THIT K CU TO KIN TRC KT CU BAO CHE NH CNG NGHIP

1 NHNG VN CHUNG
Kt cu bao che nh cng nghip bao gm hai nhm chnh: - Kt cu bao che theo phng ng: tng, ca s, ca i; - Kt cu bao che theo phng nm ngang: mi, ca mi. C s ch yu thit k cu to kin trc kt cu bao che nh cng nghip l c im cng ngh sn xut bn trong, tnh cht cng trnh, kh nng cung ng vt liu xy dng trn th trng, c im kh hu a phng v t hp kin trc.

Hnh 1: Cc b phn c bn ca kt cu bao che nh cng nghip

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2 KT CU BAO CHE THEO PHNG NG

2.1
TNG NH CNG NGHIP 1) Phn loi : - Theo gii php kt cu, tng c phn thnh: tng chu lc, tng t mang, tng treo; - Theo vt liu lm tng: tng gch xy, tng khi xy, tng panen b tng ct thp, tng tm nh...; - Theo kh nng cch nhit: tng khng cch nhit v tng cch nhit; - Theo v tr t tng: tng ngoi, tng ngn bn trong, tng dc, tng ngang, tng hi. 2) Nhng yu cu ch yu khi thit k cu to tng: - Ph hp vi yu cu sn xut v iu kin tin nghi cho ngi lao ng; - m bo c n nh v bn vng di tc ng ca cc loi ti trng, cht xm thc...; thun tin cho vic bo qun, lm v sinh trong qu trnh s dng. - Ph hp vi yu cu cng nghip ha xy dng, kh nng cung ng cu kin, vt liu trn th trng xy dng. - m bo c cc quy nh v phng chng chy n. - Ph hp vi yu cu thm m kin trc; - C ch tiu kinh t - k thut hp l v thi gian xy dng nhanh nht. 3) Cu to kin trc tng gch v khi xy nh (tng block): Tng gch, tng khi xy nh thng c s dng cho cc nh c quy m khng ln; lm tng ngn hoc xy chn hon thin. Tng xy bng gch c t hp bng cc vin gch t st nung, kch thc 22cmx 10,5cmx 5,5cm, c chi ph r do tn dng c vt liu a phng. Tng xy gch c chiu dy 110mm; 220mm; 330mm; 450mm... gim thi gian xy dng, tng c th c xy bng cc khi (block) b tng ct thp hoc b tng cilict (c lm t hn hp ct, vi v xi mng) c kch thc ln hn, v d nh cc block tng c kch thc di khong 60cm, cao 24cm, dy 30cm. Cc khi block thng c chia thnh cc khi tng, khi gc tng, khi lanh t trn ca... V tr ca tng gch hoc block so vi ct: thng nm ngoi ct, c th nm gia thn ct v trong ct. Mt ngoi ca tng c trt va xi mng bo v, c th p gch lt hoc treo cc tm tng nh bng tn. Tng chu lc c chiu dy t 220mm tr ln bng gch c hoc khi xy, ph thuc vo cc loi lc tc ng, chiu cao, chiu di tng. Ti ni c t dm mi, cn xy thm b tr. Tng chu lc c xy ln mng bng gch, hoc b tng ct thp. Tng t mang c chiu dy 110, 220mm, gim trng lng, nn thng bng gch rng. Tng c xy ln dm mng, dm ging b tng ct thp v dm ging tng cng. Tng treo c chiu dy 110, 220mm bng gch c hoc rng, c xy ln mng bng gch, dm mng btng ct thp hoc thp. Tng trn cc l ca s, ca i, l thit b..., c xy ln cc lanh t, dm ging bng b tng ct thp, hoc bng thp. Khi xy dng loi tng ny cho nh khung cn ch neo tng vo ct bng cc mc neo bng thp. Tt c cc chn tng gch xy hoc block cn phi c lp chng thm nc ma bng bitum hoc vt liu chng thm khc. Lp chng m di chn tng bng va xi mng mc 75 dy 2cm, t ngang ti ct cao ca mt nn hon thin. Tng (v mi nh) bao che bn ngoi cng trnh c hng sn xut A,B,F phi thit k sao cho c th bung ra khi c s c n.
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Khi thit k cho php kt hp s dng kt cu bao che kh bung v kt cu bao che d bung (ca s, ca i, ca mi, tng tm nh) khi xy ra s c n, nhng din tch kt cu bung phi c xc nh theo tnh ton. V c bn c th xc nh nh sau: - 0,05m2 trn 1m3 ca phng c hng sn xut Av F. - 0,03m2 trn 1m3 ca phng c hng sn xut B.

Hnh 2: Tng gch nh cng nghip; a) Tng t mang xy trn dm mng; b)Tng gch treo; c) Chi tit treo tng gch.

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Hnh 3: Gch block - Hnh trn gch block thng; hnh di: gch block c khe v g lin kt. Kch thc c bn ca block: - Chiu di (l): 50;60cm - Chiu cao (h): 20;24cm - Chiu rng (d): 5;7,5;10;15;20;24;30cm

a) Lin kt khi tng

Hnh 4: Lin kt gch block vi ct BTCT 1: ct; 2: Rnh lin kt; 3:Tm thp hnh nm (hnh a) v ai thp lin kt tng vi ct (hnh b) ; 4: Tng block;5: Vt lin kt; 6;7;8: Va lin kt gia hai block tng.

b Lin kt khi gc tng

Hnh 5: Lin kt gch block vi ct thp 1) Ct thp; 2: ai thp lin kt vi ct qua rnh lin kt; 3) Tng block; 4: Vt lin kt tng vo ai; 5,6,7: Va lin kt gia hai block tng.

c) Lin kt khi lanh t ca Hnh 6: Lin kt vi ct ca cc khi tng chnh (1:Khi lanh t; 2:Khung ca; 3:Cng sn thp lanh t; 4 Khi tng)

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4) Cu to kin trc tng panen b tng ct thp: Tng panen b tng ct thp c kh nng p ng yu cu cng nghip ha cao trong xy dng cng nghip, c chia lm hai loi: tng khng cch nhit v tng cch nhit. Mt ngoi ca panen c th trang tr bng nhiu cht liu khc nhau. a) Tng panen khng cch nhit: Tng khng cch nhit c s dng cho cc khng gian sn xut khng c yu cu c bit v iu kin vi kh hu, cho cc phn xng c qu trnh sn xut sinh nhiu nhit tha. Tng panen thng l tng t mang hoc l tng treo, c ch to bng b tng ct thp thng hoc ng lc trc, b tng mc 200 400, c sn hay tit din c. Kch thc danh ngha ca panen thng l: cao 1,2m; 1,5m; 1,8m; di 6m hoc 12m; rng n 300mm, bn mng 30mm. Ty theo phng n b tr tng m gc nh c hoc khng c khi gc. Khi c s dng khi gc, chiu dy v chiu cao khi thng ly bng chiu dy panen tng.
Hnh 7: Cc loi tng panen BTCT khng cch nhit: a) Loi sn tha; b) Loi dy sn; c) Tm c; d) Sn tha di 12m.

b) Tng panen cch nhit: Tng panen cch nhit c cu to t mt lp hoc nhiu lp, vi kch thc chung tng t panen thng. c) Lin kt panen tng: Lin kt panen vo ct phi chc chn, d bo qun v chng c bin dng nhit. C th neo bng bulng mc, mc neo hoc hn.

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Hnh 8: Chi tit lin kt panen tng vo ct

Hnh 9: Chi tit lin kt panen tng vo ct ti v tr gc v hi nh

Cc tm panen tng to cho c cu b mt nh c c trng ring bit khc vi s dng tng gch, tng block trt va hoc tng tm nh: Cc l ca thng c din tch t hp t kch thc ca cc tm panen; tng c k phn v theo cc tm panen...

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Hnh 10: T hp c cu b mt tng panen: a);b): Ca s, ca chp thong t hp theo phng ngang c) Ca s t hp theo phng ng d) T hp ca s thnh nhiu lp theo phng ngang (trong nh cng nghip nhiu tng) e) T hp c cu b mt tng ti tng hi.

Hnh 11: V d mt ct t mng n mi ca nh cng nghip s dng tng panen BTCT:

5) Cu to kin trc tng tm nh Tng bng tm nh (tn, kim loi...) hin c s dng rt rng ri, trc ht do kh nng thi cng n gin, nhanh chng. Cu to chung ca tng gm c x g v tm tng. X g thng dng nht l loi bng thp hnh, dng ch U, Z. Chng c lin kt vo ct bng bulng hoc hn. Khong cch gia cc x g ph thuc chiu di tm lp v n nh ca tng. Tm tng lin kt vo x g bng mc neo, vt hoc bulng. che cc khe h gc tng, mp ca, l thit b,cn phi dng thm cc cu kin ph. Vi tng nh, bo v chn tng khi b h hng do va chm, phn chn tng cao 1,2 2m c th c lm bng gch, khi xy hoc bng panen btng ct thp. Khi xng c yu cu cch nhit, tng nh cch nhit s c lm nhiu lp t cc tm nh bo v v lp cch nhit gia hoc cc panen in hnh vi kch thc ty t cc tm nh v lp cch nhit. Chng c lin kt vo ct bng cc mc neo.

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Hnh 12: Cc kh nng cu to tng tm nh: a) Tng tm nh mt lp b) Tng tm nh 2 lp: lp tng ngoi v lp cch nhit c) Tng c 3 lp, lp tung pha trong t k lin lp cch nhit d) Tng c 3 lp, lp tng pha trong t bn ngoi x g lin kt. 1:Tm tng ngoi; 2; 3 Sn thp lin kt; 4:Lp cch nhit; 5: X g; 6: Tm tng trong.

Hnh 13 : Tng tm nh v mt s loi tm tn (khng cch nhit v c cch nhit) hin ang s dng rng ri ti Vit Nam

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a)

b)

Hnh 14 : Thanh (x g) lin kt tm tng ti v tr ct bin (a) v ct u hi (b)

Hnh 15: Lin kt tm tng khng cch nhit vi ct

Hnh 16: Lin kt tm tng c cch nhit vi ct

Ngoi nhng loi tng gch, tng block trt va; tng pa nen v tng tm nh k trn, trong thc t hin ny cn c tng p g, tng bc nhm to cho cng trnh cng nghip c hnh thc rt a dng.

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Hnh 18: Tng p g trong nh cng nghip

Hnh 17: Tng bc nhm trong nh cng nghip

2.2

CU TO KIN TRC CA S, CA I, CNG NH CNG

NGHIP 1) Cu to kin trc ca s: a) Yu cu chung - i vi nh khng c yu cu v c bit v iu kin vi kh hu v chiu sng, cn tn dng ti a ca ly nh sng v thng thong t nhin. - Loi ca, hnh dng, kch thc v v tr b tr ca s c xc nh trn c s yu cu chiu sng ca sn xut, thng gi tin nghi trong xng, c im sn xut; gii php t hp kin trc mt ng ta nh v kh nng cung ng kt cu ca ch to sn trn th trng. - Vic b tr v la chn kch thc ca cn ph hp vi kt cu tng, c bit l tng panen hn ch phi s dng cc khi tng ph. b) Phn loi: - Theo chc nng c ca s chiu sng, ca s thng gi v ca s hn hp chiu sng v thng gi. Ca chiu sng c lm bng knh c nh. Ca thng gi c lm bng chp g, kim loi, nha... Ca hn hp c lm bng ca knh xoay theo trc ng, ngang, chp knh xoay, hoc mt phn knh c nh, mt phn chp thong, ca knh la... - Theo hnh thc: c ca s gin on, ca bng ngang, ca bng ng, ca mng ln. Ca s loi gin on thng c s dng cho cc nh c kt cu tng chu lc, cho cc xng c yu cu nh sng khng nhiu. Khi xng cn nhiu nh sng, c th dng ca bng ngang mt hoc nhiu lp. Ca s bng ng cho nh sng tt, song khng ng u. Ca s mng ln rt ph hp vi cc nh cng nghip c khng gian ln. Loi ca knh lt trc ngang gia hoc trn c kh nng chiu sng, thng gi t nhin tt, ng thi chng c ma ht. c) Cu to chung Tng t nh trong nh dn dng, cu to chung ca ca s nh cng nghip gm c: khun ca, cnh ca v trong mt s trng hp cn c thm h thng ng, m ca. 10
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- Khun ca vin quanh l ca cnh v lm g ht nc. Chng c lm bng g tt, b tng ct thp, kim loi, bng cht do tng hp. - Cnh ca c cu to t khung cnh bng g, kim loi, cht do tng hp, cc tm ca bng pa n g, knh, kim loi, ty theo yu cu chc nng ca ca s. i vi ca s b tr ti cao nh hn 2,4m cn phi b tr ca s c kh nng ng m. Khi c yu cu chng gi bo, cc din tch lp knh ti cao ln hn 2,4m k t mt sn phi lp thnh khung c nh, c th ng m c bng c kh. Kch thc ca ca: Chiu rng nn ly theo bi s 0,5m; chiu cao l bi s ca 0,6m. Kch thc ny l c s cho vic la chn kch thc theo cc mu ca ca cc hng cung ng.
Hnh 19: K hiu ca v cch m ca

a)

b)

Hnh 20: V d cu to ca nh cng nghip: a) Ca g; b) Ca thp

Hin trn th gii nh c ca s hai lp tr ln thng dng, to cho cng trnh c hai lp v. Phn gia ca hai lp v c nhim v thng thong. Gii php ny c s dng ch yu cho nh nhiu tng.

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a)

b)
Hnh 21: Ca knh hai lp: a) Mt trc; b) Mt ct dc; c) Mt bng. 1: Khung nhm; 2: Chp thng thong; 3: Lp knh bn trong gii hn khng gian phng; 4: Khung ca lp knh ngoi; 5: Lp knh bc ngoi cng trnh; 6:Li thp gia cc tng; 7: Rm ca iu khin t ng.

c)

Trong qu trnh thit k ca hin nay (trong nh dn dng cng nh nh cng nghip) vic la chn hng cung ng ca ng vai tr quan trng, nh hng Eurowindow l mt v d. Ca ca hng (theo qung co) c sn xut theo cng ngh ca chu u vi sn phm l ca nhm v vch nhm. Khung ca v khung cnh ca (Profile) c sn xut t nhm thi vi cc ph kin km theo p ng vic cch nhit, cch m v chng r r nc ma, m bo c cng v c tnh thm m cao.

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1) Thanh profile nhm mt ngoi khun ca 2) Thanh profile nhm mt trong khun ca 3) Cu cch nhit polymer khun ca 4) Chn lp t khun ca 5) Rnh thot nc ma 6) Giong cnh ca 7) Giong gia cnh v khun ca 8) Cu cch nhit polymer cnh ca 9) Thanh profile nhm mt ngoi cnh ca 10) Thanh profile nhm mt trong cnh ca 11) Rnh lp ph kin kim kh 12) Giong khung knh 13) Giong np knh 14) Knh 15) Keo dn hp 16) Thanh c hp knh

1) Giong ngoi trn 2) Giong trong trn ng 3) ng trn vch dng 4) Thanh cu cch m, cch nhit 5) ngang vch dng 6) Giong trong trn ngang 7) Profile gi knh mt dng 8) Profile p ngoi mt dng

Hnh 22: Cu to ca khung nhm ca hng cung ng Eurowindow

c) Kt cu che chn nng Kt cu che nng n gin v thng dng nht l vng kt hp vi lanh t ca. Tu theo v tr ca mt tng m kt cu che nng c th kt hp vi kt cu che nng theo phng ng v theo phng ngang. Ngoi kt cu che nng vng c nh bng b tng ct thp, ngi ta cn s dng kt cu che nng bng kim loi ng m c (c th hon ton t ng). Cc kt cu che nng l chi tit kin trc c ngha trong t hp mt ng nh cng nghip.

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Hnh 23: Kt cu che nng bng kim loi c th t ng ng m.

3) Cu to kin trc ca i, cng: Ca i c s dng cng nhn i li hoc dng thot ngi. Kch thc ca c xc nh ty thuc s ca i, s lng cng nhn vin ca xng, yu cu thot ngi,... V cu to, c bn ging ca i nh dn dng. Ca cng c s dng cho cc phng tin vn chuyn hng ha v ngi lm vic qua li. Kch thc ca cng nh cng nghip c xc nh theo yu cu ca sn xut v phi cao hn, rng hn kch thc thit b vn chuyn v hng ha 0,4 1m. - Ca cng cho xe y tay, xe chy c quy, xe goong c kch thc: 2mx2,4m; (rng x cao) - Cho xe t cc loi : 3mx3m; 4mx3m; 3mx3,6m; - Cho tu ha ray hp (1000mm): 4mx4,2m; - Cho tu ha ray rng (1435mm): 4,7mx5,6m. Vi cc xng sa cha, lp rp my bay, tu thy, kch thc cng cn ln hn nhiu. Ca cng c nhiu loi. Cnh ca cng c th lm bng g, g khung thp hay bng kim loi; khun ca bng btng ct thp hoc bng thp.

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Hnh 24: Cc dng ca cng trong nh CN

Hnh 25: Kch thc ca trong nh cng nghip

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a)

c)

b)

d)

Hnh 26: Cu to ca i trong nh cng nghip: a) Ca y ngang; b) Ca y ln; c) Ca cun; d) Ca xp

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3 KT CU BAO CHE THEO PHNG NGANG- MI, CA MI

3.1
CU TO KIN TRC MI NH CNG NGHIP 1) Phn loi mi nh cng nghip: - Theo s kt cu, mi c phn thnh: mi kt cu phng v mi khng gian. Trong mi kt cu phng (gm mi btng ct thp hoc vt liu nh), kt cu bao che v kt cu chu lc lm vic c lp vi nhau, phn bao che ch tham gia chu lc mt phn. Mi kt cu khng gian c kt cu chu lc ng thi l kt cu bao che, ph hp vi nh nhp ln. - Theo dc mi, mi c phn thnh: Mi bng vi dc thot nc i= 1/8 1/12 , lm bng btng ct thp; Mi dc vi i>1/8, bng b tng ct thp hoc tm nh; Mi phng vi I = 0%, dng cha nc cch nhit (t dng ti Vit Nam) - Theo tnh cht cch nhit, mi c phn thnh: Mi cch nhit: dng cho cc nh c cao tng n mi < 6m v cho cc nh c yu cu c bit v vi kh hu; Mi khng cch nhit: dng cho cc nh c chiu cao tng > 6m, khng c i hi c bit v iu kin vi kh hu. - Theo vt liu lm mi, mi c phn thnh: Mi bng b tng ct thp (mi nng); Mi bng tm lp nh (mi nh). 2) Nhng yu cu chung thit k cu to kin trc mi nh cng nghip: - C bn vng cao, ph hp vi cc yu cu ca cng ngh sn xut; - C kh nng thot nc nhanh, chng thm tt; - Tha mn yu cu cng nghip ha xy dng; - Ph hp vi kh nng cung ng vt liu trn th trng; - C ch tiu kinh t - k thut hp l; - Ph hp vi yu cu t hp kin trc cng trnh. 3) Cu to kin trc mi b tng ct thp: Mi nh bng b tng ct thp c bn vng cao chu la tt, do c s dng rng ri trong cc nh cng nghip c yu cu bn vng cao, nin hn s dng kh lu di. Nhc im ca loi mi ny ch yu l nng n, thi cng ko di, khi h hng kh sa cha. Cu to chung ca mi b tng ct thp gm hai phn chnh: lp chu lc v cc lp chc nng. a) Lp chu lc: Lp chu lc c chc nng ton b cc lp lp, thit b t trn mi, cng c khi chng gi lun chc nng cch nc. Lp chu lc c th c ton khi hay lp ghp. - Loi ton khi c bn cao, tit kim thp, nhc im ln nht l thi cng ko di, v vy ch nn dng cho cc nh c din tch mi khng ln v cho mi v mng, hoc do yu cu cng ngh i hi. V cu to, c bn ging cu to mi trong nh dn dng. Vi loi mi ny, nu x l chng thm tt, lp chu lc ng thi s l lp cch nc. - Lp chu lc lp ghp c s dng rng ri hn do p ng c yu cu cng nghip ha v xy dng nhanh chng. Lp chu lc mi c hnh thnh t cc tm (panen). Loi panen c kch thc 1,5mx6m; 3mx6m; 3mx12m, chiu dy 0,3m l loi c dng rng ri nht. Panen mi c th l dng c hoc panen c sn vi chiu dy ca bn 3 5cm. Khi cn thit, c th cha sn cc l trng t thit b chiu sng hoc cc thit b k thut. Panen lin kt vo kt cu mang lc mi bng cch hn cc chi tit thp ch hai cu kin.

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Hnh 27: Cc dng panen mi b tng ct thp

b) Cc lp lp chc nng: Trong mi b tng ct thp, ngoi lp chu lc cn c cc lp lp chc nng cn thit khc nh : Lp chng thm; lp cch nhit; lp bo v; lp lm phng; cc lp cch hi, chng xm thc... S lng cc lp ny v thng s k thut ca chng, c xc nh ty thuc vo loi kt cu mi, c im v ch sn xut, mi trng sn xut v kh hu a phng... - Lp cch nhit: Lp cch nhit thng dng nht hin nay l b tng bt xp c t trc tip ln tm mi. Chiu dy lp cch nhit c xc nh theo tnh ton, sao cho chng c th cch nhit hoc gi nhit tt, ph hp vi yu cu ca khng gian sn xut v tin nghi cho ngi lao ng bn trong nh. khng lm gim kh nng cch nhit, lp cch nhit cn c cc lp cch nc bo v. V d: Trong cc xng c hi nc ng di mi, bn di lp cch nhit cn phi c thm lp cch nc bng va xi mng ct, va bitum, dn hai ba lp giy du hoc tm mng nha cch nc hoc qut sn tng hp cch nc... trnh h hng lp cch nhit do co dn nhit, cn cha khe h rng 5 10mm, cch nhau 4 6m, theo hai chiu. Ngoi cc loi trn, trong thc t cn s dng loi cch nhit bng lp khng kh lu thng trn lp cch nc, chng c cu to nh trong nh dn dng. Nhc im ca loi mi ny l lm trng lng mi tng ln. - Lp chng thm: Lp chng thm c s dng cho mi c lp chu lc mi lm bng b tng ct thp lp ghp. Vt liu dng chng thm c la chn ty thuc vo dc mi, lng ma, c im kh hu tng vng. Loi vt liu chng thm thng dng hin nay cho mi b tng ct thp lp ghp nh cng nghip l b tng ct thp chng thm. 18
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Lp b tng ct thp chng thm thng c chiu dy 4cm, vi li thp 200x200mm, c d = 4; 6mm. Sau khi b tng cn tin hnh ngm nc xi mng chng thm (nh trong xy dng nh dn dng). trnh b tng b nt, lm mt tnh cch nc do co dn nhit, c cch 12m theo hai chiu nh phi lm cc khe co dn nhit, gia khe y nha ng. Nhc im c bn ca loi vt liu cch nc ny l thi cng phc tp, lm tng ti trng mi, kh sa cha khi b h hng. Ngoi b tng ct thp, ngi ta cn s dng giy du dn chng ln nhau 2 4 lp bng bitum nng, hoc cc mng nha plime tng hp cch nc. Loi ny chng thm tt, trng lng nh, c kh nng chng xm thc, thi cng nhanh. Khi chng thm cho mi, cn ch n bin php chng thm dt tng hi, bin, khe ln... - Lp bo v: y l lp che ph ton b b mt mi bo v cho cc lp bn di khi b h hng do kh hu v cc cht xm thc. Vt liu dng lm lp bo v c s dng ph bin nht nc ta l gch l nem lt 2 lp. - Lp lin kt v lm phng: Lp ny c s dng lm phng mt mi, to dc ng yu cu, lin kt lp bo v mi.Chng c lm bng va xi mng- ct mc 50 (hay va bitum ct), dy 1 4mm. Trong trng hp s dng mt mi trng cy xanh, cu to mi cn thm cc lp gi t v lp chng cn trng xm hi mi.

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Hnh 28: Cu to cc lp mi ca mi bng BTCT

4) Cu to kin trc mi bng cc tm lp nh: Mi lp bng cc tm lp nh c s dng rt ph bin trong xy dng cc cng trnh cng nghip do u im ch yu l chng dt, thm tt, thi cng nhanh chng, d sa cha khi c s c. Cu to chung ca loi mi ny gm c hai b phn chnh: x g v tm lp. Mi tn thng c dc 15 20. a) X g: X g c lm t thp ch U hoc bng tn un ch Z, vi chiu cao 100200mm, ty theo trng lng tm lp, bc x v kt cu ging mi (cng c khi c lm bng b tng ct thp, hoc gin thp...). X g c lin kt vo v ko bng bulng.

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Hnh 29: Cc dng x g mi nh

Hnh 30: V d chi tit lin kt x g thp vi kt cu mang lc mi

b) Tm lp: Tm tn trng km hay hp kim nhm c nhiu dng: ln sng hay gy khc, vi nhiu mu sc khc nhau, c cung cp trn th trng bi cc hng sn xut chuyn dng. Khi sn xut cc tm lp cc hng ny cn cung cp ng b cc tm c bit p nc, che khe co dn, mng nc, tng hi... Cc tm tn lin kt vo x g bng mc neo hay c vt.

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Hnh 31: Mi tn khng cch nhit

Hnh 32: Mi tn cch nhit

5) T chc thot nc mi cho nh cng nghip: Vn chng thm dt cho cc nh cng nghip ph thuc rt nhiu vo vic t chc thot nc mi. T chc thot nc ma cho mi phi m bo sao cho nc ma khng b ng v thot nhanh. Vi nh c quy m nh, chiu cao di 6m c th thot nc trc tip xung nn. Song hu ht cc cng trnh xy dng u t chc thot nc mi theo cch: Nc ma c thu gom theo tng phn mi vo h thng mng nc, theo phu thu, xung ng dn vo h thng cng, rnh thu nc ma di nn. H thng thu nc mi c th t pha trong hay ngoi tng bin. i vi nh nhiu nhp c th t gia nh. Ti v tr tip gip hai khi nh chnh cao cng cn phi t h thng thu nc. Hnh di y trnh by t chc thu nc mi nh ngoi nh (bin nh); thu nc gia nh v thu nc gia cc khi nh chnh cao.

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Hnh 33 : S thot nc mi a) Thot nc ngoi nh; b) Thot nc gia nh; c) Thot nc gia hai khi nh chnh cao

Hnh 34 : Chi tit cu to mng thu nc ngoi nh

Hnh 35 : Chi tit cu to mng thu nc gia nh

Hnh 36 : Chi tit cu to mng thu nc gia hai khi nh chnh cao

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a)
Hnh 37: V d v chi tit cu to thot nc bin nh a) Gii php mng thu nc ngoi nh v mng thu nc trong nh; b) Gii php mng thu nc trong nh ti v tr tng dc nh v u hi ( vi tng tm nh - hnh trn v tng b tng hnh di) c) Gii php mng thu nc ngoi nh ti v tr tng dc nh v u hi.

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Hnh 38: T chc thot nc mi bng nh cng nghip

Hnh 39: Chi tit t chc thot nc mi bng BTCT ti bin nh: a) Nh c mi ua thot t do; b) S dng seno; c) Thot nc trong. 1:Kt cu mang lc mi; 2: Panen mi; 3: Khi BTCT to mi ua; 4:Cu chn rc ti phu thu nc; 5: B tng chn; 6:Seno BTCT; 7: ng trn thot nc; 8: ng thot nc

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Hnh 40: Chi tit dim mi trn bng tn

Hnh 41: Chi tit mi ua bng tn

Hnh 42: Chi tit cu to mi ti tng hi (a); Ti khe ln ngang nh(b) v ti khe ln ca hai khi nh c nhp vung gc vi nhau (c)

Hnh 43: Mt s dng cu to ti khe ln ca nh

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3.2

CU TO KIN TRC CA MI NH CNG NGHIP 1) nh ngha v phn loi ca mi: Ca mi c s dng trong cc trng hp sau: Khi cc nh cng nghip c chiu rng kh ln, vt qu kh nng chiu sng v thng gi t nhin ca ca s; Cho cc phn xng nng, cn tng cng thot nhit tha. Ca mi nh cng nghip c nhiu loi : - Theo c im chc nng, ca mi c cc loi: Ca mi chiu sng vi h thng ca knh c nh; Ca mi thng gi kiu ca chp, l thong hay c cu to c bit; Ca mi hn hp chiu sng v thng gi vi h thng ca knh ng, m c. - Theo hnh dng, ca mi c chia thnh cc nhm: Ca mi kiu chng dim (chng mi); Ca mi kiu rng ca; Ca mi chiu sng nh u kiu bng; hoc gin on. Vic la chn kiu ca mi trc ht ph thuc vo yu cu chc nng s dng, c im kh hu vng xy dng, ch vi kh hu cn thit trong phng sn xut, ng thi c tnh n hiu qu thm m ni, ngoi tht ngi nh v tnh hp l kinh t trong xy dng. i vi ca mi thng gi, hnh thc v kch thc ca chng ph thuc vo yu cu v mc thng gi, c im sn xut bn trong nh, hnh thc thng gi, chiu rng nh, hng gi thi, ... m bo ca mi ng vai tr l ca gi ra vi p lc m, ngi ta xy dng cc tm chn ca mi vi kch thc: Khong cch t tm chn n ca mi: l = (1,05 1,10) hc; Chiu cao tm chn ht hc; Khong cch t mt mi n chn tm chn: a= 100 150mm khng cn tr vic thot nc mi. Vi ca mi chiu sng: chiu sng ca ca mi ph thuc vo kiu ca mi, din tch l ca ly sng, nghing cnh ca v cch sp xp ca. Thc t cho thy Vit Nam, chiu sng (hoc kt hp thng gi) nn dng loi ca mi chng dim thng ng, ca mi dng rng ca cnh thng ng c trc treo hng ng Ty 15 l hp l kinh t nht. Ca mi kiu chng dim thng ng nn dng cho cc nh cng nghip c nhp t 12m tr ln, vi cc thng s c bn nh sau: Chiu rng khung ca (Lcm) nn ly 0,3 0,6 nhp nh; Chiu cao ca mi (Hcm)= (0,3 0,5)Lcm, vi din tch l ca mi ly nh sng phi ln hn 35% din tch sn. thng nht ha, Lcm= 6m cho nhp nh 12; 18; Lcm =9; 12m cho nhp nh t 24m tr ln.

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Hnh 44: Cc dng ca mi thng dng

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Hnh 45 : V d s phn b lng khng kh trong nh cng nghip - thng gi kiu i lu. Ca tng l ca gi vo; ca mi l ca gi ra. Hnh 46: S mt ct ngang cc dng ca mi thng gi vi cc tm chn to p lc m (ht gi)

Hnh 47: Chi tit cu to ca mi ch nht kch thc chung

Hnh 48: Chi tit cu to ca mi ch nht mt ct ca mi

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a)

b)
Hnh 49: Mt s dng ca mi thng thong ca hng Zamil. a) Chi tit cu to ca mi ch nht thng thong t hai pha b) Chi tit cu to ca mi ch nht thng thong - t pha trn. c) Chi tit cu to l thng thong trn mi (s dng qut ht hoc y).

c)

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a) Ca mi ly nh sng hnh thang

c) Ca mi ly nh sng hnh rng ca xin

b) Ca mi ly nh sng hnh rng ca ng

d) Ca mi ly nh sng trc tip trn mi. S dng cc tm chn kim loi iu khin t ng chng chi

e) Cc dng thanh chp iu khin t ng bng kim loi chng chi cho ca ly nh sng trc tip

f) Chiu sng trc tip trn mi kt hp vi kt cu dn mi

g) Chiu sng trc tip trn mi kt hp vi

kt cu mi dng mi gp np. Hnh 50: Mt s dng ca mi chiu sng khc

2) Cu to kin trc ca mi: 31

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Ca mi nh cng nghip c hnh thnh t cc b phn sau: kt cu chu lc, kt cu bao che v cc b phn chc nng ph. a) Kt cu chu lc: Kt cu chu lc ca ca mi thng thng l khung btng ct thp hay thp. Loi khung btng ct thp ch dng cho khung nh bng btng ct thp; cn khung thp dng c cho nh c khung chu lc bng thp hay btng ct thp. Khung ca mi c cu to t khung ngang v h ging. Khung ngang c to thnh bi cc thanh chng ng, x ngang v cc thanh xin. Nhp ca khung chu lc ca mi ca btng ct thp bao gi cng nh hn nhp ca mi cho mi bn 150mm (khi panen mi di 6m) hoc 250mm (khi panen mi bng 12m) tin cho vic iu phi cc cu kin khc ca mi nh, chn v mi ca ca mi. n nh cc khung ngang theo phng dc cn s dng thm cc h ging. b) B phn bao che v cc kt cu ph: B phn bao che ca ca mi thng bao gm mi, cnh ca knh hoc chp thng gi v b chn ca mi. Mi ca ca mi thng c cu to ng b vi mi nh. B chn ca mi phi lm cao ln chng ma ht. Cnh ca ca ca mi chiu sng hoc hn hp thng c lm thnh bng, c tm tn chn khe h gia cc cnh chng ma ht, c trc xoay nm ngang pha trn, gia (ng m bng m t in) hoc c nh. Chiu cao cnh ca c th ly bng 1200; 1500; 1750 mm hoc 1200; 1500; 1800mm. Chiu di 6 hoc 12m, theo bc khung. Cnh ca c lm bng thp hnh hoc nhm. u hi ca mi c che kn bng gch xy, panen hoc tn. Cc kt cu ph ca ca mi bao gm tm chn cho ca mi thng gi,h thng ng, m ca v thit b lau chi, sa cha ca mi. Ngoi cc loi trn, trong thc t xy dng cng nghip cn s dng loi ca mi chiu sng nh u (nh sng chiu thng t trn xung) c kh nng chiu sng rt cao, c th b tr ty theo yu cu chiu sng. Chng c bit hp l khi s dng cho cc nh kn v c iu ha vi kh hu; hoc cho cc nh c kt cu v mng, dy treo. Tuy nhin cn c bin php chng chi khi s dng loi chiu sng ny. Ca mi chiu sng nh u c th b tr phn tn hoc thnh bng, kiu li hay phng.

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a)

c) Hnh 51 : Chiu sng nh u: a); b) Chiu sng nh u kiu li c) Chiu sng nh u kiu phng bng cc panen knh

b)

Cc dng cu to kin trc kt cu bao che trnh by trn l tng kt cc kinh nghim xy dng thc t qua. Ngay ti thi im ny ang c v vn cc cng trnh ang c trin khai xy dng. iu c ngha l, c cng trnh c xy dng vi cc dng chi tit cu to nu trn v c nhng cng trnh ang c xy dng vi cc chi tit cu to xy dng hon ton mi. V nhng chi tit cu to kin trc mi c hiu qu s b sung thay th cc chi tit kin trc bit nhng khng cn hiu qu na. V d nh kt cu bao che kt hp vi vic s dng nng lng mt tri; Kt cu mi bng mng mng vi dng mi trong, mi trn... Mi mng mng c u im ni tri: - To kh nng truyn nh sng t nhin cao, mang li khng gian m, s cm nhn kh tri m khng lm mt i mu sc trong nh, to s khuch tn ca nh sng t nhin ban ngy v nhng vt sng n vo ban m to ra mt hnh nh k o trn bu tri. - Mi mm c bn vng n 25 nm hoc lu hn, chu c ti trng tuyt (i vi cc nc x lnh) v gi ln. - Khng b tc ng ca iu kin thi tit lm phai mu, c kh nng chng thm cao, c th t lm sch bng nc ma. - Cho php nh sng xuyn qua n 15% m khng lm tng nhit bn trong nh vt liu knh, rt c hiu qu v s dng nng lng ( chiu sng v iu ho kh hu). - p ng c yu cu v ho hon. - Mi mng mng l mt vt liu xy dng linh hot. c bit cho php kin trc s to ra nhng cng trnh vi v p v hnh thc khng gii hn. Vi u im nh vy chc chn rng trong nhng nm ti Vit Nam s xy dng nhiu cng trnh vi mi mng mng v cu to kin trc mi mng mng s tr nn quen thuc trong kin trc v xy dng.

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Hnh 52 : Mi nh cng nghip khng ch n thun l kt cu bao che cn l ni lp t cc thit b thu nng lng mt tri.

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Hnh 53: V d minh ho: Mt s cng trnh s dng mi mng mng.

3/2009 TS.Phm nh Tuyn Ngun ti liu bin son:

- Thit k Kin trc nh cng nghip Nh Xut bn Xy dng 1996- PGS.TS Nguyn Minh Thi; - ti nghin cu khoa hc cp B "Bin son tp bn v chi tit cu to Kin trc cng nghip" M s: B2001-34-06; nm 2002. Thc hin ti: B mn Kin trc cng nghip; - Ti liu v cu to cng nghip t ngun trang W - Cc ti liu tham kho khc.

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