ANCOL 1.

nh ngha: l hchc m phn t c nhm OH lin kt trc tip vi C no (nu OH lin kt trc tip vi C thm => phenol nu OH lin kt trc tip vi C khng no => anhcol khng bn => chuyn ho thnh anehit (nu C mang = l CI , xeton nu C mang = l CII ) Note: ch c C2H2 + H2O ----> CH3CHO (mi ankin khc cng H2O u cho xeton) 2. Phn loi: c 3 cch phn loi - Da vo gc H-C => no, khng no, thm - Da vo bc ca ancol => ancol bc I, bc II, bc III (phn bit bc ca ancol khc vi bc ca amin) - Da vo s nhm OH => ancol 1 chc, 2 chc, 3 chc vd: etanol, etilenglycol, glyxerol 3. ng phn v danh php: * i vi ancol no, n, h + T 2 C tr ln => ng phn ete vd: C2H5OH v CH3OCH3 + T 3 C tr ln => ng phn bc ca ancol vd: C3H7OH CH3CH2CIH2OH: ancol n-propylic CH2CIIH(OH)CH3: ancol iso-propylic + T 4 C tr ln => c thm ng phn mch C vd: C4H9OH (4 = 4+0 = 3+1 ch ni v mch C) 4+0: CI CII C C (n-) (sec) 3+1: CH3 CH(CH2) CIH2 OH (iso) CH3 CII H(OH)(CH3) CH3 (tert) * Danh php: 2 cch - Tn thng thng = ancol + tn gc H-C tng ng + ic vd: CH3OH: ancol metylic ancol tertbutyic - Tn thay th = tn H-C tng ng + s ch v tr + ol Note: tn ring ca phenol C6H5OH: phenol C6H4(CH3)(OH): o-,m-,p- crezol - Ancol a chc: tn thay th: etaniol, etilenglycol, glyxerol, propan-1,2-iol 4. Dy ng ng: - Dy ancol no, n, h: CnH2n+2O (n >= 1) hay CnH2n+1OH hay R-OH (ete no, n, h: CnH2n+2O (n>=2) - Khi t chy: CnH2n+2Oz -> nCO2 + (n+1)H2O nH2O > nCO2 nhchc = nH2O nCO2 note: Oz khng nh hng ti nCO2 v nH2O vd: CnH2n+2O2 , CnH2n+2O3 - Khi phn ng vi Na/K: R-OH + Na -> RONa + H2 => nancol = 2nH2 5. Tnh cht vt l: - Ancol c lin kt H + Lin kt H lin phn t -> nhit si cao hn so vi H-C, ete, anhit, xeton, dn xut halogen c khi lng tng ng + Lin kt H vi H2O => tan tt trong H2O (Note: CH3OH v C2H5OH tan v hn trong nc) - ru: = (Vancol nguyn cht / Vdd ancol). 100 vd: dd cn 96o = 96 ml C2H5OH + 4 ml H2O 6. Tnh cht ho hc: a. Phn ng th H linh ng - T/d vi kim loi kim ----> H2 Tng qut: R(OH)n + nNa ----> R(ONa)n + n/2 H2 => Gii ton: bin lun s nhm OH thng qua t l nH2 / nancol S nhm OH = 2nH2 / nancol Quan h v khi lng -> pp bo ton khi lng, pp tng gim khi lng - Phn ng vi Cu(OH)2 ca ancol a chc c nhiu nhm OH k nhau (hon tan Cu(OH)2 kt ta ta -> c mu xanh c trng) => dng nhn bit => gii ton: t t nancol / ncu(oh)2 = 2/1

vd: 2C3H8O3 + Cu(OH)2 ----> (C3H7O3)2Cu + 2H2O 2C6H12O6 + Cu(OH)2 ----> (C6H11O6)2Cu + 2H2O 2C12H22O11 + Cu(OH)2 ----> (C12H21O11)2Cu + 2H2O b. Phn ng vi axit v c: - Tng qut: R(OH)n + nHA ----> RAn + nH2O vd: CH3OH + HBr ----> CH3Br + H2O C3H5(OH)3 + HO-NO2 -> C3H5(ONO2)3 + 3H2O glyxerol glyxerintrinitrat (thuc n) (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-OH + H2SO4 ----> (CH3)2CH-CH2-CH2-OH + H2O Ancol isoamylic (khng tan) (tan) c. Phn ng tch H2O: - iu kin: H2SO4, 170oC ----> ancol no, n, h -> anken + H2O (theo quy tc Zai-xp) Tng qut: CnH2n+2O ----(H2SO4 , 170oC-180oC)----> CnH2n + H2O * iu kin tch nc mt ancol thu c 1 anken duy nht - L ancol no, n, h: CnH2n+1OH - Ancol ch cha mt loi H C bta + Ancol bc I: R-C-C-C-CH2OH + Ancol c trc i xng i qua C mang OH + Ancol ch c 1 C bta cn H * Tch nc 2 ancol thu c 1 anken duy nht - TH1: mt trong hai ancol khng tch nc, ancol cn li cho anken duy nht vd: hn hp c ancol metylic v ancol n-butylic - TH2: hai ancol ng phn vd: hn hp n-C3H7OH v iso-C3H7OH * iu kin tch nc mt ancol thu c 2 anken tr ln - Ancol no, n, h: CnH2n+2O (n>=4) (n>=4 v: nu n=1 -> CH3OH khng tch nc n=2 -> C2H5OH ch to 1 anken C2H4 n=3 -> n-,iso-, C3H7OH to 1 anken C3H6) - Ancol khng i xng Ancol c 2 loi C bta cn H khc nhau tr ln cc: Phn ng tch nc theo kiu th nhm OH to ete 2CnH2n+1OH ----(H2SO4 , 140oC)----> CnH2n+1OCnH2n+1 + H2O Note: nu hn hp gm n ancol n chc th s ete ti a to ra l n(n+1)/2 d. Phn ng oxi ho khng hon ton - Nhng ancol mC-OH cn H (CI hoc CII) s b oxi ho khng hon ton; ancol bc III khng b oxi ho theo cch ny - Tng qut: R-CH(OH)-R +CuO ----to----> R-CO-R + Cu + H2O + Nu R l H: R-CH2OH + CuO ----to----> R-CHO + Cu + H2O Ancol bc I anhit + Nu R l gc H-C: R-CH(OH)-R + CuO ----to----> R-CO-R + Cu + H2O Ancol bc II xeton 7. iu ch ancol: a. Cc phng php chung: - Thu phn dn xut halogen - Cng H2O vo anken - Hir ho anhit/xeton b. Phng php ring: - Etanol (C2H5OH): ln men tinh bt (C6H10O5)n + nH2O ----enzin----> nC6H12O6 C6H12O6 ----ln men ru----> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 - Metanol (CH3OH) oxi ho t CH4 C1: CH4 + H2O ----tO----> CO + 3H2 CO + H2 ----ZnO, Cr2O3, 500oC, 200 atm----> CH3OH C2: 2CH4 + O2 ----Cu, 200oC, 100 atm----> 2CH3OH - Etylenglicol: t C2H4

C1: C2H4 + KMnO4 + H2O ----> C2H4(OH)2 + MnO2 + KOH C2: C2H4 ----+Br2----> C2H4Br2 ----(-OH)----> C2H4(OH)2 - Glixerol: t C3H6 CH2=CH-CH3 + Cl2 ----500oC----> CH2=CH-CH2Cl + HCl PHENOL 1. nh ngha: - L hchc c OH lin kt trc tip vi Cthm - Note: phn bit phenol vi ancol thm 2. Tnh cht vt l - t tan trong nc lnh, tan v hn trong nc nng - C lin kt H => tonc, tos cao - Cht rn nhit thng 3. Tnh cht ho hc a. nh hng qua li gia nhm OH v nhn thm - Nhn ht e, OH y e b. Tnh cht ca nhm OH (tnh axit) C6H5OH + NaOH ----> C6H5ONa + H2O rn, khng tan tan, trong sut note: tnh axit yu, khng lm i mu qu tm, th t: nc II ca H2CO3 < phenol < nc I ca H2CO3 => c phn ng C6H5ONa + H2O + CO2 ----> C6H5OH + NaHCO3 dd trong sut vn c C6H5OH + Na2CO3 ----> C6H5ONa + NaHCO3 c. Phn ng th nhn thm C6H5OH + 3Br2 ----> C6H2(Br3)OH + 3H2O 2,4,6-tribrom phenol (kt ta trng) C6H5OH + 3HNO3 ----H2SO4 , to----> C6H2(NO2)3OH + 3H2O 2,4,6-trinitro phenol 4. iu ch va ng dng a. iu ch - C in: nha than ----chng ct----> C6H6 ----+Cl2(xt Fe)----> C6H5Cl ----NaOH (tocao, p cao)----> C6H5ONa ----CO2+H2O----> C6H5OH Hin i: t cumen (iso propylbenzen) C6H5CH(CH3)2 ----1)O2(kk):2)H2SO4----> C6H5OH + CH3COCH3 (C6H6 ----CH2=CH-CH3, to----> C6H5CH(CH3)2) b. ng dng