y y y
Ta c h phng trnh :
x y 0,15
84x 100y 14, 52
+ =
+ =

x 0, 03
y 0,12
=
Vy m
KCl
= 0,12. 74,5 = 8,94 gam.
p n A.
II. Quy i phn ng
1. Nguyn tc p dng :
- i vi cc dng bi tp cho hn hp cc cht phn ng vi dung dch HNO
3
hoc dung dch
H
2
SO
4
c, ta c th quy i thnh phn ng ca hn hp vi O
2
hoc Cl
2
. Sau p dng
nh lut bo ton electron Tng s mol electron m hn hp nhng cho
5
N
+
hoc
6
S
+
bng tng s
mol electron m hn hp nhng cho O
2
. T tm ra mi lin quan v s mol ca cc oxit
phn ng vi O
2
vi s mol ca cc mui trong phn ng vi ax it, ri suy ra kt qu m bi yu
cu.
2. Cc v d minh ha :
Dnh cho hc sinh lp 11 v 12
V d 13: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng ht vi dung dch
HNO
3
long d thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht kt c) v dung dch X. C cn
dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 35,5. B. 34,6. C. 49,09. D. 38,72.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c :
X + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O (1)
Ta quy i phn ng trn thnh :
X + O
2
Fe
2
O
3
(2)
Nhn thy sau cc phn ng (1) v (2), Fe u c s oxi ha l +3 nn s mol electron m X cho
HNO
3
bng s mol electron m X cho O
2
.
3.
NO
n = 4.
2
O
n n
O
2
= 0,045 mol m
O
2
= 0,045.32 = 1,44 gam.
Theo LBTKL ta c:
2 3
Fe O
m = m
X
+
2
O
m = 12,8 gam
2 3
Fe O
n = 0,08 mol
Do nguyn t c bo ton nn
3 3
Fe( NO )
n = 2.
2 3
Fe O
n = 0,16 mol.
Vy m =
3 3
Fe( NO )
m = 0,16.180 = 38,72 gam.
p n D.
130
V d 14: Ha tan hon ton 10,44 gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c dung
2
mui sunfat khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 29. B. 52,2. C. 58,0. D. 54,0.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c :
X + H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
X + O
2
Fe
2
O
3
(2)
Nhn thy sau cc phn ng (1) v (2), Fe u c s oxi ha l +3 nn s mol electron m X cho
H
2
SO
4
2
.
2 2 2 2
SO O O O
2.n 4.n n 0, 03625 mol m 0, 03625.32 1,16 gam = = = = .
Theo LBTKL ta c:
2 3 2 2 3
Fe O X O Fe O
m m m 1,16 gam n 0, 0725 mol = + = =
Do nguyn t c bo ton nn
2 4 3 2 3
Fe (SO ) Fe O
n n 0, 0725 mol = =
Vy m =
2 4 3
Fe (SO )
m = 0,0725.400 = 29 gam.
p n A.
V d 15: Ha tan hon ton 2,44 gam hn hp bt X gm Fe
x
O
y
v Cu bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
nng (d). Sau phn ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch
cha 6,6 gam hn hp mui sunfat. Phn trm khi l ng ca Cu trong X l
A. 39,34%. B. 65,57%. C. 26,23%. D. 13,11%.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c :
Cu + Fe
x
O
y
+ H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
a mol b mol
Cu + Fe
x
O
y
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ CuO (2)
a mol b mol
Nhn thy sau cc phn ng (1) v (2) th cc nguyn t Fe, Cu u c s oxi ha ln l t l +3
v +2 nn s mol electron m X cho H
2
SO
4
2
.
2 2 2 2
SO O O O
2.n 4.n n 0, 0125 mol m 0, 0125.32 0, 36 gam = = = =
Theo LBTKL ta c:
2 3 2
Fe O v CuO X O
m m m 2, 8 gam = + =
Ta c h phng trnh:
400a 160b 6, 6
160a 80b 2, 8
+ =
+ =

a 0, 0125 mol
y 0, 01 mol
=
Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l: %Cu =

0, 01.64
2, 44
.100% = 26,23%
p n C.
131
3. Bi tp p dng
Cu 1: ho tan hon ton 23,2 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
(trong s mol FeO
bng s mol Fe
2
O
3
), cn dng va V lt dung dch HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,8. B. 0,8. C. 2,3. D. 1,6.
Cu 2: Cho 4,56 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch HCl d, sau khi cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch Y; C cn dung dch Y thu c 3,81 gam mui
FeCl
2
v m gam FeCl
3
. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 8,75. B. 9,75. C. 4,875. D. 7,825.
Cu 3: Cho m gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
2
v 9,75 gam
FeCl
3
. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 9,12. B. 8,75. C. 7,80. D. 6,50.
Cu 4: Hn hp A gm O
2
v O
3
c t khi so vi hiro l 19,2. Hn hp B gm H
2
v CO c t khi
so vi hiro l 3,6. Th tch kh A (ktc) cn dng t chy hon ton 3 mol kh B l :
A. 9,318 lt. B. 28 lt. C. 22,4 lt. D. 16,8 lt.
Cu 5: Ho tan 3,38 gam oleum X H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
vo nc ngi ta phi dng 800 ml ung dch KOH
0,1 M trung ho dung dch X. Cng thc phn t oleum X l cng thc no sau y :
A. H
2
SO
4
.3SO
3
. B. H
2
SO
4
.2SO
3
. C. H
2
SO
4
.4SO
3
. D.H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
.
3.2. Bi tpdnh cho hc sinh lp 11
Cu 6: Cho 41,76 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
trong s mol FeO bng s mol
Fe
2
O
3
tc dng va vi V lt dung dch cha HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M (long). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,6 lt. B. 0,72 lt. C. 0,8 lt. D. 1 lt.
Cu 7: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 4,5 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X
trong dung dch HNO
3
(d) thot ra 0,84 lt NO ( ktc) (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
:
Cu 8: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng HNO
3
c nng thu c 4,48
lt kh NO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan gi tr ca m l :
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
3
long d thu c 2,016 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung
A. 53,25. B. 51,9. C. 73,635. D. 58,08.
Cu 10: Nung 12,6 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau mt thi gian thu c m gam hn hp cht rn X
gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Ha tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO
3
c nng d thu c
3,36 lt kh NO
2
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 11,2. B. 10,2. C. 7,2. D. 16,8.
Cu 11: Hn hp A gm (O
2
v O
3
) c t khi so vi H
2
bng 22. Hn hp B gm metan v etan c
t khi so vi H
2
bng 11,5. t chy hon ton 0, 2 mol B cn phi dng V lt A ktc. Gi tr
ca V l :
A. 13,44. B. 11,2. C. 8,96. D. 6,72.
Cu 12: X gm O
2
v O
3
c d
X/He
= 10. Th tch ca X t hon ton 25 lt Y l hn hp 2 ankan
k tip c d
Y/He
= 11,875 l (Th tch kh o cng iu kin) :
A. 107 lt. B. 107,5 lt. C. 105 lt. D. 105,7 lt.
132
Cu 13: Hn hp X gm C
3
H
8
, C
3
H
4
v C
3
H
6
c t khi so vi hiro l 21,8. t chy ht 5,6 lt X
(ktc) th thu c khi lng CO
2
v H
2
O ln lt l :
A. 33 gam v 17,1 gam. B. 2 gam v 9,9 gam.
C. 13,2 gam v 7,2 gam. D. 33 gamv 21,6 gam.
Cu 14: X l hn hp 2 hirocacbon mch h, cng dy ng ng. t chy ht 2,8 gam X cn
6,72 lt O
2
(ktc). Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d c m gam kt ta. Gi tr
m l :
Cu 15: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H
2
l 27,8 gm butan, metylxiclopropan, but 2en, ivinyl v
etylaxetilen. Khi t chy 0,15 mol X, tng khi lng CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l :
Cu 16: Ha tan 21,78 gam hn hp gm NaHCO
3
, KHCO
3
, MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu
c 5,04 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng KCl to thnh trong dung dch sau phn ng l :
A. 8,94. B. 16,17. C. 13,41. D. 11,79.
Cu 17: Cho 1,9 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc dng ht vi
dung dch HCl (d), sinh ra 0,448 lt kh ( ktc). Kim loi M l :
A. Na. B. K. C. Rb. D. Li.
Cu 18: Cho 24,8 gam hn hp gm kim loi kim th v oxit ca n tc dng vi dung dch HCl
d thu c 55,5 gam mui khan. Kim loi M l :
A. Ca. B. Sr. C. Ba. D. Mg.
Cu 19: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch NaNO
3
2M
vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO ( ktc). Th tch dung dch NaNO
3
cn dng v th
tch kh thot ra l :
A. 25 ml ; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt ; 22,4 lt.
C. 50 ml ; 1,12 lt. D. 50 ml ; 2,24 lt.
Cu 20: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
th cn 0,05 mol H
2
. Mt
khc Ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng th thu c th tch
kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht ktc) l :
A. 224 ml. B. 448 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
Cu 21: Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng HNO
3
c nng
thu c dung dch Y v 17,92 lt kh NO
2
(ktc).
a. Phn trm khi lng oxi trong hn hp X l :
A. 40,24%. B. 30,7%. C. 20,97%. D. 37,5%.
b. Khi lng mui trong dung dch Y l :
A. 162,4 gam. B.140 gam. C. 120 gam. D. 100 gam.
Cu 22: Cho hn hp X gm FeO, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
c s mol bng nhau tc dng ht vi dung dch
HNO
3
thy to ra 1,008 lt NO
2
v 0,112 lt NO (cc kh ktc). S mol mi cht trong hn hp X l
:
Cu 23: Ha tan hon ton 3,76 gam hn hp X dng bt gm S, FeS v FeS
2
trong dung dch
HNO
3
c nng d thu c 0,48 mol NO
2
(l sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch Y. Cho dung
dch Y tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d, lc v nung kt ta n khi lng khng i, c m
gam hn hp rn Z. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 11,650. B. 12,815. C. 15,145. D. 17,545
133
Cu 24: Ho tan 20,8 gam hn hp bt gm FeS, FeS
2
, S bng dung dch HNO
3
c nng d thu
c 53,76 lt NO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, kc v dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi
dung dch NaOH d, lc ly ton b kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi l ng khng i th khi
lng cht rn thu c l :
A. 16 gam. B. 9 gam. C. 8,2 gam. D. 10,7 gam.
Cu 25: Ha tan hon ton 30,4 gam cht rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu
2
S v S bng dung dch HNO
3
d,
thot ra 20,16 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch Y thu
c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 81,55. B. 110,95. C. 115,85. D. 104,20.
Cu 26: Trn 5,6 gam bt st vi 2,4 gam bt l u hunh ri nung nng (trong iu kin khng c
khng kh), thu c hn hp rn M. Cho M tc dng vi l ng d dung dch HCl, gii phng hn
hp kh X v cn li mt phn khng tan G. t chy ho n ton X v G cn va V lt kh O
2
( ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 2,80. B. 3,36. C. 3,08. D. 4,48.
Cu 27: Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeCl
2
, FeCl
3
trong H
2
SO
4
c nng, thot ra
4,48 lt kh SO
2
duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm NH
3
d vo Y thu c 32,1 gam kt ta. Gi
tr ca m l:
A. 16,8. B. 17,75. C. 25,675. D. 34,55.
Cu 28: Khi oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 12 gam hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
v Fe d. Ho tan A va bi 200 ml dung dch HNO
3
, thu c 2,24 lt NO duy nht
(ktc). Gi tr m v C
M
ca dung dch HNO
3
l :
A. 10,08 gam v 1,6M. B. 10,08 gam v 2M.
C. 10,08 gam v 3,2M. D. 5,04 gam v 2M.
Cu 29: Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe
3
O
4
3
long , un
loi. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
l :
A. 3,2M. B. 3,5M. C. 2,6M. D. 5,1M.
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
3
long d thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung
A. 35,5. B. 34,6. C. 49,09. D. 38,72.
Cu 31: Ha tan hon ton 10,44 gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c dung
2
mui sunfat khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 29. B. 52,2. C. 58,0. D. 54,0.
Cu 32: Thi kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau phn ng thu c m
1
gam cht rn Y gm 4 cht. Ho tan ht cht rn Y bng dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 0,448 lt
kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o iu kin chun) v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z thu
c m
1
+16,68 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 8,0 gam. B. 16,0 gam.
C. 12,0 gam. D. Khng xc nh c.
Cu 33: Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 49,6 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v
Cu
2
O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H
2
SO
4
c nng thot ra 8,96 lt SO
2
duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m
l:
A. 19,2. B. 29,44. C. 42,24. D. 44,8.
134
Cu 34: Ha tan hon ton 2,44 gam hn hp bt X gm Fe
x
O
y
v Cu bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
nng (d). Sau phn ng thu c 0,504 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch
cha 6,6 gam hn hp mui sunfat.
a. Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l :
A. 39,34%. B. 65,57%. C. 26,23%. D. 13,11%.
b. Cng thc ca oxit st l :
A. Fe
2
O
3
. B. FeO. C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. FeOhoc Fe
3
O
4
.
Cu 35: Ha tan hon ton 13,92 gam hn hp bt X gm Fe
x
O
y
v Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
long
(d). Sau phn ng thu c 2,688 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch cha
42,72 gam hn hp mui nitrat. Cng thc ca oxit st l :
A. Fe
2
O
3
. B. FeO. C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. FeOhoc Fe
3
O
4
.
135
CHUYN 8 : PHNG PHP S DNG PHNG TRNH
ION RT GN
I. Phn ng trao i
1. Nguyn tc p dng :
- Bn cht ca phn ng trao i ion xy ra trong dung dch l phn ca nhng cp ion i khng
v c biu din bng phng trnh ion rt gn. V vy khi gp cc dng bi tp c nhiu cht
tham gia phn ng vi nhau nhng bn cht thc t ch l phn ng ca mt hoc mt vi cp ion
i khng, khi thay v vit tt c cc phng trnh phn ng dng phn t ta ch cn vit phn
ng dng ion rt gn, cn c v o ta c th tnh c s mol ca cc ion trong dung dch t
suy ra kt qu m bi yu cu.
Cp ion i khng l cp ion khng th tn ti ng thi trong cng mt dung dch, chng s phn
ng vi nhau to ra cht kt ta, cht bay h i hoc cht in li yu.
2. Cc v d minh ha :
Dng 1 : Phn ng ca dung dch axit vi dung dch baz
Phng php gi i
- Vit phng trnh trung ha :
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
- Nu trong hn hp cc axit c H
2
SO
4
v trong hn hp cc baz c Ba(OH)
2
m bi yu cu
tnh lng kt ta th cn c thm phn ng :
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
- Da vo gi thit v cc phng trnh phn ng ion rt gn tnh ton suy ra kt qu cn t m.
V d 1: Trn 3 dung dch HNO
3
0,3M; H
2
SO
4
0,2M v H
3
PO
4
0,1M vi nhng th tch bng nhau
thu c dung dch X. Dung dch Y gm KOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,2M. trung ha 500 ml dung
dch X cn va V ml dung dch Y. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 600. B. 1000. C. 333,3. D. 200.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2
H OH H O
+
+ (1)
3 2 4 3 4
HNO H SO H PO
H
n n 2.n 3.n 0, 5 mol
+
= + + =
Theo (1) ta thy trung ha ht 0,5 mol H
+
th cn 0,5 mol OH
2
KOH Ba(OH)
OH
n n 2.n 0, 5V mol
= + =
Suy ra V = 1 lt =1000 ml.
p n B.
136
V d 2: Cho mt mu hp kim Na-Ba tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc). Th tch dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l :
A. 150 ml. B. 75 ml. C. 60 ml. D. 30 ml.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2Na + 2H
2
O 2Na
+
+ 2OH
-
+ H
2
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba
2+
+ 2OH
-
+ H
2
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
Theo phng trnh v gi thit ta suy ra :
H
n
+
=
2
2
H
OH (d X)
n 2n
= = 0,3 mol
2 4
H SO
n = 0,15 mol
2 4
H SO
0,15
V
2
= = 0,075 lt (75 ml).
p n B.
V d 3: Trn 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm H
2
SO
4
0,05M v HCl 0,1M vi 100 ml dung dch hn
hp gm NaOH 0,2M v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M thu c dung dch X. Dung dch X c pH l :
A. 1,2. B. 1,0. C. 12,8. D. 13,0.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
2
H OH H O
+
+ (1)
2 4
HCl H SO
H
n n 2.n 0, 02 mol
+
= + =
2
NaOH Ba(OH)
OH
n n 2.n 0, 04 mol
= + =
Suy ra sau phn ng:
OH ( )
n

d
= 0,04 0,02 = 0,02 mol.
0, 02
OH
0, 2
=
]
= 0,1 = 10
1
pOH = 1 pH = 13
p n D.
V d 4: Trn ln 3 dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M, HNO
3
A. 0,134 lt. B. 0,214 lt. C. 0,414 lt. D. 0,424 lt.
Hng dn gii
Nng H
+
ban u l : (0,1.2.0,1 + 0,2.0,1 + 0,3.0,1) : 0,3 =
0, 7
3
M.
Nng OH
ban u l : (0,2 + 0,29) = 0,49M.

Dung dch sau phn ng c pH = 2, suy ra H
+
d.
Nng H
+
d l : 10
-2
= 0,01M.
p dng s ng cho cho trng hp H
+
d ta c :
b d
A
B b d
OH + H
V
V H H
+
+ +

] ]
=

] ]
=
0, 49 0, 01 0, 3
V 0,134
0, 7
V
0, 01
3
+
= =
.
p n A.
137
V d 5: Dung dch A gm HCl 0,2M ; HNO
3
0,3M ; H
2
SO
4
0,1M ; HClO
4
0,3M, dung dch B gm
KOH 0,3M ; NaOH 0,4M ; Ba(OH)
2
0,15M. Cn trn A v B theo t l th tch l bao nhiu c
dung dch c pH = 13 ?
A. 11: 9. B. 9 : 11. C. 101 : 99. D. 99 : 101.
Hng dn gii
Nng H
+
ban u l : (0,2 + 0,3 + 0,1.2 + 0,3) = 1M.
Nng OH
ban u l : (0,3 + 0,4 + 0,15.2) = 1M.

Dung dch sau phn ng c pH = 13, suy ra OH
d, pOH = 1.
Nng OH
d l : 10
-1
= 0,1M.
-
d ta c :
b d
A
B b d
OH OH
V
V H + OH

+

] ]
=

] ]
=
1 0,1 9
1 0,1 11
=
+
.
p n B.
Dng 2 : Phn ng ca dung dch cha cc ion ,
+ + n
H M vi dung dch cha ion
OH
(vi M l cc kim loi t

2
Mg
+
tr v cui dy in ha)
Phng php gi i
- Vit phng trnh theo th t : Phn ng trung ha xy ra trc, phn ng to kt ta xy ra
sau :
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
( )
n
n
M nOH M OH
+
+ +
- Nu ( )
n
M OH c tnh lng tnh v OH
cn d th s c phn ng ha tan kt ta :
j
(4 )
4
( ) (4 ) ( )
n
n
M OH n OH M OH

+
(Vi M l Al, Zn hoc Cr)
V d 6: Nh t t 0,25 lt dung dch NaOH 1,04M v o dung dch gm 0,024 mol FeCl
3
; 0,016 mol
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
v 0,04 mol H
2
SO
4
thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 2,568. B. 4,128. C. 1,560. D. 5,064.
Hng dn gii
n
NaOH
= 0,26 mol ;
3
Al
n
+
= 0,032 mol ;
H
n
+
= 0,08 mol ;
3
Fe
n
+
= 0,024 mol
Phng trnh phn ng:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
mol: 0,08 0,08
Fe
3+
+ 3OH
-
Fe(OH)
3
mol: 0,024 3.0,024 0,024
138
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
mol: 0,032 3.0,032 0,032
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-
[Al(OH)
4
]
-
mol: 0,012 0,012
Theo gi thit v cc phn ng, ta thy khi l ng kt ta thu c sau phn ng l :
m = 107.0,024 + (0,032 - 0,012.78) = 4,128 gam.
p n B.
V d 7: Ha tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c
dung dch A v c 1,12 lt H
2
bay ra (ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl
3
vo dung dch A th
khi lng kt ta thu c l :
Hng dn gii
Phn ng ca kim loi kim v kim loi kim th vi H
2
O:
2M + 2nH
2
O 2M
n+
+ 2nOH
-
+
2
nH
T phng trnh ta c:
2
H
OH
n 2n
= = 0,1 mol.
Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl
3
:
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3+
mol: 0,03 0,09 0,03
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
AlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
mol: 0,01 0,01
Vy:
3
Al(OH)
m = 78.(0,03 - 0,01) = 1,56 gam.
p n B.
V d 8: Ha tan hon ton 7,74 gam mt hn hp gm Mg, Al bng 500 ml dung dch gm H
2
SO
4
0,28M v HCl 1M thu c 8,736 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch X. Thm V lt dung dch cha ng thi
NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M vo dung dch X thu c lng kt ta ln nht.
a. S gam mui thu c trong dung dch X l :
b. Th tch V l :
A. 0,39 lt. B. 0,4 lt. C. 0,41 lt. D. 0,42 lt.
c. Lng kt ta l :
Hng dn gii
a. Xc nh khi lng mui thu c trong dung dch X:
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
Mg + 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ H
2
|
(1)
2Al + 6H
+
2Al
3+
+ 3H
2
|
(2)
2 4
H SO
n = 0,28.0,5 = 0,14 mol
2
4
SO
n

= 0,14 mol v
H
n
+
= 0,28 mol.
n
HCl
= 0,5 mol
H
n
+
= 0,5 mol v
Cl
n

= 0,5 mol.
Vy tng
H
n
+
= 0,28 + 0,5 = 0,78 mol.
139
Theo gi thit
2
H
n = 0,39 mol =
1
2
.
H
n
+
nn suy ra phn ng xy ra va
m
hh mui
= m
hh k.loi
+
2
4
SO Cl
m m

+
= 7,74 + 0,14.96 + 0,5.35,5 = 38,93 gam.
p n A.
b. Xc nh th tch V:
2
NaOH
Ba(OH)
n 1V mol
n 0, 5V mol
=
`
=

)
Tng
OH
n

= 2V mol v
2
Ba
n
+
= 0,5V mol.
Phng trnh to kt ta:
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4+
(3)
0,5V 0,14
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
Mg(OH)
2+
(4)
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3+
(5)
kt ta t ln nht th s mol OH
kt ta ht cc ion Mg
2+
v Al
3+
. Theo cc phng
trnh phn ng (1), (2), (4), (5) ta c:
H
n
+
=
OH
n

= 0,78 mol
2V = 0,78 V = 0,39 lt.
p n A.
c) Xc nh lng kt ta:
2
Ba
n
+
= 0,5V = 0,5.0,39 = 0,195 mol > 0,14 mol nn Ba
2+
d.
4
BaSO
m = 0,14.233 = 32,62 gam.
Vy m
kt ta
=
4
BaSO
m + m
Mg, Al
+
OH
m

= 32,62 + 7,74 + 0,78.17 = 53,62 gam.
p n C.
V d 9: Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
v 0,1 mol H
2
SO
4
n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta.
a. Gi tr nh nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l :
A. 0,35. B. 0,25. C. 0,45. D. 0,05.
b. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l :
A. 0,35. B. 0,25. C. 0,45. D. 0,05.
Hng dn gii
a.
3
Al(OH)
n = 0,1 mol,
H
n
+
= 0,2 mol v
3
Al
n
+
= 0,2 mol
3
Al
n
+
>
3
Al(OH)
n
Gi tr V nh nht khi Al
3+
d
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
mol: 0,2 0,2
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
mol: 0,1 0,3 0,1
Tng s mol OH
-
= 0,5 V = 0,25 lt.
p n B.
140
b. Gi tr V ln nht khi Al
3+
phn ng ht
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
mol: 0,2 0,2
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
mol: 0,1 0,3 0,1
Al
3+
+ 4OH
-
[Al(OH)
4
]
-
mol: 0,1 0,4
Tng s mol OH
-
= 0,9 V = 0,45 lt.
p n C.
Nhn xt : Nh vy i vi dng bi tp tnh s mol OH
-
m
3
3
( )
+
>
Al OH
Al
n n , nu bi khng cho
bit thm iu kin g th s c hai trng hp xy ra. Nu bi yu cu tnh lng OH
-
ti thiu th
ta ch cn xt trng hp
3+
Al d, cn nu bi yu cu tnh lng OH
-
ti a (hoc cho bit kt
ta to thnh b tan mt phn) th ta ch cn xt trng hp
3+
Al ht.
V d 10: Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
nng x mol/l,
thu c dung dch Y v 4,68 gam kt ta. Loi b kt ta, thm tip 175 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M
vo Y, thu c 2,34 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 1,2. B. 0,8. C. 0,9. D. 1,0.
Hng dn gii
KOH
n
= 0,39 mol v
3
Al(OH)
n
= 0,09 mol
Phng trnh phn ng:
Al
3+
+ 3 OH

Al(OH)
3
mol: 0,09 0,27 0,09
Al
3+
+ 4 OH

j
4
Al(OH)

mol: 0,03 (0,39 0,27) = 0,12
n
Al
3+
= 0,09 + 0,03 = 0,12 x = 1,2
p n A.
V d 11: Ha tan ht m gam ZnSO
4
vo nc c dung dch X. Cho 110 ml dung dch KOH 2M
vo X, thu c a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M v o X th cng thu
c a gam kt ta.
a. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 10,89. B. 21,78. C. 12,375. D. 17,710.
b. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 20,125. B. 12,375. C. 22,540. D. 17,710.
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt: trng hp th nht s mol ca KOH tham gia phn ng t h n trng hp th
hai, nhng lng kt ta thu c li bng nhau nn ta suy ra : Trng hp th nht ZnSO
4
d;
trng hp th hai ZnSO
4
phn ng ht to thnh kt ta sau kt ta tan mt phn.
Trng hp 1: Xy ra phn ng
Zn
2+
+ 2OH
-
Zn(OH)
2
mol: 0,11 0,22 0,11
a =
2
Zn(OH)
m = 0,11.99 = 10,89 gam.
141
Trng hp 2: Xy ra cc phn ng
Zn
2+
+ 2OH
-
Zn(OH)
2
mol: 0,11 0,22 0,11
Zn
2+
+ 4OH
-
[Zn(OH)
4
]
2-
mol: 0,015 0,06
m =
4
ZnSO
m = (0,11 + 0,015).161 = 20,125 gam.
p n: AA.
Dng 3 : Phn ng ca dung dch cha cc ion j
(4 )
4
, ( )

n
OH M OH vi dung dch
cha ion
+
H (Vi M l Al, Zn hoc Cr)
Phng php gi i
- Vit phng trnh theo th t : Phn ng trung ha xy ra trc, phn ng to kt ta xy ra
sau :
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
j
(4 )
4 2
( ) (4 ) ( ) (4 )

+
+ + +
n
n
M OH n H M OH n H O
- Nu
+
H cn d th s c phn ng ha tan kt ta
2
( )
+ +
+ +
n
n
M OH nH M nH O
V d 12: 200 ml dung dch A cha KOH 0,05M v Na[Al(OH)
4
] 0,15M. Thm t t HCl 0,1M vo
dung dch A, lc kt ta, nung nhit cao n khi l ng khng i thu c 1,02 gam cht rn.
Th tch dung dch HCl dng l :
A. 0,3 lt. B. 0,6 lt. C. 0,7 lt. D. A hoc C.
Hng dn gii
j
j 3 2 3 4
4
KOH Al(OH) Al O Na Al(OH) OH Al(OH)
n n 0, 01 mol ; n n 0, 03 mol ; n 2.n 0, 02 mol

= = = = = =
V
j
3
4
Al(OH)
Al(OH)
n n
> nn c hai trng hp xy ra:

Trng hp 1 : j
4
Al(OH)

d
Phng trnh phn ng:
j
2
4 3 2
OH H H O
mol : 0, 01 0, 01
Al(OH) H Al(OH) H O
mol : 0, 02 0, 02
+
+
+
+ +
dd HCl
H
0, 03
n 0, 03 mol V 0, 3 lt
0,1
+
= = =
Trng hp 1 :
j
4
Al(OH)

ht
142
Phng trnh phn ng:
j
j
2
4 3 2
3
4 2
OH H H O
mol : 0, 01 0, 01
Al(OH) H Al(OH) H O
mol : 0, 02 0, 02 0, 02
Al(OH) 4H Al 4H O
mol : 0, 01 0, 04
+
+ +
+
+ +

+ +
dd HCl
H
0, 07
n 0, 07 mol V 0, 7 lt
0,1
+
= = =
p n: D.
Nhn xt : Nh vy i vi dng bi tp tnh s mol H
+
m
j
3
4
( )
( )

>
Al OH
Al OH
n n , nu bi khng
cho bit thm iu kin g th s c hai trng hp xy ra. Nu bi yu cu tnh lng H
+
ti thiu
th ta ch cn xt trng hp
j
4
( ) Al OH

d, cn nu bi yu cu tnh lng H
+
ti a (hoc cho
bit kt ta to thnh b tan mt phn) th ta ch cn xt trng hp
j
4
( ) Al OH

ht.
V d 13: 100 ml dung dch A cha NaOH 0,1M v Na[Al(OH)
4
] aM. Thm t t 0,6 lt HCl 0,1M
vo dung dch A thu c kt ta, lc kt ta, nung nhit cao n khi l ng khng i thu
c 1,02 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,15 . B. 0,2. C. 0,275. D. 0,25 .
Hng dn gii
j
j
4
4
3 2 3
NaOH Na Al(OH) OH H Al(OH)
Al(OH) Al O
n n 0, 01 mol ; n n 0,1.a mol ; n 0, 06 mol
n 2.n 0, 02 mol ;
+
= = = = =
= =
V sau phn ng thu c kt ta chng t HCl phn ng ht
Phng trnh phn ng:
j
j
2
4 3 2
3
4 2
OH H H O
mol : 0, 01 0, 01
Al(OH) H Al(OH) H O
mol : 0, 02 0, 02 0, 02
Al(OH) 4H Al 4H O
mol : 0, 0075 0, 03
+
+ +
+
+ +

+ +
j
4
Al(OH)
0, 0275
n 0, 0275 mol a 0, 275M
0,1
= = =
p n: D.
143
Dng 4 : Phn ng ca kh CO
2
, SO
2
vi dung dch kim (NaOH, KOH, Ba(OH)
2
,
Ca(OH)
2
)
Phng php gi i
- Bn cht phn ng :
2
2 3 2
2
2 3 2 3
2
2
CO OH CO H O
CO CO H O HCO

+ +
+ +
- Nu trong dung dch kim c Ba
2+
hoc Ca
2+
th cn c th c phn ng to kt ta nu phn
ng ca CO
2
vi OH
to ra
2
3
CO

2 2
3 3
2 2
3 3
Ba CO BaCO
Ca CO CaCO
+
+
+ +
+ +
V d 14: Cho 0,448 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) hp th ht vo 100 ml dung dch cha hn hp NaOH
0,06M v Ba(OH)
2
0,12M, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 3,940. B. 1,182. C. 2,364. D. 1,970.
Hng dn gii
2
CO
n = 0,02 mol ; n
NaOH
= 0,006 mol ;
2
Ba(OH)
n = 0,012 mol ;
2
Ba
n
+
= 0,012 mol ;
OH
n

= 0,03 mol
Phng trnh phn ng:
2
2 3 2
2
2 3 2 3
CO 2OH CO H O
mol : 0, 015 0, 03 0, 015
CO CO H O 2HCO
mol : 0, 005 0, 005

+ +

+ +
Nh vy
2 2
3
CO Ba
n 0, 015 0, 005 0, 01 mol n 0, 012 mol
+
= = < = nn lng kt ta tnh theo CO
3
2-
2 2
3 3
Ba CO BaCO
mol : 0, 01 0, 01 0, 01
+
+ +

3
BaCO
n =
2
3
CO
n

= 0,01
3
BaCO
m = 0,01.197 = 1,97 gam.
p n D.
V d 15: Dung dch X cha hn hp cc cht KOH 0,05M, NaOH 0,05M v Ba(OH)
2
0,15M. Sc
7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X th lng kt ta thu c l :
Hng dn gii
2
CO
n = 0,35 mol ; n
NaOH
= 0,05 mol ; n
KOH
= 0,05 mol;
2
Ba(OH)
n = 0,15 mol ;
2
Ba
n
+
= 0,15 mol ;
OH
n

= 0,4 mol
144
Phng trnh phn ng:
2
2 3 2
2
2 3 2 3
CO 2OH CO H O
mol : 0, 2 0, 4 0, 02
CO CO H O 2HCO
mol : 0,15 0,15

+ +

+ +
Nh vy
2 2
3
CO Ba
n 0, 2 0,15 0, 05 mol n 0,1 mol
+
= = < = nn lng kt ta tnh theo CO
3
2-
2 2
3 3
Ba CO BaCO
mol : 0, 05 0, 05 0, 05
+
+ +

3
BaCO
m = 0,05.197 = 9,85 gam.
p n B.
V d 16: t chy hon ton m gam FeS
2
bng mt lng O
2
va , thu c kh X. Hp th ht
X vo 1 lt dung dch Y cha Ba(OH)
2
0,15M v KOH 0,1M, thu c dung dch Z v 21,7 gam kt
ta. Cho dung dch NaOH vo Z thy xut hin thm kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 23,2. B. 12,6. C. 18,0. D. 24,0.
Hng dn gii
2
3
3
BaSO
SO
n n
= = 0,1 mol,
OH
n
= 0,4 mol,
2
Ba
n
+
= 0,15 mol
Cho dung dch NaOH vo Z thy xut hin thm kt ta suy ra trong Z c HSO

3
, do OH

trong Y
phn ng ht vi kh X
Phng trnh phn ng:
SO
2
+ 2OH

2
3
SO

mol: 0,1 0,2 0,1
SO
2
+ OH

3
HSO

mol: 0,2 0,2 0,2
Theo cc phn ng ta c :
2
FeS
n =
1
2
.
2
SO
n = 0,15 m = 120.0,15 = 18 gam.
p n C.
145
Dng 5 : Phn ng ca dung dch cha ion H
+
(HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
) vi dung
dch cha cc ion CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
Phng php gi i
Lu : Trong dng bi tp ny th lng H
+
m bi cho thng khng chuyn ht cc
ion CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
thnh CO
2
nn cho t t dung dch cha ion H
+
(HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
) vo dung
dch cha cc ion CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
v lm ngc li th s thu c lng CO
2
khc nhau.
Khi cho t t dung dch cha ion H
+
(HCl, H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
) vo dung dch X cha cc ion
CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
th phn ng xy ra theo th t u tin : (1) xy ra trc, (2) xy ra sau :
2
3 3
3 2 2
(1)
(2)
+
+
+
+ | +
CO H HCO
HCO H CO H O
Khi cho t t dung dch X cha cc ion CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
vo dung dch cha ion H
+
(HCl,
H
2
SO
4
, HNO
3
) th phn ng xy ra ng thi theo ng t l mol ca cc ion CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
c
trong dung dch X : (1) v (2) cng xy ra
2
3 2 2
3 2 2
2 (1)
(2)
+
+
+ | +
+ | +
CO H CO H O
HCO H CO H O
Khi nhanh dung dch cha ion H
+
vo dung dch X cha cc ion CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
hoc lm
ngc li m H
+
b thiu th ta ch tm c khong th tch kh CO
2
gii phng ch khng tnh c
chnh xc th tch CO
2
.
- Tm khong th tch CO
2
bng cch xt 2 trng hp:
+ Trng hp 1: H
+
phn ng vi CO
3
2-
trc, vi HCO
3
-
sau, suy ra
2
1
=
CO
V V
+ Trng hp 2: H
+
phn ng vi HCO
3
-
trc, vi CO
3
2-
sau, suy ra
2
2 CO
V V =
T hai trng hp trn ta suy ra :
2
1 2 CO
V V V < < .
V d 17: Dung dch X cha hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
1,5M v KHCO
3
1M. Nh t t tng git cho
n ht 200 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 100 ml dung dch X, sinh ra V lt kh (ktc). Cho d dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
vo dung dch X, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V l :
A. 19,7 v 4,48. B. 39,4 v 1,12. C. 19,7 v 2,24. D. 39,4 v 3,36.
Hng dn gii
2
2 3
3
Na CO
CO
n n
= = 0,15 mol ;
3
3
KHCO
HCO
n n
= = 0,1 mol ;
HCl
H
n n
+
= = 0,2 mol
Phng trnh phn ng :
H
+
+ CO
2
3
HCO
3
(1)
mol: 0,15 0,15 0,15
H
n
+ d
= 0,05 mol ;
3
HCO
n 0,1 0,15 0, 25
= + =
mol
H
+
+ HCO
3
H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
mol: 0,05 0,05 0,05
2
CO
n =
H
n
+ d
= 0,05 mol V = 0,05.22,4 = 1,12 lt.
146
Trong dung dch X cn 0,2 mol HCO
3
Ba(OH)
2
+ HCO
3
-
BaCO
3
+ OH
-
+ H
2
O
mol: 0,2 0,2
3
BaCO
m = 0,2.197 = 39,4 gam.
p n B.
V d 18: Trn 100 ml dung dch A gm KHCO
3
1M v K
2
CO
3
1M vo 100 ml dung dch B gm
NaHCO
3
1M v Na
2
CO
3
1M thu c dung dch C. Nh t t 100 ml dung dch D gm H
2
SO
4
1Mv HCl 1M vo dung dch C thu c V lt CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l :
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt. D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch C cha: HCO
3
: 0,2 mol ; CO
3
2
: 0,2 mol.
Dung dch D c tng:
H
n
+
= 0,3 mol.
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO
3
2
+ H
+
HCO
3
mol: 0,2 0,2 0,2
H
n
+ d
= 0,1 mol ;
3
HCO
n 0, 2 0, 2 0, 4
= + =
mol
HCO
3
+ H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
mol: 0,1 0,1 0,1
2
CO
V = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt.
Tip tc cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch E:
Ba
2+
+ HCO
3
+ OH
BaCO
3+
+ H
2
O
mol: 0,3 0,3
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4
mol: 0,1 0,1
Khi lng kt ta: m = 0,3.197 + 0,1.233 = 82,4 gam.
p n A.
V d 19: Thm t t n ht dung dch cha 0,2 mol KHCO
3
v 0,1 mol K
2
CO
3
vo dung dch cha
0,3 mol HCl. Th tch kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l :
A. 4,48 lt. B. 5,04 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
phn ng ht vi cc mui KHCO
3
v K
2
CO
3
th lng HCl cn dng l :
0,02 + 0,1.2= 0,4 mol > 0,3 mol HCl thiu, lng CO
2
tnh theo HCl
Theo gi thit ta c :
3
2
3
HCO
CO
n
2
n 1
=
Do ta gi s mol ca cc ion HCO
3
-
v CO
3
2-
tham gia phn ng l 2x v x
Khi cho t t dung dch cha cc ion CO
3
2-
v HCO
3
-
vo dung dch cha ion H
+
th phn ng
xy ra ng thi : (1) v (2) cng xy ra
147
2
3 2 2
3 2 2
CO 2H CO H O (1)
mol : x 2x x
HCO H CO H O (2)
mol : 2x 2x 2x
+
+
+ | +

+ | +

2
CO
Tong somol H la: 4x 0,3 x 0, 075 V 3.0, 075.22, 4 5, 04lt.
+
= = = =
p n B.
V d 20: Cho rt t t 100 ml dung dch HCl x mol/l v o 100 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
y mol/l thu
c 1,12 lt CO
2
(ktc). Nu lm ngc li thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc). Gi tr x, y ln lt l :
A. 1,5M v 2M. B. 1M v 2M. C. 2M v 1,5M. D. 1,5M v 1,5M.
Hng dn gii
- Cng lng HCl v Na
2
CO
3
nhng thao tc th nghi m khc nhau th thu c lng CO
2
khc
nhau, iu chng t lng HCl khng chuyn ht Na
2
CO
3
thnh CO
2
.
- Khi cho t t dung dch Na
2
CO
3
vo dung dch HCl th xy ra phn ng gii phng ngay kh
CO
2
nn thng qua lng CO
2
ta tnh c lng HCl ban u :
2
3 2 2
CO 2H CO H O (1)
mol : 0,1 0, 2 0,1
+
+ | +

n
HCl
=
H
n
+
= 0,2 mol
- Khi cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
th phn ng xy ra theo th t u tin nn
thng qua lng CO
2
gii phng v lng HCl phn ng ta tnh c lng Na
2
CO
3
ban u :
2
3 3
3 2 2
CO H HCO (1)
mol : 0,15 0,15 0,15
HCO H CO H O (2)
mol : 0, 05 0, 05 0, 05
+
+
+

+ | +

V (2)
2
CO
H
n n 0, 05 mol
+
= = nn (1) s mol H
+
phn ng l 0,15 mol
2
3
CO H (1)
n n 0,15 mol
+
= =
Vy ta c : Nng mol ca dung dch HCl l
0, 2
2M
0,1
=
Nng mol ca dung dch Na
2
CO
3
l
0,15
1, 5M
0,1
=
p n C.
II. Phn ng oxi ha - kh
1. Nguyn tc p dng :
- Trong mt s trng hp nu vit phng trnh phn t th s phc tp v mt nhiu thi gian
hoc phng trnh phn t khng th hin r c bn cht ca phn ng, khi ta phi s dng
phng trnh ion rt gn v tnh ton tm ra kt qu trn cc phn ng .
148
2. Cc v d minh ha :
V d 21: Cho 3,2 gam bt Cu tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO
3
0,8M v H
2
SO
4
0,2M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, sinh ra V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc)
v dung dch X.
a. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,746. B. 0,448. C. 0,672. D. 1,792.
b. Khi lng mui thu c khi c cn dung dch X l :
Hng dn gii
a. Tnh th tch kh NO :
n
Cu
= 0,05 mol ;
H
n
+
= 0,8.0,1+ 0,2.2.0,1 = 0,12 mol ;
3
NO
n

= 0,16 mol ;
2
4
SO
n 0,2.0,1 0, 02 mol
= =
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2
3
NO

2NO + 3Cu
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,05 0,12 0,08
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03 0,03
Sau phn ng: 0,005 0 0,05 0,03
n
NO
= 0,03 mol V
NO
= 0,672 lt.
p n C.
b. Tnh khi lng mui khi c cn dung dch X :
2 2
4 3
muoi
Cu SO NO d
m m m m 0, 045.64 0, 02.98 0, 05.62 7,94gam
+
= + + = + + =
p n B.
V d 22: Ha tan 4,8 gam Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M.
Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Th tch dung dch
NaOH 0,5M ti thiu kt ta ht ion Cu
2+
trong dung dch Y l :
A. 0,15 lt. B. 0,3 lt. C. 03,36 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Hng dn gii
3
HNO
n 0,12 = mol ;
2 4
H SO
n 0,06 = mol
Tng:
H
n 0, 24
+
= mol v
3
NO
n 0,12
= mol.
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,075 0,24 0,12
Phn ng: 0,075 0,2 0,05 0,075
Sau phn ng: 0,01 0,04 0,07
Nh vy sau phn trong dung dch Y c cha : 0,075 mol Cu
2+
, 0,04 mol H
+
, 0,06 mol SO
4
2-
,
0,07 mol NO
3
-
Do s mol NaOH cn dng l :
149
2
OH H Cu
n n 2n
+ +
= + = 0,04 + 0,075.2 = 0,15 mol
dd NaOH
0,15
V 0,3lt.
0,5
= =
p n B.
V d 23: Cho 0,3 mol bt Cu v 0,6 mol Fe(NO
3
)
2
vo dung dch cha 0,9 mol H
2
SO
4
(long). Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr
ca V l :
A. 6,72. B. 8,96. C. 4,48. D. 10,08.
Hng dn gii
2
3
Cu
Fe NO H
n 0, 3 mol ; n 0, 6 mol ; n 1, 2 mol ; n 1, 8 mol.
+ +
= = = =
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2
3
NO

3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (1)
mol: 0,3 0,8 0,2 0,2
3Fe
2+
+ 4H
+
+
3
NO

3Fe
3+
+ NO + 2H
2
O (2)
mol: 0,6 0,8 0,2 0,2
T (1), (2) ta thy Cu v Fe
2+
phn ng ht, NO
3
-
v H
+
cn d
n
NO
= 0,4 mol V = 8,96 lt.
p n B.
V d 24: Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ha tan ti a bao
nhiu gam Cu kim loi ? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O (1)
Ban u: 0,15 0,03
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03
Cu + 2Fe
3+
2Fe
2+
+ Cu
2+
(2)
0,005 0,01
m
Cu ti a
= (0,045 + 0,005) . 64 = 3,2 gam.
p n C.
V d 25: Thc hin hai th nghim:
1. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt NO.
2. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5 M thot ra V
2
lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o c ng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l
A. V
2
= V
1
. B. V
2
= 2V
1
. C. V
2
= 2,5V
1
. D. V
2
= 1,5V
1
.
Hng dn gii
TN1:
3
Cu
HNO
3,84
n 0,06 mol
64
n 0,08 mol
= =

3
H
NO
n 0,08 mol
n 0,08 mol
+
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,06 0,08 0,08
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02
150
V
1
tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2: n
Cu
= 0,06 mol ;
3
HNO
n = 0,08 mol ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,04 mol.
Tng:
H
n
+
= 0,16 mol ;
3
NO
n

= 0,08 mol.
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,06 0,16 0,08
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04
V
2
tng ng vi 0,04 mol NO.
Nh vy V
2
= 2V
1
.
p n B.
V d 26: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v th
tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt. C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X thnh hn hp Y gm: 0,2 mol Fe
3
O
4
v 0,1 mol Fe 0,1
Phn ng ca hn hp Y vi H
+
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
mol: 0,2 0,2 0,4
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
|
mol: 0,1 0,1
Dung dch Z: (Fe
2+
: 0,3 mol; Fe
3+
: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
:
3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO
|
+ 2H
2
O
mol: 0,3 0,1 0,1
V
NO
= 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt.
3 2
3
Cu( NO )
NO
1
n n
2

= = 0,05 mol.
2
3 2
d Cu( NO )
0,05
V
1
= = 0,05 lt (hay 50 ml).
p n C.
V d 27: Cho hn hp gm 1,12 gam Fe v 1,92 gam Cu vo 400 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm
H
2
SO
4
0,5M v NaNO
3
0,2M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v kh
NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Cho V ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch X th lng kt ta thu
c l ln nht. Gi tr ti thiu ca V l
A. 240. B. 120. C. 360. D. 400.
Hng dn gii
n
Fe
= 0,02 mol ; n
Cu
= 0,03 mol ;
3
NO
n

= 0,08 mol ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,2 mol
H
n
+
= 0,4 mol
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe +
3
NO
+ 4H
+
Fe
3+
+ NO + 2 H
2
O
mol: 0,02 0,02 0,08 0,02
151
3Cu + 2
3
NO
+ 8H
+
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4 H
2
O
mol: 0,03 0,02 0,08 0,03
H
n
+ d
= 0,4 0,08 0,08 = 0,24 mol ;
3
NO d
n 0, 08 0, 02 0, 02 0, 04mol
= =
OH
n

=
3 2
H d Fe Cu
n 3.n 2.n
+ + +
+ + = 0,24 + 3.0,02 + 2.0,03 = 0,36 mol
Vy ta c : V = 360 ml
p n C.
V d 28: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800 ml dung dch hn hp gm Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M v H
2
SO
4
0,25M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,6m gam hn hp bt kim loi v V lt kh NO
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 17,8 v 4,48. B. 17,8 v 2,24. C. 10,8 v 4,48. D. 10,8 v 2,24.
Hng dn gii
Sau phn ng thu c hn hp kim loi nn suy ra: Fe d, mui st trong dung dch l mui st
(II).
3 2
Cu( NO )
n = 0,16 mol
3
NO
n 0,32 mol
= ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,2
H
n
+
= 0,4
Fe +
3
NO
+ 4H
+
Fe
3+
+ NO + 2 H
2
O
mol: 0,1 0,1 0,4 0,1 0,1
V = 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt.
Fe + 2 Fe
3+
3 Fe
2+
mol: 0,05 0,1
Fe + Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+ Cu
mol: 0,16 0,16 0,16
m 0,31.56 + 0,16.64 = 0,6m m = 17,8 gam.
p n B.
Nhn xt : v d ny ta nn s dng phng php bo ton electron th s tnh c kt qu
nhanh hn.
V d 29: Ha tan hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B trong dung dch HNO
3
long. Kt thc phn
ng thu c hn hp kh Y (gm 0,1 mol NO, 0,15 mol NO
2
v 0,05 mol N
2
O). Bit rng khng c
phn ng to mui NH
4
NO
3
. S mol HNO
3
phn ng l :
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
NO
3
+ 2H
+
+ 1e NO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
mol: 2.0,15 0,15
NO
3
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O (2)
mol: 4.0,1 0,1
2NO
3
+ 10H
+
+ 8e N
2
O + 5H
2
O (3)
mol: 10.0,05 0,05
T (1), (2), (3) nhn c:
3
HNO
H
n n
p
+
=
= 2.0,15 4.0,1 10.0, 05 + + = 1,2 mol.

p n D.
152
V d 30: Ha tan 10,71 gam hn hp gm Al, Zn, Fe trong 4 lt dung dch HNO
3
aM va thu
c dung dch A (khng cha mui NH
4
NO
3
) v 1,792 lt hn hp kh gm N
2
v N
2
O c t l mol
1:1. C cn dung dch A thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m, a l :
A. 55,35 gam v 2,2M. B. 55,35 gam v 0,22M.
C. 53,55 gam v 2,2M. D. 53,55 gam v 0,22M.
Hng dn gii
2 2
N O N
1, 792
n n 0, 04
2.22, 4
= = = mol.
Ta c bn phn ng:
2NO
3
+ 12H
+
+ 10e N
2
+ 6H
2
O
mol: 0,08 0,48 0,04
2NO
3
+ 10H
+
+ 8e N
2
O + 5H
2
O
mol: 0,08 0,4 0,04
3
HNO
H
n n 0,88
+
= = mol
0,88
a 0, 22
4
= = M.
S mol NO
3
to mui bng 0,88 (0,08 + 0,08) = 0,72 mol.

Khi lng mui bng 10,71 + 0,72.62 = 55,35 gam.
p n B.
V d 31: Cho hn hp bt gm 2,7 gam Al v 5,6 gam Fe vo 550 ml dung dch AgNO
3
1M. Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l (bit th t trong dy
th in ho: Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
ng trc Ag
+
/Ag)
A. 64,8. B. 54,0. C. 59,4. D. 32,4
Hng dn gii
n
Al
= 0,1 mol ; n
Fe
= 0,1 mol v
Ag
n
+
= 0,55 mol
Phng trnh phn ng:
Al + 3Ag
+
Al
3+
+ 3Ag
mol: 0,1 0,3 0,3
Fe + 2Ag
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Ag
mol: 0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2
Fe
2+
+ Ag
+
Ag + Fe
3+
mol: 0,05 0,05 0,05
Nh vy sau phn ng Fe
2+
cn d, Ag
+
phn ng ht.
Cht rn ch c Ag m = 0,55.108 = 59,4
p n C.
V d 32: Cho 200 ml dung dch AgNO
3
1M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch FeCl
2
0,1 M thu c
khi lng kt ta l ?
Hng dn gii
2
Ag Fe Cl
n 0, 2 ; n 0, 01 ; n 0, 02
+ +
= = =
Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl
mol: 0,02 0,02 0,02
153
Fe
2+
+ Ag
+
Fe
3+
+ Ag
mol: 0,01 0,01 0,01
AgCl Ag
m m m
+
= + = 0,02.143,5 + 0,01.108 = 3,95 gam.
p n A.
3. Bi tp p dng :
Cu 1: Dung dch A c cha : 0,25 mol (Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
,Ca
2+
) v 0,2 mol Cl
-
, 0,3 mol NO
3
-
. Thm dn
dn dung dch Na
2
CO
3
1M vo dung dch A cho n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th ngng li.
Th tch dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thm vo l :
A. 300 ml. B. 200 ml. C.150 ml. D. 250 ml.
Cu 2: Dung dch A cha : 0,1 mol (CO
3
2-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
), 0,1 mol HCO
3
-
v 0,3 mol Na
+
. Thm V lt
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M vo A th thu c lng kt ta ln nht. Gi tr nh nht ca V l :
A. 0,15. B. 0,25. C. 0,20. D. 0,30.
Cu 3: Hn hp X gm 2 kim loi kim v 1 kim loi kim th tan ht trong nc to ra dung dch
Y v 0,12 mol H
2
. Th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn trung ha dung dch Y l :
A. 240 ml. B. 1,20 lt. C. 120 ml. D. 60 ml.
Cu 4: Cho m gam hn hp Na, Ba vo nc thu c dung dich A v 6,72 lt kh (ktc). Th tch
dung dch hn hp H
2
SO
4
0,5M v HCl 1M trung ho va dung dch A l :
A. 0,3 lt. B. 0,2 lt. C. 0,4 lt. D. 0,1 lt.
Cu 5: Trn 3 dung dch HCl 0,3M, H
2
SO
4
0,2M v H
3
PO
4
0,1M vi nhng th tch bng nhau thu
c dung dch X. Dung dch Y gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,2M. trung ha 300 ml dung dch
X cn va V ml dung dch Y. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 600. B. 1000. C. 333,3. D. 200.
Cu 6: Ly 500 ml dung dch cha ng thi HCl 1,98M v H
2
SO
4
1,1M trn vi V lt dung dch
cha NaOH 3M v Ba(OH)
2
4M th trung ho va . Th tch V l :
A. 0,180 lt. B. 0,190 lt. C. 0,170 lt. D. 0,140 lt.
Cu 7: Dung dch X cha axit HCl a mol/l v HNO
3
b mol/l. trung ho 20 ml dung dch X cn
dng 300 ml dung dch NaOH 0,1 M. Mt khc ly 20 ml dung dch X cho tc dng vi dung dch
AgNO
3
d thy to thnh 2,87 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a, b ln l t l :
A. 1,0 v 0,5. B. 1,0 v 1,5. C. 0,5 v 1,7. D. 2,0 v 1,0.
Cu 8: Ha tan hon ton 8,94 gam hn hp gm Na, K v Ba vo nc, thu c dung dch X v
2,688 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Dung dch Y gm HCl v H
2
SO
4
, t l mol tng ng l 4 : 1. Trung ha
dung dch X bi dung dch Y, tng khi l ng cc mui c to ra l :
Cu 9: Ho tan 17 gam hn hp NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)
2
vo nc c 500 gam dung dch X.
trung ho 50 gam dung dch X cn dng 40 gam dung dch HCl 3,65%. C cn dung dc h sau khi
trung ho thu c khi lng mui khan l :
Cu 10: Trn 100 ml dung dch gm Ba(OH)
2
0,05M, KOH 0,1M v NaOH 0,1M vi 400 ml dung
dch gm H
2
SO
4
0,0375M v HNO
3
0,0125M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca
dung dch X l :
A. 7. B. 2. C. 1. D. 6.
Cu 11: Th tch dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,025M cn cho vo 100 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO
3
v
HCl c pH = 1, thu c dung dch c pH =2 l :
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,15 lt. C. 0,336 lt. D. 0,448 lt.
154
Cu 12: C 50 ml dung dch cha hn hp KOH 0,05M v Ba(OH)
2
0,025M ngi ta thm V ml
dung dch HCl 0,16M vo 50 ml dung dch trn thu c dung dch mi c pH = 2. Vy gi tr ca V
l :
A. 36,67 ml. B. 30,33 ml. C. 40,45 ml. D. 45,67 ml.
Cu 13: Trn 100 ml dung dch c pH = 1 gm HCl v HNO
3
vi 100 ml dung dch NaOH nng
a (mol/l) thu c 200 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca a l ([H
+
][OH
-
] = 10
-14
) :
A. 0,15. B. 0,30. C. 0,03. D. 0,12.
Cu 14: Trn 200 ml dung dch gm HCl 0,1M v H
2
SO
4
0,05M vi 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng xM thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH = 13. Gi tr ca x v m ln lt l :
A. x = 0,015; m = 2,33. B. x = 0,150; m = 2,33.
C. x = 0,200; m = 3,23. D. x = 0,020; m = 3,23.
Cu 15: Trn 250 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08M v H
2
SO
4
0,01M vi 250 ml dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
c nng xM thu c m gam kt ta v 500 ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca m v x
l :
A. 0,5825 v 0,06. B. 0,5565 v 0,06. C. 0,5825 v 0,03. D. 0,5565 v 0,03.
Cu 16: Trn ln 3 dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M, HNO
3
A. 0,134 lt. B. 0,214 lt. C. 0,414 lt. D. 0,424 lt.
Cu17: Cho dung dch A cha hn hp gm H
2
SO
4
0,1M v HNO
3
0,3M v dung dch B cha hn
hp gm Ba(OH)
2
0,2M v KOH 0,1M. Ly a lt dung dch A cho vo b lt dung dch B c 1 lt
dung dch C c pH = 13. Gi tr a, b ln l t l :
A. 0,5 lt v 0,5 lt. B. 0,6 lt v 0,4 lt.
C. 0,4 lt v 0,6 lt. D. 0,7 lt v 0,3 lt.
Cu 18: Cho 200 ml dung dch X cha hn hp H
2
SO
4
aM v HCl 0,1M tc dng vi 300 ml dung
dch Y cha hn hp Ba(OH)
2
bM v KOH 0,05M thu c 2,33 gam kt ta v dung dch Z c pH
= 12. Gi tr ca a v b ln lt l :
A. 0,01 M v 0,01 M. B. 0,02 M v 0,04 M.
C. 0,04 M v 0,02 M D. 0,05 M v 0,05 M.
Cu 19: Mt dung dch A cha hn hp AgNO
3
0,1M v Pb(NO
3
)
2
0,05M, dung dch B cha hn
hp HCl 0,2M v NaCl 0,05 M. Cho dung dch B vo 100 ml dung dch A thu c kt ta ln
nht l m gam cht rn. Th tch dung dch B cn cho vo 100 ml dung dch A v gi tr m l :
A. 80 ml v 1,435 gam. B. 100 ml v 2,825 gam.
C. 100 ml v 1,435 gam. D. 80 ml v 2,825 gam.
Cu 20: 200 ml gm MgCl
2
0,3M; AlCl
3
0,45 M; HCl 0,55M tc dng hon ton vi V lt gm
NaOH 0,02M v Ba(OH)
2
0,01M. Gi tr ca V lt c kt ta ln nht v lng kt ta nh
nht l :
A. 1,25 lt v 1,475 lt. B. 1,25 lt v 14,75 lt.
C.12,5 lt v 14,75 lt. D. 12,5 lt v 1,475 lt.
Cu 21: Nh t t 0,25 lt dung dch NaOH 1,04M v o dung dch gm 0,024 mol FeCl
3
; 0,016
molAl
2
(SO
4
)
3
v 0,04 mol H
2
SO
4
thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 2,568. B. 1,560 C. 4,128. D. 5,064.
Cu 22: Thm m gam kali vo 300 ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M thu c dung
dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200 ml dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,1M thu c kt ta Y. thu
c lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tr ca m l :
A. 1,59. B. 1,17. C. 1,71. D. 1,95.
155
Cu 23: Cho V lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M vo dung dch cha 0,2 mol Al(NO
3
)
3
v 0,2 mol HNO
3
n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta.
a. Gi tr nh nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l :
A. 0,35. B. 0,25. C. 0,45. D. 0,05.
b. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng kt ta trn l :
A. 0,35. B. 0,25. C. 0,45. D. 0,05.
Cu 24: Ho tan 0,54 gam Al bng 0,5 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,1M thu c dung dch A. Thm V lt
dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo dung dch A cho n khi kt ta tan mt phn, lc kt ta nung nhit
cao n khi lng khng i thu c 0,51 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 0,8 lt. B. 1,1 lt. C. 1,2 lt. D. 1,5 lt.
Cu 25: Thm 240 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo mt cc thu tinh ng 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
nng x mol/lt, khuy u n phn ng ho n ton thy trong cc c 0,08 mol cht kt ta. Th m
tip 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo cc, khuy u n phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,06
mol cht kt ta. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 0,75M. B. 1M. C. 0,5M. D. 0,8M.
Cu 26: Thm 150 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo mt cc ng 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
nng x
mol/l, sau khi phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,1 mol cht kt ta. Th m tip 100 ml dung
dch NaOH 2M vo cc, sau khi phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,14 mol cht kt ta. Gi tr
ca x l :
A. 1,6M. B. 1,0M. C. 0,8M. D. 2,0M.
Cu 27: Cho dung dch A cha 0,05 mol Na[Al(OH)
4
] v 0,1 mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch
HCl 2M.
a. Th tch dung dch HCl 2M nh nht cn cho v o dung dch A xut hin 1,56 gam kt ta l :
A. 0,06 lt. B. 0,18 lt. C. 0,12 lt. D. 0,08 lt.
b. Th tch dung dch HCl 2M ln nht cn cho v o dung dch A xut hin 1,56 gam kt ta l :
A. 0,06 lt. B. 0,18 lt. C. 0,12 lt. D. 0,08 lt.
Cu 28: 100 ml dung dch A cha NaOH 0,1M v NaAlO
2
0,3M. Thm t t dung dch HCl 0,1M
vo dung dch A cho n khi kt ta tan mt phn. em nung kt ta n khi l ng khng i th
c 1,02 gam cht rn. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,1M dng l :
A. 0,5 lt. B. 0,7 lt. C. 0,6 lt. D. 0,55 lt.
Cu 29: Cho 200 ml dung dch Y gm Ba(AlO
2
)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3
thu c 0,78 gam kt ta. S mol HNO
3
ti a cn dng l :
A. 0,15. B. 0,13. C. 0,18. D. 0,07.
Cu 30: Cho 200 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M vo mt dung dch c cha a mol NaAlO
2
c 7,8
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,025. B. 0,05. C. 0,1. D. 0,125.
Cu 31: Cho 0,54 gam Al vo 40 ml dung dch NaOH 1M, sau phn ng thu c dung dch X. Cho
t t dung dch HCl 0,5M vo dung dch X thu c kt ta. thu c kt ta ln nht th th tch
dung dch HCl 0,5M l :
A. 110 ml. B. 40 ml. C. 70 ml. D. 80 ml.
Cu 32: 100 ml dung dch A cha NaOH 0,1M v Na[Al(OH)
4
] aM. Thm t t 0,7 lt HCl 0,1M
vo dung dch A thu c kt ta, lc kt ta, nung nhit cao n khi l ng khng i thu
c 1,02 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,15 . B. 0,2. C. 0,3. D. 0,25 .
Cu 33: Sc 4,48 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 200 ml dung dch cha Na
2
CO
3
0,5M v NaOH 0,75M thu c
dung dch X. Cho dung dch BaCl
2
d vo dung dch X. Khi lng kt ta thu c l :
156
Cu 34: Hp th hon ton 1,568 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0,16M thu c dung
dch X. Thm 250 ml dung dch Y gm BaCl
2
0,16M v Ba(OH)
2
a mol/l vo dung dch X thu c
3,94 gam kt ta v dung dch Z. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,02M. B. 0,04M. C. 0,03M. D. 0,015M.
Cu 35: Cho 0,448 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) hp th ht vo 100 ml dung dch cha hn hp NaOH 0,06M
v Ba(OH)
2
0,12M, thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 3,940. B. 1,182. C. 2,364. D. 1,970.
Cu 36: Hp th hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 500 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M
v Ba(OH)
2
0,2M, sinh ra m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 19,70. B. 17,73. C. 9,85. D. 11,82.
Cu 37: Sc V lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp KOH 0,5M v Ba(OH)
2
0,375M thu
c 11,82 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,344l lt. B. 4,256 lt.
C. 8,512 lt. D. 1,344l lt hoc 4,256 lt.
Cu 38: Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol K
2
CO
3
ng thi khuy
u, thu c V lt kh (ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X thy c
xut hin kt ta. Biu thc li n h gia V vi a, b l :
A. V = 22,4(ab). B. v = 11,2(ab). C. V = 11,2(a+b). D. V = 22,4(a+b).
Cu 39: Cc A ng 0,3 mol Na
2
CO
3
v 0,2 mol NaHCO
3
. Cc B ng 0,4 mol HCl. rt t t
cc A vo cc B. S mol kh CO
2
thot ra c gi tr l :
A. 0,2. B. 0,25. C. 0,4. D. 0,5.
Cu 40: Ho tan 10,6 gam Na
2
CO
3
v 6,9 gam K
2
CO
3
vo nc thu c dung dch X. Thm t t
m gam dung dch HCl 5% vo X thy thot ra 0,12 mol kh. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 87,6. B. 175,2. C. 39,4. D. 197,1.
Cu 41: Hp th hon ton 13,44 lt CO
2
(ktc) bng 500 ml dung dch NaOH aM thu c dung
dch X. Cho t t 200 ml dung dch HCl 1M v o X c 1,12 lt kh (ktc) thot ra. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 1,5M. B. 1,2M. C. 2,0M. D. 1,0M.
Cu 42: Dung dch X cha 0,6 mol NaHCO
3
v 0,3 mol Na
2
CO
3
. Thm rt t t dung dch cha 0,8
mol HCl vo dung dch X c dung dch Y v V lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Thm vo dung dch Y nc
vi trong d thy to thnh m gam kt ta. Th tch V v khi lng m c gi tr l :
A. 11,2 lt CO
2
; 90 gam CaCO
3
. B. 16,8 lt CO
2
; 60 gam CaCO
3
.
C. 11,2 lt CO
2
; 60 gam CaCO
3
. D. 11,2 lt CO
2
; 40 gam CaCO
3
.
Cu 43: a. Cho t t 200 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M vo 300 ml dung dch
Na
2
CO
3
1M thu c V lt kh (ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,68 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
b. Cho t t 300 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
1M vo 200 ml dung dch hn hp HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M
thu c V lt kh (ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. 1,68 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Cu 44: Cho rt t t 100 ml dung dch HCl x mol/l v o 100 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
y mol/l thu
c1,12 lt CO
2
(ktc). Nu lm ngc li thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc). Gi tr x, y ln lt l :
A. 1,5M v 2M. B. 1M v 2M. C. 2M v 1,5M. D. 1,5M v 1,5M.
Cu 45: Cho t t 150 ml dung dch HCl 1M vo 500 ml dung dich A gm Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
th
thu c 1,008 lt kh (ktc) v dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d
th thu c 29,55 gam kt ta. Nng ca Na
2
CO
3
v KHCO
3
trong dung dch A ln lt l :
A. 0,21 v 0,32M. B. 0,2 v 0,4 M. C. 0,18 v 0,26M. D. 0,21 v 0,18M.
157
Cu 46: Thm t t n ht dung dch cha 0,02 mol K
2
CO
3
vo dung dch cha 0,03 mol HCl.
Lng kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l :
A. 0,448 lt. B. 0,224 lt. C. 0,336 lt. D. 0,112 lt.
Cu 47: Thm t t n ht 150 ml dung dch ( Na
2
CO
3
1M v K
2
CO
3
0,5 M) vo 250 ml dung dch
HCl 2M th th tch kh CO
2
sinh ra ktc l :
A. 2,52 lt. B. 5,04 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 5,6 lt.
Cu 48: Cho nhanh 1 lt dung dch HCl 2M vo 1lt dung dch hn hp Na
2
CO
3
1M v NaHCO
3
1M. n phn ng hon ton thu c V lt kh (ktc). Gi tr ca V l :
A. V = 33,6. B. 22,4 V 33,6. C. V = 22,4. D. Kt qu khc.
Cu 49: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit
H
2
SO
4
0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i). Dung
dch Y c pH l :
A. 1. B. 6. C. 7. D. 2.
Cu 50: Cho 19,2 gam Cu vo 500 ml dung d ch NaNO
3
1M, sau thm vo 500 ml dung d ch
HCl 2M vo. Kt thc phn ng thu c dung dch X v kh NO duy nht. Th tch dung dch
NaOH 1M cn thm vo X kt ta ht ion Cu
2+
l :
A. 600 ml. B. 800 ml. C. 530 ml. D. 400 ml.
Cu 51: Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt kh NO. Cho 3,84
gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M thot ra V
2
lt kh NO. Bit NO l
sn phm kh duy nht v cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l :
A. V
2
= 2V
1
. B. V
2
= V
1
. C. V
2
= 1,5V
1
. D. V
2
= 2,5V
1
.
Cu 52: Cho 3,2 gam Cu tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch hn hp HNO
3
0,8M + H
2
SO
4
0,2M, sn
phm kh duy nht ca HNO
3
l kh NO.
a. Th tch (lt) kh NO (ktc) l :
A. 0,336. B. 0,224. C. 0,672. D. 0,448
b. S gam mui khan thu c l :
A. 7,9. B. 8,84. C. 5,64. D. Tt c u sai.
Cu 53: Cho 500 ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO
3
0,2M v HCl 1M. Khi cho Cu tc dng vi dung
dch th ch thu c mt sn phm duy nht l NO. Khi lng Cu c th ho tan ti a vo dung
dch l :
Cu 54: Cho m gam bt kim loi ng vo 200 ml dung dch HNO
3
2M, c kh NO thot ra. ha
tan va ht cht rn, cn thm tip 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,8M vo na, ng thi cng c kh NO
thot ra. Gi tr ca m l :
Cu 55: Cho hn hp gm 6,4 gam Cu v 5,6 gam Fe vo cc ng dung dch HCl long d. tc
dng ht vi cc cht c trong cc sau phn ng cn t nht khi l ng NaNO
3
l (sn phm kh duy
nht l NO) :
A. 8,5 gam. B. 17 gam. C. 5,7 gam. D. 2,8 gam.
Cu 56: Dung dch A cha 0,02 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
v 0,3 mol HCl c kh nng ho tan c Cu vi
khi lng ti a l :
Cu 57: Cho 0,3 mol bt Cu v 0,6 mol Fe(NO
3
)
2
vo dung dch cha 0,9 mol H
2
SO
4
(long). Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr
ca V l :
A. 6,72. B. 8,96. C. 4,48. D. 10,08.
158
Cu 58: Cho 11,6 gam FeCO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh (CO
2
,
NO) v dung dch X. Khi thm dung dch HCl d vo dung dch X th ho tan ti a c bao nhiu
gam bt Cu (bit c kh NO bay ra) ?
A. 28,8 gam. B. 16 gam. C. 48 gam. D. 32 gam.
Cu 59: Cho m gam bt Fe vo 800 ml dung dch hn hp gm Cu(NO
3
)
2
0,2M v H
2
SO
4
0,25M.
Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c 0,6m gam hn hp bt kim loi v V lt kh NO
(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l :
A. 10,8 v 2,24. B. 10,8 v 4,48. C. 17,8 v 4,48. D. 17,8 v 2,24.
Cu 60: Cho hn hp gm 1,12 gam Fe v 1,92 gam Cu vo 400 ml dung dch cha hn hp gm
H
2
SO
4
0,5M v NaNO
3
0,2M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch X v kh
NO (sn phm kh duy nht). Cho V ml dung dch NaOH 1M v o dung dch X th lng kt ta thu
c l ln nht. Gi tr ti thiu ca V l :
A. 240. B. 120. C. 360. D. 400.
Cu 61: Cho 19,3 gam hn hp bt Zn v Cu c t l mol tng ng l 1 : 2 vo dung dch cha 0,2
mol Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c m gam kim loi. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 6,40. B. 16,53. C. 12,00. D. 12,80.
Cu 62: Cho 0,3 mol magie vo 100 ml dung d ch hn hp cha Fe(NO
3
)
3
2M v Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M, sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng kim loi thu c l :
Cu 63: Cho 100 ml dung dch FeCl
2
1M vo 250 ml dung dch AgNO
3
1M, sau phn ng hon ton
thu c lng cht rn l :
Cu 64: Ha tan 0,784 gam bt st trong 100 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,3M. Khuy u phn ng
xy ra hon ton, thu c 100 ml dung dch A. Nng mol/l cht tan trong dung dch A l :
A. Fe(NO
3
)
2
0,12M; Fe(NO
3
)
3
0,02M. B. Fe(NO
3
)
3
0,1M.
C. Fe(NO
3
)
2
0,14M. D. Fe(NO
3
)2 0,14M; AgNO
3
0,02M.
Cu 65: Nhng mt thanh Mg vo 200 ml dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
1M, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim
loi ra cn li thy khi l ng tng 0,8 gam. S gam Mg tan vo dung dch l :
159
CHUYN 9 : PHNG PHP BO TON IN TCH
1. Ni dung nh lut bo ton in tch :
Trong mt h c lp in tch c bo ton
Suy ra trong nguyn t , phn t hp cht ion, dung d ch cht in li u c im chung l tng
gi tr in tch m bng tng gi tr in tch d ng.
2. Nguyn tc p dng
- Trong dung dch:
Tng s mol ion dng gi tr in tch dng = Tng s mol ion m gi tr in tch m.
- Khi thay th ion ny bng ion khc th :
S mol ion ban u gi tr in tch ca n = S mol ion thay th gi tr in tch ca n.
V d : Thay ion O
2-
bng ion Cl
-
th ta c :
2
O Cl
2.n 1.n

=
3. Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Mt cc nc c cha a mol Ca
2+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol Cl
-
, d mol HCO
3
-
. H thc lin h
gia a, b, c, d l :
A. 2a+2b=c-d. B. a+b=c+d. C. 2a+2b=c+d. D. a+b=2c+2d.
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c :
2 2
3
Ca Mg Cl HCO
2n 2n n n 2a 2b c d
+ +
+ = + + = + .
p n C.
V d 2: C hai dung dch, mi dung dch cha hai cation v 2 anion khng trng nhau trong cc ion
sau: K
+
: 0,3 mol; Mg
2+
: 0,2 mol; NH
4
+
: 0,5 mol; H
+
: 0,4 mol; Cl
-
: 0,2 mol; SO
4
2-
: 0,15 mol; NO
3
-
: 0,5 mol; CO
3
2-
: 0,3 mol. Mt trong hai dung dch trn cha cc ion l :
A. K
+
; Mg
2+
; SO
4
2-
; Cl
-
. B. K
+
; NH
4
+
; CO
3
2-
; Cl
-
.
C. NH
4
+
; H
+
; NO
3
-
; SO
4
2-
. D. Mg
2+
; H
+
; SO
4
2-
; Cl
-
.
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c :
2
4 3
K NH Cl CO
n n n 2n
+ +
+ = +
p n B.
V d 3: Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu
2+
, 0,03 mol K
+
, x mol Cl
v y mol SO
4
2
. Tng khi
lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l :
A. 0,01 v 0,03. B. 0,02 v 0,05. C. 0,05 v 0,01. D. 0,03 v 0,02.
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch v bo ton khi lng, ta c h :
0, 02.2 0, 03 x 2y x 0, 03
0, 02.64 0, 03.39 35, 5x 96y 5, 435 y 0, 02
+ = + =
:

+ + + = =

p n D.
160
V d 4: Dung dch A c cha 5 ion : Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
, 0,1 mol Cl
v 0,2 mol NO
3
. Thm dn V lt
dung dch K
2
CO
3
1M vo A n khi c lng kt ta ln nht. V c gi tr l :
A. 150 ml. B. 300 ml. C. 200 ml. D. 250 ml.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion rt gn :
Mg
2+
+ CO
3
2
MgCO
3
+
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2
BaCO
3
+
Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2
CaCO
3
+
Khi phn ng kt thc, cc kt ta tch khi dung dch, phn dung dc h cha K
+
, Cl
v NO
3
.
trung ha in th
K
n
+
=
Cl
n

+
3
NO
n

= 0,3 mol
2 3
K CO
n =
1
2
K
n
+
= 0,15 mol.
V = 0,15 lt = 150 ml.
p n B.
V d 5: Cho dung dch X gm 0,007 mol Na
+
, x mol Ca
2+
, 0,006 mol Cl
-
, 0,006 mol
3
HCO

v
0,001 mol
3
NO

. loi b ht Ca
2+
trong X cn va dung dch cha a gam Ca(OH)
2
. Gi tr ca
a l :
Hng dn gii
p dng bo ton in tch cho dung dch X ta c :
0,007 + 2x = 0,006 + 0,006 + 0,001 x= 0,003
loi b ht 0,003 mol Ca
2+
th cn phi to ra 0,003 mol CO
3
2-
Phng trnh phn ng:
Ca(OH)
2
+ 2
3
HCO

CaCO
3
+
2
3
CO

+ H
2
O
0,003 0,006 0,003
Ca
2+
+
2
3
CO

CaCO
3
0,003 0,003 0,003
Theo phn ng ta suy ra :
2
Ca(OH)
n = 0,003 mol m = 0,003.74 = 0,222 gam.
p n D.
V d 6: Dung dch X c cha 0,07 mol Na
+
, 0,02 mol SO
4
2-
, v x mol OH
-
. Dung dch Y c cha
ClO
4
-
, NO
3
-
v y mol H
+
; tng s mol ClO
4
-
, NO
3
-
l 0,04 mol. Trn X v T c 100 ml dung dch
Z. Dung dch Z c pH (b qua s in li ca H
2
O) l :
A. 1. B. 12. C. 13. D. 2.
Hng dn gii
p dng bo ton in tch cho cc dung dch X v Y ta c:
2
4
Na SO OH
1.n 2.n n 0, 07 0, 02.2 x x 0, 03
+
= + = + =
4 3
ClO NO H
1.n 1.n 1.n y 0, 04
+
+ = =
Phng trnh phn ng: H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
+
H d
n = 0,01 [H
+
] = 0,1 pH = 1
p n A.
161
V d 7: Dung dch X cha cc ion: Ca
2+
, Na
+
,
3
HCO
v Cl
, trong s mol ca ion Cl
l 0,1.
Cho
1
2
dung dch X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH (d ), thu c 2 gam kt ta. Cho
1
2
dung dch X
cn li phn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
(d), thu c 3 gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu un si n
cn dung dch X th thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 9,21. B. 9,26. C. 8,79. D. 7.47.
Hng dn gii
Trng hp cho Ca(OH)
2
vo dung dch X thu c lng kt ta nhiu hn so vi trng hp
cho NaOH vo dung dch X, chng t rng trong dung dch X l ng Ca
2+
t hn lng HCO
3
-
.
Phng trnh phn ng :
NaOH + Ca
2+
+
3
HCO
CaCO
3
+Na
+
+ H
2
O (1)
mol: 0,02 0,02
Ca(OH)
2
+ Ca
2+
+ 2
3
HCO
2CaCO
3
+ 2H
2
O (1)
mol: 0,03 0,03
T (1)
2
Ca
n
+
=
3
CaCO
n = 0,02 mol v t (2)
3
HCO
n

=
3
CaCO
n = 0,03 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch cho
1
2
dung dch X, ta c :
2 2
3 3
Na Ca HCO Cl Na HCO Cl Ca
n 2.n n n n n n 2.n
+ + + +
+ = + = + = 0,03 + 0,05 0,02.2 = 0,04 mol
Khi c cn dung dch, xy ra phn ng:
Ca
2+
+ 2HCO
3
-
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
0,015 0,03 0,015
Nh vy sau phn ng HCO
3
-
chuyn ht thnh CO
3
-
2
3
CO
n

= 0,015 m = 2.(0,02.40 + 0,04.23 + 0,015.60 + 0,05.35,5) = 8,79 gam
p n C.
V d 8: Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl
3
vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th
cn c t l
A. a : b = 1 : 4. B. a : b < 1 : 4. C. a : b = 1 : 5. D. a : b > 1 : 4.
Hng dn gii
Nu phn ng khng c kt ta th dung dch sn phm gm cc ion : Na
+
, Cl
-
, [Al(OH)
4
]
-
, c th
c OH
-
d.
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
4 d
Na [Al(OH) ] Cl OH
n n n n
+
= + +
4
Na [Al(OH) ] Cl
n n n
+
> + b > a +3a =4a hay
a 1
b 4
s thu c kt ta th
a 1
b 4
>
p n D.
162
V d 9: Cho 150 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
nng x mol/l,
thu c dung dch Y v 4,68 gam kt ta. Loi b kt ta, thm tip 175 ml dung dch KOH 1,2M
vo Y, thu c 2,34 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 1,2. B. 0,8. C. 0,9. D. 1,0.
Hng dn gii
3
AlCl
n 0,1x mol = ,
KOH
n
= 0,39 mol v
3
Al(OH)
n
= 0,09 mol
3
OH trong Al(OH) OH trong NaOH
n n

<
Nh vy c phn ng ha tan kt ta, dung dch thu c gm cc ion: Al(OH)
4
-
, K
+
v Cl
-
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch, ta c:
4
K [Al(OH) ] Cl
n n n
+
= + 0,39 = (0,1x 0,09) + 3.0,1x x = 1,2
p n A.
V d 10: Ha tan hon ton 7,8 gam hn hp gm Al v Al
2
O
3
trong 500 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M
thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. Th tch HCl 2M cn cho vo D thu c lng kt
ta ln nht l :
A. 0,175 lt. B. 0,125 lt. C. 0,25 lt. D. 0,52 lt.
Hng dn gii
Trong dung dch D c cha AlO
2
v OH
(nu d). Dung dch D trung ho v in nn:

2
AlO OH Na
n n n 0, 25 mol
+
+ = =
Khi cho HCl vo D:
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
H
+
+ AlO
2
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+
thu c lng kt ta ln nht th
2
H AlO OH
n n n
+
= + = 0,25 mol
Th tch dung dch HCl l
0, 25
V
2
= = 0,125 lt.
p n B.
V d 11: Trn 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M thu c kt ta A v
dung dch D.
a. Khi lng kt ta A l :
b. Nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch D l :
A. NaCl 0,2 M v NaAlO
2
0,6 M. B. NaCl 1 M v NaAlO
2
0,2 M.
C. NaCl 1 M v NaAlO
2
0,6 M. D. NaCl 0,2 M v NaAlO
2
0,4 M.
Hng dn gii
Ta c th s dng nh lut bo ton in tch:
3
Al
n
+
= 0,1 mol,
Cl
n

= 3.0,1 = 0,3 mol
Na
n
+
=
OH
n

= 0,2.1,8 = 0,36 mol
Sau khi phn ng kt thc, kt ta tch ra, phn dung dch cha 0,3 mol Cl
trung ho in tch
vi 0,3 mol Na
+
cn 0,06 mol Na
+
na phi trung ho in tch vi mt anion khc, ch c th l 0,06
mol AlO
2
(hay [Al(OH)
4
]
). Cn 0,1 0,06 = 0,04 mol Al

3+
tch ra thnh 0,04 mol Al(OH)
3
. Kt
qu trong dung dch cha 0,3 mol NaCl v 0,06 mol NaAlO
2
(hay Na[Al(OH)
4
])
163
a.
3
Al(OH)
m = 0,04.78 = 3,12 gam
p n A.
b. C
M(NaCl)
=
0, 3
0, 3
= 1M,
2
M( NaAlO )
0, 06
C 0, 2M
0, 3
= = .
p n B.
V d 12: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ), thu
c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,04. B. 0,075. C. 0,12. D. 0,06.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch X ch cha hai mui sunfat nn ta suy hai mui l :Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
v CuSO
4
FeS
2
+ Cu
2
S Fe
3+
+ Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
3 2 2
4
Fe Cu SO
3.n 2.n 2.n
+ +
+ = 3.0,12 + 2.2a = 2.(0,12.2 +a) a = 0,06 mol.
p n D.
V d 13: Cho 2,13 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Mg, Cu v Al dng bt tc dng hon ton
vi oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi l ng 3,33 gam. Th tch (V) dung dch HCl 2M
va phn ng ht vi Y l
A. 57 ml. B. 50 ml. C. 75 ml. D. 90 ml.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
4X + nO
2
2X
2
O
n
(1)
X
2
O
n
+2nHCl 2XCl
n
(2)
Nhn xt: S mol in tch ca cc kim loi trong X
2
O
n
v XCl
n
l khng thay i, do s mol
in tch m trong hai phn l nh nhau
2
Cl O
n 2.n

= =

=
2.(3,33 2,13)
16
0,15 mol
Vy
HCl
Cl
n n 0,15
= = mol V =
0,15
2
= 0,075 lt = 75 ml.
p n C.
V d 14: Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i th nh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 tan ht
trong dung dch HCl, to ra 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc). Phn 2 nung trong khng kh n khi l ng khng
i thu c 2,84 gam cht rn. Khi l ng hn hp 2 kim loi trong hn hp u l :
Hng dn gii
Nhn xt: S mol in tch ca hai kim loi A v B trong hai phn l khng thay i, do s
mol in tch m trong hai phn l nh nhau.
Suy ra
2
O Cl
2.n n

= nn n
O (trong oxit)
=
1
2
n
Cl (trong mui)
=
2
H
n =
1, 796
22, 4
= 0,08 mol
m
kim loi
= m
oxit
m
oxi
= 2,84 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam
Khi lng trong hn hp ban u m = 2.1,56 = 3,12 gam.
p n A.
164
V d 15: Cho tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HCl 4M thu c 5,6 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. kt ta hon ton cc ion trong D cn 300 ml dung dch NaOH 2M. Th
tch dung dch HCl dng l :
A. 0,1 lt. B. 0,12 lt. C. 0,15 lt. D. 0,2 lt.
Hng dn gii
Khi cho 0,6 mol NaOH vo dung dch D cha Mg
2+
, Fe
2+
v H
+
(nu d) tch ra khi dung dch
D. Dung dch to thnh cha Cl
phi trung ho in tch vi 0,6 mol Na

+
Cl Na
n n 0, 6 mol
+
= =
HCl
0, 6
V
4
= = 0,15 lt
p n C.
V d 16: Cho 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
tan va ht trong 700 ml dung dch
HCl 1M thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi NaOH d , lc kt
ta v nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Y. Khi l ng Y l
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng :
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
FeO + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
O
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8HCl 2FeCl
3
+ FeCl
2
+ 4H
2
O
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HCl 2FeCl
2
+ 3H
2
O
FeCl
2
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4H
2
O
2Fe(OH)
3
+ O
2
0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c
S mol HCl ho tan Fe l n
HCl
= 2
2
H
3, 36
n 2. 0, 3 mol
22, 4
= =
S mol HCl ho tan cc oxit = 0,7 0,3 = 0,4 (mol)
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c
2
O ( trong oxit) Cl
1 0, 4
n n
2 2

= = = 0,2 mol
n
Fe (trong X)
=
oxit oxi
m m 20 0, 2.16
56 56

= = 0,3 mol
0,3 mol Fe 0,15 mol Fe
2
O
3
2 3
Fe O
m = 0,15.160 = 24 gam
p n D.
Nhn xt : bi ny khng cn vit phng trnh vn c th tnh ton ra kt qu.
165
4. Bi tp p dng
Bi tp dnh cho hc sinh lp 11 v 12
Cu 1: Mt cc nc c cha a mol Ca
2+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol Cl
-
, d mol HCO
3
-
. H thc lin h gia
a, b, c, d l :
A. 2a+2b=c-d. B. a+b=c+d. C. 2a+2b=c+d. D. a+b=2c+2d.
Cu 2: C hai dung dch, mi dung dch cha hai cation v 2 anion khng trng nhau trong cc ion
sau: K
+
: 0,3 mol; Mg
2+
: 0,2 mol; NH
4
+
: 0,5 mol; H
+
: 0,4 mol; Cl
-
: 0,2 mol; SO
4
2-
: 0,15 mol; NO
3
-
: 0,5 mol; CO
3
2-
: 0,3 mol. Mt trong hai dung dch trn cha cc ion :
A. K
+
; Mg
2+
; SO
4
2-
; Cl
-
. B. K
+
; NH
4
+
; CO
3
2-
; Cl
-
.
C. NH
4
+
; H
+
; NO
3
-
; SO
4
2-
. D. Mg
2+
; H
+
; SO
4
2-
; Cl
-
.
Cu 3: c mt dung dch c cha cc ion: Mg
2+
(0,02 mol), Fe
2+
(0,03 mol), Cl
-
(0,04 mol),
SO
4
2-
(0,03 mol), ta c th pha vo nc my mui ?
A. 2 mui. B. 3 mui.
C. 4 mui. D. 2 hoc 3 hoc 4 mui.
Cu 4: Mt dung dch c cha cc ion: Mg
2+
(0,05 mol), K
+
(0,15 mol), NO
3
-
(0,1 mol), v SO
4
2-
(x
mol). Gi tr ca x l :
A. 0,05. B. 0,075. C. 0,1. D. 0,15.
Cu 5: Dung dch A cha cc ion: Fe
2+
(0,1 mol), Al
3+
(0,2 mol), Cl
-
(x mol), SO
4
2-
(y mol). C cn
dung dch A thu c 46,9 gam mui rn. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l :
A. 0,1 v 0,35. B. 0,3 v 0,2. C. 0,2 v 0,3. D. 0,4 v 0,2.
Cu 6: Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu
2+
, 0,03 mol K
+
, x mol Cl
v y mol SO
4
2
. Tng khi lng
cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l :
A. 0,01 v 0,03. B. 0,02 v 0,05. C. 0,05 v 0,01. D. 0,03 v 0,02.
Cu 7: Mt dung dch c cha 0,02 mol
4
NH
, x mol Fe
3+
, 0,01 mol Cl
-
v 0,02 mol SO
4
2
. Khi c
cn dung dch ny thu c lng mui khan l :
Cu 8: Dung dch A cha 0,23 gam ion Na
+
; 0,12 gam ion Mg
2+
; 0,355 gam ion Cl
-
v m gam ion
SO
4
2
. S gam mui khan s thu c khi c cn dung dch A l :
Cu 9: Cho 200 ml dung dch A cha cc ion
4
NH
, K
+
, SO
4
2
v Cl
-
vi cc nng sau: [
4
NH
] =
0,5M; [K
+
] = 0,1M; [SO
4
2
] = 0,25M. Khi lng ca cht rn thu c sau khi c cn 200 ml dung
dch A l :
Cu 10: Mt dung dch cha cc ion: x mol M
3+
, 0,2 mol Mg
2+
, 0,3 mol Cu
2+
, 0,6 mol SO
4
2-
, 0,4
mol NO
3
-
. C cn dung dch ny thu c 116,8 gam hn hp cc mui khan. M l :
A. Cr. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
Cu 11: Dung dch X cha cc ion Ca
2+
, Al
3+
, Cl
-
. kt ta ht ion Cl
-
trong 100 ml dung dch X
cn dng 700 ml dung dch cha ion Ag
+
c nng 1M. C cn dung dch X thu c 35,55 gam
mui. Nng mol cc cation trong dung dch ln lt l :
A. 0,4 v 0,3. B. 0,2 v 0,3. C. 1 v 0,5. D. 2 v 1.
Cu 12: Mt loi nc khong c thnh phn sau (mg/l): Cl
-
: 1300;
3
HCO
: 400;
2
4
SO

: 300; Ca
2+
:
60; Mg
2+
: 25; (Na + K): m
Na+K
. Hm lng (Na + K) c trong 1 lt nc l bao nhiu ?
A. 1,019 gam < m
Na+K
< 1,729 gam. B. 1,119 gam < m
Na+K
< 1,728 gam.
C. 1,019 gam < m
Na+K
< 1,287 gam. D. 1,910 gam < m
Na+K
< 1,782 gam.
166
Cu 13: Dung dch X gm a mol Na
+
, b mol HCO
3
-
, c mol CO
3
2-
, d mol SO
4
2-
. Cn dng 100 ml
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c nng l xM cho vo dung dch X th c lng kt ta ln nht. Biu
thc lin h gia x vi a, b l :
A. x = (3a + 2b)/0,2. B. x = (2a + b)/0,2.
C. x = (a b)/0,2. D. x = (a+b)/0,2.
Cu 14: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,06 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ),
thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,04. B. 0,03. C. 0,12. D. 0,06.
Cu 15: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm x mol FeS
2
v y mol Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ), thu
c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. T l x : y l :
A. 1: 1. B. 2:1. C. 1:2. D. 3:1.
Cu 16: Dung dch A cha cc ion: CO
3
2-
, SO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, 0,1 mol HCO
3
-
v 0,3 mol Na
+
. Thm V lt
dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M vo A th thu c lng kt ta ln nht. Gi tr nh nht ca V l :
A. 0,15. B. 0,25. C. 0,20. D. 0,30.
Cu 17: Dung dch A c cha : Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
v 0,2 mol Cl
-
, 0,3 mol NO
3
-
. Thm dn dn dung
dch Na
2
CO
3
1M vo dung dch A cho n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th ngng li. Th tch
dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thm vo l :
A. 300 ml. B. 200 ml. C.150 ml. D. 250 ml.
Cu 18: Dung dch X c cha: 0,07 mol Na
+
; 0,02 mol SO
4
2-
v x mol OH
-
. Dung dch Y c cha
ClO
4
-
, NO
3
-
v y mol H
+
; tng s mol ClO
4
-
v NO
3
-
l 0,04. Trn X v Y c 100 ml dung dch Z.
Dung dch Z c pH (b qua s in li ca H
2
O) l :
A. 1. B. 2. C. 12. D. 13.
Cu 19: Cho dung dch X gm: 0,007 mol Na
+
; 0,003 mol Ca
2+
; 0,006 mol Cl
-
; 0,006 HCO
3
-
v
0,001 mol NO
3
-
. loi b ht Ca
2+
trong X cn mt lng va dung dch cha a gam Ca(OH)
2
Gi tr ca a l :
A. 0,222. B. 0,120. C. 0,444. D. 0,180.
Cu 20: Mt dung dch X c cha 0,01 mol Ba
2+
; 0,01 mol NO
3
-
, a mol OH
-
v b mol Na
+
. trung
ho 1/2 dung dch X ngi ta cn dng 200 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Khi l ng cht rn thu c
khi c cn dung dch X l :
Cu 21: Dung dch E cha cc ion Mg
2+
, SO
4
2-
, NH
4
+
, Cl
-
. Chia dung dch E ra 2 phn bng nhau:
Cho phn I tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d , un nng, c 0,58 gam kt ta v 0,672 lt kh
(ktc). Phn II tc dng vi dung dch BaCl
2
d, c 4,66 gam kt ta. Tng khi l ng cc cht
tan trong dung dch E c gi tr l :
A. 6,11gam. B. 3,055 gam. C. 5,35 gam. D. 9,165 gam.
Cu 22: C 500 ml dung dch X cha Na
+
, NH
4
+
, CO
3
2-
v SO
4
2-
. Ly 100 ml dung dch X tc dng
vi lng d dung dch HCl thu 2,24 lt kh (ktc). Ly 100 ml dung dch X cho tc dng vi l ng
d dung dch BaCl
2
thy c 43 gam kt ta. Ly 100 ml dung dch X tc dng vi l ng d dung
dch NaOH thu 4,48 lt kh NH
3
(ktc). Tng khi lng mui c trong 500 ml dung dch X l :
A.14,9 gam. B.11,9 gam. C. 86,2 gam. D. 119 gam.
Cu 23: Dung dch X cha cc ion sau: Al
3+
, Cu
2+
, SO
4
2-
v NO
3
-
. kt ta ht ion SO
4
2-
c trong
250 ml dung dch X cn 50 ml dung dch BaCl
2
1M. Cho 500 ml dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch
NH
3
d th c 7,8 gam kt ta. C cn 500 ml dung dch X c 37,3 gam hn hp mui khan.
Nng mol/l ca NO
3
-
l :
A. 0,2M. B. 0,3M. C. 0,6M. D. 0,4M.
167
Cu 24: Dung dch X cha cc ion: Fe
3+
, SO
4
2-
, NH
4
+
, Cl
-
. Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn bng
nhau : Phn mt tc dng vi l ng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v
1,07 gam kt ta ; Phn hai tc dng vi l ng d dung dch BaCl
2
, thu c 4,66 gam kt ta. Tng
khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c nc bay hi)
:
Cu 25: Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO
3
2-
; 0,1 mol Na
+
; 0,25 mol NH
4
+
; 0,3 mol Cl
-
. un nng
nh dung dch X v cho 270 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M vo. Gi s nc bay hi khng ng k.
Tng khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)
2
gim l :
Cu 26: Dung dch X cha cc ion: Ca
2+
, Na
+
, HCO
3
-
v Cl
-
trong s mol ca ion Cl
-
l 0,1. Cho
1/2 dung dch X phn ng vi dung dch NaOH (d), thu c 2 gam kt ta. Cho 1/2 dung dch X
cn li phn ng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
(d), thu c 3 gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu un si n
cn dung dch X th thu c m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 9,21. B. 9,26. C. 8,79. D. 7,47.
Cu 27: Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl
3
vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th
cn c t l
A. a : b < 1 : 4. B. a : b = 1 : 5. C. a : b = 1 : 4. D. a : b > 1 : 4.
Cu 28: Cho p mol Na[Al(OH)
4
] tc dng vi dung dch cha q mol HCl. thu c kt ta th
cn c t l
A. p : q < 1: 4. B. p : q = 1: 5. C. p : q > 1: 4. D. p : q = 1: 4.
Cu 29: Trn 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M vi 200 ml dung dch NaOH 1,8M thu c kt ta A v
dung dch D.
a. Khi lng kt ta A l :
b. Nng mol ca cc cht trong dung dch D l :
A. NaCl 0,2 M v NaAlO
2
0,6 M. B. NaCl 1 M v NaAlO
2
0,2 M.
C. NaCl 1 M v NaAlO
2
0,6 M. D. NaCl 0,2 M v NaAlO
2
0,4 M.
Cu 30: Dung dch X gm NaOH 0,2 M v Ba(OH)
2
0,05 M. Dung dch Y gm Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,4 M v
H
2
SO
4
xM. Trn 0,1 lt dung dch Y vi 1 lt dung dch X c 16,33 gam kt ta. Vy x c gi tr l
:
A. 0,2 M. B. 0,2 M; 0,6M. C. 0,2 M; 0,4M. D. 0,2 M; 0,5M.
Cu 31: Cho tan hon ton 15,6 gam hn hp gm Al v Al
2
O
3
trong 500 ml dung dch NaOH 1M
thu c 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. Th tch HCl 2M cn cho vo D thu c lng kt
ta ln nht l :
A. 0,175 lt. B. 0,35 lt. C. 0,25 lt. D. 0,52 lt.
Cu 32: Thm 240 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo mt cc thu tinh ng 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
nng x mol/lt, khuy u n phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,08 mol cht kt ta. Th m
tip 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1M vo cc, khuy u n phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,06
mol cht kt ta. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 0,75M. B. 1M. C. 0,5M. D. 0,8M.
Cu 33: Thm 150 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo mt cc ng 100 ml dung dch AlCl
3
nng x
mol/l, sau khi phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,1 mol cht kt ta. Th m tip 100 ml dung
dch NaOH 2M vo cc, sau khi phn ng hon ton thy trong cc c 0,14 mol cht kt ta. Gi tr
ca x l :
A. 1,6M. B. 1,0M. C. 0,8M. D. 2,0M.
168
Cu 34: Ho tan hon ton m gam ZnSO
4
vo nc c dung dch X. Nu cho 110 ml dung dch
KOH 2M vo X th thu c 3a gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu cho 140 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo X
th thu c 2a gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 32,20. B. 24,15. C. 17,71. D. 16,10.
Cu 35: Cho tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp Mg v Fe trong dung dch HCl 4M thu c 5,6 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. kt ta hon ton cc ion trong D cn 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M. Th
tch dung dch HCl dng l :
A. 0,1 lt. B. 0,12 lt. C. 0,15 lt. D. 0,2 lt.
Cu 36: Ha tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml dd H
2
SO
4
0,1M
(va ). Sau phn ng c cn dd th thu c s gam mui khan l :
A. 6,81. B. 4,81. C. 3,81. D. 5,81.
Cu 37: Cho 10 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
tan va ht trong 350 ml dung dch HCl
1M thu c 1,68 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi NaOH d , lc kt ta
v nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Y. Khi l ng Y l :
Cu 38: Chia hn hp 2 kim loi A, B c ha tr khng i th nh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1 ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl to ra 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc)
- Phn 2 nung trong khng kh n khi l ng khng i thu c 2,84 gam cht rn. Khi
lng hn hp 2 kim loi ban u l
Cu 39: Ly m gam hn hp 2 kim loi M v R c ho tr khng i, chia 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1
ho tan va trong 100 ml H
2
SO
4
1 M. Phn 2 cho tc dng vi Cl
2
d th c 9,5 gam mui
clorua. Vy m c gi tr l :
Cu 40: Chia 2,290 gam hn hp Mg, Al, Zn thnh 2 phn bng nhau. Phn 1 ho tan hon ton
trong dung dch HCl va thu c 1,456 lt H
2
(ktc) v to ra x gam mui. Phn 2 cho tc dng
vi O
2
d, thu c y gam 3 oxit.
a. Gi tr ca x l :
A. 6,955. B. 6,905. C. 5,890. D. 5,760.
b. Gi tr ca y l :
A. 2,185. B. 3,225. C. 4,213. D. 3,33.
Cu 41: t chy hon ton 4,04 gam mt hn hp bt kim loi gm Al, Fe, Cu trong khng kh thu
c 5,96 gam hn hp 3 oxit. Ha tan ht hn hp 3 oxit bng dung dch HCl 2M. Th tch dung
dch HCl cn dng l :
A. 0,5 lt. B. 0,7 lt. C. 0,12 lt. D. 1 lt.
Cu 42: Cho hn hp A gm Al, Zn, Mg. em oxi ho ho n ton 28,6 gam A bng oxi d thu c
44,6 gam hn hp oxit B. Ho tan ht B trong dung dch HCl thu c dung dch D. C cn dung
dch D c hn hp mui khan l :
Cu 43: Cho 5,7 gam hn hp bt X gm Mg, Al, Zn, Cu tc dng ho n ton vi oxi d thu c
hn hp rn Y c khi l ng l 8,1 gam. Th tch ti thiu dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M cn dng ho
tan hon ton Y l :
A. 180 ml. B. 270 ml. C. 300 ml. D. 360 ml.
Cu 44: Cho 20,4 gam hn hp Mg, Zn, Ag vo cc ng 600 ml dung dch HCl 1M (va ). Sau
khi phn ng kt thc thm dn NaOH vo t c kt qu ti a. Lc kt ta v nung nng
nhit cao n khi lng khng i c a gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l :
169
Cu 45: Cho 2,13 gam hn hp X gm ba kim loi Mg, Cu v Al dng bt tc dng hon ton vi
oxi thu c hn hp Y gm cc oxit c khi lng 3,33 gam. Th tch (V) dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M
va phn ng ht vi Y l
A. 57 ml. B. 150 ml. C. 75 ml. D. 90 ml.
170
CHUYN 10: PHNG PHP S DNG CC GI TR
TRUNG BNH
1. Nguyn tc :
Khi lng phn t trung bnh (KLPTTB) (k hi u M) cng nh khi lng nguyn t trung
bnh (KLNTTB) chnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp, nn n c tnh theo cng thc:
M =
tng khi lng hn hp (tnh theo gam)
tng s mol cc cht trong hn hp
.
i i
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 i
M n
M n M n M n ...
M
n n n ... n
+ + +
= =
+ + +

(1)
trong M
1
, M
2
,... l KLPT (hoc KLNT) ca cc cht trong hn hp; n
1
, n
2
,... l s mol tng ng
ca cc cht.
Cng thc (1) c th vit thnh:
3 1 2
1 2 3
i i i
n n n
M M . M . M . ...
n n n
= + + +

1 1 2 2 3 3
M M x M x M x ... = + + + (2)
trong x
1
, x
2
,... l % s mol tng ng ca cc cht. c bit i vi cht kh th x
1
, x
2
, ... cng
chnh l % th tch nn cng thc (2) c th vit thnh:
i i
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 i
M V
M V M V M V ...
M
V V V ... V
+ + +
= =
+ + +

(3)
trong V
1
, V
2
,... l th tch ca cc cht kh. Nu hn hp ch c 2 cht th cc cng thc (1), (2),
(3) tng ng tr thnh (3), (4), (5) nh sau:
1 1 2 1
M n M (n n )
M
n
+
= (3)
trong n l tng s s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp,
1 1 2 1
M M x M (1 x ) = + (4)
trong con s 1 ng vi 100% v
1 1 2 1
M V M (V V )
M
V
+
= (5)
trong V
1
l th tch kh th nht v V l tng th tch hn hp.
T cng thc tnh KLPTTB ta suy ra cc cng thc tnh KLNTTB.
Vi cc cng thc:
x y z 1
x y z 2
C H O ; n mol
C H O ; n mol
' ' '
171
- S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh:
1 1 2 2
1 2
x n x n ...
x
n n ...
+ +
=
+ +
- S nguyn t hiro trung bnh:
1 1 2 2
1 2
y n y n ...
y
n n ...
+ +
=
+ +
v i khi tnh c c s lin kt t, s nhm chc trung bnh theo cng thc trn.
2. Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Trong t nhin, ng (Cu) tn ti di hai dng ng v
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu . Khi lng nguyn
t trung bnh ca Cu l 63,54.
a. Thnh phn phn trm % v s nguyn t (s mol) ca mi loi ng v l :
A.
65
Cu: 27,5% ;
63
Cu: 72,5%. B.
65
Cu: 70% ;
63
Cu: 30%.
C.
65
Cu: 72,5% ;
63
Cu: 27,5%. D.
65
Cu: 30% ;
63
Cu: 70%.
b. Thnh phn phn trm % v khi l ng ca mi loi ng v l :
A.
65
Cu: 27,62% ;
63
Cu: 72,38%. B.
65
Cu: 70% ;
63
Cu: 30%.
C.
65
Cu: 72,5% ;
63
Cu: 27,5%. D.
65
Cu: 30% ;
63
Cu: 70%.
Hng dn gii
a. Thnh phn phn trm % v s nguyn t (s mol) ca mi loi ng v :
Gi x l % ca ng v
65
29
Cu ta c phng trnh :
M = 63,54 = 65.x + 63(1 x)
x = 0,27
Vy: ng v
65
Cu chim 27% v ng v
63
Cu chim 73%.
p n C.
b. Thnh phn phn trm % v khi lng ca mi loi ng v :
65 63
0, 27.65
% Cu .100% 27, 62% % Cu 72, 38%
63, 54
= = =
p n A.
V d 2: Hn hp X gm kh SO
2
v O
2
c t khi so vi CH
4
bng 3. Th tch O
2
cn thm vo 20 lt
hn hp X c hn hp Y c t khi so vi CH
4
bng 2,5 l (cc hn hp kh cng iu kin
nhit v p sut) :
A. 10 lt. B. 20 lt. C. 30 lt. D. 40 lt.
Hng dn gii
Gi x l % th tch ca SO
2
trong hn hp ban u, ta c:
M = 16.3 = 48 = 64.x + 32(1 x) x = 0,5
Vy mi kh chim 50%. Nh vy trong 20 lt, mi kh chim 10 lt.
Gi V l s lt O
2
cn thm vo, ta c:
64.10 32(10 V)
M' 2, 5.16 40 V 20 lt
20 V
+ +
= = = =
+
.
p n B.
172
V d 3: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A, B nm k tip nhau trong c ng nhm IA. Ly 6,2 gam X
ho tan hon ton vo nc thu c 2,24 lt hiro (ktc). A, B l :
A. Li, Na. B. Na, K. C. K, Rb. D. Rb, Cs.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc chung ca A v B l R
Phng trnh phn ng :
2R + 2H
2
O 2ROH + H
2
mol: 0,2 0,1
= =
6, 2
M 31
0, 2
(g/mol). Vy 2 kim loi l Na (23) v K (39)
p n B.
V d 4: X v Y l hai nguyn t halogen 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. kt ta ht
ion X
, Y
trong dung dch cha 4,4 gam mui natri ca chng cn 150 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,4M.
X v Y l :
A. Flo, clo. B. Clo, brom. C. Brom, iot. D. Khng xc nh.
Hng dn gii
S mol AgNO
3
= s mol X
v Y
= 0,4.0,15 = 0,06 mol

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai mui l = =
4, 4
M 73, 33
0, 06
(g/mol)
X,Y M = 73,33 23 = 50,33 Hai halogen l Clo (35,5) v Brom (80).
p n B.
V d 5: Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp hai mui clorua ca hai kim l oi A v B (cng thuc nhm IIA)
vo nc c dung dch X. l m kt ta ht ion Cl
trong dung dch X ngi ta cho tc dng vi

dung dch AgNO
3
thu c 17,22 gam kt ta. Cng thc ha hc ca hai mui clorua ln l t l :
A. BeCl
2
, MgCl. B. MgCl
2
, CaCl
2
. C. CaCl
2
, SrCl
2
. D. SrCl
2
, BaCl
2
.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc chung ca hai mui l RCl
2
Phng trnh phn ng :
RCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgCl + 2RNO
3
= =
2
RCl AgCl
1 1 17, 22
n n .
2 2 143, 5
= 0,06 mol
,
M R
hh muoi
5,94
99 99 71 28
0, 06
g/ mol = = = =
Vy 2 kim loi nhm IIA l Mg (24) v Ca (40).
p n B.
173
V d 6: C V lt kh A gm H
2
v hai olefin l ng ng lin tip, trong H
2
chim 60% v th
tch. Dn hn hp A qua bt Ni nung nng c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton kh B c 19,8
gam CO
2
v 13,5 gam H
2
O. Cng thc ca hai olefin l :
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
. C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
. D. C
5
H
10
v C
6
H
12
.
Hng dn gii
t CTTB ca hai olefin l
n 2n
C H .
cng iu kin nhit v p sut th th tch t l vi s mol kh.
Hn hp kh A c:
n 2 n
2
C H
H
n
0, 4 2
n 0,6 3
= = .
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng v nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta thy t chy hn hp
kh B cng chnh l t chy hn hp kh A. Ta c :
n 2n
C H +
2
3n
O
2
n CO
2
+ n H
2
O (1)
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O (2)
Theo phng trnh (1) ta c:
2 2
CO H O
n n = = 0,45 mol.
n 2n
C H
0, 45
n
n
= mol.
Tng:
2
H O
13,5
n
18
= = 0,75 mol
2
H O ( pt 2)
n = 0,75 0,45 = 0,3 mol
2
H
n = 0,3 mol.
Ta c:
n 2n
2
C H
H
n
0, 45 2
n 0, 3.n 3
= =
n = 2,25
Hai olefin ng ng lin tip l C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
.
p n B.
V d 7: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt
dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt na v khi lng bnh
tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l
A. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
. B. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
. C. C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
. D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
.
Hng dn gii
Nu ch c mt hirocacbon phn ng vi dung dch brom (ph ng n D) th ta c :
2 2 2 3 8
C H Br C H
hh
1
n .n 0,175 mol n 0,2 0,175 0, 025 mol
2
m 0,175.26 0, 025.44 5,65 6, 7 (loai)
= = = =
= + = =
Vy c hai hirocacbon cng phn ng vi dung dch nc brom
hh X
4, 48
n 0, 2
22, 4
= = mol
174
n 1, 4.0, 5 0, 7 = =
2
Br ban u
mol
0,7
n
2
2
Br p.ng
= = 0,35 mol
Khi lng bnh Br
2
tng 6,7 gam l s gam ca hn hp X. t CTTB ca hai hirocacbon
mch h l
n 2n 2 2a
C H
+
( a l s lin kt t trung bnh).
Phng trnh phn ng:
n 2n 2 2a
C H
+
+
2
aBr
n 2n 2 2a 2a
C H Br
+
mol: 0,2 0,2.a = 0,35
0,35
a
0, 2
= = 1,75 Trong hn hp c mt cht cha 2 li n kt t cht cn li cha 1 lin kt
t.
6,7
14n 2 2a
0, 2
+ = n = 2,5 Trong hn hp phi c mt cht l C
2
H
2
(c hai lin kt t)
cht cn li phi c mt lin kt t v c s C t 3 tr ln l C
4
H
8
.
p n B.
V d 8: Hn hp kh X gm anken M v ankin N c cng s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Hn
hp X c khi lng 12,4 gam v th tch 6,72 lt ( ktc). S mol, cng thc phn t ca M v N
ln lt l :
A. 0,1 mol C
2
H
4
v 0,2 mol C
2
H
2
. B. 0,1 mol C
3
H
6
v 0,2 mol C
3
H
4
.
C. 0,2 mol C
2
H
4
v 0,1 mol C
2
H
2
. D. 0,2 mol C
3
H
6
v 0,1 mol C
3
H
4
.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh ca anken M v ankin N l :
m
n
C H
Ta c : 12m + n =
12, 4.22, 4
41, 33
6, 72
= m = 3 v n = 5,33
Vy anken l C
3
H
6
v ankin l C
3
H
4
.
Nu hai cht C
3
H
6
v C
3
H
4
c s mol bng nhau th s n = 5 nhng n = 5,33 chng t anken phi
c s mol nhiu hn.
p n D.
V d 9: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai ru no, n chc lin tip trong dy ng ng thu
c 3,584 lt CO
2
ktc v 3,96 gam H
2
O. Tnh a v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru.
A. 3,32 gam ; CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. 4,32 gam ; C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. 2,32 gam ; C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. 3,32 gam ; C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
Hng dn gii
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca hai ru.
C
n
H
2n+1
OH +
2
3n
O
2

2
nCO
|
+
2
(n 1) H O +
x mol n x mol (n 1) + x mol
2
CO
3,584
n n.x 0,16
22, 4
= = = mol (1)
2
H O
3,96
n (n 1)x 0, 22
18
= + = = mol (2)
175
T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,06 v n = 2,67.
Ta c: a = (14 n + 18).x = (14.2,67) + 18.0,06 = 3,32 gam.
n = 2,67 hai ancol l
2 5
3 7
C H OH
C H OH
p n D.
V d 10: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol (ru) n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc
dng ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l
A. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh ca hai ancol l ROH
Phn ng ha hc:
ROH + Na RONa +
2
1
H
2
p dng nh lut bo ton cho phn ng, ta c:
2
Na H
ROH RONa
m m m m + = +
2
H
m 15, 6 9, 2 24, 5 0, 3 = + = gam,
2
H
n 0,15 = mol
ROH
n 0, 3 = ,
15, 6
R 17 52 R 35
0, 3
+ = = =
Ta thy 29 < R < 43 Hai ancol l : C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH
p n B.
V d 11: Hiro ho hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, k tip
nhau trong dy ng ng thu c (m + 1) gam hn hp hai ancol. Mt khc, khi t chy ho n
ton cng m gam X th cn va 17,92 lt kh O
2
( ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 10,5. B. 17,8. C. 8,8. D. 24,8.
Hng dn gii
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
2
H
m = (m+1) m = 1,
2
H
n = 0,5 mol
t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai anehit l
n 2n 1
C H CHO
+
Phng trnh phn ng:
n 2n 1
C H CHO
+
+ H
2
2
n 2n 1
C H CH OH
+
(1)
0,5 0,5
n 2n 1
C H CHO
+
+
3n 2
2
+
O
2
( n +1) CO
2
+ ( n +1)H
2
O (2)
0,5

0,5.
3n 2
2
+
Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c:
0,1.
3n 2
2
+
=
17, 92
22, 4
n = 0,4 m = (14 n + 30).0,1 = 17,8 gam.
p n B.
176
V d 12: C 100 gam dung dch 23% ca mt axit n chc (dung dch A). Thm 30 gam mt axit
ng ng lin tip vo dung dch ta c dung dch B. Trung ha 1/10 dung dch B bng 500 ml
dung dch NaOH 0,2M (va ) ta c dung dch C.
1. CTPT ca cc axit l :
A. HCOOH v CH
3
COOH. B. CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. C
2
H
5
COOH v C
3
H
7
COOH. D. C
3
H
7
COOH v C
4
H
9
COOH.
2. C cn dung dch C th thu c lng mui khan l :
Hng dn gii
1. Xc nh CTPT ca cc axit
t cng thc phn t ca hai axit l RCOOH v RCH
2
COOH
Phng trnh phn ng:
2
2 2 2
RCOOH NaOH RCOONa H O (1)
RCH COOH NaOH RCH COONa H O (2)
+ +
+ +
RCOOH
1 23%.100
m 2, 3
10 10
= = gam,
2
RCH COOH
1 30
m 3
10 10
= = gam,
NaOH
n 0,1mol =
Ta c :
2
(RCOOH, RCH COOH) NaOH
n n 0,1mol = =
2
(RCOOH, RCH COOH)
2, 3 3
M 53 g / mol
0,1
+
= =
Axit duy nht c KLPT < 53 l HCOOH (M = 46) v axit ng ng lin tip phi l
CH
3
COOH (M = 60).
p n A.
2. Tnh khi lng mui khan
V
2
(RCOOH, RCH COOH)
2, 3 3
M 53 g / mol
0,1
+
= = nn M = 53+23 1 75 = mui .
V s mol mui bng s mol axit bng 0,1 n n tng khi lng mui bng 75.0,1 = 7,5 gam.
p n B.
V d 13: Thu phn hon ton 444 gam mt lipit thu c 46 gam glixerol (glixerin) v hai loi axit
bo. Hai loi axit bo l
A. C
15
H
31
COOH v C
17
H
35
COOH. B. C
17
H
33
COOH v C
15
H
31
COOH.
C. C
17
H
31
COOH v C
17
H
33
COOH. D. C
17
H
33
COOH v C
17
H
35
COOH.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh ca lipit l : C
3
H
5
(OOCR )
3
Phn ng ha hc :
C
3
H
5
(OOCR )
3
+ 3H
2
O C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
+ 3 R COONa
0,5 0,5
41 + 3(44 + R ) =
444
888
0, 5
= R = 238,33.
Nh vy trong lipit phi c mt gc l C
17
H
35
(239)
Nu lipit c cng thc l RCOOC
3
H
5
(OOCC
17
H
35
)
2
th R = 237 (C
17
H
33
).
177
Nu lipit c cng thc l (RCOO)
2
C
3
H
5
OOCC
17
H
35
th R = 238 (loi).
p n D.
V d 14: Hn hp X gm ba amin n chc l ng ng k tip nhau. t chy ho n ton 11,8
gam X thu c 16,2 gam H
2
O, 13,44 lt CO
2
(ktc) v V lt kh N
2
(ktc). Ba amin trn c cng
thc phn t ln lt l :
A. CH
3
NH
2
, C
2
H
5
NH
2
, C
3
H
7
NH
2
.
B. CHC-NH
2
, CHC-CH
2
NH
2
, CHC-C
2
H
4
NH
2
.
C. C
2
H
3
NH
2
, C
3
H
5
NH
2
, C
4
H
7
NH
2
.
D. C
2
H
5
NH
2
, C
3
H
7
NH
2
, C
4
H
9
NH
2
.
Hng dn gii
Theo gi thit ta c:
2 2
H O CO N
C H N
11,8 0,9.2 0,6.12
n 0,9 mol ; n 0,6 mol ; n 0,2 mol
14
n : n : n 0,6:1,8: 0,2 3: 9:1

= = = =
= =
Vy cng thc phn t trung bnh ca ba amin l C
3
H
9
N thuc dng C
n
H
2n+3
N, suy ra ba amin
thuc loi amin no n chc v phi c mt amin c s C ln hn 3.
p n D.
V d 15: Ha tan hon ton 2,84 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi phn nhm IIA
v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon bng dung dch HCl ta thu c dung dch X v
672 ml CO
2
(ktc).
1. Tn 2 kim loi l :
A. Be, Mg. B. Mg, Ca. C. Ca, Ba. D. Ca, Sr.
2. C cn dung dch X th thu c khi lng mui khan l :
Hng dn gii
1. Gi A, B l cc kim loi cn tm
Phng trnh phn ng :
ACO
3
+ 2HCl ACl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
(1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl BCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
(2)
Theo cc phn ng (1), (2) tng s mol cc mui cacbonat bng:
2
CO
0,672
n 0,03
22, 4
= = mol.
Vy khi lng mol trung bnh ca cc mui cacbonat l :
2, 84
M 94, 67
0, 03
= = (g/mol) v A,B M 94,67 60 34,67 = =
V thuc 2 chu k lin tip nn hai kim loi l Mg (M = 24) v Ca (M = 40).
p n B.
2. Khi lng mol trung bnh ca cc mui clorua l :
M 34, 67 71 105, 67 = + = mui clorua .
Khi lng mui clorua khan l 105,67.0,03 = 3,17 gam.
p n C.
178
V d 16: Cho 1,9 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc dng ht
vi dung dch HCl (d), sinh ra 0,448 lt kh ( ktc). Kim loi M l :
A. Na. B. K. C. Rb. D. Li.
Hng dn gii
Cng thc mui cacbonat v hirocacbonat ca kim loi kim M l M
2
CO
3
v MHCO
3
Phng trnh ha hc:
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl

2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
MHCO
3
+ HCl

MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
Theo cc phn ng ta thy: Tng s mol hn hp mui = s mol ca CO
2
= 0,02 mol.
Gi khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai mui l M, ta c: M + 61 < M < 2M + 60 (*)
Mt khc M=
1, 9
0, 02
= 95 (**)
Kt hp gia (*) v (**) 17,5 < M < 34 Kim loi M l Na
p n A.
V d 17: Cho 7,1 gam hn hp gm mt kim loi kim X v mt kim loi kim th Y tc dng ht
vi lng d dung dch HCl long, thu c 5,6 lt kh (ktc). Kim loi X, Y l :
A. natri v magie. B. liti v beri. C. kali v canxi. D. kali v bari.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ha hc:
2X + 2HCl

2XCl + H
2
(1)
Y+ 2HCl

YCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
Nhn xt: T cc phn ng v gi thit ta thy :
2 2
H X,Y H
n n 2.n < <
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hai kim loi :
7,1
0, 25.2
< M <
7,1
0, 25
: 14,2 < M < 28,4 Hai kim loi l Na v Mg.
p n A.
V d 18: Ho tan hon ton 2,45 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi kim th vo 200 ml dung dch
HCl 1,25M, thu c dung dch Y cha cc cht tan c nng mol bng nhau. Hai kim loi trong
X l :
A. Mg v Ca. B. Be v Mg. C. Mg v Sr. D. Be v Ca.
Hng dn gii
Sau phn ng thu c cc cht tan l hai mui clorua ca 2 kim loi kim th v c th c
HCl cn d.
Trng hp 1: Hai cht tan l hai mui clorua c s mol bng nhau nn hai kim loi ban u cng
c s mol bng nhau
Phng trnh ha hc:
X + 2HCl

XCl
2
+ H
2
mol: 0,125 0,25
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp l:
2, 45
M 19, 6 g / mol
0,125
= = c Be trong hn hp.
Gi khi lng mol ca kim loi cn li l M, ta c:
179
0, 0625.9 0, 0625.M
M 19,6 M 30,2(loai)
0,125
+
= = =
Trng hp 2: HCl d, dung dch cha 3 cht tan c nng bng nhau
t s mol ca cc mui v ca HCl d trong dung dch l x, theo bo ton nguyn t clo ta c :
2x + 2x + x = 0,25 x = 0,05
HCl (p)
n 0,25 0, 05 0,2mol = =
Phng trnh ha hc:
X + 2HCl

XCl
2
+ H
2
mol: 0,1 0,2
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp l:
2, 45
M 24, 5 g / mol
0,1
= = c Be trong hn hp.
Gi khi lng mol ca kim loi cn li l M, ta c:
0, 05.9 0, 05.M
M 24,5 M 40
0,1
+
= = = M l Ca
p n D.
3. Bi tp p dng
Bi tp dnh cho hc sinh lp 10
Cu 1: Trong t nhin, nguyn t Cu c 2 ng v l
37
Cl v
35
Cl. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Cl
l 35,5. Thnh phn % v s nguyn t ca ng v
37
Cl l :
A. 25%. B. 50%. C. 54%. D. 75%.
Cu 2: Trong t nhin kali c hai ng v
39
19
K v
41
19
K . Thnh phn %
39
19
K c trong KClO
4
l (Cho
O = 16; Cl = 35,5; K = 39,13) :
A. 26,39%. B. 26,30%. C. 28,33%. D. 29,45%.
Cu 3: Mt oxit c cng thc X
2
O c tng s cc ht trong phn t l 92. Oxit ny l :
A. Na
2
O. B. K
2
O. C. Cl
2
O. D. H
2
O.
Cu 4: Hn hp X gm 2 kim loi A, B nm k tip nhau trong c ng 1 nhm A. Ly 6,2 gam X ha
tan hon ton vo nc thu c 2,24 lt H
2
(ktc). A, B l :
Cu 5: Cho 31,84 gam hn hp hai mui NaX v NaY (X, Y l 2 halogen thuc 2 chu k kin tip)
vo dung dch AgNO
3
d thu c 57,34 gam kt ta. Hai mui l :
A. NaF, NaCl. B. NaCl, NaBr. C. NaBr, NaI. D. A v C ng.
Cu 6: X v Y l 2 halogen 2 chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. kt ta ht ion X
-
, Y
-
trong
dung dch cha 4,4 gam mui natri ca chng cn 150 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,4M. X, Y ln lt l :
A. flo, clo. B. clo, brom. C. brom, iot. D. Khng xc nh c.
Cu 7: Cho m gam hn hp A gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng hon ton vi dung dch AgNO
3
. Khi
lng kt ta thu c bng k ln khi l ng ca AgNO
3
(nguyn cht) phn ng. Bi ton lun
c nghim ng khi k tha mn iu kin l :
A. 1,8 < k < 1,9. B. 0,844 < k < 1,106.
C. 1,023 < k < 1,189. D. k >0.
Cu 8: Cho dung dch cha 6,03 gam hn hp gm hai mui NaX v NaY (X, Y l hai nguyn t c
trong t nhin, hai chu k lin tip thuc nhm VIIA, s hiu nguyn t Z
X
< Z
Y
) vo dung dch
AgNO
3
(d), thu c 8,61 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng ca NaX trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 58,2%. B. 52,8%. C. 41,8%. D. 47,2%.
180
Cu 9: Ha tan 5,94 gam hn hp 2 mui clorua ca 2 kim loi A, B c ng nhm IIA vo nc c
dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion Cl
-
trong X ngi ta cho dung dch X tc dng vi dung dch
AgNO
3
thu c 17,22 gam kt ta. Cng thc 2 mui l :
A. BeCl
2
, MgCl
2
. B. MgCl
2
, CaCl
2
. C. CaCl
2
, SrCl
2
. D. SrCl
2
, BaCl
2
.
Cu 10: Dung dch X cha 8,36 gam hn hp hiroxit ca hai kim loi ki m. trung ha X cn ti
thiu 500 ml dung dch HNO
3
0,55M. Bit s mol ca kim loi c nguyn t khi ln hn chim
20% s mol hn hp. Hai kim loi l :
A. Li v Na. B. Na v K. C. Li v K. D. Na v Cs.
Cu 11: Ho tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm hai mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim
vo dung dch HCl d thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Kim loi kim l :
A. Li. B. Na. C. K. D. Rb.
4
. Sau khi kt thc phn
ng, lc b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Zn trong
hn hp ban u l :
A. 90,27%. B. 12,67%. C. 85,30%. D. 82,20%.
Cu 13: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al, Mg bng dung dch HNO
3
long thu c dung
dch X (khng cha mui amoni) v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh khng mu trong c mt kh
ho nu trong khng kh c khi lng l 2,59 gam. C cn cn thn dung dch thu c khi lng
mui khan l :
Cu 14: t chy hon ton 0,12 mol hn hp X gm hai cht hu c A v B khc dy ng ng,
trong A hn B mt nguyn t C, ngi ta thu c H
2
O v 9,24 gam CO
2
. S mol mi cht A, B
ln lt l :
A. 0,02 mol v 0,06 mol. B. 0,06 mol v 0,02 mol.
C. 0,09 mol v 0,03 mol. D. 0,03 mol v 0,09 mol.
Cu 15: T khi ca hn hp A gm metan v etan so vi kh l 0,6. t chy hon ton 3,48 gam
hn hp A ri dn sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thu c m gam kt ta. Gi
tr ca m l :
Cu 16: t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi trong
khng kh (trong khng kh, oxi chi m 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) v 9,9 gam
nc. Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn d ng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin
trn l :
A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.
Cu 17: t chy hon ton mt hn hp gm 2 hirocacbon ng ng k tip thu c
2 2
H O CO
V : V = 12: 23. Cng thc phn t v % v s mol ca hai hirocacbon l :
A. CH
4
: 10% v C
2
H
6
: 90%. B. CH
4
: 90% v C
2
H
6
: 10%.
C. CH
4
: 50% v C
2
H
6:
50%. D. CH
4
: 70% v C
2
H
6
: 30%.
Cu 18: t chy hon ton hn hp A gm hai hirocacbon k tip nhau trong d y ng ng, thu
c 20,16 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 20,7 gam H
2
O. Cng thc phn t hai cht trong hn hp A l :
A. CH
4
, C
2
H
6
. B. C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
. C. C
3
H
4
, C
4
H
6
. D. C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
10
.
Cu 19: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp 2 ankan X, Y (X km Y k nguyn t C) th thu c b
gam kh CO
2
. Khong xc nh ca s nguyn t C trong phn t X t heo a, b, k l :
A.
b k.(22a 7b) b
n
22a 7b 22a 7b

< <

. B.
b k(22a 7b) b
n
22a 7b 22a 7b

< <
+ +
.
C. n = 1,5a = 2,5b k. D. 1,5a 2 < n < b+8.
181
Cu 20: t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C
2
H
2
v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO
2
v 2
lt hi H
2
O (cc th tch kh v hi o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Cng thc phn t ca X
l :
A. C
2
H
6
. B. C
2
H
4
. C. CH
4
. D. C
3
H
8
.
Cu 21: Hn hp kh X gm mt ankan v mt anken. T khi ca X so vi H
2
bng 11,25. t chy
hon ton 4,48 lt X, thu c 6,72 lt CO
2
(cc th tch kh o ktc). Cng thc ca ankan v
anken ln lt l :
A. CH
4
v C
2
H
4
. B. C
2
H
6
v C
2
H
4
. C. CH
4
v C
3
H
6
. D. CH
4
v C
4
H
8
.
Cu 22: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm 2 hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brom d. Sau khi
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton c 4 gam brom tham gia phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t
chy hon ton 1,68 lt X thu c 2,8 lt kh CO
2
(cc th tch kh u o ktc). Cng thc phn
t ca 2 hiocacbon l :
A. CH
4
v C
2
H
4
. B.CH
4
v C
3
H
4
. C. CH
4
v C
3
H
6
. D. C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
6
.
Cu 23: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm hai hirocacbon mch h li t t qua b nh cha 1,4
lt dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt na v khi lng bnh
tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l :
A. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
. B. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
.
C. C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
. D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
.
Cu 24: T khi hi ca hn hp X (gm 2 hirocacbon mch h ) so vi H
2
l 11,25. Dn 1,792 lt
X (ktc) i t t qua bnh ng dung dch brom d sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thy khi
lng bnh tng 0,84 gam. X phi cha hirocacbon no ?
A. Propin. B. Propan. C. Propen. D. Propaien.
Cu 25: Cho V lt hn hp kh X gm H
2
, C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
, trong s mol ca C
2
H
2
bng s mol ca
C
2
H
4
i qua Ni nung nng (hi u sut t 100%) thu c 11,2 lt hn hp kh Y ( ktc), bit t khi
hi ca hn hp Y i vi H
2
l 6,6. Nu cho V lt hn hp X i qua dung dch brom d th khi
lng bnh brom tng l :
Cu 26: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H
2
l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon
ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l :
Cu 27: Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi l ng phn t hn km
nhau 45 vC. t chy hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N
2
. Hai cht nitro l :
A. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
. B. C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
v C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3
.
C. C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3
v C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
. D. C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
v C
6
H(NO
2
)
5
.
Cu 28: Nitro ho bezen thu c hn hp 2 cht hu c X v Y, trong Y nhi u hn X mt nhm
NO
2
. t chy hon ton 12,75 gam hn hp X,Y thu c CO
2
, H
2
O v 1,232 lt N
2
(ktc). Cng
thc phn t v s mol X trong hn hp l :
A. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v 0,9. B. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v 0,09.
C. C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
v 0,1. D. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v 0,19.
Cu 29: Cho Na tc dng vi 1,06 gam hn hp 2 ancol ng ng li n tip ca ru metylic thy
thot ra 224 ml H
2
(ktc). Cng thc ca ancol l :
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH. D. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
Cu 30: un 19,8 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc l ng ng k tip vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C. Bit
hiu sut phn ng t 80%, sau phn ng thu c 12,96 gam hn hp ete. Hai ancol l :
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH.
182
Cu 31: un nng hn hp gm hai ru (ancol) n chc, mch h k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C. Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc thu c 6 gam hn hp gm 3 este v
1,8 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca hai r u trn l :
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH. D. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
Cu 32: Mt hn hp X gm 2 ancol thuc cng dy ng ng c khi l ng 30,4 gam. Chia X
thnh hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi Na d, kt thc phn ng thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phn 2: Tch nc hon ton 180
o
C, xc tc H
2
SO
4
c thu c mt anken cho hp th vo
bnh ng dung dch brom d thy c 32 gam Br
2
b mt mu. CTPT hai ancol trn l :
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. CH
3
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
Cu 33: Hn hp X gm 1 ancol v 2 sn phm hp nc ca propen. T khi hi ca X so vi
hiro bng 23. Cho m gam X i qua ng s ng CuO (d ) nung nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton, thu c hn hp Y gm 3 cht hu c v hi nc, khi lng ng s gim 3,2 gam.
Cho Y tc dng hon ton vi lng d dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
, to ra 48,6 gam Ag. Phn trm
khi lng ca propan-1-ol trong X l :
A. 65,2%. B. 16,3%. C. 48,9%. D. 83,7%.
Cu 34: t chy hon ton hn hp M gm hai ru (ancol) X v Y l ng ng k tip ca nhau,
thu c 0,3 mol CO
2
v 0,425 mol H
2
O. Mt khc cho 0,25 mol hn hp M tc dng vi Na (d )
thu c cha n 0,15 mol H
2
. Cng thc phn t ca X, Y l :
A. C
2
H
6
O
2
v C
3
H
8
O
2
. B. C
2
H
6
O v CH
4
O.
C. C
3
H
6
O v C
4
H
8
O. D. C
2
H
6
O v C
3
H
8
O.
Cu 35: C 3 ancol bn khng phi l ng phn ca nhau. t chy mi cht u c s mol CO
2
bng 0,75 ln s mol H
2
O. 3 ancol l :
A. C
2
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O; C
4
H
10
O. B. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O
2
; C
4
H
10
O.
C. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
8
O
2
; C
3
H
8
O
3
. D. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O
2
.
Cu 36: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp Y gm hai ru A, B ta c hn hp X gm cc olefin.
Nu t chy hon ton Y th thu c 0,66 gam CO
2
. Vy khi t chy hon ton X th tng khi
lng H
2
O v CO
2
to ra l :
Cu 37: t chy han ton m gam hn hp X gm ba ancol (n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng),
thu c 8,96 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 11,7 gam H
2
O. Mt khc, nu un nng m gam X vi H
2
SO
4
c
th tng khi lng ete ti a thu c l :
Cu 38: Hn hp X gm 2 ancol no. t chy ho n ton 8,3 gam X bng 10,64 lt O
2
thu c 7,84
lt CO
2
(cc th tch kh u o ktc). Cng thc ca 2 ancol ln lt l :
A. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
B. C
3
H
7
OH v HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
C. HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
D. HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH v HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
183
Cu 39: Mt hn hp lng X gm ancol etylic v 2 hirocacbon ng ng k tip nhau. Chia hn
hp X thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: Cho bay hi th thu c 1 th tch ng bng th tch ca 3,3 gam CO
2
( cng t
o
, p)
- Phn 2: t chy hon ton th cn 6,44 lt O
2
(ktc). Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh 1 ng
H
2
SO
4
c, ri qua bnh 2 ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d sau th nghim thu c 17,5 gam kt ta.
Hai hirocacbon trn l :
A. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
4
. B. C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8
.
C. C
3
H
8
v C
4
H
10
. D. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
.
Cu 40: Chia hn hp gm 2 anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam nc.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) th thu c hn hp A. em A t chy hon ton th th
tch kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l :
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 1,444 lt.
Cu 41: Cho 8 gam hn hp 2 anehit mch h k tip nhau trong d y ng ngca anehit fomic
tc dng vi dung dch Ag
2
O trong NH
3
d thu c 32,4 gam Ag. Cng thc phn t ca 2 anehit
l :
A. HCHO v CH
3
CHO. B. CH
3
CHO v C
2
H
5
CHO.
C. C
2
H
5
CHO v C
3
H
7
CHO. D. C
2
H
3
CHO v C
3
H
5
CHO.
Cu 42: Ly 2,87 gam hn hp A gm hai anehit, k tip nhau trong d y ng ng ca anehit
khng no (phn t c 1 lin kt i C=C), n chc, tc dng hon ton vi lng d bc natri trong
amoniac. Lng kim loi bc thu c nu em ho tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
long th thu
c 672 ml kh NO (ktc). Cng thc hai cht trong hn hp A l :
A. C
4
H
7
CHO, C
5
H
9
CHO. B. C
2
H
3
CHO, C
3
H
5
CHO.
C. C
3
H
5
CHO, C
4
H
7
CHO. D. C
5
H
9
CHO, C
6
H
11
CHO.
Cu 43: Cho m gam hn hp X gm hai ru (ancol) no, n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng tc dng vi CuO d, nung nng, thu c mt hn hp rn Z v mt hn hp hi Y (c t
khi hi so vi H
2
l 13,75). Cho ton b Y phn ng vi mt l ng d Ag
2
O (hoc AgNO
3
) trong
dung dch NH
3
nung nng, sinh ra 64,8 gam Ag. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 7,8. B. 8,8. C. 7,4. D. 9,2.
Cu 44: Cho axit oxalic HOOCCOOH tc dng vi hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, ng ng
lin tip thu c 5,28 gam hn hp 3 este trung tnh. Thy phn l ng este trn bng dung dch
NaOH thu c 5,36 gam mui. Hai ru c cng thc l :
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH.
Cu 45: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH
3
COOH (t l mol 1:1). Ly 5,3 gam hn hp X
tc dng vi 5,75 gam C
2
H
5
OH (c xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut cc
phn ng este ho u bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l :
A. 10,12. B. 6,48. C. 8,10. D. 16,20.
Cu 46: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v CH
3
COOH (t l mol 1:1). Hn hp Y gm hai ancol
CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH (t l mol 3:2). Ly 11,13 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 7,52 gam hn hp Y (c
xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut cc phn ng u bng 80%). Gi tr m
l :
A. 11,616. B. 12,197. C. 14,52. D. 15,246.
Cu 47: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp hai axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu c 3,36
lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca mi axit ln l t l :
A. 0,05 mol v 0,05 mol. B. 0,045 mol v 0,055 mol.
C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol. D. 0,06 mol v 0,04 mol.
184
Cu 48: em ho hi 6,7 gam hn hp X gm CH
3
COOH, CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
, CH
3
COOCH
3
v
HCOOC
2
H
5
thu c 2,24 lt hi (ktc). t chy hon ton 6,7 gam X thu c khi lng nc l
:
Cu 49: t chy hon ton 0,25 mol hn hp hai este no mch h, n chc l ng ng lin tip,
thu c 19,712 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). X phng ho cng lng este trn bng dung dch NaOH to ra
17 gam mui duy nht. Cng thc ca 2 este l :
A. HCOOHC
2
H
5
v HCOOC
3
H
7
. B. CH
3
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.
C. HCOOC
3
H
7
v HCOOC
4
H
9
. D. HCOOC
3
H
7
v CH
3
COOCH
3
.
Cu 50: X phng ho hon ton 1,99 gam h n hp hai este bng dung dch NaOH thu c 2,05
gam mui ca mt axit cacboxylic v 0,94 gam hn hp hai ancol l ng ng k tip nhau. Cng
thc ca hai este l :
A. CH
3
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
. B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v C
2
H
5
COOC
2
H
5
.
C. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
v CH
3
COOC
3
H
7
. D. HCOOCH
3
v HCOOC
2
H
5
.
Cu 51: Hn hp X gm 2 este A, B ng phn vi nhau v u c to thnh t axit n chc v
ru n chc. Cho 2,2 gam hn hp X bay hi 136,5
o
C v 1 atm th thu c 840 ml hi este.
Mt khc em thu phn hon ton 26,4 gam hn hp X bng 100 ml dung dch NaOH 20% (d = 1,2
g/ml) ri em c cn th thu c 33,8 gam cht rn khan. Vy trong hn hp X chc chn c mt
este l :
A. HCOOC
3
H
7
. B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
. C. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
. D. HCOOC
4
H
9
.
Cu 52: Hn hp X gm hai este n chc. X phng ho hon ton 0,3 mol X c n dng va ht
200 ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c anehit Y v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z thu c 32
gam hai cht rn. Bit % khi l ng oxi trong anehit Y l 27,59%. Cng thc ca hai este l :
A. HCOOC
6
H
5
v HCOOCH=CH-CH
3
.
B. HCOOC
6
H
4
CH
3
v HCOOCH=CH-CH
3
.
C. HCOOC
6
H
4
CH
3
v CH
3
COOCH=CH-CH
3
.
D. C
3
H
5
COOCH=CHCH
3
v C
4
H
7
COOCH=CH-CH
3
.
Cu 53: Thu phn hon ton 444 gam mt lipit thu c 46 gam glierol (glixerin) v hai loi axit
bo. Hai loi axit bo l :
A. C
15
H
31
COOH v C
17
H
35
COOH. B. C
17
H
31
COOH v C
17
H
33
COOH.
C. C
17
H
33
COOH v C
15
H
31
COOH. D. C
17
H
33
COOH v C
17
H
35
COOH.
Cu 54: Cho 9,85 gam hn hp 2 amin n chc no bc 1 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl th thu
c 18,975 gam mui. Vy khi l ng HCl phi dng l :
Cu 55: t chy hon ton hn hp hai amin n chc no mch h ng ng k tip bng oxi,
thu c 16,72 gam CO
2
v 2,8 lt kh nit (ktc). Cng thc hai amin l :
A. C
2
H
5
NH
2
, C
3
H
7
NH
2
. B. CH
3
NH
2
, C
2
H
5
NH
2
.
C. C
3
H
9
N, C
4
H
11
N. D. C
4
H
11
N, C
5
H
13
N.
Cu 56: Hn hp X gm ba amin n chc l ng ng k tip nhau. t chy hon ton 11,8 gam
X thu c 16,2 gam H
2
O, 13,44 lt CO
2
(ktc) v V lt kh N
2
(ktc). Ba amin trn l n lt l :
A. CH
3
NH
2
, C
2
H
5
NH
2
, C
3
H
7
NH
2
.
B.CHCNH
2
, CHC-CH
2
NH
2
, CHC-C
2
H
4
NH
2
.
C. C
2
H
3
NH
2
, C
3
H
5
NH
2
, C
4
H
7
NH
2
.
D. C
2
H
5
NH
2
, C
3
H
7
NH
2
, C
4
H
9
NH
2
.
185
Cu 57: Hn hp Kh X gm imetylaminn v 2 hirocacbon ng ng lin tip. t chy hon
ton 100 ml hn hp X bng mt lng oxi (va ) thu c 550 ml hn hp Y gm kh v hi
nc. Nu cho Y i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, d th cn li 250 ml kh ( cc th tch u c ng
iu kin ) Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l :
A. CH
4
v C
2
H
6
. B. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. C. C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8
. D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
4
.
Cu 58: Ha tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng 1 kim loi kim vo
dung dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Kim loi kim l :
A. Li. B. Na. C. K. D. Rb.
Cu 59: Cho m gam hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M d thu
c 2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi i vi H
2
l 27. Gi tr ca m l :
A. 11,6 gam. B. 10 gam. C. 1,16 gam. D. 1 gam.
Cu 60: Cho hn hp X gm Na v mt kim loi kim c khi lng 6,2 gam tc dng vi 104 gam
nc thu c 100 ml dung dch c d = 1,1. Bit hiu s hai khi lng nguyn t < 20. Kim loi
kim l :
A. Li. B. K. C. Rb. D. Cs.
Cu 61: Cho 3,6 gam hn hp gm K v mt kim loi kim A tc dng va ht vi n c. Cho 2,24
lt H
2
0,5 atm v 0
o
C. Bit s mol kim loi (A) trong hn hp ln hn 10% tng s mol 2 kim loi.
Kim loi A l :
A. K. B. Na. C. Li. D. Rb.
Cu 62: C x mol hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip (hn hp X). X tc dng va
vi dung dch HCl thu c a gam hn hp mui clorua khan, c n nu cho X tc dng va vi
dung dch H
2
SO
4
th thu c b gam hn hp mui sunfat khan. Gi tr ca x l :
A.
2a b
25
. B.
b a
12, 5
. C.
a b
12, 5
+
. D.
2a b
25
+
Cu 63: C x mol hn hp 2 kim loi kim thuc 2 chu k lin tip (hn hp X). X tc dng va
vi dung dch HCl thu c a gam hn hp mui clorua khan, c n nu X tc dng va vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
th thu c 1,1807a gam hn hp mui sunfat khan. 2 kim loi l :
Cu 64: Cho 1,52 gam hn hp gm Fe v 1 kim loi X thuc nhm IIA ha tan hon ton trong
dung dch HCl d thy to ra 0,672 lt kh (ktc). Mt khc 0,95 gam kim loi X ni trn khng kh
ht 2 gam CuO nhit cao. Kim loi X l :
A. Ca. B. Mg. C. Ba. D. Be.
Cu 65: Cho 1,66 gam hn hp 2 kim loi 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA tc dng ht vi dung
dch HCl d thy thot ra 0,672 lt H
2
(ktc). Hai kim loi l :
A. Be v Mg. B. Mg v Ca. C. Sr v Ba. D. Ca v Sr.
Cu 66: Cho 24,8 gam hn hp gm kim loi kim th v oxit ca n tc dng vi dung dch HCl
d thu c 55,5 gam mui khan. Kim loi M l :
A. Ca. B. Sr. C. Ba. D. Mg.
Cu 67: X l kim loi thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II (hay nhm IIA). Cho 1,7 gam hn hp gm
kim loi X v Zn tc dng vi lng d dung dch HCl, sinh ra 0,672 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Mt khc, khi
cho 1,9 gam X tc dng vi lng d dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, th th tch kh hiro sinh ra cha n
1,12 lt (ktc). Kim loi X l :
A. Ba. B. Ca. C. Sr. D. Mg.
Cu 68: Ha tan 4 gam hn hp gm Fe v mt kim loi ha tr II vo dung dch HCl th thu c
2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Nu ch dng 2,4 gam kim loi ha tr II cho vo dung dch HCl th dng
khng ht 500 ml dung dch HCl 1M. Kim loi ha tr II l :
A. Ca. B. Mg. C. Ba. D. Sr.
186
Cu 69: Ha tan 3,4 gam hn hp kim loi A v Zn vo dung dch HCl th thu c 1,344 lt kh
iu kin tiu chun v dung dch B. Mt khc ha tan 0,95 gam kim loi A th cn khng ht 100
ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. M thuc phn nhm chnh nhm II. Kim loi M l :
A. Ca. B. Cu. C. Mg. D. Sr.
Cu 70: Ho tan 18,4 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA bng dung dch HCl
thu c 4,48 lt kh (ktc). 2 kim loi l (bit chng thuc 2 chu k lin tip) :
A. Be v Mg. B. Mg v Ca. C. Sr v Ba. D. Ca v Sr.
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,448
lt CO
2
(kc). Thnh phn % v s mol CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 60%; 40%. B. 50%; 50%. C. 70%; 30%. D. 30%; 70%.
Cu 72: Cho 100 ml dung dch NaOH 4M tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
aM thu c 25,95
gam hai mui. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 1. B. 1,5. C. 1,25. D. 1,75.
187
CHUYN 11: GII THIU MT S CNG THC TNH
NHANH S NG PHN CA HP CHT HU C V GII
NHANH BI TP HA HC
1. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ancol n chc, no C
n
H
2n+2
O
Cng thc: S ancol C
n
H
2n+2
O = 2
n-2
(n < 6)
V d 1: S ng phn ancol n chc no c cng thc phn t l C
3
H
8
O; C
4
H
10
O v C
5
H
12
O ln
lt l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn gii
S ancol C
3
H
8
O = 2
3-2
= 2.
S ancol C
4
H
10
O = 2
4-2
= 4.
S ancol C
5
H
12
O = 2
5-2
= 8
2. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ete n chc, no C
n
H
2n+2
O
Cng thc: S ete C
n
H
2n+2
=
, , 1 2
2
n n
(2 < n < 5)
V d 2: S ng phn ete cng thc phn t C
3
H
8
O v C
5
H
12
O ln lt l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn gii
S ete C
3
H
8
O =
, , 3 1 3 2
1
2

=
S ete C
5
H
12
O =
, , 5 1 5 2
6
2

=
V d 3: S ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C
4
H
10
O l :
A. 5. B. 6. C. 7. D. 8.
Hng dn gii
ng vi cng thc C
4
H
10
O, c cc ng phn ancol v ete no, n chc :
S ancol C
4
H
10
O = 2
4-2
= 4
S ete C
4
H
10
O =
, , 4 1 4 2
3
2

=
p n C.
3. Cng thc tnh s ng phn ete to bi hn hp n ancol n chc
S ete =
n(n 1)
2
+
V d 4: un nng hn hp gm 2 ancol n chc no vi H
2
SO
4 c
140
o
C c hn hp bao
nhiu ete ?
Hng dn gii
S ete =
2
) 1 2 ( 2 +
= 3
4. S ng phn anehit n chc no C
n
H
2n
O
Cng thc: S anehit C
n
H
2n
O = 2
n-3
(n < 7)
188
V d 5: C bao nhiu anehit n chc no c cng thc phn t ln l t l C
4
H
8
O; C
5
H
10
O v
C
6
H
12
O ?
Hng dn gii
S anehit C
4
H
8
O = 2
4-3
= 2
S anehit C
5
H
10
O = 2
5-3
= 4
S anehit C
6
H
12
O = 2
6-3
= 8
5. S ng phn xeton n chc no C
n
H
2n
O
Cng thc: S xeton C
n
H
2n
O =
, , 2 3
2
n n
(3 < n < 7)
V d 6: Tng s ng phn xeton ca hai hp cht C
4
H
8
O v C
6
H
12
O l
A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7.
Hng dn gii
S xeton C
4
H
8
O =
, , 4 2 4 3
1
2

=
S xeton C
6
H
12
O =
, , 6 2 6 3
6
2

=
p n D.
V d 7: S ng phn anehit v xeton ng vi cng thc phn t C
5
H
10
O ln lt l bao nhiu ?
Hng dn gii
S anehit C
5
H
10
O = 2
5-3
= 4
S xeton C
5
H
10
O =
, , 5 2 5 3
3
2

=
6. S ng phn axit cacboxylic n chc no C
n
H
2n
O
2
Cng thc: S axit C
n
H
2n
O
2
= 2
n-3
(n < 7)
V d 8: C bao nhiu axit cacboxylic n ch c no c cng cng thc phn t ln lt l C
4
H
8
O
2
v
C
5
H
10
O
2
?
Hng dn gii
S axit C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-3
= 2
S axit C
5
H
10
O
2
= 2
5-3
= 4
V d 9: C bao nhiu cht hu c C
6
H
12
O
2
tc dng ng thi c Na, c NaOH ?
Hng dn gii
Tc dng ng thi c Na, c NaOH v c cng thc C
6
H
12
O
2
l cc axit cacboxylic n
chc no.
S axit C
6
H
12
O
2
= 2
6-3
= 8
7. S ng phn este n chc no C
n
H
2n
O
2
Cng thc: S este C
n
H
2n
O
2
= 2
n-2
(n < 5)
V d 10: C bao nhiu este c cng thc phn t ln lt l C
3
H
6
O
2
v C
4
H
8
O
2
?
Hng dn gii
S este C
3
H
6
O
2
= 2
3-2
= 2
S este C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-2
= 4
189
V d 11: C bao nhiu cht hu c C
4
H
8
O
2
c kh nng tc dng vi NaOH?
Hng dn gii
l cc axit v este c cng thc C
4
H
8
O
2
S axit C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-3
= 2
S este C
4
H
8
O
2
= 2
4-2
= 4
c 6 cht hu c tho mn bi.
8. S ng phn trieste to bi glixerol v hn hp n axit bo
Cng thc: S trieste =
,
2
n n 1
2
+
V d 12: un nng hn hp gm glixerol v 2 axit bo X, Y (xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) s thu c ti a
bao nhiu trieste?
Hng dn gii
S trieste =
,
2
2 2 1
6
2
+
=
V d 13: un nng hn hp gm glixerol v 3 axit cacboxylic n chc no (xc tc H
2
SO
4
c)
c bao nhiu tri este?
Hng dn gii
S trieste =
,
2
3 3 1
2
+
= 18
9. S ng phn amin n chc no C
n
H
2n+3
N
Cng thc: S amin C
n
H
2n+3
N = 2
n-1
(n < 5)
V d 14: C bao nhiu amin n chc no c cng thc phn t ln lt l C
2
H
7
N; C
3
H
9
N v
C
4
H
11
N ?
Hng dn gii
S amin C
2
H
7
N = 2
2-1
= 2
S amin C
3
H
9
N = 2
3-1
= 4
S amin C
4
H
11
N = 2
4-1
= 8
V d 15: t chy hon ton amin n chc no, mch h A c CO
2
, H
2
O v N
2
; trong
2 2
CO H O
n : n 2 : 3 = . Vy A c th c bao nhiu ng phn cu to ?
A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6.
Hng dn gii
Theo cng thc tnh s ng phn amin C
n
H
2n+3
N l 2
n-1
th khng c amin n chc no no c 3
hoc 5, hoc 6 ng phn cu to.
Chn B.
10. S i, tri, tetra, .., n peptit t i a to bi hn hp gm x amino axit khc
nhau
S n peptit
max
= x
n
V d 16: C ti a bao nhiu ipeptit, tripeptit thu c t hn hp gm 2 amino axit l glyxin v
alanin ?
Hng dn gii
S ipeptit = 2
2
= 4
S tripeptit = 2
3
= 8
190
14. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A (cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm
COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo dung dch cha a mol HCl, sau cho dung
dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol NaOH
m
A
= M
A
.
b a
m
V d 17: Cho m gam glyxin vo dung dch cha 0,3 mol HCl. Dung dch sau phn ng tc dng
va vi 0,5 mol NaOH. Tm m ? ( M
glyxin
= 75 )
Hng dn gii
m = 75.
1
3 , 0 5 , 0
= 15 gam
15. Cng thc tnh khi lng amino axit A (cha n nhm -NH
2
v m nhm
COOH ) khi cho amino axit ny vo dung d ch cha a mol NaOH, sau cho
dung dch sau phn ng tc dng va vi b mol HCl
m
A
= M
A
.
b a
n
V d 18: Cho m gam alanin vo dung dch cha 0,375 mol NaOH . Dung dch sau phn ng tc
dng va vi 0,575 mol HCl . Tm m ? ( M
alanin
= 89 )
Hng dn gii
m
A
= 89 .
1
375 , 0 575 , 0
= 17,8 gam
16. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt anken da v o phn t khi
ca hn hp anken v H
2
trc v sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng
S n ca anken (C
n
H
2n
) =
2 1
2 1
(M 2)M
14(M M )
Vi M
1
l khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp C
n
H
2n
v H
2
trc phn ng ; M
2
l khi lng
phn t trung bnh ca hn hp thu c sau phn ng.
Ch : Dng khi H
2
d hoc M
2
<28 vC
V d 19: Cho X l hn hp gm olefin M v H
2
, c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 5. Dn X qua bt Ni
nung nng phn ng xy ra hon ton c hn hp hi Y c t khi so vi H
2
l 6,25.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca M.
Hng dn gii
M
1
= 10 v M
2
= 12,5
Ta c : n =
) 10 5 , 12 ( 14
10 ) 2 5 , 12 (
= 3
M c cng thc phn t l C
3
H
6
17. Cng thc xc nh cng thc phn t ca mt ankin da v o phn t khi
ca hn hp ankin v H
2
trc v sau khi dn qua bt Ni nung nng
S n ca ankin (C
n
H
2n-2
) =
2 1
2 1
2(M 2)M
14(M M )
Vi M
1
l khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp C
n
H
2n-2
v H
2
trc phn ng ; M
2
l khi
lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp thu c sau phn ng.
Ch : Dng khi H
2
d hoc M
2
< 28 vC
191
18. Cng thc tnh s C ca ancol no, ete no hoc ca ankan da vo phn ng chy :
S C ca ancol no hoc ankan =
2
2 2
CO
H O CO
n
n n
( Vi n
H
2
O
> n
CO
2
)
V d 20 : t chy mt lng ancol no n chc A c 15,4 gam CO
2
v 9,45 gam H
2
O . Tm
cng thc phn t ca A ?
Hng dn gii
S C ca ancol no =
2
2 2
CO
H O CO
n
n n
=
35 , 0 525 , 0
35 , 0
= 2
Vy A c cng thc phn t l C
2
H
6
O
V d 21: t chy hon ton mt lng hirocacbon A thu c 26,4 gam CO
2
v 16,2 gam H
2
O .
Tm cng thc phn t ca A ?
Hng dn gii
Vi n
H
2
O
= 0,7 mol > n
CO
2
= 0,6 mol A l ankan
S C ca ankan =
2
2 2
CO
H O CO
n
n n
=
6 , 0 7 , 0
6 , 0
= 6
Vy A c cng thc phn t l C
6
H
14
19. Cng thc tnh khi lng ancol n chc no hoc hn hp ancol n chc
no theo khi lng CO
2
v khi lng H
2
O
m
ancol
=
2
2
CO
H O
m
m
11
V d 22: Khi t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc no, mch h thu c 2,24 lt
CO
2
( ktc ) v 7,2 gam H
2
O. Tnh khi lng ca ancol ?
m
ancol
=
2
2
CO
H O
m
m
11
= 7,2 -
11
4 , 4
= 6,8
20. Tnh hiu sut tng hp NH
3
: Tin hnh tng hp t hn hp X (N
2
v H
2
) c
t l mol tng ng l 1:3, sau p to hn hp Y
H% = 2 2.
X
Y
M
M
21. Tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ho anken: tin hnh phn ng hiro ho hn
hp X (C
n
H
2n
v H
2
c t l mol 1:1), sau phn ng to hn hp Y th
H% = 2 2.
X
Y
M
M
22. Tnh hiu sut phn ng hiro ho anehit n chc, no
H% = 2 2.
X
Y
M
M
192
23. Tnh % ankan A tham gia phn ng tch (gm tch H
2
v cracking): tch
ankan A, to hn hp X
%A
p
=
A
X
M
M
1
Trong M
X
l khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp sau phn ng tch.
24. Cng thc xc nh phn t ankan A da vo phn ng tch
Tch V (lt) ankan A to thnh V (lt) hn hp X th:
M
A
=
V'
V
M
X
25. Tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht l ng CO
2
vo dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
Cng thc :
2
CO
OH
n n n
+
=
V d 23: Hp th ht 7,84 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M. Tnh khi lng kt
ta thu c.
Hng dn gii
2
2
CO
Ba(OH)
n 0, 35mol
n 0, 6 0, 35 0, 25mol
n 0, 3mol
+
=
= =
`
=

)
m
= 197.0,25 = 49,25gam
Lu : y
2
CO
n 0, 25 mol n 0, 35 mol
+
= < = , nn kt ta trn ph hp. Ta cn phi kim tra
li v nu Ba(OH)
2
dng d th khi
2
CO
n n
+
= m khng ph thuc vo
OH
n

. Tm li, khi s dng
cng thc trn, cn nh iu kin rng buc gia n
+
v
2
CO
n l
2
CO
n n
+
s .
26. Tnh lng kt ta xut hin khi hp th ht mt l ng CO
2
vo dung dch
cha hn hp gm NaOH v Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
Cng thc: Tnh
2
2
3
CO
CO OH
n n n

=
Sau so snh vi
2
Ca
n
+
hoc
2
Ba
n
+
xem cht no phn ng ht.
V d 24: Hp th ht 6,72 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH 0,1M v
Ba(OH)
2
0,6M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c.
Hng dn gii
2
2
3
2
CO
NaOH
CO
Ba(OH)
n 0, 3 mol
n 0, 03 mol n 0, 39 0, 3 0, 09 mol
n 0,18 mol
= = =
`
=
)
M
2
0,18
Ba
n mol
+
= nn n
= 0,09mol. Vy m
= 0,09.197 = 17,73 gam.

Lu : Tng t nh cng thc trn, trong trung hp ny cng c iu kin rng buc gia
2
3
CO
n

v
2
CO
n l
2
2
3
CO
CO
n n
s .
193
27. Tnh th tch CO
2
cn hp th ht vo mt dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
thu c mt lng kt ta theo yu cu
Dng ny c hai kt qu :
Cng thc
2
2
CO
CO
OH
n n
n n n
+
+
=
V d 25: Hp th ht V lt CO
2
(ktc) vo 300 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
1M c 19,7 gam kt ta.
Tm V
Hng dn gii
+
+
= = =
= = = =
2
2
CO
CO
OH
n n 0,1mol V 2,24 lt
n n n 0,6 0,1 0,5mol V 11,2 lt
28. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH cn cho vo dung dch Al
3+
xut hin mt
lng kt ta theo yu cu
Dng ny phi c hai kt qu :
Cng thc:
3
OH
OH Al
n 3.n
n 4.n n
+
+
+
=
V d 26: Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch cha 0,5 mol AlCl
3
c
31,2 gam kt ta.
Hng dn gii
3
OH
OH Al
n 3.n 3.0, 4 V 1, 2 lt
n 4.n n 2 0, 4 1, 6mol V 1, 6 lt
+
+
+
= = =
= = = =
V d 27: Cn cho mt th tch dung dch NaOH 1M ln nht l bao nhiu vo dung dch cha ng
thi 0,6 mol AlCl
3
v 0,2 mol HCl xut hin 39 gam kt ta.
Hng dn gii
Lu rng trng hp ny cn thm mt lng NaOH trung ho HCl. Mt khc, tnh th
tch dung dch NaOH ln nht nn ch cn xt gi tr
- 3+
- 3+
OH (max) Al
HCl
OH Al
n =4.n n
n =n + (4.n n ) 0, 2 (2, 4 0, 5) 2,1 mol
V=2,1lt
+
+
= + =
29. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl cn cho vo dung dch Na[Al(OH)
4
] (NaAlO
2
)
xut hin mt lng kt ta theo yu cu
Dng ny phi c hai kt qu
Cng thc
4
H
[Al(OH) ]
H
n n
n 4.n 3.n
+
+
+
+
=
V d 28: Cn cho bao nhiu lt dung dch HCl 1M vo dung dch cha 0,7 mol Na[Al(OH)
4
] thu
c 39 gam kt ta?
Hng dn gii
4
H
H [Al(OH) ]
n n 0, 5 mol V 0, 5 lt
n 4.n 3.n 1, 3 mol V 1, 3 lt
+
+
+
+
= = =
= = =

194
V d 29: Th tch dung dch HCl 1M cc i cn v o dung dch cha ng thi 0,1 mol NaOH v
0,3 mol Na[Al(OH)
4
] l bao nhiu xut hin 15,6 gam kt ta ?
Hng dn gii
4
NaOH [Al(OH) ]
H
n n (4.n 3.n ) 0, 7 mol V 0, 7 lt
+
+
= + = =
30. Tnh khi lng mui nitrat thu c khi cho hn hp cc kim loi tc dng
vi HNO
3
d (khng c s to thnh NH
4
NO
3
)
Cng thc:
2 2 2
muoi KL NO NO N O N
m m 62.(3.n n 8.n 10.n ) = + + + +
(khng to kh no th s mol kh bng khng)
V d 30: Ho tan 10 gam rn X gm Al, Mg, Zn bng HNO
3
va c dung dch cha m gam
mui v 5,6 lt NO (ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Tm m.
Hng dn gii
= + =
muoi
5,6
m 10 62.3. 56,5 gam
22, 4
31. Tnh khi lng mui sunfat thu c khi cho hn hp cc kim loi tc
Cng thc: m
mui
= m
kim loi
+ 96.n
SO
2
V d 31: Ho tan ht 10 gam rn X gm Al, Mg, Cu bng H
2
SO
4
c nng va , c dung dch
cha m gam mui v 10,08 lt SO
2
(ktc). Tm m.
Hng dn gii
m
mui
= 10 + 96.10,08/22,4 = 53,2 gam
32. Tnh lng mui thu c khi cho hn hp st v cc oxit st tc dng vi
HNO
3
d gii phng kh NO
Cng thc:
muoi hh NO
242
m (m 24.n )
80
= +
V d 32: Ho tan ht 12 gam rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
long d c dung
dch cha m gam mui v 2,24 lt NO (ktc). Tm m
Hng dn gii
muoi
242 2,24
m (12 24. ) 43,56 gam
80 22, 4
= + =
Lu : vi dng ny, cho d hn hp u l bao nhiu cht trong s cc cht (Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
) cng u cho kt qu nh nhau.
V d 33: Nung m gam st trong oxi d c 3 gam hn hp rn X. Ho tan ht X trong HNO
3
long
d c 0,448 lt NO (ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c bao nhiu gam rn khan ?
Hng dn gii
D X l bao nhiu cht, ta lun c:
muoi
242 0, 448
m (3 24. ) 10,527 gam
80 22, 4
= + =
33. Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ho tan ht hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3,
Fe
3
O
4
bng dung dch HNO
3
c, nng d gii phng kh NO
2
Tng t nh vn xt trn, hn hp cho khng nht thit phi l 4 cht, m ch l 2
hoc 3 trong 4 cht trn th khi lng mui vn c tnh theo cng thc:
2
muoi hh NO
242
m (m 8.n )
80
= +
195
V d 34: Ho tan ht 6 gam rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong HNO
3
c nng d c 3,36
lt NO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c bao nhiu gam mui khan ?
Hng dn gii
muoi
242 3,36
m 6 8. 21, 78 gam
80 22, 4
|
= + =
|
'
V d 35: Dn mt lung kh CO qua ng ng Fe
2
O
3
nung nng thu c 9 gam rn X. Ho tan ht
X trong HNO
3
c, nng d thu c 3,92 lt NO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c bao
nhiu gam mui khan ?
Hng dn gii
D X l bao nhiu cht, ta lun c
muoi
242 3,92
m 9 8. 31, 46 gam
80 22, 4
|
= + =
|
'
Lu : Vi dng ton ny, HNO
3
phi d thu c ton l mui Fe(III). Khng c ni
"HNO
3
va ", v c th pht sinh kh nng st cn d so HNO
3
ht s tip tc tan ht do kh
Fe(III) v Fe(II). Khi s khng cn chnh xc na.
- Nu gii phng hn hp NO v NO
2
, cng thc tnh mui l:
,
2
muoi hh NO NO
242
m m 24.n 8.n
80
= + +
34. Tnh khi lng mui thu c khi ho tan ht hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng d gii phng kh SO
2
Tng t nh trn, hn hp xt y khng nht thit phi 4 cht
Cng thc :
,
2
muoi hh SO
400
m m 16.n
160
= +
V d 36: Ho tan 30 gam rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng d gii phng
11,2 lt kh SO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Hng dn gii
muoi
400 11,2
m 30 16. 95 gam
160 22, 4
|
= + =
|
'
35. Tnh khi lng st dng ban u, bit oxi ho lng st ny bng oxi
c hn hp rn X. Ho tan ht rn X trong HNO
3
long d c NO
, ,
, ,
3 3
3 3
muoi hh NO Fe(NO ) hh NO
Fe Fe(NO ) hh NO Fe hh NO
242 1
m m 24.n n m 24.n
80 80
1 56
n n m 24.n m m 24.n
80 80
= + : = +
= = + = +
V d 37: t m gam st trong oxi c 3 gam hn hp rn X. Ho tan ht X trong HNO
3
long d
c 0,56 lt NO (ktc). Tm m.
Hng dn gii
Fe
56 0, 56
m 3 24. 2, 52 gam
80 22, 4
|
= + =
|
'
196
V d 38: Chia 12 gam rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
lm hai phn bng nhau.
- Dn mt lung CO d qua phn nung nng c m gam st.
- Ho tan ht phn 2 trong HNO
3
long d c 1,12 lt NO (ktc).
Tm m.
Hng dn gii
Fe
56 1,12
m 6 24. 5, 04 gam
80 22, 4
|
= + =
|
'
197
Phn 2 : p n
CHUYN 1 : PHNG PHP NG CHO
1A 2B 3A 4B 5D 6BA 7A 8B 9A 10C
11A 12B 13A 14D 15C 16B 17B 18A 19B 20C
21B 22B 23A 24D 25A 26A 27B 28A 29C 30C
31A 32D 33A 34A 35B 36D 37A 38D 39C 40A
41C 42A 43A 44B 45A 46B 47B 48B 49C 50B
51B 52D 53B 54D
CHUYN 2 : PHNG PHP T CHN LNG CHT
1A 2C 3A 4D 5A 6C 7A 8B 9D 10C
11B 12C 13B 14D 15C 16C 17A 18B 19DBC 20CD
21A 22C 23B 24B 25A 26A 27D 28B 29B 30B
CHUYN 3 : PHNG PHP BO TON NGUYN T
1A 2D 3B 4A 5D 6A 7A 8B 9B 10D
11A 12A 13A 14D 15B 16C 17C 18A 19C 20A
21C 22B 23A 24C 25C 26C 27AB 28A 29B 30B
31A 32B 33B 34C 35A 36C
CHUYN 4 : PHNG PHP BO TON KHI LNG
1A 2D 3B 4C 5A 6B 7A 8A 9C 10D
11C 12B 13D 14C 15A 16C 17D 18A 19C 20C
21A 22B 23B 24B 25D 26B 27B 28A 29B 30A
31A 32A 33D 34B 35B 36D 37A 38C 39B 40B
41A 42C 43C 44C 45A 46A 47C 48D 49C 50D
51B 52D 53A 54B 55C 56C 57A 58A 59B 60C
61AA 62B 63C 64A
198
CHUYN 5 : PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG,
S MOL, TH TCH
1B 2C 3D 4B 5A 6D 7D 8C 9A 10D
11A 12A 13C 14C 15A 16C 17B 18A 19A 20C
21A 22D 23A 24A 25C 26B 27B 28D 29B 30D
31D 32B 33B 34D 35B 36A 37D 38D 39D 40A
41C 42B 43C 44B 45C 46A 47B 48D 49D 50C
51A 52A
CHUYN 6 : PHNG PHP BO TON ELECTRON
1C 2B 3B 4D 5A 6C 7A 8B 9A 10C
11C 12B 13A 14D 15C 16B 17C 18A 19C 20C
21A 22C 23D 24A 25C 26A 27B 28C 29B 30D
31B 32A 33CB 34B 35B 36B 37A 38C 39A 40D
41A 42B 43D 44A 45C 46B 47A 48D 49C 50A
51A 52B 53D 54D 55B 56A 57D 58B 59B 60A
61A 62B 63A 64AA 65B 66B 67B 68C 69B 70B
71A 72B 73A 74B 75C 76BD 77B 78A 79C 80D
81D 82C 83C 84B 85A 86B 87B 88A 89D 90A
CHUYN 7 : PHNG PHP QUY I
1B 2C 3A 4B 5A 6B 7A 8B 9D 10D
11C 12B 13A 14B 15D 16C 17A 18A 19D 20A
21CA 22D 23D 24A 25B 26A 27D 28C 29A 30D
31A 32A 33D 34CB 35B
CHUYN 8 : PHNG PHP S DNG PHNG TRNH
ION RT GN
1D 2C 3A 4A 5D 6B 7A 8B 9B 10B
11B 12A 13D 14B 15A 16A 17C 18D 19D 20B
21C 22B 23BC 24B 25B 26A 27AC 28B 29A 30D
31D 32C 33D 34A 35D 36C 37D 38A 39B 40D
41A 42D 43BD 44C 45D 46C 47B 48B 49A 50B
51A 52CA 53D 54B 55A 56C 57B 58D 59D 60C
61A 62A 63B 64A 65B
199
CHUYN 9 : PHNG PHP BO TON IN TCH
1C 2B 3D 4B 5C 6D 7B 8A 9A 10A
11D 12A 13D 14B 15B 16C 17D 18A 19A 20B
21A 22D 23C 24C 25C 26C 27D 28C 29AB 30B
31C 32B 33A 34D 35C 36A 37B 38B 39A 40DA
41C 42A 43C 44B 45B
CHUYN 10: PHNG PHP S DNG CC GI TR
TRUNG BNH
1A 2B 3A 4B 5D 6B 7B 8C 9B 10C
11B 12A 13C 14C 15A 16A 17B 18D 19A 20A
21C 22C 23B 24C 25A 26C 27A 28B 29B 30B
31A 32C 33B 34D 35C 36D 37A 38D 39D 40C
41B 42B 43A 44A 45B 46A 47A 48A 49A 50A
51A 52A 53D 54B 55B 56D 57B 58B 59A 60B
61B 62B 63B 64A 65D 66A 67B 68B 69A 70B
71B 72D
Cc em hc sinh thn mn
Cc em hy gi nhng kin ng gp ca mnh v ti liu m thy bin
son nh!
S in thoi ca thy l :
01689186513
hoc a ch mail :
nguyenminhtuanchv@yahoo.com.vn
Thy chc cc em hc sinh t kt qu cao trong k thi i hc
nmhc2010 2011
200

Sach TN PPGNBTHH - CHV

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Bn in gc r nt nht ch c ti hiu Photo Thanh Bnh SN 59 (Gn cng trng CHV)

Photo Thanh Bnh T: 0914235215 hoc 01698001858

Bn in gc r nt nht ch c ti hiu Photo Thanh Bnh SN 59 (Gn cng trng CHV)

Bn in gc r nt nht ch c ti hiu Photo Thanh Bnh SN 59 (Gn cng trng CHV)

Bn in gc r nt nht ch c ti hiu Photo Thanh Bnh SN 59 (Gn cng trng CHV)

Bn in gc r nt nht ch c ti hiu Photo Thanh Bnh SN 59 (Gn cng trng CHV)

Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c h :

m = 68.0,15 + 82.0,05 = 14,3 gam.

Vy kim loi R l Mg ; oxit kim loi l : MgO

Hiu sut phn ng tnh theo N

C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo H

Lu : t c cng thc phn t ca hp cht th iu quan trng nht l ta phi xc nh

. Vy cng thc phn t ca A l NH

C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo H

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :

40.0,15 + (R + 67).0,15 = 22,2 R = 41 ( C

c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung dch X tc

c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung dch X tc

x = 0,1 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.

Vy cng thc ca este l (CH

m = 0,6.89 + 0,4.147 = 112,2 gam.

c trong dung dch X ngi ta cho dung dch X tc

+ 0,6 m = 16,2 gam.

+ 0,2.2 m = 22,4 gam.

+ 0,1.3 m = 10,08 gam.

+ 100 ml dung dch Y

Vy kim loi M l Mg.

Vy kim loi M l Cu.

Vy kim loi M l Cu.

X=35,5. Vy halogen l Clo

Phn trm khi lng ca Cu trong X l: %Cu =

ban u l : (0,2 + 0,29) = 0,49M.

ban u l : (0,3 + 0,4 + 0,15.2) = 1M.

(vi M l cc kim loi t

> nn c hai trng hp xy ra:

mol: 0,2 0,2 0,2

= 2.0,15 4.0,1 10.0, 05 + + = 1,2 mol.

to mui bng 0,88 (0,08 + 0,08) = 0,72 mol.

, trong s mol ca ion Cl

(nu d). Dung dch D trung ho v in nn:

). Cn 0,1 0,06 = 0,04 mol Al

phi trung ho in tch vi 0,6 mol Na

= 0,4.0,15 = 0,06 mol

trong dung dch X ngi ta cho tc dng vi

= 0,09.197 = 17,73 gam.

Bn in gc r nt nht ch c ti hiu Photo Thanh Bnh SN 59 (Gn cng trng CHV)

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