BI TP DY THM

TNH TNG CC S VIT THEO QUY LUT

BNG CCH KH LIN TIP
V d 1. Tnh tng
A = 1 + 2 + 3 + + n
Li gii. Ta c
2A = 1(2 0) + 2(3 1) + 3(4 2) + + n[(n + 1) (n 1)]
= 1 2 + 2 3 1 2 + 3 4 2 3 + + n(n + 1) n(n 1) = n(n + 1) A =

n(

V d 2. Tnh tng
B = 1 + 3 + 5 + + (2n 1)
Li gii. Ta c
4B = 4 + 3(5 1) + 5(7 3) + + (2n 1)[(2n + 1) (2n 3)]
= 4 + 3 5 1 3 + 5 7 3 5 + + (2n 1)(2n + 1) (2n 1)(2n 1)
= 4 1 3 + (2n 1)(2n + 1) = 4n2 B = n2
V d 3. Tnh tng
C = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + + n(n + 1)
Li gii. Ta c
3C = 1 2(3 0) + 2 3(4 1) + 3 4(5 2) + + n(n + 1)[(n + 2) (n 1)]
= 1 2 3 0 1 2 + 2 3 4 1 2 3 + 3 4 5 2 3 4 + + n(n + 1)(n + 2)
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
= n(n + 1)(n + 2) C =
3
Nhn xt. Bng cch tng t bi ton 3, ta c th tnh c cc biu thc
D = 1 2 3 + 2 3 4 + 3 4 5 + + n(n + 1)(n + 2)
E = 1 2 3 4 + 2 3 4 5 + 3 4 5 6 + + n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
p s
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
D=
4
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)(n + 4)
E=
5
V d 4. Tnh tng
F = 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + n2

BI TP DY THM

Li gii. Ta c
F = 1(2 1) + 2(3 1) + 3(4 1) + + n[(n + 1) 1]
= 1 2 1 + 2 3 2 + 3 4 3 + + n(n + 1) n
= [1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + + n(n + 1)] (1 + 2 + 3 + + n)
n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(2n + 1)

=
=C A=
3
2
6
V d 5. Tnh tng
G = 1 3 + 2 3 + 3 3 + + n3
Li gii. Ta c

G = 12(2 1) + 22(3 1) + 32 (4 1) + + n2[(n + 1) 1]

= 12 2 + 22 3 + 32 4 + + n2(n + 1) (12 + 22 + 32 + + n2 )
= 1 2(1 + 0) + 2 3(1 + 1) + 3 4(1 + 2) + + n(n + 1)[1 + (n 1)] F
= [1 2 + 2 3 + 3 4 + + n(n + 1)] + [1 2 3 + 2 3 4 + 3 4 5 + + (n 1)n(
= C F + [1 2 3 + 2 3 4 + 3 4 5 + + (n 1)n(n + 1)]
Ta c

n(n + 1)(n + 2) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1)

=
3
6
2
(n 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2
Biu thc trong ngoc vung tnh tng t nh tnh D, ta tnh c
4
T
CF =


2
n(n + 1) (n 1)n(n + 1)(n + 2)
n(n + 1)
G=
+
=
2
4
2

Nhn xt. Nu ta cha c c biu thc C v F c th tnh theo cch sau:

C F = (1 2 12) + (2 3 22) + (3 4 32) + + [n(n + 1) n2]
n(n + 1)
= 1 + 2 + 3 + + n = A =
2
V d 6. Tnh cc tng sau
1
1
1
1
H=
+
+
+ +
12 23 34
n(n + 1)
1
1
1
1
I=
+
+
+ +
13 35 57
(2n + 1)(2n + 3)

BI TP DY THM

Li gii. Ta c

21 31 43
(n + 1) n
1 1 1 1 1
1
+
+
+ +
= 1 + + + +
12
23
34
n(n + 1)
2 2 3 3 4
n n
n
1
=
=1
n+1 n+1
(2n + 3) (2n + 1)
31 53 75
+
+
+ +
2I =
13
35
57
(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
1
1
1 1 1 1 1

= 1 + + + +
3 3 5 5 7
2n + 1 2n + 3
1
2n + 2
n+1
=1
=
I=
2n + 3 2n + 3
2n + 3
H=

V d 7. Tnh tng
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
K=
123 234 345
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
Li gii. Ta c
31
42
53
(n + 2) n
+
+
+ +
123 234 345
n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+ +

=
12 23 23 34 34 45
n(n + 1) n(n + 1)(n + 2)
1
n(n + 3)
1

=
=
1 2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 2(n + 1)(n + 2)
n(n + 3)
K=
4(n + 1)(n + 2)

2K =

V d 8. Tnh cc tng sau

M = 3 + 32 + 33 + + 3n
1
1
1
1
N = + 2 + 3 + + n
3 3
3
3
Li gii. Ta c

2M = 3(3 1) + 32(3 1) + 33(3 1) + + 3n(3 1) = 32 3 + 33 32 + 34 33 +

3n+1 3
n+1
=3
3M =
2
31
1 1
1
1
1
1
31 31 31
+ 2 + 3 + + n = 1 + 2 + 2 3 + + n1
2N =
3
3
3
3
3 3 3
3
3
3
3
n
3 1
1
=1 n N =
3
2 3n
Bi tp
Bi 1. Tnh cc tng sau
3

BI TP DY THM

P = 1 3 + 2 4 + 3 5 + 4 6 + + n(n + 2)
Q = 1 n + 2(n 1) + 3(n 2) + + (n 1)2 + n 1
R = 1 4 + 2 4 + 3 4 + + n4
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
S=
1234 2345 3456
n(n + 1)(n + 2)(n + 3)
Bi 2. So snh
1 + 5 + 52 + 52012
1 + 3 + 32 + 32012
A=
vi
B
=
1 + 5 + 52 + 52011
1 + 3 + 32 + 32011
M
Bi 3. Tnh t s
, bit
N
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
;N =
+
+
+
M=
1 300 2 301 3 302
101 400
1 102 2 103 3 104
1
+
299 400

TNG CC PHN S VIT THEO QUY LUT1

Ta gp cc bi ton tnh tng phn s m t v mu ca chng c
3
3
3
3
vit theo quy lut. Chng hn, tnh tng
+
+
+...+
. Ta
4.7 7.10 10.13
73.76
thy t ca chng khng thay i v ng bng hiu hai tha s mu; tha
s cui mu trc bng tha s u mu sau.
m
1
1
Phng php gii loi ton ny l dng cng thc
=

b(b + m)
b b+m
vit s mi s hng thnh mt hiu ca hai phn s. S tr ca nhm trc
bng s b tr ca nhm sau ri kh lin tip, cn li s b tr u tin v s
tr cui cng, lc php tnh c thc hin d dng.
2m
th ta dng
Nu mi s hng c dng phc tp hn nh
b(b + m)(b + 2m)
2m
1
1
cng thc:
=

vit mi s
b(b + m)(b + 2m)
b(b + m)
(b + m)(b + 2m)
1
1
2
=

( y
hng thnh mt hiu ca hai phn s. Chng hn
1.2.3
1.2 2.3
1
1
4
=

( y m = 2; b = 1).
m = 1; b = 1) hay
1.3.5 1.3 3.5
Ch : Ta c th chng minh cng thc trn bng cch lm php tr v phi.
1
1
1
1
V d 1. Tnh tng A =
+
+
+ +
.
10 15 21
120
Gii.
1

Theo chuyn 5 trang 79 - NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn

BI TP DY THM

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
10 15 21
120
2
2
2
2
+
+
+ +
=
20 30 42
240
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
)
=2(
45 56 67
15 16
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
1
= 2 ( + + + +
)
4 5 5 6 6 7
15 16
1
1
=2( )
4 16
3
3
=
=2
16 8
Nhn xt:
Ta thy lc u trong tng cho, cc s hng u c t l 1 nhng mi
mu khng phi l tch ca hai tha s c hiu bng 1 (10 = 25; 15 = 35; 21 =
3 7; . . .) v vy ta p dng tnh cht c bn ca phn s, nhn c t v mu
ca mi phn s vi 2, ta c cc mu mi ln lt l 20, 30, 42, . . . , 240. Ta
thy 20 = 4 5; 30 = 5 6; 42 = 6 7; . . . tha mn yu cu c hiu ca hai tha
s bng 1. Nhng t ca mi phn s lc ny khng phi bng 1 m l 2 nn
ta phi dng tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng t 2 ra
ngoi du ngoc.
V d 2. Tnh cc tng sau bng phng php hp l nht:
4
4
4
4
a) A =
+
+
+ +
3 7 7 11 11 15
107 111
2
2
2
2
b) B =
+
+
+ +
15 35 63
399
7
7
7
7
+
+
+ +
c) C =
10 11 11 12 12 13
69 70
6
6
6
6
+
+
+ +
d) D =
15 18 18 21 21 24
87 90
32
32
32
32
e) E =
+
+
+ +
8 11 11 14 14 17
197 200
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
f) F =
25 27 27 29 29 31
73 75
15
15
15
15
+
+
+ +
g) G =
90 94 94 98 98 102
146 150
10
10
10
10
h) H =
+
+
+ +
56 140 260
1400
Hng dn.
4
4
4
1 1 1 1
1
1
4
+
+
+ +
= + + +

a) A =
3 7 7 11 11 15
107 111 3 7 7 11
107 111
1
12
1
=
=
3 111 37
2
2
2
1 1 1 1
1
1
2
+
+
+ +
= + + +

b) B =
15 35 63
399 3 5 5 7
19 21
A=

BI TP DY THM

1
1
2

=
3 21 7
7
7
7
7
+
+
+ +
c) C =
10 11 11 12 12 13
69 70
1
1
1
1
+ +
)
=7(
10 11
69 70
1
1
=7( )
10 70
3
=
5
6
6
6
6
+
+
+ +
d) D =
15 18 18 21 21 24
87 90
1
1
1
1
=2(
+ +
)
15 18
87 90
1
1
=2( )
15 90
1
=
9
32
32
32
32
e) E =
+
+
+ +
8 11 11 14 14 17
197 200
1
1
1
1
+ +

)
=3(
8 11
197 200
1
1
=3(
)
8 200
9
=
25
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
f) F =
25 27 27 29 29 31
73 75
1
2
2
2
2
= (
+
+
+ +
)
2 25 27 27 29 29 31
73 75
1
1
1
1
1
+ +
)
= (
2 25 27
73 75
1
1
1
= ( )
2 25 75
1
=
75
15
15
15
15
+
+
+ +
g) G =
90 94 94 98 98 102
146 150
15
4
4
4
4
=
(
+
+
+ +
)
4
90 94 94 98 98 102
146 150
1
1
1
1
15
(
+ +

)
=
4
90 94
146 150
1
1
15
(
)
=
4
90 150
1
=
60
10
10
10
5
5
5
5
10
+
+
+ +
=
+
+
+ +
h) H =
56 140 260
1400 28 70 130
700
=

BI TP DY THM

5
3
3
3
3
(
+
+
+ +
)
3 4 7 7 10 10 13
25 28
1
1
5 1 1
)
= ( + +
3 4 7
25 28
1
5 1
= ( )
3 4 28
5
=
14
V d 3. Chng minh rng vi mi n N ta lun c:
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
1 6 6 11 11 16
(5n + 1)(5n + 6)
Hng dn.
5
5
5
5
1
(
+
+
+ +
)
5 1 6 6 11 11 16
(5n + 1)(5n + 6)
1
1
)
= (1
5
5n + 6
1 5n + 6 1
=
5
5n + 6
1 5(n + 1)
=
5 (5n + 6)
n+1
=
5n + 6
V d 4. Tm x Z, bit:
20
20
20
3
20

=
a) x
11 13 13 15 15 17
53 55 11
1
1
1
2
2
b)
+
+
+ +
=
21 28 36
x(x + 1) 9
4
4
4
37
4
+
+
+ +
=
c) x +
5 9 9 13 13 17
41 45
45
Hng dn.
20
20
20
3
20

=
a) x
11 13 13 15 15 17
53 55 11
20
20
20
20
3
x(
+
+
+ +
)=
11 13 13 15 15 17
53 55
11
2
2
2
3
2
+
+
+ +
)=
x 10(
11 13 13 15 15 17
53 55
11
1
3
1
x 10( ) =
11 55
11
8
3
x
=
11 11
x=1
1
1
2
2
1
+
+
+ +
=
b)
21 28 36
x(x + 1) 9
2
2
2
2
2

+
+
+ +
=
42 56 72
x(x + 1) 9

BI TP DY THM

1
1
1
1
2
+
+
+ +
)=
67 78 89
x(x + 1)
9
1
2
1
)=
2(
6 x+1
9
1
2
2

)=
3 x+1
9
1 2
2
=

x+1 3 9
2
1
2

= =
x + 1 9 18
x + 1 = 18
x = 17
p s: x = 1.
V d 5. Chng minh rng:
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
<
a) A =
123 234 345
18 19 20 4
36
36
36
36
+
+
+ +
<3
b) B =
135 357 579
25 27 29
1
1
1
1
c) C = 2 + 2 + 2 + + 2 < 1
(n N; n 2)
2
3
4
n
1
1
1
1
1
<
(n N; n 2)
d) D = 2 + 2 + 2 + +
4
6
8
(2n)2
4
2!
2! 2! 2!
<1
(n N; n 3)
e) E = + + + +
3! 4! 5!
n!
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
1
f) F =
+
+
+ +
= 1 + + +

26 27 28
50
2 3 4
49 50
Hng dn.
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
a) A =
123 234 345
18 19 20
1
2
2
2
2
= (
+
+
+ +
)
2 123 234 345
18 19 20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

+ +

)
= (
2 12 23 23 34
18 19 19 20
1
1 189 189 189 1
1 1
)=
=
<
=
= (
2 2 19 20
2 380 760 756 4
36
36
36
36
b) B =
+
+
+ +
135 357 579
25 27 29
4
4
4
4
+
+
+ +
)
=9(
135 357 579
25 27 29
1
1
1
1
1
1

+ +

)
=9(
13 35 35 57
25 27 27 29
1
260 260 261
1
)=9
=
<
=3
=9(
3 783
783
87
87
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
c) C = 2 + 2 + 2 + + 2 =
2
3
4
n
22 33 44
nn
2(

BI TP DY THM

1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
12 23 34
(n 1)n
1
1
1 1 1 1

= + + +
1 2 2 3
n1 n
1
=1 <1
n
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
d) D = 2 + 2 + 2 + +
< = 2 ( 2 + 2 + 2 + + 2) <
2
4
6
8
(2n)
4 2
2
3
4
n
1
1
1=
4
4
1
1
1
1
Theo cu c) th 2 + 2 + 2 + + 2 < 1
2
3
4
n
2! 2! 2!
2!
1
1
1
1
e) E = + + + +
= 2!( + + + + )
3! 4! 5!
n!
3! 4! 5!
n!
1
1
1
1
+
+
+ +
)
< 2(
23 34 45
(n 1)n
2
1 1
= 2( )=1 <1
2 n
n
1
1
1
1
f) F =
+
+
+ +
26 27 28
50
1
1 1
1
1 1 1
(1 + + + + )
= 1 + + + + +
2 3 4
50
2 3
25
1
1 1 1
1
1 1
2( + + + + )
= 1 + + + +
2 3
50
2 4 6
50
1 1 1
1
1
= 1 + + +

2 3 4
49 50
<

MT S PHNG PHP C BIT SO SNH HAI PHN

S2
so snh hai phn s ngoi cch quy ng mu hoc t (cch so snh hai
"tch cho" thc cht chnh l quy ng mu), trong mt s trng hp c th,
ty theo c im ca cc phn s, ta cn c th so snh bng mt s phng
php khc. Tnh cht bc cu ca th t thng c s dng, trong pht
hin ra s trung gian lm cu ni l vn quan trng.
1. Dng s 1 lm trung gian.
c
a
c
a
a) Nu > 1 v < 1 th > .
b
d
b
d
a
c
a
c
b) Nu = 1 + M; = 1 + N m M > N th > .
b
d
b
d
M v N theo th t gi l "phn tha" so vi 1 ca hai phn s cho.
Nu hai phn s c "phn tha" so vi 1 khc nhau, phn s no c "phn
tha" ln hn th ln hn.
1 84
1
77
=1+ ;
=1+ .
Chng hn
76
76 83
83
2

Theo chuyn 4 trang 67 - NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn

BI TP DY THM

1
1
77 84
>
nn
> .
76 83
76 83
c
a
c
a
c) Nu = 1 M; = 1 N m M > N th < .
b
d
b
d
M v N theo th t gi l "phn thiu" hay "phn b" ti n v ca hai phn
s cho.
Nu hai phn s c "phn b" ti n v khc nhau, phn s no c "phn b"
ln hn th nh hn.
42
1 58
1
Chng hn
=1 ;
=1 .
43
43 59
59
1
42 58
1
>
nn
< .
V
58 59
43 59
2. Dng mt phn s lm trung gian.
18
15
V d 1. So snh
v .
31
37
18
(phn s ny c t l t ca phn s th
Gii. Xt phn s trung gian
37
nht, c mu l mu ca phn s th hai).
18 18 18 15
> ;
> .
Ta thy
31 37 37 37
18 15
Suy ra
>
(tnh cht bc cu).
31 37
Nhn xt:
15
lm phn s trung gian (phn s ny c t l
- Ta cng c th ly phn s
31
t ca phn s th hai, cn mu l mu ca phn s th nht).
- Ta rt ra nhn xt: Trong hai phn s, phn s no va c t ln hn, va c
mu nh hn th phn s ln hn (vi iu kin cc t v mu u dng).
12
19
V d 2. So snh
v .
47
77
Gii.
12
19
1
1
C hai phn s
v
u xp x nn ta dng phn s lm trung gian.
47
77
4
4
12 12 1
>
= (1).
Ta c
47 48 4
19 19 1
<
= (2).
77 76 4
12 19
> .
T (1), (2) suy ra
47 77
Bi tp luyn tp.
Bi1.(bi 295 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn) So snh:
64
73
a)
v .
85
81
n
n+1
v
vi (n N ).
b)
n+2
n+3
Hng dn.
V

10

BI TP DY THM

64
64 73
lm phn s trung gian ta c
< .
81
85 81
n+1
n
n+1
lm phn s trung gian ta c
>
.
b) Dng phn s
n+3
n+2 n+3
Bi2(bi 296 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn) So snh:
73
67
v .
a)
77
83
123
456
v
.
b)
461
128
2003.2004 1
2004.2005 1
c)
v
.
2003.2004
2004.2005
Hng dn.
10
67
c phn b ti 1 l .
a)
77
77
10
10 10
67 73
73
c phn b ti 1 l
m
>
nn
< .
83
83
77 83
77 83
5
5
5
5
b) Cc phn s cho c phn b ti 1 l
v
m
<
nn
461
128
461 128
456 123
>
.
461 128
1
1
v
, m
c) Cc phn s cho c phn b ti 1 l
2003.2004
2004.2005
1
1
2003.2004 1 2004.2005 1
>
nn
<
.
2003.2004 2004.2005
2003.2004
2004.2005
Bi3(bi 297 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn) So snh:
11
16
a)
v .
32
49
36
58
v
b)
89
53
Hng dn.
11 11 1 16 16 1
11 16
a)
>
= ;
<
= . Vy
>
32 33 3 49 48 3
32 49
58 36
58 58 2 36 36 2
<
= ;
>
= . Vy
<
b)
89 87 3 53 54 3
89 53
Bi4(bi 298 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn)
So snh cc phn s:
3535
2323
3535.232323
;B =
;C =
.
A=
353535.2323
3534
2322
Hng dn.
3535.232323 35.101.23.10101
A=
=
=1
353535.2323 35.10101.23.101
1
2323
1
3535
=1+
;C =
=1+
.
B=
3534
3534
2322
2322
1
1
<
nn A < B < C.
V
3534 2322
Bi5(bi 299 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn) So snh:
a) Dng phn s

11

BI TP DY THM

5.(11.13 22.26)
1382 690
A=
v B =
22.26 44.52
1372 548
Hng dn.
1
5.(11.13 22.26) 5.11.13(1.1 2.2) 5
=
= =1+
A=
22.26 44.52
22.26(1.1 2.2)
4
4
2
138 690 138(138 5) 138
1
B=
=
=
=
1
+
1372 548 137(137 4) 137
137
1
1
nn A > B.
V >
4 137
Bi6(bi 300 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn) So snh:
53
531
a)
v
57
571
25 25251
b) v
26 26261
Hng dn.
53 530
40
a)
=
c "phn b" ti 1 l
57 570
570
40
40
40
53 531
531
c "phn b" ti 1 l
, v
>
nn
<
571
571
570 571
57 571
1
1010 25251
1010
25
c "phn b" ti 1 l
=
;
c "phn b" ti 1 l
b)
26
26 26260 26261
26261
1010
1010
25 25251
v
>
nn
<
.
26260 26261
26 26261
Bi7(bi 301 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn)
a+m
a
Cho a, b, m N . Hy so snh:
vi .
b+n
b
Hng dn.
a
a
a
Ta xt ba trng hp = 1; < 1; > 1.
b
b
b
a+m a
a
= = 1.
a) Trng hp = 1 a = b th
b
b+m
b
a
b) Trng hp < 1 a < b a + m < b + m.
b
ba
a+m
c "phn b" ti 1 l
.
b+m
b+m
ba
ba
ba
a+m a
a
c "phn b" ti 1 l
, v
<
nn
> .
b
b
b+m
b
b+m
b
a
c) Trng hp > 1 a > b a + m > b + m.
b
ab
a+m
c "phn tha" so vi 1 l
.
b+m
b+m
ab
ab
ab
a+m a
a
c "phn tha" so vi 1 l
, v
<
nn
> .
b
b
b+m
b
b+m
b

Bi8(bi 302 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn)

1011 1
1010 + 1
Cho A = 12
; B = 11
. Hy so snh A vi B.
10 1
10 + 1
12

BI TP DY THM

Hng dn.

a+m a
a
< 1 th
> vi (m > 0).
b
b+m
b
1011 1
(1011 1) + 11
1011 + 10
10(1010 + 1)
1010 + 1
Vy A = 12
<
= 12
<
= 11
=
10 1
(1012 1) + 11
10 + 10
10(1011 + 1)
10 + 1
B, do A < B.
Bi9(bi 303 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn)
So snh cc phn s sau m khng cn thc hin cc php tnh mu:
135.269 133
54.107 53
;B =
.
A=
53.107 + 54
134.269 + 135
Hng dn.
(53 + 1).107 53 53.107 + 107 53 53.107 + 54
A=
=
=
= 1.
53.107 + 54
53.107 + 54
53.107 + 54
(134 + 1).269 133
134.269 + 269 133
134.269 + 136
B =
=
=
> 1,
134.269 + 135
134.269 + 135
134.269 + 135
do A < B.
Bi10(bi 304 NC & mt s chuyn Ton 6 - Bi Vn Tuyn) So snh:
1
1 6
a) ( )7 vi (
).
80
243
5 3
3
).
b) ( )5 vi (
8
243
Hng dn.
1
1
1
1
a) ( )7 > ( )7 = ( 4 )7 = 28 .
80
81
3
3
1 6
1
1
1
1
1 6
1 6
(
) = ( 5 ) = 30 , v 28 > 30 nn ( )7 > (
).
243
3
3
3
3
80
243
3
243 5 3
5
125
3
) = ( 5 )3 = 15 .
b) ( )5 = ( 3 )5 = 15 ; (
8
2
2
243
3
3
243
243 125
Chn phn s 15 lm phn s trung gian so snh ta c 15 > 15 .
3
2
3
5 3
3 5
).
T suy ra ( ) > (
8
243

D thy A < 1. p dng kt qu bi 7 nu

PHNG TRNH NGHIM NGUYN

1. Phng php a v phng trnh c s
Ta gi phng trnh c s l phng trnh c v tri l mt tch cc biu
thc c gi tr nguyn, v phi l mt hng s nguyn.
Bng cch tm c ca hng s , ta tm c nghim nguyn ca phng
trnh cho.
Bi 1. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
xy x y = 2.
Li gii
Bin i phng trnh thnh
13

BI TP DY THM

x(y 1) y = 2 x(y 1) (y 1) = 2 + 1 (y 1)(x 1) = 3.

V x v y l cc s nguyn nn x 1 v y 1 l cc s nguyn v l c ca 3.
Do vai tr bnh ng ca x v y trong phng trnh nn c th gi s rng
x y, khi x 1 y 1.
Lc ta c
(
(
x

1
=
3
" x=4
"
y=2
(y 1 = 1
(
x=0
x 1 = 1
y = 2

y 1 = 3

Cc nghim nguyn (x; y) ca phng trnh l (x; y) {(4; 2); (2; 4); (0; 2); (2; 0)}.
2. Phng php biu th n theo mt n cn li ri dng tnh chia
ht
Bng cch biu th x theo y (hoc biu th y theo x) ta ly li Bi tp 1ri
tch ra cc gi tr nguyn v dng tnh cht chia ht, khi ta c li gii Bi
tp 1 nh sau:
Li gii
xy x y = 2 x(y 1) = y + 2.
Ta thy y 6= 1 (v nu y = 1 th 0x = 3 v nghim).
y+2
.
Do
y1
y+2
Tch ra phn thc
cc s nguyn c
y1
y+2 y1+3
3
x=
=
=1+
(1).
y1
y1
y1
3
l s nguyn, do y 1 U (3) = {1; 3}
Do x l s nguyn nn
y1
TH1. Nu y 1 = 3 y = 2, thay vo (1) ta c x = 0
TH2. Nu y 1 = 1 y = 0, thay vo (1) ta c x = 2
TH3. Nu y 1 = 1 y = 2, thay vo (1) ta c x = 4
TH4. Nu y 1 = 3 y = 4, thay vo (1) ta c x = 2
Kt hp c bn TH trn ta c:
p s: (x; y) {(4; 2); (2; 4); (0; 2); (2; 0)}.
Bi 2. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
2xy x + y = 3.
Li gii
2xy x + y = 3 4xy 2x + 2y = 6
2x(2y 1) + (2y 1) = 6 1
(2y 1)(2x + 1) = 5
2x + 1 v 2y 1 ly cc gi tr nguyn (x; y) l (0; 3); (1; 2); (2; 1); (3; 0).
14

BI TP DY THM

2x - 1 1 -1 5 -5
2y - 1 5 -5 1 -1
Ch
vit v tri (2xy x + y) thnh mt tch, ta c th bin i thnh x(2y
1
1) + (2y 1). Do ta nhn hai v ca phng trnh 2xy x + y = 3 vi 2
2
ri tr 1 vo hai v a v phng trnh c s.
Bi tp luyn tp
Bi 1. Tm cc s nguyn x, y sao cho
a) 2xy 6x + y = 13
10
y =3+
(1)
2x + 1
(2x + 1)(y 3) = 10 (2)
Ch .Ty vo tng bi m ta c th dng (1) hoc (2)
Cc bi tip theo bin i tng t v lm nh bi 1.
Cng c th bin i v nh (2) ri lm nh bi 2.
b) 6xy 9x 4y + 6 = 1
c) 2xy x + 2y = 13
d) x + 6 = y(x 1)
e) x 3 = y(x + 2)
f) xy 5x 3y = 8
g) x2 y 5x xy = 0
h) x2 3x + 2y 11 = 0
i) xy x + xy 4 = 0
Bi 2.Tm s nguyn n sao cho
a) n + 2 chia ht cho n 1
b) 2n + 7 chia ht cho n + 1
c) 2n + 1 chia ht cho 6 n
d) 3n chia ht cho 5 2n
e) 4n + 3 chia ht cho 2n + 6
Li gii
Cn c vo tnh cht chia ht ca tng, hiu v tch, ta c th rt ra phng
php chung gii loi ton ny da vo nhn xt sau:
.
.
Nu A..B th (mA + nB)..B vi (m, n Z).
.
.
a) (n + 2)..(n 1) [(n + 2) (n 1)]..(n 1)
.
hay 3..(n 1). Do n 1 U (3) = {1; 3}
( y U (3) = U (3) = {3; 1; 1; 3})
Vi n 1 = 3 n = 3 + 1 = 2
Vi n 1 = 1 n = 1 + 1 = 0
15

BI TP DY THM

Vi n 1 = 1 n = 1 + 1 = 2
Vi n 1 = 3 n = 3 + 1 = 4
Vy vi n {2; 0; 2; 4} th n + 2 chia ht cho n 1
Tng t cho cc cu b), c), d)
9
4n + 3 2(2n + 6) 9
=
=2
e)
2n + 6
2n + 6
2n + 6
4n + 3 chia ht cho 2n + 6, tc l 2n + 6 U (9) = {9; 3; 1}
15
Vi 2n + 6 = 9 2n = 15 n = (loi).
2
9
Vi 2n + 6 = 3 2n = 9 n = (loi).
2
7
Vi 2n + 6 = 1 2n = 7 n = (loi).
2
5
Vi 2n + 6 = 1 2n = 5 n = (loi).
2
3
Vi 2n + 6 = 3 2n = 3 n = (loi).
2
3
Vi 2n + 6 = 9 2n = 3 n = (loi).
2
Vy khng c s t nhin n no 4n + 3 chia ht cho 2n + 6
MT S BI TP KHC
Bi 1.
a) Tm cc ch s t nhin x, y sao cho (2x + 1)(y 5) = 12.
b) Tm n l s nguyn sao cho 4n 5 chia ht cho 2n 1.
c) Tm cc ch s t nhin x, y s 62xy427 chia ht cho 99.
Bi 2.
a) Tm cc ch s t nhin x, y s 1x8y2 chia ht cho 36.
b) Tm s t nhin a bit 1960 v 2002 chia cho a c cng s d l 28.
c) So snh: 222333 v 333222
.
Bi 3. Chng minh rng nu ab = 2 cd th abcd..67
Hng dn
.
abcd = 100 ab + cd = 201cd..67 (v ab = 2 cd)
Bi 4. Chng minh rng :
a) abcdabc chia ht cho 7, 11 v 13.
b) abcdeg chia ht cho 23 v 29, bit rng abc = 2 deg.
c) Chng minh rng nu ab + cd + eg chia ht cho 11 th abcdeg chia ht cho
11.
d) Cho abc + deg chia ht cho 37. Chng minh rng abcdeg chia ht cho 37.
e) Cho abc deg chia ht cho 7. Chng minh rng abcdeg chia ht cho 7.
f) Tm ch s a bit rng 20a20a20a chia ht cho 7.
Hng dn
a) abcdabc = 1000 abc + abc = 1001 abc = 7 11 13 chia ht cho 7, 11, 13
16

BI TP DY THM

b) abcdeg = 1000 abc + deg = 2001 deg = 3 23 29 deg chia ht cho 23, 29
(v abc = 2 deg)
c) abcdeg = 10000 ab + 100 cd + eg = 9999 ab + 99 cd + (ab + cd + eg) chia
ht cho 11.
d) abcdeg = 1000 abc + deg = 999 abc + (abc + deg) chia ht cho 37
e) abcdeg = 1000 abc + deg = 1001 abc (abc deg) chia ht cho 7
f) n = 20a20a20a = 20a20a 1000 + 20a = (20a 1000 + 20a) 1000 + 20a
= 1001 20a 1000 + 20a
Theo bi n chia ht cho 7, m 1001 chia ht cho 7 nn 20a chia ht cho 7.
Ta c 20a = 196 + (4 + a), chia ht cho 7 nn a + 4 chia ht cho 7. Vy a = 3
Bi 5. C hai s t nhin x, y no m (x + y)(x y) = 1002 hay khng ?
Hng dn
Gi s tn ti cc s t nhin x v y m
(x + y)(x y) = 1002
(1)
Khng th xy ra trng hp trong x v y c mt s chn, mt s l v nu xy
ra th x + y v x y u l nn tch (x + y)(x y) l s l, tri vi (1).
Vy x v y phi cng chn hoc cng l. Khi x + y v x y cng chn nn
tch (x + y)(x y) chia ht cho 4, trong khi 1002 khng chia ht cho 4, v
l.
Bi 6. Tm n l s t nhin. Chng minh rng:
a) (n + 10)(n + 15) chia ht cho 2.
b) n(n + 1)(n + 2) chia ht cho 2 v cho 3.
c) n(n + 1)(2n + 1) chia ht cho 2 v cho 3.
Hng dn
a) Xt hai trng hp n chn v n l.
b), c) Xt ba trng hp: n = 3k, n = 3k + 1, n = 3k + 2 (k N).
Bi 7.
a) Tm cc s t nhin chia cho 4 th d 1, cn chia cho 25 th d 3.
b) Tm cc s t nhin chia cho 8 th d 3, cn chia cho 125 th d 12.
Hng dn
a) Cc s chia ht cho 25 tn cng l 00, 25, 50, 75 nn cc s chia cho 25 d 3
c tn cng bng 03, 28, 53, 78.
Cc s chia ht cho 4 c hai ch s tn cng to thnh s chia ht cho 4 nn
s chia ht cho 4 d 1 c hai ch s tn cng to thnh s chia ht cho 4 d 1.
Trong cc s 03, 28, 53, 78 ch c 53 chia cho 4 d 1.
Vy cc s chia cho 4 th d 1, chia cho 25 th d 3 l cc s c tn cng l
53.
b) Trc ht tm cc s chia cho 125 th d 12, l cc s c tn cng l
012, 137, 262, 512, 637, 762, 887. Trong cc s trn chn s chia cho 8 d 3.
p s: Cc s c tn cng bng 387
17

BI TP DY THM

Bi 8. Tm cc ch s a, b sao cho:
a) a b = 4 v 7a5b1 chia ht cho 3.
b) a b = 6 v 4a7 + 1b5 chia ht cho 9.
Hng dn
.
.
.
a) S 7a5b1..3 7 + a + 5 + b + 1..3 13 + a + b..3
a + b chia cho 3 d 2 (1)
Ta c a b = 4 nn:
4a9
0b5
Suy ra 4 a + b 14 (2)
Mt khc a b l s chn nn a + b l s chn (3)
T (1), (2), (3) suy ra: a + b {8; 14}
Vi
(
(
a + b = 14
a=9

ab=4
b=5
Vi

(
(
a+b=8
a=6

ab=4
b=2
.
.
.
b) 4a7 + 1b5..9 512 + 10(a + b)..9 504 + 8 + 9(a + b) + a + b..9
a + b chia cho 9 d 1.
Do a + b a b = 6 nn a + b = 10. T tm c a = 8, b = 2.
Bi 9.
a) Cho A = 2 + 22 + 23 + + 260. Chng minh rng A chia ht cho 3, 7 v 15.
b) Cho B = 3 + 33 + 35 + + 31991. Chng minh rng B chia ht cho 13 v 41.
Bi 10. Tm cc s nguyn x, y, sao cho:
a) (2x + 1)(y 3) = 10
b) (3x 2)(2y 3) = 1
c) (x + 1)(2y 1) = 12
d) x + 6 = y(x 1)
e) x 3 = y(x + 2)
f) xy x y = 2.
g) 2xy x + y = 3.
h) 6xy 9x 4y + 6 = 1
i) 2xy x + 2y = 13
k) x + 6 = y(x 1)
l) x 3 = y(x + 2)
m) xy 5x 3y = 8
n) x2y 5x xy = 0
o) x2 3x + 2y 11 = 0
18

BI TP DY THM

p) xy x + xy 4 = 0
Bi 11. Tm s t nhin n, sao cho:
a) n + 4 chia ht cho n + 1
b) n2 + 4 chia ht cho n + 2
c) 13n chia ht cho n 1
d) n + 2 chia ht cho n 1
e) 2n + 7 chia ht cho n + 1
f) 2n + 1 chia ht cho 6 n
g) 3n chia ht cho 5 2n
h) 4n + 3 chia ht cho 2n + 6
Bi 12.
a) Tm s t nhin a, bit rng 264 chia cho a d 24, cn 363 chia cho a d 43.
b) Tm s t nhin a, bit rng 398 chia cho a d 38, cn 450 chia cho a d 18.
c) Tm s t nhin a, bit rng 350 chia cho a d 14, cn 320 chia cho a d 26.
Hng dn
a) S 264 chia cho a d 24 nn a l c ca 264 24 = 240 v a > 24
S 363 chia cho a d 43 nn a l c ca 363 43 = 320 v a > 43
Do a l c chung ca 240 v 320, ng thi a > 43
U CLN (240, 320) = 80, c chung ln hn 43 l 80. Vy a = 80.
Cu b, c tng t
Bi 13. C 100 quyn v v 90 bt ch c thng u cho mt s hc sinh,
cn li 4 quyn v v 18 bt ch khng chia u. Tnh s hc sinh c
thng.
Hng dn
S hc sinh l c chung ca 100 4 = 96 v 90 18 = 72, ng thi ln hn
18.
p s: 24 hc sinh
Bi 14. Phn thng cho hc sinh ca mt lp hc gm 128 v, 48 bt ch,
192 nhn v. C th chia c nhiu nht thnh bao nhiu phn thng nh
nhau, mi phn thng gm bao nhiu quyn v, bt ch, nhn v ?
Hng dn
S phn thng ln nht l U CLN (128, 48, 192).
p s: Chia c nhiu nht 16 phn thng, mi phn thng gm 8 v, 3
bt ch, 12 nhn v
Bi 15. Ba khi 6, 7, 8 theo th t c 300 hc sinh, 276 hc sinh, 252 hc sinh
xp hng dc diu hnh sao cho s hng dc ca mi khi nh nhau. C th
xp nhiu nht my hng dc mi khi u khng c ai l hng ? Khi
mi khi c bao nhiu hng ngang ?
Hng dn
S hng dc nhiu nht l U CLN (300, 276, 252).
19

BI TP DY THM

p s: Xp c nhiu nht thnh 12 hng dc. Khi , khi 6 c 25 hng

ngang, khi 7 c 23 hng ngang, khi 8 c 21 hng ngang.
bi 16. Ngi ta mun chia 200 bt bi, 240 bt ch, 320 ty thnh mt s phn
thng nh nhau. Hi c th chia c nhiu nht l bao nhiu phn thng,
mi phn thng c bao nhiu bt bi, bt ch, ty ?
Hng dn
S phn thng phi tm l U CLN (200, 240, 320) = 40. Mi phn thng c 5
bt bi, 6 bt ch, 8 ty
Bi 17. Tm s t nhin a nh nht sao cho chia a cho 3, cho 5, cho 7 c s
d theo th t l 2, 3, 4.
Li gii
a = 3m + 2 (m N) 2a = 6m + 4, chia 3 d 1
a = 5n + 3 (n N) 2a = 10n + 6, chia 5 d 1
a = 7p + 4 (m N) 2a = 14p + 4, chia 7 d 1
Do : 2a 1 BC(3, 5, 7). a nh nht th 2a 1 l BCN N (3, 5, 7)
BCN N (3, 5, 7) = 105
2a 1 = 105
2a
= 106
a
= 53
Bi 18. Mt s t nhin chia cho a cho 1, chia cho 4 d 2, chia cho 5 th d 3,
chia cho 6 th d 4 v chia ht cho 13.
a) Tm s t nhin nh nht c tnh cht trn.
b) Tm dng chung ca tt c cc s c tnh cht trn.
Li gii
a) Gi x l s phi tm th x + 2 chia ht cho 3, 4, 5, 6 nn x + 2 l bi chung
ca 3, 4, 5, 6.
BCN N (3, 4, 5, 6) = 60 nn x + 2 = 60n, do x = 60n 2 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
Ngoi ra x phi l s nh nht c tnh cht trn v x phi chia ht cho 13.
Ln lt cho n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ta thy n = 10 th x = 598 chia ht cho 13. S nh
nht phi tm l 598.
b) S phi tm phi tha mn hai iu kin: x + 2 chia ht cho 60 (1)
x chia ht cho 13 (2)
T (1) suy ra x + 182 chia ht cho 60.
T (2) suy ra x + 182 chia ht cho 13.
V (13, 60) = 1 nn x + 182 = 780k hay x = 780k 182 (k = 1, 2, 3, . . .).
Vi k = 1, gi tr ca x bng 598.
(trong cch bin i trn, ta ln lt thm cc bi ca 60 vo x + 2, c
x + 62, x + 122, x + 182, . . . , s 182 chia ht cho 13).
Bi 19. Tm cc bi chung ca 40, 60, 126 v nh hn 6000.
p s: 2520, 5040.
20

BI TP DY THM

bi 20. Tm s t nhin nh hn 500, sao cho chia n cho 15, cho 35 c cc

s d theo th t l 8 v 13.
Hng dn
Gi s phi tm l n, ta tm c n + 22 BC(15, 35).
p s: 83, 188, 293, 398.
Bi 21. Tm s t nhin n ln nht c ba ch s, sao cho n chia cho 8 th d
7, chia cho 31 th d 28.
Hng dn
.
.
.
n + 1..8 n + 1 + 64..8 n + 65..8 (1)
.
.
.
n + 3..31 n + 3 + 62..31 n + 65..8 (2)
.
T (1) v (2): n + 65..BCN N (8, 31)
.
n + 65..248
n = 248k 65 (k N )
Vi k = 3 th n = 679.
Vi k = 4 th n = 927.
Vi k = 5 th n = 1175.
Bi 22.
a) Tm s t nhin ln nht c ba ch s, sao cho chia n cho 2, cho 3, cho 4,
cho 5, cho 6 ta c cc s d theo th t l 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
b) Tm dng chung ca cc s t nhin a chia cho 4 th d 3, chia cho 5 th d
4, chia cho 6 th d 5, chia ht cho 13.
Hng dn
a) Gi s phi tm l n.
Ta c n + 1 BC(2, 3, 4, 5, 6).
T n = 60k 1 (k N).
p s: n = 959.
.
.
b) a + 1 chia ht cho 4, cho 5, cho 6, nn a + 1..BCN N (4, 5, 6), tc l a + 1..60.
Bin i:
.
.
.
a + 1..60 a + 1 300..60 a 299..60 (1)
.
.
.
a..13 a 13 23..13 a 299..13
(2)
..
.
T (1) v (2) suy ra: a 299.BCN N (60, 13) a 299..780.
Dng chung ca a l: a = 780k + 299 (k N).
Bi 23. Tm s t nhin c ba ch s nh nhau, bit rng s c th c
vit di dng tng cc s t nhin lin tip bt u t 1.
Li gii
Gi s phi tm l aaa, s c vit di dng
n(n + 1)
1 + 2 + 3 + + n (n N). Ta c:
= 111a, do :
2
n(n + 1) = 2 3 37 a
21

BI TP DY THM

V n(n + 1) chia ht cho s nguyn t 37 nn tn ti mt trong hai tha s

n, n + 1 chia ht cho 37.
n(n + 1)
l s c ba ch s) nn ta
Ch rng n v n + 1 u nh hn 74 (v
2
xt hai trng hp:
n(n + 1) 37 38
=
= 703, (loi).
a) n = 37 th
2
2
n(n + 1) 36 37
b) n = 38 th
=
= 666, tha mn yu cu ca bi ton.
2
2
Vy s phi tm l 666, vit ch di dng 1 + 2 + 3 + + 36.
Bi 24. Cho bit a + 4b chia ht cho 13, (a, b N). Chng minh rng 10a + b
chia ht cho 13.
Li gii
.
.
t a + 4b = x; 10a + b = y. Ta bit x..13, cn chng minh y ..13.
Cch 1. Xt biu thc:
10x y = 10(a + 4b) (10a + b) = 10a + 40b 10a b = 39b.
.
Nh vy 10x y ..13.
.
.
.
Do x..13 nn 10x..13. Suy ra y ..13.
Cch 2. Xt biu thc:
4y x = 4(10a + b) (a + 4b) = 40a + 4b a 4b = 39a.
.
Nh vy 4y x..13.
.
.
.
Do x..13 nn 4y ..13. Ta li c (4, 13) = 1 nn y ..13.
Cch 3. Xt biu thc:
3x + y = 3(a + 4b) + (10a + b) = 3a + 12b + 10a + b = 13a + 13b.
.
Nh vy 3x + y ..13.
.
.
.
Do x..13 nn 3x..13. Suy ra y ..13.
Cch 4. Xt biu thc:
x + 9y = a + 4b + 9(10a + b) = a + 4b + 90a + 9b = 91a + 13b.
.
Nh vy x + 9y ..13.
.
.
.
Do x..13 nn 9y ..13. Ta li c (9, 13) = 1, nn y ..13.
Nhn xt: Trong cc cch gii trn, ta a ra cc biu thc m sau khi
rt gn c mt hng l bi ca 13, khi s hng th hai (nu c) cng l bi
ca 13.
H s ca a x l 1, h s ca a y l 10 nn ta xt biu thc 10x y nhm
kh a (tc l lm cho h s a bng 0), xt biu thc 3x + y nhm to ra h s
a bng 13.
H s ca b x l 4, h s ca b y l 1 nn ta xt biu thc 4y x nhm kh
b, xt biu thc x + 9y nhm to ra h s b bng 13.
Bi 25.
a) Cho bit 3a + 2b chia ht cho 17, (a, b N). Chng minh rng 10a + b chia
22

BI TP DY THM

ht cho 17.
b) Cho bit a 5b chia ht cho 17, (a, b N). Chng minh rng 10a + b chia
ht cho 17.
Hng dn
.
a) t 3a + 2b = x; 10a + b = y. Cn chng minh y ..17.
C th xt cc biu thc: 2y x, 8x + y, 9x y, 10x 3y, . . .
b) t a 5b = x; 10a + b = y.
C th xt cc biu thc: y 10x, x + 5y, . . .
Bi 26.
a) Chng minh rng: Nu 3x + 5y chia ht cho 7 th x + 4y chia ht cho
7 (x, y N). iu ngc li c ng khng ?
b) Chng minh rng: Nu 2x + 3y chia ht cho 17 th 9x + 5y chia ht cho
17 (x, y N). iu ngc li c ng khng ?
Hng dn
iu ngc li hai cu a) v b) u ng.
a) Xt 2(3x + 5y) + (x + 4y).
b) Xt 4(2x + 3y) + (9x + 5y).
Bi 27. Tm x, y Z bit
x
9
a) = v x > y.
7
y
2 y
b)
= v x < 0 < y.
x
5
x4 4
= v x y = 5.
c)
y3
3
x
3
d)
= v x < y < 0.
15 y
a
Bi 28. Cho phn s . Chng minh rng:
b
ax a
x a
Nu
= th = .
by
b
y
b
Bi 29. Hai phn s sau c bng nhau khng ?
abab
ababab
;
cdcd
cdcdcd
Bi 30. Chng minh rng vi n N , cc phn s sau l ti gin:
4n + 1
12n + 1
3n 2
;
b)
;
c)
a)
4n 3
6n + 1
30n + 2
Bi 31.
3n 5
a) Cho phn s A =
. Tm n Z A c gi tr nguyn.
n+4
n+1
(n Z, n 6= 3)
b) Cho phn s B =
n3
i) Tm n B c gi tr nguyn.
23

BI TP DY THM

ii) Tm n B l phn s ti gin.

n+1
.
c) Cho phn s C =
n2
i) Tm n Z C c gi tr nguyn.
ii) Tm n Z C c gi tr ln nht.
10n
d) Cho phn s D =
.
5n 3
i) Tm n Z D c gi tr nguyn.
ii) Tm gi tr ln nht ca D.
6n 1
.
e) Cho phn s E =
3n + 2
i) Tm n Z E c gi tr nguyn.
ii) Tm n Z E c gi tr nh nht.
Bi 32.
1
n 1
a) Tm m, n Z cho
+ = .
m 6
2
m 2
1
b) Tm m, n Z cho
= .
2
n 2
Bi 33.
3
3
3
3
3
a) Cho S =
+
+
+
+ . Chng minh rng 1 < S < 2 (hoc c
10 11 12 13 14
th thay cu chng minh bng cu chng minh rng S khng phi l s t
nhin).
1
1
1
3
4
1
+
+
+ . . . + . Chng minh rng < S < .
b) Cho S =
31 32 33
60
5
5
3
3
3
3
c) Cho S =
+
+
+ ...+
vi n N .
1 4 4 7 7 10
n(n + 3)
Chng minh rng S < 1.
1
1
1
1
2
8
d) Cho S = 2 + 2 + 2 + . . . + 2 . Chng minh rng < S < .
2
3
4
9
5
9
Bi 34.
a
a b
a) Cho > 0. Chng minh rng + 2.
b
b a
Li gii
Khng gim tnh tng qut, gi s a b suy ra a = b + m (m 0).
b
b+m
b
m
b
m
b
a
+
= 1+
+
1+
+
=
Ta c + =
b
a
b
b+m
b
b+m
b+m
b+m
b+m
1+
= 1 + 1 = 2.
b+m
a b
Vy + 2.
b a
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi m = 0 a = b.
a+b b+c c+a
+
+
.
b) Cho a, b, c N v S =
c
a
b
i) Chng minh S 6.
24

BI TP DY THM

ii) Tm gi tr nh nht ca S.
c) Cho a, b, c N v x + y + z = 5.
c
a
c
a
b
b
Bit S1 = x + z; S2 = x + y; S3 = x + y.
a
a
b
b
c
c
Chng minh rng S 10.
Bi tp
Bi 1. Cho
1 3 5
995 997
2 4 6
996 998
A =

v B = . . .

4 6 8
998 1000
5 7 9
999 1001
a) So snh A v B.
1
b) Chng minh A <
12900
Bi 2. So snh tng gm 1000 s hng
1
2
1
1
5
S=
+
+
+ +
vi .
1 2 4 2 5 7 3 8 10
1000 2999 3001
24
Bi 3. So snh tng gm 2008 s hng
8
11
6026
5
+
+
+ +
vi 2.
S=
123 234 345
2008 2009 2010
Bi 4. So snh hai s
326
988
662
3951
1
1
A=
+
+
v B =
+
+
1955 1975 1985
3950 5955 11730
Bi 5. Cho m s nguyn dng. Hy tm cc ch s x v y (x 6= 0) sao cho
A = xy5 + 100(m + 5)m l s chnh phng.
Bi 6. Tm tt c cc b s nguyn dng (a, b, c) sao cho (a + b + c)2 2a + 2b
l s chnh phng.
Bi 7. Tm s chnh phng c bn ch s khc nhau, bit rng khi vit s
theo th t ngc li th c s mi c bn ch s cng l s chnh phng
v chia ht cho s ban u.
Bi 8. Cho 2010 s t nhin a1 , a2 , . . . , a2010 tha mn iu kin
1
1
1
1
1005
+
+
+

+
=
.
11
11
11
a11
a
a
a
1024
1
2
3
2010
a6
a62010 a62009 a62008
Hy tnh A = 5 + 5 + 5 + + 5 1
a1
a2
a3
a2010
Bi 9. Tm cc s t nhin x, y bit rng
(2x + 1)(2x + 2)(2x + 3)(2x + 4) 5y = 11879
Bi 10. So snh
22009 + 1
22010 + 1
a) A = 2010
v B = 2011
2
+1
2
+1
2010
1010
2010
1010
v
D
=
b) C =
20102010
30103010
Bi 11. Vit cc s chnh phng lin tip 12 , 22, . . . , 20102 lin nhau ta c
s A = 14916 . . . 4040100. Nu t du + vo gia hai ch s no ca s
A th c tng ca hai s B v C.
25

BI TP DY THM

26