Ba

Lun vn tt nghip
LI M U
S hiu bit v cu trc, nng lng v c ch phn ng l gii cc quy
lut din bin ca mt qu trnh ha hc l nhim v hng u ca b mn Ha l. Ni
cch khc, nm chc cc kin thc Ha l gip cc nh khoa hc hiu su sc hn bn
cht ca qu trnh ha hc.
Bi tp Ha l ng vai tr quan trng trong vic dy v hc ha l ni
ring v Ha hc ni chung. Mun hiu c c s l thuyt ha hc khng th khng
tinh thng vic gii cc bi tp Ha l. Mt khc, kin thc gia cc phn, cc chng
cng c mi lin h mt thit vi nhau. Chnh v vy m s lng bi tp v b mn
Ha l rt a dng v phong ph. Bn cnh , cc bi tp ny cn nm nhiu ti
liu, nhiu dng khc nhau, cha c phn loi r rng. V vy vi mc ch gip
cho gio vin cng nh hc sinh, sinh vin nng cao kh nng tip thu v c c ti
liu vi ci nhn khi qut hn v b mn ny, ti chn ti H thng ha bi tp
phn Ha l phc v bi dng hc sinh gii trng trung hc ph thng, vi
nhng nhim v chnh sau:
- H thng ha c s l thuyt c bn ca b mn Ha l.
- Phn loi cc dng bi tp phn Ha l phc v bi dng hc sinh gii
trng trung hc ph thng.
Mt khc, v cn nhiu hn ch v trnh , thi gian nn bi lun vn ny
chc khng th trnh khi nhng sai st ngoi mun. Ti rt mong nhn c s gp
, ch bo ca cc thy c v bn c hon thin hn nhng nghin cu tip theo.
SVTH: Phm Th Thanh Truyn 1
Lun vn tt nghip
MC LC

Trang
LI M U...1
MC LC.2
Phn A: C S L THUYT TM TT....7
Chng I: CU TO CHT..7
I/ i cng v ht nhn nguyn t7
1. Cc i lng lin quan n ht nhn v lp v nguyn t.7
2. Nng lng ht nhn7
3. Nng lng ring ca ht
nhn.7
4. ng v.7
5. S phng x v phn ng ht nhn..7
6. ng hc qu trnh phng x...8
II/ p dng c hc lng t vo cu to nguyn t..9
III/ Nguyn t mt electron10
1. i vi nguyn t hyro (nguyn t n gin nht), l thuyt chng
minh...10
2. Vi ion ging hyro...10
3. Hm sng ..11
4. Orbital nguyn t (AO)..11
5. Mt s dng AO.11
6. Mt s cc i lng c hc tnh theo c hc lng t v l thuyt Bohr
Sommerfeld c ghi trong bng sau11
IV/ Nguyn t nhiu electron.............12
1. Cu hnh electron v cch biu din n..12
2. Phng php xc nh R(r) theo Slater..13
Chng II: NHIT NG LC HA HC.13
I/ Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng lc hc v nhit ha hc......13
1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc...13
2. Nhit ha hc..14
3. Cc trng thi chun...14
4. Phng php xc nh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng ha hc..14
5. S ph thuc ca hiu ng nhit vo nhit . Phng trnh
Kirchhoff....16
II/ Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng lc hc v cc th nhit ng...16
1. Entropi v s tnh Entropi trong mt s qu trnh..16
2. Th nhit ng G v F....18
III/ Cn bng ha hc.18
1. nh lut tc dng khi lng....18
2. Phng trnh ng nhit ca phn ng ha hc.19
3. S chuyn dch cn bng ho hc. Nguyn l Le Chatelier (L Satli)...20
4. Cn bng pha..21
IV/ Dung dch..22
1. Nng phn trm khi lng..22
Lun vn tt nghip
2. Nng mol...22
3. Nng ng lng gam22
4. Nng molan...22
5. Nng phn mol..22
6. tan.22
7. p sut thm thu...23
8. nh lut Raoult I...23
9. tng im si ca dung dch.23
10. h bng im ca dung dch...23
11. nh lut Raoult II....24
12. in ly.24
13. Hng s in ly.24
14. Hng s ion ha ca axt baz...24
15. Cch tnh pH ca mt s dung dch.25
16. Tnh cht axt baz ca cc dung dch mui.25
17. Dung dch m.26
18. Tch s tan....26
19. Qui tc tch s tan.26
20. Phn ng trao i ion...26
Chng III: NG HA HC..26
I/ ng hc ca cc phn ng n gin v phc tp..26
1.Cc khi nim v nh ngha c bn...26
2. Phn ng n gin mt chiu.27
3. Cc phng php xc nh bc phn ng...29
4. Phn ng phc tp..32
II/ L thuyt tc phn ng....34
1. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng....34
2. L thuyt tc phn ng..35
III/ Phn ng quang ha v phn ng dy
chuyn..37
1. Phn ng quang ha...37
2. Phn ng dy chuyn.38
IV. Xc tc...38
Chng 4: IN HA HC....40
I/ Phn ng oxi ha kh.40
1. Khi nim...40
2. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh.40
II/ Dung dch in phn..41
1. Cn bng trong dung dch in phn..41
2. dn in ca dung dch in phn43
3. S ti...44
III/ Nguyn t Ganvani...45
1. Nhit ng hc v nguyn t Ganvani...45
2. Mt s ng dng ca s o sc in ng ca nguyn t Ganvani...47
IV/ in phn v qu th....48
PHN B: BI TP................................................................................................49
Lun vn tt nghip
Chng I: CU TO CHT .......49
I/ Bi tp ht nhn nguyn t ...........................................................................49
1. Bi tp c li gii...49
a. Bi tp v ng v.....49
b. Bi tp v phn ng ht nhn...50
c. Bi tp v nng lng lin kt ht nhn v nng lng phn ng ht
nhn...52
d. Bi tp v chu k bn hy v xc nh tui c vt....54
2. Bi tp t gii.....57
II/ Bi tp v s ht proton, ntron, electron v cu hnh electron...61
2. Bi tp t gii.65
III/ Bi tp p dng c hc lng t vo cu to nguyn t...68
a. Bi tp v 4 s lng t....68
b. Bi tp v quang ph nguyn t, nng lng electron v hng s chn
Slater......71
2. Bi tp t gii.77
Chng II: NHIT NG LC HA HC.........80
I/ Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng lc hc v nhit ha hc..80
1. Bi tp v cng, nhit, ni nng.....80
a. Bi tp c li gii......80
b. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii....82
2. Bi tp v nh lut Hess v h qu....82
b. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii88
3. Da vo nng lng lin kt......89
b. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii....91
4. S ph thuc ca hiu ng nhit vo nhit . Phng trnh
Kirchhoff....92
b. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii........97
II/ Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng lc hc........97
1. Tnh bin thin entropi S....97
b. Bi tp t gii......100
2. Tnh th nhit ngG....102
a. Bi tp c li gii....102
b. Bi tp t gii......104
3. Dng tng hp......106
III/ Cn bng ha hc...114
1. Bi tp xc nh hng s cn bng...114
2. Bi tp chuyn dch cn bng.......120
3. Bi tp quan h K
cb
vi cc i lng nhit ng khc...............................122
4. Bi tp ph thuc K
CB
theo nhit ....125
Lun vn tt nghip
5. Cc dng bi tp khc...................................................................................128
IV/ Dung dch........131
1. Nng phn trm khi lng....131
2. Nng mol.....131
3. Nng molan.....131
4. Phn s mol......132
5. Nng ng lng gam..132
6. Pha trn dung dch...132
7. tan...133
8. p sut thm thu....133
9. p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch..133
10. Nhit si ca dung dch.....134
11. Nhit ng c ca dung dch...134
12. Cht in ly....135
13. in ly v hng s in ly.....135
14. Dung dch cht in ly mnh.....136
15. L thuyt proton v axt v baz....136
16. Tch s ion ca nc......136
17. mnh cp axt baz lin hp......137
18. mnh ca axt v baz......137
19. Phn ng trung ha.....137
20. Tnh cht axt baz..137
21. Hn hp m..138
22. Cht in ly t tan...139
23. Tch s tan......139
24. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch...140
Chng III: NG HA HC ........140
I/ Xc nh hng s k, bc phn ng v chu k bn hy, nng lng hot
ha...............................................................................................................................140
1. Bi tp c li gii.....140
2. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii....143
II/ Xc nh % cht b phn hy.....................................................................148
2. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii...148
III/ Chng minh phn ng din ra theo bc no da vo t, C hay t, p v xc
nh k......149
IV/ Thi gian cht A bin i thnh cht B..152
Chng IV: IN HA HC......156
I/ Phn ng oxi ha kh...................................................................................156
II/ Dung dch in phn....157
1. Cn bng trong dung dch in phn...157
a. S in li.....157
Lun vn tt nghip
a1) Bi tp c li gii.......157
a2) Bi tp t gii.....158
b. Hot v h s hot ca cht in phn......158
b1) Bi tp c li gii.......158
b2) Bi tp t gii.....159
2. dn in ca dung dch in phn v s ti....160
a. Bi tp c li gii160
b. Bi tp t gii......163
III/ Nguyn t Ganvani.....166
2. Bi tp t gii...172
IV/ in phn v qu th......174
2. Bi tp t gii...176
KT LUN V KIN NGH.....179
TI LIU THAM KHO...180
Lun vn tt nghip
Phn A: C S L THUYT TM TT
Chng I: CU TO CHT
I/ i cng v ht nhn nguyn t:
1. Cc i lng lin quan n ht nhn v lp v nguyn t:
Ht nhn c cu to bi proton
1
1
pv ntron
1
0
n.
S chuyn ha qua li gia proton v ntron:

1 1 0
1 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 1
p n e v
n p e v
+
+ +
+ +

v
: antintrino, v : ntrino
Ht K
hiu
Khi lng in tch
Kg U C ues CGS
Electron e 9,109.10
-31
5,5.10
-4
1,602.10
-19
4,8.10
-10
Proton p 1,672.10
-27
1,0072 1,602.10
-19
4,8.10
-10
Ntron n,N 1,675.10
-27
1,0086 0 0
2. Nng lng ht nhn:

2
E m.c
y: m - s ht khi lng c tnh theo biu thc:

at nh
( )
p n h n
m Zm A Z m m 1 +
]
C - tc nh sng trong chn khng.
H thc tng i ca Einstein:
o
v
2
2
m
m
v
1
c
trong : m
v
- khi lng ca ht khi chuyn ng (khi lng ng);
m
o
- khi lng ca ht khi ng yn (khi lng ngh);
v - tc chuyn ng ca ht.
3. Nng lng ring ca ht nhn:
r
E
E
A
trong : E - nng lng ht nhn;

A - s nucleon (s khi).
4. ng v:
ng v l nhng cht c chung s Z, nhng khc s A, do N s khc
nhau.
Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hn hp ng v c xc nh theo h thc:
Lun vn tt nghip
1 1 2 2 1 1 2 2
1 2
x M x M ... x m x m ...
M
x x ... 100
+ + + +

+ +
trong : x
1
, x
2
l % s nguyn t ng v 1, 2,...;
M
1
, M
2
... nguyn t khi ca tng ng v 1, 2,...
5. S phng x v phn ng ht nhn:
a. Cc kiu phng x:
a.1) Phng x kiu : l qu trnh phng x xy ra khi ht nhn nguyn
t phng ra ht nhn nguyn t Heli
4 2
2
He
+
. Khi phn cn li c s khi gim i 4
n v v s hiu nguyn t gim i 2 n v.
V d:
226 222 4
88 86 2
Ra Ra He +
a.2) Phng x kiu : l qu trnh phng x xy ra khi ht nhn nguyn t
phng ra ht electron. Khi s khi ca ht nhn vn khng i nhng s hiu
nguyn t tng 1 n v.
Thc cht trong kiu phng x ny mt ntron chuyn thnh 1 proton v 1
electron, sau ht nhn phng ra 1 electron.
V d:
63 63 0
28 29 1
Ni Cu e
+
a.3) Phng x kiu : l qu trnh pht ra nng lng in t (tng t
nh nng lng nh sng) t ht nhn ca mt nguyn t. Khng c cc ht c pht
ra trong qu trnh phng x kiu , v v vy phng x kiu khng gy ra s thay i
trong nguyn t.
b. nh lut chuyn dch phng x Fajans Soddy:
A 4 A 4
Z 2 Z 2
A 0 A
Z 1 Z 1
A A
Z Z
X He Y
X e Y
X X
+
+
+
+
c. Cc loi phn ng ht nhn nhn to:
c.1) Phn ng n gin:
V d 1: phn ng Rutherford pht hin
1
1
p
4 14 17 1
2 7 8 1
He N O p + +
V d 2: phn ng Chadwick pht hin
1
0
n
4 9 12 1
2 4 6 0
He Be C n + +
c.2) Phn ng phn hch:
V d: nguyn tc hot ng ca l phn ng ht nhn, bom nguyn t
1 235
0 92
n U X Y 3n + + +
c.3) Phn ng nhit hch:
V d:
2 2 4
1 1 2
H H He +
6. ng hc qu trnh phng x:
Tc phn hy (hay phn r) phng x l s nguyn t b phn hy trong
1 n v thi gian.
Chu k bn hy ca nhng ht nhn phng x l thi gian phn hy
c mt na s nguyn t ban u (hay mt na lng ban u).
Lun vn tt nghip

1/2
ln2 0,693
t
k k

dm dN
v kmhay v kN
dt dt
(k l hng s phng x)
kt kt t t
t 0 t 0
0 0
m N
ln( ) kt m m e ;ln( ) kt N N e
m N

Cng phng x :
dN
I kN
dt

N l s nguyn t trong mu.
II/ p dng c hc lng t vo cu to nguyn t:
- Thuyt lng t ca Planck: E = hv
- Hiu ng quang in:
2
o
mv
T h(v v )
2

- H thc de Broglie:
h
mc

- Tnh sng - ht ca h vi m:
Sng (giao thoa, nhiu x)
nh sng H thc
Ht (hiu ng quang in) m De Broglie
- H thc bt nh Heisenberg:
. p ,
x
x h
trong cc cng thc trn:
h - hng s Planck;
h
2
h - hng s Planck rt gn;

v - tn s dao ng ca electron;
v
o
- ngng quang in;
m - khi lng electron;
v - tc chuyn ng ca electron.
x
x, p - bt nh v ta v xung lng theo trc x.
Do h ht vi m c thuc tnh khc hn h v m nn ngi ta phi dng
hm sng
(q,t)
m t trng thi chuyn ng ca chng.
(q,t)
- khng c ngha trc tip;
2
(q,t) - biu th mt xc sut tm thy ht ti mt im no trong
khng gian;
2
(q,t) dV
= 1 - iu kin chun ha.

H thng khi nim v c hc lng t khc hn vi h thng khi nim ca
c hc c in. C hc lng t cho bit xc sut tm thy ht m khng ni v qu
o, v ta v v vn tc ca n thi im ny hay thi im khc.
Phng trnh sng Schrodinger trng thi dng (hm
(q)
ch ph thuc
vo ta ):
Lun vn tt nghip

2
2
2m
H (q) E (q) hay (E U) 0 +
h
Ton t Hamilton:
2
2
H U(r)
2m
+
h
Ton t Laplace:
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
x y z

+ +

Nng lng ht (electron) trong hp th mt chiu c tnh theo h thc:

2
2
2
; : 1, 2, 3, 4, ...
8
n
h
E n n
mL
L: chiu di ca hp th.
III/ Nguyn t mt electron:
1. i vi nguyn t hyro (nguyn t n gin nht), l thuyt chng
minh:
4
2 9
2 2 2 2
13, 6
, eV k = 9.10
2
n
me Jm
E k
n n c

h
2 2
2 1
4
1
. 0,53 , R 109767,3
o
n H
n
r n A cm
me k

h
: hng s Rydberg.
2 2
1 1 1
v = n , n
H t c
t c
R
n n
_

,
%
: mc nng lng thp (t), cao (c) tng ng.
2. Vi ion ging hyro:
A (Z 1)
Z
X
+
Lun vn tt nghip

2
n 2
2
H 2 2
t c
Z
E 136 , eV;
h
1 1
v=Z R
n n

_

,
%
trong : Z l in tch ht nhn.
- Vch gii hn l vch u v cui ca mt dy ph.
3. Hm sng : c xc nh qua h thc:
, , , ,
Hm bn knh m c
( , , ) ( ) x Y ( , )

n l m n l l m
l l
H g
r R r

2
d ch xc sut bt gp electron trong mt n v th tch khng gian d .
4. Orbital nguyn t (AO):
c nh ngha nh l hm sng
n,l,m
l
(r, , )
m t trng thi electron
trong trng tnh in thc hoc hiu dng.
Nu k c spin th trng tri electron trong nguyn t hon ton c xc
nh bng 4 s lng t n, l, m
l
, m
s
.
5. Mt s dng AO:
100

1s hay AO - 1s c dng
200

2s hay AO - 2s hnh cu
210

2p
z
hay AO 2p

c ba dng
211

2p
x
hay AO 2p
x
hnh s 8
211

2p
y
hay AO 2p
y

Mt cch tng t, cc AO - d c nm dng hnh hoa th 4 cnh.

6. Mt s cc i lng c hc tnh theo c hc lng t v l thuyt Bohr
Sommerfeld c ghi trong bng sau:
Lun vn tt nghip
Theo Bohr -
Sommerfield
Theo c
hc lng t
S lng
t
Gi tr s
lng t
c trng
Nng
lng
2 4
2
2 2
mZ e
E k
2n
h
2 4
2
2 2
mZ e
E k
2n
h
n 1, 2, 3,
, n
- kch thc.
- nng lng.
Momen
ng
lng
orbital
l
M l h M l(l 1) + h
1 0, 1, 2,
, n-1
Dng AO.
Momen
ng
lng hnh
chiu
orbital
m l
l
M m h
m l
l
M m h
m
1
0, t 1, t
2, , t 1
Hnh chiu
AO.
Momen
ng
lng hnh
chiu spin
m s
s
M m h
m s
s
M m h
m
s
t1/2 Spin e.
IV/ Nguyn t nhiu electron:
1. Cu hnh electron v cch biu din n:
n 1 2 3 4
Lp K L M N
l 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2
Phn lp s s p s p d s p d f
S e max/l
Phn lp
2(2l + 1)
*) 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14
S e max/l
lp 2n
2
*) 2 8 18 32
Biu din
AI theo
nl*
*) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
4d
10
4f
14
Biu din
theo
lng t

:

:

:

:
Thc ra s sp xp cc AO tun theo quy tc Klechkowski nn trn cc lp
(chng hn lp M v N) v c s chn vo nhau gia cc phn mc nng lng.
- Quy nh v lp electron:
n 1 2 3 4
lp K L M N
- Quy nh v phn lp electron:
l 0 1 2 3
phn lp s p d f
Lun vn tt nghip
- Cc electron c phn b trn cc phn lp theo cc nguyn l v cc
quy tc sau:
Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt AO ch c th c nhiu nht l 2 electron c
ghp i i song vi nhau.
Nguyn l vng bn: Trong nguyn t, cc electron s chim c ln lt cc
phn mc c nng lng t thp n cao. Nguyn l ny c minh ha bng s
Klenchkowski.

Quy tc Hund: Trn cng mt phn lp, cc electron s c phn b sao
cho tng spin l cc i (s electron c thn l nhiu nht).
2. Phng php xc nh R(r) theo Slater:
o
a . * n / r . * z 1 * n
e . r . N ) r ( R

eV 6 , 13 .
n
Z
2 *
2 *
l , n

trong : N - tha s chun ha;
r - khong cch gia ht nhn v electron;
a
0
- bn knh Bohr th nht.
Quan h gia s lng t chnh n v s lng t hiu dung n*:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6
n
*
1 2 3 3,7 4 4,2
in tch hiu dng: Z* = Z -
i
b
Hng s chn b
i
c xc nh theo bng sau:
Cc electron j
gy nh hng
cc lp
(n 2), (n 3)
Cc electron j
gy nh hng
trn lp (n 1)
Cc electron i
trn lp n
xem xt
Cc electron j
gy nh hng
trn lp (n + 1)
s, p
*
d r
Gi
tr
b
i
1,00
1,00
1,00
0,85
1,00
1,00
0,35
1,00
1,00
0
0,35
1,00
0
0
0,35
0
0
0
Ring trn AO 1s th b = 0,30.
Chng II: NHIT NG LC HA HC
I/ Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng lc hc v nhit ha hc:
1. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc:
Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng hc thc cht l nh lut bo ton nng
lng: Nng lng ca mt h c lp lun lun bo ton.
Biu thc tng qut :
U = Q + A (1)
dng vi phn :
Lun vn tt nghip
dU = Q + A (1)
Trong : U: ni nng, Q: nhit, A: cng
Nhit ng hc qui c du:
H ta nhit hoc sinh cng th: Q < 0, A < 0.
H thu nhit hoc nhn cng th: Q > 0, A >0.
2. Nhit ha hc:
Trong phn ng ha hc thng gp dng cng gin n:
A = - P V
a. Nhit ng p (Q
P
):
Xt qu trnh ng p: P = const.
T (1): U = Q
P
+ A
U
2
- U
1
= Q
P
- P V
U
2
-U
1
= Q
P
- PV
2
+ PV
1
Q
P
= (U
2
+ PV
2
) (U
1
+ PV
1
) (*)
t: H = U + PV (2) ; H gi l entanpy
H = U + P V (2)
Thay (2) vo (*) Q
P
= H
2
H
1
= H (3)
Tng t t (1) Q
P
= dH (3)
b. Nhit ng tch (Q
V
):
Xt qu trnh ng tch: V = const
A = - P V = 0
T (1): U = Q
V
+ A
Q
V
=

U

(4)
T (1): Q
V
= dH (4)
c. Quan h gia nhit ng tch v nhit ng p:
T (2) : H = U + P V = U + nRT
Q
P
= Q
V
+ nRT (5)
n: bin thin s mol kh trong qu trnh phn ng.
T: nhit tuyt i (K).
R: hng s kh vi R = 8,314 J/mol. K
= 1,987 cal/mol.K
= 0,082 l.atm/mol.K
- i vi phn ng xy ra pha rn, lng : n = 0 nn Q
P
= Q
V

- i vi phn ng xy ra pha kh: Q
P
= Q
V
+ nRT
3. Cc trng thi chun:
- Trng thi chun nhit T ca cht kh l trng thi ca kh c
coi l kh l tng nhit T v p sut chun 1 atm.
- Trng thi chun nhit T ca cht lng hoc tinh th l trng thi ca
cht nhit T v p sut chun 1 atm.
- iu kin chun ca phn ng: 25
o
C (298 K), 1 atm.
H c tnh iu kin chun cho 1 mol cht k hiu l: H
o
298
.
H nhit T(K), 1atm k hiu l: H
o
T
.
H
o
T( n cht )
= 0.
4. Phng php xc nh hiu ng nhit ca cc phn ng ha hc:
Ngoi phng php xc nh bng thc nghim, hiu ng nhit cn c
xc nh da vo nh lut Hess v nng lng lin kt.
Lun vn tt nghip
a. Da vo nh lut Hess v cc h qu ca nh lut Hess:
a.1) nh lut Hess:
Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng ha hc ch ph thuc vo bn cht v
trng thi ca cc cht phn ng v sn phm phn ng ch khng ph thuc vo cch
tin trin ca qu trnh, ngha l khng ph thuc vo s lng v c trng ca cc
giai on trung gian.
V d: Gi s c 3 cch chuyn h t trng thi u X n trng thi cui Y ng
vi cc hiu ng nhit theo s sau:
Theo nh lut Hess ta c : H = H
1
+ H
2
= H
3
+ H
4
+ H
5
a.2) Cc h qu ca nh lut Hess:
* H qu 1:
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng thun bng hiu ng nhit ca phn ng
nghch nhng ngc du
H
thun
= - H
nghch
(6)
* H qu 2:
Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng bng tng sinh nhit ca sn phm tr
tng sinh nhit ca cht u.
Sinh nhit hay nhit to thnh ca mt cht l lng nhit thot ra hay thu
vo khi to thnh 1 mol cht t cc n cht bn iu kin .
Sinh nhit chun ca mt cht nhit T, 1 atm k hiu l H
o
T,s
.
iu kin chun k hiu l H
o
298,s
.
H
phn ng
= H
s(sn phm)
H
s(cht u)
(7)
* H qu 3:
Hiu ng nhit ca mt phn ng bng tng thiu nhit ca cc cht u tr
tng thiu nhit ca sn phm.
Thiu nhit ca mt cht l lng nhit thot ra khi t chy hon ton 1
mol cht thnh cc oxit cao nht bn iu kin .
H
phn ng
= H
t(cht u)
H
t(sn phm)
(8)
b. Da vo nng lng lin kt:
Phn ng ha hc v bn cht l ph v lin kt c v hnh thnh lin kt
mi. Do , ti nhit T v p sut khng i, ta c:
H
phn ng
=
i
E
i

j
E
j
(9)
Trong :
i : cht ban u; j :cht sn phm.
i
, j: s lin kt.
E : nng lng ph v lin kt ( E > 0 ).
5. S ph thuc ca hiu ng nhit vo nhit . Phng trnh Kirchhoff:
a. Nhit dung v s ph thuc ca hiu ng nhit vo nhit :
X
A
Y
B C
H
1 H
2
H
H
3
H
4
H
5
Lun vn tt nghip
Nhit dung (C) l lng nhit cn nng nhit ca cht ln 1 .
Nhit dung ca 1g cht gi l nhit dung ring.
Nhit dung ca 1mol cht gi l nhit dung mol.
C = Q /dT
* iu kin ng p ta c nhit dung ng p C
P
.
C
P
= Q /dT = dH / dT (10)
* iu kin ng tch ta c nhit dung ng tch C
V
.
C
V
= Q /dT = dU / dT (10)
* Mi quan h gia C
P
v C
V
:
C
P
= dH/dT = d (U + PV)/dT = ( dU/dT) + [d(PV)/dT ] (**)
Xt 1 mol kh l tng , ta c: PV = RT
Thay vo (**) ta c:
C
P
= C
V
+ [d(RT) /dT] = C
V
+ ( RdT/dT)
C
P
= C
V
+ R (11)
b. Phng trnh Kirchhoff:
b.1) Trng hp ng p:
Xt phng trnh phn ng: aA + bB cC + dD
Ta c: H
phn ng
= H
s(sn phm)
H
s(cht u)
= c H
C
+ dH
D
(aH
A
+ bH
B
)
Ly o hm ca H theo T:
dH/dT = c(dH
C
/dT) + d (dH
D
/dT) [a(dH
A
/dT) + b(H
B
/dT)]
V dH/dT = C
P
, nn:
dH/dT = cC
P,C
+ dC
P,D
(aC
P,A
+ bC
P,B
) = C
P
dH = C
P
dT
Ly tch phn:
1
2
T
T
d H =
2
1
T
T
C
P
dT
H
T2
= H
T1
+
2
1
T
T
C
P
dT (12)
Nu C
P
khng ph thuc vo nhit th:
H
T2
= H
T1
+ C
P
(T
2
T
1
)
b.2) Trng hp ng tch:
Xt tng t trng hp trn vi dU = C
V
dT , ta c:
H
T2
= H
T1
+
2
1
T
T
C
v
dT (13)
Nu C
V
khng ph thuc vo nhit th:
H
T2
= H
T1
+ C
V
(T
2
T
1
)
II/ Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng lc hc v cc th nhit ng:
1. Entropi v s tnh Entropi trong mt s qu trnh:
Nguyn l II thit lp c rng i vi qu trnh thun nghch nhit
ng t s gia lng nhit v cng nh v nhit tuyt i l mt vi phn ton phn
ng ca mt hm s no , hm Entropi S:
TN
Q
dS
T

,
(1)
V Entropi l mt hm trng thi nn i vi qu trnh thun nghch i t
trng thi 1 n trng thi 2, bin thin Entropin S s bng:
Lun vn tt nghip
2
2 1
1 TN
Q
S S S
T
_

,
(2)
Nu qu trnh thun nghch l ng nhit (2) tr thnh:
TN
Q
S
T
_

,
(3)
Nu qu trnh thun nghch l on nhit (
0 Q
) th 0 S ; 0 S .
i vi qu trnh khng thun nghch nhit ng th:
KTN
Q
S
T
_
>

,
(4)
Nu qu trnh khng thun nghch l ng nhit th:
KTN
Q
S
T
_
>

,
(5)
Nu qu trnh khng thun nghch l on nhit
0 Q
th:
dS>0, 0 S > (6)
Mt cch tng qut biu thc ton ca nguyn l II l:
Q
dS
T
(7)
Khi h nhit ng c gp vi mi trng xung quanh lm thnh mt h
c lp th:
S
h c lp
= ( S
h nhit ng
+ S
mi trng
) 0 (8)
Nu trong h c lp ch din ra qu trnh thun nghch th:
S
h c lp
= 0 S = const
Nu trong h c lp ch din ra trong qu trnh khng thun nghch th:
S
h c lp
> 0 (S
2
> S
1
).
V ngha vt l, entropi S c trng cho tnh hn lon ca h nhit ng.
S trong mt s qu trnh:
* P = const
2
1
ln
T
p p
T
S C d T
Vi C
p
l hng s:
2
1
ln
p p
T
S C
T

(9)
* V = const
2
1
ln
v v
T
S C
T

(10)
(C
v
l hng s trong khong T
1
, T
2
).
S ca kh l tng:
i vi 1 mol kh l tng:
2 2
1 1
ln ln
v
V T
S R C
V T
+
(C
v
=const) (11)
Hoc:
2 2
1 1
ln ln
p
P T
S R C
P T
+
(C
p
=const) (12)
2. Th nhit ng G v F:
Lun vn tt nghip
T nguyn l II vi s xut hin hm entropi S, ta bit rng trong h c
lp ch nhng qu trnh no lm tng entropi ( S >0) mi c th t xy ra.
i vi nhng qu trnh xy ra khng trong iu kin c lp, th c nhng
hm s khc vi nhng bin s tng ng. l nhng hm s G v F vi cc bin s
tng ng l P, T v V, T. Cc hm s G v F ny l cc th nhit ng v c nh
ngha nh sau:
G = H TS, F = U TS.
Th nhit ng G cn c gi l nng lng t do Gibbs (Gip-X), F cn
c gi l nng lng t do Helmholtz (Hem-Hon-X). G v F u c gi l nng
lng t do v l phn nng lng t do chuyn thnh cng.
T cc biu thc nh ngha i vi G v F ta c:
i vi G T, P = const; dG = dH TdS
Hay i vi qu trnh hu hn:
G H T S (13)
i vi F T, V = const; dF = dU-TdS
Hay i vi qu trnh hu hn:
F U T S (14)
Cc hm G v F c dng lm tiu chun nh gi chiu hng ca qu
trnh. Thc vy nu qu trnh t xy ra T, P=const th phi km theo s gim ca G tc
l:
G=G
2
- G
1
< 0.
Cn T, V=const qu trnh din bin theo chiu gim ca F tc l:
F = F
2
- F
1
< 0.
i vi phn ng ha hc, kh nng tham gia vo phn ng ca cc cht
c c trng bng mt khi nim i lc ha hc. o i lc ha hc l G hoc
F ty theo iu kin din bin ca phn ng l ng nhit, ng p hay ng nhit
ng tch.
i vi phn ng ha hc din ra iu kin chun th:
G
0
=
G
0
ht.sn phm
-
G
0
ht.cht u
(15)
y,
0
ht
G
l bin thin nng lng t do chun ca s hnh thnh hp
cht t cc n cht. i vi n cht
0
ht
G
= 0.
III/ Cn bng ha hc:
1. nh lut tc dng khi lng:
nh lut tc dng khi lng l biu thc ton hc v nhng iu kin c
th xc nh cn bng ho hc. Gi s nghin cu phn ng c dng tng qut sau y:
1
A
1
+
2
A
2
+=
1
B
1
+
2
B
2
+
a. Nu phn ng xy ra trong pha kh v pha kh c xem l kh l
tng th hng s cn bng biu th thng qua p sut ring phn P
i
lc cn bng
ca cc cu t:
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
' '
B B2
P
A A
P .P ...
K =
P .P ...
Gia P
i
v nng C
i
c mi lin h P
i
= C
i
RT. Thay vo phng trnh K
P
ta c:
Lun vn tt nghip
( ) ( )
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
n
P C
1 2 1 2
' '
B B2
C
A A
K = K .(RT)
n ' ' ... - ...
C .C ...
K =
C .C ...
+ + + +
K
c
l hng s cn bng biu th qua nng .
Hng s cn bng K
c
v K
p
ch ph thuc vo nhit .
Gia P
i
v phn mol x
i
c mi lin h P
i
= P.x
i
, P l p sut chung ca hn
hp kh, thay vo phng trnh K
p
ta c:
1 2
1
1 2
1 2
n
P X
' '
B B2
X
A A
K = K .P
x .x ...
K =
x .x ...
x
i
l phn mol cc kh lc cn bng
K
x
ngoi ph thuc vo nhit cn ph thuc vo p sut.
S ph thuc gia 3 i lng K
p
, K
c
, k
x
:
n n
P C X
K = K .(RT) = K .P
b. i vi nhng phn ng d th c s tham gia ca cht kh:
aA
(r)
+ bB
(k)
= gG
(k)
Hng s cn bng K
p
c biu th qua p sut ring phn lc cn bng:
g
G
P b
B
P
K =
P
Trong trng hp phn ng xy ra trong dung dch long:
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
1 2
1 2
' '
1 2
C
1 2
B B ...
K =
A A ...
[ ] biu th nng mol lc cn bng.
2. Phng trnh ng nhit ca phn ng ha hc:
- Ta c th tnh bin thin th ng p theo phng trnh ng nhit Vant
Hoff:

1 2
1 i i
1 2
1 2
' '
B B2
i P i
A A
P .P ...
G = RT lnP - lnK ; P =
P .P ...
_
1

]

,
- Nu phn ng xy ra trong iu kin ng tch th bin thin th ng tch
c th tnh theo phng trnh:
i
i C
F = RT lnC - lnK 1
]
P
i
(C
i
): p sut ring phn (nng ) ca cc cu t trong hn hp phn ng
thi im bt k.
Da vo du ca G v F ta c th d on chiu hng ca phn ng.
- Lin h gia bin thin th ng p chun v hng s cn bng K
p
:
0
T P
G = -RTlnK
(K
P
tnh theo th nguyn atm)
- Lin h gia bin thin th ng tch chun v hng s cn bng K
C
:
0
T C
F = -RTlnK
(K
C
tnh theo th nguyn mol/l)
- Trong mt khong nhit T
1
T
2
khng ln, nu gi tr hi ng nhit
H ca phn ng ho hc c chp nhn khng i th php tch phn cho kt qu sau:
Lun vn tt nghip
2
1 1 2
K H 1 1
l n =
K R T T
T
T
_

,
Nu bit hiu ng nhit ca phn ng v hng s cn bng mt nhit
bt k th ta c th tnh c hng s cn bng nhng nhit khc.
3. S chuyn dch cn bng ho hc. Nguyn l L e C hatelier (L Satli) :
a. Khi nim v s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc. Nguyn l L e
Chatelier:
- Nh thy trn, mt h cn bng c c trng bi cc gi tr hon
ton xc nh ca cc thng s nh nhit , p sut, nng cc cht v.v.. Nu nh
bng mt cch no ngi ta lm thay i mt trong cc yu t ny th trng thi ca
h b thay i, cc thng s ca h s nhn nhng gi tr mi v do , h chuyn sang
mt trng thi mi. Th nhng, khi tc ng bn ngoi y b loi b th h li quay tr
li trng thi ban u. Hin tng trn c gi l s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc.
- Mi s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc u tun theo mt nguyn l chung
l nguyn l Le Chatelier:
Mi s thay i ca cc yu t xc nh trng thi ca mt h cn bng s
lm cho cn bng chuyn dch v pha chng li nhng thay i .
Chng ta s minh ha nguyn l ny qua vic xt nh hng ca s thay i
(tng hay gim) nng ca cc cht phn ng v sn phm phn ng, nhit v p
sut.
b. nh hng ca nng :
Gi s c phn ng: aA + bB
cC + dD
G = G
o
+ RTlnK
c
= G
o
+ RTln
.
.
c d
C D
a b
A B
C C
C C
Lc cn bng G = 0. Nu tng nng cht phn ng ([A] hoc [B]), biu
thc sau du logarit s gim, G tr nn m, h khng cn trng thi cn bng na.
Phn ng theo chiu t tri sang phi tip tc xy ra cho ti khi G= 0. S tng nng
ca cc cht sn phm C v D s gy nn kt qu ngc li.
Nh vy:
- Khi tng nng ca cc cht phn ng cn bng s chuyn dch t tri
sang phi v ngc li
- Khi tng nng ca cc cht sn phm phn ng cn bng s chuyn
dch t phi sang tri.
c. nh hng ca nhit :
T phng trnh: G
0
= H
O
- TS
O
= -RTlnK
Suy ra: lnK = - H
0
/RT + S
0
/R
Nu xem H
o
v s
o
l khng ph thuc vo nhit , t biu thc trn ta
thy:
- i vi phn ng to nhit (H
0
< 0), khi nhit tng th - H
0
/RT gim,
do K gim. iu c ngha l cn bng chuyn dch v pha phn ng nghch, tc
l phn ng thu nhit.
- i vi phn ng thu nhit (H
0
> 0), khi nhit tng th - H
0
/RT tng,
do K tng. iu c ngha l cn bng chuyn dch v pha phn ng thun, tc l
phn ng thu nhit.
Lun vn tt nghip
Nh vy, trong c hai trng hp, khi tng nhit th cn bng u chuyn
dch v pha phn ng thu nhit. iu ny ph hp vi nguyn l Le Chatelier: Khi
tng nhit th cn bng chuyn dch v pha phn ng thu nhit hp th bt
lng nhit a vo h, v do gim (chng li) s tng nhit .
d. nh hng ca p sut:
- Vi phn ng tng qut: aA + bB
cC + dD
C:
c
P
P .P
K =
P .P
d
C D
a b
A B
V P
i
= x
i
P nn c th vit:
c
P
.x
K =
.x
d
C D
a b
A B
x
x
.P
(c + d) (a + b)
= K
x
.P
n
n = (c + d ) (a + b) = bin thin s mol kh trong h phn ng. Gi s h
cn bng ta c: G = G
o
+ RTlnK
p
= G
o
+ RTln K
x
.P
n
= 0
nhit c nh, nu thay i p sut chung ca c h, gi tr G ch ph
thuc vo P
n
. Chng ta phn bit cc trng hp sau:
- Khi n = 0, ngha l s phn t kh 2 v ca phng trnh phn ng bng
nhau. G = G
o
+ RTln K
x
.P
n
= 0. Trng thi cn bng ca h khng thay i. Ni
cch khc, s thay i p sut chung ca c h khng lm dch chuyn cn bng.
- Khi n > 0, ngha l s phn t kh v phi ca phng trnh phn ng
ln hn pha tri. Khi p sut chung P ca c h tng ln, gi tr ca P
n
tng ln,
bin thin th ng p G ca h tr thnh dng. Phn ng s xy ra theo chiu t
phi sang tri. Ni cch khc, cn bng chuyn dch v pha c s phn t kh t hn.
- Khi n < 0, ngha l s phn t kh pha tri ca phng trnh phn ng
ln hn pha phi. Khi p sut chung P ca c h tng ln, gi tr P
n
gim xung,
bin thin th ng p G ca h tr thnh m. Phn ng s xy ra theo chiu t tri
sang phi. Ni cch khc, cn bng chuyn dch v pha c s phn t kh t hn.
Nh vy, khi tng p sut chung ca c h, cn bng s chuyn dch v pha
c s phn t kh t hn chng li s tng ca p sut. V ngc li, khi gim p
sut chung ca c h, cn bng s chuyn dch v pha c s phn t nhiu hn.
4. Cn bng pha:
a. Quy tc pha Gibbs:
y l mt nh lut quan trng nht ca cn bng ha hc trong h d th
m trc ht l cn bng pha. Quy tc pha c pht biu nh sau:
Bc t do V ca mt h cn bng, bng s cu t V tr i s pha P cng 2:
V = C P + 2
Bc t do V cho bit s cc thng s c th thay i mt cch ty (d
nhin trong mt gii hn xc nh) m khng xm phm vo cn bng pha ca mt h
cn bng.
Th d xt cn bng pha lng
hi ca nc nguyn cht. i vi h cn
bng ny, vng ch tn ti mt pha lng (hoc hi) V = 1 1 + 2 = 2 c ngha l ta
c th thay i hai thng s T v P mt cch c lp nhau m vn duy tr s tn ti ca
mt pha (lng hoc hi).
Ti ranh gii phn chia hai pha lng hi nm cn bng vi nhau th: V = 1
2 + 2 = 1, iu ny c ngha l ta ch c th thay i mt thng s (hoc T hoc P)
m vn duy tr c h cn bng hai pha.
b. Cn bng trong h mt cu t:
Lun vn tt nghip
i vi mt h cu t (C=1) cn bng pha c m t bng phng trnh
Clapeyron Clausius:
dP H
dT T V
(*)
y:
- H l bin thin Entanpi: ng vi qu trnh chuyn pha (i vi cn bng
L
H th H l nhit ha hi; i vi cn bng R
L th H l nhit nng chy).

- T l nhit chuyn pha.
- V l bin thin th tch trong s chuyn pha.
i vi s bay hi ca cht lng hay s thng hoa ca cht rn, th phng
trnh (*) c dng gn ng nh sau:
ln ons
H
P c t
RT
+
(**)
Xt cn bng pha trng thi P
1
, T
1
v P
2
, T
2
th (**) c dng:
2
1 1 2
1 1
ln
P H
P R T T
_

,
IV/ Dung dch:
1. Nng phn trm khi lng : C% l s gam cht tan c trong 100g
dung dch. (n v: %)

dd
% 100%
ct
m
C x
m
Trong :
- C% l nng phn trm khi lng. (%)
- m
ct
l khi lng cht tan. (g)
- m
dd
l khi lng dung dch. (g)
2. Nng mol: C
M

l s mol cht tan c trong 1lt dung dch. (n v: mol/l)
M
n
C
V
Trong :
- C
M
l nng mol. (mol/l)
- n l s mol cht tan. (mol)
- V l th tch dung dch. (l)
3. Nng ng lng gam: C
N
l s ng lng gam cht tan c trong 1
lt dung dch. (n v: lg/l)
4. Nng molan: m
i
l s mol cht tan i c trong 1 kg dung mi. (n v
mol/kg)
5. Nng p hn mol : X
i
l t s gia s mol ca cu t i chia cho tng s mol
cht c trong dung dch.
i
i
i
n
X
n
6. tan:
- L s gam cht tan tan trong 100g dung mi cho dung dch bo ha ti
nhit xc nh.
- L s gam cht tan c trong 1lt dung dch bo ha.
- nh lut Henry v tan ca cht kh trong cht lng:
Lun vn tt nghip
Nu C l nng cht kh trong cht lng v P l p sut ring ca kh th:
C=k.P, vi k l h s Henry, ch ph thuc vo nhit .
7. p sut thm thu:
nh lut VanHoff v p sut thm thu
ca dung dch:
.V = n R T hay:
= R C T
Trong : - : p sut thm thu. (atm)
- n: s mol cht tan. (mol)
- V: th tch dung dch. (l)
- C: nng mol cht tan. (mol/l)
- T: nhit tuyt i. (
0
K)
- R: hng s kh. (R = 0,082 atm.l/mol.
0
K)
8. nh lut Raoult I: gim tng i p sut hi bo ha ca dung mi
trn dung dch bng phn mol cht tan.
0
0
A
A A B
B o
A A B
p p n p
X
p p n n

+
Trong :
-
0
A
p
: l p sut hi ca dung mi nguyn cht.
- p
A
: l p sut hi ca dung mi.
- n
B
: s mol cht tan.
- n
A
: s mol dung mi.
- X
B
: phn mol cht tan.
Vi nhng dung dch rt long ta c:

B
B
A
n
X
n
=>
0 B
A
A
n
p p
n

9. tng im si ca dung dch:
s
T
= K
s
. m
B
Trong :
-
s
T
: l tng im si ca dung dch.
- K
s
: hng s nghim si; vi:
( )
2
0
,
ons
1000
s
s
h A
R T
K c t
.
- m
B
: nng molan ca cht tan.
10. h bng im ca dung dch:
b
T
= K
b
. m
B
Trong :
-
b
T
: l h bng im ca dung dch.
- K
b
: hng s nghim lnh; vi:
( )
2
,
ons
1000
o
b
b
nc A
R T
K c t
.
11. nh lut Raoult II: tng nhit si v h nhit ng c ca
dung dch long cht tan khng in ly t l thun vi nng molan cht tan trong
dung dch.
0
0
A
A A B
B a B o
A A B
p p n p
X K m
p p n n

+
Lun vn tt nghip
Trong :
- K
a
: hng s nghim p; vi:
ons
1000
A
a
M
K c t
.
12. in ly: l i lng c trng cho mc in ly ca mt cht. N l t
s gia nng cht in ly vi nng ha tan.
0
100% x
Trong :
-
: in ly.
- : l nng cht in ly.
-
0
: l nng ha tan.
13. Hng s in ly:
2
1
K C

Nu
=
1 ta c: 1-

1 th:
2
K C =>
K
C

14. Hng s ion ha ca axt baz:
a. Hng s ion ha ca axt:
Chn nc lm dung mi:
A + H
2
O
B + H
3
O
+
p dng nh lut tc dng khi lng vi gi thuyt dung dch axt l dung
dch long:
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
3
2
H O B
K
A H O
+
1
]
=> [ ]
[ ]
[ ]
3
2
H O B
K H O
A
+
1
]
Nng cn bng ca nc [H
2
O] khng khc nhiu so vi nng ban
u ca n, v th K[H
2
O] l mt hng s. Hng s ny k hiu l K
a
v c tn l hng
s ion ha ca axt.
[ ]
[ ]
3
a
H O B
K
A
+
1
]
Ch s axit: pK
a
= - lg K
a
b. Hng s ion ha ca baz :
B + H
2
O
A + OH
-
Hng s baz:
[ ]
[ ]
b
OH A
K
B
1
]
Ch s baz: pK
b
= - lg K
b
c. Mi lin h gia hng s axt v hng s baz ca mt cp axt baz
lin hp:
[ ]
[ ]
3
a
H O B
K
A
+
1
]

Lun vn tt nghip
[ ]
[ ]
b
OH A
K
B
1
]
=> K
a
x K
b
= [H
3
O
+
][OH
-
] = K
W
=> pK
a
+ pK
b
= pK
W
= 14
K
W
: tch s ion ca nc.
- Ch s hidro ( pH): pH = - lg[H
3
O
+
]
- Ch s hidroxyl ( pOH): pOH = - lg[OH
-
]
15. Cch tnh pH ca mt s dung dch:
a. Vi dung dch axt mnh HA, nng u C
A
khng qu nh (C
A

10
-7
):
HA + H
2
O A
-
+ H
3
O
+
B qua lng H
3
O
-
do nc t ion ha, ta c: [H
3
O
+
] = C
A
.
pH = pC
A
b. Vi dung dch mch B, nng u C
B
khng qu nh (C
B
10
-7
):
B + H
2
O OH
-
+ HB
+
[OH
-
] = C
B
;

pOH = pC
B
pH = 14 - pC
B
c. Vi dung dch axt yu HA, nng u C
A
khng qu nh (C
A
10
-

7
). B qua qu trnh ion ha ca nc, ta c :
HA + H
2
O
A
-
+ H
3
O
+
[HA] = C
o
- [H
3
O
+
] ; [A
-
] = [H
3
O
+
]
2
3
0 3
a
H O
K
C H O
+
+
1
]
1
]
Gii phng trnh trn ta tnh c nng ion hidroni.
Trng hp [H
3
O
+
] C
o
: [H
3
O
+
] Co x Ka
pH = ( pK
a
+ pC
o
)
d. Vi dung dch axt yu B, nng u C
o
khng qu nh (C
o
10
-7
).
B qua qu trnh ion ha ca nc, ta c:
B + H
2
O
HB
+
+ OH
-
[B] = C
o
- [OH
-
]
[HB
+
] = [OH
-
]
2
0
b
OH
K
C OH
1
]
1
]
Trng hp [OH
-
] C
o
: [OH
-
] Co x Ka
pH = 14 - ( pK
b
+ pC
o
)
16. Tnh cht axt baz ca cc dung dch mui:
- Dung dch mui cation baz mnh anion axt mnh l dung dch trung
tnh.
- Dung dch mui cation baz mnh anion axt yu c tnh km.
- Dung dch mui cation baz yu anion axt mnh l dung dch c tnh
axt.
17. Dung dch m:
Tnh pH ca dung dch m:
Lun vn tt nghip
HA(aq) + H
2
O()
B(aq) + H
3
O
+
(aq)
Axt Bronsted Baz lin hp
[ ]
[ ]
3
a
H O B
K
HA
+
1
]
=>
[ ]
[ ]
3
a
K HA
H O
B
+
1
]
pH
m
= pK
a
lg [axit]/[bazo lin hp]
c bit khi: [Axit] [Baz lin hp] th: pH pK
a
.
18. Tch s tan:
Xt cn bng gia mui kh tan trong dung dch v cc ion ca mui:
A
m
B
n
(r)
mA
n+
(aq) + nB
m-
(aq)
K
sp
hay Tt
AmBn
= [A
n+
]
m
[B
m-
]
n
Tch s tan K
sp
ca cht in ly t tan A
m
B
n
c tan S lin h vi nhau qua
biu thc:
K
sp
(A
m
B
n
) = m
m
n
n
S
m + n
19. Qui tc tch s tan:
A
m
B
n
(r)
mA
n+
(aq) + nB
m-
(aq)
Q = [A
n+
]
o
m
[B
m-
]
o
n
K
sp
20. Phn ng trao i ion:
Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch xy ra theo chiu to thnh sn phm
l cht t tan, cht t in ly v cht d bay hi.
Chng III: NG HA HC
I/ ng hc ca cc phn ng n gin v phc tp:
1.Cc khi nim v nh ngha c bn:
a. Phn ng ng th - Phn ng d th:
Cc phn ng ha hc c th l ng th hay d th. Phn ng c gi l
ng th khi chng din ra trong h mt pha. l phn ng gia cc cht kh, gia
cc cht lng hon ton trn ln vi nhau, cc phn ng trong dung dch. Phn ng
ng th bao gi cng din ra trong ton b th tch ca h phn ng. Cc phn ng d
th din ra gia cc cht nhng pha khc nhau: rn lng, kh lng Trong
trng hp ny, phn ng ch din ra ranh gii phn chia cc pha ca h.
b. Tc phn ng ng th:
Tc ca mt phn ng ha hc ng th l bin thin lng cht trong
mt n v thi gian, trong mt n v th tch. i vi phn ng ha hc ng th
xy ra th tch khng i, tc ca qu trnh tnh theo cht no l bin thin
nng ca cht trong mt n v thi gian.
Ngi ta phn bit hai loi tc phn ng: tc trung bnh v tc tc
thi.
Xt phn ng : aA bB cC dD + + (1)
Trong : a, b, c, d l cc h s t lng.
A, B l cc cht tham gia phn ng.
C, D l cc sn phm phn ng.
th tc phn ng c xc nh nh sau:
- Tc trung bnh:
Lun vn tt nghip
tb
C
v
t
__
(duc dng cho

tb v
__
c tr s dng)
Trong : C: l nng mol. (mol/lt)
t: l thi gian. (giy, pht, gi)
- Tc tc thi:
tb
t
t o t o
lim lim
C dC
v V
t dt
__

t

t
i vi phn ng (1) ta c:
C A B D
t
dC 1 dC 1 dC 1 1 dC
v
a dt b dt c dt d dt

c. Bc phn ng Phn t s:
c1) Bc phn ng :
i vi phn ng: aA bB cC dD + +
Theo nh lut kinh nghim ca Guldberg v Waage (nh lut tc dng
khi lng) th tc ca phn ng ha hc t l vi nng cc cht tc dng, do
tc phn ng c biu din bng:
[ ] [ ]
v k A B

Trong : k: l hng s tc phn ng v ch ph thuc vo nhit .

, : l bc ring phn i vi cc cht A, B.
Tng
n +
gi l bc ca phn ng.
, c th bng khng hoc bng h s t lng.
* Nu phn ng n gin:
a v b
.
* Nu phn ng phc tp:
a v b
.
c2) Phn t s:
Phn t s ca phn ng l s tiu phn (phn t, nguyn t, ion, gc t
do) tng tc ng thi, chnh nhng tng tc ny dn n bin i ha hc.
Phn t s bao gi cng l mt s nguyn, dng, trong khi bc ca phn
ng c th l s nguyn, phn s, dng , m, hoc bng khng.
2. Phn ng n gin mt chiu:
a. Phn ng bc 1:
A Sp
t = 0 a
t (a-x)

Phng trnh ng hc dng vi phn:
dx
v k a x
dt
( )
Phng trnh ng hc dng tch phn:
1 a
k = ln
t a x
Thi gian na phn ng:
1
2
2 0 6932
ln ln
k k
,

Lun vn tt nghip
b. Phn ng bc 2:

A + B Sp
t = 0 a b
t (a-x) (b-x)
b1) Trng hp a = b:
2
dx
v k a x
dt
( )
1 1 1
k =
t a x a
1
]
Thi gian na phn ng:
1
2
1
ka

b2) Trng hp a b :
dx
v k a x b x
dt
( )( )
1 a b x
k = ln
t(b - a) b a x
( )
( )
c. Phn ng bc 3:
A + B + C Sp
t = 0 a b c
t (a-x) (b-x) (c-x)
c1) Trng hp a = b =c:

3
dx
v k a x
dt
( )
2 2
1 1 1
k =
2t a x a ( )
1
]
Thi gian na phn ng:
1 2
2
3
2ka

c2) Trng hp a b c :
2
dx
v k a 2x c x
dt
( ) ( )
Lun vn tt nghip
2
1 (2c - a)4x c a 2x
k = ln
t(2c - a) a a 2x a c x
( )
( ) ( )
1
+
1

]
c3) Trng hp a b c :
dx
v k a x b x c x
dt
( )( )( )
1 1 a 1 b 1 c
k = ln ln ln ln
t a b a c a x b a b c b x c a c b c x ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
1
+ +
1

]
d. Phn ng bc n:
Phng trnh ng hc dng vi phn
a b c ( ...)
:
n
dx
v k a x
dt
( )
n 1 n 1
1 1 1
k =
(n 1) t a x a ( )

1
1

]
Thi gian na phn ng:
n 1
1 n 1
2
2 1
n 1 ka ( )
3. Cc phng php xc nh bc phn ng:

a. Phng php th:
Xc nh nng cc cht tham gia phn ng nhng thi im khc nhau
ri em nhng gi tr thu c th ln lt vo cc phng trnh ng hc i vi
hng s tc ca phn ng bc 1, bc 2, bc n. Khi phng trnh no th vo m
c gi tr k l hng s th bc ca phn ng chnh l bc ca phng trnh ng hc
y.
b. Phng php th:
b1) Phng php tch phn th:
Chuyn cc phng trnh ng hc dng tch phn v dng tuyn tnh theo t,
sau kho st bng thc nghim.
- Nu phn ng bc 1:
1 a
k = ln ln(a x kt lna
t a x
) +
(a)
- Nu phn ng bc 2:
1 1 1 1 1
k = kt +
t a x a a x a
1

1

]
(b)
- Nu phn ng bc 3:
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
k = 2kt
2t a x a a x a ( ) ( )
1
+
1

]
(c)
- Nu phn ng bc 0:
Lun vn tt nghip
x
k = x = kt
t
(d)

( ) ln a x

( )
1
a x

( )
2
1
a x

( ) a x
(a) (b) (c) (d)
S ph thuc ca nng vo thi gian
b2) Phng php vi phn th:
Phng php vi phn do Van't Hoff xy dng s dng trc tip phng
trnh dng vi phn, trong bin thin nng c biu th l hm ca nng .
Gi s tc phn ng thi im t, biu th qua bin thin nng C ca
cht phn ng A no c dng:
n
dC
k C
dt
.
* Ti thi im t
1
ng vi nng C
1
n
1 1
dC
kC tg
dt

* Ti thi im t
2
ng vi nng C
2

n
2 2
dC
kC tg
dt

Suy ra ta c:
n
1 1
2 2
C tg
C tg
_
,

Ly Logarit hai v ta c:
n
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
1 2
1 2
C tg
lg lg
C tg
C tg
nlg lg
C tg
lgtg lgtg
n
lgC lgC
_

c. Phng php da vo chu k bn hy:

Lm th nghim nhiu ln vi cc gi tr nng ban u a khc nhau m
vn thy t
1/2
c gi tr khng i th c th kt lun phn ng nghin cu c bc 1.
i vi cc phn ng khc c n 1 v c nng ban u a nh nhau th
na phn ng c xc nh bi cng thc:
n 1
1 2 n 1 n 1
1 2 k
t
k n 1 a a
/
( )
,
Lun vn tt nghip
Ta tin hnh lm 2 th nghim:
- Ln th 1 vi nng ban u a, ta c:
1 2 n 1
k
t
a
/
- Ln th 2 vi nng ban u a' ta c:

1 2 n-1
k
t
a'
'
/

( )
n 1
n-1
1/2
n-1
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
t a' a'
=
t' a a
t a'
lg = n-1 lg
t' a
t
lg
t'
n = 1 +
a'
lg
a

,
_

,
_

,
d. Phng php lng d:
Xt phn ng:
C A B
n n n
A B C
aA + bB + cC Sp
Suy ra v = k C C C
Trong ln th nghim th 1 ch cho C

A
thay i v gi C
B
,

C
C
khng i
bng cch ly cc cht cn li vi lng d ln.

A
n
A A
v = k' C suy ra n
xc nh n
B
, n
C
ta cng lm tng t, th d i vi n
B
cho C
B
thay i
cn cc cht cn li vi lng d
Phng php ny cho php xc nh bc ring. Bc ton phn ca phn ng
s bng tng cc bc ring phn:
A B C
n = n + n + n
e. Phng php tc u:
Xt phn ng:
aA + bB + cC Sp
Phng php ny l mt dng bin th ca phng php Van't Hoff v c
dng khi phn ng xy ra chm c th o tc u tng i chnh xc.
C A B
n n n
A B C
v = k C C C
thi im t = 0, v = v
o
l tc u. V phn ng xy ra chm nn c th
o tc u v
o
nhng thi im t gn t = 0, ri ngoi ruy cho ti t = 0.
thi im t 0, ta c:
t o t 0
dC C
dt t

_ _
, ,
vi C nh.
Kt hp vi phng php d, c th xc nh bc ring ca mi cht tham
gia phn ng.
4. Phn ng phc tp:
a. Phn ng thun nghch:
Lun vn tt nghip
a1) Phn ng thun nghch bc 1-1:
1
2
k
k
A B
t = 0 a b
t a - x b + x

t 1 A 1
n
2 B 2
n
t
1 2
1 1 2
V k C k a x
V k C k b x
dx
V V V
dt
V k a x k b x
khi b = 0, ta c:
V = k a (k + k )x
( )
( )
( ) ( )

+

+

1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
1
k + k = ln
t x
k a k b k a k
khi b = 0, ta c:
1 k k 1+ k k
/ /
/ /

+
a2) Phn ng thun nghch bc 2-2:
1
2
k
k
A B C D
t = 0 a b c d
t a x b x c x d x
+ +


t 1
n
2
n
t
1 2
2 2
1 2
V k a x b x
V k c x d x
dx
V V V
dt
V k a x b x k c x d x
khi a b, c = d = 0, ta c:
V k a x k x
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) ( )( )
( )

Lun vn tt nghip
(
)
2 1
1 2
1 2 1 2
2
1 2
1
1 m m x
k k ln
t m m m m x
a 1 K
1 k
vi m v K'
1 K' K k
,
( )
( ) ( )
'
b. Phn ng song song:
b1) Phn ng song song 1 chiu bc 1:
1 2
dx
v k k a x
dt
( )( ) +
1 2
1 a
k k = ln
t a x ( )
+
b2) Phn ng song song 1 chiu bc 2:

1 2
dx
v k k a x b x
dt
( )( )( ) +
1 2
1 a b x
k k = ln
t (b a) b a x
( )
( )
+

c. Phn ng ni tip:
Dng n gin nht ca loi phn ng ny c biu th bng phng trnh:

1 2
k k
A B C
t = 0 a
t (a x) (x y) y

* Phng trnh tc bin i cht A:
A 1
dx
v k a x
dt
( )
* Phng trnh tc hnh thnh cht B:
1
k t
B 1 2
d x y
v k a.e k x y
dt
( )
( )

Trong (x - y) l nng cht trung gian, y l nng ca sn phm cui,
k
1
, k
2
l cc hng s tc ca giai on 1 v 2.
B
C
k
1
k
2
A
B
C
k
1
k
2
A + B
Lun vn tt nghip
1 2
1 2
k t k t
1
B
2 1
k t k t
2 1
C
2 1 2 1
k
C = x y a e e
k k
k k
C y a 1 e e
k k k k
( ) ( )

_
+

,
Thi gian sn phm trung gian t gi tr cc i:
1
2
max
1 2
k
ln
k
t
k k
Nng cc i ca sn phm trung gian:

2
1 2
k
k k
2
max
1
k
x y a
k
( )

_

,

II/ L thuyt tc phn ng:
1. nh hng ca nhit n tc phn ng:
Theo quy tc kinh nghim ca VanHoff th mi khi nhit tng thm 10
th hng s tc tng v do tc phn ng tng ln t 2 n 4 ln:
10
2 4
t
t
k
k
+

Mt cch nh lng, Areniut cng thit lp c s ph thuc ca hng
s tc k vo nhit di dng vi phn:
2
ln d k E
dT RT
y E l nng lng hot ha.

Phng trnh Areniut cn c vit di dng khc:
.
E
RT
k Ae
Vi A l tha s Areniut v c cng th nguyn vi hng s tc . Tha s

A cn biu th tn s va chm gia cc phn t ca cc cht tc dng.
xc nh nng lng hot ha E, ta c th s dng mt trong cc phng
php sau:
a. Phng php t h :
Logarit 2 v phng trnh Areniut:
lg lg
2, 303
E
k A
RT

T y ta thy th ca s ph thuc lgk vo nghch o ca nhit tuyt
i phi l mt ng thng vi h s gc tg
= -E/2,303R.
b. Phng php xc nh hng s tc 2 nhit :
2
1
1 2
1 1
lg
2, 303
T
T
k
E
k R T T
_

,
2. L thuyt tc phn ng:
a. Thuyt va chm v va chm hot ng:
Lun vn tt nghip
L thuyt u tin v tc phn ng khng nh rng, hai phn t A v
B c th phn ng vi nhau th trc ht phi c s va chm gia hai phn t v tc
phn ng s ph thuc vo s va chm ny. i vi phn ng gia hai phn t kh
cng loi kiu 2A C + D, thuyt ng hc cht kh cho php ta thit lp c biu
thc v tn s va chm, tc l s va chm trong n v thi gian v quy v n v th
tch:
1/2
2 2
AA
2
RT
Z n
M

,
y n l s phn t cht A trong n v th tch;
l bn knh va chm; M
l khi lng phn t.
Nu va chm xy ra gia hai phn t khc loi dng:
A + B C + D
th s va chm s bng:
1/ 2
2
AB
8
. .
A B AB
RT
Z n n

,
y n
A
v n
B
l s phn t A v B trong n v th tch;
AB
l bn knh va
chm trung bnh v c xc nh bng:
2
A B
AB

l khi lng rt gn tc l:
.
A B
A B
M M
M M

+
Nu ch c va chm gia cc phn t th cng cha a n phn ng, m
phn ng ch c th xy ra nu lc va chm, cc phn t phi c mt nng lng d
no . Areniut gi cc phn t ny l phn t hot ng. Khi tc phn ng gia
hai phn t cng loi s l:
v = 2 Z
AA
. e
-E/RT
Mt khc ng ha hc cho ta:
v = k . [A]
2
= k . n
2
T y biu thc hng s tc phn ng lng phn t cng loi s c
xc nh bng:
1/ 2
/ 2 /
AA 2 2
1
2. . 4 .
E RT E RT
v RT
k Z e e
n n M

_

,
i vi hai phn t khc loi A v B th tc phn ng:
v = Z
AB
.e
-E/RT
v
.
A B
k
v
n n
nn hng s tc k s bng:
1/ 2
2 /
8
.
E RT
AB
RT
k e

,
So snh biu thc hng s tc cng nh tc phn ng tnh ton theo
thuyt va chm hot ng vi cc gi tr thc nghim tng ng cho thy khng c s
ph hp (cc gi tr l thuyt ln hn gi tr thc nghim) do cc phng trnh v
Lun vn tt nghip
tc v hng s tc phi c hiu chnh bng cch a thm mt i lng P
gi l tha s khng gian, khi y:
v = P.Z
AB
.e
-E/RT
k = P.Z
AB
.e
-E/RT
(khi n
A
= n
B
= 1)
b. Thuyt phc cht hot ng:
Thuyt ny vn gi nguyn nhng lun im c bn ca thuyt va chm
hot ng song c pht trin thm kin cho rng trong qu trnh phn ng xut hin
mt sn phm trung gian tm thi gi l phc cht hot ng. Gia phc cht hot
ng v cc cht tham gia phn ng v cc sn phm c cn bng v cn bng ny c
th c nghin cu bng con ng nhit ng thng thng. Thc vy nu A v B
l cc cht u, C v D l cc sn phm, X
l phc cht hot ng (sn phm trung

gian trc khi phn hy thnh sn phm) th cn bng sau c thit lp:
A + B
C + D
Tc hnh thnh sn phm c xc nh bng tc ca s chuyn phc
cht hot ng sang trng thi chuyn tip. Nu G
l bin thin th ng p ng vi
hai trng thi u v phc hot ng th hng s tc c xc nh bng biu thc:
ln ons
pu
G
k c t
RT
+
Hoc sau khi b bin i ta c:
ln .
G
RT
pu
kT
k e
h
y k l hng s Bonxman; h l hng s Plank.

v:
G
RT
e K
nn:
.
pu
kT
k K
h

vi K
l hng s cn bng gia hai trng thi u v phc hot ng.

V: G H T S

nn: . .
S H
R RT
pu
kT
k e e
h

y S
v H
l entropi hot ha v entanpi hot ha.

Gia H
v E c mi lin h: H
= E n.R.T
n bng 1 i vi phn ng n phn t trong pha kh hoc i vi mi phn
ng trong pha lng, n s bng 2 i vi phn ng lng phn t trong pha kh. Thay
H
bng gi tr cho phng trnh trn vo biu thc k

p
ta c:
1
. .
S E
E RT
pu
kT
k e e
h
i vi phn ng n phn t trong pha kh v phn ng trong pha lng.

Cn i vi phn ng lng phn t trong pha kh, hng s tc c xc nh bng:
2
. .
S E
E RT
pu
kT
k e e
h
So snh biu thc ny vi phng trnh Areniut ta thy i vi phn ng

lng phn t:
Lun vn tt nghip
2
.
S
E
kT
A e
h
Mt cch tng qut:

.
S
n
E
kT
A e
h
vi n l phn t s ca phn ng.

III. Phn ng quang ha v phn ng dy chuyn:
1. Phn ng quang ha :
Phn ng quang ha hc l phn ng xy ra di tc dng ca tia bc x
thuc vng nhn thy v vng t ngoi.
Theo nh lut ng lng quang ha hc, nu nh sng gy ra bin i
ha hc th mi lng t (photon) c hp th gy ra s bin i ca mt phn t
cht phn ng.
Nng lng ca 1 photon bng:
.
.
h C
h v

Trong : h l hng s Plank.
v l tn s bc x.
C l tc bc x nh sng trong chn khng.
l bc sng ca bc x.
i vi 1 mol photon (1 Anhstanh photon) c nng lng bng:
.
. . .
Avo Avo Avo
h C
E N N h v N

y N
Avo
l s Avogadro.
Giai on s cp ca phn ng ha hc trong vng bc x trn lun tun
theo nh lut ny.
Hiu sut lng t c nh ngha nh sau:

= s phn t cht phn ng chuyn ha/s photon h hp th.

Tc phn ng ha hc:
.
dn I
v
dt hv

Trong : n l s phn t cht phn ng ti thi im t.

l hiu sut lng t.

I l nng lng h hp th.
2. Phn ng dy chuyn:
a. nh ngha:
Phn ng dy chuyn l loi phn ng phc tp, trong c s hnh thnh
cc tiu phn hot ng (nhng gc hay nguyn t t do). Nhng tiu phn hot ng
ny tham gia vo phn ng v li to ra nhng tiu phn hot ng mi. Nhng tiu
phn mi ny li lp li qu trnh trn lm cho phn ng pht trin xa hn.
b. ng hc ca phn ng dy chuyn:
Mt cch nghim ngt th khng th miu t phn ng dy chuyn bng mt
phng trnh t lng. Cht u b tiu th v sn phm c hnh thnh trong giai
on pht trin mch. V vy, tc phn ng c tnh theo mt cu t no bng
tc giai on pht trin mch trong cu t nghin cu b tiu th hoc c hnh
Lun vn tt nghip
thnh. Nu mt mt mch gm hai phn ng s cp, trong mi phn ng u c s tiu
th cht u v to thnh sn phm, ngha l:
1
1 1 1 2
k
R A B R

+ +
1
2 2 2 1
k
R A B R

+ +
Trong :
1
R
v
2
R
l cc tiu phn hot ng.

A
1
, A
2
l cc cht u.
B
1
, B
2
l cc sn phm.
Khi , tc phn ng dy chuyn c vit:
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
1 1
1 1 1
d A d B
k R A
dt dt

1
]
Hoc:
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
2 2
2 2 2
d A d B
k R A
dt dt

1
]
Mun vit phng trnh vi phn cho nng gc t do phi k n tc
sinh mch v ngt mch. Phn ng sinh mch to ra mt trong cc gc t do, chng
hn
1
R
. Khi tc hnh thnh gc

1
R
v
2
R
tng ng s l:
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
1
0 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 m
d R
v k R A k R A v
dt

1 1 +
] ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 m
d R
k R A k R A v
dt

1 1
] ]
V cc gc t do l cc tiu phn trung gian rt hot ng, nn trong ton b
qu trnh nng ca chng thc t coi nh khng i (nng dng), khi : v
0
=
v
m1
+ v
m2
.
Trng hp ngt mch bc 1:
1 1 1
.
m m
v k R
1
]
v
2 2 2
.
m m
v k R
1
]
Trng hp ngt mch bc 2:
2
1 1 1
2 .
m m
v k R
1
]
v
2
2 2 2
2 .
m m
v k R
1
]
Trong : k
m1
v k
m2
l hng s tc ngt mch.
` IV. Xc tc:
Xc tc l hin tng thay i tc hoc kch thch phn ng gy ra do tc
dng ca mt s cht gi l cht xc tc. Cht xc tc sau khi tham gia vo qu trnh,
khng b thay i v phng din ha hc cng nh v lng ca chng.
Vai tr ca xc tc trong phn ng ha hc l a phn ng i theo con
ng thun li hn v mt nng lng bng cch to ra sn phm trung gian vi t
nht mt trong cc cht phn ng.
Xc tc l ng th khi cht xc tc nm cng pha vi cc cht tham gia
phn ng. Mt s cht xc tc ng th thng dng l cc dung dch axit, bazo, mui
ca cc kim loi chuyn tip.
Xc tc l d th khi cht xc tc nm khng cng pha vi cc cht tham gia
phn ng. Cht xc tc d th thng l cht rn, phn ng ha hc xy ra trn b mt
cht xc tc. Cc cht xc tc d th thng gp l cc kim loi chuyn tip, cc oxit
kim loi,
Mi phn ng gia cc cht kh xy ra trn b mt cht xc tc rn u c
th chia ra lm 5 giai on ni tip nhau:
Lun vn tt nghip
1. Cht phn ng chuyn ti b mt cht xc tc.
2. Hp ph cc cht phn ng ln b mt cht xc tc.
3. Phn ng trn b mt.
4. Kh hp ph sn phm phn ng khi b mt.
5. Sn phm phn ng chuyn khi b mt vo th tch pha kh.
Tc chung ca qu trnh c quyt nh bi giai on chm nht. Trong
xc tc d th qu trnh chuyn cht t th tch n b mt cht xc tc (s khuch tn)
rt quan trng. Tc qu trnh ny tun theo phng trnh sau:
( )
.
.
s x
dC D S
C C
dt V

Trong : C l nng cht kh.
t l thi gian khuch tn.
D l h s khuch tn.
S l b mt.
V l th tch ca h.
C
s
v C
x
l nng cht kh trn b mt v khong cch tnh
t b mt vo th tch.
Tc khuch tn ph thuc nhit theo phng trnh Areniut:
0
.
kt
E
RT
D D e
Tc phn ng ha hc b mt ph thuc vo lng cht phn ng c

hp ph trn b mt cht xc tc.
- Khi c mt cht c hp ph, phng trnh tc phn ng b mt c
dng:
.
dP
v k
dt

Vi:
.
1 .
K P
K P

+
Trong : K l hng s cn bng hp ph.
P l p sut hi ca cht phn ng.
- Khi c ng thi 2 cht c hp ph trn b mt cht xc tc, phng
trnh tc phn ng b mt c dng:
. .
A B
dP
v k
dt

Vi:
.
1 . .
A A
A
A A A B
K P
K P K P

+ +
.
1 . .
B B
B
A A A B
K P
K P K P

+ +
Chng IV: IN HA HC
I/ Phn ng oxi ha kh:
1. Khi nim:
Phn ng oxi ha kh l mt phn ng trong c s chuyn electron t
phn t ny sang phn t kia ca cht, kt qu l c s thay i v s oxi ha ca cc
nguyn t tham gia vo thnh phn ca cht phn ng.
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh bao gi cng c hai qu trnh:
Lun vn tt nghip
- Qu trnh oxi ha: c s nhng electron.
- Qu trnh kh: c s nhn electron.
Cht no nhng electron s l cht kh, cn cht nhn electron l cht oxi
ha.
S oxi ha lm tng s oxi ha ca cht kh. S kh lm gim s oxi ha
ca cht oxi ha.
C th xem phn ng oxi ha kh l s tng hp ca 2 na phn ng: phn
ng oxi ha v phn ng kh.
Bt k dng oxi ha no cng ng vi mt dng kh: OX + ne = Kh; ta
ccp oxi ha kh: OX/Kh.
S kt hp hai cp oxi ha kh cho ta mt na phn ng oxi ha kh:
OX
1
+ Kh
2
= OX
2
+ Kh
1
2. Cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh:
a. Phng php thng bng electron:
C s ca phng php l s electron m cht kh mt i trong phn ng
bng ng s electron m cht oxi ha nhn c.
Th d: Cn bng phn ng: HNO
3
+ H
2
S NO + S + H
2
O
S oxi ha ca N chuyn t (+5) HNO
3
sang (+2) NO:
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
S oxi ha ca S chuyn t (-2) H
2
S sang (0) S:
S
-2
2e S
0
Theo phng trnh thng bng electron ta c:
2 nhn vi: N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
3 nhn vi: S
-2
2e S
0
=> 2N
+5
+ 3S
-2+
2N
+2
+ 3S
0
Hay: 2HNO
3
+ 3H
2
S 2NO + 3S + 4H
2
O
b. Ph ng trnh na phn ng ion - electron : Phng php thch ng cho
cc phn ng oxi ha kh trong dung dch.
Th d cn bng phn ng:
KMnO
4
+ H
2
S + H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ S + K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
2 nhn vi: MnO
4
-
+ 8H
+
+ 5e Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
5 nhn vi: H
2
S 2e S + 2H
+
=> 2MnO
4
-
+ 16H
+
+ 5H
2
S 2Mn
2+
+ 8H
2
O + 5S + 10H
+
Hay: 2KMnO
4
+ 5H
2
S + 3H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 5S + K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
II/ Dung dch in phn:
1. Cn bng trong dung dch in phn:
a. S in li:
Theo Areniut, i vi mt cht in phn
M A
+
cho cn bng sau s
c thit lp mt nhit xc nh:
z z
M A M A

+
+ +
+
(*)
Cn bng ny c c trng bng hng s phn li K
C
:
[ ] .[ ]
[ ]
z z
C
M A
K
M A

+ +
+

Lun vn tt nghip
Mt thng s nh lng na ca cht in phn trong dung dch l in
li
, l t s gia s phn t phn li v tng s phn t cht in phn. Gia
v
K
C
c mi lin h biu th bng phng trnh:
2
1
C
C
K

y C l nng dung dch cht in phn ha tr 1-1(

1
+

).
i vi dung dch rt long ca cht in phn c phn li kh b (
<<1)
th:
C
K
C

Nhng thuc tnh nhit ng (p sut thm thu
, h p sut hi bo
ha, tng im si, h bng im...) ca dung dch dch in phn so vi nhng
thuc tnh tng ng ca dung dch khng in phn cng nng c xc nh
thng qua h s ng trng i:
d
dp dp
k p kdp
T
i
T
y dp
l p sut thm thu ca dung dch in phn; kdp
l p sut thm
thu ca dung dch khng in phn; dp
T
l tng im si (hay h bng im)
ca dung dch in phn; kdp
T
l tng im si (hay h bng im) ca dung
dch khng in phn.
Gia h s i v phn li
c s lin h:
= (i 1)/(
- 1)
vi:

+
+
b. Hot v h s hot ca cht in phn:
i vi cc dung dch ca cht in phn nng trung bnh tr ln,
nhng thuc tnh nhit ng ca chng c xc nh bng hot a.
Nu cht in phn
M A
+
phn li theo phng trnh (*) th hot cht tan
lin h vi hot tng ion ring r bng h thc:
. a a a
+
+
c th xc nh c bng thc nghim, khi nim hot ion trung

bnh
a
t
ca cht in phn c s dng v khi :
. a a a a

+
t +

vi:

+
+
Hot ca tng ion lin h vi nng thng qua h s hot
i
.
Vi thang nng molan m ta c:
( ) ( )
.
i m i i m
a m
Vi thang nng phn t gam C
M
ta c:
( ) ( )
.
i c i i c
a C
Vi thang nng phn s mol x, ta c:
( ) ( )
.
i x i i x
a x

in ha hc thng s dng thang nng molan, do ngi ta cng s
dng i lng molan trung bnh
m
t
v c xc nh bng:
Lun vn tt nghip
1/
( . ) m m m
+
t +
m
t
lin h vi nng molan m ca dung dch bng:
1/
( . ) . m m

+
t +
Gia hot ion trung bnh v nng molan trung bnh c s lin h sau:
( ) ( )
.
m m
a m
t t t
vi:
1/
( )
( . )
m

+
t +
i vi cc dung dch v cng long m tng tc gia cc ion c

b qua, h s hot ion trung bnh dn ti n v v khng ph thuc vo cch biu
th nng .
i vi mt ion cho, h s hot khng ch ph thuc vo nng v
in tch ca n trong dung dch m cn ph thuc nng v in tch ca cc ion
khc, do khi nim lc ion I ca dung dch c xc nh bng h thc:
2
1
.
2
i i
I m Z

L thuyt v dung dch cht in phn mnh dn ti nh lut gii hn
ca bai - Hucken v h s hot ph thuc vo lc ion ca dung dch. i vi
mt ion i cho, s ph thuc trn c biu th bng phng trnh:
2
lg
i i
AZ I
vi A l hng s i vi mt dung mi cho v mt nhit xc nh, A
c gi tr c tnh theo biu thc:
6
3/ 2
1,823.10
( )
A
T
l hng s in mi ca mi trng, T l nhit tuyt i, Z

i
l
in tch ion i.
i vi h s hot ion trung bnh, phng trnh gii hn ca bai-
Hucken c dng:
lg A z z I
t +

Cn lu rng nh lut gii hn ca bai-Hucken v h s hot c
thit lp vi nng phn s mol x. c th so snh vi thc nghim, nng
molan hay c s dng, khi :
( ) ( )
lg lg lg(1 0, 018 )
m x
m
t t
+
nu dung mi l nc. Tuy nhin nng rt nh khin cho khng c s
sai khc ng k gia ( )
lg
m
t v ( )
lg
x
t th phng trnh gii hn ca bai-Hucken

trn vn c p dng cho thang nng molan.
khu vc nng trung bnh, s gn ng bc hai ca bai-Hucken c
dng:
2
lg
1
i
i
AZ I
aB I

+
hoc: lg
1
A z z I
aB I
+
t

+
vi a l ng knh hu hiu trung bnh ca ion; B l mt hng s i vi
mt dung mi mt nhit cho.
Lun vn tt nghip
i vi dung dch nc ca cht in phn 25
0
C s gn ng bc hai ca
bai-Hucken c dng n gin hn:
lg
1
A z z I
I
+
t

+
2. dn in ca dung dch in phn:
Kh nng dn in L ca dung dch in phn c xc nh bng i lng
nghch o ca in tr R.
L = 1/R
in tr R ca mt khi dung dch c chiu di l , tit din ngang S c
xc nh bng cng thc:
R =
. l /S
y
l in tr ring ca dung dch. Ngi ta gi nghch o ca
l
dn in ring v c k hiu bng
= 1/
=1/R . l /S = L . l /S
Th nguyn ca dn in ring
l [in tr]
-1
.[ di]
-1
. Trong thc
nghim in ha, i lng l/S c gi l hng s bnh C, do t cng thc trn ta
c:
= 1/R . C
c th so snh kh nng dn in ca dung dch in phn c ha tr ion
khc nhau ngi ta dng khi nim dn in ng lng , c lin h vi dn
in ring bng phng trnh:
= 1000.
/C
vi C l s ng lng gam cht in phn c trong 1 lt dung dch.
Nu
l dn in ng lng long v tn th i vi cht in

phn yu: /
2
.
( )
c
C
K

Nghin cu kh nng dn in ca cc ion long v tn, Knrauxo

i ti kt lun:

+

+
Cc i lng
c gi l linh ion v c cng th nguyn vi

dn in ng lng tc l
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. Gia linh ion v tc tuyt i U
ca ion c s lin h:
= U
+
.F v
= U
-
.F
y U
+
v U
-
l tc tuyt i ca cc ion tng ng, l tc ca
ion khi cng in trng bng 1 von/cm. Th nguyn ca U l cm
2
/von.giy. Cn
F l s Faraday c gi tr bng 96500 culong.
biu th s ph thuc ca dn in ng lng vo nng dung
dch, i vi cht in phn mnh trong dung dch long ngi ta s dng cc phng
trnh kinh nghim:
A C
(phng trnh Knrauxo)

i vi cht in phn yu, axit axetic chng hn, phng trnh sau c
nghim ng:
Lun vn tt nghip
2
1 1 .
.
c
C
K

+
y C l nng dung dch; K
c
l hng s phn li.
Cc phng trnh ny c s dng trong vic xc nh i lng
ca
cht in phn mnh v yu.
Thuyt hin i v dung dch in phn ca bai-Hucken cho php
thit lp mt cch l thuyt v s ph thuc ca dn in ng lng vo nng
dung dch. i vi dung dch long ca cht in phn ha tr 1-1 trong nc 25
0
C,
ta c phng trnh gii hn ca bai-Onxaygio:
(60, 20 0, 23. ) C

+
3. S ti:
Ngi ta gi s ti ca mt dng ion l t s gia in lng do dng ion
ti i v in lng tng qut ti bi cc dng ion c trong dung dch.
Gia s ti ca ion v linh ion c mt s lin h:
t
t

+ +

V
U F
U F
+ +

vi U
+
, U
-
l tc tuyt i ca cation, anion, nn:
t U V
t U V
+ + +

vi V
+
, V
-
l tc di chuyn ca cation, anion.
i vi cht in phn phn li thnh 2 dng cation v anion th: t
+
+ t
-
= 1.
S ti c xc nh bng phng php Hittop theo :
;
a c
a c a c
m m
t t
m m m m
+

+ +
y
;
a c
m m
l gim lng cht in phn khu anot; khu catot ca
thit b Hittop.
Cc cng thc ny ch ng khi in cc khng tng tc ha hc vi dung
dch in phn.
Trong trng hp ngc li th lng cht in phn khng ngng tng ln
khu anot do in cc ha tan, do s ti anion c xc nh nh sau:
a
m
t
F
v t
+
= 1 t
-
y
a
m
l tng s ng lng gam khu anot; F l tng s Faraday
cho i qua dung dch. S ti cn c xc nh bng phng php ranh gii di ng
theo :
. . . .
;
1000 . 1000 .
F V C FV C
t t
I t I t
+
+

y C
+
v C
-
l nng cation v anion tnh bng ng lng gam/ l ; F
l s Faraday, bng 96500 culong; V l th tch dung dch gii hn bi 2 v tr u v
cui ca ranh gii v tnh bng cm
3
; I l cng dng in, tnh bng ampe; t l thi
gian tnh bng giy.
III/ Nguyn t Ganvani:
Lun vn tt nghip
1. Nhit ng hc v nguyn t Ganvani:
Nguyn t Ganvani l mt thit b in ha cho php bin i ha nng
thnh in nng. Nguyn t Ganvani in hnh v c in l nguyn t (hay cn gi l
pin) anien-Giacobi c vit theo s :
4 1 4 2
( ) uS ( ) Zn ZnSO m C O m Cu M
+
-
Chiu quy c ca dng in c ch ra s trn, theo mch
ngoi dng in di chuyn t phi sang tri do cc dng ca nguyn t Ganvani
pha phi, cn cc m s bn tri ca s . Nguyn t in ha c vit theo quy
c trn bao gi cng ng vi gi tr dng ca sc in ng E. Gi tr dng ca
E c ngha l dng in lu thng mt cch t nhin theo chiu ch ra trn.
Nguyn t Ganvani gm 2 na nguyn t (2 in cc). Na nguyn t phi
ca s trn s l cc dng (hay anot); cn na nguyn t tri s ng vai tr cc
m (hay catot) ca nguyn t.
Phn ng in ha xy ra trong nguyn t khi nguyn t ny lm vic l s
kt hp 2 phn ng in cc (phn ng mi na nguyn t).
Ti cc m (catot) ca nguyn t xy ra s oxi ha:
Zn 2e = Zn
2+
Ti cc dng (anot) ca nguyn t xy ra s kh:
Cu
2+
+ 2e = Cu
Phn ng tng qut l s kt hp 2 phn ng trn:
Zn + Cu
2+
= Zn
2+
+ Cu
Theo s nguyn t trn, gia 2 dung dch in phn xut hin mt hiu
in th c gi l th khuch tn do s khc nhau v linh cc ion dng v m.
Nu lu ti mi qu trnh in cc v s ti th i vi phn ng trong pin cho,
biu thc v sc in ng c cho bi phng trnh Nernst:
2
2
0
ln
2
Zn
Cu
a
RT
E E
F a
+
+

Mt cch tng qut, nu phn ng trong pin xy ra theo phng trnh:
aA + bB + ... = mM + nN + ...
th sc in ng E bng:
0
ln
RT
E E Q
nF

vi
.
.
m n
M N
a b
A B
a a
Q
a a
Trong : a
i
l hot ca cht i; n l s electron trao i trong phn ng
in ha.
25
0
C, phng trnh Nernst c dng:
0
0, 059
ln E E Q
n

Sc in ng E c th c tnh nu bit th ca tng in cc (th na
nguyn t). Th in cc c hiu theo quy c sau:
i vi na nguyn t ng vi phn ng:
H
+
+ e = 1/2 H
2
th E
0
= 0.
Nh vy, i vi na nguyn t kho st, c th xem nh hon ton tng
ng vi mt nguyn t hon chnh gm na nguyn t nghin cu kt hp vi na
Lun vn tt nghip
nguyn t hidro chun. Theo quy c Stockholm (Thy in), na nguyn t hidro
chun c xp bn tri ca s nguyn t, v sc in ng ca mt nguyn t nh
vy chnh l th in cc
.
Tm li, th in cc
ca mt in cc (na nguyn t) l sc in ng
ca mt nguyn t Ganvani cu to bi in cc hidro chun xp bn tri s
nguyn t v in cc kho st. Th in cc
c th dng hoc m.
Theo quy c vit s nguyn t th sc in ng E bng hiu gia th
ca in cc dng hn v th ca in cc m hn.
E
+

V d i vi nguyn t anien-Giacobi th:
2 2
/ / Cu Cu Zn Zn
E
+ +
+

2 2 2
2 2 2
0
/ /
0
/ /
ln
2
ln
2
Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu
Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn
RT
a
F
RT
a
F

+ + +
+ + +
+
+
y l 2 phng trnh Nernst v th in cc. Nu nguyn t in ha lm
vic trong iu kin thun nghch nhit ng th cng do pin sn ra:
A
max
= - G = nEF
Khi biu th E bng von, F = 96500 culong th A
max
cng nh G c tnh
ra jun.
Ngoi ra i vi pin in, cc biu thc sau c p dng:
0
ln
p
p
E
S nF
T
E
H nF T E
T
RT
E K
nF
_

,
1
_

1

,
1
]
K l hng s cn bng ca phn ng xy ra trong pin. i vi pin nng

c s ti kiu:
2 1 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) Pt H HCl m HCl m H Pt M
th sc in ng c vit:
E = E
e
+ E
i
y E
e
l sc in ng gn lin vi cc qu trnh in cc, cn E
i
l th
khuch tn. S tnh ton cho thy:
2
1
( )
2. . ln
( )
a RT
E t
F a
t
V:
2
1
( )
ln
( )
c
a RT
E
F a
t
t
nn th khuch tn E
i
bng:
E
i
= E
1
E
2
=
2 2
1 1
( ) ( )
(2. 1). ln ( ) ln
( ) ( )
a a RT RT
t t t
F a F a
t t
+
t t

V:
; t t

+
+
+ +

+ +
nn th khuch tn E
i
bng:
Lun vn tt nghip
2
1
( )
. ln
( )
j
a RT
E
F a

+ t
+ t
+
i vi nguyn t nng to bi 2 in cc loi 2, v d:
1 2
, ( ) ( ) , Ag AgCl HCl m HCl m AgCl Ag M
th:
2
1
1 1
2 2
1 1
2 2
( )
2. . ln
( )
( ) ( )
2. . ln ln
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
(2. 1). ln ( ). ln
( ) ( )
j e
j
a RT
E t
F a
a a RT RT
E E E t
F a F a
a a RT RT
E t t t
F a F a
t
+
t
t t
+
t t
t t
+ +
t t

2. Mt s ng dng ca s o sc in ng ca nguyn t Ganvani:
a. pH:
Ngi ta li dng phng php o sc in ng xc nh pH (pH =
-lg
H
a
+ ) ca dung dch. Nh th nguyn t c sc in ng phi o s cu to bi 2
in cc trong c mt in cc ch th, tc l in cc m th ph thuc vo hot
hay nng ion hidro. C nhiu in cc ch th nh in cc hidro, in cc
quinhidron, in cc thy tinh, in cc antimon...
b. H s hot ion trung bnh ca cht in phn:
Bng phng php o in th ngi ta c th xc nh chnh xc h s hot
ion trung bnh ca cht in phn. Khi nhiu kiu nguyn t Ganvani thch hp
c s dng, hay cn dng hn c l pin nng c ti v khng c ti.
c. Tch s tan ca cht kh tan:
Tch s tan T ca 1 cht kh tan chnh l hng s cn bng gia cht rn v
ion ca n trong dung dch. Phng php thch hp nht xc nh T l phng php
o sc in ng. V nguyn tc mun xc nh T ca 1 cht kh tan MA, ta lp mch
sau:
A
cht tan A
-
MA
(r)
, M
Tuy nhin trong thc t ngi ta li s dng 1 phng php t chnh xc hn
bng cch lp mch:
( ) 2 2
, aA ,
r
M MA N KCl Hg Cl Hg
Phng php o in th cn c dng rng ri xc nh hng s khng
bn ca phc cht, trong vic chun (chun in th), xc nh hng s phn li...
IV/ in phn v qu th:
Qu trnh bin i ha hc trn cc in cc khi c dng in mt chiu lu
thng qua cht in phn gi l s in phn. nh lut Faraday l c s nh lng
cho s in phn, v c pht biu nh sau: lng cht thot ra trn in cc hay
ha tan vo dung dch t l thun vi in lng i qua cht in phn v vi ng
lng ha hc ca cht .
Nu m l lng cht b bin i ha hc trn in cc (tnh bng gam), I l
cng dng (tnh bng ampe), t l thi gian in phn (tnh bng giy) v
l
ng lng ha hc ca cht (
=A/n vi A l khi lng mol nguyn t ca cht, n

l ha tr) th nh lut Faraday pht biu trn c cng thc ha bng phng
trnh:
m =
/96500.I.t
Lun vn tt nghip
i lng
/96500 chnh l ng lng in ha. Nu thi gian tnh ra gi

th:
m =
/26,8.I.t
V s in phn bao gi cng km theo cc qu trnh ph khin cho in
nng thc t dng trong in phn bao gi cng cao hn so vi tnh ton theo Faraday,
nn ngi ta a ra khi nim hiu sut dng in, k hiu bng
. Hiu sut dng

in l t s gia lng cht thc t thot ra trong in phn v lng cht thot ra
theo nh lut Faraday:
'.96500
.100%
. .
m
I t

(nu t tnh ra giy)

'.26,8
.100%
. .
m
I t

(nu t tnh ra gi)

m l lng cht thc t thot ra trong in phn.
Qu trnh in phn thng km theo hin tng phn cc: l hin tng
xut hin 1 dng in ngc chiu vi dng in ngoi dng in phn. Ngi ta
gi sc in ng xut hin gia 2 in cc trong qu trnh in phn l sc in ng
phn cc E
p
. s in phn thc t c th xy ra, cn phi t vo hai u in cc 1
hiu in th c gi tr hi ln hn gi tr E
p
.
Hiu th b nht cn cho s in phn c th lin tc xy ra c gi l th
phn hy E
ph
.
Hiu gia th phn hy E
ph
v sc in ng phn cc E
p
l qu th, cng k
hiu bng ch
= E
ph
E
p

Qu th trong s gii phng kim loi trn catot thng c gi tr nh trong
khi , gii phng kh, qu th c gi tr ng k. Qu th l mt hm ca mt
in v c biu th bng phng trnh Tafen
= a + b.lgi
y i l mt dng in; a v b l 2 hng s. Hng s b c gi tr bng
0,12 v khng i i vi cc kim loi khc nhau. Hng s a c gi tr thay i kh ln
i vi cc kim loi khc nhau.
Ty thuc vo bn cht qu trnh in ha m trong in phn ngi ta phn
bit s phn cc hot ha vi s phn cc nng . Trong s phn cc nng , tc
khuch tn ion v in cc tun theo nh lut Fick th nht di dng:
v = D.A.C/
vi: D l h s khuch tn ion [cm
2
/giy];
A l din tch in cc [cm
2
];
C l nng dung dch;
l b dy lp khuch tn [cm].
V trong in ha hc tc qu trnh in cc c o bng mt in i
nn ta c:
v = (i.A)/(n.F)
Vy: i = n.F.D.C/
PHN B: BI TP
Lun vn tt nghip
Chng I: CU TO CHT
I/ Bi tp ht nhn nguyn t:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
a. Bi tp v ng v:
Bi 1: Nguyn t At tn ti 2 dng ng v
210
85
At v
212
85
At vi nguyn t khi
tng ng l 209,64 v 211,664.
a. Hy cho bit thnh phn ht nhn ca 2 ng v ny.
b. Xc nh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca 2 ng v nu trn bit rng
nguyn t khi trung bnh trong t nhin ca At l 210,197.
Gii
a.
210
85
At: Thnh phn ht nhn p = 85; n = A p = 210 85 = 125

212
85
At: p = 85; n = 212 85 = 127
b. t x
1
v m
1
l thnh phn phn trm v nguyn t khi ca
210
85
At
.
x
2
v m
2
l thnh phn phn trm v nguyn t khi ca
212
85
At.
m l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca At.
Ta c phng trnh:
100m = x
1
m
1
+ x
2
m
2
(1)
100 = x
1
+ x
2
(2)
T (1) v (2) rt ra:
2
1
1 2
100(m m ) 100(210,197 211,664)
x
m m 209,64 211,664

= 72,48%
1
2
2 1
100(m m) 100(210,197 209,64)
x
m m 211,664 209,64

= 27,52%
Bi 2: Ngi ta bit rng nguyn t argon tn ti ba loi ng v khc nhau ng
vi cc s khi 36; 38 v A. Phn trm s nguyn t tng ng ca ba ng v ln
lt bng: 0,34%; 0,06% v 99,6%. Nguyn t khi chim bi 125 nguyn t Ar l
4997,5. Hy:
a. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Ar.
b. Xc nh s khi A ca ng v th ba.
Gii:
a. Theo : nguyn t khi chim 125 nguyn t Ar l 4997,5.
Nn suy ra: nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Ar l:

4997,5
39, 98
125
M
b. p dng cng thc:
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3
36.0,34 +38.0,06 + A.99,6
39,98
100
x M x M x M
M
x x x
+ +

+ +
T ta suy ra s khi A c lm trn (b qua phn thp phn). Vy s khi A

40.
b. Bi tp v phn ng ht nhn:
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 1: H phng x actini bt u t urani235(
235
92
U) v kt thc bng ch207(
207
82
Pb)
a. Nm giai on u xy ra ln lt kiu phng , , , , .
Hy xc nh cc ng v phng x c sinh ra mi giai on bt u t urani235.
b. Sn phm ca cc giai on tip theo ln lt l:
219 215 211 211 207 207
86 84 82 83 81 82
Rn Po Pb Bi Tl Pb
Gii
a.
235 231 4
92 90 2
U Th He
+

231 231 0
90 91 1
Th Pa e
+

231 227 4
91 89 2
Pa Ac He
+

227 223 4
89 87 2
Ac Fr He
+

223 223 0
87 88 1
Fr Ra e
+
b.
223 219 4
88 86 2
Ra Rn He
+

219 215 4
86 84 2
Rn Po He
+

215 211 4
84 82 2
Po Pb He
+

211 211 0
82 83 1
Pb Bi e
+

211 207 4
83 81 2
Bi Tl He
+

207 207 0
81 82 1
Tl Pb e
+
Bi 2: a. Trong dy phng x lin tip
238
92
U , qua 1 dy phng x lin tip
238
92
U bin
thnh ng v bn
206
82
Pb. Hi trong qu trnh phng x c bao nhiu ht v bao
nhiu ht c phng ra t 1 ht nhn
238
92
U ?
b. Hi c bao nhiu ht , ht c phng ra trong dy bin i phng x
chuyn
232
90
Ththnh
208
82
Pb?
Gii
a. S phng x lm gim s khi l 4, nh vy trong qu trnh bin i phng x s
ht c phng ra l: N
= (238 206)/4 = 8
Khi phng x 8 ht th s hiu nguyn t gim: 2.8 = 16
Trong dy bin i phng x ny , s proton ch gim: 92 - 82 = 10
V mi ln phng x s hiu nguyn t tng 1 n v, do s ht c phng ra
l: N
= 16 - 10 = 6
b. Tng t: N
= 6; N
= 4.
Bi 3: Vit cc phng trnh bin i ht nhn:
61 1 1 27 1 4
28 1 0 13 1 2
10 1 4 1 83 82 1
5 0 2 1 35 35 0
. ? . ?
. ? .?
a Ni H n c Al H He
b B n He d H Br Br n
+ + + +
+ + + +
Gii
61 1 61 1 27 1 24 4
28 1 29 0 13 1 12 2
10 1 7 4 82 1 83 82 1
5 0 3 2 34 1 35 35 0
. .
. .
a Ni H Cu n c Al H Mg He
b B n Li He d Se H Br Br n
+ + + +
+ + + +
Bi 4: Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn sau y (c nh lut bo
ton no c dng khi hon thnh cc phn ng trn?)
Lun vn tt nghip
238 230
92 90
235 206
92 82
. ....
. ....
a U Th
b U Th
+
+
Gii
p dng nh lut bo ton vt cht (bo ton s khi, bo ton in tch):
a.
238 230 4 0
92 90 2 1
U Th 2 He 2 e
+ +
b.
235 206 4 1 0
92 82 2 0 1
U Th 7 He n 4 e
+ + +
Bi 5: a. Mt trong cc ht nhn di y c hnh thnh t dy phng x xut
pht t
238
U. Hi ht nhn l ht nhn nguyn t no?
235
U,
234
U,
228
Ac,
224
Ra,
224
Rn,
220
Rn,
215
Po,
212
Pb,
221
Pb.
b. Xt phn ng phn hch n gin sau:
235 137
92 52
U n Te X 2n + + +
Hy xc nh ht nhn X.
Gii
a. Khi phng x s khi ht nhn khng i. Khi phng x s khi A gim 4 n
v , do s khi ca cc ht nhn xut hin trong dy phng x
238
U phi l 2384n (n
l s nguyn) ta d thy rng ht nhn l
234
U.
b. T phn ng suy ra:
S khi ca X = 235 + 1 - (137 + 2) = 97
S hiu nguyn t ca X = 92 52 = 40
Do X l:
92
40
Zr
235 1 137 92 1
92 0 52 40 0
U n Te Zr 2( n) + + +
Bi 6: Hon thnh cc phn ng ht nhn sau y:
27 1 4
13 1 2
1 83 1
1 35 0
239
94
235 1 143 1
92 0 56 0
. + ? +
. ? ? +
. ?
d. + + ? + 3
a Al H He
b H Br n
c Pu
U n Ba n
Gii
27 1 24 4
13 1 12 2
82 1 83 82 1
34 1 35 35 0
239 4 235
94 2 92
235 1 143 90 1
92 0 56 36 0
. + Mg +
. Se + +
. +
d. + + Kr + 3
a Al H He
b H Br Br n
c Pu He U
U n Ba n
Bi 7: 1. Hy xc nh t s khi lng electron trong nguyn t oxy

16
8
( O) so vi
khi lng ca ton nguyn t .
Cho: m
e
= 9,109.10
-31
kg;
m
p
= 1,672.10
-27
kg;
m
n
= 1,675.10
-27
kg.
2. Xut pht t phn ng phn hch sau y:

235 1 146 1
0 0
+ + X + 3( ) U n La n
Hy xc nh Z v A ca ht nhn X bit s in tch ht nhn Z ca U v La ln lt
bng 92 v 57.
Lun vn tt nghip
Gii
1. Cc ht trong
16
8
( O) l: p = e = Z = 8
n = A Z = 16 8 = 8
Trong trng hp ny cc ht l nh nhau.
Khi lng ca mt nguyn t oxy l: M = m
p
+ m
e
+ m
n
M = 8.1,672.10
-27
+ 8.9,109.10
-31
+ 8.1,675.10
-27
= 2,6783.10
-26
kg
T s khi lng l:
31
26
8.9,109.10
2, 6783.10
e
m
M
= 2,721.10
-4
2. Theo phn ng, s khi ca X l:
A = (235 + 1) (146 + 3) = 87
Do ntron khng c in tch nn s in tch Z ca X l:
Z = 92 57 = 35
chnh l nguyn t Br. Vy phn ng trn c dng:
235 1 146 87 1
92 0 57 35 0
+ + Br + 3( ) U n La n
c. Bi tp v nng lng lin kt ht nhn v nng lng phn ng ht
nhn:
Bi 1: a. Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca oxi bit rng trong t nhin,
oxi tn ti ba ng v:
16
O (99,762%);
17
O(0,038%);
18
O(0,200%).
b. Trong thc t, khi lng ht nhn hi nh hn tng khi lng ca
proton v ntron to nn ht nhn. V vy khi xc nh bng thc nghim khi lng
cc ng v ca oxi nh sau:
16
O (15,99491 vC);
17
O(16,99914 vC);
18
O(17,99916
vC).
Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca oxi da vo cc d liu trn.
V sao khi lng ht nhn li nh hn tng s khi lng ca proton v ntron to
nn ht nhn ?
Gii
a. Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca oxi:
16.99, 762 17.0, 038 18.0, 200
16, 00438( )
100 100 100
u + +
b. - Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca oxi:
15, 99491.99, 762 16, 99914.0, 038 17, 99916.0, 200
15, 9993( )
100 100 100
u + +

- Khi lng ht nhn nh hn tng s khi lng ca proton v ntron to nn ht
nhn do khi cc proton v ntron kt hp vi nhau to thnh ht nhn nguyn t s
ta ra mt nng lng (E) khng l v c s hao ht khi lng (m) tng ng tun
theo phng trnh Einstein E=mc
2
.
Bi 2: a. Hy tnh nng lng ta ra (nng lng nhit hch) trong phn ng ht
nhn sau:
3 2 4 1
1 1 2 0
H H He n + +
Bit khi lng ca
3 2 4 1
1 1 2 0
H, H, He, n theo th t l 3,01604u; 2,01410u; 4,00260u;
1,00862u.
b. Hy tnh nng lng c gii phng i vi 1 mol nguyn t
235
92
U trong
phn ng phn hch:
235 1 146 87 1
92 0 57 35 0
U n La Br 3( n) + + +
Lun vn tt nghip
Bit khi lng tng ng ca
235 1 146 87
92 0 57 35
U, n, La, Br theo th t l 235,044u; 1,00862u;
145,943u; 86,912u.
Gii
a. m = (3,01604 + 2,01410) (4,00260 + 1,00862) = 0,01892u
E = mc
2
= 0,01892.1,6605.10
27
.(2,99793.10
8
)
2
= 2,82.10
-12
J
Nu tnh theo n v MeV:

3
8 2 6
23 19
0, 01892.10
.(2, 99793.10 ) .10 0, 01892.931( ) 17, 61452( )
6, 022.10 .1, 602.10
E MeV MeV

b. m = (235,044 + 1,00862) (145,943 + 86,912 + 3.1,00862) = 0,172 u
ng vi 1 mol nguyn t Uran: m = 0,172.10
-3
(kg)
E = mc
2
= 0,172.10
-3
.(2,99793.10
8
)
2
= 1,55.10
13
J
Nu tnh theo n v MeV:
23 25
(0,172.931).6, 022.10 9, 64.10 ( ) E MeV
Bi 3: Khi bn ph ng v
235
92
U bng mt ntron ta thu c cc nguyn t
132
51
( Sb) v
101
41
( Nb). Hy xc nh nng lng c gii phng ra theo eV ca mt
nguyn t urani 235? Cho: m(
235
U) = 235,04u; m(
132
Sb) = 131,885u; m(
101
Nb) =
100,911u; m
n
= 1,0087u; c = 3.10
8
m/s.
Gii
Phn ng ht nhn:
235 1 132 101 1
92 0 51 41 0
+ Sb + Nb + 3 U n n
S ht khi lng l: m = m(
235
U) + m
n
[m(
132
Sb) + m(
101
Nb) + 3m
n
]
Sau khi thay s vo biu thc ta c: m = 0,2266u
Nng lng gii phng ra c tnh theo cng thc: E = m . c
2
. Thay cc gi tr
tng ng vo h s chuyn i n v ta thu c gi tr E :
27 8 2
19
0, 2266.1,66.10 .(3.10 )
1, 6.10
E

= 211,6.10
6
eV
Bi 4: Cho bit nng lng c gii phng ra t mt phn ng ht nhn:
3 1 1 3
2 0 1 1
He + n H + H l 0,76 MeV. Hy xc nh nguyn t khi thc theo n
v u ca
3
2
He?
Cho m(
1
0
n) = 1,00867u ; 1eV = 1,6.10
-19
J
m(
1
1
H) = 1,00783u ; 1u = 1,66.10
-27
kg
m(
3
1
H) = 3,01605u ; c = 3.10
8
m/s
Gii
Mun xc nh m (
3
2
He ) trong phn ng trn ta phi tm c s ht khi lng m .
Theo cng thc
2
E m.c
hay:
6 19
2 8 2
0, 76.10 .1,6.10
(3.10 )
E
m
c

= 1,351.10
-30
kg = 8,139.10
-4
u
Mt khc, theo phn ng trn ta c th tnh:
3 1 1 3
2 0 1 1
3 1 3 1
2 1 1 0
( He) ( ) [ ( ) ( )]
( He) [ ( ) ( )] ( )
m m m n m H m H
m m m H m H m n
+ +
+ +
Thay cc s tng ng vo ta c: m(
3
2
He
) = 3,01602u
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 5: Cho cc qu trnh di y:

6 6
2 3
He Li
(1)
+

;
13 13
7 6
N C
(2)
+
+
;
7 7
4 3
Be Li
(3)
+
+

a. Qu trnh no c th t din bin? V sao?
b. So snh tc cc i ca ht s cp (
-
,
+
) cc qu trnh c th t din bin c.

Cho: He = 6,01889 u; Li = 6,01512 u; N = 13,00574 u; C = 13,00335 u ;
Be = 7,01693 u; Li = 7,01600 u; m
= 0,00055 u; 1eV = 1,602.10

-19
J.
Gii
a. H
1
= -m
1
.932.10
6
.1,602.10
-19
.6,022.10
23
J.mol
-1
= -(6,01889 - 6,01512).932.10
6
.1,602.10
-19
.6,022.10
23
J.mol
-1
= -3,39.10
11
J.mol
-1
H
2
= -m
2
.932.10
6
.1,602.10
-19
.6,022.10
23
J.mol
-1

= -(13,00574 - 13,00335 - 2.0,00055).932.10
6
.1,602.10
-19
.6,022.10
23
J.mol
-1

= -1,16.10
11
J.mol
-1
H
3
= -m
3
.932.10
6
.1,602.10
-19
.6,022.10
23
J.mol
-
1

= -(7,01693 - 7,01600 - 2 . 0,00055).932.10
6
.1,602.10
-19
. 6,022.10
23
J.mol
-1

= 1,53.10
10
J.mol
-1
H
1
, H
2
<< 0; S
1
, S
2
> 0 G
1
, G
2
<< 0. Cc qu trnh (1) v (2) t din bin.
H
3
>> 0, S
3
> 0 G
3
>> 0. Qu trnh (3) khng t din bin.
b. m
1
= 3,77.10
-3
u > m
2
= 1,29.10
-3
u.
Vy tc cc i ca electron pht sinh (1) ln hn tc cc i ca electron
pht sinh (2).
d. Bi tp v chu k bn hy v xc nh tui c vt:
Bi 1: a. Mt cht phng x c chu k bn hy t
1/2
= 30 nm. Hi trong bao lu
99,9% s nguyn t cht b phn hy phng x?
b. Mt cht phng x c chu k bn hy t
1/2
= 500 nm. Hi sau bao nhiu
nm th 75% khi lng ban u ca nguyn t b phn hy phng x?
Gii
a. Gi N
0
l s nguyn t ban u (t = 0), s nguyn t thi im t (N
t
).
0
t 1/2
N 0,693
ln( ) kt t
N T

0
1/2
.ln( )
0, 693
t
N
t
N
t
100
30.ln( )
0,1
0, 693
t
299 nm
Tnh gn ng: (0,5)
x
= 10,999
x = 9,966 (x l s chu k bn hy)

=> t = 30.9,966 = 298,98 nm
b. Gi N
0
l s nguyn t ban u (t = 0), s nguyn t thi im t (N
t
) .
0
t 1/2
N 0,693
ln( ) kt t
N T

Lun vn tt nghip
0
1/ 2
.ln( )
0, 693
t
N
t
N
t
100
500.ln( )
25
0, 693
t
1000 nm
Cch khc: v: 75 = 1/2.100 + 1/2.50
t = 500 + 500 = 1000 nm

Cng c th tnh gn ng nh trn: (0,5)
x
= 0,25
x = 2 (x l s chu k bn hy)
=> t = 500.2 = 1000 nm
Bi 2: a.
226
Ra c chu k bn hy l 1590 nm. Hy tnh khi lng ca mt mu
Ra c cng phng x l 1 Curi (1Ci=3,7.10
10
Bq)?
b. Cng cu hi trn i vi
40
19
K c chu k bn hy l 1,49.10
9
nm, i vi
137
56
Bac chu k bn hy l 2,6 pht.
Gii
a. Gi N l s nguyn t trong mu Rai c 3,7.10
10
Bq phn r trong 1 giy.
Ta c:
10
1/ 2
0, 693
3, 7.10 .
dN
kN N
dt t

10 10
21 1/ 2
3, 7.10 . 3, 7.10 .1590.36.24.3600
2, 61.10
0, 693 0, 693
t
N
Khi lng ca mu =
21
23 23
226. 226.2, 61.10
1
6, 022.10 6, 022.10
N
gam
b. Tng t vi K: m
K
= 166,64kg v vi Ba: m
Ba
= 1,89.10
9
gam.
Bi 3: a. Hon thnh phn ng ht nhn: ? +
16 18
8 9
O F
b. ng v
18
9
F va thu c li tip tc phn hy v mt 90% v khi
lng trong vng 366 pht. Hy xc nh chu k bn phn hy ca nguyn t ny?
Gii
a.
2 16 18
1 8 9
H + O F
b. t m
o
khi lng ban u ca
18
F; m khi lng cn li sau khi b phn hy.
p dng cng thc N = N
o
e
-kt
. y s nguyn t N
o
v N c thay th bng m v
m
o
. Vy:
m = m
o
e
-kt
hay
o
m
ln kt
m

3
100 ln10
ln 6, 29.10
10 366
kt k

pht
-1
T gi tr k thu c ta d dng tnh c chu k bn phn hy:
1/2 3
0,693 0,693
t
k 6,29.10

= 110,18 pht
Bi 4: Trong mt phn ng ht nhn, khi lng ng v thic (
81
Sn) b gim i.
Hy xc nh khi lng ca ng v cn li l bao nhiu sau 25,5 gi? Bit chu k
bn phn hy l 8,5 gi, khi lng ban u ca Sn l 200 mg.
Gii
Lun vn tt nghip
Trc tin ta tnh k =
1/2
0,693
t
= 0,0815gi
-1
p dng cng thc N = N
o
e
-kt
. Trong trng hp ny s nguyn t c thay bng
khi lng:
m = m
o
e
-kt
= 200.e
-0,0815.25,5
m = 25 mg
tnh nhanh, trong thc t ta c th p dng cng thc:
m = 2
-n
m
o
, y n =
1/2
t
t
- s ln chu k bn hy
Vy m = 2
25,5/8,5
.200 = 2
-3
.200 = 25 mg
Nh th c hai cch tnh u cho cng mt kt qu nh nhau.
Bi 5: Triti l ng v phng x ca hiro, c chu k bn hy l 12,3 nm.
3 0 3
1 1 2
H e He
+
Ban u c 1,5 mg ng v th sau 49,2 nm cn li bao nhiu mg?
Gii
0
1/ 2
0, 693 0, 693
ln( ) . .49, 2 2, 772
12, 3
t
m
kt t
m t

0
t 0,2772 2,772
m 1,5
m 0,094mg
e e

Cch khc: S chu k bn hy: 49,2/12,3 = 4
Khi lng triti cn li = 1,5.(1/2)
4
= 0,9375 mg
Bi 6: Iot131 phng x c dng di dng natri ioua iu tr ung th tuyn
gip trng. Cht ny phng x
-
vi chu k bn hy l 8,05 ngy.
a. Vit phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng phn r ht nhn Iot131.
b. Nu mu ban u cha 1,0 microgam iot131 th trong mi pht bao nhiu ht
c pht ra?
Gii
a.
131 0 131
53 1 54
I Xe
+
b.
5
1/ 2
0, 693 0, 693
5, 978.10
8, 05.24.60
k
t

pht
-1

5
6 5,978.10 .1 7
0
. 10 . 9, 999402218.10
kt
t
m m e e gam

Tc phn r:
6 7
23 11
10 9, 999402218.10
.6, 022.10 2, 75.10
131

nguyn t/pht
Hay: trong mi pht c 2,75.10
11
ht c phng ra.
Cch khc:
5
1/2
0, 693 0, 693
5, 978.10
8, 05.24.60
k
t

pht
-1
Tc phn hy (N) tc l s nguyn t b phn hy trong 1 n v thi gian c xc
nh bi h thc: N = k.A (k: hng s phng x, A: s nguyn t c mt)
6
5 23 11
10
5, 978.10 . .6, 022.10 2, 75.10
131
N

nguyn t/pht
Hay: trong mi pht c 2,75.10
11
ht c phng ra.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 7: Gi s ng v phng x
238
92
Uphng ra cc ht , vi chu k bn hy l
5.10
9
nm to thnh
206
82
Pb.
a. C bao nhiu ht , to thnh t 1 ht
238
92
U?
b. Mt mu cha 47,6 mg
238
92
U v 30,9 mg
206
82
Pb. Tnh tui ca mu ?
Gii
a. Tnh s ht:
238 206 4 0
92 82 2 1
U Pb x. He y. e
+ +
Ta c: 82 + 2x - y = 92 v 206 + 4x = 238 => x = 8 v y = 6
Vy c 8 ht v 6 ht .
b. Tnh tui ca mu :
Gi n
1
, n
0
ln lt l s mol
238
92
U phn hy, ban u.
0
1
ln( )
n
kt
n

=>
3 3
3 9
47, 6.10 30, 9.10
0, 693
238 206
ln( )
30, 9.10 5.10
206
t

=> t = 6113260176 nm.

Bi 8: Phng th nghim c mu phng x Au
198
vi cng 4,0 mCi/1g Au. Sau
48 gi ngi ta cn mt dung dch c phng x 0,5 mCi/1g Au. Hy tnh s gam
dung mi khng phng x pha vi 1g Au c dung dch ni trn. Bit rng Au
198

c
t
1/2
= 2,7 ngy m.
Gii
t = 48 h = 2 ngy m.
p dng biu thc tc ca phn ng mt chiu bc mt cho phn ng phng x, ta
c: = 0,693/t
1/2;
Vi t
1/2
= 2,7 ngy m => = 0,257 (ngy m)
-1
.
T pt ng hc p. mt chiu bc nht, ta c: =(1/t) ln N
0
/N
Vy: N/N
0
= e
-
t
= e
-0,257 . 2
= 0,598.
Nh vy, sau 48 gi phng x ca mu ban u cn l:
0,598.4 = 2,392(mCi).
Do s gam dung mi tr cn dng l: (2,392/0,5) 1,0 = 3,784 (g)
2. Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: Nguyn t Mg thng c ba ng v khc nhau ng vi cc thnh phn:
ng v
24
Mg
25
Mg
26
Mg
% 78,6 10,1 11,3
a. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg?
b Nu gi s trong hn hp ng v ni trn c 50 nguyn t
25
Mg th s nguyn t
tng ng i vi hai ng v cn li l bao nhiu?
p s: a.
M
(Mg) = 24,33 b.
24
Mg c 389 nguyn t;
26
Mg c 56 nguyn t.
Bi 2: Bit tng s ht ca nguyn t X l 126, trong s ntron nhiu hn s
electron l 12 ht.
a. Tnh s proton v s khi A ca X.
b. Ngi ta li bit s nguyn t R c ba ng v X, Y, Z. S khi ca X bng
trung bnh cng s khi ca Y v Z. Hiu s ntron ca Y v Z gp hai ln s proton
ca hyro. Hy xc nh s khi ca Y v Z.
p s: a. p = 38; A
X
= 88; b. A
Y
= 89; A
Z
= 87
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 3: Bn dng ng v ca nguyn t X c c im sau:
Tng s khi ca bn ng v l 825.
Tng s ntron ca ng v th ba v th t ln hn s ntron ca ng v th nht
l 121 ht.
Hiu s s khi ng v th hai v th t nh hn hiu s s khi ng v th nht
v th ba l 5 n v.
Tng s cc ht ca ng v th nht v th t ln hn tng s s ht khng mang
in ca ng v th hai v th ba l 333.
S khi ca ng v th t bng 33,5% tng s s khi ca 3 ng v kia.
T cc d kin trn hy xc nh s khi ca 4 ng v v in tch ht nhn ca
nguyn t X.
p s: p = Z
X
= 82; A
1
= 208; A
2
= 206; A
3
= 204; A
4
= 207
Bi 4: 1. Xut pht t biu thc A = Z + N, hy gii thch ti sao s khi A tha
mn cng thc nu trn?
2. Cho cc nguyn t v ion sau:
a.
32
16
S;
32 2
16
S
b.
66
30
Zn ;
66 2
30
Zn
Hy tnh s electron v proton cho tng trng hp.

p s: 2. a.
32
16
S c 16p v 16e;
32 2
16
S
c 16p v 18e.
b.
66
30
Zn c 30p v 30e;
66 2
30
Zn
c 30p v 32e.
Bi 5:
a. ng trong t nhin gm 2 ng v
63
Cu v
65
Cu vi t l s nguyn t
63
Cu:
65
Cu =
146:54. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Cu.
b. C 903,45.10
20
nguyn t Cu c khi lng l m (gam). Tnh gi tr m.
c. C bao nhiu nguyn t
63
Cu trong 1,5908 gam CuO. Cho nguyn t khi trung bnh
ca oxi l 16.
Bi 6:
Mt nguyn t R c 3 ng v l X, Y, Z. Bit tng s cc loi ht ca 3 ng v bng
129. S ntron ca ng v X hn ng v Y mt ht. ng v Z c s n = p.
a. Xc nh s n v in tch ht nhn v s khi ca 3 ng v X, Y, Z.
b. Bit 752,875.10
20
nguyn t R c khi lng m gam. T l s nguyn t cc ng v
tng ng nh sau: Z:Y = 2769:141; Y:X = 611:390.
Hy xc nh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca R v tnh gi tr m.
Bi 7:
1. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Bo l 10,81. Bo gm 2 ng v
10
B v
11
B. Hi c
bao nhiu nguyn t ca ng v
11
B c trong 12,362 gam axit boric H
3
BO
3
? Bit
nguyn t khi trung bnh ca H l 1, ca O l 16.
2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Bo l 10,81. Bo gm 2 ng v
10
B v
11
B. Hi c
bao nhiu phn trm khi lng ca ng v
11
B c trong axit boric H
3
BO
3
? Bit
nguyn t khi trung bnh ca H l 1, ca O l 16.
Bi 8: Hy b sung cc phng trnh phn ng sau:
223
88
239
92
. ?
. ? ?
a Ra
b U

Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 9: Vit phng trnh phn ng ht nhn biu din s phng x ca cc ng
v:
226 4 237 4 234 4
88 2 93 2 92 2
a) Ra He ... b) Np He ... c) U He ... + + +
Bi 10:
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng ht nhn biu din s phng x ca cc ng v:
32 0 3 0 60 0
16 1 1 1 26 1
a) S e ... b) H e ... c) Fe e ...

+ + +
2. Cn bng cc phn ng ht nhn sau y. Ch r s khi v s hiu nguyn t ca
cc nguyn t ?:
13 13
7 6
. ? a N C +
41 0
20 1
. ? b Ca e
+
90 90
38 39
. ? c Sr Y +

11 11
6 5
. ? d C B +
Bi 11: Urani phn r phng x thnh Radi theo chui sau:
238
92
U

Th

Pa

Th

Ra
Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng trn.
Chui trn tip tc phn r thnh ng v bn
206
82
Pb.
Hi c bao nhiu phn r v c phng ra khi bin
238
92
U thnh
206
82
Pb?
p s: S phn r l 8 v s phn r l 6
Bi 12:
a. Ht nhn
7
3
Li c khi lng m = 7,0160 u. Hy tnh nng lng lin kt ca ht
nhn
7
3
Li ?
b. Ht nhn
12
6
C c khi lng m = 12,000 u. Hy tnh nng lng lin kt ca ht
nhn
12
6
C?
Bit: m
p
= 1,00724 u; m
n
= 1,00862 u.
p s: a. 5,35MeV/nucleon; b. 7,38MeV/nucleon
Bi 13: Coban60

c dng iu tr 1 s bnh ung th do n c kh nng pht
tia hy dit cc t bo ung th. Coban60 khi phn r pht ra ht v tia c chu
k bn hy l 5,27 nm. Nu ban u c 3,42 mg Coban60 th sau 30 nm cn li bao
nhiu?
60 60 0 0
27 28 1 0
Co Ni e
+ +
p s: 0,067 mg
Bi 14: Stronti90(
90
38
Sr) l mt ng v phng x c chu k bn hy t
1/2
l 28 nm
c sinh ra khi n bom nguyn t. l ng v kh bn v n c khuynh hng tch
t vo ty xng nn c bit nguy him cho ngi v gia sc.
a. y l mt ng v phng x , vit v cn bng phng trnh ha hc ca phn
ng phn hy phng x, ch r sn phm phn ng.
b. Mt mu
90
38
Srphng x 2000 ht trong 1 pht. Hi cn phi bao nhiu nm s
phng x gim xung 125 ht trong 1 pht?
p s: 112 nm
Bi 15: Mt cht phng x sau 20 nm phn hy c 25%. Xc nh:
a. Thi gian bn hy. b. Thi gian cn thit phn hy c 90%.
p s: a. 48 nm, b. 160 nm
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 16: Mt cht phng x c chu k bn hy l 30 nm. Hy xc nh thi gian
cho cht phng x phn hy c 99,9%?
p s: 300 nm
Bi 17: Cacbon 14 phn r phng x theo phn ng sau:
14 14 0
6 7 1
C N e
+
Bit thi gian bn r l 5730 nm. Hy tnh tui ca mu g kho c c phng x
bng 72% phng x ca mu g hin ti?
p s: 2716 nm
Bi 18: C
14
l ng v km bn, phng x
, c chu k bn hy 5700 nm.

a. Hy vit phng trnh phng x ca C
14
.
b. Tnh tui c vt c t l C
14
/C
12
l 0,125.
c. Tnh phng x ca mt ngi nng 80,0kg: Bit rng trong c th ngi c
18% khi lng l cacbon, phng x ca c th sng l 0,277Bq tnh theo 1,0 gam
cacbon tng s.
p s: b. t 17098,7 nm, c. 3988,8Bq
Bi 19: U
238
t phn r lin tc thnh mt ng v bn ca ch. Tng cng c 8 ht
c phng ra trong qu trnh . Hy gii thch v vit phng trnh phn ng
chung ca qu trnh ny.
p s:
92
U
238

92
Pb
206
+ 8 He +6
Bi 20: Bit chu k bn phn hy ca
35
16
S l 88 ngy. Hy xc nh khi lng ca
lu hunh cha b phn hy sau khong thi gian l 176 ngy, bit rng khi lng
ban u ca S l 1g.
p s: m = 0,25g
Bi 21: a. Hi sau thi gian bao nhiu th 80% khi lng ban u ca mt nguyn
t phng x X b phn hy, bit rng chu k bn phn hy ca X l 750 nm.
b. Ngi ta bit chu k bn phn hy ca rai (Ra) l 1620 nm. Hi sau
bao nhiu nm th 3g Ra gim xung cn 0,375g.
p s: a. t = 1742 nm; b. 4861 nm
Bi 22: Cho nguyn t
20
9
F
a. Xc nh thnh phn ht nhn ca nguyn t trn.
b. Tnh s ht khi lng ht nhn ri suy ra nng lng lin kt ht nhn v nng
lng i vi F.
Cho: m
p
= 1,007582u ; m
n
= 1,00897u ; m
(F)
= 20,0063u
p s: a. p = e = 9; n = 11;
b. m = 0,160608u ; E = 149,55 MeV; E
r
= 7,47 MeV
Bi 23: 1. Hon thnh cc phn ng ht nhn sau y:
26 23 4
12 10 2
19 1 4
9 1 2
242 22 1
94 10 0
2 4 1
1 2 0
. + ...? +
. + H ...? +
. Pu + Ne 4 n + ...?
. H + ? 2 +
a Mg Ne He
b F He
c
d He n
2. Mt v n ht nhn ca
235
U gii phng ra mt nng lng l
1646.10
14
J. Hy xc nh khi lng ca urani cn li sau v n so vi khi lng lc
u vi 2 kg l bao nhiu? Cho c = 3.10
8
m/s.
Lun vn tt nghip
p s: m (cn li) = 1,9981 kg
Bi 24: Cho phn ng tng hp nhit hch sau:
3
1
H +
2
1
H

4
2
He +
1
0
n
Vi m(
3
1
H) = 3,016u ; m(
2
1
H) = 2,104u; m(
4
2
He) = 4,0026u ; m
n
= 1,0087u.
Hy xc nh nng lng nhit hch c gii phng ra theo MeV v J. Cho 1u =
931,2 MeV.
p s: E = 17,562 MeV = 0,028.10
-10
J
Bi 25: a. Xut pht t h thc tng i ca Einstein biu thc mi quan h gia
khi lng ngh v khi lng chuyn ng ca mt vt th, hy gii thch ti sao
khng th tn ti loi vt th c tc ln hn tc nh sng.
b. Hy xc nh khi lng chuyn ng m
v
gp bao nhiu ln khi lng
ngh m
o
, nu mt vt th chuyn ng vi tc ch bng 60% tc nh sng.
p s: m
v
= 1,25m
o
II/ Bi tp v s ht proton, ntron, electron v cu hnh electron:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Mi phn t XY
3
c tng cc ht proton, ntron, electron bng 196; trong
, s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X
t hn s ht mang in ca Y l 76. Hy xc nh k hiu ho hc ca X, Y v XY
3
.
Gii
K hiu s n v in tch ht nhn ca X l Zx, Y l Zy; s ntron (ht khng mang
in) ca X l Nx, Y l Ny. Vi XY
3
, ta c cc phng trnh:
Tng s ba loi ht:
2 Zx + 6 Zy + Nx + 3 Ny = 196 (1)

2 Zx + 6 Zy Nx 3 Ny = 60 (2)

6 Zy 2 Zx = 76 (3)
Cng (1) vi (2) v nhn (3) vi 2, ta c:
4 Zx + 12 Zy = 256 (a)
12 Zy 4Zx = 152 (b)
=> Zy = 17; Zx = 13
Vy X l nhm, Y l clo. XY
3
l AlCl
3
.
Bi 2: Cho cc nguyn t R v M. R c s khi l 54, tng s ht proton, ntron,
electron trong R
2+
l 78. S ht mang in ca R nhiu hn s ht mang in M l 18
ht. S ht ntron ca R nhiu hn s ht ntron ca M l 8. Xc nh R, M v phn t
khi ca phn t RM
3
.
Gii
Ta c: Z
R
+ N
R
= 54 (1)
2Z
R
+ N
R
2 = 78 (2)
Suy ra: Z
R
= 26 v N
R
= 28
Vy: R l Fe.
Ta c: A
R
= 26 + 28 = 54 (3)
2Z
R
2Z
M
= 18 (4)
Suy ra: Z
M
= Z
R
9 = 17
Vy: M l Cl.
Lun vn tt nghip
A
Cl
= 17 + (28 8) = 37
Phn t khi ca RM
3
(tc FeCl
3
) = 54 + 37.3 = 165.
Bi 3: A, X, Y l 3 nguyn t phi kim. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong
phn t AX
2
l 52. S ht khng mang in ca AY
2
nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in ca AX
2
28 ht. Phn t X
2
Y c tng s ht proton, ntron v electron l 28 v s
ht mang in bng 2,5 ln s ht khng mang in. Xc nh in tch ht nhn v s
khi ca A, X, Y.
Gii:
Gi p
A
, p
X
, p
Y
ln lt l s proton ca A, X, Y.
n
A
, n
X
, n
Y
ln lt l s ntron ca A, X, Y.
Ta c: (2p
A
+ n
A
) + 2(2p
X
+ n
X
) = 52 (1)
(2p
A
+ 4p
Y
) (2p
A
+ 4p
X
) = 28
Hay: p
Y
p
X
= 7 (2)
2(2p
X
+ n
X
) + 2p
Y
+ n
Y
= 28 (3)
4p
X
+ 2p
Y
= 2,5(2n
X
+ n
Y
) (4)
T (3) v (4) 2p
X
+ p
Y
=10 (5) v 2n
X
+ n
Y
= 8 (6)
T (2) v (5) p
X
= 1 v p
Y
= 8
T (6) p
X
n
Y
= 8 2n
X
1,5p
X
8 8 2n
X
12 2 n
X
0 n
X
= 0 v n
Y
= 8
Th p
X
= 1 v n
X
= 0 vo (1) 2p
A
+ n
A
= 48 (8)
Do: p
A
n
A
1,5p
A
, t (8) (48/3,5) p
A
(48/3)
P
A
14 15 16
N
A
20 18 16
S khi 34 33 32
Kt lun Loi Loi Nhn
Ta c kt qu nh sau:
Nguyn t A X Y
in tch ht nhn 16+ 1+ 8+
S khi 32 1 16
Bi 4: A, B, C l 3 nguyn t lin tip nhau trong 1 chu k. Tng s khi ca
chng l 74 v A l kim loi. Xc nh A, B, C.
Gii:
Gi p l s proton ca A.
Theo bi: p + ( p + 1) + (p + 2) = 3p + 3
=> 3p + 3 + n
1
+ n
2
+ n
3
= 74
n
1
+ n
2
+ n
3
= 74 (3p + 3)
m:
1 1,5
n
p
3p + 3 n
1
+ n
2
+ n
3
(3p + 3).1,5
3p + 3 74- (3p + 3) (3p + 3).1,5
8,9 p 11,3 p = 9, 10, 11
V A l kim loi p = 11

11
A ,
12
B ,
13
C l Na, Mg, Al.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 5: Cc vi ht c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng: 3s
1
, 3s
2
, 3p
3
, 3p
6
l
nguyn t hay ion? Ti sao? Hy dn ra mt phn ng ho hc (nu c) minh ho
tnh cht ho hc c trng ca mi vi ht. Cho bit: Cc vi ht ny l ion hoc nguyn
t ca nguyn t thuc nhm A v nhm VIII(0).
Gii
Cu hnh electron ca cc lp trong ca cc vi ht l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
, ng vi cu hnh ca
[Ne].
1. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
1
ch c th ng vi nguyn t Na (Z = 11), khng th ng vi ion.
Na l kim loi in hnh, c tnh kh rt mnh. Th d: Na t bc chy trong H
2
O
nhit thng.
2 Na + 2 H
2
O 2 NaOH + H
2
2. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
2
ng vi nguyn t Mg (Z = 12), khng th ng vi ion. Mg l
kim loai hot ng. Mg chy rt mnh trong oxi v c trong CO
2
.
2 Mg + O
2
2 MgO
3. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
2
3p
3
ng vi nguyn t P (Z = 15), khng th ng vi ion. P l phi
kim hot ng. P chy mnh trong oxi. 4 P + 5 O
2
2 P
2
O
5

4. Cu hnh [Ne] 3s
2
3p
6
:
a. Trng hp vi ht c Z = 18. y l Ar, mt kh tr.
b. Vi ht c Z < 18. y l ion m:
Z = 17. y l Cl
, cht kh yu. Th d:
2 MnO
4
+ 16 H
+
+ 10 Cl
2 Mn
2+
+ 8 H
2
O + 10 Cl
2

Z = 16. y l S
2
, cht kh tng i mnh. Th d:
2 H
2
S + O
2
2 S + 2 H
2
O
Z = 15. y l P
3
, rt khng bn, kh tn ti.
c. Vi ht c Z > 18. y l ion dng:
Z = 19. y l K
+
, cht oxi ho rt yu, ch b kh di tc dng ca dng in (in
phn KCl hoc KOH nng chy).
Z = 20. y l Ca
2+
, cht oxi ho yu, ch b kh di tc dng ca dng in (in
phn CaCl
2
nng chy).
Bi 6: Uran c cu hnh electron [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
. Nguyn t ny c bao nhiu
electron c thn? C th c mc oxi ho cao nht l bao nhiu?
Gii
Cu hnh electron [Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2
c s electron ngoi c biu din nh sau:

Vy nguyn t
92
U
238
c 4 e c thn (cha ghp i); mc (s) oxi ho cao nht
l +6 v U[Rn]5f
3
6d
1
7s
2 o
- 6 e U [Rn]
+6
Bi 7: Hy d on s nguyn t ca chu k 7 nu n c in y cc
nguyn t. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t c Z = 107 v 117 v cho
bit chng c xp vo nhng phn nhm no trong bng tun hon?
Gii
Nguyn t u tin ca chu k 7 l 7s
1
v kt thc 7p
6
7s
2
5f
14
6d
10
7p
6
: 32 nguyn t
chu k 7.
Z = 107: [Rn]5f
14
6d
5
7s
2
: Nhm VIIB.
Z = 117: [Rn]5f
14
6d
10
7s
2
7p
5
: Nhm VIIA.
]
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 8: X thuc chu k 4, Y thuc chu k 2 ca bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha
hc, I
i
l nng lng th i ca 1 nguyn t. Thc nghim cho bit t s I
k+1
/I
k
ca X,Y
nh sau:
I
k+1
/I
k
I
2
/I
1
I
3
/I
2
I
4
/I
3
I
5
/I
4
I
6
/I
5
X 1,94 4,31 1,31 1,26 1,30
Y 2,17 1,96 1,35 6,08 1,25
Lp lun xc nh X v Y.
Gii
i vi X t I
2
ln I
3
tng t ngt, vy X
2+
c cu hnh ca kh him, do :
X l [Ar]4s
2
(Canxi).
i vi Y t I
4
ln I
5
tng t ngt, vy Y
4+
c cu hnh ca kh him, do :
Y l [He]2s
2
2p
2
(Cacbon).
Bi 9: Trong bng di y c ghi cc nng lng ion ho lin tip I
n
(n = 1, ..., 6)
theo kJ.mol
-1
ca 2 nguyn t X v Y:
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
X 590 1146 4941 6485 8142 10519
Y 1086 2352 4619 6221 37820 47260
A v B l nhng oxit tng ng ca X v Y khi X, Y vo trng thi oxi ho cao
nht. Vit (c gii thch) cng thc ca hp cht to thnh khi cho A tc dng vi B.
Gii
I
3
(X) v I
5
(Y) tng nhiu v t ngt. Suy ra:
a. X thuc nhm II A, Y thuc nhm IV A trong bng HTTH cc nguyn t ho hc.
b. A l XO, B l YO
2
.
c. Cc hp cht do A tc dng vi B: XYO
3
, X
2
YO
4
.
Bi 10:
1. Cn c vo cc nguyn l, quy tc hc, hy in vo cc v tr nh du hi cc
s hiu thch ng.
a. Z = ? 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
b. Z = 40 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
?
c. Z = ? 1s
2
2s
2
2p
?
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
?
4p
6
5s
2
4d
?
5p
4
d. Z = 83 [Xe]6s
?
4f
?
5s
?
6p
?
2. Trong s cc cu hnh electron vit di y cho Mo (Z = 42) th cu hnh no
ng, cu hnh no sai? L do?
a. [Kr]5s
1
4d
5
b. [Kr]5s
2
4d
5
c. [Kr]3d
14
4s
2
4p
8
d. [Ar]3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
4d
6
Gii
1. a. Z = 15 ng vi 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
b. Z = 40 ng vi 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
2
c. Z = 52 ng vi 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
4
d. Z = 83 ng vi [Xe]6s
2
4f
4
5s
10
6p
3
2. a. ng v cch vit tn trng cc nguyn l v quy tc. Hn na, lp 4d t c
trng thi na bo ha l phn mc nng lng bn ha.
b. Sai v tng s electrom bng 43 > 42.
c. Sai v trn phn lp 3d ch c ti a l 10 electron v 4p ch c ti a l 6
electron.
d. Sai v sau phn lp 4p l phn lp 5s ch khng phi l 4d (quy tc
Klechkowski).
Lun vn tt nghip
2. Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t A c tng s ht proton, ntron, electron l
48, trong s ht mang in gp hai ln s ht khng mang in. Vit cu hnh
electron ca nguyn t nguyn t A. Xc nh v tr ca A trong bng h thng tun
hon.
Bi 2: Cho 3 nguyn t A, B, D (Z
A
< Z
B
< Z
D
).
A, B cng mt phn nhm chnh v 2 chu k kin tip trong bng tun hon.
B, D l 2 nguyn t k cn nhau trong 1 chu k.
Tng s proton trong 2 ht nhn A, B l 24.
Xc nh A, B, D v v tr ca A, B, D trong bng h thng tun hon.
Bi 3: Mt hp cht cu to t cation M
+
v anion X
2
. Trong phn t M
2
X c tng
s ht p, n, e l 140. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l
44 ht. S khi ca ion M+ ln hn s khi ca ion X
2
l 23. Tng s ht trong ion
M
+
nhiu hn trong ion X
2
l 31.
a. Vit cu hnh electron cc ion M
+
v X
2.
b. Xc nh v tr ca M v X trong bng tun tun hon.
Bi 4: Hp cht A c cng thc phn t M
2
X.
Tng s ht trong A l 116, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in l 36. Khi lng nguyn t X ln hn M l 9. Tng s 3 loi ht trong X
2
nhiu
hn trong M
+
l 17.
a. Xc nh M, X.
b. Cho 2,34g hp cht A tc dng vi dd M(NO
3
)
2
thu 2,8662 g kt ta B. Xc nh
nguyn t lng M. Nguyn t M c 2 ng v Y, Z. Bit tng s khi l 128, s
nguyn t ca ng v Y bng 0,37 s nguyn t ca ng v Z. Xc nh s khi ca
Y, Z.
Bi 5: Khi lng phn t ca 3 kim loi A, B, C (u c ho tr II) lp thnh cp
s cng c cng sai l 16. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca 3 ht nhn nguyn
t 3 nguyn t A, B, C l 120. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ba mui cacbonat ca
ba kim loi trn. Vit phng trnh cho ba mui trn tc dng vi dd HNO
3
long.
Bi 6: Hai nguyn t A, B to thnh hp cht X. Khi t nng n 800
o
C, hp cht
X to ra n cht A. S electron ho tr trong nguyn t nguyn t A bng s lp
electron nguyn t nguyn t B. S electron ho tr trong nguyn t nguyn t B bng
s lp electron nguyn t nguyn t A, in tch ht nhn nguyn t ca B gp 7 ln
ca A. Xc nh A, B v cng thc phn t hp cht X.
Bi 7:
a. Tm hai nguyn t A, B hai chu k lin tip nhau c tng s in tch ht nhn
nguyn t bng 23.
b. Bit A, B hai phn nhm chnh lin tip, rt d tc dng vi nhau to thnh hp
cht X. Xc nh nguyn t lng A, B (B c nguyn t lng ln hn A).
Bi 8: Hp cht Z c to bi 2 nguyn t M v R c cng thc l M
a
R
b
. Trong
R chim 6,67% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn nguyn t M c s ht ntron bng
s ht proton cng thm 4, cn trong ht nhn nguyn t R c s proton bng s
ntron. Tng s ht proton trong phn t ca Z l 84 v a + b = 4. Xc nh M, R v
cng thc phn t hp cht Z.
Bi 9: Phn t X cu to t cc ion u c cu hnh electron ca nguyn t kh
him Ar. Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong phn t l 164. Xc nh X.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 10: Bit tng s ht c bn ca mt nguyn t ca nguyn t ca nguyn t X
trong 82 nguyn t u bng tun hon l: Z + N + E = a. Hy trnh by phng php
bin lun xc nh nguyn t X. Hy xc nh nguyn t X bit:
a. a = 13 b. a = 21 c. a = 34
Bi 11: Hp cht M c to nn t cation X
+
v anion Y
3
, mi ion u do 5
nguyn t ca hai nguyn t phi kim to nn. Bit tng s proton trong X
+
l 11 v
trong Y
3
l 47. Hai nguyn t trong Y
3
thuc 2 chu k k tip nhau trong bng h
thng tun hon v c s th t cch nhau 7 n v.
a. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca M.
b. M t bn cht cc kin kt trong phn t M.
Bi 12: Mt nguyn t R c 3 ng v X, Y ,Z; bit tng s cc ht c bn ( n, p, e)
trong 3 ng v bng 129, s ntron ng v X hn ng v Y mt ht. ng v Z c s
proton bng s ntron.
a. Xc nh in tch ht nhn nguyn t v khi lng ca 3 ng v X, Y, Z
b. Bit 752,875. 10
20
nguyn t R c khi lng m gam. T l nguyn t cc ng v
nh sau: Z:Y= 2769:141 v Y:X = 611:390. Xc nh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh
ca R v tnh m.
Bi 13: Mt nguyn t khi mt bt electron bin thnh ion dng. Khi nhn thm
electron bin thnh ion m. Tr tuyt i ca in tch ion bng ng s electron m
nguyn t mt i hay nhn thm. Cho hai ion R
4+
v R
4
. S ntron trong hai ion ny
u bng 14. s electron trong ion R
4+
bng 10. Hy vit k hiu ht nhn ca hai ion
. Tnh s electron trong nguyn t trung ho in R v trong ion R
4
.
Bi 14: Mt nguyn t k hiu l R c tng s cc ht proton, ntron, electron bng
24.
a. Vit k hiu ht nhn ca nguyn t v gi tn nguyn t .
b. Vit cu hnh electrpn ca nguyn t v ca ion R
2
.
c. Cho bit trong nguyn t c bao nhiu obital c electron chim gi.
Bi 15: Cho ion m AB
3

2
c tng e bng 32 trong A cng nh B c s p bng s
n. Gi tn cc nguyn t A, B. Gii thch s hnh thnh ion A v B?
Bi 16: Cho hp cht MX
3
trong M l kim loi v X l phi kim. Phn t MX
3
c
tng s p, n , e l 196 trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang
in l 60. S ht mang in trong M nh hn s ht trong X l 8.
1. Xc nh s th t ca M v X. Gi tn MX
3
.
2. Vit mt s phng trnh iu ch MX
3
.
Bi 17: C 2 nguyn t A v B bit hiu s v s proton trong ht nhn bng 6.
Tng s proton v s notron ca A v B l 92. Xc nh s th t z ca A, B m z
A
>
z
B
.
1. Gi tn A, B.
2. Nu r v tr ca A, B trn bng h thng tun hon v nu ln tnh cht ging v
khc nhau v cu to v.
Bi 18: Tnh t s khi lng nguyn t c x proton, y ntron v x electron vi
khi lng ht nhn ca nguyn t . Rt ra kt lun .
Bi 19: a. Hy ch ra im sai mi cu hnh e sau:
(1) 1s
2
2s
1
2p
5
(2) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
(3) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
4p
6
4s
2
Lun vn tt nghip
b. Vit li cho ng mi cu hnh trn. Mi cu hnh ng l cu hnh
ca ht no? Hy vit mt phng trnh phn ng chng minh tnh cht ho hc in
hnh (nu c) ca ht ?
Bi 20: Ba nguyn t X, Y, Z trong cng mt chu k c tng s hiu nguyn t l
39. S hiu ca nguyn t Y bng trung bnh cng s hiu ca nguyn t X v Z.
Nguyn t ca 3 nguyn t ny hu nh khng phn ng vi nc iu kin thng.
a. Hy xc nh v tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cc nguyn t ho hc.
Vit cu hnh e ca nguyn t v gi tn tng nguyn t.
b. So snh m in, bn knh nguyn t ca cc nguyn t .
c. So snh tnh baz ca cc hidroxit.
d. Tm cch tch tng oxit ra khi hn hp oxit ca 3 nguyn t trn.
Bi 21: a. Cu hnh electron no sau y vi phm nguyn l Pauli?
1s
2
; 1s
2
2p
1
; 1s
3
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
x
3
2p
y
1
2p
z
1

b. Cu hnh electron no sau y vi phm qui tc Hund?
1s
2
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
x
2
2p
y
2p
z
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
x
1
2p
y
1
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
x
1
2p
z
1
; 1s
2
2s
2
2p
x
2
2p
y
1
2p
z
1
Bi 22: Vit: Cu hnh electron y .
Cu hnh electron rt gn.
Gin obitan i vi cc electron ha tr.
S electron bn trong cc electron ha tr i vi cc nguyn t
sau: a. Kali (K: Z=19) b. Molipen(Mu: Z=42) c. Ch (Pb: Z=82)
d. Ni e. Sr f. Po
Bi 23: V s obitan i vi cc electron ha tr v xc nh s nhm, s chu k
ca cc nguyn t ng vi cu hnh electron rt gn sau:
a. [Ne]3s
2
3p
5
b. [Ar]3d
10
4s
2
4p
3
c. [He]2s
2
2p
4
d. [Ne]3s
2
3p
3
Bi 24: Gi tn nguyn t trong chu k 3 v vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
bit rng nng lng ion ha (I) c cc gi tr sau (tnh theo kJ/mol).
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
1012 1903 2910 4956 6278 22230
Bi 25: Trong s cc nguyn t di y, nhng nguyn t no c cu hnh
electron bt thng, nguyn nhn dn n hin tng bt thng ?
V: 3d
3
4s
2
, Cr: 3d
5
4s
1
, Mn: 3d
5
4s
2
, Ni: 3d
8
4s
2
, Cu: 3d
10
4s
1
.
Bi 26: Cho nguyn t Cs (Z = 55).
a. Nu gi thit mi orbital tn ti 3 electron ng thi th cu hnh electron
nh th no? Hy vit n v cho bit nhn xt.
b. Da vo cc nguyn l v quy tc, hy cho bit cu hnh electron thc ca
trng hp ny.
Bi 27: Hon thnh cu hnh electron sau y:
a. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
?
bit Z = 26.
b. Tnh Z khi bit cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
3
.
p s: a. 3d
6
; b. Z = 33.
Bi 28: Cho nguyn t Cl (Z = 17); Ni (Z = 28). Hy:
a. Vit cu hnh electron cho cc ion Cl
-
v Ni
2+
.
b. Vi cu hnh electron ca Ni
2+
xc lp cu a), hy cho bit c bao nhiu
electron c thn.
p s: a. T vit; b. C 2 electron.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 29: Cho nguyn t A vi phn lp ngoi cng l 4p
x
v nguyn t B c phn
lp ngoi cng l 4s
y
. Hy xc nh s in tch ht nhn Z ca A v B, bit rng tng
s electron trn hai phn lp nu trn l 7 v nguyn t A khng phi l kh tr.
p s: Z
A
= 35; Z
B
= 20.
Bi 30: Trong ba cu hnh electron di y th cu hnh no ng? Cu hnh no
sai? Nu sai th cho bit cu hnh phm quy tc, nguyn l no?
a)
c)
b)
p s: 1. a, b - ng; Cc trng hp khc l sai. 2. a, b - ng; c - Sai
Bi 31: a. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t v ion sau y:
Cd (Z = 48) ; Sr (Z = 38) ; Cr (Z = 24) ; Al
3+
(Z = 13)
b. Cho cc nguyn t sau y:
Ba (Z = 56) ; O (Z = 8) ; As (Z = 33) ; I (Z = 53) ; Rb (Z = 37)
Hy cho bit cc ion no ca cc nguyn t ng vi cu hnh electron bn vng nht ?
p s: a. T vit; b. Ba
2+
; O
2-
; As
3-
; I
-
; Rb
+
III/ Bi tp p dng c hc lng t vo cu to nguyn t:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
a. Bi tp v 4 s lng t :
Bi 1: Cho cc phn lp (phn mc nng lng) ng vi cc s lng t sau:
a. n = 3, l = 2 b. n = 5, l = 1 c. n = 2, l = 0 d. n = 4, l = 3
Hy gi tn, xc nh s lng t t v s obitan ca mi phn lp trn.
Gii
n l Tn phn lp Cc gi tr m
l
c th c S obitan
a 3 2 3d -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 5
b 5 1 5p -1, 0, 1 3
c 2 0 2s 0 1
d 4 3 4f -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3 7
Bi 2: Tm phn lp no sau y khng ng? S lng t no sai?
n l m
l
Tn
a 1 0 0 1p
b 4 3 +1 4d
c 3 1 -2 3p
Gii
a. Phn lp vi n = 1 ch c th l = 0 khng th c gi tr l = 1 nn ch c phn lp duy
nht l 1s khng th c phn lp 1p.
b. Phn lp vi l = 3 l phn lp f ch khng phi phn lp d. Tn ca phn lp l
4f.
c. Phn lp vi l = 1 ch c th c cc gi tr 1, 0, +1 m khng c gi tr 2.
Bi 3: a. Vit cc s lng t i vi electron th ba v th tm khi thm vo
nguyn t flo.
b. Da vo bng tun hon, gi tn nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t l 8.
Vit cc s lng t i vi electron th su ca nguyn t .
Gii
Lun vn tt nghip
a. Vi nguyn t Flo
0 0 +1 0 1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
Electron th ba thuc obitan 2s , chiu ca spin l +1/2:
n = 2, l = 0, m
l
= 0, s = +1/2
Electron th tm thuc obitan 2p, chiu ca spin l 1/2:
n = 2, l = 1, m
l
= +1, s = +1/2
b. l oxi.
0 0 +1 0 1
1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
Electron th su thuc obitan 2p, chiu ca spin l +1/2:
n = 2, l = 1, m
l
= 0, s = +1/2
Bi 4: L thuyt lng t d on c s tn ti ca obitan ng ng vi s lng
t ph l = 4 (g l k hiu ca s lng t ph n = 4).
a. Hy cho bit s electron ti a m phn lp ng c th c.
b. D on sau phn mc nng lng no th n phn mc ng.
c. Nguyn t c electron u tin phn mc ng ny thuc nguyn t c s th t Z
bng bao nhiu?
Gii
a. Phn mc nng lng ng ng vi gi tr l = 4 s c 2l + 1 obitan nguyn t, ngha l
c 2.4 + 1= 9 obitan nguyn t. Mi obitan nguyn t c ti a 2e. Vy phn mc
nng lng ng c ti a 18e.
b. Phn mc nng lng ng xut hin trong cu hnh electron nguyn t l 5g bi v
khi s lng t chnh n = 5 th lp electron ny c ti a l 5 phn mc nng lng
ng vi l = 0 (s); l =1 (p); l = 2 (d); l = 3 (f) v l = 4 (g). Theo quy tc Klechkowski th
phn mc 5g c tng s n + l = 9. Phn mc ny phi nm st sau phn mc 8s.
c. (Rn)7s
2
5f
14
6d
10
7p
6
8s
2
5g
1
. Z = 121.
Bi 5: Cho 2 nguyn t X, Y c b 4 s lng t ca electron cht cng l:
X: n = 3, l = 1, m = 0, m
S
= -
2
1
Y: n = 3, l = 0, m = 0, m
S
= -
2
1
Vit cu hnh electron ca X, Y. Xc nh v tr X, Y trong h thng tun hon.
Gii
X: 3p
5
cu hnh 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
X: chu k 3, s 17, phn nhm chnh nhm VII.
Y: 3s
2
cu hnh 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
Y: chu k 3, s 12, phn nhm chnh nhm II.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 6: Cho 3 nguyn t X, Y, Z (Z
X
< Z
Y
< Z
Z
) khng cng nhm, khng cng chu
k trong bng h thng tun hon, c tng s s lng t chnh ca electron cui cng
ca 3 nguyn t bng 6. Tng s lng t spin = -1/2. Y, Z c tng i s bn s
lng t bng nhau v c t nht 2 gi tr s lng t ging nhau. Gia X v Z to
c hp cht kh. Xc nh 3 nguyn t X, Y, Z.
Gii
Do 3 nguyn t X, Y, Z khng cng chu k v c tng s lng t chnh bng 6 cho
nn 3 nguyn t phi 3 chu k u ca bng h thng tun hon Z
X
< Z
Y
< Z
Z
. Vy s
lng t chnh ca X, Y, Z tng ng l 1, 2 v 3.Do X v Z to c hp cht kh
nn X v Z phi l phi kim, X l hidro.
Z c n = 3 v v 2 l phi kim nn c s lng t ph (l) = 1 tng i s s lng spin =
-1/2 Y v Z u c s lng t spin u bng -1/2 v v Y, Z c t nht 2 gi tr s
lng t ging nhau, nu c 2 gi tr v s lng t ph, s lng t t v s lng t
spin ging nhau cng nhm loi v tng i s 4 s lng t bng nhau th s
lng t ph (l) phi ging nhau v s lng t t ca Y phi hn Z mt n v. Ta c
cc cp nghip Y, Z nh sau:
1
: 2, 1, 0,
2
1
3, 1, 1,
2
S
S
Y n l m m F
I
Z n l m m S
'
1
: 2, 1, 1,
2
1
: 3, 1, 0,
2
S
S
Y n l m m Ne
II
Z n l m m Cl
'
loi cp nghim II do Ne l kh him.

Bi 7: Electron phn lp sau cng ca nguyn t A trng thi c bn c tng
n+l = 4. A to c Hidrua c cng thc HA trng thi rn nhit thng. Vit
cu hnh electron ca A .Xc nh v tr A trong bng h thng tun hon. B l nguyn
t cng chu k v nhm vi A, so snh bn knh nguyn t A,B. Gii thch?
Gii
n + l = 4 => n = 4 l
V: n l + 1
=> 4 l l + 1
=> l 1,5 => l = 1 v l = 0.
M A to c hidrua c cng thc HA
A c cu trc: ns
1
=> l = 0 => n = 4
A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
=> p = 19: A l Kali
A: s 19, A c 4 lp e => A chu k 4.
Cu hnh e l 4s
1
=> A phn nhm chnh nhm I.
B cng chu k v cng nhm vi A
B l Cu
So snh bn knh nguyn t K > Cu.
Gii thch: Do K v Cu c cng s lp e, nhng Cu c in tch ht nhn ln hn nn
lc ht ca ht nhn vi cc lp e ln hn => bn knh nguyn t nh hn.
b. Bi tp v quang ph nguyn t, nng lng electron v hng s
chn Slater:
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 1: 1. Khi chiu nh sng c di sng 205,0nm vo b mt tm bc kim loi,
cc electron b bt ra vi tc trung bnh 7,5.10
5
ms
-1
. Hy tnh nng lng lin kt
theo eV ca electron lp b mt (100) ca mng tinh th bc.
Cho m
e
= 9,11.10
-28
g; h = 6,626.10
-34
J.s; c 3.10
8
ms
-1
.
2. p dng biu thc gn ng Slater, hy tnh (theo n v eV):
a. Nng lng cc electron phn lp, lp v ton nguyn t oxy (Z = 8).
b. Cc tr nng lng ion ha c th c ca oxy.
Gii
1. Nng lng lin kt 1e vi b mt mng tinh th bc c k hiu l .
V c lin h:
2
2
1
mv h +
: Tn s nh sng n. Ch :
v: Vn tc trung bnh ca e khi b bt khi b mt

m: Khi lng e
Ta c:
34 8 1
9
21
6, 626.10 . .3, 0.10 .
205.10
969, 65853.10
hc J s ms
h
m
h J
Cn
2
2
1
mv
= 256,21875.10
-21
J
Nh vy ta tnh c = 7,1343979.10
-19
J = 4,45 eV
2. Tnh nng lng:
Biu thc gn ng Slater: E
n
=
2
2
*
) . (
6 , 13
n
b Z
n 1 2 3 4
n* 1 2 3 3,7
Hng s chn b c ly theo quy tc Slater.
a. Tnh nng lng e ca oxy (Z = 8) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
.
- E
1
: 1s
2
E
1
= -13,6.(8,0 0,3)
2
.2 = -1312,688 eV
- E
2
: 2s
2
2p
4
E(2s
2
) = -140,777 eV
E(2p
4
) = -281,554 eV
E
2
= -422,331 eV
Vy nng lng electron ton nguyn t s l; E = E
1
+ E
2
= -2035,619 eV
b. Tnh nng lng ion ha:
C s: Theo nh ngha: I = - E (E l nng lng 1e trng thi c bn)
M I = -E = -
[ ]
+ + + +

) 1 ( ) 1 ( k k k k
M M M M
E E E E
k: s e cn li n ht v cng ch th t e nu c I
k
.
k = 1 N. Vi N l tng s e ca nguyn t:
C th ta c kt qa tnh nng lng ion ha nh sau:
Nng
lng
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6
I
7
I
8
Lun vn tt nghip
ion ha
Ga tr
(eV)
14,161 33,146 54,978 79,135 105,799 134,946 742,288 870,400
Bi 2: Cho nguyn t X trng thi c bn c Z = 52.
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca X.
2. Dng phng php Slater hy:
a. Xc nh hm R ca mt electron trn AO - 5s.
b. Tnh nng lng (eV) ca electron ny.
Gii
1. X (Z = 52): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
4

hay 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
4d
10
5p
2
5p
4
2. a.
*
s 5
Z = 52 (0,35 + 18.0,85 + 28.1,0 = 8,35)
R
5s
= Nr
3
e
0
a 4 / 35 , 8
= Nr
3
e
0
a / 08 , 2
b. Nng lng ca 1 electron trn AO 5s
5s
= -13,6.8,35
2
/4
2
= -59,26 eV
Bi 3:
a. Hy tnh nng lng electron trong ion He
+
.
b. p dng cc qui tc Slater hy tnh nng lng ca 2 elctron trong nguyn t He(
trng thi c bn).
c. T kt qu thu c hy tnh nng lng ion ha I (I + He He
+
+ e) ca Heli.
Gii
a. Nng lng electron trong ion He
+

E = 13,6Z
2
= 13,6.4 = 54,4eB
b. He c 2 electron 1s, mi electron c hng s chn i vi electron kia l 0,30.
Z* = 2 0,30 = 1,70
E
1s
= 13,6.(1,7)
2
= 39,3 eV
E
He
= 2.E
1s
= 78,6eV
c. I=E
He+

E
He
= 54,4 (78,6) = 24,2 eV
Bi 4: T thc nghim i vi nguyn t He ta c: I
1
= 2370 kJ/mol v I
2
= 5248
kJ/mol. Tnh nng lng y gia 2 electron s, hng s chn trong nguyn t He.
Gii
He: 1s
2
E
He+
= E
1s
= I
2
E
He
= 2E
1s
+ x = 2I
2
+ x (vi x l nng lng y gia 2 electron s)
He + I
1
He
+
+ e
I
1
+ E
He
= E
He+
+ E
e
=> I
1
2I
2
+ x = I
2
=> x = I
2
I
1
= 2878 kJ/mol
2 2
19 23 3
1 2 2
( *) ( *)
.13, 6( ) .13, 6.1, 6.10 .6, 02.10 .10 / 2370 /
( *) ( *)
Z Z
I eV kJ mol kJ mol
n n

=> Z* = 1,34
=> = Z Z* = 2 1,34 = 0,66
Bi 5: Khi cung cp nng lng cho 1 nguyn t trng thi kh ta c d liu sau:
Nng lng cung cp (kJ/mol) Cu hnh electron
0 [Ne]3s
1
203 [Ne]3p
1
Lun vn tt nghip
308 [Ne]4s
1
349 [Ne]3d
1
362 [Ne]4p
1
a. Cho bit nng lng ion ha ca trng thi c bn l 496 kJ/mol. Tnh nng lng
ion ha th nht ng vi cc trng thi trn.
b. Tnh in tch hiu dng Z
eff
i vi cc trng thi .
Gii
a. Nng lng ion ha th nht ng vi cc trng thi trn:
I
1
= I
1
(trng thi c bn) Nng lng cung cp
Nng lng cung cp (kJ/mol) Cu hnh electron I
1
(kJ/mol)
0 [Ne]3s
1
496
203 [Ne]3p
1
496203=293
308 [Ne]4s
1
496308=188
349 [Ne]3d
1
496349=147
362 [Ne]4p
1
496362=134
b. in tch hiu dng Z
eff
i vi cc trng thi .
2 2
19 23 3
1 2 2
( ) ( *)
13, 6. ( ) 13, 6. .1, 6.10 .6, 023.10 .10 ( / )
( *) ( *)
eff eff
Z Z
I eV kJ mol
n n

hay:
2
1 2
( )
1310, 6048. ( / )
( *)
eff
Z
I kJ mol
n
Suy ra:
1
. *
1310, 6048
eff
I
Z n
Cu hnh electron I
1
(kJ/mol) n* Z
eff
[Ne]3s
1
496 3 1,85
[Ne]3p
1
293 3 1,42
[Ne]4s
1
188 3,7 1,40
[Ne]3d
1
147 3 1,00
[Ne]4p
1
134 3,7 1,18
Bi 6: Da vo phng php gn ng Slater. Hy xc nh in tch hiu dng Z
*
cho cc trng hp sau y: a. N (Z = 7). b. Fe (Z = 26).
Gii
a. Cu hnh electron ca N l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
*
s 1
Z = 7 1.0,3 = 6,70
*
p 2 , s 2
Z
= 7 (4.0,35 + 2.0,85) = 3,9
*
d 3
Z = 26 (5.0,3 + 18.1,00) = 6,25
*
s 4
Z = 26 (1.0,35 + 14.0,85 + 10.1,00) = 4,60
b. Cu hnh electron ca Fe: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
.
Khi tnh in tch hiu dng Z
*
ngi ta xp cu hnh electron theo lp:
(1s
2
)

(2s
2
2p
6
) (3s
2
3p
6
) (3d
6
) (4s
2
).
Vy gi tr Z
*
c tnh l:
*
s 1
Z = 26 1.0,3 = 25,70
*
p 2 , s 2
Z
= 26 (7.0,35 + 8.0,85 + 2.1,00) = 21,85
Lun vn tt nghip
*
p 3 , s 3
Z
= 26 (7.0,35 + 8.0,85 + 2.1,00) = 14,75
Bi 7: T cu hnh electron ca He 1s
2
, hy:
a. Tnh nng lng ca He theo eV.
b. Tnh gi tr nng lng ca He theo phng php Slater ri so snh vi kt
qu tnh a) v vi gi tr thc nghim E
He
= 79eV.
c. Xc nh nng lng ion ha th nht I
I
ca He v so snh vi gi tr thc
nghim: E +
He
= 24,6eV.
Gii
a. E
He
=
2 2
2
13, 6 13, 6.2
2 2
1
Z
n
_ _

, ,
= 108,8 eV
b. Theo Slater: Z
*
s 1
= Z -
i
b
= 2 0,3 = 1,7.
*
He
E
*2 2
*2
13, 6 13, 6.1,7
2 2
1
Z
n
_ _

, ,
= 78,6 eV
Kt qu ny kh ph hp vi thc nghim E
He
= 79 eV, nhng sai lch vi cch tnh
a. khi cha hiu chnh hng s chn b
i
.
c. Nng lng ion ha: He e He
+
He
+
l nguyn t ging hyro. Do vy:
*
He
E
2 2
2
13, 6 13, 6.2
1
Z
n

= 54,4 eV
Kt qu thu c rt ph hp vi thc nghim.
E +
He
= 24,6 eV
I
I
=
*
He
E E
He
= 54,4 + 78,6 = 24,2 eV
Bi 8: Trong ph pht x ca hyro, bc sng tia
H
l 4861
o
A
. Hy:
a. Xc nh tn s sng v (s
-1
); s sng v%(cm
-1
).
b. Tnh nng lng bc x, khi lng photon m, cho c = 3.10
8
m/s; h = 6,62.10
-34
Js.
Gii
a. Gia v, c, v v%c cc quan h
8
10
c 3.10
v
4861.10
= 6,17.10
14
s
-1
8
1 1
v
4861.10

%
= 20571,9 cm
-1
b.
hc
hv
6,62.10
-34
.6,17.10
14
= 4,08.10
-19
J
34
10 8
h 6,62.10
m
c. 4861.10 .3.10
= 4,54.10
-36
kg
Bi 9: Hy xc nh bc sng cho hai trng hp sau y:
a. Khi electron chuyn ng vi nng lng bng 1 eV.
b. Khi photon chuyn ng c nng lng l 1 eV.
Cho m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg; 1 eV = 1,6.10
-19
J ; c = 3.10
8
m/s ; h = 6,62.10
-34
J.s
Gii
Lun vn tt nghip
a. xc nh ca electron ta phi xc nh tc v. Khi electron chuyn ng ta
c:
2
mv 2T
T v
2 m
.
Vy:
34
31 19
6,62.10
2
2.9,1.10 .1, 6.10
h h
mv mT

= 1,22676.10
-9
m = 12,26.10
-10
m = 1227
o
A
b. Khi photon chuyn ng ta c th p dng ngay cng thc:
hc hc
E hv h
E

Thay s vo ta c:
34 8
19
6, 62.10 .3.10
1, 6.10

= 1,2413.10
-6
m = 12413.10
-10
m = 12413
o
A
Bi 10: Trn c s ca nguyn l bt nh Heisenberg, hy tnh bt nh v v
tr x ri cho nhn xt i vi cc trng hp sau y:
a. Gi thit electron chuyn ng vi vn tc kh ln: v = 3.10
6
m/s; m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg.
b. Mt vin n sng sn vi m = 1g chuyn ng vi vn tc 30 m/s. Gi thit rng
sai s tng i v tc cho c hai trng hp l v/ v = 10
-5
.
Gii
a. i vi electron ta c th tnh bt nh x :
x x
x. p x. v .m h
5
5
.
. . .
; ( 10 )
. .10
x
x
h
x
v m
x p x m v h
h h v
x
m v m v v

b. Vi vin n sng sn:

34
27
3 5
6,62.10
x 2,21.10 m
10 .10 .30

x thu c qu nh, khng mt my no c th o c bng thc nghim, nguyn
l bt nh vi h v m khng c ngha.
Bi 11: Khi chiu chm nh sng n sc vo b mt kim loi kali (K) vi bc
sng
o
4861A
th electron b bt ra khi v chuyn ng vi tc v. Hy xc nh
tc . Bit tn s ngng quang in ca K l 5,5.10
14
s
-1
.
Cho h = 6,62.10
-34
J.s; c = 3.10
8
m/s; m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg.
Gii
Trc tin ta tnh nng lng ca nh sng p xung kim loi K:
34 8
10
6, 62.10 .3.10
4861.10
hc
hv

= 4,085.10
-19
J
c th khng nh hiu ng quang in xy ra ta cn kim tra nng lng
o
ng
vi ngng quang in.
o o
hv = 6,62.10
-34
.5,5.10
14
= 3,641.10
-19
J
Lun vn tt nghip
Nh vy
o o
> . Hiu ng quang in xut hin. Khi electron bt ra khi kali v
chuyn ng vi ng nng T = mv
2
/2
Theo Einstein
o o
T +
hay:
2
19
31
.
2
2( ) 2(4, 085 3, 641).10
v =
9,1.10
o o
o o
mv
T
m

= 312381,85 m/s
3,12.10
5
m/s
Bi 12: S hp th nh sng ion ha nguyn t X cn mt nng lng l
3,44.10
-18
J. Hy xc nh bc sng
o
(A)
ca nh sng hp th khi electron bt ra v
chuyn ng vi tc v = 1,03.10
6
m/s.
Gii
Khi nh sng p vo nguyn t X electron bt ra th nng lng cn dng chnh l
nng lng ion ha I. Vy:
o o
T + hay
2
mv
hv 1
2
+
34 8
2 18 31 6
6, 62.10 .3.10
3, 44.10 0, 5.9,1.10 .(1, 03.10 )
1
2
hc
mv

+
+
= 5,06.10
-8
m = 506.10
-10
m = 506
o
A
Bi 13: a. Da vo kt qu nng lng tnh c bi ton nguyn t H, hy chng
minh cng thc chung xc nh bc sng i vi cc ion ging hyro.
b. Hy xc nh bc sng
o
(A)
ca ba vch u tin thuc dy ph pht
x Balmer ca He
+
. Cho R
H
= 109737 cm
-1
.
Gii
a. Theo l thuyt v quang ph:
2 4 2 4
2 2
c t 2 2 2 2
c t
2 4
2
2 2 2
t c
hc Z me Z me
E E E k k
2 n 2 n
Z me 1 1
= k hay
2 n n
+

,
h h
h

2 4
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
4 2 4
2 2
2 3
1 1 1 1 1
2
2
R
2
H
t c t c
H
Z me
k Z R
hc n n n n
me me
k k
hc h c
_ _

, ,

h
h
Ngha l trong php tnh ta phi nhn vi in tch ht nhn ca ion ging H tng
ng.
Thay cc gi tr tng ng ta c:
h
H
=
2 31 19 4
34 3 8
2.3,14.9,1.10 .(1,6.10 )
(6,62.10 ) .3.10

.(9.10
9
)
2
= 10944613 m
-1
hay R
H
= 109446,13 cm
-1
(theo l thuyt).
Lun vn tt nghip
b. p dng cng thc va chng minh c tnh cho He
+
:
2 2
t c
2 2 2
H c t
n .n
Z R (n n )

Vch 1 (n
t
= 2, n
c
= 3)
32
4.9
4.109737.5

= 1,640.10
-5
cm
hay
32
= 1640.10
-8
cm = 1640
o
A
Mt cch tng t ta c:
Vch 2 (n
t
= 2, n
c
= 4)
o
42
1215A
Vch 3 (n
t
= 2, n
c
= 5)
o
52
1085A
Bi 14: a. Nhng vch ph thuc dy Lyman ca hyro xut hin khi electron
chuyn t trng thi kch thch bt k v trng thi c bn ng vi n
t
= 1. Hy tnh
trng thi lng t ng vi mc n
c
m t electron chuyn v n
t
vi v%= 97492,21
cm
-1
. Cho R
H
= 109677,58 cm
-1
.
b. i vi ion Li
2+
ngi ta thu c vch ph pht x ng vi bc sng
32
= 7,26.10
-8
m. Hy xc nh hng s
2
Li
R
+
ri suy ra t s R
H
/
2
Li
R
+
. Cho R
H
=
1,1.10
5
cm
-1
.
Gii
a. xc nh mc n
c
m t electron chuyn v mc n
t
trong dy Lyman ta p
dng cng thc chung:
H 2 2
t c
1 1 1
v R
n n
_

,
%
Thay cc gi tr v%, R
H
v n
t
= 1 vo ta s c: n
c
3
b. Trng hp tnh cho ion Li
2+
ta phi dng cng thc:

2
H 2 2
t c
1 1 1
v Z R
n n
_

,
%
hay
2 2
2
t c
2 H 2 2
Li
c t
5 1
8
n .n
R Z R
(n n )
4.9
= 9,92.10 cm
7,26.10 (9 4)
+
T kt qu thu c ta d dng lp c t s R
H
/ 2
Li
R
+
5
2 5
1,1.10
/ 0,11
9,92.10
H
Li
R R
+

ln
Ngha l R
H
ch bng khong 1/10 gi tr
2
Li
R
+
.
2. Bi tp t gii :
Bi 1: C th vit cu hnh electron ca Ni
2+
l:
Cch 1: Ni
2+
[1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
]; Cch 2: Ni
2+
[1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
].
p dng phng php gn ng Slater (Xlyt) tnh nng lng electron ca Ni
2+
vi
mi cch vit trn (theo n v eV). Cch vit no ph hp vi thc t? Ti sao?
Bi 2: Vit cc s lng t m t mi electron trong nguyn t Silic (Si: Z =14).
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 3: Nguyn t C c electron cui cng ng vi b 4 s lng t: n = 3, l = 1, m
= 0, m
s
=
a. Vit cu hnh electron ca C. Xc nh v tr ca C trong bng h thng tun hon t
suy ra nguyn t C.
b. Tnh Z
A
, Z
B
. Suy ra nguyn t A, B.
c. Xc nh trng thi vt l ca hp cht vi Hir ca A, B, C. gii thch s khc
nhau gia cc trng thi ny.
d. Hp cht X to bi 3 nguyn t A, B , C c cng thc ABC. Vit cng thc cu to
ca X v gi tn X.
e. trng thi lng, X c tnh dn in. Cho bit X c hnh thnh bng lin kt g?
Bi 4: Cn c vo thuyt lng t ca Planck, hy xc nh nng lng theo J v
khi lng theo kg ca photon ng vi bc sng pht x mu
o
6563 A
.
Cho c = 3.10
8
ms
-1
; h = 6,62.10
-34
J.S.
p s: E = 3,026.10
-19
J; m = 3,36.10
-36
kg
Bi 5: Tnh bc sng lin kt i vi electron chuyn ng trong mt in
trng vi hiu in th bng 100V. Bit: e = 1,6.10
-19
C ; m = 9,1.10
-31
kg.
p s:
o
1,226 A
Bi 6: Da vo biu thc de Broglie hy xc nh di bc sng theo m cho
cc trng hp sau y:
1. Mt chic xe ti nng mt tn chuyn ng vi vn tc 100 km/h.
2. Mt ht proton c m
p
= 1,67.10
-27
kg v ng nng T = 1000 eV. T cc kt qu thu
c ca hy cho bit cc nhn xt.
Cho: 1 eV = 1,6.10
-19
J ; h = 6,62.10
-34
J.s.
p s: 1. (Xe) = 2,38.10
-38
m. Tnh cht sng khng c ngha.
2. (proton) = 9,1.10
-13
m. C ngha quan trng.
Bi 7: Cho bit mt vin bi c m = 1g v mt electron (m = 9,1.10
-31
kg) chuyn
ng vi bt nh v v tr l 1
o
A
. Cn c vo nguyn l bt nh ca Heisenberg,
hy tnh bt nh v vn tc cho hai vt th ni trn v cho bit nhn xt t kt qu
thu c.
p s: v (vin bi) = 6,62.10
-21
m/s ; v (electron) = 7,27.10
7
m/s; C ngha vi
vt th vi m.
Bi 8: Khi chiu mt chm nh sng vi tn s v = 2.10
6
Hz xung b mt kim loi
M th thy electron b bt ra khi b mt v chuyn ng vi ng nng T = 7,5.10
-18
J.
Hy xc nh tn s ngng quang in v
o
. Cho h = 6,62.10
-34
J.s.
p s: v
o
= 8,7.10
15
Hz(s
-1
)
Bi 9: 1. Cn c vo phng trnh Schrodinger hy m t bi ton v s chuyn
ng ca electron trong hp th mt chiu v vit dng c th ca phng trnh sng
cho trng hp ny.
2. Gii phng trnh va xc lp cu 1 v bin lun cc kt qu nng
lng E v hm sng thu c.
p s: 1.
2
2
2
2
0 voi k =
d mE
k
dx
+
h
2.
2
2
h
E n
8mL
;
2
sinn x
L L

Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 10: Trong mt th nghim ngi ta cung cp mt nng lng gp 1,5 ln
nng lng ti thiu lm bt mt electron ra khi trng thi c bn ca nguyn t
hyro. Hi bc sng
o
(A)
bc x trong trng hp ny bng bao nhiu. Cho h =
6,62.10
-34
J.s; m = 9,10.10
-31
kg
p s:
o
=4,70A
Bi 11: 1. Khi chiu nh sng vi = 434 nm vo b mt cc kim loi K, Ca, Zn
th i vi kim loi no s xy ra hiu ng quang in?
2. Vi trng hp xy ra hiu ng quang in, hy tnh tc electron bt
ra khi b mt kim loi. Cho bit:
Kim loi K Ca Zn
Ngng quang in v
o
(s
-1
) 5,5.10
14
7,1.10
14
10,4.10
14
c = 3.10
8
m/s ; h = 6,62.10
-34
J.s.
p s: 1) Kim loi kali (K). 2) v
e
= 4,53.10
5
m/s.
Bi 12: Trong s cc nguyn t c s electron bng hoc t hn 20 electron, hy
xc nh xem c bao nhiu nguyn t tha mn iu kin cu hnh electron ca n c
hai electron c thn trng thi c bn?
p s: Bn nguyn t vi Z = 6; 8; 14; 16.
Bi 13: a. Hy cho bit gi tr ca cc s lng t l c trng cho cc trng thi
sau: 2s, 3p, 3d, 3f, 4d v cho bit nhn xt.
b. in tip gii tr s lng t m
1
v tnh s AO c th c trn tng phn
lp.
c. T cc AO xc lp c, hy sp xp chng theo th t nng lng
tng dn.
p s: a. Khng c phn lp 3f.
b. Phn lp s c 1AO; phn lp p c 3AO; phn lp d c 5AO.
c. Th t AO: 2s < 3p < 3d < 4d.
Bi 14: Trn c s ca quy tc gn ng Slater hy xc nh cc in tch hiu
dng Z
*
ng vi cc nhm phn lp tng ng c th c v tng nng lng i vi
nguyn t Cl (Z = 17) trng thi c bn.
p s:
* * * 3
1s 2s,2p 3s,3p tp
Z 16,7;Z 12,85;Z 6,1;E 12,47.10 eV
;
Bi 15: Tnh nng lng Li, Li
+
. Suy ra I
1
(Li).
Tnh nng lng He, He
+
. Suy ra I
2
(He).
p s: E
Li
= 204,034 eV; E
Li+
= 198,288 eV; I
1
(Li) = 5,746 eV
E
He
= 78,608e V; E
He+
= 54,4e V; I
2
(He) = 24,208 eV
Bi 16: Xt nguyn t cacbon. p dng qui tc Slater hy:
a. Xc nh hng s chn b v in tch hiu dng cho ca cc electron khc i vi
electron 1s, 2s ,2p.
b. Xc nh nng lng ca electron 1s, 2s, 2p v nguyn t cacbon trng thi c
bn.
c. Vit biu thc ton hc ca cc hm bn knh R
1s
, R
2s
, R
2p
(ly a
0
=h
2
/(4
2
me
2
) lm
n v.
p s: a. i vi e
1s
: b = 0,30 v Z* = 5,70
i vi e
2s,2p
: b = 2,75 v Z* = 3,25
b. E
1s
= 441,8 eV; E
2s
= E
2p
= 35,9 eV ; E
C
= 1027,2 eV
Lun vn tt nghip
c. R
1s
= ce
5,7r
; R
2s
= R
2p
= cre
1,625r
Bi 17: Xt nguyn t oxi. p dng qui tc Slater hy:
a. Xc nh hng s chn b v in tch hiu dng cho ca cc electron khc i vi
electron 1s, 2s, 2p.
b. Xc nh nng lng ca electron 1s, 2s, 2p v nguyn t cacbon trng thi c
bn.
c. Vit biu thc ton hc ca cc hm bn knh R
1s
, R
2s
, R
2p
(ly a
0
= h
2
/(4
2
me
2
) lm
n v.
p s: a. i vi e
1s
: b = 0,30 v Z* = 7,70
i vi e
2s,2p
: b = 3,45 v Z* = 4,55
b. E
1s
= 806,5 eV; E
2s
= E
2p
= 70,4 eV ; E
O
= 2035,4 eV
c. R
1s
= ce
7,7r
; R
2s
= R
2p
= cre
2,275r
Chng II: NHIT NG LC HA HC
I. Nguyn l th nht ca nhit ng lc hc v nhit ha hc:
1. Bi tp v cng, nhit, ni nng:
a. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Trong mt qu trnh, h hp thu mt nhit lng 1500 J v tc ng
ln mi trng mt cng 2500 J. Trong qu trnh ny, ni nng ca h thay i th
no?
(Trch sch Bi tp ha hc i cng ca Nguyn c Chung)
Gii:
H thu nhit: Q = 1500 J
H sinh cng: A = -2500 J
U = Q + A = 1500 2500 = -1000 J. Vy ni nng ca h gim 1000 J.
Bi 2: Ngi ta cung cp mt nhit lng 1 kcal cho 1,200 l kh oxy trong mt
xilanh ti p sut khng i 1 atm, kh oxy gin n ti th tch 1,500 l. Tnh bin
thin ni nng ca h.
Gii:
ng p: Q
P
= H = 1 k cal = 4,184 kJ
P = 1 atm = 101,3 k Pa
V = 0,300 l = 0,3.10
-3
m
3
H = U + P V => U =H P V = 4,184 101,3.0,3.10
-3
= 4,154 kJ
Bi 3: Chuyn 1 mol nc lng thnh hi 100
o
C, 1 atm. Tnh Q, A, U ca qu
trnh, bit nhit ha hi ca nc l 40,67 kJ mol
-1
. Coi hi nc nh kh l tng.
Gii:
Q = 40,67 kJ
V
1
= 0,018 l
V
2
= RT / P = (22,4.373)/(273.1) = 30,605 l
V = 30,578 l = 30,578.10
-3
m
3
A = - P V = - 101,3.30,578.10
-3
= - 3,9 kJ
U = Q + A = 37,58 kJ
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 4: Xc nh bin thin ni nng ca qu trnh ha hi 1kg nc nhit
150
o
C, 1 atm. Bit nhit ha hi trong iu kin ny bng 2111,2 kJ/kg. Chp nhn hi
nc l kh l tng v c th b qua th tch pha lng.
Gii:
Q = 2111,2 kJ
V
1
= 0
V
2
= nRT / P =
1000 22, 4 423
. .
18 273 1
= 1928,205 l = 1928,205.10
-3
m
3
A = - P V = - 101,3.1928,205 10
-3
= - 195,3 kJ
U = Q + A = 1915,9 kJ
Bi 5: 10 mol kh l tng gin n t p sut 1 atm n 0,1 atm ti nhit khng
i 0
o
C. Tnh U, Q, A.
Gii:
Ni nng kh l tng ch ph thuc vo nhit . Trong qu trnh, ni nng ca h
khng i U = 0
A = -
dV
V
nRT
V
V
2
1
= - nRT ln
1
2
V
V
= - nRT ln
2
1
P
P
= - 10.8,3144.273.ln 10 = - 52,265 kJ
Q = U - A = 52,265 kJ
Bi 6: Mt ni hi bng thp c khi lng l 900 kg. Ni hi cha 400 kg nc.
Gi s hiu sut s dng nhit ca ni hi l 70%. Cn bao nhiu nhit lng nng
nhit ca ni hi t 10
o
C ln 100
o
C, bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4,184 J/g.K;
ca thp l 0,46 kJ/kg.K?
(Trch sch Bi tp c s l thuyt cc qu trnh ha hc ca V ng )
Gii:
Q
thu
= Q
2
H O
+ Q
thp
= (400.4,184 + 900.0,46).(100 10) kJ
Q
cp
= (Q
thu
.100)/70 = 268405,7 kJ
Bi 7: Phn ng: MgCO
3
(r) = MgO (r) + CO
2
(k) , H
o
= 108,784 kJ/mol
Th tch mol ca MgCO
3
l 0,028 l ; ca MgO l 0,011 l. Xc nh U ca phn ng.
Gii:
V
2
CO
= (22,4.298)/273 = 24,451 l
V = 0,011 + 24,451 0,028 = 24,434 l
U =H - PV = 108,784 101325.24,434.10
-6
= 106,308 kJ
(vi P = 1 atm = 101325 Pa)
Bi 8: Tnh cng ca s bin i ng nhit thun nghch v bt thun nghch ca
48g oxi (coi l kh l tng) 25
o
C khi:
a. Gin n t 10 atm v 1 atm.
b. Nn t 1atm n 10 atm.
So snh cc kt qu, rt ra kt lun.
(Trch sch Bi tp ha hc i cng ca L Mu Quyn)
Lun vn tt nghip
Gii:
A
tn
= - nRT ln
1
2
V
V
= -nRT ln
2
1
P
P
A
btn
= - P V = - P
n
(V
2
V
1
) = -P
n
(
1 2 P
nRT
P
nRT
) = - nRT (
1 2 P
Pn
P
Pn
)
a. A
tn
= - (48/32).8,314.298.ln10 = - 8557,2 J
A
btn
= - (48/32).8,314.298.[(1/1) (1/10)] = - 3347,7 J
b. A
tn
= - (48/32).8,314.298.ln 0,1 = 8557,2 J
A
btn
= - (48/32).8,314.298.[(10/10) (10/1)] = 33477,2 J
Nhn xt:
- Trong s bin i ng nhit thun nghch, cng h sinh t trng thi 1 n 2 bng
cng h nhn t trng thi 2 n 1.
- Trong s bin i ng nhit bt thun nghch, cng h sinh nh hn cng h nhn.
- Trong s bin i ng nhit thun nghch, cng h sinh ln hn trong s bin i
ng nhit bt thun nghch.
b. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii:
Bi 1: Gin n 1 mol kh l tng t p sut 10atm n 0,4atm, nhit khng i
0
o
C.
a. Tnh cng kh gin n.
b. Xc nh bin thin ni nng, bin thin entanpi ca h.
c. Tm nhit lng kh hp th.
p s: a. - 7306,3 J
b. U = 0; H = 0
c. 7306,3 J
Bi 2: Xc nh bin thin ni nng khi ha hi 20 g ru etylic 1 atm v
nhit si (86
o
C). Cho bit nhit ha hi ca ru l 200,4 cal/g, th tch ring ca
hi nhit si l 607 cm
3
/g, th tch ru lng khng ng k.
(Trch sch Bi tp ha hc i cng ca Dng Vn m)
p s: 4,647 kcal
Bi 3: Tm bin thin ni nng khi ha hi 20 g nc 1 atm v nhit
20
o
C.Coi hi nc l kh l tng v th tch nc lng khng ng k so vi th tch
hi nc.Cho bit nhit ha hi ca nc l 588,43 cal/g .
p s: 11122,46 cal
2. Bi tp v nh lut Hess v h qu:
a. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3
(a), H
o
Cho:
Ca + (1/2) O
2
CaO(1), H
o
1
= - 152,33 kcal
C + O
2
CO
2
(2), H
o
2
= - 94,44 kcal
C + Ca + (3/2) O
2
CaCO
3
(3), H
o
3
= - 286,77 kcal
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
Theo nh lut Hess ta c s :

Theo s trn, ta c: H
o
3
= H
o
1
+

H
o
2
+

H
o
=> H
o
= H
o
3
-

H
o
2
-

H
o
1
= - 40 kcal
Cch khc:
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng (1), (2), (3) chnh l sinh nhit ca cc cht trong phn
ng (a).
H
phn ng
= H
s(sn phm)
H
s(cht u)
= H
o
3
- H
o
2
-

H
o
1
= - 40 kcal
Bi 2: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng este ha axit oxalic v ru metylic. Cho:
(COOH)
2
+ (1/2) O
2
2 CO
2
+ H
2
O (1) , H
o
1
= - 40,95 kcal
CH
3
OH + (3/2)O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O (2) , H
o
2
= - 174,07 kcal
(COOCH
3
)
2
+ (7/2) O
2

4

CO
2
+ 3H
2
O(3) , H
o
3
= - 382,67 kcal
Gii:
(COOH)
2
+ 2 CH
3
OH (COOCH
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O

(b) ,

H
o

Theo nh lut Hess ta c s :
Theo s trn, ta c: H
o
3
+ H
o
= H
o
1
+ 2

H
o
2

=> H
o
=

2

H
o
2
+

H
o
1
- H
o
3
= - 6,42 kcal
Cch khc:
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng (1), (2), (3) chnh l thiu nhit ca cc cht trong phn
ng (b).
H
phn ng
= H
t(cht u)
H
t(sn phm)
=

2

H
o
2
+

H
o
1
- H
o
3
= - 6,42 kcal
Bi 3: Xc nh sinh nhit ca axetilen nu bit thiu nhit ca n l 313,6 kcal
v sinh nhit ca H
2
O v CO
2
tng ng bng 68,3 kcal v 94,4 kcal.
C + Ca + (3/2) O
2

CaCO
3
H
o
3
H
o
1
CaO,
CO
2
H
o
2
H
o
(COOH)
2
+ 2 CH
3
OH (COOCH
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O
H
o
H
o
1
+ 2H
o
2

4

CO
2
+ 5H
2
O

+ (7/2)O
2
H
o
3

+ (7/2)O
2
Lun vn tt nghip
Gii:
Cn tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
2 C + H
2
C
2
H
2
(c), H
o

Theo bi ta c :
C
2
H
2
+ (5/2)O
2
2 CO
2
+ H
2
O (1), H
o
t(C2H2)
= - 313,6 kcal
C + O
2
CO
2
(2), H
o
s(CO2)
= - 94,44 kcal
H
2
+ (1/2)O
2
H
2
O (3), H
o
s(H2O)
= - 68,3 kcal
Phn ng (2),(3) cho H
o
t
(C) = - 94,44 kcal v H
o
t
(H
2
) = - 68,3 kcal
Tnh H
o
theo thiu nhit:
H
o
= H
o
t
(H
2
)

+ 2 H
o
t
(C) -

H
o
t
(C
2
H
2
)

= 56,42 kcal

Bi 4: Cn tiu tn nhit lng bng bao nhiu iu ch 1000 g canxi cacbua
rn t CaO (rn) v C (rn) ?
CaO (r) + 3 C (r) CaC
2
(r) + CO (k)
H
o
s
(kJ/mol) - 635,5 -59,4 - 110,5
Gii:
Tnh H
o
p
theo sinh nhit:
H
o
p
= -59,4 110,5 + 635,5 = 465,6 kJ
Nhit lng cn iu ch 1000 g canxi cacbua:
(1000.465,6)/64 = 7275 kJ
Bi 5:
a. Khi 1 mol ru metylic chy 298 K v th tch c nh theo phn ng:
CH
3
OH
(l)
+ (3/2)O
2(k)
CO
2 (k)
+ 2H
2
O

(l)

gii phng lng nhit l 726,55 kJ. Tnh
H phn ng.
b. Bit sinh nhit tiu chun ca H
2
O (l) v CO
2
(k) tng ng bng 285,85 kJ/mol
v 393,51 kJ/ mol. Tnh sinh nhit tiu chun ca CH
3
OH
(l)
.
c. Nhit bay hi ca CH
3
OH
(l)
l 34,89kJ/mol. Tnh sinh nhit tiu chun ca
CH
3
OH
(k)
.
Gii:
a. ng tch : U = -726,55 kJ
H = U + n RT = -726,55 + (1 1,5).8,314.10
-3
.298 = -727,79 kJ
b. Tnh H
o
p
theo sinh nhit:
H
o
p
= - 393,51 + 2 (- 285,85 ) - H
o
(CH3OH l)

= - 727,79 kJ
H
o
(CH3OH l)

= -237,42 kJ/mol
c. CH
3
OH
(l)

CH
3
OH
(k)
H
o
hh
= H
o
(CH3OH k)
- H
o
(CH3OH l)
= 34,89 kJ/ mol
H
o
(CH3OH k)
= 34,89

+ (-237,42) = - 202,53 kJ/ mol
Bi 6:
Qu trnh Solvay sn xut Na
2
CO
3
bao gm cc phn ng sau:
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
(1)

2CO
2
+

2H
2
O

+ 2 NaCl +2 NH
3
2 NaHCO
3
+ 2 NH
4
Cl (2)
2NaHCO
3
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O (3)
Lun vn tt nghip
CaO + H
2
O

Ca(OH)
2
(4)

Ca(OH)
2
+

2 NH
4
Cl CaCl
2
+ 2 NH
3
+

2H
2
O (5)
a. Xc nh bin thin entanpi cho mi phn ng trn.
b. Xc nh bin thin entanpi cho ton b qu trnh.
c. Vit phng trnh biu din phn ng tng cng.
d. Xc nh H ca phn ng tng cng, so snh vi cu b.
Cho:
Cht
H
o
s,298
(kJ / mol)
Cht
H
o
s,298
(kJ / mol)
CaCO
3
(r) -1207,08 NH
3
(k) - 46,19
CaO (r) - 635,55 NaHCO
3
(r) - 710,44
CO
2
(k) -393,51 NH
4
Cl(r) - 315,39
H
2
O (l) -285,85 Na
2
CO
3
(r) - 1430,09
NaCl (r) - 410,99 CaCl
2
(r) -794,96
Ca(OH)
2
(r) - 986,59
Gii:
a. Tnh H
o
p
theo sinh nhit:
H
o
p

(1)
= 178,02 kJ
H
o
p

(2)
= 221,42 kJ
H
o
p

(3)
= - 688,57 kJ
H
o
p

(4)
= - 65,19 kJ
H
o
p

(5)
= 158,33 kJ
b. H
o
p

(tng)
= H
o
p (1)
+ H
o
p (2)
+ H
o
p

(3)
+ H
o
p

(4)
+ H
o
p

(5)
= -195,99 kJ
c. CaCO
3
+ 2 NaCl CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
(6)

d. H
o
p

(6)
= -195,99 kJ = H
o
p

(tng)
Bi 7:
Khi trung ha 1 mol HCN bng kim mnh theo phn ng:
HCN
dd
+ OH
-
dd
H
2
O + CN
-
dd
(1), H
o
1

Ngi ta thy gii phng 12,13kJ nhit. Tnh H ca phn ng in li ca HCN:
HCN
dd
H
+
dd
+ CN
-
dd
(2), H
o
2

Gii:
Ta c: H
+
dd
+ OH
-
dd
H
2
O(3), H
o
3
= -57,32 kJ
Ly (1) tr (3) ta c (2). Vy:
H
o
2
= H
o
1
- H
o
3
= -12,13 (- 57,32 ) = 45,19 kJ
Bi 8: Xc nh sinh nhit chun 25
o
C ca propan iu kin ng p, ng tch.
Bit thiu nhit ca n l 2220 kJ/mol v sinh nhit ca H
2
O v CO
2
tng ng bng
286 kJ/mol v 393,5 kJ/mol.
(Trch sch Nhng nguyn l c bn ca ha hc-Phn bi tp ca Lm Ngc Thim)
Lun vn tt nghip
Gii:
3 C + 4 H
2
C
3
H
8
H
o

Theo bi ta c :
C
3
H
8
+ 5O
2
3 CO
2
+ 4 H
2
O (1), H
o
t
(C
3
H
8
) = - 2220 kJ/mol
H
2
+ (1/2)O
2
H
2
O

(2), H
o
s
(H
2
O)

= - 286 kJ/mol
C + O
2
CO
2
(3), H
o
s
(CO
2
) = - 393,5 kJ/mol
Phn ng (2),(3) cho H
o
t
(H
2
) = - 286 kJ/mol
H
o
t
(C) = - 393,5 kJ/mol
- iu kin ng p:
Tnh H
o
theo thiu nhit:
H
o
= 4H
o
t
(H
2
)

+ 3H
o
t
(C) - H
o
t
(C
3
H
8
)

= - 104,5 kJ
- iu kin ng tch:
H
o
= U
o
+ n RT => U
o
= H
o
- n RT
= -104,5 (1 - 4).8,314.(10 - 3).98 = - 97,1 kJ
Bi 9:
Xc nh sinh nhit ca H
2
O
2
trong nc da vo cc d kin sau:
SnCl
2
(aq) + 2 HCl(aq) + H
2
O
2
(aq) = SnCl
4
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (1)
H
1

= -371,6 kJ/mol
SnCl
2
(aq) + HCl(aq) + HOCl(aq) = SnCl
4
(aq) + 2 H
2
O (2)
H
2

= -314 kJ/mol
2 HI (aq) + HOCl(aq) = HCl(aq) + I
2
+ 2 H
2
O (3)
H
3

= -215,2 kJ/mol
(1/2)H
2
+ (1/2) I
2
+ aq HI(aq)

(4)
H
4
= - 55,1 kJ/mol
H
2
+ (1/2) O
2
H
2
O
(l)
(5)
H
5
= - 286 kJ/mol
(Trch sch Nhng nguyn l c bn ca ha hc - Phn bi tp ca Lm Ngc Thim)
Gii:
H
2
+ O
2
+ aq

H
2
O
2
(aq)

, H
- Bc 1: ly [2.(5) 2.(4)], ta c:
H
2
+ O
2
+ 2 HI

H
2
O + I
2
(6)
- Bc 2: ly [(6) (3)], ta c:
H
2
+ O
2
+ HCl (aq)

H
2
O + HOCl (aq) (7)
- Bc 3: ly [(7) + (2)], ta c:
H
2
+ O
2
+ 2HCl (aq) +

SnCl
2
(aq) 2H
2
O + SnCl
4
(aq) (8)
- Bc 4: ly [(8) - (1)], ta c:
H
2
+ O
2
+ aq

H
2
O
2
(aq)
T 4 bc trn, ta c:
H

= 2H
5

- 2H
4

- H
3

+ H
2

- H
1

= -189 kJ/mol
Bi 10: Xc nh nng lng mng li tinh th ca NaCl (r), bit:
- Nhit thng hoa ca Na:
Lun vn tt nghip
Na (r) Na (k), H
1

= 108,7 kJ/mol
- Nhit phn li ca Cl
2
:
Cl
2
(k) 2 Cl (k), H
2

= 244,3 kJ/mol
- Nng lng ion ha ca Na:
Na (k) Na
+
(k) + e, H
3

= 502 kJ/mol
- i lc vi electron ca Clo:
Cl (k) + e Cl
-
(k), H
4

= - 370,2 kJ/mol
- Nhit ca phn ng:
Na (r) +(1/2) Cl
2
(k) NaCl (r), H
5

= - 410,8 kJ/mol
(Trch sch C s l thuyt cc qu trnh ha hc ca V ng )
Gii:
Lp s :
H
5

Na (r) +(1/2) Cl
2
(k) NaCl (r)
H
1

(1/2) H
2

U
tt
H
3

+ H
4

Na (k) + Cl (k) Na
+
(k) + Cl
-
(k)
Theo nh lut Hess, ta c:

H
5

+ U
tt
= H
1

+ (1/2) H
2

+ H
3

+ H
4

U
tt

= - H
5

+ H
1
+ (1/2) H
2

+ H
3

+ H
4

= 773,45 kJ/mol

Bi 11: Xc nh nng lng mng li tinh th ca BaCl
2
t hai loi d kin sau:
a. - Sinh nhit ca BaCl
2
tinh th: -860,23 kJ/mol (H
1
)

- Nhit phn li ca Cl
2
: 238,49 kJ/mol (H
2
)
- Nhit thng hoa ca Ba kim loi: 192,46 kJ/mol (H
3
)
- Th ion ha th nht, th hai ca Ba: 501,24 kJ/mol (I
1
); 962,32 kJ/mol (I
2
)
- i lc vi electron ca Clo: -357,73 kJ/mol

(H
4
)

b. - Nhit ha tan ca BaCl
2
:

-10,17 kJ/mol

(H
5
)

- Nhit hidrat ha ca ion Ba
2+
: -1343,98 kJ/mol

(H
6
)

- Nhit hidrat ha ca ion Cl
-
: -362,98 kJ/mol

(H
7
)

Gii:
a. Lp s :
Lun vn tt nghip
H
1

Ba (r) + Cl
2
(k) BaCl
2
(tt)
H
3

H
2

Ba (k)
I
1
U
tt
Ba
+
(k) + 2Cl (k)
I
2
2 H
4

Ba
2+
(k) + 2Cl
-
(k)
Theo nh lut Hess, ta c:

H
1

+ U
tt
= H
2

+ 2H
4

+ H
3
+ I
1

+ I
2

U
tt

= - H
1

+ H
2
+2H
4

+ H
3
+ I
1

+ I
2

= 2039,28 kJ/mol

b. Theo bi ta c:
BaCl
2
(r) + aq Ba
2+
(aq) +

2Cl
-

(aq)

, H
5
Ba
2+
(k) + aq Ba
2+
(aq)

, H
6
Cl
-
(k)
+ aq Cl
-

(aq)

, H
7
Cn xc nh nhit ca phn ng:
BaCl
2
(r) Ba
2+
(k) +

2Cl
-

(k)

, U
tt
Nhn thy rng:
U
tt
= H
5
-

(H
6
+ 2 H
7
) = 2059,77 kJ/ mol
Bi 1: Xc nh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
2 CO + 4 H
2
H
2
O + C
2
H
5
OH
H
o
t
( kcal/mol ) - 67,6 -68,3 -326,7
p s: - 81,8 kcal
C
6
H
12
O
6
(r) + 6 O
2
(k) 6 H
2
O(l) + 6 CO
2
(k)
H
o
s
( kcal/mol ) - 304,6 -68,3 -94,4
p s: - 671,6 kcal
Lun vn tt nghip
C + 2N
2
O 2N
2
+ CO
2
H
o
s
( kcal/mol ) 17,7 - 94,4
Nu ch c 22 g N
2
O tham gia phn ng th lng nhit gii phng l bao nhiu?
p s: 32,45 kcal
Bi 4: Cho phn ng sau:
4HCl (k) + O
2
(k) 2H
2
O(l) + 2Cl
2
(k)
a. Tnh entanpi chun ca phn ng 25
o
C, bit rng entanpi chun ca cc cht nh
sau: HCl (k): - 92,3 kJ/mol
H
2
O (l): - 285,8 kJ/mol
b. Nu nc to ra th kh th entanpi chun ca phn ng l bao nhiu. Bit entanpi
bay hi ca nc nhit ny l 44 kJ/mol.
c. Tnh nhit phn ng ng tch 20
o
C.
p s: a. - 202,4 kJ
b. - 114,4 kJ
c. - 194967 J
3. Da vo nng lng lin kt:
a. B i tp c li gii :
Bi 1: Qu trnh t chy hidro: 2H
2
+

O
2
2H
2
O gii phng ra mt nng lng
bng 493,7 kJ. Cho bit cc nng lng lin kt E
H-H
= 432,2 kJ/mol, E
O=O
= 493,7
kJ/mol. Hy tnh nng lng lin kt E
O-H
.
Gii:
Lp s :
- 493,7
2H
2
+

O
2
2H
2
O

2E
H-H
E
O=O
- 4E
O-H
4H + 2O
T s ta c:
2E
H-H
+ E
O=O
- 4E
O-H
= - 432,2
=> E
O-H
= (2E
H-H
+ E
O=O
+ 432,2)/4 = 462,95 kJ/mol
Bi 2: Cho bit nng lng phn li lin kt sau:
Lin kt O-H C-C C = C C-H Cl-Cl H-Cl C-O C-Cl
E ( kJ/mol) 462,3 343,4 597,7 418,4 238,3 430,5 351,1 328,5
Hy tnh hiu ng nhit trong cc phn ng sau:
a. HCl + CH
2
= CH
2
CH
3
-CH
2
Cl
b. CH
3
-CH
2
OH H
2
O + CH
2
= CH
2
c. CH
4
+ Cl
2
HCl + CH
3
Cl
(Trch sch Bi tp ha hc i cng ca o nh Thc)
Gii:
Lp s tng t bi 1, ta tnh:
a. H = E
H-Cl
+ E
C=C
+ 4 E
C-H
- 5 E
C-H
- E
C-C
- E
C-Cl

= E
H-Cl
+ E
C=C
- E
C-H
- E
C-C
- E
C-Cl
= -62,1 kJ
b. H = E
C-C
+ E
C-O
+ 5 E
C-H
+ E
O-H
- 4 E
C-H
- E
C=C
- 2E
O-H

Lun vn tt nghip
= E
C-C
+ E
C-O
+ E
C-H
- E
C=C
- E
O-H
= 53,3 kJ
c. H = E
Cl-Cl
+ 4 E
C-H
- 3 E
C-H
- E
C- Cl
E
H-Cl

= E
Cl-Cl
+ E
C-H
- E
C-Cl
E
H-Cl
= - 102,3 kJ
Bi 3: Tnh nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca mt lin kt N-H trong NH
3
, bit :
(1/2) N
2
(k) + 3/2 H
2
(k) NH
3
(k), H
o
= - 46,3 kJ
Bit nng lng cc lin kt ca N
2
v H
2
tng ng l 941,4 kJ v 436,4 kJ.
Gii:
Nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca mt lin kt N-H trong NH
3
bng 1/3 nng lng
cc lin kt trong NH
3
.
Ta c:
H
o
= (1/2) E
N2
+ (3/2) E
H2
- 3 E
N-H (TB)
=> E
N-H (TB)
= [(1/2) E
N2
+ (3/2) E
H2
-

H
o
]/3 = 390,5 kJ
Bi 4: Xc nh nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca mt lin kt C-H trong metan,
bit sinh nhit chun ca metan l 74,8 kJ/mol; nhit thng hoa ca than ch l 716,7
kJ/mol v nng lng phn li ca phn t H
2
l 436 kJ/mol.
(Trch sch Nhng nguyn l c bn ca ha hc - Phn bi tp ca Lm Ngc Thim)
Gii:
Nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca mt lin kt C-H trong metan bng 1/4 nng lng
cc lin kt trong metan.
Nng lng lin kt trong CH
4
l H
o
298
ca qu trnh:
CH
4
(k) C(k)+ 4H(k).
Lp s :
H
o
298

CH
4
(k) C (k) + 4H (k).

H
o
th
2 H
o
pl
H
o
s

C (r) + 2H
2
(k).
T s ta c:
H
o
s
+ H
o
298
= H
o
th
+ 2H
o
pl

H
o
298
= H
o
th
+ 2H
o
pl
- H
o
s
= 1663,5 kJ/mol
E
C-H (TB)
= 1663,5/4 = 415,9 kJ
Bi 5: Tnh nng lng lin kt E
H-Cl
trong phn t HCl khi bit sinh nhit ca HCl
l 92,3 kJ/mol, nng lng lin kt E
H-H
l 435,95 kJ/mol, E
Cl-Cl
l 242,6 kJ/mol.
(Trch sch Ha hc v c ca Hong Nhm)
Gii:
Lp s
E
Cl-Cl
H (k)

+ (1/2) Cl
2
(k) H (k) + Cl (k)
E
H-H
E
H-Cl
H
o
s

(1/2) H
2
(k) + (1/2)

Cl
2
(k) HCl (k)
Lun vn tt nghip
Theo nh lut Hess ta c:
H
o
s
= 1/2E
H-H
+ 1/2E
Cl-Cl
+ E
H-Cl
=> E
H-Cl
= H
o
s
(1/2E
H-H
+ 1/2E
Cl-Cl
) = - 431,58 kJ/mol
Bi 6: Tnh nng lng mng li ca FeO (tt) da vo cc s liu sau:
- Entanpi nguyn t ha ca Fe (tt) l 404 kJ/mol.
- Nng lng ion ha th nht, th hai ca Fe: 761 kJ/mol; 1559 kJ/mol
- Nng lng lin kt trong phn t O
2
l 494 kJ/mol.
- Nng lng gn kt electron th nht v th hai ca oxi l 142 v 780 kJ/mol.
- Entanpi to thnh ca FeO (tt) l 273 kJ/mol.
Gii:
Lp s :
- 273

Fe (tt)

+ (1/2) O
2
(k) FeO (tt)

404

494/2

U
FeO
761 + 1559
Fe

(k) +

O (k) Fe
2+
(k) + O
2-
(k)

780 - 142
Theo nh lut Hess ta c:
U
FeO
- 273 = 404 + 494/2 + 761 + 1559 + 780 142
U
FeO
= 404 + 494/2 + 761 + 1559 + 780 142 + 273 = 3882 kJ/mol
Bi 7: Cho:
3 As
2
O
3
( r ) + 3 O
2
(k) = 3 As
2
O
5
(r) , (1), H
1
= - 812,11 kJ
3 As
2
O
3
( r ) + 2 O
3
(k) = 3 As
2
O
5
(r) , (2), H
2
= - 1095,79 kJ
Bit nng lng phn li ca oxi l 493,71 kJ/mol, nng lng ca lin kt
O-O l 138,07 kJ/mol. Chng minh rng phn t ozon khng th cu to vng m phi
c cu to ch V.
Gii:
Ly (1) tr (2) ta c:
3 O
2
(k) 2 O
3
(k) , H

= H
1
- H
2
= 283,68 kJ
- Nu O
3
c cu to vng:
H
vng
= 3E
O=O
- 6E
O-O
= 652,71 kJ
- Nu O
3
c cu to ch V:
H
chV
= 3E
O=O
- 2( E
O=O
+ E
O-O
) = E
O=O
- 2E
O-O
= 217,57 kJ
Nhn thy H
chV
gn vi gi tr H

hn H
vng
. Do ,O
3
c cu to ch V.
Bi 1: T cc gi tr nng lng lin kt sau, tnh entanpi to thnh mol tiu chun
ca kh NO:
Lin kt: N N O = O N = O
E (kJ/mol) 941,4 498,7 629,7
p s: 90,4 kJ
Bi 2: Tnh hiu ng nhit ca phn ng:
Lun vn tt nghip
C
2
H
4
(k) + H
2
(k) = C
2
H
6
(k)
Cho bit:
Lin kt: H-H C = C C-C C-H
E (kJ/mol) 435,14 615,05 347,27 414,22
p s: - 125,52 kJ/mol
4. S ph thuc ca hiu ng nhit vo nhit . Phng trnh Kirchhoff:
a. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Xc nh nhit t chy ca H
2
100
o
C, bit phn ng sau 25
o
C:
H
2
(k) + (1/2) O
2
(k) H
2
O (l), H
o
298
= -68317 cal
Nhit dung mol ng p trung bnh ca cc cht trong khong nhit trn l:
H
2
: 6,89; O
2
: 6,97; H
2
O(l): 18,0 (cal/mol.K).
(Trch sch Gio trnh ha hc i cng ca Nguyn Vn Tu)
Gii:
C
P
= 18 [6,89 + (6,97/2)] = 7,63 (cal/K)
Theo phng trnh Kirchhoff:
H
T2
= H
T1
+
2
1
T
T
C
P
dT
Vi Cp tnh trung bnh trong khong nhit trn th:
H
T2
= H
T1
+ C
P
( T
2
T
1
)
Thay: T
1
= 298 K; T
2
= 273 + 100 = 373 K
vo, ta c:
H
373
= H
298
+ C
P
(373 298) = - 68317 + 7,63.75 = - 67,745 (kcal)
Bi 2: Phn ng t chy etilen c biu din bng phng trnh:
C
2
H
4(k)
+ 3 O
2(k)
2 CO
2(k)
+ 2 H
2
O
(l)
, H
o
= - 1410 kJ
Xc nh khi lng nc 20
o
C c th c chuyn thnh hi 100
o
C khi t 1,00
m
3
kh etilen ktc. Hiu sut ca qu trnh l 70%.
Cho bit nhit dung ring ca nc l 4,184 J/kg.K.
Nhit ha hi nc l 2259 kJ/kg.
Gii:
S mol C
2
H
4
trong 1m
3
kh ktc:
2 4
C H
n
= 1000/22,4 = 44,6 mol
Lng nhit gii phng khi t 44,6 mol kh etilen l: 44,6.1410 = 62886 kJ
Lng nhit hu ch l:
62886.0,7 = 44020,2 J = 4,4020.10
4
kJ
Qu trnh ha hi nc:
H
2
O (l, 20
o
C) H
2
O (l, 100
o
C)
Q
1
= 4,184.80 = 334,72 kJ/kg
H
2
O (l, 100
o
C) H
2
O (k, 100
o
C)
Q
2
= 2259 kJ/kg
Do nhit ha hi ca 1 kg nc l:
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
= 2593,72 kJ/kg
Vy lng nc c ha hi l: (4,4020.10
4
/2593,72) = 16,97 kg
Bi 3: 25
o
C nhit thng hoa ca iot l 62,3 kJ/mol, entanpi chun trong s hnh
thnh HI(k) l 24,7 kJ/mol. Tnh bin thin entanpi ng vi s hnh thnh HI(k) t iot
Lun vn tt nghip
v hydro th kh, 225
o
C, bit rng trong khong nhit t 25
o
C n 225
o
C nhit
dung trung bnh ca cc cht l nh sau: H
2
: 29,08 kJ/ mol
I
2
(k): 33,56 kJ/mol
HI (k): 29,87 kJ/mol
(Trch sch Nhng nguyn l c bn ca ha hc-Phn bi tp ca Lm Ngc Thim)
Gii:
(1/2) H
2
(k) + (1/2) I
2
(r) = HI (k) (1) H
o
298 (1)
= 24,7 kJ/mol
I
2
(r) = I
2
(k) (2) H
o
298 (2)
= 62,3 kJ/mol
Ly phng trnh (2) chia 2 ri ly (1) tr i , ta c:
(1/2) H
2
(k) + (1/2) I
2
(k) = HI (k) (3) H
o
298 (3)
= - 6,45 kJ/mol
H
T2
= H
T1
+
2
1
T
T
C
P
dT
H
498
= H
298
+ C
P
( 498 298 )
Trong , C
P
= C
P(HI)
(1/2) (C
P(H2)
+ C
P(I2)
) = - 1,45 kJ
Thay vo ta c :
H
498
= - 6450 1,45.(498 298) = - 6740 J/mol
Bi 4: Tnh entanpi chun 1500
o
C ca phn ng:
CH
4
(k) + 2O
2
(k) CO
2
(k) + 2H
2
O (k), H
o
298
= -802,25 kJ
Cho bit C
o
p ( J.K
-1
. mol
-1
):
CH
4
(k): 23,64 + 47,86.10
-3
T -1,92.10
5
T
-2
H
2
O (k): 30,54 + 10,29 . 10
-3
T
O
2
(k): 29,96 + 4,18 .10
-3
T 1,67 .10
5
T
-2
CO
2
(k): 44,22 + 8,79 . 10
-3
T 8,62 .10
5
T
-2
(Trch sch Ha hc i cng ca L Mu Quyn)
Gii:
C
o
P
= C
o
P(CO2)
+ 2 C
o
P(H2O)
[ C
o
P(CH4)
+ 2C
o
P(O2)
]
= 21,74 26,85.10
-3
T 3,36.10
5
T
-2
H
o
T2
= H
o
T1
+
2
1
T
T
C
P
dT
H
o
1773
= H
o
298
+
1773
298
C
o
P
dT
= - 802,25.103 +
1773
298
] 74 , 21 [ T
-
1773
298
2 3
] 10 . 85 , 26
2
1
[ T
+
1773
298
5
]
10 . 36 , 3
[
T

= - 812130 J
Bi 5: Tnh nhit ca ngn la cacbon chy p sut 1 atm trong hai trng
hp sau:
a. Trong oxi nguyn cht.
b. Trong khng kh (20% oxi v 80% nit theo th tch). Nhit ban u 25
o
C, oxi
va cho phn ng.
H
o
298 ,f
= - 393,5 kJ/mol
C
o
P
(CO
2
,k)

= 26,8 + 42,3.10
-3
T (J/K.mol)
C
o
P
(N
2
,k) = 27,1 + 6.10
-3
T (J/K.mol)
Gii:
a. C + O
2
CO
2
, H
o
298
= - 393,5 kJ
Lun vn tt nghip
Lng nhit ta ra ca phn ng c dng t nng CO
2
t 25
o
C n nhit T:
- 393,5 .10
3
=
298
T
C
o
P(CO2,k)
dT
393,5 . 10
3
=
T
298
C
o
P(CO2,k)
dT =
T
298
( 26,8 + 42,3

.10
-3
T ) dT
=> T = 3779 K
b. Trng hp ny, nhit dng t nng 1 mol CO
2
v 4 mol N
2
:
393,5.10
3
=
T
298
[C
o
P(CO2,k)
+

4C
o
P(N2,k)
] dT
=
T
298
[( 26,8 + 42,3.10
-3
T ) + 4(27,1 + 6.10
-3
T )] dT
=> T = 2124 K.
Bi 6: Cho bit phn ng sau:
N
2
(k) + 3 H
2
(k) 2 NH
3
(k), H
o
298
= - 92,6 kJ (1)
a. Tnh H
o
298
cho phn ng sau:
(1/2) N
2
(k) + (3/2) H
2
(k) NH
3
(k) (2)
b. H
o
298,f
ca NH
3
(k) bng bao nhiu?
c. Thit lp phng trnh H
o
T
= f(T) ca phn ng (2).
d. Tnh H
o
398
ca phn ng (2).
Cho: C
o
P
(N
2
,k)

= 27,1 + 6 .10
-3
T (J/K.mol)
C
o
P
(H
2
,k) = 29,1 + 2 .10
-3
T (J/K.mol)
C
o
P
(NH
3
,k) = 25,9 + 3,2 .10
-3
T (J/K.mol)
Gii:
a. H
o
298(2)
= (1/2).(- 92,6) = - 46,3 kJ
b. H
o
298,f(NH3)
= H
o
298 (2)
= - 46,3 kJ/mol
c. C
o
P
= C
o
P(NH3)
[(1/2) C
o
P(N2)
+ (3/2)C
o
P(H2)
] = - 31,3 + 2,6 .10
-2
T (J/K)
H
o
T2
= H
o
T1
+
2
1
T
T
C
P
dT
H
o
T
= H
o
298
+
T
298
(- 31,3 + 2,6 .10
-2
T ) dT
= - 46,3 .10
3
+
T
298
(- 31,3 + 2,6 .10
-2
T ) dT
= - 38127,052 + 1,3 .10
-2
T
2
31,3 T ( J ) ()
d. Vi T = 398 K, thay vo phng trnh () cu c ta c: H
o
398
= - 48,5 kJ
Bi 7: Cho 10,08 g nc 0
o
C vo 50,4 g nc lng 40
o
C. Tnh nhit cui
ca hn hp, bit rng entanpi chun nng chy H
o
nc
ca nc l 6004 J/mol, nhit
dung mol chun ng p C
o
P
ca

nc lng l 75,3 J/mol.K. H l c lp.
Gii:
nH
o
nc
H
o

* H
2
O (tt) H
2
O (l) H
2
O (l)
273 K 273 K T
H
o
1
= n H
o
nc
+ H
o
= n H
o
nc
+
T
273
nC
o
P
dT
=
18
08 , 10
.6004 +
T
273
10, 08
.75, 3
18
dT
_

,
= 42,17 T 8149,62 (J)
Lun vn tt nghip
H
o
2

* H
2
O (l) H
2
O (l)
313 K
H
o
2
=
dT
T

,
_
313
3 , 75 .
18
4 , 50
= 210,84 T 65992,92 (J)
V h c lp nn: H
o
1
+H
o
2
= 0
Hay: 42,17 T 8149,62 + 210,84 T 65992,92 = 253,01 T 74142,54 = 0
=> T = 293 K
Bi 8: Mt phn ng dng luyn km theo phng php kh l:
ZnS(r) + 3/2 O
2
(k) ZnO(r) + SO
2
(k)
1. Tnh H
o
ca phn ng nhit 298 K v 1350 K, coi nhit dung cc cht khng
ph thuc vo nhit min nhit nghin cu.
2. Gi thit ZnS nguyn cht. Lng ZnS v khng kh (20% O
2
v 80% N
2
theo th
tch ) ly ng t l hp thc bt u 298 K s t n nhit no khi ch hp th
lng nhit ta ra do phn ng iu kin chun ti 1350 K (lng nhit ny ch dng
nng nhit cc cht u ). Hi phn ng c duy tr c khng, ngha l khng
cn cung cp nhit lng t bn ngoi, bit rng phn ng trn ch xy ra nhit
khng thp hn 1350 K
3. Thc t trong qung sfalerit ngoi ZnS cn c SiO
2
.Vy hm lng % ca ZnS
trong qung ti thiu bng bao nhiu phn ng c th t duy tr c ? Cho bit
entanpi to thnh ca cc cht 25
o
C (kJ/mol)

Hp cht: ZnO(r) ZnS(r) SO
2
(k)
H
o
f
- 347,98 -202,92 -296,90
Nhit dung mol ng p ca cc cht (J/mol.K)
2
(k) O
2
(k) N
2
(k) SiO
2
(r)
H
o
f
51,64 58,05 51,1 34,24 30,65 72,65
Bit M
ZnS
= 97,42 g/mol ; M
SiO2
= 60,10 g/mol.
(Trch thi Olympic Ha Hc Sinh vin Vit Nam 2005 Bng B)
Gii:
1. H
o
298
= -347,98 296,90 + 202,92 = - 441,96 kJ
C
o
P
= 51,64 + 51,1- 58,05 - (3/2).34,24 = - 6,67 J/K
H
o
T2
= H
o
T1
+
2
1
T
T
C
o
P
dT
=> H
o
1350
= - 448976,84 J
2.
0
Cp
= C
o
P(ZnS)
+ (3/2)C
o
P(O2)
+ 6 C
o
P(N2)
= 293,31 J/K
H
o
1350
+
T
dT
298
31 , 293
= 0
=> T = 1829 K > 1350 K nn phn ng t duy tr c.
3. Gi x l s mol SiO
2
c trong 1 mol ZnS:
0
Cp
= C
o
P(ZnS)
+ (3/2)C
o
P(O2)
+ 6 C
o
P(N2)
+ x C
o
P(SiO2)

= 293,31 + 72,65 x
H
o
1350
+
1350
298
31 , 293 dT
+
1350
298
65 , 72 xdT
= 0
=> x = 1,84 mol
Lun vn tt nghip
=> % ZnS = (1.97,42 )/(1.97,42 + 1,84.60,1) = 46,83 %
Bi 9: Tnh nhit ca ngn la CO chy trong hai trng hp sau:
a. Chy trong oxy tinh khit. (20% oxy v 80% nit theo th tch)
b. Chy trong oxy tinh khit.
Cho bit lng oxy va cho phn ng, nhit lc u l 25
o
C. Entanpi chy ca
CO 25
o
C v 1atm l 283kJ.mol
-1
. Nhit dung mol chun ca cc cht nh sau:
C
o
p
(CO
2
, k) = 30,5 + 2.10
-2
T; C
o
p
(N
2
, k) = 27,2 + 4,2.10
-3
T
(Trch thi olympic Ha hc sinh vin Vit Nam 2003 Bng A)
Gii:
a.
K T dT C C H
T
o
P
o
P
o
N CO
2555 0 ) 2 (
298
298
2 2
+ +
b.
K T dT C H
T
o
P
o
CO
4098 0
298
298
2
+
Bi 10: Mt phn ng dng luyn km theo phng php kh l:

ZnS(r) + 3/2O
2
(k) ZnO(r) + SO
2
(k)
1. Tnh H
o
ca phn ng nhit 298K v 1350K, coi nhit dung ca cc cht
khng ph thuc vo nhit min nhit nghin cu. Gi thit ZnS nguyn cht.
Lng ZnS v khng kh (20% O
2
v 80% N
2
theo th tch) ly ng t l hp thc bt
u 298K s t n nhit no khi ch hp th lng nhit ta ra do phn ng
iu kin chum ti 1350K (lng nhit ny ch dng nng nhit cc cht u).
Hi phn ng c duy tr c khng, ngha l khng cn cung cp nhit t bn ngoi,
bit rng phn ng trn ch xy ra nhit khng thp hn 1350K?
2. Thc t trong qung sfalerit ngoi ZnS cn cha SiO
2
. Vy hm lng % ca ZnS
trong qung ti thiu phi l bao nhiu phn ng c th t duy tr c?
Cho bit entanpi to thnh chun ca cc cht 25
o
C (kJ.mol
-1
)
2
(k)
H
o
f
-347,98 -202,92 -296,90
Nhit dung mol ng p ca cc cht (J.K
-1
.mol
-1
):
Hp cht: ZnS(r) ZnO(r) SO
2
(k) O
2
(k) N
2
(k) SiO
2
(r)
C
o
p
58,05 51,64 51,10 34,24 30,65 72,65
Bit M
ZnS
= 97,42g.mol
-1
; M
SiO2
= 60,10g.mol
-1
(Trch thi olympic Ha hc sinh vin Vit Nam 2005 Bng B)
Gii:
1. H
o
298
= -347,98 296,90 + 202,92 = -441,96 kJ
C
o
p
= 51,64 + 51,10 58,05 3/2.34,24 = -6,67 J.K
-1
H
1350
= -448976,84J

K T dT H
JK C C C C
T
o
o
N p
o
O p
o
ZnS p
o
P
1829 0 31 , 293
31 , 293 6
2
3
298
1350
1
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2
+
+ +

T = 1829K > 1350K nn phn ng t duy tr c.
2. Gi x l s mol SiO
2
c trong 1 mol ZnS.

+ + + + ) ( 65 , 72 31 , 293 6
2
3
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
JK x xC C C C C
o
SiO p
o
N p
o
O p
o
ZnS p
o
p
Lun vn tt nghip

+ +
1350
298
1350
298
84 , 1 0 65 , 72 31 , 293 84 , 448976 mol x xdT dT
=> %ZnS = 47%
Bi 1:

Tm H 398 K ca phn ng:
CO + (1/2) O
2
CO
2
Bit H
o
298
= 283 kJ/mol v Cp (cal/mol.) ca CO, O
2
, CO
2
ln lt l: 6,97; 7,05;
8,06.
(Trch sch Ha hc v c ca Hong Nhm)
p s: -283,648 kJ/mol
Bi 2: Tm H
o
ca phn ng sau 1100 K v 1200 K :
CaCO
3
(r) CaO (r) + CO
2
(k)
Bit H
o
298
( kJ/mol) C
o
P
(J/mol.K)
CaO (r) -635,09 48,83 + 4,52.10
-3
T + 6,53.10
5
T
-2
CaCO
3
(r) -1206,87 104,52 + 21,92.10
-3
T 25,94.10
5
T
-2
CO
2
(k) -393,51 28,66 + 35,7 . 10
-3
T
(Trch sch C s l thuyt ha hc ca Nguyn Hnh)
p s: 174795,04 J/mol; 174442,52 J/mol
II/ Nguyn l th hai ca nhit ng lc hc:
1. Tnh bin thin entropi S:
a. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Tnh S trong qu trnh gin n ng nhit 2 mol kh l tng t 1,5 l n
2,4l .
(Trch trong sch Bi tp ha hc i cng ca Lm Ngc Thim)
Gii:
Trong iu kin T = const, i vi 2mol kh:
S = 2.R.ln (V
2
/V
1
) = 2.8,314.ln (2,4/1,5) = 7,8 J/K.mol
Bi 2: Tnh
S trong qu trnh un nng 200g nc t 10

0
C n 20
0
C P = const,
bit C
p
ca nc bng 75,3 J/K.mol.
Gii:
p dng cng thc: S = n.C
p
.ln (T
2
/T
1
)
= 200/18.75,3.ln (293/283) = 29 J/K.mol
Bi 3: Tnh S ca qu trnh khuch tn vo nhau ca 1mol kh N
2
v 1mol kh
O
2
. trng thi nguyn cht mi cht kh cng 1 iu kin v nhit , p sut v
th tch.
Gii:
S khuch tn ca 2 kh lm tng gp 2 ln th tch T = const do :
2
O
S
= R.ln (V
2
/V
1
) = R.ln2 = 2,303.R.lg2
Tng t:
2
N
S
= 2,303.R.lg2
=>S =
2
O
S
+
2
N
S
= 2.2,303.R.lg2 = 11,5 J/K.mol
Bi 4: Tnh
S trong qu trnh nn ng nhit thun nghch:

a. 1mol oxi t P
1
= 0,001 n P
2
= 0,01 atm
b. 1mol metan t P
1
= 0,1 n P
2
= 1 atm
Lun vn tt nghip
(Trch trong sch Bi tp ha l c s ca Lm Ngc Thim)
Gii:
a.
S = R.ln (P
1
/P
2
) = 8,314.ln (0,001/0,01) = -19,143 J/K.mol
b.
S = R.ln (P
1
/P
2
) = 8,314.ln (0,1/1) = -19,143 J/K.mol
Kt qu tnh
S trong c 2 trng hp cho thy bin thin entropi ca kh l tng

khng ph thuc bn cht ha hc ca chng m ch c xc nh bng t s p sut.
Bi 5: Tnh S
0
ca phn ng: 4Fe + 3O
2
= 2Fe
2
O
3
. Bit S
0
ca Fe, O
2
v Fe
2
O
3
tng ng bng 27,3; 205 v 87,4 J/K.mol.
Gii:
S
0
p = 2 S
0
(Fe
2
O
3
) 4 S
0
(Fe) 3 S
0
(O
2
)
= 2.87,4 4.27,3 3.205 = -549,4 J/K.mol
Bi 6: Nhit dung ng p phn t gam ca Kali bromua trong khong nhit
293K n 923K c biu din:
C
p
(KBr) = 48,367 + 13,891.10
-3
.T J/K.mol
Xc nh bin thin entropi trong qu trnh un nng thun nghch 1 mol KBr t T
1
=
298,2K n T
2
= 500K.
(Trch trong sch Bi tp ha l ca Trn Hip Hi)
Gii:
p dng cng thc:
2
2 1
1
ln
T
T T p
T
S S S C d T
Rt ra:
S = S
500K
S
298,2K
=
500
298,2
(48,367 + 13,891.10
-3
.T)dlnT
= 48,367.2,303.lg (500/298,2) + 13,891.10
-3
.(500 298,2) = 27,81 J/K.mol
Bi 7: Xc nh bin thin entropi trong s chuyn 2g nc thnh hi ti p sut
1,013.10
5
N/m
2
v nhit bin thin t 0
0
C n 150
0
C, bit nhit bay hi ca nc
H = 2,255 kJ/g v nhit dung mol ca hi nc C
P,h
= 30,13 + 11,3.10
-3
T J/K.mol,
nhit dung ca nc lng bng 75,30J/K.mol.
Gii:
Qu trnh gm 3 giai on: a) chuyn nc lng t 0
0
C n 100
0
C ( S
1
).
b) chuyn nc lng thnh hi 100
0
C ( S
2
).
c) un a hi nc t 100
0
C n 150
0
C ( S
3
).
Giai on a): S
1
= 2/18.75,30.ln (373/273) = 2,61 J/K.mol
Giai on b): S
2
= 2.2,255.10
3
/373 = 12,09 J/K.mol
Giai on c): S
3
= 2/18.30,13.ln (423/373) + 2/18.11,3.10
-3
.(423 373) = 0,48
J/K.mol
=> S = S
1
+ S
2
+ S
3
= 2,61 + 12,09 + 0,48 = 15,18 J/K.mol
Bi 8: Mt bnh kn 2 ngn, ngn th nht c th tch 0,1 m
3
cha oxi v ngn th
hai c th tch 0,4 m
3
cha nito. Hai ngn u cng mt iu kin v nhit 17
0
C
v p sut 1,013.10
5
N/m
2
. Tnh bin thin entropi khi 2 kh khuch tn vo nhau.
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
Ta c: n = (P.V)/(R.T)
Nn: n(O
2
) = (1,013.10
5
.0,1)/8,314.290 = 4,2 mol
n(N
2
) = (1,013.10
5
.0,4)/8,314.290 = 16,8 mol
Bin thin entropi ca s khuch tn kh P,T = const c tnh theo cng thc:
S = R.[n
1
.ln (V/V
1
) + n
2
.ln (V/V
2
)]
= 8,314.[4,2.ln (0,5/0,1) + 16,8.ln(0,5/0,4)] = 87,37 J/K.mol
S khuch tn kh l 1 qu trnh t din bin do S > 0.
Bi 9: Tnh S trong s trn 10g nc 0
0
C vi 50g nc lng 40
0
C trong 1
h c lp. Nhit nng chy ca nc l 334,4 J/g. T nhit ca nc l 4,18 J/K.g.
Gii:
Gi t l nhit lc cn bng nhit sau khi trn, ta c:
(10.334,4) + (10.4,18.t) = 50.4,18.(40 t)
=> t = 20
0
C
Gi S
1
l bin thin entropi khi chuyn 10g nc t 0
0
C thnh nc lng 20
0
C,
ta c:
293
1
273
.
p
nc
nc
C dT
H
S
T T
= (10.334,4/273) + (10 4,18.ln (293/273) = 15,21 J/K.mol

Gi S
2
l bin thin entropi khi chuyn 50g nc lng t 40
0
C thnh xung 20
0
C, ta
c:
293
2
313
.
p
C dT
S
T

= 50.418.ln (293/313) = -13,77 J/K.mol

Bin thin entropi trong s trn:
S =S
1
+S
2
= 15,21 + (-13,77) = 1,44 J/K.mol
Vi S trong h c lp bng 1,44 J/K.mol ( S < 0) chng t y l mt qu trnh
khng thun nghch nhit ng lc.
Bi 10: S g st din ra 25
0
C, 1atm theo phng trnh phn ng:
4Fe + 3O
2
= 2Fe
2
O
3
Vi nhit hnh thnh H
0
ht
= -824,2 kJ/mol.
Kt hp vi gi tr S
0
thu c bi tp 5 hy chng t s g st l mt qu trnh t
xy ra.
Gii:
S g ca st ta nng lng di dng nhit ra mi trng xung quanh mt lng
bng: -824,2.2 = -1648,4 kJ/mol, do lm tng entropi ca mi trng mt lng
bng: S
0
mt
= 1648400/298 = 5531,5 J/K.mol
Mt khc: t bi 5 ta c: S
0
h
= -549,4 J/K.mol
=> S
0
c lp
= S
0
mt
+S
0
h
= 5529 + (-549,4) = 4982,1.mol
S
0
c lp
> 0 chng t s g l qu trnh t ph hy ca kim loi iu kin thng v
nhit v p sut.
Bi 11: Xc nh bin thin entropi trong qu trnh chuyn 418,4 J nng lng
di dng nhit t mt vt c nhit 150
0
C n mt vt c nhit 50
0
C.
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
Qu trnh chuyn nhit y l khng thun nghch, nhng mun tnh S li phi l
qu trnh thun nghch. Mun vy ta phi tng tng ra 3 qu trnh nh thun nghch
nh sau:
a. Vt c nhit cao nhng nhit thun nghch nit 150
0
C. Trong qu trnh
ny bin thin entropi s l:
S
a
= -418,4/(150+273,2) = - 0,9887 J/K.mol
b. Sau tin hnh mt qu trnh thun nghch on nhit a h ti nhit 50
0
C.
Trong qu trnh ny bin thin entropi s l:
S
b
= 0
c. Vt c nhit thp nhn nhit thun nghch nhit 50
0
C. Trong qu trnh
ny bin thin entropi s l:
S
c
= -418,4/(50+273,2) = 1,2946 J/K.mol
=> Bin thin entropi S ca c qu trnh s l:
S = S
a
+ S
b
+ S
c
= -0,9887 + 0 + 1,2946 = 0,3059 J/K.mol
Bi 12: Tnh S ca phn ng Cd + 2AgCl = CdCl
2
+ 2Ag din ra trong pin in
c sc in ng E = 0,6753V. Cho nhit hnh thnh chun ca CdCl
2
v AgCl bng
-389158 J; -126654 J; P = 1atm; T = 298K.
Gii:
Phn ng cho din ra iu kin thun nghch ng nhit trong pin in nn:
H = G + T. S = -A
max
+ q
Do : q = H + A
max
= [ H
ht
(CdCl
2
) 2H
ht
(AgCl)] + 2.F.E
= -389158 + 2.126654 + 2.96500.0,6753 = -5517,1 J
S = q/T = -5517,1/298 = -18,51 J/K.mol
b. Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: Tnh S ng vi s nng chy 1 mol nc ti 0
0
C. Bit nhit nng chy
ca bng 6 kJ/mol.
p s: 22 J/K.mol
Bi 2: Tnh bin thin entropi ca 100g nc khi truyn thun nghch cho lng
nc 25kJ nhit 2 trng hp:
a. ti nhit khng i l 0
0
C.
b. ti nhit khng i l 100
0
C.
p s: a. 91,5 J/K.mol; b. 67,0 J/K.mol
Bi 3: Trn 35g nc 250
0
C (A) vi 160
0
C nc 86
0
C (B).
a. Tnh nhit cui cng ca h vi gi thit l s trn c tin hnh mt cch
on nhit.
b. Tnh bin thin entropi ca A, B v ton b h.
p s: a. 75,1
0
C; b. A: 22,7 J/K.mol; B: -20,6 J/K.mol; h: 2,1 J/K.mol
Bi 4: Tnh bin thin entropi ca qu trnh un nng 2mol nito (c xem l kh
l tng) t 300K n 600K di p sut kh quyn trong 2 trng hp sau:
a. ng p.
b. ng tch.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bit rng nhit dung C
p
ca nito trong khong nhit t 300K n 600K c cho
bng phng trnh: C
p
= 27 + 6.10
-3
.T J/K.mol.
p s: a. 41 J/K.mol; b. 29,5 J/K.mol
Bi 5: Tnh bin thin entropi trong qu trnh khuch tn vo nhau ca 28g nito v
32g oxi, khi b vch ngn ngn cch 2 bung cha kh c th tch nh nhau bng 30l
v c cng 1 iu kin v nhit v p sut.
p s: 11,51 J/K.mol
Bi 6: Tnh bin thin entropi trong qu trnh un nng 1mol hidro t 300 n
400K. Bit rng i vi 1mol hidro: C
p
= 1,554 + 2,2.10
-3
.T J/K.mol.
p s: 1,74 J/K.mol
Bi 7: Tnh bin thin entropi khi chuyn 100g nc 0
0
C thnh hi 120
0
C, cho
bit:
- Nhit bay hi ca nc 100
0
C bng 2253 J/g
- Nhit dung ring ca nc lng bng 4,18 J/K.g
- Nhit dung ring ca hi nc bng 1,91 J/K.g
p s: 744 J/K.g
Bi 8: Xc nh nhit lc cn bng nhit v bin thin entropi khi trn 1g nc
0
0
C vi 10g nc 100
0
C. Cho nhit nng chy ca nc bng 334,4 J/g v
nhit dung ring ca nc bng 4,18 J/K.g.
p s: 83,64
0
C; 0,465 J/K.g
Bi 9: Xc nh bin thin entropi khi un nng 100g lu hunh t 300 n 400K
da vo cc d kin sau:
C
p
(S
rombic
) = 14,964 + 26,08.10
-3
.T
C
p
(S
n t
) = 14,88 + 29,09.10
-3
.T
Nhit chuyn S
rombic
S
n t
l 368,6K v nhit chuyn ha ny bng 296,78 J/mol.
p s: 24,33 J/K.mol
Bi 10: Tnh bin thin entropi khi cho ha hi 1 mol etyl clorua. Cho bit ti nhit
t = 12,3
0
C khng i, nhit ha hi ca etyl clorua l H
hh
= 376,56 J/g.
p s: 85,10 J/K.mol
Bi 11: Xc nh bin thin entropi trong qu trnh nung nng ng p 1mol kh
nito t 300 n 1000K. Cho bit:
C
p
(N
2
) = 26,983 + 5,910.10
-3
.T 3,376.10
-7
.T
2
J/K.mol
p s: 36,484 J/K.mol
Bi 12: Tnh S
0
ca phn ng: 1/2N
2
+ 3/2H
2
= NH
3
Bit: S
0
(N
2
) = 191,489; S
0
(H
2
) = 130,586; S
0
(NH
3
) = 192,505 (J/K.mol)
p s: 182,79 J/K.mol
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 13: Tnh bin thin entropi trong qu trnh un nng 1mol nc t -50
0
C ti
500
0
C di p sut kh quyn, cho bit:
- Nhit nng chy ca nc 0
0
C bng 6004 J/mol.
- Nhit bay hi ca nc 100
0
C bng 40660 J/mol.
- Nhit dung trung bnh ca nc bng 35,56 J/K.mol.
- Nhit dung ca hi nc P = const bng (30,20 + 0,00992.T) J/K.mol.
p s: 187,7 J/K.mol.
Bi 14: Tnh bin thin entropi ca neon 25
0
C v 1atm c th tch 0,78l c
gin n ti 1,25l v ng thi c un nng ti 85
0
C. (Ch : V S l mt hm trng
thi nn trc tin c th tnh S cho qu trnh gin n, ri tnh S cho qu trnh un
nng th tch cui khng i).
p s: 0,198 J/K.mol
Bi 15: Cho 200g thic nhit dung C
p
= 25,522 J/K.ntg nhit ban u l 100
0
C
v 100g nc nhit dung C
p
= 75,312 J/K.mol nhit ban u l 25
0
C vo nhit
lng k. Chp nhn rng nhit dung khng i v khng c s trao i nhit vi mi
trng cng nh vi nhit lng k. Hy xc nh:
a. Nhit cui ca h.
b. Bin thin entropi ca thic, ca nc v ca c h gm thic v nc.
p s: a. t
2
= 31,9
0
C
b. S
nc
= 42,719; S
thic
= -5,217; S
h
= 37,502 (J/K.mol)
2. Tnh th nhit ngG:
a. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: TnhG
0
trong s hnh thnh 1mol nc lng. Bit cc gi tr entropi chun
ca H
2
; O
2
v H
2
O ln lt bng 130,684; 205,138 v 69,901 J/K.mol v H
0
ca s
hnh thnh nc lng bng -285,83 kJ/mol.
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng: H
2
+ 1/2O
2
= H
2
O
Ta c: G
0
= H
0
T. S
0
Trong : S
0
= S
0
(H
2
O) S
0
(H
2
) 1/2S
0
(O
2
)
= 69,901 130,684 -1/2.205,138 = -163,35 J/K.mol
=> G
0
= -285,83.10
3
298.(-163,35) = 237151,7 J/mol = 237,152 kJ/mol
Bi 2: Tnh S
0
298
, H
0
298
v G
0
298
i vi qu trnh phn hy nhit CaCO
3
, bit:
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
(*)
S
0
298
(J/K.mol) +92,9 38,1 213,7
H
0
ht
(kJ/mol) - 1206,90 -635,10 -393,50
Gii:
Theo phng trnh phn ng (*) ta tnh c:
S
0
= S
0
(CaO) + S
0
(CO
2
) S
0
(CaCO
3
)
= 38,1 + 213,7 92,9 = 158,9 J/K.mol
H
0

= H
0
ht
(CaO) +H
0
ht
(CO
2
) - H
0
ht
(CaCO
3
)
= (-635,10) + (-393,50) (-1206,90) = 178,30 kJ/mol
Lun vn tt nghip
=> G
0
298
= H
0
298
T. S
0
298
= 178,30 298.158,9.10
-3
= 130,95 kJ/mol
G
0
298
>0 chng t 25
0
C v 1atm s nhit phn CaCO
3
khng xy ra c.
Bi 3: Ti nhit no s chuyn 1mol nc lng thnh hi nc p sut kh
quyn 1atm l mt qu trnh t din bin. Bit nhit ha hi 1mol nc lng bng
40587,80 J v bin thin entropi ca s chuyn trng thi ny bng 108,68 J/K.mol.
Gii:
Tiu chun nh gi chiu hng t din bin ca cc qu trnh xy ra iu kin
ng nhit, ng p l nng lng t do G: G = H T.S
G = H T. S i vi qu trnh ng nhit.
Khi bay hi ca nc P = 1atm:
H
2
O (l) = H
2
O (h)
H = 40587,80 J
S = 108,68 J/K.mol
=> G = 40587,80 T. 108,68
Hy tm nhit ti cn bng lng hi ca nc. Mun vy hy cho G = 0 do
: 40587,80 T. 108,68 = 0 => T = 373,46K
y l nhit si ca nc. iu kin nc lng chuyn thnh hi ch xy ra theo
mt chiu th G < 0. iu ny s tha mn nu T > 40587,80/108,68 = 373,46K.
Bi 4: i vi phn ng: CO(k) + H
2
O(k) = CO
2
(k) + H
2
(k)
Cho bit nhng gi tr ca bin thin entanpi v bin thin entropi chun 300K v
1200K nh sau:
H
0
300K
= -41,16 kJ/mol H
0
1200K
= -32,93 kJ/mol
S
0
300K
= -42,40 J/K.mol S
0
1200K
= -29,6 J/K.mol
Hi phn ng t din bin theo chiu no 300K v 1200K?
Gii:
Tnh G
0
2 nhit da vo h thc: G
0
= H
0
T. S
0
300K: G
0
300K
= (-41,16.10
3
) 300.(-42,40) = -28440 J/mol
1200K: G
0
1200K
= (-32,93.10
3
) 1200.(-29,6) = 2590 J/mol
Kt lun G
0
300K
< 0 vy phn ng cho t xy ra 300K theo chiu t tri sang
phi, song 1200K G
0
1200K
> 0 phn ng t din bin theo chiu ngc.
Bi 5: Xc nh du ca i lng G trong mi qu trnh sau y:
a. C
6
H
6
(lng, t = 0
0
C) C
6
H
6
(rn, t = 0
0
C)
b. C
6
H
6
(lng, t = 5
0
C) C
6
H
6
(rn, t = 5
0
C)
c. C
6
H
6
(lng, t = 10
0
C) C
6
H
6
(rn, t = 10
0
C)
v rt ra kt lun trong mi qu trnh benzen trng thi lng hoc benzen trng thi
rn bn hn. Cho bit nhit si ca benzen l 5
0
C v S(C
6
H
6
,l) > S(C
6
H
6
,r).
Gii:
Bi v t = 0
0
C v t = 10
0
C gia benzen lng v benzen rn khng c cn bng nhit
ng, cho nn G
a
v G
c
d nhin khc khng. Trong khi t = 5
0
C trong h tn
ti cn bng: lng
rn cho nn: G
b
= 0.
- i vi trng hp a:
Lun vn tt nghip
6 6 6 6
278 273
( ) ( )
273 278
0
a C H l C H r
G S dT S dT + +

V S(C
6
H
6
,l) > S(C
6
H
6
,r) cho nn G
a
< 0.
Nh vy, i vi qu trnh th nht benzen trng thi rn bn hn.
- i vi trng hp c:
6 6 6 6
278 283
( ) ( )
283 278
0
c C H l C H r
G S dT S dT + +

Trong trng hp ny cng v l do S(C
6
H
6
,l) > S(C
6
H
6
,r) m G
c
< 0.
Nh vy, i vi qu trnh th ba benzen trng thi lng bn hn.
Bi 6: Tnh bin thin th ng p khi nn ng nhit 10m
3
oxi t 1,013.10
5
n
10,13.10
5
Pa ti 18
0
C. Chp nhn oxi l kh l tng.
Gii:
S mol oxi b nn:
n = (P.V)/(R.T) = (1,013.10
5
.10)/(8,314.291) = 418,7 mol
dG
T
= V.dP = R.T.dP/P
G
T
= R.T.ln (P
2
/P
1
) (1mol)
i vi 418,7 mol th: G
T
= 418,7.8,314.291.ln (10,13.10
5
/1,013.10
5
) = 2332,5 J
Bi 7: Bin thin th ng p chun ca phn ng 25
0
C
H
2
+ Cl
2
= 2HCl(k)
bng -190348,84 J.
Xc nh bin thin th ng p to 25
0
C i vi phn ng:
H
2
(2 atm) + Cl
2
(1 atm) = 2HCl (0,1 atm)
Gii:
Xut pht t biu thc vi phn ca th ng p: dG = V.dP S.dT
Ta c i vi qu trnh ng nhit: dG
T
= V.dP
i vi 1mol kh l tng: V = R.T/P do : dG
T
= R.T.ln P
2 2
1 1
. . ln
T
dG RT d P

G
2
- G
1
= R.T.(ln P
2
ln P
1
)
Nu trng thi (1) l trng thi chun th t phng tnh trn ta c:
G
T
=G
0
T
+ R.T.(ln P ln P
0
)
= -190348,84 + 8,314.298.(2.ln 0,1 ln 1 ln 2)
= -203475,803 J
b. Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: Tnh G
0
373
ca phn ng: CH
4
+ H
2
O(k) = CO + 3H
2
. Bit:
Nhit hnh thnh chun H
0
ht 298
ca CH
4
, H
2
O(k) v CO ln lt bng -74,8; -241,8
v -110,5 kJ/mol. Entropi chun ca CH
4
, H
2
O(k) v CO ln lt bng 186,2; 188,7 v
197,6 J/K.mol (Trong tnh ton gi thit rng H
0
v S
0
khng ph thuc T).
a. T gi tr G
0
tm c c th kt lun g v kh nng t din bin ca phn ng
373K.
b. Ti nhit no th phn ng cho t xy ra iu kin chun.
p s: a. G
0
= 1,26.10
5
J/mol; b. T > 961K
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 2: Tnh G
0
ca s ng c -5
0
C i vi nc lng chm ng, bit rng
S
0
ca qu trnh ny bng 21,3 J/K.mol v H
0
= -5,8 kJ/mol ti nhit -5
0
C. T kt
qu tm c, hy cho bit v vic c hay khng trng thi cn bng gia nc lng v
nc -5
0
C.
p s: G
0
= -92 J/mol
Bi 3: Xt qu trnh nng chy ca nc 0
0
C v 1atm ta c cc d kin sau
y:
H
nc
(H
2
O, 0
0
C, 1atm) = 6,008 kJ/mol
C
p
(H
2
O, r) = 37,238 J/K.mol
C
p
(H
2
O, l) = 75,312 J/K.mol
Hy xc nh bin thin entanpi H, bin thin entropi S v bin thin hm Gipxo
G ca h trong qu trnh trn nhng xy ra ng p ti 1 atm v -10
0
C.
p s: H
263K
= 5,627 kJ/mol; S
263K
= 20,543 J/K.mol; G
263K
= 222 J/mol
Bi 4: Ti nhit -5
0
C v p sut hi bo ha trn benzen rn bng 17,1 mmHg
v p sut hi bo ha trn benzen lng chm ng bng 19,8 mmHg. Tnh bin thin
hm Gipxo G ca trong qu trnh ha rn 1mol benzen lng chm ng ti nhit
cho trn. Hi benzen c chp nhn l kh l tng.
p s: G = -326,77 J/mol
Bi 5: Entropi ca nito, oxi v oxit nito nhit 25
0
C v p sut 1atm ln lt
bng 191,54 J/K.mol; 205,27 J/K.mol v 210,62 J/K.mol. Hy xc nh bin thin hm
Gipxo G nhit 200
0
C v p sut 1atm i vi phn ng:
1/2N
2
+ 1/2O
2
= NO
Bit rng p sut cho G
298
= 86,441 kJ/mol. Chp nhn rng tc thay i ca
G theo T trong khong nhit t 298K n 473K l khng ng k.
p s: 84,303 kJ/mol
Bi 6: nhit 25
0
C entropi ca lu hunh rombic bng 31,882 J/K.ntg v
entropi ca lu hunh n t bng 32,552 J/K.ntg. Thit nhit ca chng tng ng
bng -296,813 kJ/mol v -297,148 kJ/mol. Hy xc nh G v F trong qu trnh:
S
rombic
S
n t
. Trong tnh ton cho php b qua s khc nhau gia t khi ca 2 dng
lu hunh ni trn. T kt qu thu c c th kt lun trong iu kin cho gia 2
dng lu hunh ni trn, dng no bn hn?
p s: G
298
F
298
= 135,2 J/mol; G
298
> 0, vy 25
0
C S
rombic
bn hn.
Bi 7: Nhit nng chy ca nc 0
0
C bng 333,46 J/g. T nhit ca nc
v nc lng ln lt bng 2,008 J/K.g v 4,184 J/K.g. Tnh G khi lm ng c
1mol nc nhit -5
0
C.
p s: 5,473 J/mol
Bi 8: 25
0
C entropi ca 1 nguyn t gam than ch bng 5,44 J/K.ntg v ca kim
cng bng 2,51 J/K.ntg. Bin thin entanpi t chy ca kim cng ln hn bin
thin entanpi t than ch l 418,4 J/ntg. Tnh G ca qu trnh:
C
than ch
C
kim cng
Lun vn tt nghip
p s: 454,382 J/ntg
Bi 9: Cho 1mol nc 0
0
C v 1atm chuyn ng p thnh hi nc 100
0
C.
Bit rng nhit nng chy ca nc 0
0
C v 1atm l H
nc
= 334,72 J/g; nhit ha
hi ca nc lng 100
0
C v 1atm l H
hh
= 2238,44 J/g; nhit dung ng p ca
nc lng trong khong nhit cho c chp nhn khng i v bng 75,312
J/K.mol; gi tr trung bnh entropi ca nc lng cng trong khong nhit c
chp nhn bng gi tr entropi tiu chun ca nc lng 25
0
C tc l: S(H
2
O,l) = S
0
298
(H
2
O,l) = 69,873 J/K.mol.
Tnh H, S v G ca h trong qu trnh cho.
p s: H = 53,848 kJ/mol; S = 153,595 J/K.mol; G = -6,987 kJ/mol
Bi 10: Cho phn ng ha hc: Zn + Cu
2+
= Zn
2+
+ Cu
xy ra 1 cch thun nghch, ng nhit. ng p 25
0
C trong nguyn t Ganvani. Sc
in ng ca nguyn t o c bng 1,100V v h s nhit ca sc in ng l (
E/ T)
p
= 3,3.10
-5
V/K.
a. Tnh hiu ng nhit Q, bin thin hm Gipxo G v bin thin entropi S ca phn
ng ha hc cho.
b. Tnh Q
tn
ca qu trnh.
c. Nu cng phn ng ha hc trn thc hin cng nhit v cng p sut nhng
trong mt bnh cu thng th cc gi tr ca G v S ca phn ng s l bao nhiu?
p s: a. Q = -211,275 kJ; G = -213,183 kJ/mol; S = 6,402 J/K.mol
b. Q
tn
= 1,908 kJ
c. Gi tr G v S ging nh tnh trong cu a.
Bi 11: Sc in ng ca nguyn t Gavani trong xy ra phn ng:
Ag + 1/2Cl
2
= AgCl
nhit t = 17
0
C bng 1,132V.
Tnh G v F i vi phn ng trn. C th b qua th tch Ag v AgCl trong tnh
ton v chp nhn kh Clo l kh l tng.
p s: G = -109,244 kJ/mol; F = -108,031 kJ/mol
3. Dng tng hp:
Bi 1: Vo ngy 1 thng 7 nm 2000, ng hm v cu ni gia an Mch v
Thy in chnh thc c m ca. N bao gm mt ng hm t Copenhagen n
mt hn o nhn to v mt chic cu t hn o n Malmo Thy in. Vt
liu chnh dng xy dng l thp v btng. Bi ny s cp n vic sn xut v
thoi ha ca tng vt liu.
Btng c hnh thnh t mt hn hp ca ximng, nc, ct v nh. Ximng
cha ch yu canxi silicat v canxi aluminat c sinh ra bng cch un nng v
nghin nh hn hp t st v vi. Bc tip theo trong vic sn xut ximng l
thm mt lng nh thch cao CaSO
4
.2H
2
O lm tng cng cng ca btng.
Bc cui cng ta nng nhit ln nhng c th nhn c sn phm khng mong
mun hemihydrat CaSO
4
.0,5H
2
O theo phn ng:
CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)
CaSO
4
.0,5H
2
O + 1,5H
2
O
Cc gi tr nhit ng cho bng sau: (bit p = 1,00bar)
Lun vn tt nghip
H
o
sinh
(kJ/mol) S
o
(J/K.mol).
CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
9(r)
-2021,0 194,0
CaSO
4
.0,5H
2
O
(r)
-1575,0 130,5
H
2
O
(h)
-241,8 188,6
Bit: R = 8,314 J.mol
-1
K
-1
= 0,08314 bar.mol
-1
.K
-1
; 0
o
C = 273,15K
1. Tnh H
o
(kJ) cho phn ng chuyn 1,00kg CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)
thnh CaSO
4
.0,5H
2
O
(r)
.
Phn ng ny thu nhit hay ta nhit?
2. Tnh p sut cn bng (bar) ca hi nc trong bnh kn cha CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)
,
CaSO
4
.0,5H
2
O
(r)
v H
2
O
(h)
25
o
C.
3. Tnh nhit p(H
2
O)
(cb)
= 1,00 bar trong h cu 2. Gi s H
o
v S
o
l hng
s.
(Trch trong thi Olympic ha hc quc t nm 2000)
Gii:
1. H
o
= -1575,0 + 3/2(-241,8) - (-2021,0) = 83,3 kJ/mol.
n = m/M = 1000/172,18 = 5,808 mol
nH
o
= 484 kJ
=> Vy phn ng thu nhit.
2. S
o
= 130,5 + 3/2(188,6) 194,0 = 219,4 J/K.mol
G
o
= H
o
- TS
o
= 17886 J/mol
m G
o
= -RTlnK
K = (p(H
2
O))
3/2
= 7,35.10
-4

=> p(H
2
O) = 8,15.10
-3
bar
3. p(H
2
O) = 1,00bar
=> K = 0
=> G
o
= -RTlnK = 0
m G
o
= H
o
- TS
o
= 0 => T = 380K (hay 107
o
C)
Bi 2: 3,00 mol CO
2
gin n ng nhit (nhit ca mi trng l 15
o
C) chng
li p sut bn ngoi n nh p = 1,00bar. Th tch u v th tch cui tng ng l
10,0l v 30,0l.
1. Chn thng tin ng v bin thin entropi ca qu trnh gin n (S
sys
) v mi
trng (S
sur
).
a. S
sys
> 0; S
sur
= 0
b. S
sys
< 0; S
sur
> 0
c. S
sys
> 0; S
sur
< 0
d. S
sys
= 0; S
sur
= 0
2. Tnh S
sys
, gi s CO
2
l kh l tng.
3. Tnh S
sur
.
4. Tnh s chuyn i entropi ca h. Nguyn l hai c c nghim ng hay
khng?
5. Kh CO c s dng rng ri trong tng hp hu c, c th thu c bng phn
ng gia CO
2
vi graphit. S dng cc d kin di y chng minh K
cb
298,15K
b hn n v.
298,15K: CO
2(k)
: H
o
s
= -393,51kJ.mol
-1
; S
o

= 213,79JK
-1
mol
-1
.
CO
(k)
: H
o
s
= -110,53kJ.mol
-1
; S
o
= 197,66JK
-1
mol
-1
.
C
(gr
): S
o
= 5,74JK
-1
mol
-1
.
Lun vn tt nghip
6. Tnh nhit m phn ng t cn bng. B qua s ph thuc ca H, S vo
nhit .
7. Phn ng cu 6 xy ra 800
o
C v p sut chung l 5,0 bar; K
p
= 10. Tnh p sut
ring phn ca CO ti cn bng.
Gii:
1. c.
2. S
sys
= nRlnV
c
/V
= 27,4 J/K.mol
3.
ext
p V q
S
T T

= -6,94 J/K.mol
p
ext
: p sut ngoi.
4. S
h
= S
sys
+ S
sur
= 20,5 J/K.mol
Ngyn l hai vn c nghim ng.
5. H
o

= 172,45 kJ/mol
S
o
= 176 J/K.mol
=> G
o
= H
o
- TS
o
= 120 kJ/mol > 0 K < 1
6. G
o
= 0 khi H
o
=TS
o
T = 980K
7. CO
2(k)
+ C
(gr)
= 2CO
(k)
.
1 - 2

5 .
1
1

5 .
1
2
+
=> K
p
= p
2
(CO)/p(CO
2
) p
CO
= 3,7 bar
Bi 3: Chun b cho ln sinh nht th 18 vo thng hai ca mnh, Peter c nh
bin ci tp lu ca cha m trong vn thnh mt b bi vi mt bi bin nhn to.
c th c lng gi c ca vic dng nhit v nc cho nh. Peter nhn c d liu
v cc kh thin nhin v gi c ca n:
Cht ha hc phn mol (x) H
o
(kJ/mol) S
o
(J/K.mol) C
o
p
(J/K.mol)
CO
2(k)
0,0024 -393,5 213,8 37,1
N
2(k)
0,0134 0,0 191,6 29,1
CH
4(k)
0,9732 -74,6 186,3 35,7
C
2
H
6(k)
0,0110 -84,0 229,2 52,5
H
2
O
(l)
- -285,8 70,0 75,3
H
2
O
(k)
- -241,8 188,8 33,6
O
2(k)
- 0,0 205,2 29,4
1. Vit phn ng chy ca kh thin nhin (ch yu l metan v etan) cho bit nit
khng chy trong iu kin chn. Tnh H, S v G ca tng phn ng iu
kin chun (1,013.10
5
Pa v 25,0
o
C). Bit tt c cc sn phm dng kh v 0
o
C =
273,15K.
2. T khi ca kh thin nhin l 0,740g/l (1,013.10
5
Pa; 25
o
C)
a. Tnh hm lng ca metan v etan (mol) trong 1,00m
3
kh thin nhin (CH
4
, C
2
H
6
khng phi kh l tng).
b. Tnh thiu nhit khi t chy 1,00m
3
kh thin nhin iu kin chun. Gi thit tt
c cc sn phm u dng hi (nu khng lm c cu a ta c th gi s rng trong
1,00m
3
kh thin nhin ng 40,00mol).
Lun vn tt nghip
c. Theo PUC (Public utility company) th nng lng thu c l 9981kWh/m
3
khi ta
t chy kh thin nhin (nu sn phm ch yu l kh). Sai s so vi cu b l bao
nhiu.
B bi trong nh rng 3,00m; di 5,00m v su 1,50m (thp hn mt sn). Nhit
nc trong vi l 8,00
o
C v nhit phng l 10,00
o
C. Gi s d
nc
= 1,00kg/l v kh
trong phng l kh l tng. Bit th tch phng l 480m
3
v din tch phng l
228,16m
2
.
3. Tnh nng lng (MJ) khi a nhit ca nc ln 22,00
o
C v a khng kh
trong phng ln 30,00
o
C. Cho bit trong khng kh cha 21,0%O
2
; 79%N
2
v p =
1,013.10
5
Pa.
Vo thng hai, nhit bn ngoi min Bc c xp x 5
o
C. T khi tng b tng
v mi nh tr nn mng hn (20,0cm) th nng lng mt i nhiu hn. Nng lng
c gii phng ra mi trng xung quanh (khng k n nc ngm). dn in
ca tng v mi nh l 1,00W/K.m.
Nng lng c tnh theo cng thc: J = E(A.t)
-1
=
w
.T.d
-1
.
J: Nng lng gii phng.
d: dy ca bc tng.
A: din tch.
t: chnh lch thi gian t thi im bt u nh thi im kt thc.
T: chnh lch nhit gia bn trong v bn ngoi phng.
E: Nng lng trong phng.
4. Tnh nng lng cn thit (MJ) gi cho nhit trong phng l 30,0
o
C.
1,00m
3
kh thin nhin c gi 0,40euro v 1kWh in gi 0,137euro. Tin thu trang
thit b t nng kh l 150euro trong tin thu l si in l 100euro.
5. Ton b nng lng cn thit cho k hoch b bi ma ng ca Peter l bao
nhiu? Lng kh thin nhin cn l bao nhiu bit hiu sut ca my t nng kh l
90%. Peter phi tn bao nhiu tin khi dng my t nng kh v l si in bit hiu
sut ca l si l 100%.
Gii:
1. a. Metan: CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
H
o
= -802,5 kJ/mol
S
o
= -5,3 J/K.mol
G
o
= -800,9 kJ/mol
b. Etan: 2C
2
H
6
+ 7O
2
4CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
H
o
= -2856,8 kJ/mol
S
o
= +93,2 J/K.mol
G
o
= -2884,6 kJ/mol
2. a. m = .V = 740g
M
tb
= x(i).M(i)
= 0,0024.44,01 + 0,0134.28,02 + 0,9732.16,05 + 0,011.30,08
= 16,43 g/mol
n
tng
= 45,04 mol
n(CH
4
) = 43,83 mol
n(C
2
H
6
) = 0,495 mol
b. E
thiu nhit
(H
2
O
(k)
) = n(i).
c
H
o
(i) = -35881 kJ
Lun vn tt nghip
c. E
PUC
(H
2
O
(k)
) = 9,981.1.3600 = 35932 kJ
=> chnh lch = -0,14 %
3. * V
nc
= 22,5 m
3
n
nc
= V..M
-1
= 1,249.10
6
mol
E
nc
= n
nc
.C
p
.T = 1316 MJ
* n
kk
= PV(RT)
-1
= 2,065.10
4
mol
C
p(kk)
= 29,16 J/K.mol
E
kk
= nC
p
T = 12,05 MJ
4. J = E(A.t)
-1
=
w
.T.d
-1
.
=> E = 1556 MJ
5. E
tng
= E
nc
+ E
kk
+ E
phng
= 2884 MJ
Th tch kh tng ng = 2884.10
6
(3600.9981.0,9)
-1
= 89,13 m
3
=> My t nng kh tn = 0,4.89,18 + 150 = 185,67 euro
=> L si in tn = 2884.10
6
.0,137.(3600.1)
-1
+ 100 = 209,75 euro
Bi 4: Amoni hydrosunfua l mt hp cht khng bn, d dng phn hy thnh
NH
3(k)
v H
2
S
(k)
: NH
4
HS
(r)
NH
3(k)
+ H
2
S
(k)
Cho bit cc s liu nhit ng hc sau y ti 25
o
C:
H
o
(kJ/mol) S
o
(J/K.mol)
NH
4
HS
(r)
-156,9 113,4
NH
3(k)
-45,9 192,6
H
2
S
(k)
-20,4 205,6
a. Tnh H
o
, S
o
, G
o
ti 25
o
C ca phn ng trn.
b. Hy tnh hng s cn bng K
p
ti 25
o
C ca phn ng trn.
c. Hy tnh hng s cn bng K
p
ti 35
o
C ca phn ng trn gi thit rng c H
o

v
S
o
khng ph thuc nhit .
d. Hy tnh p sut ton phn trong bnh cha nu phn ng phn hy t cn bng ti
25
o
C. B qua th tch ca NH
4
HS
(r)
.
e. Nu dung tch bnh cha l 100,00l. Hy tnh li p sut ton phn trong th nghim
trn.
(Trch trong Bi tp chun b cho k thi ICHO ln 32)
Gii:
a. H
o
= 90,6 kJ/mol
S
o
= 284,8 J/K.mol
=> G
o
= H
o
- TS
o
= 5,7 kJ/mol
b. G
o
= -RTlnK
a
Thay s vo ta thu c K
a
= 0,1008
K
a
= p(NH
3
).p(H
2
S) = K
p
=> K
p
= 0,1008 bar
2
c. G
o
= H
o
- TS
o
= 2839 J/mol
=> K
a
= 0,3302
K
a
= P(NH
3
).P(H
2
S)

= K
p
= 0,3302 bar
2
d. p(ton phn) = p(NH
3
) + p(H
2
S)
p(NH
3
) = p(H
2
S) = 0,5p(ton phn) (do c s mol bng nhau)
Kp = P(NH
3
).P(H
2
S) = [0,5p(ton phn)]
2
= 0,1008
=> K
p
= 0,635bar
n
kh
= pV/RT = 0,64 mol
n(NH
4
HS) = 1,00 0,5.0,64 = 0,68 mol; ngha l vn cn cht rn.
Lun vn tt nghip
e. n
kh
= pV/RT = 2,56mol.
n(NH
4
HS) = 1,00 0,5.2,56 = -0,28 mol; ngha l khng cn cht rn.
1,00mol cht rn chuyn thnh 2,00mol kh.
p(ton phn) = n(ton phn).RT/V = 0,50 bar
Bi 5:
Hm nhit
ng (298K)
H
3
PO
4
(dd) H
2
PO
4
-
(dd) HPO
4
2-
(dd) PO
4
3-
(dd) H
+
+ OH
-
=
H
2
O(l)
H
o
(kJ/mol) -1288 -1269 -1292 -1277 -56
S
o
(J/mol.K) 158 90 -33 -220 81
a. Tnh H
o
v G
o
ca phn ng trung ho tng nc H
3
PO
4
bng kim:
OH
-
+ H
n
PO
4
n-3
= H
n-1
PO
4
n-4
+ H
2
O
b. T nhng d kin bng trn, tnh cc hng s in ly ca H
3
PO
4
25
o
C.
c. Tnh th tch ca nhng dung dch 0,1M ca axit v kim m khi trn chng th
thnh 25 ml dung dch v nhit pht ra l 90 J.
(Trch trong Olympic ha hc Ucraina 1999 (lp 10))
Gii:
a. H
o
v S
o
ca H
+
u bng 0.
H
o
(H
2
O) - H
o
(OH
-
) = 56kJ/mol.
H
o
n
= H
o
3-n
- H
o
3-n+1
56
S
o
3
= S
o
3-n
- S
o
4-n
+ 81
=> G
o
= H
o
- TS
o
T ta tnh c:
H
o
1
= -64 kJ/mol; S
o
1

= 13 J/mol.K; G
o
1
= -68 kJ/mol
H
o
2
= -52 kJ/mol; S
o
2
= -42 J/mol.K; G
o
2
= -39,5 kJ/mol
H
o
3
= -41 kJ/mol; S
o
3
= -106 J/mol.K; G
o
3
= -9,5 kJ/mol
b. Ta c: G
o
(H
2
O) = 80 kJ/mol
H
3
PO
4
= H
+
+ H
2
PO
4
-
; G
o
a
= G
o
1
- G
o
nc
= 12 kJ/mol; K
1
= 7,9.10
-3
H
3
PO
4
= 2H
+
+ HPO
4
2-
; G
o
b
= 40,5 kJ/mol; K
2
= 8,0.10
-8
H
3
PO
4
= 3H
+
+ PO
4
3-
; G
o
c
= 70,5 kJ/mol; K
3
= 4,4.10
-11
c. * Hn hp hai mui axit: (n/OH
-
= 0,1V
2
; n(H
3
PO
4
) = 0,1V
1
)
Ta c: 64.0,1V
1
+ (0,1V
2
0,1V
1
).52 = 0,09
V
1
+ V
2
= 0,025
=>V
2
= 0,015 l; V
1
= 0,01 l
* Hn hp mui axit v mui thng: V
1
= 0,0071 l; V
2
= 0,0175 l
Bi 6: Cho cc s liu sau y i vi phn ng loi hidro ca etan:
G
o
900K
= 22,39 kJ/mol.
S
o
900K
(H
2
) = 163,0 J/mol.K
S
o
900K
(etan) = 319,7 J/mol.K
S
o
900K
(eten) = 291,7 J/mol.K
1. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng loi hydro.
2. Hy tnh K
P
ca phn ng 900 K bng n v hPa.
3. Xc nh nhit hydro ha eten ti 627
o
C.
4. Ti trng thi cn bng, trong bnh phn ng c p sut tng hp l 2atm.Tnh K
C
v K
X
.
Lun vn tt nghip
5. Hn hp phn ng s c thnh phn (% th tch) nh th no nu ngi ta dn etan
ti 627
o
C qua mt cht xc tc kh hydro? p sut tng hp ti trng thi cn bng l
1013hPa.
6. Tnh K
P
ti 600K vi gi thit l trong khong t 600K n 900K th H
o
v S
o
khng thay i.
7. Gii thch ngn gn s khc nhau ca cc gi tr K
P
tnh c cu 2 v cu 6.
(Trch trong thi Olympic ha hc c 1999 (vng 4))
Gii:
1. C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
.
2. K = e
-G/RT
; K
P
= K.p
o
n
Vi n = 1 v P = 1013h Pa ta tnh c K
P
= 50,8 hPa
3. C
2
H
4
+ H
2
C
2
H
6
G
o
= -22,39 kJ/mol
i vi phn ng ny th S
o
= -135 J/mol.K
Khi H
o
= G
o
+ TS
o
= -143,9 kJ/mol
4. Nu tnh gi tr ca P bng Pascal, ca T bng Kelvin th V s phi tnh bng m
3
.
Nh ta bit K
C
= K
P
(RT)
-1
= 6,79.10
-1
mol/m
3
= 6,79.10
-4
M.
K
X
= K
P
/p
tp
= 2,5.10
-2
5. cho n gin, ngi ta xut pht t 1 mol lng cht ban u C
2
H
6

C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
Lng cht n
i
trc : 1 0 0
n
i
trng thi cn bng: 1-x x x
p sut ring phn:
tp
P
x
x
.
1
1
+

tp
P
x
x
.
1+

tp
P
x
x
.
1+
Khi cn bng:
tp P
P
x
x
K .
1
2
2
a cc i lng vo phng trnh ta c x = 0,22.

%H
2
= %C
2
H
4
= 18%
%C
2
H
6
= 64%
6. lnK
P
(600K) = lnK
P
(900K) (H
o
/R)(600
-1
900
-1
) = 3,4.10
-3
hPa.
7. Phn ng kh hydro thu nhit, v vy K
P
gim khi h nhit . Hoc ngc li, khi
nhit tng, cn bng chuyn dch v pha tiu th nhit.
Bi 7:
a. Nitrosyl clorua l mt cht rt c, khi un nng s phn hy thnh nit monoxit
v clo. Cc s liu nhit ng hc cho bng:
NOCl NO Cl
2
H
o
f(298)
(kJ/mol) 51,71 90,25 0
S
o
298
(J/mol.K) 264 211 223
C
P
(J/mol.K) 44,7 29,8 33,9
b. Bn hy tnh K
P
i vi phn ng nhit 298K. Bn hy tnh ra kt qa bng
n v atm v Pa.
c. Bn hy tnh gn ng K
p
nhit 475K (ngha l khng s dng C
P
) bng cch
p dng phng trnh Vant Hoff v s ph thuc ca nhng hng s cn bng vo
nhit . Bn hy nu r trong nhng iu kin no th vic tnh ton nh vy l c
ngha.
d. Bn hy cho bit i lng C
P
cung cp thng tin v vn g?
Lun vn tt nghip
Cc gi tr C
P
ca nitrosyl clorua v ca nit monoxit khc bit nhau nhiu. Hy l gii
iu .
e. Bn hy kim tra xem liu nhng iu kin bin i i vi vic tnh ton phn
c) c c tho mn hay khng? Bn hy tnh chnh xc K
p
i vi nhit 475K v
so snh vi kt qu cu c).
f. nhit -33,5
o
C, ngi ta cho 2,00g nitrosyl clorua vo mt bnh chn khng c
th tch V = 2,00 l khng thay i mi nhit .
(i) Bn hy tnh p sut trong bnh 298K (bng Pa v atm).
(ii) Bn hy tnh p sut trong bnh 600K m khng k n s phn hu nhit.
(iii) Bn hy tnh p sut trong bnh 600K khi c tnh n s phn hy nhit (K
P(600K)
= 28,1.10
3
Pa).
i vi cc tnh ton ca mnh hy s dng cc khi lng mol sau (g/mol):
N = 14,01; O = 16,01; Cl = 35,45.
Hng s kh R = 8,314 J/mol.K
(Trch trong thi olympic ha hc c 1999 (vng 2))
Gii:
a. 2NOCl 2NO + Cl
2
b. Hng s cn bng nhit ng lc hc c tnh theo phng trnh:
K = e
-G/RT

Vi G = H - TS = 42214 (J/mol)
Thay vo phng trnh trn ta c: K= K
P
= 3,98.10
-8
atm = 4,04.10
-3
Pa
c. i vi trng hp gn ng. Phng trnh Vant Hoff c dng:
( )
( )

,
_
2 1 2
1
1 1
ln
T T R
H
T K
T K
P
P
a cc s liu vo ta c: K
P
= 4,32.10
-3
atm = 437Pa.
S tnh ton gn ng ny rt c ngha, nu cc nhit c xem xt, H v S
gn nh bng nhau. (iu c ngha l cc nhit c xt C
P
ca cc cht
tham gia phn ng gn nh bng 0).
d. C
P
l nhit dung mol. Mt cch trc quan th gi tr C
P
.1K cho bit lng nhit cn
phi cung cp cho 1mol cht nghin cu cho nhit ca n tng thm 1K. Nhit
cao hn l do chuyn ng ca cc phn t gy ra. Nhng i vi cc phn t
nhiu nguyn t th nhit lng cung cp khng ch c chuyn ha thnh nng
lng chuyn ng ca cc phn t m cng cn thnh nng lng quay v nng
lng dao ng. Hai dng nng lng ny khng h gp phn vo vic lm tng nhit
khc vi cc cht kh hai nguyn t, i vi cc cht kh gp khc ba nguynh t
cn c thm chuyn ng dao ng. Chuyn ng dao ng ny hp th thm nng
lng m khng th gp phn lm tng nng lng ca chuyn ng. V vy nhit
dung ca NOCl ln hn NO (Khng ngh ti vic gii thch bng cc bc t do dao
ng).
e. Kim tra cc iu kin bin ca phn c)
C
P
= 4,1 J/mol.K
H(475) = H(298) +C
P
(475 298)
=> H(475) - H(298) = 726J/mol. t hn 1% so vi H(298) =77080 J/mol.
Tnh tng t cho S ta thu c S(475) - S(298) = 1,91 J/mol.K, nh hn 1,7% so
vi S(298) = 117 J/mol.K.
Tnh chnh xc cc kt qa ta thu c:
Lun vn tt nghip
H(475) = 77806 J/mol.
S(475) = 118,9 J/mol.K
G(475) = 21329 J/mol K
P
= 4,51.10
-3
atm. Ch khc bit cht t so vi c)
f. (i) p sut c tnh theo phng trnh kh l tng pV = nRT
Khi lng mol ca nitrosyl clorua lag 65,46g/mol, nh vy lng nitrosyl clorua
trong mu l 2,00/65,46 mol.
=> p = 37,8.10
3
Pa = 0,374 atm
(ii) Tng t nh cu trn ta cng tnh c: p = 76,2.10
3
Pa = 0,752 atm
(iii) y cn phi lu n qa trnh phn hy:
2NOCl 2NO + Cl
2
Ban u: 2/65,46 mol 0 mol 0 mol
Cn bng: (2/65,46-2x) mol 2x mol x mol
p sut chung khi cn bng bng tng cc p sut ring phn:
( )
00200 , 0
600 .
2
2
) ( ) ( ) (
R n n n
p p p p
Cl NO NOCl
Cl NO NOCl chung
+ +
+ +
Lc cn bng ta c:
00200 , 0
600 . ). 2
46 , 65
2
(
00200 , 0
600 . .
00200 , 0
600 . . 2
2
R x
p
R x
p
R x
p
NOCl
Cl
NO
a tt c vo phng trnh K
P
:
0
46 , 65
1
600 . 314 , 8
00200 , 0 . 10 . 281 , 0
.
3
2 5
2
2
2

,
_
x x
P
P P
K
NOCl
Cl NO
P
Gii phng trnh trn ta thu c nghim gn ng x = 0,00824
T suy ra:
n(NO) = 0,01648 mol
n(Cl
2
) = 0,00824 mol
n(NOCl) = 0,01407 mol
n
chung
= 0,03879 mol
p
chung
= 96,8.10
3
Pa = 0,955 atm
III/ Cn bng ha hc:
1. Bi tp xc nh hng s cn bng:
Bi 1: Xc nh hng s cn bng K
C
ca phn ng:
2HI
H
2
+ I
2
Bit rng ti iu kin kho st ca bi ton phn li ca HI l = 24,48%
(Trch sch BT Ho l Lm Ngc Thim Trn Hip Hi)
Gii:
Phn ng: 2HI
H
2
+ I
2
Nu xut pht t 1 mol HI, l phn li, suy ra n
HI
= 1 ,
2 2
H I
n = n = /2
. V phn
ng khng lm thay i s mol nn c th thay nng bng s mol:
( )
2
C 2
K =
4 1-
. Thay = 24,48%, ta c: K
c
= 0,0263.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 2: Thit lp phng trnh biu th hng s cn bng K
P
theo s mol C
6
H
12
trong
phn ng: C
6
H
12(k)

C
6
H
6(k)
+ 3H
2(k)
Vi gi thit lng xiclohexan ly ban u l 1 mol v p sut ca h l 1 atm.
Gii:
C
6
H
12(k)

C
6
H
6(k)
+ 3H
2(k)
mol
Ban u 1 0 0 1
Phn ng x x 3x
[n
i
] 1 x x 3x
[P
i
]
1- x
.P
1+3x

x
.P
1+3x

3x
.P
1+3x
Suy ra:
2 6 6
6 12
3
4
H C H
3
P 3
C H
P . P
27. x
K = = . P
P (1- x)(1+3x)
P = 1 atm =>
4
P 3
27. x
K =
(1- x)(1+3x)
Bi 3: 323 K v 0,334 atm, trong phn ng: N
2
O
4

2NO
2(k)
. phn li N
2
O
4
l 63%. Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
, K
C
, K
x
ca phn ng.
Gii:
N
2
O
4

2NO
2(k)
mol
Ban u 1 0 1
Phn ng
[n
i
] 1 2 1 +
[x
i
]
1-
1+

2
1+
Suy ra:
2
2 4
2
2
NO
x 2
N O
x
4.
K = =
x 1-
= 2,63
K
P
= K
x
.P
n
, n = 1; K
P
= 2,63.0.334 = 0,878 atm
K
C
= K
P
.(RT)
-n
= 0,878/(0,082.323) = 0,033 mol/l
Bi 4: 457 K v di p sut chung 1 atm, 5% NO
2
b phn hy theo phn ng:
2NO
2

2NO + O
2
Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
v K
C
ca phn ng.
Gii:
2NO
2

2NO + O
2
mol
Ban u 1 0 0 1
Phn ng /2
[n
i
] 1 /2 1 + /2
[P
i
]
1-
. P
1+ / 2

. P
1+ / 2

.P
2(1+ / 2)
2
2
2
3
O NO -5
P 2
2
NO
P .P
K = .P = 6,76.10 atm
P
2(1 )(1- )
2
+
Lun vn tt nghip
K
C
= K
P
.(RT)
-n
; n = - 1; K
C
= 6,67.10
-5
/(0,082.457) = 1,8.10
-6
mol/l
Bi 5: Cho 2,5g COCl
2
phn hy nhit t = 400
o
C theo phng trnh phn ng:
COCl
2

CO + Cl
2
. Bit rng di p sut 1 atm th tch ca h l 1,7 lt. Chp nhn
kh l l tng. Tnh phn li ca COCl
2
khi cn bng v hng s cn bng K
P
.
Gii:
2
COCl hh
2,5 1,7
n = = 0,02525 mol; n = = 0,0308 mol
99 673.0,082
COCl
2

CO + Cl
2
mol
Ban u 0,02525 0 0
Phn ng 0,02525 0,02525 0,02525
[n
i
] 0,02525(1 ) 0,02525 0,02525 0,02525( +1)
[P
i
]
1-
.P
1+
. P
1+
.P
1+
0,02525(1 + ) = 0,0308 => = 0,22

2
2
2
CO CO
P 2
COCl
P .P
K = .P = 0,051 (atm)
P 1-
Bi 6: Nu cho vo bnh dung tch 1 lt 0,03 mol H

2
v 0,01 mol N
2
th khi phn
ng: 3H
2
+ N
2

2NH
3
t n cn bng nhit 1000 K, p sut trung bnh l
1,79 atm. Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
v K
C
ca phn ng 1000 K.
Gii:
S mol ca hn hp lc cn bng: n
hh
=
1.1,79
= 0,02182 mol
22,4
.1000
273
3H
2
+ N
2

2NH
3
mol
Ban u 0,01 0,03 0
Phn ng x 3x 2x
[n
i
] 0,01 x 0,03 3x 2x
0,04 2x = 0,02182 => x = 0,0091
Suy ra: [N
2
] = 0,0009mol; [H
2
] = 0,0027mol; [NH
3
] = 0,0182 mol.
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
2
3 7 2 2
C 3
2 2
NH
K = = 1,87.10 (l /mol )
N H
K
P
= K
C
.(RT)
n
; n = -2; K
P
= 2,78.10
3
(atm
-2
)
Bi 7:
1. Ngi ta nung nng n 800
0
C

mt bnh chn khng th tch 1 lt cha 10,0 gam
canxi cacbonat v 5,6 gam canxi oxit. Hy tnh s mol kh cacbonic c trong bnh.
Mun cho lng canxi cacbonat ban u phn hy ht th th tch ti thiu ca bnh
phi bng bao nhiu? Bit ti nhit kh CO
2
trong bnh c p sut l 0,903 atm .
2. Ti 20
0
C,

phn ng: H
2
(k) + Br
2
(lng) 2 HBr (k) (1)
c hng s cn bng K
p
= 9,0 .10
16
. k hiu (k) ch trng thi kh.
a. Hy tnh K
p
ca phn ng: H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k) 2 HBr (k) (2)
ti 20
O
C v p sut p = 0,25 atm.
b. Hy cho bit s chuyn dch cn bng ha hc ca phn ng (2) nu gim th tch
bnh phn ng hai trng hp:
Br2 (k)
Lun vn tt nghip
TH1: Trong bnh khng c Br
2
(lng); TH2: Trong bnh c Br
2
(lng).
(K thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia nm 2004 (Bng A))
Gii:
1. a. Vi iu kin cho trong bnh c phn ng:
CaCO
3

CaO + CO
2
(k) (*)
Trong bnh ch c kh CO
2
. Gi thit l kh l tng, ta c:
n = PV/RT = (0,903.10)/(0,08254.1073,15) = 0,01 mol. Vy
2
CO
n
= 0,01 mol
Nhn xt:
Theo bi, lng CaCO
3
cho vo bnh chn khng l:
3
CaCO
n
=10/100 = 0,1mol
Lng CaCO
3
b phn tch ch l 0,01 mol.
S c mt ca 5,6 gam CaO v lng CaCO
3
cn li khng nh hng ti kt qu tnh
v cc cht ny trng thi rn chim th tch khng ng k.
b. Gi thit lng CaCO
3
cho vo bnh chn khng b phn tch ht p sut kh
CO
2
vn l 0,903 atm (v phn ng (*) t ti cn bng ho hc ).
Do :
V
min
= nRT/P = 0,1.0,082054.1073,15/0,903 = 9,75 (lt)
2. a. Phn ng H
2
(k) + Br
2
(lng)
2 HBr (k) (1)

c (Kp)
1
= p
2
HBr
/pH
2
(a)
cn phn ng: H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k)
2 HBr (k) (2)

c (Kp)
2
= p
2
HBr
/pH
2
.pBr
2
(b)
Xt cn bng Br
2
(lng)
Br
2
(k) (3)
c (Kp)
3
= pBr
2 (k)
(c)
Khi t hp (1) vi (3) ta c cn bng (2):
H
2
(k) + Br
2
(lng)
2 HBr (k) (1)

Br
2
(l)
Br
2
(k) (3)
(1) (3): H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k)
2 HBr (k) (2)

Vy: (K
p
)
2
= (K
p
)
1
/(K
p
)
3
= 9,0.10
16
/0,25 = 3,6.10
17
atm
b. Khi gim th tch bnh phn ng ngha l tng p sut ring phn ca kh trong
h. Xt: Q = p
2
HBr
/pH
2
.pBr
2
(d)
Trng hp 1: Khng c brom lng trong bnh: Phn ng (2) c tng s mol kh trc
v sau phn ng bng nhau (n = 0) nn s thay i p sut khng dn ti chuyn
dch cn bng (2).
Trng hp 2: C brom lng trong bnh: p sut ring phn ca cc kh H
2
, HBr tng;
trong lc p sut ring phn ca Br
2
kh li khng i do cn Br
2
lng.
Theo (d), v s m ca pHBr ln hn s m ca pH
2
nn s tng p sut ni trn dn
n s tng Q v cn bng (2) chuyn dch theo chiu nghch.
Bi 8: Khi nung nng n nhit cao PCl
5
b phn li theo phng trnh
PCl
5
(k)
PCl
3
(k) + Cl
2
(k)
1. Cho m gam PCl
5
vo mt bnh dung tch V, un nng bnh n nhit T (K)
xy ra phn ng phn li PCl
5
. Sau khi t ti cn bng p sut kh trong bnh bng p.
Hy thit lp biu thc ca Kp theo phn li v p sut p. Thit lp biu thc ca
Kc theo , m, V.
2. Trong th nghim 1 thc hin nhit T
1
ngi ta cho 83,300 gam PCl
5
vo
bnh dung tch V
1
. Sau khi t ti cn bng o c p bng 2,700 atm. Hn hp kh
trong bnh c t khi so vi hidro bng 68,862. Tnh v Kp.
Lun vn tt nghip
3. Trong th nghim 2 gi nguyn lng PCl
5
v nhit nh th nghim 1 nhng
thay dung tch l V
2
th o c p sut cn bng l 0,500 atm. Tnh t s V
2
/V
1
.
4. Trong th nghim 3 gi nguyn lng PCl
5
v dung tch bnh V
1
nh th nghim
1 nhng h nhit ca bnh cn T
3
= 0,9 T
1
th o c p sut cn bng l 1,944
atm. Tnh Kp v . T cho bit phn ng phn li PCl
5
thu nhit hay pht nhit.
Cho: Cl = 35,453 ; P : 30,974 ; H = 1,008 ; Cc kh u l kh l tng.
(K thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia nm 2003 (Bng A))
Gii:
1. Thit lp biu thc cho Kp, Kc
PCl
5
(k)
PCl
3
(k) + Cl
2
(k)
ban u: a mol
cn bng: a x x x (mol)
Tng s mol kh lc cn bng: a + x = n
= x/a; Khi lng mol:
5
PCl
M
= 30,974 + 5.35,453 = 208,239 (g/mol)

3
PCl
M
= 30,974 + 3.35,453 = 137,333 (g/mol)

2
Cl
M
= 70,906 (g/mol)

gam
208,239 gam/mol
m
= a mol PCl
5
ban u
* p sut ring phn lc cn bng ca mi kh:

5
PCl
P
=
p
a x
a x
+
trong
3
PCl
P
=
2
Cl
P
=
+
x
P
a x

Kp =
2 3
5
.
Cl PCl
PCl
P P
P
=
2
.
-
x
p
a x
a x
p
a x
_

+
,
_

+
,
=
( )
2
2
2
. .
x
p
a x +

+ _

,
a x
a x
.
1
p

Kp =
2
.
( ) ( )
x p
a x a x +
=
2
2 2
x
a x
. p ; Kp =
2
2
2 2
2 2
.
x
a
p
a x
a a
=
2
2
.
1
p

* Kc = [PCl
5
] =
(1 ) a
V
trong [PCl
3
] = [Cl
2
] =
a
V
Kc =
[ ] [ ]
3 2
5
Cl
[ ]
PCl
PCl
=
( )
2
2
a
V
( )
.
1
V
a
=

2
(1 )
a
V
=

2

208,239 (1 )
m
V
Hoc: Kp = Kc (RT)
V
V
kh
= 1
Kp = Kc (RT) pV = nRT = (a + x) RT RT =
+
pV
a x
=
+ (1 )
pV
a

Kp = Kc
+
pV
a x

2
.
1
p

= Kc
+
pV
a x

Thay x = a
2
2
.
1
p

= Kc
+ (1 )
pV
a
Kc =
2
2
(1 )
.
1
a
V

Kc =
( )
2
(1 )
.
1 (1- )
a
V

+
+
=

2
(1 )
a
V
=

2

208,239 V (1 )
m
Lun vn tt nghip
* Quan h Kp v Kc. T cch 1 : Kc = Kp
1
RT
Thay RT =
pV
a(1 ) +
Kc = Kp
a(1 )
.
pV
+
=
2
a(1 )
.
1 pV
p

=
2
a
V(1 )

2. Th nghim 1:
5
PCl
n
ban u = a =
83, 30 g
208,239 g/mol
= 0,400 mol

M
ca hn hp cn bng: 68,826.2,016 = 138,753 g/mol
Tng s mol kh lc cn bng: n
1
= a (l +
1
) =
83, 30 g
138, 753 g/mol
= 0,600 mol
n
1
= a (1 +
1
) = 0,400 (1 +
1
) = 0,600
1
= 0,500
* Tm Kp ti nhit T
1
: Kp =
2
2
.
1

p =
2
2
(0, 5)
.
1 (0, 5)
2,70 = 0,900
3. Th nghim 2: - Gi nguyn nhit Kp khng i.
- Gi nguyn s mol PCl
5
ban u: a = 0,400mol.
- p sut cn bng P
2
= 0,500 atm.
Ta c
2
2
2
2
.
1

p
2
= Kp =
2
2
2
2
.
1

0,500 = 0,900
2
2
= 0,64286
2
= 0,802
Tng s mol kh lc cn bng: n
2
= 0,400 + (1+
2
) 0,721 (mol).
* Th tch bnh trong TN 2: V
2
=
2 1
2
n RT
p
so vi V
1
=
1 1
1
n RT
p

2
1
V
V
=
2 1
1 2
n p
.
n p
=
0, 721 2, 700
.
0, 600 0, 500
= 6,486 (ln)
4. Th nghim 3: - Thay i nhit Kp thay i.
- Gi nguyn s mol PCl
5
ban u a = 0,400 mol v V
1
- p sut cn bng P
3
thay i do: nhit gim (T
3
= 0,9 T
1
), tng
s mol kh thay i (n
3
n
1
).
P
3
= 1,944 atm ; Tnh
3
:
n
3
= a (1+
3
) = 0,400.(1+
3
) ; p
3
V
1
= n
3
RT
3
= 0,9 n
3
RT
1
; P
1
V
1
= n
1
RT
1
.

3 3
1 1
P 0, 9n
P n

3
0, 400.(1 ).0, 9 1, 944
2, 700 0, 600
+

3
= 0,200 n
3
= 0,48 mol
* K
P
(T
3
) =
2
3
3 2
3
.p
1

=
2
2
(0, 200)
.
1 (0, 200)
1,944 = 0,081
* Khi h nhit , Kp gim cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu nghch. Chiu nghch
l chiu pht nhit Chiu thun l chiu thu nhit.
Bi 9: Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng kh FeO bng CO 1000 K khi P
1
= 1
atm v khi P
2
= 5 atm. Bit rng khi cn bng hn hp kh cha 39% CO
2
v th tch.
S: K
P
= K
C
= K
x
= 0,64
Bi 10:
a. 298K, entanpi to thnh chun
0
H ca cc cht tnh theo kJ/mol l: N(kh):
472,7; H(kh): 218,0; NH
3
(kh): - 45,94; N
2
H
4
(kh): 95,42. Tnh nng lng lin kt N-H
v N-N. So snh gi tr ny vi entanpy phn ly phn t N
2
. C th rt ra kt lun g?
b. Xt cn bng: N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k)
Lun vn tt nghip
Cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu no khi:
+ Thm Ar vo hn hp cn bng nhng gi cho th tch khng i.
+ Thm Ar vo hn hp cn bng nhng gi cho p sut khng i.
Gii:
a. PT:
3
3
k k
N H NH +
Ta c:
3
0 0 0
3 3
k k
NH N H N H
H E H H
+ +
3
0 0 0
3
3
k k
N H NH
N H
H H H
E

+

472, 7 3.218 ( 45, 94)
390, 88 /
3
kJ mol
+

Tng t:
2 4
0 0 0
2 4 4
k k
N N N H N H N H
E H H H E

+
= 2.472,7 + 4.218 95,42 4.390,88 = 158,46 kJ/mol
Entanpy phn ly phn t N
2
=
0
2
k
N
H
= 472,7.2= 945,4kJ/mol
So snh 2 gi tr ny ta thy ( )
2 pl
H N
>> E
N-N
. iu ny ph hp vi thc nghim do
trong phn t N
2
c lin kt 3 rt bn v kh phn ly.
b. N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k)
Ta c:
3 3
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
3 3
. .
NH NH
p n
N H N H
p n
V V
K K
p p n n RT RT
_ _

, ,
+ V, K
p
, T = const => K
n
= const => khng c s dch chuyn cn bng.
+ T, P, K
p
= const; khi thm Ar vo th V tng ln => K
n
gim nn cn bng chuyn
dch theo chiu nghch, tc chiu lm phn ly NH
3
.
Bi 11: Cho 10,51 mol kh SO
2
v 37,17 mol khng kh (20% v th tch l O
2
cn
li l N
2
) c xc tc l V
2
O
5
. Thc hin phn ng 427
o
C, 1 atm th phn ng t hiu
sut 98%. Tnh hng s cn bng K
C
, K
P
ca phn ng 427
o
C.
(Trch thi HSG thnh ph N nm hc 2007-2008 mn ha hc lp 10)
Gii:
2SO
2
(k) + O
2
2SO
3
(k) H

= - 198 kJ
C
o
10,51 (mol) 7,434 (mol) 0
C 10,3 (mol) 5,15 (mol) 10,3 (mol)
[C] 0,21 (mol) 2,284 (mol) 10,3 (mol)
Tng s mol hn hp cn bng : 0,21 + 2,284 + 10,3 + 29,736 = 42,53 (mol)
P
i
= x
i
.P = x
i
.1 = x
i
;
2
3
P 2
2 2
(Pso )
K =
(Pso ) .Po
v
- n
C P
K =K (RT)

(R = 0,082, T = 427 + 273 = 700
0
K, n = -1) =>
2
4
2
(10, 3) .42, 53
4, 48.10
(0, 21) .2, 284
P
K

v
4 1 4
4, 48.10 .(0, 082.700) 257.10
C
K

2. Bi tp chuyn dch cn bng:
Bi 1: Cn phi trn N
2
v H
2
theo t l s mol bao nhiu nhit T v p sut
P no c th t n trng thi cn bng m lng NH
3
thu c l ln nht? Chp
nhn cc kh l l tng.
Gii:
Phn ng: 3/2H
2
+ 1/2N
2

NH
3
Lun vn tt nghip
3
3 2 2
2 2
3 2 2 2 2 2 2
NH
1/2 3/2
P NH P N H 1/2 3/2
N H
-1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2
NH P N H N P N H H
P
K = P K .P .P
P .P
1 3
dP = K .P .P dP + K .P .P dP (1)
2 2

M
2 2 3 2 2 3
N H NH N H NH
P = P + P + P dP = dP + dP + dP (2)
hiu sut phn ng t cc i th
3
NH
dP = 0
, P =const => dP = 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2
-1/2 3/2 1/2 1/2
N H N N H H
H N
(1) P .P dP + 3P .P dP = 0 (3)
(2) dP = - dP (4)
Thay (4) vo (3) ta c

2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1/2 -1/2 1/2
H N H N H
H N H N
P (P .P - 3P )dP = 0
P = 3P n = 3n
T l s mol lc cn bng
2 2
H N
n /n 3
cng l t l s mol ban u. Vy phn ng
tng hp NH
3
t hiu sut ln nht th t s mol a vo
2 2
H N
n /n 3
/1, theo ng h
s t lng ca phng trnh phn ng.
Bi 2: 510 K hng s cn bng K
P
ca phn ng:
PCl
5(k)

PCl
3(k)
+ Cl
2
bng 1. Xc nh:
a. phn tch ca PCl
5
p sut 5 atm.
b. Tnh p sut ti 20% PCl
5
b phn tch.
c. Phi thm bao nhiu mol Cl
2
vo 1 mol PCl
5
phn tch gim cn 20% 5 atm.
Gii:
PCl
5(k)

PCl
3(k)
+ Cl
2
mol
Ban u 1 0 0
Phn ng
[n
i
] 1 1 +
[P
i
]
1-
.P
1+

. P
1+

.P
1+
0,02525(1 + ) = 0,0308 = 0,22

3 2
5
2
PCl Cl
P 2
PCl
P .P
K = .P = 1
P 1-
a. Khi P = 5 atm => = 0,41

b. Khi = 0,2 => P = 24 atm
c. Gi x l s mol Cl
2
cn thm vo 1 mol PCl
5
phn tch cn 20%, s mol ca
Cl
2
lc cn bng l + x, tng s mol lc cn bng 1 + + x
2 2 5
Cl Cl PCl
x 1
P .P; P .P; P .P
1+ x 1+ x 1+ x

+

+ + +
Thay cc biu thc ny vo biu thc tnh K
P
, ta c:
( )
P
x
K = .P = 1
(1- )(1 x)

+
+ +
Thay = 0,2; P = 5 atm vo suy ra x = 3,8 mol
Vy s mol Cl
2
cn thm vo l 3,8 mol
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 3: 0
o
C v di p sut P = 1 atm, phn li ca kh N
2
O
4
thnh NO
2
bng
11%.
a. Xc nh K
P
?
b. Cng ti 0
o
C khi p sut gim t 1 atm xung 0,8 atm th phn li thay i nh
th no?
c. Cn phi nn ng nhit hn hp kh ti p sut no phn li bng 8%. Kt qu
nhn c c ph hp vi nguyn l chuyn dch cn bng Le Chatelier khng? V
sao?
Gii:
a. N
2
O
4(k)

2NO
2(k)

Ban u 1 0 1
Phn ng 2
[n
i
] 1 2 1 +
[P
i
]
1-
.P
1+

2
. P
1+
2
2 4
2
2
NO
P 2
N O
P
4.
K = .P = 0,049 (atm)
P 1-

b. P = 0,8 => = 0,123. phn ki tng do gim p sut phn li ca h.
c. = 8% => P = 1,9 atm.
Khi P tng t 1 n 1,9 atm cn bng chuyn dch sang tri, iu ny ph hp vi
nguyn l Le Chatelier. V khi P tng cn bng chuyn dch sang pha lm gim s mol
kh.
3. Bi tp quan h K
cb
vi cc i lng nhit ng khc:
Bi 1: Cho hng s cn bng ca cc phn ng:
C + S
2

CS
2
K
1
(1)
Ag
2
S + H
2

2Ag + H
2
S K
2
(2)
H
2
S
2H
2
+ S
2
K
3
(3)
Xc nh hng s cn bng ca phn ng: 2Ag
2
S + C
4Ag + CS
2

(Sch Ho hc v c, Cao C Gic)
Gii:
Ly (1) + (2).2 + (3), ta c:
2Ag
2
S + C
4Ag + CS
2
, G
G = G
1
+ 2G
2
+ G
3

-RT ln K = -RT ln K
1
2RT ln K
2
- RT ln K
3

K = K
1
. K
2
2
. K
3

Bi 2: i vi phn ng: Fe
3
O
4
+ H
2

3FeO + H
2
O (1)
Ta c: lg K
P,1
= -3378/T + 3,648
i vi phn ng: FeO + H
2
Fe + H
2
O (2)
Ta c: lg K
P,2
= -748/T + 0,573
Xc nh thnh phn hn hp kh cn bng (% mol) 800
o
C i vi phn ng:
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2

3Fe + 4H
2
O
Gii:
Ly (1) + (2).3, ta c:
Lun vn tt nghip
Fe
3
O
4
+ 4H
2

3Fe + 4H
2
O, G
G = G
1
+ 3G
2

-RT ln K
P
= -RT ln K
P,1
3RT ln K
P,2

lg K
P
= lg K
P,1
+ 3.lg K
P,2
Suy ra: lg K
P
= -5622/T + 5,367
lg K
P, 1073
= 0,127 => K
P, 1073
= 1,34
Gi x l t l % v s mol ca H
2
O
(k)
, suy ra (1 - x) l t l % v s mol ca H
2
.
2 2
2
2
H O H
4
4
H O
P,1073 4 4
H
P = x.P; P = (1 - x).P;
P
x
K = = = 1,34
P (1 - x)
x
1, 076 x = 0,518
(1 - x)

Vy thnh phn % hn hp kh (% mol) l: 51,8% H
2
O v 48,2% H
2
.
Bi 3: Cho: O
2(k)
Cl
2(k)
HCl
(k)
H
2
O
(k)
S
0
298
(J/mol.K) 205,3 222,9 186,7 1887,7
H
0
298
(J/mol) 0 0 -92,31 -241,83
1. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
4HCl
(k)
+ O
2(k)

2Cl
2(k)
+ 2H
2
O
(k)
298 K
2. Gi thit rng H v S ca phn ng khng ph thuc vo nhit , tnh hng s
cn bng ca phn ng 698 K.
3. Mun tng hiu sut oxi ha HCl th nn tin hnh phn ng trong nhng iu kin
no?
( thi cao hc Hu nm 2006)
Gii:
1. Phn ng: 4HCl
(k)
+ O
2(k)

2Cl
2(k)
+ 2H
2
O
(k)

H
0
= -114,42 KJ
S
0
= -128,9 J/mol.K
G
0
= H
0
- TS
0
= -76007,8 J
G
0
= - RTlnK
P
=> K
P
= G
0
/2,303RT = 13,32
Vy K
P
= 10
13,32
.
2. Khi H v S ca phn ng khng ph thuc vo nhit , ta c th xc nh K
P

698 K theo phng trnh sau:
P,698
P,298
P,698
K
H 1 1
l n = -
K R 698 298
114420 1 1
lgK 13, 32 1,83
2, 303.8, 314 698 298
_

,
_

,
Vy K
P,698
= 10
1,83
.
3. tng hiu sut oxi ha HCl tc l lm phn ng chuyn dch theo chiu thun, ta
c th p dng nhng iu kin sau:
- H nhit ca phn ng.
- Tng p sut.
- Tng nng ca oxi.
Bi 4: Amonihidrosunfua l hp cht khng bn, d dng phn hy thnh NH
3(k)
v
H
2
S
(k)
: NH
4
HS
(r)

NH
3(k)
+ H
2
S
(k)
.
Lun vn tt nghip
Cho bit cc s liu nhit ng sau y ti 25
o
C:
H
0
298
(KJ/mol) S
0
298
(J/mol.K)
NH
4
HS
(r)
-156,9 113,4
NH
3(k)
-45,9 192,6
H
2
S
(k)
-20,4 205,6
a. Hy tnh H
0
, S
0
v G
0
ti 25
o
C ca phn ng trn.
b. Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
ti 25
o
C ca phn ng trn.
c. Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
ti 35
o
C ca phn ng trn, gi thit H
0
v S
0
khng
ph thuc nhit .
Gii:
a. H
0
= 90,6 KJ
S
0

= 284,8 J/K
G
0
= H
0
- TS
0
= 5729,6 J
b. Hng s cn bng K
P
ti 25
o
C:
G = - RTlnK
P
=> 5729,6

= - 8,314.298 lnK
P
=> K
P
= 0,099 atm
2
.
c. Hng s cn bng K
P
ti 35
o
C:
G
0
308
= H
0
- TS
0
= 90600 308.284,8 = 2881,6 J
G
0
308
= - RTlnK
P, 308
=> K
P, 308
= 0,3246 atm
2
.
Bi 5: Xt phn ng sau:
CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)

CaSO
4
.
1
2
H
2
O
(r)
+
3
2
H
2
O
(k)
Cc s liu nhit ng sau 25
o
C v p sut tiu chun 1,00 atm:
H
0
298
(KJ/mol) S
0
298
(J/mol.K)
CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)
-2021,0 194,0
CaSO
4
.
1
2
H
2
O
(r)
-1575,0 130,5
H
2
O
(k)
-241,8 188,6
a. Hy tnh hiu ng nhit ca s chuyn ha 1,00 kg CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)
thnh CaSO
4
.
1
2
H
2
O
(r)
. Phn ng ny thu hay ta nhit?
b. Hy tnh p sut hi (atm) ti cn bng trong mt bnh nu c cha CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)
,
CaSO
4
.
1
2
H
2
O
(r)
v H
2
O
(k)
ti 25
o
C.
c. Tnh nhit ti p sut hi nc ti cn bng l 1,00 atm trong h c m t
cu b. Gi thit H
0
v S
0
khng ph thuc nhit .
(Olympic ho hc quc t nm 2000)
Gii:
a. Phn ng: CaSO
4
.2H
2
O
(r)
CaSO
4
.
1
2
H
2
O
(r)
+
3
2
H
2
O
(k)
, H = 83,3 KJ/mol
i vi 1 kg: H = (1000/172).83,3 = 484,3 KJ/mol
Nh vy phn ng thu nhit.
b. p sut cn bng:
S = 219,4 J/K.mol
G = H - TS = 17920 J/mol
G
0
298
= - RTlnK
P
=>
2 2
3/2 -3
P H O H O
K = P P = 8,055.10 atm
Lun vn tt nghip
c. Xc nh nhit ti p sut cn bng t 1 atm:
2
H O P
P = 1,00 K = 1
v G
0
T
= - RTlnK
P
= 0
G
0
T
= H
0
- TS
0
=> T = 380 K hay 107
o
C.
Bi 6: Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
600 K i vi phn ng:
2H
2
+ CO
CH
3
OH
(k)
Bit rng ti nhit ny phn ng: CH
3
OH + CO
CH
3
COOH
(k)
(1) c K
P, 1
=
2,78.10
-9
Pa
-1
v phn ng: 2H
2
+ CH
3
COOH
(k)

2CH
3
OH
(k)
(2) c K
P, 2
= 6,5.10
-6
Pa
-
1
.
S: 1,8.10
-14
Pa
-2
Bi 7: a. 273 K v 373 K phn ng sau: 2NO
2(k)
N
2
O
4(k)
xy ra theo chiu
no?
b. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng 2 nhit trn.
Cho bit: 2NO
2(k)
N
2
O
4(k)
H
0
(KJ/mol) 33,5 9,7
S
0
298
(J/mol.K) 240,2 304,3
S: a. G
0
273
= - 9,2 KJ; G
0
373
= 8,4 KJ
b. K
P, 273
= 57,5 atm
-1
; K
P, 373
= 0,067 atm
-1
4. Bi tp ph thuc K
CB
theo nhit :
Bi 1: i vi phn ng: 2CO
2

2CO + O
2
Hng s cn bng K
P
1000 K bng 4,033.10-16 Pa. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn
ng cho 2000 K nu hiu ng nhit trong bnh bng 561,3 kJ.
Gii:
Theo phng trnh ng p Vant Hoff, ta c:
P2
P1 1 2
P2
P1 1 2
14,658 1
P2 P1 P2
K H 1 1
l n =
K R T T
K H 1 1
lg 14, 658
K 2,303.R T T
K K .10 K 1,835.10 Pa

,
_

,

Vy hng s cn bng K
P
2000 K bng 1,835.10
-1
Pa.
Bi 2: Tnh hng s cn bng 298 K i vi phn ng:
2NO + O
2

NO
2
da vo cc d kin sau:
S
0
298
(J/mol.K) H
0
ht,298
(KJ/mol)
NO 210,6 90,37
O
2
205,0 0
NO
2
240,5 33,85
Xc nh hng s cn bng 373 K.
Gii:
Phn ng: 2NO + O
2

NO
2

H
0
298
= -113,04 KJ
S
0
298
= -145,2 J/K
G
0
298
= -69,77 KJ
G
0
298
= - RTlnK
P
=> K
P, 298
= 1,69.10
12
atm
-1
Theo phng trnh ng p Vant Hoff, ta c:
Lun vn tt nghip
P,373
P,298 1 2
8 1
P,373
K
H 1 1
l n =
K R T T
K 1, 77.10 atm

,

Bi 3: 18
o
C hng s cn bng ca phn ng: A
2

2A xy ra trong kh l tng
c xc nh bng h thc:
[ ]
[ ]
2
-4 3
C
2
A
K = = 1,7.10 mol/cm
A
Tnh phn li: a. 18
o
C v 1 atm
b. 19
o
C v 1 atm
Bit U = 5,0.10
-4
Cal/mol
Gii:
[ ]
[ ]
2
-4 3
C
2
A
K = = 1,7.10 mol/cm = 0,17 mol/l
A
K
P
= K
C
.(RT)
n
, n = 1; K
P
= 0,17.0,082.291 = 4,05654 atm
Nu s mol ban u ca A
2
l 1 mol, l phn li, tng s mol ca hn hp lc cn
bng l 1 + :
2
2
A A
2 2
A
P 2
A
2
2
1- 2
P = .P; P = .P
1+ 1+
P 4
K = = .P
P 1-
4
= 4,05654
1-
= 0,71
Theo phng trnh ng tch Vant Hoff:

4
C2
C1 1 2
C2
P C2
2
2
K U 1 1 5.10 1 1
l n =
K R T T 1, 987 292 292
K 0, 229 mol/l
K = K .(RT) = 5,483 atm
4
= 5,483 0, 76
1-
_
_

,
,

Bi 4: Nghin cu phn ng phn tch Mangandioxit:
4MnO
2
2Mn
2
O
3
+ O
2
Ngi ta thu c:
- T
1
= 791 K, p sut
2
O
P = 194,0 mmHg
- T
2
= 836 K, p sut
2
O
P = 569,0 mmHg
a. Hy thit lp biu thc tnh lg K
P
theo nhit T.
b. Hy xc nh gi tr H
0
v
2 3 2 2
P P,Mn O P,O P,MnO
C = 2C + C - 4C
trong khong nhit t
298 K n 836 K. Chp nhn rng gi tr khng i trong khong nhit kho st.
Cho bit H
0
298
= 36200 Cal/mol.
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
a. Theo phng trnh ng p Vant Hoff:
P
2
P
P
dlnK H
=
dT RT
H
lnK = - + C
RT
H
lnK = - + C
2,303RT
t
H A
A = lgP = - + C
2,303R T
Thay T
1
= 791 K,
2
P1 O
K = P = 194,0 mmHg
T
2
= 836 K,
2
P2 O
K = P = 569,0 mmHg
Ta c h phng trnh:
A
lg194 C
791
A
lg569 C
836
'
Gii ra: A = 6867; C = 10,969

Phng trnh biu din s ph thuc ca lg K
P
theo nhit T:
6867
lgP = - + 10,969
T
b. Ta c:
H
A = H = 2,303.T.A = 31424 Cal/mol
2,303RT

Theo phng trng Kirchhoff, ta c:
( )
836
0 0
836 298 P
298
0 0
836 298 P
P
H H C dT
H H 836 298 C
31424 36200
C 8,88 Cal/mol.K
538

Vy
P
C 8,88 Cal/mol.K
Bi 5: Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
1100 K ca phn ng:
C + CO
2

2CO
Bit H
0
298
= 171923,2 J; K
P, 1000
= 1,793 atm v nhit dung mol ng p ca cc cht
c dng:
2
P, CO
C
(J/mol.K) = 43,221 + 11,453 9,614.10
-5
.T
-2

C
P, CO
(J/mol.K) = 43,221 + 11,453 9,614.10
-5
.T
-2
2
P, O
C
(J/mol.K) = 43,221 + 11,453 9,614.10
-5
.T
-2
Gii:
Phng trnh ng p Vant Hoff:
1100
P,1100
P
2 2
P,1000 1000
K
dlnK H H
= hay ln = dT
dT RT K RT
Theo phng trng Kirchhoff, ta c:

Lun vn tt nghip
2
T 0 P
-3 5 -2
P P,CO P,C P,CO
-3 2 5 -1
T 0
T 0
H -H = C dT
C = 2C - C - C = 0,794 - 12,373.10 T + 14,50.10 T
H = H + 0,794T - 6,186.10 T - 14,50.10 T
Thay H = 171932, 4 J; T = 298 K H 177106, 6 J
Phng trnh H
T
c dng:
-3 2 5 -1
T
1100 -3 2 5 -1
P,1100
2
P,1000 1000
P,1100
H = 177106,6 + 0,794T - 6,186.10 T - 14,50.10 T
K
177106,6 + 0,794T - 6,186.10 T - 14,50.10 T
ln = dT = 2,0799
K RT
K 14, 35 atm

Bi 6: Nghin cu phn ng tng hp amoniac:
2N
2
+ 3/2H
2

NH
3
Tin hnh nhit 700 K, hy xc nh gi tr hng s cn bng K
p
. Cho bit nhit
t = 25
o
C gi tr hng s cn bng K
p
= 832, hiu ng nhit H = -11,04 Kcal/mol v
nhit dung mol ng p ca cc kh:
2
P, N
C
= 6,66 + 1,02.10
-3
.T Cal/mol.K
2
P, H
C
= 6,59 0,2.10
-3
.T + 0,48.10
-6
.T
2
Cal/mol.K
2
P, O
C
(J/mol.K) = 7,12 + 6,09.10
-3
.T 0,398.10
5
.T
-2
Cal/mol.K
S: 1,11.10
-2
5. Cc dng bi tp khc:
Bi 1: Ti 800 K hng s cn bng ca phn ng:
C + H
2
O
(k)

2CO + H
2
bng 1. Tm thnh phn ca hn hp kh lc cn bng nu
xut pht t 2 th tch CO v 3 th tch H
2
O.
( Trch sch BT ca V ng )
Gii:
Phn ng khng c s thay i th tch, t l v th tch cng l t l v s mol, nn ta
c th xem hn hp ban u gm 2 mol CO v 3 mol H
2
O, gi x l s mol CO
2
c
to ra v cng l s mol H
2
, ta c:
K = x
2
/(2 - x)(3-x) = 1 => x = 1,2
Hn hp kh khi cn bng gm 5 mol, thnh phn phn trm ca cc cht nh sau:
%CO
2
= %H
2
= 24%; %CO = 16%; %H
2
O = 36%
Bi 2: Hng s cn bng k
P
ca phn ng:
CO
(k)
+ H
2
O
(k)

CO
2(k)
+ H
2(k)
986
o
C l 0,63. Hn hp ca 1 mol hi nc v 3 mol
CO t n cn bng nhit ny di p sut chung 2.atm. Hi:
a. C bao nhiu mol H
2
c to ra lc cn bng?
b. p sut ring phn ca mi kh lc cn bng l bao nhiu?
Gii:
a. CO
(k)
+ H
2
O
(k)
CO
2(k)
+ H
2(k)
mol
3 1 0 0 4
x x x x
3 x 1 x x x 4
(3 - x).P/4 (1 - x).P/4 x.P/4 x.P/4
K
P
= x
2
/(3 - x)(1-x) = 0,63
V 0 < x < 1 nn x = 0,68
Lun vn tt nghip
Vy s mol H
2
lc cn bng l 0,68 mol.
b. p sut ring phn ca mi kh lc cn bng:
2 2
2
H CO
CO
H O
x
P = P = .P = 0,34 atm
4
3 - x
P = .P = 1,16 atm
4
1 - x
P = .P = 0,16 atm
4
Bi 3: Cho cc s liu sau y i vi phn ng loi hidro ca etan:
G
o
900K
= 22,39kJ/mol.
S
o
900K
(H
2
) = 163,0J/mol.K
S
o
900K
(etan) = 319,7J/mol.K
S
o
900K
(eten) = 291,7J/mol.K
1. Hy vit phng trnh phn ng loi hydro.
2. Hy tnh K
P
ca phn ng 900K bng n v hPa.
(iv) Xc nh nhit hydro ha eten ti 627
o
C.
(v) Ti trng thi cn bng, trong bnh phn ng c p sut tng hp l 2atm.Tnh K
C
v K
X
.
(vi) Hn hp phn ng s c thnh phn (% th tch) nh th no nu ngi
ta dn etan ti 627
o
C qua mt cht xc tc kh hydro? p sut tng hp ti trng thi
cn bng l 1013hPa.
(vii) Tnh K
P
ti 600K vi gi thit l trong khong t 600K n 900K th
H
o
v S
o
khng thay i.
(viii) Gii thch ngn gn s khc nhau ca cc gi tr K
P
tnh c cu 2 v
cu 6.
(Olympic ho hc c 1999)
Gii:
1. C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
.
2. K = e
-G/RT
; K
P
= K.p
o
n
Vi n = 1 v P = 1013hPa ta tnh c K
P
= 50,8hPa.
3. C
2
H
4
+ H
2
C
2
H
6
G
o
= -22,39kJ.mol
-1
.
i vi phn ng ny th S
o
= -135J/mol.K
Khi H
o
= G
o
+ TS
o
= -143,9kJ.mol
-1
.
4. Nu tnh gi tr ca P bng Pascal, ca T bng Kelvin th V s phi tnh bng m
3
:
Nh ta bit K
C
= K
P
(RT)
-1
= 6,79.10
-1
mol/m
3
= 6,79.10
-4
M.
K
X
= K
P
/p
tp
= 2,5.10
-2
5. cho n gin, ngi ta xut pht t 1 mol lng cht ban u C
2
H
6
C
2
H
6
C
2
H
4
+ H
2
.
Lng cht n
i
trc : 1 0 0
n
i
trng thi cn bng: 1-x x x
p sut ring phn:
tp
P
x
x
.
1
1
+

tp
P
x
x
.
1+

tp
P
x
x
.
1+
Khi cn bng:
tp P
P
x
x
K .
1
2
2
a cc i lng vo phng trnh ta c x = 0,22.

%H
2
= %C
2
H
4
= 18%; %C
2
H
6
= 64%
Lun vn tt nghip
6. lnK
P
(600K) = lnK
P
(900K) (H
o
/R)(600
-1
900
-1
) = 3,4.10
-3
hPa.
7. Phn ng kh hydro thu nhit, v vy K
P
gim khi h nhit . Hoc ngc li, khi
nhit tng, cn bng chuyn dch v pha tiu th nhit.
Bi 4:
1. Tnh nhit hnh thnh ca ion clorua (Cl
-
) da trn cc d liu:
Nhit hnh thnh HCl (k): 2 , 92 H
o
1
kJ/mol
Nhit hnh thnh ion hidro (H
+
): 0 H
o
2
kJ/mol
HCl (k) + aq H
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)
13 , 75 H
o
3

kJ/mol
2. Kh SO
3
c tng hp trong cng nghip theo phn ng:
SO
2
(k) + 1/2O
2
(k) SO
3
(k) H -192,5 kJ
ngh cc bin php lm tng hiu sut qu trnh tng hp SO
3
.
3. Cho cn bng ha hc sau: N
2
O
4
(k)

2NO
2
(k) (1)
Thc nghim cho bit khi lng mol phn t trung bnh ca hai kh trn 35
o
C bng
72,45 g/mol v 45
o
C bng 66,80 g/mol.
(a) Tnh phn li ca N
2
O
4
mi nhit trn?
(b) Tnh hng s cn bng K
P
ca (1) mi nhit trn? Bit P = 1 atm
(c) Cho bit theo chiu nghch, phn ng thu nhit hay ta nhit?
(Trch thi HSG thnh ph N nm 2005-2006 mn hc ha hc 10)
Gii:
1. T gi thit:
2
1
H
2
(k) +
2
1
Cl
2
(k) HCl (k) 2 , 92 H
o
1
kJ/mol (1)
2
1
H
2
(k) + aq H
+
(aq) + e 0 H
o
2
kJ/mol (2)
HCl (k) + aq H
+
(aq) + Cl
-
(aq)
13 , 75 H
o
3

kJ/mol (3)
Ly (1) - (2) + (3) ta c:
2
1
Cl
2
(k) + aq + e Cl
-
(aq)
o
x
H kJ/mol
=> + ) mol / kJ 13 , 75 ( ) mol / kJ 0 ( ) mol / kJ 2 , 92 ( H
o
x
-167,33 kJ/mol
2. - (Tng p sut),
- h nhit (450
o
C c xc tc V
2
O
5
),
- (tng nng SO
2
hoc O
2
),
- gim nng SO
3
.
3. Xt cn bng: N
2
O
4
(k) 2NO
2
(k) (1)
(a) Gi a l s mol ca N
2
O
4
c trong 1 mol hn hp => s mol NO
2
trong 1 mol
hn hp l (1 - a) mol
35
0
C c M= 72,45 g/mol = 92a + 46(1 - a)
=> a = 0,575 mol = nN
2
O
4
v nNO
2
= 0,425 mol
N
2
O
4
(k)

2NO
2
(k)
Ban u x 0
Phn ng 0,2125 0,425
Cn bng x - 0,2125 0,425
x - 0,2125 = 0,575 => x = 0,7875 mol , vy

0, 2125
.100%
0, 7875

26,98%
Lun vn tt nghip
45
0
C c M= 66,80 g/mol = 92a + 46(1 - a)
=> a = 0,4521mol = nN
2
O
4
v nNO
2
= 0,5479 mol
N
2
O
4(k)
2NO
2(k)
Ban u x 0
Phn ng 0,27395 0,5479
Cn bng x - 0,27395 0,5479
x - 0,27395 = 0,4521 => x = 0,72605 mol, vy

0, 27395
.100%
0, 72605

37,73%
(b)
P
n
n
P
hh
NO
NO
2
2

,
P
n
n
P
hh
O N
O N
4 2
4 2

v P = 1 atm
35
0
C
575 , 0
) 425 , 0 (
P
) P (
K
2
O N
2
NO
P
4 2
2
0,314
45
0
C
4521 , 0
) 5479 , 0 (
P
) P (
K
2
O N
2
NO
P
4 2
2
0,664
(c) T kt qu thc nghim ta thy, khi nhit tng t 35
0
C ln 45
0
C th
tng. C
ngha khi nhit tng cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun. Vy theo chiu thun
phn ng thu nhit, nn theo chiu nghch phn ng ta nhit.
IV/ Dung dc h:
1. Nng phn trm khi lng:
Bi 1:
Ha tan 5,72g Na
2
CO
3
.10 H
2
O vo 44,28 ml nc. Tm nng phn trm khi lng
dung dch thu c.
Gii:
2 3
106
5, 72. 2,12
286
Na CO
m
g
m
dd
= 5,72 + 44,28 = 50 g
( )
2 3
2,12
% .100% 4, 24%
50
C Na CO
Bi 2:
Cn ly bao nhiu dung dch H
2
SO
4
74% (d = 1,664 g/ ml) pha ch 250g dung dch
H
2
SO
4
20%.
Gii:
Gi s th tch dung dch H
2
SO
4
74% cn ly l a ml.
Ta c: a.1,664.74% = 250.20%
=> a = 40,6 ml
2. Nng mol:
Xc nh nng mol ca dung dch H
3
PO
4
14,6% (khi lng ring 1,08 g/ml)
Gii:
C
M
= 14,6.10.1,08/98 = 1,61 M
3. Nng molan:
Dung dch axt CH
3
COOH 2,03 M c d = 1,017 g/ml. Tm nng molan ca dung
dch
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
Mt lt dung dch axetic 2,03 M c khi lng 1017g, trong d khi lng nc l:
1017 2,03.60 = 895,2g.
Nng molan ca dung dch: 2,03/0,8952 = 2,268 mol/kg
4. Phn s mol:
Mt dung dch cha 116 gam axeton CH
3
COCH
3
, 138 gam ru etylic C
2
H
5
OH v
126 gam nc. Xc nh phn s mol ca tng cht trong dung dch trn.
Gii:
S mol axeton: 116/58 = 2 mol.
S mol ru etylic: 138/46 = 3 mol.
S mol nc: 126/18 = 7 mol.
Tng s mol cht: 12 mol
=> Phn s mol axeton: 0,167.
Phn s mol ru etylic: 0,250.
Phn s mol nc: 0,583.
5. Nng ng lng gam:
Bi 1:
Thm 400 ml nc vao 100 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
96% (d = 1,84 g/ml). Dung dch c d
= 1,225 g/ml. Tm nng phn trm v nng ng lng gam ca dung dch
ny, bit ng lng H
2
SO
4
l 49.
Gii:
Khi lng axt nguyn cht: 100.1,84.0,96 = 176,64 g.
Khi lng dung dch axt: 400 + 100.1,84 = 584 g
C%(H
2
SO
4
) = 176,64/584.100% = 30,25%
C
N
(H
2
SO
4
) = 30,25.10.1,225/49 = 7,56 N
Bi 2:
Tm th tch dung dch KMnO
4
0,25 N va oxi ha 50 ml dung dch Na
2
NO
2
0,2
M theo phng trnh phn ng (cha cn bng):
NaNO
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
NaNO
3
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
Gii:
Dung dch NaNO
2
c nng ng lng gam: 0,2.2 = 0,4 N
Th tch dung dch KMnO
4
0,25 N tc dng va vi 50 ml dung dch NaNO
2
:
50.0,4/0,25 = 80 ml
6. Pha trn dung dch:
Cho 3 dung dch NaOH sau y: dung dch (A) 14,3 M (d
1
= 1,43 g/ml), dung dch (b)
2,18 M (d
2
= 1,09 g/ml) v dung dch (C) 6,1 M (d
3
= 1,22 g/ml)
a. Pha trn (A) vi (B) theo t l khi lng nh th no c (C)?
b. Cn trn bao nhiu ml (A) vi bao nhiu ml (B) c 1000 ml (C)?
Gii:
Nng phn trm dung dch (A): 40%, dung dch (B): 8%, dung dch (C): 20%.
p dng quy tc cho:
m
A
/m
B
= 12/20 = 3/5 (1)
Ngoi ra ta cn c: m
A
+ m
B
= 1220 (2)
Gii h phng trnh, ta c:
m
A
= 3/8.1220 = 457,5 g ng vi th tch: 319,9ml
m
B
= 5/8.1220 = 762,5 g ng vi th tch: 699,5ml
7. tan:
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 1:
nh tan ca mui (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, nng phn trm v nng mol ca dung
dch(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
bo ha, bit rng 20 ml dung dch (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
bo ha nng 20,94 g
c cha 3,24 g mui (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
.
Gii:
S gam mui amoni sufat: 3,24 g
S gam nc: 20,94 3,24 = 17,70 g
S gam mui amoni sufat tan trong 100 g cho dung dch bo ha l:
3,24/17,70.100 = 18,31 g
Vy tan ca mui amoni sufat l 18,31g/100g nc.
Nng phn trm v nng mol ca dung dch:
C% = 3,24/20,94.100% = 15,47%
C
M
= 3,24/132.1000/20 = 1,227 M
Bi 2:
nh s gam tinh th MgSO
4
.6H
2
O tch ra khi dung dch khi h nhit 1642 g dung
dch bo ha MgSO
4
80
o
C xung 20
o
C, bit tan ca MgSO
4
80
o
C l 64,2 g v
20
o
C l 44,5 g.
Gii:
80
o
C, 1642 g dung dch bo ha c 1000g H
2
O v 642 g mui MgSO
4
.
H nhit xung 0
o
C, c a gam MgSO
4
. 6H
2
O rn thot ra.
Trong c: 120a/228 g MgSO
4
v 108a/228 g H
2
O.
20
o
C, 100 g nc bo ha 44,5 g MgSO
4
.
Trong c: (1000 - 108a/228) g nc bo ha v (642 - 120a/228) g MgSO
4
.
Ta c: 44,5.(1000 - 108a/228) = 100.(642 - 120a/228)
Gii phng trnh ta c: a = 642,35.
S gam tinh th MgSO
4
.6H
2
O thot ra khi dung dch l 642,35 g.
8. p sut thm thu:
Bi 1:
Tnh p sut thm thu 0
o
C ca dung dch cha 46,0 g glixerin C
3
H
8
O
3
trong 1 lt
dung dch.
Gii:
Ta c:
= R C T = 22,4/273.46/92.273 = 11,2 atm
Bi 2:
Manit l cht khng in ly, 9,0 g manit tan trong nc cho 250 m dung dch. 0
o
C,
dung dch c p sut thm thu l 4,5atm. nh khi lng phn t ca mant.
Gii:
4,5 = (9/0,25.M).(22,4/273).273
=> M = 179,2 g/mol
Phn t khi ca manit: 179,2.
9. p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch:
Bi 1:
20
o
C, p sut hi nc bo ha l 17,50 mmHg. Tm p sut hi bo ha 20
o
C ca
dung dch cha 0,2 mol ng ha tan trong 450,0 g H
2
O.
Gii:
Phn s mol ca ng: 0,2/25,2
Lun vn tt nghip
gim p sut hi ca dung dch:
P = 17,50.0,2/25,2 0,14 mmHg
Vy, p sut hi bo ha ca dung dch l 17,50 0,14 = 17,36 mmHg.
Bi 2:
50
o
C dung dch 200,0 g ru etylic C
2
H
5
OH cha 23,0 g cht tan c p sut hi bo
ha bng 207,2 mmHg. p sut hi bo ha ca ru nguyn cht 50
o
C l 219,8
mmHg. nh khi lng mol phn t cht tan.
Gii:
gim p sut hi: P = 219,8 207,2 = 12,6 mmHg
S mol dung mi: n
1

= 200,0/46 = 4,35 mol.
S mol cht tan: n
2
= 12,6.4,35/219,8 = 0,25 mol.
Khi lng mol phn t cht tan: M = 23,0/0,25 = 92 g/mol.
10. Nhit si ca dung dch:
Bi 1:
Tm nhit si ca dung dch 50% saccaroz C
12
H
22
O
11
trong nc.
Gii:
Nng molan ca ng: 50/342.1000/50 mol/kg
Hng s nghim si ca nc: 0,512
o
C.kg/mol.
tng nhit si ca dung dch:
T
s
= 0,512.50/342.1000/50 1,50
o
C
Nhit si ca dung dch 101,50
o
C.
Bi 2:
A l mt cht khng bay hi, khng in ly. 10,6 g A ha tan trong 740 g dietyl ete
cho mt dung dch c tng nhit si l 0,284
o
C. Bit hng s nghim si ca
dietyl ete l 2,11
o
C.kg/mol. Tm khi lng mol phn t cht A.
Gii:
tng nhit si: T
s
= 0,284
o
C
Hng s nghim si: K
s
= 2,11
o
C.kg/mol.
Nng molan ca cht tan: 10,6/M.1000/740 mol/kg
p dng nh lut Raoult:
0,284 = 2,11.10,6/M.1000/740 => M = 106,4 g/mol
11. Nhit ng c ca dung dch:
Bi 1:
Tm nhit ng c ca dung dch ru metylic CH
3
OH 10% trong nc.
Gii:
Nng molan ca dung dch: 10/32.1000/90 mol/kg
Hng s nghim lnh ca nc: 1,86
o
C.mol/kg
Vy, h nhit ng c ca dung dch:
T
= 1,86. 10/32.1000/90 = 6,46

o
C
Vy, nhit ng c ca dung dch l: - 6,46
o
C
Bi 2:
Nhit ng c ca naptalen l 80,6
o
C. Khi ha tan 0,521 g mt hp cht B trong
7,03 g naptalen th dung dch ng c 75,2
o
C. Bit hng s nghim lnh ca
naptalen l 6,80
o
C.kg/mol. Cho bit khi lng mol phn t ca B.
Gii:
h nhit ng c: T
= 80,6 75,2 = 5,4

o
C
Lun vn tt nghip
Hng s nghim lnh: K
s
= 6,08
o
C.kg/mol.
Nng molan ca cht tan: 0,512/M.1000/7,03
=> M = 91,7 g/mol
12. Cht in ly:
Bi 1:
Gii thch hin tng:
a. Kh hidroclorua HCl khi tan trong nc cho dung dch dn in.
b. Mui KCl trng thi rn khng dn in, khi un nng chy li dn in.
Gii:
a. Kh hidroclorua khi ha tan vo nc in ly thnh cc ion dn in.
b. Mui KCl trng thi rn c cu trc tinh th ion vi cc ion cc u nt. Tuy
nhin, nhng ion ny khng chuyn ng t do m ch dao ng xung quanh v tr cn
bng, do vy, mui KCl trng thi rn khng dn in. Khi un nng chy, cu trc
tinh th b ph v, cc ion c th di chuyn t do, kt qu mui KCl nng chy dn
in.
Bi 2:
Vit phng trnh in ly trong nc ca cc cht sau:
a. H
2
SO
4
, CuSO
4
.5H
2
O.
b. Zn(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
.
Gii:
a. H
2
SO
4
H
+
+ HSO
-
4
HSO
-
4

H
+
+ SO
4
2-
CuSO
4
.5H
2
O
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-
+ 5H
2
O
b. Zn(OH)
2
Zn
2+
+ 2OH
-
Zn(OH)
2
2H
+
+ ZnO
2
2-
Al(OH)
3
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
H
+
+ H
2
O + AlO
2
-
13. in ly v hng s in ly:
Bi 1:
nh in ly ca dung dch axt axetic qua cc d kin sau:
a. Dung dch axt axetic 0,01 mol/kg c h s ng trng vant Hoff i =1,043.
b. Dung dch axt axetic 0,01 mol/kg c dn in ng lng 16,3 cm
3
.ohm
-1
.lg.
Axt xaetic c dn in ng lng ti hn l 390,7 cm
3
. ohm
-1
.lg.
Gii:
a. Ta c: = (i 1)/( 1)
=>
3
OO CH C H
= (1,043 1)/(2 1) = 0,043 = 4,3%

b. Ta c: = /
0
.100%
=>
3
OO CH C H
= 16,3/390,7.100% = 4,2%
Bi 2:
Tm hng s in ly ca axt axetic bit rng trong dung dch 0,01M in ly ca n
l 4,3%.
Gii:
Ta c: K =
2
/(1 ) = (0,043)
2
/(1 - 0,043) = 1,85.10
-5
V 1, ta c th tnh gn ng:
K =
2
C => K = (0,043)
2
.0,01 = 1,85.10
-5
14. Dung dch cht in ly mnh:
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 1:
Dung dch cha 2,1g KOH trong 250g H
2
O ng c -0,519
o
C. Tm h s ng
trng i ca dung dch.
Gii:
Nng molan ca dung dch KOH:
2,1/56.1000/250 = 0,15 mol/kg
Nu gi thuyt KOH khng in ly, h nhit ng c ca dung dch l:
T
= 1,86.0,15
o
C
V KOH l cht in ly, nn thc t h nhit ng c l: T
= 0,519
o
C.
Nh vy, h s ng trng ca dung dch l:
i = T
/T
= 0,519/(1,86.0,15) = 1,86
Bi 2:
in ly biu kin ca dung dch ZnSO
4
0,10N l 40%. Tm p sut thm thu ca
dung dch 0
o
C.
Gii:
Nng mol ca dung dch ZnSO
4
l 0,05M.
Nu gi thuyt ZnSO
4
khng in ly th p sut thm thu ca dung dch l:
= R C T => = 0,05.22,4/273.273 = 1,12 atm
T y ta suy ra h s ng trng i ca dung dch:
= (i 1)/( 1) => 0,4 = (i -1)/(2 -1) => i = 1,4
Nh vy, thc t p sut thm thu ca dung dch l:
'
= i = 1,4.1,12 = 1,57 atm.
15. L thuyt proton v axt v baz:
Nhn din cc cp axt baz lin hp trong tng phn ng sau:
a. CH
3
COOH + CN
-

CH
3
COO
-
+ HCN
b. NH
3
+ H
2
PO
4
-

HPO
4
2-
+ NH
4
+
c. HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O
H
2
CO
3
+ OH
-
d. H
3
O
+
+ OH
-

2H
2
O
Gii:
a. CH
3
COOH/CH
3
COO
-
v HCN/CN
-
b. H
2
PO
4
-
/ HPO
4
2-
v NH
4
+
/NH
3
c. H
2
O/OH
-
v H
2
CO
3
/HCO
3
-
d. H
3
O
+
/H
2
O v H
2
O/OH
-
16. Tch s ion ca nc:
Bi 1:
Tm [H
3
O
+
] 25
o
C, bit [OH
-
] = 2.10
-4
M.
Gii:
[H
3
O
+
] = 10
-14
/(2.10
-4
) = 5.10
-11
M
Bi 2:
Bit [H
3
O
+
] = 0,004M, tnh pH dung dch.
Gii:
pH = - lg 0,004 = 2,3979 2,40
Bi 3:
Tm [OH
-
] trong dung dch c pH = 10,08.
Gii:
pOH = 14 10,08 = 3,2, suy ra [OH
-
] = 6,31.10
-4
M
Lun vn tt nghip
17. mnh cp axt baz lin hp:
Bit K
a
(HCN) = 7,2.10
-10
, tnh pK
b
(CN
-
).
Bit K
b
(NH
3
) = 1,8.10
-15
, tnh pK
a
(NH
+
).
Gii:
K
a
(HCN) = 7,2.10
-10
=> pK
a
(HCN) = 9,14 => pK
b
(CN
-
) = 4,86.
K
b
(NH
3
) = 1,8.10
-15
=> pK
b
(NH
3
) = 5,74 => pK
a
(NH
+
) = 9,26.
18. mnh ca axt v baz:
Axt benzoic C
6
H
5
COOH c hng s axt K
a
= 6,5.10
-5
. Tm nng mol ca tng tiu
phn (C
6
H
5
COOH, C
6
H
5
COO
-
, H
+
, OH
-
) c trong dung dch axt 0,10M.
Gii:
C
6
H
5
COOH

CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
, K
a
Ban u: C = 0,10M
in ly: a a a
Cn bng: C a a a
p dng nh lut tc dng khi lng cho cn bng:
a
2
/(C a) = K
a
=> V axt bezoic l axt yu: a C, nn:
a
2
K
a
.C => a
2
= 6,5.10
-5
.0,10 => a = 2,55.10
-3
M
[H
+
] = [C
6
H
5
COO
-
] = 2,55.10
-6
M
=> [C
6
H
5
COOH] = C a = 9,75.10
-2
M
19. Phn ng trung ha:
(A) l dung dch HCl c pH = 1. (B) l dung dch Ba(OH)
2
c pH = 13.
a. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan, nng mol ca tng ion trong dung dch (A) cng
nh (B).
b. Trn 2,25l dung dch (A) vi 2,75l dung dch (B) c 5,00l dung dch (C). Tm pH
dung dch (C).
Gii:
a. Dung dch A: pH = 1 => [H
+
] = 0,1M
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
0,1M 0,1M 0,1M
Nng mol cht tan HCl 0,1M, nng mol ion clo v ion hidro l 0,1M.
Dung dch B: pH = 13, pOH = 1 => [OH
-
] = 0,1M
Ba(OH)
2
Ba
2+
+ 2OH
-
0,05M 0,05M 0,1M
b. n
H
+
= 2,25.0,1 = 0,225 mol
n
OH
-
= 2,75.0,1 = 0,275 mol
=> n
OH
-

d
= 0,05 mol
=> [OH
-
] = 0,05/5 = 0,01M
=> pOH = 2, pH = 12
20. Tnh cht axt baz:
Bi 1:
Ln lt ha tan cc mui sau y vo nc thnh tng dung dch: NaNO
3
, Na
2
S,
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, K
2
CO
3
, NH
4
CN, NaAlO
2
, NH
4
H
2
PO
4
. Cho bit tnh cht mi trng ca
tng dung dch (axt, baz, trung tnh). Vit phng trnh phn ng cn thit gii thch.
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
NaNO
3
: Mui cation baz mnh anion axt mnh. Dung dch trung tnh.
Na
2
S: Mui cation baz mnh anion axt yu. Dung dch c tnh kim.
S
2-
+ H
2
O

HS
-
+ OH
-
AlCl
3
: Mui cation baz yu anion axt mnh. Dung dch c tnh axt.
Al
3+
+H
2
O
Al(OH)
2+
+ H
+
K
2
CO
3
: Mui cation baz mnh anion axt yu. Dung dch c tnh kim.
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O

HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
NH
4
CN: Mui cation baz yu anion axt yu.
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O

NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
CN
-
+ H
2
O

HCN + OH
-
V K
a
(NH
4
+
) = 5,6.10
-10
, K
b
(CN
-
) = 2,0.10
-5
;
=> kt qu dung dch c tnh kim.
NaAlO
2
: Mui cation baz mnh anion axt yu. Dung dch c tnh kim.
AlO
2
-
+ 2H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-
NH
4
H
2
PO
4
: Mui cation axt yu anion baz yu.
NH
4
+
+ H
2
O
NH
3
+ H
3
O
+
H
2
PO
4
-
+ H
2
O
H
3
PO
4
+ OH
-
V K
a
(NH
4
+
) = 5,6.10
-10
, K
b
(H
2
PO
4
-
) = 1,3.10
-12
=> kt qu dung dch c tnh axt.
Bi 2:
Tnh pH ca tng dung dch sau:
a. NaHS 0,02M, axt H
2
S c hng s ion ha K
1
= 5,7.10
-8
, K
2
= 1,2.10
-15
b. Na
2
CO
3
0,01M, axt H
2
CO
3
c hng s ion ha K
1
= 4,31.10
-7
, K
2
= 5,61.10
-11
Gii :
a. NaHS 0,02M
HS
-
+H
2
O

H
2
S + OH
-
C
B
= 0,02M, K
B
= 10
-14
/(5,7.10
-8
) = 1,75.10
-7
Gi s: 0,02 [OH
-
] [H
+
] th:
[OH
-
]
2
K
b
.C
B
= 0,02.1,75.10
-7
= 0,035.10
-7
=> [OH
-
] = 5,916.10
-5
M
=> [H
+
] = (10.10
-15
)/(5,916.10
-5
) = 1,69.10
-10
M
Kt qu thu c ph hp vi gi thuyt trn. T ta rt ra: pH = 9,77.
b. Na
2
CO
3
0,01M
CO
3
2-
+H
2
O

HCO
3
-
+ OH
C
B
= 0,01M, K
B
= 10
-14
/(5,61.10
-11
) = 1,783.10
-4
[OH
-
]
2
1,783.10
-6
=> [OH
-
] = 0,4222.10
-3
M
=> pOH = 3,37 => pH = 10,63.
21. Hn hp m:
Bi 1:
Tnh pH ca dung dch m sau:
a. KCN 0,100 M + HCN 5.10
-3
M
b. NH
4
+
0,05 + NH
4
Cl 0,02 M
Gii:
a. pK
a
(HCN) = 9,14
=> pH = 9,14 lg (5.10
-3
/10
-1
) = 10,44
b. pK
a
(NH
4
+
) = 9,25
Lun vn tt nghip
=> pH = 9,25 lg (0,02/0,05) = 9,65
Bi 2:
Trn 100 ml dung dch (dd) HCOOH 0,10 M vi 100 ml dd NaOH 0,05 M, c 200
ml dd mi. Tm pH ca dung dch ny. pH ca dd s thay i nh th no khi thm
tip 0,001 mol HCl hoc 0,001 mol NaOH?.
Gii:
HCOOH + OH
-
HCOO
-
+ H
2
O
0,01 mol 0,005 mol
S mol HCOO d: 0,005 mol.
S mol HCOO
-
to thnh: 0,005 mol.
Vy pH dung dch l: pH = pK
a
= 3,75.
Khi thm tip 0,001 mol axt:
pH = 3,75 lg {[(0,005 + 0,01)/0,2 ].[0,2/(0,005 0,001)]} = 3,57
Khi thm 0,001 mol baz:
pH = 3,75 lg {[(0,005 + 0,01)/0,2 ].[0,2/(0,005 + 0,001)]} = 3,93
22. Cht in ly t tan:
Bi 1:
Ha tan mt lng AgCl vo nc 25
o
C. Trong dung dch bo ha AgCl nng
ion [Ag
+
] = 1,27.10
-5
M. Tnh tch s tan ca AgCl ti nhit trn.
Gii:
AgCl(r)
Ag
+
(dd) + Cl
-
(dd)
[Ag
+
] = [Cl
-
] = 1,27.10
-5
M
Tt (AgCl) = [Ag
+
] [Cl
-
] = 1,6.10
-10
Bi 2:
Tch s tan ca Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
nhit phng l 7,9.10
-43
. Tm tan mol ca n nhit
phng.
Gii:
Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
(r)
3Pb
2+
(dd) + 2PO
4
3-
(dd)
a 3a 2a
Tt = (3a)
3
.(2a)
2
= 108a
5
= 7,9.10
-43
a
5
= 7,3148.10
-45
=> a = 1,488.10
-9
M
tan Pb
3
(PO
4
)
2
1,5.10
-9
M.
23. Tch s tan:
Bi 1:
25
o
C, tch s tan ca SrSO
4
bng 3,8.10
-7
. Khi trn 1 th tch dung dch SrSl
2
0,002
N vi cng 1 th tch dung dch K
2
SO
4
0,002 N th kt ta SrSO
4
c xut hin khng?
Gii:
Nng mol ca SrCl
2
0,001 M, ca K
2
SO
4
0,001 M. Khi trn hai dung dch nng
gim mt na, do vy:
[Sr
2+
] = 5.10
-4
; [SO
4
2-
] = 5.10
-4
Q = [Sr
2+
][SO
4
2-
] = 2,5.10
-7
Q < Tt = 3,8.10
-7
kt ta khng xut hin.
Bi 2:
Tm tan mol ca Fe(OH)
3
trong dung dch pH = 8. Bit tch s tan ca Fe(OH)
3
l
1,0.10
-36
.
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
Tt

= [Fe
3+
][OH
-
]
3
= 1,0.10
-36
=> [Fe
3+
] = (1,0.10
-36
)/(1,0.10
-8
)
3
= 1,0.10
-12
24. Phn ng trao i ion trong dung dch:
Hon tt cc phng trnh phn ng, vit li di dng ion thu gn.
a. Pb(NO
3
) + KI PbI
2
+ ......
b. Cr(OH)
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Cr(SO
4
)
3
+ ......
c. Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3
d. Mg(OH)
2
+ 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ 2H
2
O
Gii:
a. Pb(NO
3
) + 2KI PbI
2
+ 2KNO
3
Pb
2+
+ 2I
-
PbI
2

b. 2Cr(OH)
3
+ 3H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6H
2
O
2Cr(OH)
3
+ 6H
+
2Cr
3+
+ 6H
2
O
c. Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3

CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
Ca(NO
3
) + (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
CaCO
3
+ 2NH
4
NO
3
d. Mg(OH)
2
+ 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ 2H
2
O
Mg(OH)
2
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
Mg(OH)
2
+ 2HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O
Chng III: NG HA HC
I/ Xc nh hng s k, bc phn ng v chu k bn hy, nng lng hot
ha:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1 S phn hy H
2
O
2

trong dung dch nc l phn ng bc 1. tm gi tr
trung bnh ca hng s tc phn ng, ngi ta em chun cng mt th tch
dung dch H
2
O
2

cc thi im khc nhau bng dung dch KMnO
4
th thu c kt
qu sau:
t [pht] 0 10 20 30
n - th tch KMnO
4
(ml) 21,6 12,4 7,2 4,1
Xc nh hng s tc k ca phn ng phn hy H
2
O
2

.
Gii:
Hng s tc phn ng mt chiu bc 1 c xc nh bng phng trnh:
2,303 a
k = lg
t a - x
V hng s tc ca phn ng bc 1 khng ph thuc cch biu th nng nn c
th thay nng u a bng th tch KMnO
4
dng chun dung dch H
2
O
2

thi im t = 0; cn gi tr a x c thay bng s ml KMnO
4
dng chun dung
dch H
2
O
2

cc thi im t cho.
Vy:
1
2,303 21,6
k = lg 0,0555
10 12,4

Lun vn tt nghip
2
2,303 21,6
k = lg 0,0549
20 7,2

3
2,303 21,6
k = lg 0,0554
30 4,1

=>
-1
1 2 3
1
k = (k +k +k )=0,0553 pht
3
Bi 2 S thy phn axetat etyl bng xt l phn ng bc 2. S bin thin lng
axetat etyl v xt theo thi gian c cho di y:
t(giy) 0 393 669 1010 1265
Lng kim (mol) 0,5638 0,4866 0,4467 0,4113 0,3879
Lng este (mol) 0,3114 0,2342 0,1943 0,1589 0,1354
Tnh gi tr trung bnh ca hng s tc phn ng.
Gii.
Gi a v b lng xt v axetat etyl thi im t = 0 v x l lng ru hay natri axetat
hnh thnh sau thi gian t, ta c phng trnh ng hc sau:
2,303 b(a - x)
k = lg
t(a - b) (b - x) a

3
1
2
2,303 0,3114(0,5638 - 0,0772)
k = lg = 0,138
393.(0,5638 - 0,3114) 0,5638(0,3114 - 0,0772)
2,303 0,3114(0,5638 - 0,1171)
k = lg = 0,141
669.(0,5638 - 0,3114) 0,5638(0,3114 - 0,1171)
2,303
k =
1010.(0,5638 - 0
4
-
0,3114(0,5638 - 0,1525)
lg = 0,140
,3114) 0,5638(0,3114 - 0,1525)
2,303 0,3114(0,5638 - 0,1760)
k = lg = 0,143
1265.(0,5638 - 0,3114) 0,5638(0,3114 - 0,1760)
1
k = 0,138 + 0,141 + 0,140 + 0,143 0,140 mol
4
( ) =
1 -1
.giy
Bi 3 xc nh bc ca phn ng:
2 5 5 2 3 2
2C H OH + 2Br CH COOC H + 4HBr
ngi ta lm hai th nghim vi kt qu sau:
Th nghim Nng brom [mol/L] Thi gian [gi]
I
3
3
4, 24.10
2,12.10
'
0
11,1
Lun vn tt nghip
II
3
3
8,14.10
4, 07.10
'
0
12,5
Xc nh bc ca phn ng trn khi c d ru etylic.
Gii:
Theo iu kin ca u bi, ta thy c hai ln th nghim, thi gian u ng vi na
nng u mt i trong qu trnh phn ng, do bc n ca phn ng s l:
1
2
2
1
lg
n = + 1
a
lg
a
Thay bng s ta c:
11,1
lg
12,5
n = + 1 = 0,82 1
8,14
lg
4,24

Vy phn ng brom ho ru etylic d l phn ng bc 1.
Bi 4 Phn ng phn hy ur:
+
2 2 4
OC(NH ) OCN +NH
Trong mi trng trung tnh c nghin cu bng cch theo di lng ur cn li

theo thi gian hai nhit khc nhau v thu c kt qu nh sau:
61
o
C:
Thi gian (pht) 0 9600 18220 28600
Lng ur (mol) 0,1 0,0854 0,0742 0,0625
71
o
C:
Thi gian (pht) 0 2818 4800 9060
Lng ur (mol) 0,1 0,0836 0,0736 0,0560
Xc nh bc phn ng, hng s tc phn ng hai nhit v nng lng hot
ng ho ca phn ng.
Gii:
Gi thit phn ng l bc 1. t [ ]
x= virut
Theo d kin bi cho, ta lp bng:
* 61
o
C:
Thi gian t (pht) 0 9600 18220 28600
lnx -2,302 -2,460 -2,600 -2,773
* 71
o
C:
Thi gian (pht) 0 2818 4800 9060
lnx -2,302 -2,482 -2,609 -2,882
V th
lx=f(t)
i vi c 2 nhit .
th thu c u l ng thng, xc nhn phn ng l bc 1.
T dc ca ng thng cho php xc nh:
* 61
o
C: k
1
= 1,64.10
-5
pht
-1
* 71
o
C: k
2
= 6,37.10
-5
pht
-1
Lun vn tt nghip

2
2
5
1 * 3 2
5
1 1
TT
k 334.344 6, 37.10
E =R ln 8, 314. .ln 129, 62.10
T -T k 344 334 1, 64.10
J
2. Bi tp tng t khng c li gii:

Bi 1: 50
o
C phn ng phn hy clobenzendiazoni:
5 5 6 2 6 2 2
C H N Cl C H N Cl + N
Xy ra vi nng u bng 10 g/L. Kt qu theo di lng N
2
thot ra theo thi gian
thu c nh sau:
t[pht] 6 9 12 14 18 22 24 26 30

2
N
V
[cm
3
] 19,3 26 32,6 36 41,3 45 46,5 48,4 50,4 58,3
Xc nh bc ca phn ng, hng s tc v thi gian na phn ng.
p s: bc 1; 1,2.10
-3
pht
-1
; 630 giy.
Bi 2: Phn ng trung ha nitro etan trong dung dch nc c m t bng
phng trnh ng hc:
2 2 5
2 2 5
[ ] [ ]
[ ][ ]
dC H NO dOH
kC H NO OH
dt dt

0
o
C v nng u ca hai cht l 0,01 mol/L, thi gian na phn ng bng 150
giy. Tnh hng s tc .
p s: 0,667 mol
-1
L.giy
-1
Bi 3: Khi thu phn alkyl bromua dung dch ru nc:
RBr + OH
-
ROH + Br
-
Ngi ta thy rng vi nng u ca hai cht bng 0,04 mol/L th thu c
0,005 mol/L Br
-
, cn 47.10
3
giy. Song nng u hai cht l 0,1 mol/L, t
c mc chuyn ho nh trc th thi gian phi l 4,7.10
3
giy. Tnh hng s tc
thu phn.
p s: Phn ng bc 2; 2,13.10
-3
mol
-1
.L.giy
-1
Bi 4: 600
o
C PH
3
(K) phn tch thnh P
4
(K) v H
2
. p sut ton phn ca h
theo thi gian c ghi li di y:
t[giy] 0 60 120

p[mmHg] 262,40 272,90 275,53 276,40
a. Cho bit bc ca phn ng. Tnh hng s tc .
b. Phn ng nghch tun theo quy lut ng hc di dng:
4
3 2
a b
p
PH H 2
dp /dt = k p . p
Xc nh a v b.
c. Gi thit rng p sut u ca PH
3
l 18 mmHg,
= 20 giy v phn ng l bc 1
i vi PH
3
. Hy tnh hng s tc k
1
ca trng hp ny. Nu s phn tch PH
3
l
phn ng bc 2 th hng s tc k
1
s l bao nhiu?
p s: a. bc 1; 0,023 giy
-1
;
b. a = 1/4; b = 3/2;
c. 0,0035 giy
-1
; 2,7.10
3
mmHg
-1
. giy
-1
;
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 5 Phn ng
1
2
k
k
A B

c c trng bng cc d kin sau: nng u
ca A bng 0,05 mol/L, ca B bng 0; nng ca A trng thi cn bng l
20,01 mol/L. Xc nh t s k
1
/k
2
.
p s: 4
Bi 6. i vi phn ng
1
2
k
k
A B

ngi ta thit lp c rng
-1 -1
1 2
k = 0,2giy v k = 0,4 giy . Nng u ca A v B bng 0,8 v 0,3 mol/L.
Xc nh nng lc cn bng x
e
v hng s tc k (k = k
1
+ k
2
).
p s: 0,06; 2/3
Bi 7. Phn ng song song:
c c trng bng cc d kin sau: hiu sut ca s hnh thnh sn phm B l 63%,
thi gian na phn ng ca s bin i A l 19 pht. Tm k
1
v k
2
.
p s: k
1
= 2,30.10
-2
pht; k
2
= 1,35.10
-2
pht.
Bi 8. Cho phn ng ni tip :

1 2
k k
A B C
Khi nng cht B t gi tr cc i th t s nng cc cht A v B (C
A
/C
B
) bng
4:5; cn thi gian 25% cht A chuyn ho l 85 giy. Xc nh k
1
v k
2
.
p s: 3,38.10
-3
; 15,3.10
-3
giy
-1
.
Bi 9. Mt mu iod-128 c to thnh bng phn ng Szilard-Chalmers bng
cch cho chiu x mt mu iodua etyl trong ngun neutron.Ngi ta tch iod phng x
bng dung dch tiosulfat natri v xc nh hm lng bng my m Geiger cc thi
gian t khc nhau. Dng kt qu di y tnh ton:
a. Hng s tc k ca phn ng to iod-128.
b. Chu k bn hy.
t, pht 17 29 50 60 76 105 123
S m/pht 6985 5111 2735 2117 1256 584 351
p n: a. k = 2,8.10
-2
pht
-1
b. t
1/2
= 24,8 pht
Bi 10. Diacetone alcohol phn hy theo ng hc phn ng bc 1 khi c mt ion
OH
-
theo phng trnh phn ng:
( )
3 2 3 3 3
2
CH COCH CH OH 2CH COCH

Ngi ta dng mt trng k (dilatometer) theo di s tng th tch ca h.Khi

nng dung dch KOH l 0,1N thu c kt qu gi tr V c c trn trng k
theo thi gian t (pht) nh sau:
t, pht 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
V ml 5,32 6,08 6,78 7,51 8,23 8,86 9,35
A B
C
k
1
k
2
Lun vn tt nghip
Xc nh hng s tc ca phn ng bc 1.
p n: k = 7,5.10
-4
giy
-1
Bi 11. Phn ng phn hy Azometan xy ra theo c ch bc 1:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 6 2
CH N N CH k C H k N k +
287
o
C p sut Azometan nguyn cht l 0.2105atm. Sau 100 giy p sut hn hp l
0,2123 atm. Tnh hng s tc v chu k bn hy ca phn ng nhit ny.
p n: k = 1,00026.10
-4
; t
1/2
= 6912 giy
Bi 12. Trong dung dch acid long peroxyt hydrogen phn ng vi ion tiosulfat
nh sau:
2 2
2 2 2 3 2 2 4 6
H O 2 S O 2 H O S O

+ +
Trong khong pH = 4-6, tc phn ng c lp vi [H
+
]. Bng s liu di y thu
c 25
o
C v pH = 5 khi nng u ca cc tc cht ln lt l: [H
2
O
2
] = 0,0368M
v [S
2
O
3
] = 0,024 M.
t, pht 16 36 43 52
[2S
2
O
3
-2
] ,M 10,30 5,18 4,16 3,13
Xc nh bc phn ng v hng s tc .
p n: bc 2 v k = 3,17.10
-2
l.mol
-1
.pht
-1
Bi 13. Bng s liu di y ghi nhn s bin i nng ca propulicaldehyt
(C
3
H
7
CHO) v acid cyanhydric (HCN) theo thi gian trong phn ng gia chng
25
o
C trong dung dch nc:
t,pht 2,78 5,33 8,17 15,23 19,80
[HCN],M 0,990 0,0906 0,0830 0,0706 0,0653 0,0424
[C
3
H
7
CHO],M 0,0566 0,0482 0,0406 0,0282 0,0229 0
Tnh hng s tc phn ng.
p n: 0,676 l.mol
-1
pht
-1
Bi 14. Cc kt qu sau y thu c khi tin hnh phn hy ammonia trn b mt
tungsten un nng:
p sut u,mmHg 65 105 150 185
t
1/2
, S 290 460 670 820
Xc nh bc phn ng v hng s tc phn ng.
p n: n = 0; k = 1,14.10
-1
mmHg.s
-1
Bi 15. Trong qu trnh nghch o ng trong mi trng acid HCl long, ngi
ta ghi nhn gc quay phn cc () theo thi gian (t) nh sau:
Lun vn tt nghip
t (pht) 0 20 44 90 140 175 285
(
o
) 13,00 9,95 6,95 2,70 0,00 -1,30 -3,15 -4,00
Dng phng php th xc nh hng s tc v chu k bn hy ca phn ng.
p n: k = 1,75.10
-4
s
-1
; t
1/2
= 66,1 pht
Bi 16. Trong qu trnh thy phn nitrat metyl trong dung dch nc ngi ta thu
c kt qu sau y:
Thi gian t lc bt u phn ng,
pht
250 500 750
% ester phn hy 16,60 30,34 41,75
Xc nh hng s tc ca phn ng?
p n: k = 1,20.10
-5
s
-1
Bi 6 Acid formic phn hy trong H
2
SO
4
98% to CO v H
2
O kt qu sau y thu
c 25
o
C:
t, s 0 25 50 75 100 150 200 250
V
CO
thot ra, ml 0 6,3 11,6 16,3 20,2 26,1 30,4 33,5 41,5
Xc nh hng s tc ca phn ng.
p n: k = 6,6.10
-3
s
-1
Bi 17. Mt phn ng bc 2 dng A +B = sn phm trong cc tc cht ban u
u c nng 0,2 mol/l tiu th ht 25% sau 50 pht. Tnh hng s tc v chu k
bn hy ca phn ng.
p n: k = 5,56.10
-4
l.mol
-1
.s
-1

t
1/2
= 150 pht
Bi 18. 2-Chloropropane phn hy trong khong nhit 367-406
o
C theo ng hc
phn ng bc 1, to sn phm l propylen v HCl. Tnh hng s tc 400
o
C cho
bit hng s tc l 2,597.10
-4
s
-1
375
o
C v nng lng hot ha l 50500 cal.mol
-1
p p: k = 1,11.10
-3
s
-1
Bi 19. Khi thc hin qu trnh phn hy ammonia trn dy tungsten 856
o
C
ngi ta thu c s liu sau:
p sut,mmHg 228 250 273 318
t,s 200 400 600 1000
a. Xc nh bc phn ng v ngh c ch phn ng.
Lun vn tt nghip
b. Nhn xt g khi lm vic vng p sut rt thp? Tnh hng s tc khi nng
tnh bng mol.l
-1
v thi gian tnh bng giy.
p n: a. bc 0; c ch qu trnh hp th.
b. p sut p tin ti ng hc bc, k = 1,59.10
-6
mol
-1
.s
-1
Bi 20. Tm hng s tc dimer ha etylen 673K.
2C
2
H
4
C
4
H
8
Bit 1-buten c H* = 32730 cal.mol
-1
v S* = -35 cal.mol
-1
p n: k = 7.10
-3
h
-1
Bi 21. Mt phn ng bc 1 hon tt 30% sau 40 pht. Chu k bn hy ca phn
ng l bao nhiu?
p n: 77,7 pht
Bi 22. Ngui ta trn ln cc cht sau y trong mt bnh tam gic: dung dch KI
acid %,dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
v dung dch h tinh bt. Cho vo bnh mt lng dung
dch peroxyt hydrogen H
2
O
2
(th tch gp i) v ghi nhn thi im t dung dch
chuyn sang mu xanh dng. cc nhit khc nhau ngi ta thu c cc kt qu
sau:
Tnh nng lng hat ha ca phn ng:
2HI + H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + I
2
Bit rng c ch phn ng c gi thit c dng:
HI + H
2
O
2
HIO + H
2
O (chm)
HIO + HI H
2
O + I
2
(nhanh)
p n: E = 12400 cal/mol
Bi 23. Hng s tc bc 1 ca qu trnh nhit phn trimetylbismut cc nhit
khc nhau cho trong bng sau y:
T,
o
C 370 375 380 385 390 395 400
k,s-1 0,113 0,145 0,190 0,190 0,250 0,410 0.525
Xc nh nng lng hot ha ca phn ng.
p n: E = 44200 cal.mol
-1
Bi 24. Hng s tc qu trnh chuyn dng racemic ca D-tris(1,10-
phenanthroline) nikel iodua trong dung dch nc 0,08% ln lt l 5,583.10
-6
s
-1
v
1,117.10
-5
s
-1
25 v 30
o
C. Xc nh nng lng hot ha ca phn ng v tha s tn
s (h s trc ly tha) A trong h thc Arrhenius k = A.e
-E/RT
.

p n: E = 24900 cal.mol
-1
; A = 9,84.10
12
s
-1
Bi 25. S ph thuc ca hng s tc phn ng phn hy phosphin(PH
3
) vo
nhit c biu th bng phng trnh:
18963
lgk = + 2lgT + 12,130
T
Tnh nng lng hot ha 800 K.

T,
o
C 20,2 25,2 29,5 34,8 40,0 50,5
t,s 328 227 168 118 86 45
Lun vn tt nghip
p n: E = 363,1 kJ
Bi 26. 393K phn ng gia pyridine v etyl iodua:
C
5
H
5
N + C
2
H
5
I C
7
H
10
NI
C hng s tc k = 1,72.10
-6
l.s
-1
.mol
-1
v entropi hot ha s* = 28,4 cal.mol
-1
-1
.
Tm nhit hot ha H* v nng lng hot ha E.
p n: H* = 17250 cal.mol
-1
; E = 17865 cal.mol
-1
Bi 27. S dng mt bc x c bc sng 2500
0
A
sau mt thi gian lm chuyn
ha c 1,75.10
-4
mol iodua hydrogen HI. Bit h s lng t bng 2, hy tnh nng
lng tng hp th trong thi gian trn.
p n: 10,0 cal
II/ Xc nh % cht b phn hy:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi: S phn hy N
2
O
5
: 2N
2
O
5
= 2N
2
O
4

+ O
2
tun theo quy lut ng hc ca phn ng bc 1 vi hng s tc
-1
k = 0 002 pht , .
Hi c bao nhiu phn trm N
2
O
5
b phn hy sau 2 gi?
Gii:
Hng s tc ca phn ng bc 1 khng ph thuc cch biu th nng , do t a
= 100 th:
1 100
k = ln
t 100-x
p dng hng s ta c:
2,303 100
0,002 = lg
60,2 100 x

Do x = 21,35%.
Bi 1: S phn hu ru izopropylic vi V
2
O
3
lm xc tc din ra theo phng
trnh:
Gi thit rng phn ng theo mi hng l mt chiu bc 1. Hy thit lp biu thc
hng s tc phn ng k (k = k
1
+ k
2
+ k
3
) vi a l nng u ca C
3
H
7
OH, x l
nng gim nng C
3
H
7
OH sau thi gian t. Xc nh nng u ca C
3
H
7
OH
nu sau 4,3 giy 588K, nng cc cht trong hn hp phn ng l nh sau:
7 3 3 6 3 6 3 8
27, 4; 7,5; 8,1; 1, 7
C H OH C H O C H C H
C C C C
p s: 44,7 mol/L
Bi 2: Cc nguyn t phng x phng thch cc tia nguy him i vi sinh vt,
nhng tin hnh mt s bin i chm to thnh cc nguyn t khng phng
C
3
H
7
OH
C
3
H
7
OH
C
3
H
7
OH
C
3
H
7
OH
k
1
k
2
k
3
Lun vn tt nghip
x.Strotium-90 l vt liu nguy him cho mi trng c chu k bn hy l 25 nm.
Nu c 2 gram strotium-90 thot ra mi trng, c bao nhiu cht vn cn li sau 100
nm?
p n: 0,125 gram
Bi 3: Chu k bn hy ca Neptunium-237 v Uranium-238 ln lt l 2,2.10
6
nm
v 4,5.10
9
nm. Nu c hai c hnh thnh t hi to lp tri t cch nay 2500
triu nm.hin ti mi cht cn li l bao nhiu phn trm?
p n: Phn trm neptunium cn li l = (1/2)
1136
= 10
-342
Phn trm uranium = 68,1%
III/ Chng minh phn ng din ra theo bc no da vo t, C hay t, p v xc
nh k:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Axit fomic s kh trplin vi s c mt ca xc tc Pt theo phng trnh:
3 6 4 6 3 2
HSO C H N N C H OH 4HCOOH Sp ( ) +
Di y l kt qu o c ca s bin thin nng trplin theo thi gian:
t (pht) 1 2 3 6 10 14 20 26 33 40
C.10
3
[mol/l] 5 4,82 4,7 4,25 3,76 3,30 2,6 2 0,94 0,15
Hy chng t rng phn ng din ra theo bc khng.
Gii:
V th biu din s bin thin nng ng trplin theo thi gian. th thu c
l mt ng thng (hnh 1), chng t phn ng kh trplin bng HCOOH l phn
ng bc 0. Phn ng khng din ra theo t l hp thc.
Hnh .1
Bi 2: S phn hy axeton din ra theo phng trnh:
3 3 2 4 2
CH COCH C H + H + CO
Theo thi gian phn ng, p sut chung ca h o c l nh sau:
t [pht] 0 6,5 13 19,9
p [mm Hg] 312 408 488 562
0
1
2
3
4
5
C.10
3

10 20 30
t
Lun vn tt nghip
Hy chng t phn ng l bc 1 v tnh hng s tc .
Gii:
chng minh phn ng phn hy axeton l bc 1 ta s dng phng php th cc d
kin vo phng trnh ng hc bc 1 xem cc hng s tc thu c c hng nh
hay khng. V p sut t l vi nng cht nn trong phng trnh ng hc, nng
axeton c thay bng p sut ring phn. Gi p
0
l p sut u ca axeton v x l p
sut ring phn ca C
2
H
4
thi im t, ta c
2
H CO
P = P = x
. p sut axeton thi
im t l p
o
x.
Nh vy, p sut chung ca h bng:
p = (p
o
x) + x + x + x = p
o
+ 2x
Suy ra:
o
p - p
x =
2
V:
o 0
o o
- -
p - p 3p - p
p x = p =
2 2
Hng s tc ca phn ng mt chiu bc 1 l:
o
o
o
o

p 2,303
k = lg
t p - x
2p 2,303
k = lg
t 3p - x
p dng bng s ta c:
2
3
-1
1
-1
-1
-1
2,303 2.312
k = lg = 0,02571 pht
6,5 3.312 - 408
2,303 2.312
k = lg = 0,02549 pht
13 3.312 - 488
2,303 2.312
k = lg = 0,02573 pht
19,9 3.312 - 562
1
k = (0,02571 + 0,02549 + 0,02573) 0,02564 pht
3
=
Bi 1: 17
0
C phn ng lng phn t: A + B S.P
Xy ra vi nng u ca cht B bng 2,5 mol/l. S theo di qu trnh bin i cht
A theo thi gian thu c kt qu sau:
C
A
[mol/l] 10
4
10 7,91 6,31 5,01 3,98
T[pht] 0 10 20 30 40
Hy chng t rng phn ng trn l bc 2 v tnh hng s tc .
p s: 1,54.10
-4
mol
-1
L.ph
-1
Bi 2: Slater nghin cu ng hc ca phn ng gia Na
2
S
2
O
3
v CH
3
I 20
o
C
v thu c kt qu sau:
Lun vn tt nghip
t[pht] 0 4,75 10 20 35 55

[Na
2
S
2
O
3
] 35,35 30,5 27 23,2 20,3 18,6 17,1
[CH
3
I] 18,25 13,4 9,9 6,1 3,2 1,5 0
Bng th v bng phng php gii tch hy chng t rng phn ng cho l bc
2.
Bi 3: Phn ng gia mtylliodua v trietylamin trong CCl
4
xy ra theo phng
trnh: H
3
CI + (C
2
H
5
)
3
N [(C
2
H
5
)
3

N
+
- CH
3
I
-
]
theo di s bin i amin theo thi gian, ngi ta tin hnh hai t th nghim sau:
t I vi nng u ca CH
3
I v (C
2
H
5
)
3
N bng 4,6.10
-2
v 0,403 mol/L.
t[pht] 0 13 26 43 65 90 170
[Na
2
S
2
O
3
] 0,103 0,397 0,392 0,386 0,380 0,375 0,365
t II vi nng u ca hai cht nh nhau 0,224 mol/L.
t[pht] 0 2 10 20 40 90 150 200
C
amin
[mol/L] 0,224 0,221 0,212 0,201 0,183 0,149 0,122 0,106
Hy chng t rng trong c hai t th nghim, bc ca phn ng bng 2 v xc nh
hng s tc .
p s: 2,5.10
-2
mol
-1
.L.ph
-1
Bi 4: 310
o
C s phn hu AsH
3
(kh): 2AsH
3
2As + 3H
2
c theo di bng s bin thin p sut theo thi gian:
t[gi] 0 5,5 6,5 8
p[mmHg] 733,32 805,78 818,11 835,34
Hy chng t phn ng phn hu kh asin l bc 1. Tnh hng s tc .
p s: 0,0404 gi
-1
Bi 5: i vi s phn hu trong pha kh ca etilen oxit 687K:
C
2
H
4
O CH
4
+ CO
Ngi ta thu c kt qu sau:
P
h
[mmHg] 116,5 122,6 125,7 128,7 133,2 141,4
t[pht] 0 5 7 9 12 18
Hy chng t rng s phn hu C
2
H
4
O l phn ng bc 1 (bng th) v tnh hng s
tc phn ng.
p s: 1,43.10
-2
pht
-1
Bi 6: Axetat etyl b thu phn vi s c mt ca NaOH. Nng ca hai cht
thi im t = 0 bng 5.10
-2
mol/L. Thi gian na phn ng bng 1800 giy, cn thi
gian 75% phn ng c tin hnh l 5400 giy. Xc nh bc ca phn ng v
hng s tc phn ng.
p s: bc 2; k = 1,11.10
-2
mol
-1
L. giy
-1
Bi 7: Bng phng php p k, ngi ta theo di tc phn hu N
2
O trn b
mt dy vng t nng 990
o
C v thu c d kin sau:
t[pht] 0 30 52 100
Lun vn tt nghip
p[mmHg] 200 232 250 272
a. Gi thit rng sn phm phn ng l N
2
v O
2
, hy tnh p sut cui cng v thi
gian na phn ng.
b. Cng ti nhit trn, song p sut u l 400mmHg, cn thi gian na phn ng l
52 pht, th phn ng s din ra theo bc my?
p s: a. 300 mmHg;
=3120 giy; b. bc 1
Bi 8: 20
o
C ngi ta theo di s bin i glucozo thnh glucozo v ngc
li da vo gc quay quang hc theo thi gian v thu c kt qu sau:
Gc quay
[]
20,26 18,92 16,82 15,22 14,06 13,18 10,60
t[pht] 10 20 40 60 80 100 Cn bng
1
2
k
k
-glucozo -glucozo

Chng minh rng y l phn ng thun nghch bc 1 v tnh k
1
+ k
2
.
p s: 1,46.10
-2
pht
-1
Bi 9: Khi ha tan mu pseudo--camphor trong cloroform ngi ra ghi nhn s
thay i gc quay ring [ ] v cn bng tn ti 2 dng pseudo v dng bnh thng.
14
o
C, kt qu chuyn ha thu c nh sau:

t, gi 3,0 7,0 10,0 20,0 30,0 40,0 60,0 Cn bng
[],(
o
) 169,0 146,0 130,0 94,0 71,0 57,0 41,4 31,3
Chng minh rng qu trnh chuyn ha l thun nghch bc 1 v xc nh (k
1
+k
-1
) c
2 nhit .trong , k v k
-1
l hng s tc thun nghch.
p n: (k
1
+ k
-1
) = 1,27.10
-5
s
-1
IV/ Thi gian cht A bin i thnh cht B:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: i vi phn ng:
1
2
k
k
A B ,
cc hng s tc k
1
= 300 giy
1
; k
2
= 100 giy
1
. thi im t = 0 ch c cht A v
khng c cht B. Hi trong bao lu th mt na lng ban u cht A bin thnh cht
B?
Gii:
1
2
k
k

t 0 a 0
a a
t
2 2
A B

p dng cng thc cho:
e
1 2
e
1 x
k + k = ln
t x x
Lun vn tt nghip
y nng lc cn bng x
e
c xc nh thng qua hng s cn bng K:
e
e
B
x
K = =
a - x
A
1
]
1
]
Sau khi bin i ta c:
e
aK
x =
1 + K
v
e
aK - ( 1+K )
1 + K
x
x - x =
Cui cng
1 2

2,303 aK
k + k = lg
t aK - x - Kx
V
a
x =
2

Nn
1 2

=
2,303 aK
k + k = lg
a Ka
aK - -
2 2
2,303 2K
lg
2K - 1 - K
2,303 2K
= lg
K - 1
V
1
2
k
K =
k
Nn
1
1 2 1 2
-3

2,303 2k
lg
k + k k - k
2,303 2.300
lg = 2,7.10 giy
300 + 100 300 - 100

=
Bi 2: Mt xc p c Ai cp c phng x l 0,25 phn r trong 1 pht tnh cho

100 mg Cacbon. Xc nh nin i ca xc p ny bit rng cc vt sng phng
x l 15,3 nguyn t phn r trong 1 pht cho 1g Cacbon.
Gii:
phng x ca xc p tnh cho 1g Cacbon.
0,25.1000/100 = 2,5 nguyn t phn r/1 pht.1g C
V cng phng x t l vi hm lng
14
C
ti mi thi im tng ng:
14
0
14
t
14
1 2
C
ln = kt
C
15 3 0 693 0 693
ln kt t t
2 5 t C 5700
/
, , ,
,
1
]
1
]

Do t = (5700/0,693).2,303.lg (15,3/2,5) = 14902,98 nm
Nh vy ngi c c p ny cht th k th 130 trc Cng nguyn.
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 3: Phn ng phn hy H
2
O
2
trong dung dch nc xy ra theo quy lut ng
hc bc 1. Thi gian na phn ng bng 15,86 pht. Hy xc nh thi gian cn thit
phn hy ht 99% H
2
O
2
.
Gii:
i vi phn ng bc nht:
1 2
ln2
t
k
/

T y ta tnh c:
1
1 2
ln2 0 693
k 0 0437pht
t 15 86

/
,
,
,
tnh thi gian phn hy 99%
2 2
H O
ta p dng phng trnh ng hc dng tch
phn:
1 100
t ln 105 4
0 0437 100 99

,
,
pht
Bi 4: Hng s tc ca phn ng:
CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ NaOH CH
3
COONa + C
2
H
5

283K bng 2,83 mol
-1
.l.ph
-1
. Tnh thi gian cn thit nng ca CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
cn li 50% nu ta trn 1 lt dung dch axetat etyl nng 0,05M vi:
a. 1 lt dung dch NaOH nng 0,05 M.
b. 1 lt dung dch NaOH nng 0,1 M.
Gii:
a. T th nguyn ca hng s tc cho thy phn ng nghin cu l phn ng bc
hai. Trng hp th nht, este v xt c nng bng nhau. Khi trn hai th tch bng
nhau th nng ca mi cht gim i mt na. Thi gian cn thit este cn li
50% nng u chnh l thi gian na phn ng.
Do :
1 2
1 1
t 16 8pht
ka 2 38 0 025
/
,
, . ,

b. Trng hp th hai: este v xt c nng u khc nhau. Vi trng hp ny ta
dng phng trnh:
( )
( )
( )
b a x
1
t ln
k a b a b x

y a = 0,025 M; b = 0,05 M (v khi trn ln th tch ca h phn ng tng ln gp
i). Thay cc gi tr ca cc i lng tng ng vo cng thc trn ta c:
( )
( )
( )
0 05 0 025 0 0125
1
t ln 6 81pht
2 38 0 025 0 05 0 025 0 05 0 0125
, , ,
,
, , , , , ,

Bi 1: Bi 913 K, hng s tc phn ng ehiro ha metylamin:
H
3
CNH
2
HCN + 2H
2
bng 5.10
-3
giy. Tnh thi gian nng metylamin gim i 2 ln.
p s: 138 giy
Bi 2: Hng s tc phn ng t oxi ha kh ca ion hidro brom trong mi
trng kim: 3BrO
-
BrO
3
-
+ 2Br
-

bng 9.3.10
-4
(mol/L).giy
-1
. Nng u ca ion BrO bng 0,1 mol/L. Tnh thi gian
30% lng BrO
-
mt i trong phn ng.
Lun vn tt nghip
p s: 4,61.10
3
giy
Bi 3: Phn ng este ho etanol bng axit fomic trong mi trng axit clohidric
25
o
C din ra theo phng trnh:
1
2
k
5 5 2 2 2
k
C H OH + HCOOH HCOOC H + H O

Trong trng hp phn ng tin hnh vi lng d etanol th hng s tc phn ng
este ho bng 1,85.10
-3
pht, mt khc hng s tc phn ng nghch bng 1,76.10
-3
pht
-1
. Bit nng u ca axit fomic bng 0,07 mol/L. Xc nh:
a. Nng cn bng ca fomiat etyl.
b. Thi gian s este ho tin hnh c 80%.
p s: a. 0,0359; b. t
0,8
= 2,67.10
-4
giy
Bi 4: S phn hu phng x ng v
210
Bi din ra theo s :
210
Bi (5 ngy m)
210
Po (138 ngy m)
208
Pb
Xc nh thi gian (ngy) lng ng v
210
Po t gi tr cc i.
p s: 24,87 ngy m
Bi 5: S phn hy H
2
O
2
trong dung dch nc tun theo quy nh ng hc ca
phn ng bc 1 vi chu k bn hy l 12,5 pht. Tnh hng s tc v thi gian cn
thit cn li 25%; 12,5% lng H
2
O
2
.
p n: 25 pht v 37,5 pht
Bi 6: Phn ng: CH
3
CH
2
NO
2
+ OH
-
H
2
O + CH
3
CHNO
2
c bc 2 v 0
o
C c hng s tc l 39,1 l.mol
-1
pht
-1
.Nng u ca cc tc
cht l: [CH
3
CH
2
NO
2
] = 0,004 M v [OH
-
] = 0,005 M. Tm thi gian cn thit 90%
nitroetan phn ng.
p n: 26,3 pht
Bi 7: 10
o
C hng s tc ca phn ng x phng ha acetatetyl l 2,38 l(tng
ng gam)
-1
pht
-1
: CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ NaOH CH
3
COONa + C
2
H
5
Tnh thi gian cn thit x phng ha 50% acetatetyl nu cho 1 lt acetatetyl N/20
tc dng vi:
a. 1 lt NaOH N/20.
b. 1 lt NaOH N/10.
p n: a. 16,805 pht; b. 6,8 pht
Bi 8: Hot ca mt mu lu hunh S
35
gim cn 25% gi tr ban u ca n
sau 174,2 ngy. Chu k bn hy ca cht ng v ny l bao nhiu?
p n: 87,1 ngy
Chng IV: IN HA HC
I/ Phn ng oxi ha kh:
Bi 1: Cn bng phng trnh phn ng:
a. Cu + HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
b. KMnO
4
+ K
2
C
2
O
4
+ H
2
SO
4
MnSO
4
+ CO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
c. MnO
2
+ O
2
+ KOH K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
a. 3 nhn vi: Cu 2e Cu
2+
2 nhn vi: N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
=> 3Cu + 2NO
3
-
+ 8H
+
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Hay: 3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
b. 2 nhn vi: Mn
+7
+ 5e Mn
+2
5 nhn vi: 2C
+3
2e 2C
+4
=> 2KMnO
4
+ 5K
2
C
2
O
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 10CO
2
+ 6K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
c. 2 nhn vi: Mn
+4
- 2e Mn
+6
1 nhn vi: O
2
0
+ 4e 2O
-2
=> 2MnO
2
+ O
2
+ 4KOH 2K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O
Bi 2: Km, ng c phn ng vi axit HCl 25
0
C khng? Ti sao st phn ng
vi axit HCl ch cho sn phm l FeCl
2
m khng phi l FeCl
3
?
Gii:
Zn
2+
+ 2e Zn
0
= -0,76 V
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

0
= 0 V
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
0
= 0,34 V
Cc gi tr ny ca
0
thy:
- Tnh kh ca Zn cao hn H
2
; H
2
li kh mnh hn Cu.
- Cu
2+
c tnh oxi ha mnh hn H
+
; H
+
c tnh oxi ha mnh hn Zn
2+
.
Nh vy Zn kh c ion H
+
m Cu khng kh c.
Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe
0
= -0,44 V
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

0
= 0 V
Fe
3+
+ e Fe
2+

0
= 0,77 V
Qua cc gi tr
0
ta thy: Fe kh c ion H
+
cho Fe
2+
; ion Fe
3+
khng th to ra
c v Fe
3+
b H
2
kh xung Fe
2+
.
Bi 3: Nhng mt tm ng vo dung dch FeSO
4
v nhng mt tm ng khc
vo dung dch AgNO
3
. Hy m t v gii thch iu quan st c.
Gii:
Khng c hin tng g xy ra khi tm ng tip xc vi dung dch FeSO
4
.
Khi Cu tip xc vi dung dch AgNO
3
th tm ng b bao bc bi 1 lp Ag trng v
dung dch ban u khng mu tr nn xanh lam do s c mt ca ion ng Cu
2+
hidrat
ha.
Fe
2+
+ 2e Fe
0
= -0,44 V
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
0
= 0,34 V
Ag
+
+ e Ag
0
= 0,80 V
T y thy rng Cu kh c Ag
+
thnh Ag:
Cu + 2Ag
+
Cu
2+
+ 2Ag
II/ Dung dch in phn:
1. Cn bng trong dung dch in phn:
a. S in li:
a1) Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Hng s phn li ca axit hu c:
C
6
H
4
COOH
H
+
+ C
6
H
4
COO
-
Lun vn tt nghip
bng 1,4.10
-3
25
0
C. Xc nh phn li
ca axit ny trong dung dch 0,5M.

Gii:
p dng phng trnh: K
c
=
2
.C/(1 -
)
Ta c:
2
.C + K
c
.
- K
c
= 0
=>
2
4. .
2.
c c c
K K K C
C
+ +

Thay s vo ta c:
3 3 2 3
1, 4.10 (1, 4.10 ) 4.1, 4.10 .0, 5
2.0, 5

+ +
V (1,4.10
-3
)
2

=
4.1,4.10
-3
nn phn li
c tnh theo phng trnh gn ng sau:

3 3
3
1, 4.10 4.1, 4.10 .0, 5
51, 5.10
2.0, 5
+

Bi 2: Ch s pK
c
ca s phn li etylamoni bromua trong nitrometan 25
0
C bng
3,62. Xc nh h s ng trng ca dung dch trn nng 0,005M (ch : pK
c
=
-lg K
c
).
Gii:
p dng biu thc:
= (i - 1)/(
- 1)
V etylamoni bromua C
2
H
5
NH
3
Br l cht in phn bc 2 ha tr 1 nn
= 2, do
=(i - 1). phn li
c tnh theo cng thc (tng t bi 1):

2
4. .
2.
c c c
K K K C
C
+ +

Theo : pK
c
= -lg K
c
=> K
c
= 10
c
pK
= 10
-3,62
= 2,4.10
-4
p dng bng s ta c gi tr ca
l:
4 4 2 4
2
2, 4.10 (2, 4.10 ) 4.2, 4.10 .0, 05
6, 7.10
2.0, 05
+ +

Vy: i = 1 +
= 1 + 6,7.10
-2
= 1,067
Bi 3: Dung dch nc ca cht in phn yu nng molan bng 0,1; ng
c nhit -0,208
0
C. Xc nh phn li
bit rng cht in phn y l cht

in phn bc 2 v hng s nghim lnh ca nc l 1,86.
Gii:
Tnh h s ng trng i theo cng thc:
i = T
b
/(m.K
b
) = 0,208/(0,1.1,86) = 1,118
Xc nh phn li
theo cng thc:
= (i - 1)/(
- 1)
Theo bi ta c:
= 2 nn
= (1,118 1)/(2 1) = 0,118

a2) Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: Dung dch 2,45 g H
2
SO
4
trong 500 g nc ng c -0,2055
0
C. Hng s
nghim lnh ca nc bng 1,86. Xc nh h s ng trng i.
p s: 2,21
Bi 2: 25
0
C hng s phn li ca NH
4
OH bng 1,79.10
-5
. Hi nng no
phn li ca NH
4
OH bng 2%? Tnh nng OH
-
trong dung dch ny.
Lun vn tt nghip
p s: 0,447 mol/l; 8,94.10
-3
iong/l
Bi 3: Hng s phn li ca axit benzoic C
6
H
5
COOH bng 6,3.10
-5
; ca axit axetic
CH
3
COOH bng 1,79.10
-5
. Xc nh t s nng ion H
+
trong dung dch ng phn
t ca axit benzoic C
6
H
5
COOH v axit axetic CH
3
COOH.
p s: 1,9
b. Hot v h s hot ca cht in phn:
b1) Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Dung dch Ca(NO
3
)
2
c nng molan bng 0,2. H s hot ion trung
bnh nng ny bng 0,426. Xc nh
m
t
,
a
t
v a.
Gii:
p dng biu thc:
1/
( . ) . m m

+
t +
Thay s vo ta c:
m
t
= (1.2
2
)
1/3
.0,2 = 0,317
Ta c: ( ) ( )
.
m m
a m
t t t
= 0,317.0,426 = 0,135
T biu thc: a a
t

=> a = (
a
t
)
= (0,135)
3
= 2,46.10
-3
Bi 2 : Mt dung dch cha 0,08 mol Na
2
SO
4
v 0,02 mol Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
trong 1000
gam nc. Tnh lc ion ca dung dch.
Gii:
p dng cng thc tnh lc ion:
2
1
.
2
i i
I m Z

Thay s vo ta c: I = 1/2.(2.0,08.1
2
+ 0,08.2
2
+ 2.0,02.3
2
+ 3.0,02.2
2
) = 0,54
Bi 3 : Dung dch nc ca BaCl
2
c nng 0,002m 298K.
a. Tnh lc ion ca dung dch.
b. Da vo nh lut gii hn bai Hucken, tnh 2
Ba
+ v
Cl
.
c. Tnh
2
BaCl
t
.
Gii:
a. p dng cng thc tnh lc ion:
2
1
.
2
i i
I m Z

Thay s vo ta c: I = 1/2.(0,002.2
2
+ 2.0,002) = 0,006
b. p dng cng thc:
2
lg
i i
AZ I
Ta c: lg 2
Ba
+ = -0,509.2
2
. 0, 006 = -0,158
=> 2
Ba
+ = 0,695
Tng t: lg
Cl
= -0,509. 0, 006 = 0,039

=>
Cl
= 0,914
c.
2
BaCl
t = ( 2
Ba
+ .
2
Cl
)
1/3
= [0,695.(0,914)
2
]
1/3
= 0,834
Bi 4 : Hng s phn li nhit ng ca axit
-clopicric 298K bng 1,47.10

-8
.
Tnh phn li
ca axit ny trong dung dch nng 0,01M.

Lun vn tt nghip
Gii:
Gi axit
-clopicric bng cng thc tng qut HA. Phng trnh phn li ca HA c
biu th bng:
HA
H
+
+ A
-
v ng vi hng s phn li nhit ng K
a
:
. . . .
.
H A H A H A
a
HA HA HA
a a C C
K
a C

+ + +

= 1,47.10
-3
Ta c:
0, 01.
H A
C C
+

C
HA
= 0,01.(1 -
)
=>
2
2
.0, 01
.
1
a
K

= 1,47.10
-3
Trong s gn ng bc nht, ta chp nhn
t
= 1 th:
2
+ 0,147.
- 0,147 = 0
Gii phng trnh bc 2 trn i vi phn li
cho ta gi tr
= 0,317
Trong s gn ng bc 2
t

1; hy tnh
t
da vo phng trnh gii hn bai
Hucken.
Tnh lc ion
2
1
.
2
i i
I C Z

. i vi cht in phn ha tr 1-1:
I = C.
= 0,01.0,317 = 3,17.10
-3
=>
3
3,17.10 I

= 5,63.10
-2
lg
2
t
= 2.lg
t
= -2.0,509.1
2
.5,63.10
-2
= -5,73.10
-2
=>
2
t
= 0,876
Vy:
2 3
1, 47.10
1 0, 01.0,876
= 0,168
=>
= 0,334
b2) Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: Xc nh hot ca BaCl
2
trong dung dch 0,1m nu
t
(BaCl
2
) = 0,501.
p s: 5,03.10
-4
Bi 2: Xc nh hot v hot trung bnh ca ZnSO
4
trong dung dch 0,1m
nu
t
= 0,148.
p s: 2,19.10
-4
; 1,48.10
-2
Bi 3: Xc nh h s hot trung bnh ca FeCl
3
khi dung dch cha 0,001 mol
FeCl
3
v 0,005 mol H
2
SO
4
trong 1000 g nc. Khi tnh s dng nh lut gii hn ca
bai Hucken vi A = 0,509.
p s: 0,604
Bi 4: 313K
t
ca CdI
2
trong dung dch nc nng 0,005m bng 0,506. Xc
nh
t
ca CdI
2
trong dung dch nng 0,002m cng nhit trn.
p s: 0,65
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 5: Tch s tan nhit ng ca AgCl trong nc 298K bng 1,77.10
-10
. Hy
tnh tan ca AgCl 298K trong nc; trong dung dch KNO
3
nng 0,01m v
trong dung dch MgSO
4
nng 0,005m (khi tnh hy vn dng nh lut gii hn ca
bai Hucken tm h s hot ion).
p s: 1,34.10
-5
; 1,50.10
-5
; 1,57.10
-5
2. dn in ca dung dch in phn v s ti :
a. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: in tr ca dung dch KNO
3
0,01N c o trong bnh o dn in c
hng s bnh 0,5 cm
-1
, bng 423. Xc nh dn in ring
, dn in ng
lng v phn li biu kin
, nu linh ion K
+
v ion NO
3
-
ln lt bng 64,5
v 61,6
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
.
Gii:
dn in ring
bng:
= C/R = 0,5/423 = 0,001182

-1
.cm
-1
dn in ng lng bng:
= 1000.
/C (vi C l nng dung dch)

= 1000.0,001182/0,01 = 118,2
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
phn li biu kin
c xc nh bng cng thc:
= /
Vn dng nh lut Knrauxo v s chuyn ng c lp ca ion, ta c:

+

+
= 64,5 + 61,6 = 126,1
Vy
= /
= 118,2/126,1 = 0,9374
Bi 2: dn in ng lng gii hn 25
0
C i vi dung dch nc ca
NaC
2
H
5
COO, NaCl v HCl ln lt bng 85,9; 126,45 v 426,15
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. Tnh
ca axit propionic 25
0
C.
Gii:
Vn dng nh lut Knrauxo v s chuyn ng c lp ca ion trong dung dch, i
vi dung dch axit propionic ta c:
(C
2
H
5
COOH) =
(H
+
) +
(C
2
H
5
COO
-
)
Mt khc
ca axit propionic c th c tnh theo 1 cch khc di y:
(C
2
H
5
COOH) =
(NaC
2
H
5
COO) +
(HCl) -
(NaCl)
=
(Na
+
) +
(C
2
H
5
COO
-
) +
(H
+
) +
(Cl
-
) -
(Na
+
)

(Cl
-
)
=
(H
+
) +
(C
2
H
5
COO
-
)
Vy:
(C
2
H
5
COOH) = 85,9 + 426,15 126,45 = 385,6
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Bi 3: Hng s phn li K
c
ca axit C
3
H
7
COOH bng 1,54.10
-5
.
Xc nh phn li
ca dung dch ny long V = 1024 l.lg

-1
; xc nh nng
H
+
v
nu nng cho, dn in ng lng ca axit ny bng 41,3

-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
.
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
K
c
=
2
.C/(1 -
) (vi C l s ng lng gam trong 1 lt dung dch)

V long V = 1/C nn:
K
c
=
2
/[V.(1 -
)]
Thay bng s ta c:
1,54,10
-5
=
2
/[1024.(1 -
)]
=>
= 0,118
C(H
+
) =
.C =
/V = 0,118/1024 = 1,152.10
-4
= /
= 41,3/0,118 = 350
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Bi 4: Ngi ta 1 dung dch NaCl vo 1 ng thy tinh m 2 u ng c t 2
in cc cch nhau 1,53 cm, c ni vi 1 ngun in 1 chiu th hiu 12von. Sau 5
pht, ion Na
+
di chuyn c 1 on bng 1,2 cm. Hy tnh tc tuyt i ca ion
Na
+
.
Gii:
Tc chuyn ng ca ion Na
+
bng:
v = 1,2/(5.60) = 0,004 cm/giy
Cng in trng E bng:
E = 12/1,53 = 7,84 von/cm
Tc tuyt i U ca ion Na
+
bng:
U = v/E = 0,004/7,84 = 5,1.10
-4
cm
2
.giy
-1
.von
-1
Bi 5: 25
0
C, dn in ring ca dung dch AgCl bo ha bng 2,68.10
-6

-
1
.cm
-1
, ca nc nguyn cht bng 0,86.10
-6

-1
.cm
-1
. dn in ng lng gii
hn ca cc dung dch AgNO
3
, HCl v HNO
3
25
0
C ln lt bng 133; 426 v 421
-
1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. Tnh tan ca AgCl trong nc nhit trn.
Gii:
Ta c:
(AgCl) =
(dd AgCl) -
(H
2
O)
= (2,68 0,86).10
-6
= 1,82.10
-6

-1
.cm
-1
Gia v
c s lin h:
= 1000.
/C
y C l nng (tc l tan) ca AgCl. AgCl l mt cht in phn mnh, kh
tan do c th chp nhn =
v:
(AgCl) =
(AgNO
3
) +
(HCl) -
(HNO
3
)
= 133 + 426 421 = 138
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Vy tan ca AgCl bng:
C = 1000.
/ = 1000.
= 1000.1,82.10
-6
/138 =1,32.10
-5
Bi 6: xc nh s ti ca ion Cu
2+
v Cl
-
bng phng php Hittop,ngi ta
tin hnh in phn 1 dung dch CuCl
2
nng 26,9 g/l vi cc in cc bng graphit.
Sau in phn, catot nng thm c 2 g. S phn tch cho thy 0,5 l dung dch khu
anot c 4,75 g Cu v 0,5 l dung dch catot c 3,95 g Cu. Tm t(Cu
2+
) v t(Cl
-
).
Gii:
Khi lng CuCl
2
c trong 0,5 l dung dch trc khi in phn l:
26,9.0,5 = 13,45 g
Khi lng CuCl
2
c trong 0,5 l dung dch khu catot sau in phn:
Lun vn tt nghip
(63,54 + 35,5.2).3,95/63,54 = 8,36 g
Khi lng CuCl
2
c trong 0,5 l dung dch khu anot sau in phn:
(63,54 + 35,5.2).4,75/63,54 = 10,06 g
gim khi lng CuCl
2
khu catot:
13,45 8,36 = 5,09 g
gim khi lng CuCl
2
khu anot:
13,45 10,06 = 3,39 g
Vy: t(Cu
2+
) = m
a
/( m
a
+m
c
) = 3,39/(3,39 + 5,09) = 0,3998
t(Cl
-
) = m
c
/( m
a
+m
c
) = 5,09/(3,39 + 5,09) = 0,6002
Bi 7: 25
0
C dn in ng lng long v tn ca NaCH
3
COO bng
91
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. S ti ca anion bng 0,43. dn in ng lng long v
tn ca KCl 25
0
C bng 149,8
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. S ti ca cation K
+
bng 0,49. Tm

ca KCH
3
COO.
Gii:
p dng cng thc bit:
t

Ta c:
(CH
3
COO
-
) =
.t
-
= 91.0,43 = 39,13
Mt cch tng t ta cng c:
t
+
.
= 0,49.149,8 = 73,40
Vy:
(KCH
3
COO) =
(K
+
) +
(CH
3
COO
-
)
= 73,40 + 39,13 = 112,53
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Bi 8: 25
0
C dn in ring ca BaCl
2
bng 0,002382
-1
.cm
-1
. S ti ca ion
Ba
2+
trong dung dch ny bng 0,4375. Tnh tc tuyt i ca ion Ba
2+
v Cl
-
trong
dung dch BaCl
2
0,02N.
Gii:
dn in ng lng ca dung dch BaCl
2
l:
= 1000.
/C = 1000.0,002382/0,02 = 119,1
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
dn in ng lng ca ion Ba
2+
bng:
( Ba
2+
) = (BaCl
2
).t(Ba
2+
) = 119,1.0,4375 = 52,1
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
dn in ng lng ca ion Cl
-
bng:
( Cl
-
) = (BaCl
2
).t(Cl
-
) = 119,1.(1 - 0,4375) = 67,0
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Tc tuyt i ca ion tnh bng cng thc:
U = /F
i vi cation Ba
2+
:
U
+
=
+
/F = 52,1/96500 = 5,4.10
-4
cm
2
.giy
-1
.von
-1
i vi anion Cl
-
:
U
-
=
-
/F = 67,0/96500 = 6,94.10
-4
cm
2
.giy
-1
.von
-1
Bi 9: xc nh s ti ngi ta in phn 1 dung dch AgNO
3
vi cc in cc
bng bc. Lng AgNO
3
trong khu anot trc v sau khi in phn bng 0,2278 g v
0,2818 g. Trong qu trnh in phn c 0,0194 g Cu bm vo catot ca culong k ng
mc ni tip vi bnh in phn. Tm s ti ca Ag
+
v NO
3
-
.
Gii:
Lun vn tt nghip
Lng bc c trong khu anot trc v sau in phn c gi tr bng:
0,2278/170 = 1,340.10
-3
mol
V 0,2818/170 = 1,658.10
-3
mol
tng lng bc khu anot sau in phn:
(1,658 1,340).10
-3
= 0,318.10
-3
mol
S Faraday in lng i qua bnh in phn l:
0,0194/31,77 = 0,0006106 F
Vy s ti ca Ag
+
v NO
3
-
bng:
t(NO
3
-
) = m/F = (0,318.10
-3
)/0,0006106 = 0,52
t(Ag
+
) = 1 - t(NO
3
-
) = 1 0,52 = 0,48
* Bi ton ny cng c th gii theo 1 cch khc nh sau:
V c s tng tc gia in cc Ag vi dung dch AgNO
3
trong in phn nn lng
bc b ha tan tnh bng s ng lng gam chnh bng s Faraday in lng lu
thng, do khu anot s ng lng bc tng cng s bng:
1,340.10
-3
+ 0,0006106 = 1,951.10
-3
gim s ng lng gam bc khu annot by gi s l:
(1,951 1,658).10
-3
= 0,293.10
-3
Vy: t(Ag
+
) = m
a
/F = 0,293.10
-3
/0,0006106 = 0,48
t(NO
3
-
) = 1 - t(Ag
+
) = 1 0,48 = 0,52
Bi 10: Trong ng hnh tr ng knh 8 mm ngi ta 2 dung dch HCl v
NaCl sao cho gia 2 dung dch ny c 1 ranh gii r rt. Khi cho 1 dng in cng
5 mA i qua th ranh gii di chuyn vi tc 0,085 mm/giy. Bit rng nng
dung dch HCl bng 0,01 M. Hy xc nh s ti ca ion H
+
.
Gii:
p dng cng thc bit:
2
. . 96500. .(0, 4) .0, 0085.0, 01
1000 . 1000.0, 005.1
F V C
t
I t

+
+

=0,825
b. Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: dn in ring ca dung dch CH
3
COOH 0,05N bng 0,000324
-1
.cm
-1
.
Xc nh dn in ng lng , phn li
, nng ion H
+
v hng s phn li
K
c
ca CH
3
COOH nu dn in ng lng ca dung dch axit long v tn
bng 347,8
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
.
p s: = 6,68;
= 0,0186; C(H
+
) = 9,3,10
-4
; K
c
= 1,76.10
-5
Bi 2: Dung dch CuSO
4
0,1M c o trong bnh o dn in c nhng thng
s k thut nh sau: din tch mi in cc bng 4 cm
2
; khong cch 2 in cc bng
0,7 cm; in tr ca dung dch o c bng 23 . Xc nh dn in ring v
dn in ng lng ca dung dch CuSO
4
.
p s: 7,6.10
-3

-1
.cm
-1
; 38
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Bi 3: 25
0
C, khi o in tr dung dch BaCl
2
cc nng khc nhau thu
c kt qu nh sau:
C[mol/l] 0,0002 0,0005 0,001 0,002
R[ ] 27520 11160 5680 2905
Lun vn tt nghip
Xc nh dn in mol gii hn long v tn ca dung dch BaCl
2
, bit rng
hng s bnh bng 1,5 cm
-1
.
p s:
= 280
-1
.cm
2
.mol
-1
Bi 4: 25
0
C dung dch NH
4
Cl, NaCl v NaOH c dn in ng lng
long v tn ln lt bng 149,7; 126,45 v 217,8
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. Tm
ca dung dch
amoniac.
p s:
= 270,15
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Bi 5: Dung dch axit yu HA 25
0
C v long 32 lt c dn in ng
lng bng 9,2
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
.
ca dung dch ny bng 389

-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. Tnh nng
ion H
+
v hng s phn li ca axit ny.
p s: C(H
+
) = 7,4.10
-4
; K
c
= 1,8.10
-5
Bi 6: Dung dch CH
3
COOH nng 0,05N c
= 3,24.10
-4

-1
.cm
-1
. Dung dch
NaCH
3
COO nng 0,0001N c
= 7,75.10
-6

-1
.cm
-1
. Linh ion H
+
v Na
+
bng
314,9 v 43,5
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
. Xc nh hng s phn li ca CH
3
COOH.
p s: 1,76.10
-5
Bi 7: Hn hp mui nng chy KCl + NaCl 800
0
C v c nng phn s mol
ca NaCl l 0,56; c dn in ring bng 2,862
-1
.cm
-1
. Khi lng ring ca
dung dch mui nng chy 800
0
C bng 1,484 g/cm
3
. Xc nh dn in ng
lng ca dung dch.
p s: 126,5
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
Bi 8: Xc nh tc tuyt i ca ion MnO
4
-
nu sau 10 pht ion chuyn di
c mt on bng 2,5 cm; th hiu t vo hai cc cch nhau 16,13 cm c gi tr
bng 120 von.
p s: 5,6.10
-4
cm
2
.von
-1
.giy
-1
Bi 9: Xc nh tc tuyt i ca ion NH
4
+
nu dn in ring
ca dung
dch NH
4
Cl 0,001N bng 1,29.10
-5

-1
.cm
-1
v linh ion Cl
-
bng 64,9
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
.
p s: 6,6.10
-4
cm
2
.von
-1
.giy
-1
Bi 10: Mt ng hnh tr di 100 cm, tit din ngang 2 cm
2
cha mt dung dch
MCl 0,1M (cht in phn mnh). t vo hai u ng mt th hiu sao cho dng in
i qua dung dch c cng 0,01A. Nu ca ion M
+
bng 60
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1
, tnh
tc ca ion M
+
(ra cm.giy
-1
) bit rng ca MCl bng 136.
p s: 2,29.10
-4
cm.giy
-1
Bi 11: Bnh o dn in c in tr 468 khi bnh cha dung dch HCl
0,001M; 1580 khi cha dung dch NaCl 0,001M v 1650 khi cha dung dch
NaNO
3
bng 121. B qua s thay i ca theo nng , hy tnh:
a. dn in ring ca NaNO
3
0,001M.
b. Hng s bnh.
c. in tr ca bnh o khi bnh cha HNO
3
0,001M.
Lun vn tt nghip
d. ca HNO
3
.
p s: a. 1,21.10
-4
-1
.cm
-1
; b. 0,2 cm
-1
; c. 474 ; d. 422
-1
.cm
2
.lg
-1

Bi 12: dn in ring ca dung dch NaOH 0,1M bng 0,0221
-1
.cm
-1
. Khi
thm mt dung dch HCl 0,1M vi th tch tng ng vo dung dch trn th dn
in ring gim ti 0,0056
-1
.cm
-1
. Sau khi thm tip mt th tch tng ng na
ca HCl th
t ti tr s 0,0170
-1
.cm
-1
. Tnh dn in ng lng ca
NaOH, NaCl, HCl v ca H
2
O.
p s: 221; 112; 403 v 512
Bi 13: Khi in phn dung dch CuCl
2
0,01N vi in cc graphit th c 0,3175 g
Cu bm vo catot. gim CuCl
2
khu catot tnh theo Cu bng 0,1905g. Tnh t
+
v t
-
.
p s: 0,4 v 0,6
Bi 14: Tc tuyt i ca ion Ca
2+
v NO
3
-
khi cng in trng bng 1
von/cm l 0,00062 cm
2
.von
-1
.giy
-1
v 0,00071 cm
2
.von
-1
.giy
-1
. Xc nh s ti ca ion
Ca
2+
v NO
3
-
trong dung dch Ca(NO
3
)
2
.
p s: 0,456; 0,514
Bi 15: Ngi ta in phn mt dung dch CdCl
2
vi in cc platin trong 1 gi,
cng dng l 0,2 A. Bit s ti ion Cd
2+
bng 0,414; hy tnh gim CdCl
2
(ra
gam) khu catot v anot.
p s: 0,2831; 0,4008
Bi 16: Ngi ta in phn mt dung dch HCl 0,1 M vi cc in cc Pt. Sau in
phn c 34,2 mg Cu bm vo catot ca culong k ng mc ni tip vi bnh in
phn. S phn tch 50 cm
3
dung dch HCl khu anot sau in phn cho thy nng
dung dch ny bng 0,0821 M.
a. Xc nh t(H
+
) v t(Cl
-
).
b. Nu em phn tch 50 cm
3
dung dch khi catot th nng dung dch s l bao
nhiu?
p s: 0,83; 0,17 v 0,0963M
Bi 17: Dung dch ZnCl
2
0,15m c in phn vi anot Zn. Sau in phn khu
anot thy c 0,8907 g ZnCl
2
trong 38,6 g nc; cn khu catot c 0,6560 g ZnCl
2
trong 37 g nc. Trn catot ca culong k bc c 0,2728 g Ag bm vo. Xc nh t
+
v
t
-
.
p s: 0,417; 0,583
Bi 18: in phn dung dch AgNO
3
cha 14,055 g AgNO
3
trong 1000 g nc vi
2 cc Ag. Trong qu trnh in phn c 0,1020 g Ag bm vo catot. S phn tch khu
anot cho thy c 0,4109g Ag trong 40 g nc. Xc nh t(Ag
+
) v t(NO
3
-
).
p s: 0,4725; 0,5275
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 19: in phn dung dch HCl 0,01M vi 2 cc Pt. Khu catot cha 100g dung
dch; s ti ion Cl
-
trong dung dch HCl bng 0,18. Hi phi in phn trong bao lu
(tnh ra giy) vi cng dng l 0,1 A nng dung dch khu catot gim i 1%.
p s: 53,6 giy
Bi 20: S ti ion Na
+

trong dung dch NaCl 0,02M c xc nh bng phng
php ranh gii di ng. Dung dch ny c t trong ng hnh tr tit din ngang
0,1115 cm
2
; cng dng in i qua l 1,6.10
-3
A. Sau 45 pht 57 giy, ranh gii di
chuyn c mt on bng 8 cm. Hy tm t(Na
+
).
p s: 0,39
Bi 21: xc nh s ti ion K
+
ngi ta s dng phng php ranh gii di ng
gia 2 dung dch KCl 0,1 M v LiCl 0,065 M trong dung dch LiCl c dng lm
cht ch th. Cho bit cng dng bng 5,893 mA; tit din ngang ca ng o l
11,42 mm
2
, tc di ng ca ranh gii l 0,0263 mm/giy. Hy xc nh s ti v tc
tuyt i ca ion K
+
.
p s: t
+
= 0,492; U
+
= 6,58.10
-4

cm
2
.von
-1
.giy
-1
Bi 22: Trong phng php ranh gii di ng, xc nh s ti ngi ta s dng
mt ng hnh tr ng knh 1,5 cm v t vo 2 dung dch tip xc nhau; dung
dch NiSO
4
0,02 N v dung dch K
2
SO
4
. Cho mt dng in cng 0,002 A qua ng
trong 3 gi. Hi ranh gii tip xc 2 dung dch s di chuyn c 1 on bng bao
nhiu bit rng t(Ni
2+
) = 0,404.
p s: 2,56 cm
III/ Nguyn t Ganvani:
1. Bi tp c li gii :
Bi 1: 298K, sc in ng ca pin:
2
(0, 05 ) , Zn ZnCl M AgCl Ag
bng 1,015 V. H s nhit ca sc in ng bng -0,000492 V.K
-1
. Vit cc phn
ng in ha v tnh cc i lng G, H v S ca phn ng xy ra trong pin
298K.
Gii:
Phn ng anot: Zn 2e Zn
2+
Phn ng catot: 2AgCl + 2e 2Ag + 2Cl
-
Tng qut: Zn + 2AgCl 2Ag + Zn
2+
+ 2Cl
-
G = -n.F.E = -2.96500.1,015 = -195,895 kJ/mol
H = -n.F.E + n.F.T.( E/ T)
p
= -195,895 2.96500.298.0,000492.10
-3

= -224,192 kJ/mol
S = n.F.( E/ T)
p
= 2.96500.(-0,000492) = -94,956 J.K
-1
.mol
-1
Bi 2: Brom lng tc dng c vi H
3
PO
3
theo phn ng:
H
3
PO
3
+ Br
2
+ H
2
O H
3
PO
4
+ 2H
+
+ 2Br
-
1. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng 298K
2. Tnh th in cc chun E
o
(H
3
PO
4
/H
3
PO
3
) nu bit E
o
(Br
2
/2Br
-
) = 1,087V
3. Tnh th in cc chun E
o
(H
3
PO
3
/H
3
PO
2
) nu bit E
o
(H
3
PO
4
/H
3
PO
2
) = 1,087V.
Lun vn tt nghip
Cho bit cc s liu sau 298K:
H
+
(dd) H
3
PO
4
(dd) Br
-
(dd) H
3
PO
3
(dd) Br
2
(l) H
2
O(l)
H
o
tt
(kJ/mol) 0 -1308 -141 -965 0 -286
S
o
(J/mol.K) 0 -108 83 167 152 70
(Trch trong thi Olympic ha hc sinh vin ton quc 2003 Bng A)
Gii:
1. H
o
p
= -339 kJ
S
o
p
= -331 JK
-1
G
o
p
= -240,362 kJ => lgK 42,125 K = 1,33.10
42
2. G
o
p
= -nFE
o
p
E
o
p
= 1,245 V
E
o
(Br
2
/2Br
-
) - E
o
(H
3
PO
4
/H
3
PO
3
) = E
o
p
= 1,245 V
=> E
o
(H
3
PO
4
/H
3
PO
3
) = -0,158 V - 0,16 V
3. H
3
PO
4
+ 4H
+
+ 4e H
3
PO
2
+ 2H
2
O E
o
1
= - 0,39 V (1)
H
3
PO
4
+ 2H
+
+ 2e H
3
PO
3
+ H
2
O E
o
2
= - 0,16 V (2)
Ly phng trnh (1) (2) ta c:
H
3
PO
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e H
3
PO
2
+ H
2
O E
o
3
= ?
G
o
3
= G
o
1
- G
o
2
-2FE
o
3
= -4FE
o
1
(-2FE
o
2
) => E
o
3
= -0,62 V
Bi 3: Sc in ng ca mch gm in cc calomen bo ha v in cc hidro
nhng vo dung dch nghin cu 25
0
C c gi tr bng 0,562 V. Bit th ca in cc
calomen bo ha nhit trn bng 0,242 V. Xc nh pH ca dung dch nghin
cu.
Gii:
S mch dng o pH c biu th nh sau:
2
( ) Pt H
dd o pH
calomen
sc in ng bng:
E =
(cal) +
(2H
+
/H
2
) =
(cal) (0,059.lg
2
H
a
+ )/2 =
(cal) 0,059.lg a(H

+
)
=
(cal) + 0,059.pH
=> pH = [E -
(cal)]/0,059 = (0,562 0,242)/0,059 = 5,42

Bi 4: Sc in ng ca pin:
2
( ) (1 ) (0, 01 ) , Pt H atm HCl m AgCl Ag
bng 0,4645 V 25
0
C. Th chun ca in cc bc bc clorua bng 0,2225 V. Tnh
pH ca dung dch HCl 0,01m. So snh kt qu tm c vi gi tr pH tnh ton theo
nh lut gii hn bai Hucken.
Gii:
Biu thc sc in ng ca pin cho c vit nh sau:
E =
(Cl
-
/AgCl,Ag) 0,059.lg a(H
+
)
=
0
( Cl
-
/AgCl,Ag) 0,059.lg a(Cl
-
) + 0,059.pH
Nu b qua h s hot ca dung dch HCl 0,01m th:
pH = [E -
0
+ 0,059.lg m(Cl
-
)]/0,059
= [0,4645 0,2225 + 0,059.lg (0,01)]/0,059 = 2,102
Tnh
t
(HCl) theo bai Hucken:
lg
t
= -0,509. m
Lun vn tt nghip
Chp nhn

+
i vi HCl 0,01m; biu thc pH c dng:

pH = [E -
0
+ 0,059.lg m.
t
]/0,059
= [E -
0
+ 0,059.lg m + 0,059.lg
t
]/0,059
= [0,4645 0,2225 + 0,059.lg (0,01) 0,059.0,509. 0, 01 ]/0,059 = 2,051
Bi 5: 298K sc in ng ca pin in: Cd - Hg
2
(0, 01 ) CdCl m
AgCl, Ag
bng 0,7585 V. Sc in ng chun E
0
= 0,5732 V. Tnh
t
(CdCl
2
) trong dung dch
CdCl
2
0,01m. So snh kt qu thu c vi gi tr tnh ton l thuyt ca bai
Hucken.
Gii:
Sc in ng ca pin cho c biu th bng phng trnh:
E = E
0
0,059.lg a(Cd
2+
)/2 0,059.lg a(Cl
-
)
= E
0
0,059.lg [m(Cd
2+
).
(Cd
2+
)]/2 0,059.lg [m(Cl
-
).
(Cl
-
)]
= E
0
0,059.lg {m(Cd
2+
).[m(Cl
-
)]
2
.
3
t
}/2
0,7585 = 0,5732 0,059.lg [0,01.(2.0,01)
2
.
3
t
]/2
=>
t
(CdCl
2
) = 0,514
Theo bai Hucken:
lg
t
= -0,509.Z
+
.Z
-
. I
trong : Z
+_
= 2 v Z
-
= 1

2
1
.
2
i i
I m Z

= 1/2 [0,01.2
2
+ 2.0,01.1
2
] = 0,03
lg
t
= -0,509.2.1. 0, 03
=>
t
= 0,666
y gi tr
t
ca CdCl
2
tnh ton l thuyt li ln hn gi tr thc nghim, l v
trong dung dch 0,01m ca CdCl
2
c th xy ra s lin hp ion.
Bi 6: Dung dch A gm AgNO
3
0,050 M v Pb(NO
3
)
2
0,100 M.
1. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
2. Thm 10,00 ml KI 0,250 M v HNO
3
0,200 M vo 10,00 ml dung dch A. Sau phn
ng ngi ta nhng mt in cc Ag vo dung dch B va thu c v ghp thnh pin
(c cu mui tip xc hai dung dch) vi mt in cc c Ag nhng vo dung dch X
gm AgNO
3
0,010 M v KSCN 0,040 M.
a. Vit s pin .
b. Tnh sc in ng E
pin
ti 25
0
C .
c. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi pin hot ng.
d. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng .
Cho bit : Ag
+
+ H
2
O AgOH + H
+
(1) ; K
1
= 10
11,70

Pb
2+
+ H
2
O PbOH
+
+ H
+
(2) ; K
2
= 10
7,80
Ch s tch s tan pK
s
: AgI l 16,0; PbI
2
l 7,86; AgSCN l 12,0.

;
RT
ln = 0,0592 lg
F
= 0 ,799 V
E
0
Ag
+
/Ag
3. E
pin
s thay i ra sao nu:
a. thm mt lng nh NaOH vo dung dch B.
b. thm mt lng nh Fe(NO
3
)
3
vo dung dch X?
Lun vn tt nghip
(Trch trong K thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia Vit Nam 2004 Bng A)
Gii:
1. Ag
+
+ H
2
O AgOH + H
+
; K
1
= 10
-11,7

(1)
Pb
2+
+ H
2
O PbOH
+
+ H
+
; K
2
= 10
-7,8

(2)
Do K
2
>> K
1
nn cn bng (2) quyt nh pH ca dung dch.
Pb
2+
+ H
2
O PbOH + H
+
; K
2
= 10
-7,8

(2)
C 0,10

[ ]
0,10 x x x
8 , 7
2
10
x 1 , 0
x

x = 10
-4,4
= [H
+
] ; pH = 4,40
2. a. Dung dch B: Thm KI : C(Ag
+
) = 0,025 M; C(Pb
2+
) = 0,050 M
C(I
-
) = 0,125 M ; C(H
+
)

= 0,10 M

Ag
+
+ I
AgI
0,025 0,125
- 0,10
Pb
2+
+ 2 I
PbI
2

0,05 0,10
- -
Trong dung dch c ng thi hai kt ta AgI v PbI
2

AgI Ag
+
+ I
; K
s1
= 1.10
-16
(3)
PbI
2
Pb
2+
+ 2 I
; K
s2
= 1.10
-7,86
(4)
K
s1
<< K
s2
, vy trong dung dch cn bng (4) l ch yu. S to phc
hidroxo ca Pb
2+
l khng ng k v c H
+
d:
Pb
2+
+ H
2
O PbOH + H
+
; K
2
= 10
-7,8

[ ]
[ ]
[ ] [ ]
+ +
+
+
<<
2 8 , 6
1
8 , 7
2
Pb PbOH 10
10
10
Pb
PbOH
Trong dung dch: PbI
2
Pb
2+
+ 2 I
K
s2
= 1.10
-7,86

x 2 x
(2x)
2
x = 10
-7,86
x = 1,51.10
-3
M 2x = [I
] = 2,302 . 10
-3
M
[ ]
[ ]
M 10 . 31 , 3
10 . 02 , 3
10 . 1
I
K
Ag
14
3
16
1 s
+

E ca cc Ag trong dung dch A: Ag
+
+ e Ag
[ ]
V 001 , 0 E
10 . 31 , 3 lg 0592 , 0 799 , 0 Ag lg 0592 , 0 E E
1
14 0
Ag
Ag
1
+ +
+
+
Dung dch X: Ag
+
+ SCN

AgSCN ; 10
12,0
0,010 0,040
- 0,030 0,010
AgSCN Ag
+
+ SCN

; 10
-12,0
0,030
x (0,030 + x)
x.(0,030 + x) = 10
-12

Lun vn tt nghip
12
11
2
10
3, 33.10
3.10
Ag x

+
1
]
[ ]
V 179 , 0 E
10 . 33 , 3 lg 0592 , 0 799 , 0 Ag lg 0,0592 0,799 E
2
11
2
+ +
+
V E
2
> E
1
, ta c pin gm cc Ag trong X l cc +, cc Ag trong B l cc .
S pin:
AgI AgSCN
PbI
2
SCN
0,03 M
b. E
pin
= 0,179 0,001 = 0,178 V
c. Phng trnh phn ng: Ag + I
AgI + e
AgSCN + e Ag + SCN
AgSCN + I
Ag + SCN
d. K = = = 10
4
3. a. Khi thm lng nh NaOH vo dung dch B, c th xy ra 3 trng hp:
- Lng NaOH qa t khng trung ho HNO
3
: S to phc hidroxo ca Pb
2+
vn
khng ng k, do E
pin
khng thay i.
- Lng NaOH trung ho HNO
3
: C s to phc hidroxo ca Pb
2+
do [Pb
2+
]
gim, Nng I
-
s tng ln, do nng Ag
+
gim xung, E
1
gim; vy E
pin
tng.
- Lng NaOH d trung ho ht HNO
3
v ho tan PbI
2
to thnh PbO
2
, do
[Pb
2+
] gim v E
pin
tng.
PbI
2
+ 4 OH
PbO
2
+ 2 H
2
O + 2 I
b. Thm t Fe
3+
vo dung dch X: Fe
3+
+ SCN

FeSCN
2+
Nng ion SCN
gim, do nng ion Ag

+
tng, E
2
tng E
pin
tng.
Bi 7: n mn kim loi thng i km vi cc phn ng in ha. Vic n mn r
st trn b mt cng theo c ch ny. Phn ng in cc ban u thng l:
(1) Fe
(r)
Fe
2+
(aq)
+ 2e
(2) O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-
(aq)
T bo in ha ng vi cc phn ng trn c biu din nh sau (t = 25
o
C):
Fe
(r)
Fe
2+
(aq)
OH
-
(aq),
O
2(k)
Pt
(r)
.
Th chun 25
o
C:
Fe
2+
(aq)
+ 2e Fe
(r)
E
o
= 0,44 V.
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-
(aq)
E
o
= 0,40 V.
Cho bit: RTln10/F = 0,05916V ( 25
o
C); F = 96485C.mol
-1
.
1. Tnh E
o
ca phn ng 25
o
C.
2. Vit phn ng xy ra hai na pin v ton b phn ng.
3. Tnh K ca phn ng.
4. Phn ng xy ra trong 24 gi v I = 0,12A. Tnh khi lng Fe chuyn thnh Fe
2+
sau 24 gi. Bit oxy d.
5. Tnh E ca phn ng bit:
[Fe
2+
] = 0,015M; pH
na pin phi
= 9,00; p(O
2
) = 0,700bar.
(Trch trong K thi olympic ha hc quc t ln th 32)
Gii:
Ag Ag
Ks
AgSCN
Ks
AgI
10
12
10
16
Lun vn tt nghip
1. E
o
(pin)
= E
o
phi

- E
o
tri
= 0,40 (-0,44) = 0,84V
2. Phn ng xy ra hai na pin:
Tri: 2Fe 2Fe
2+
+ 4e (nhn 2)
Phi: O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e 4OH
-
Ton b phn ng: 2Fe + O
2
+ 2H
2
O 2Fe
2+
+ 4OH
-
3. K = [Fe
2+
][OH
-
]
4
/p(O
2
)
G = -n.F.E
o
(pin)
= -RTlnK K = 6,2.10
56
(M
6
bar
-1
)
4. Q = I.t = 10368 C
n(e) = Q/F = 0,1075 mol
m(Fe) = 3,00 g
5.
2 4
2
( ) ( )
2
Fe
0, 05916
lg
( )
o
pin pin
OH
E E
n p O
+
1 1
] ]

pH = 9,00 [H
+
] = 10
-9
M v [OH
-
] = 10
-5
M
Bi 8: K thut in ha hc thng c dng xc nh tnh tan ca cc mui
kh tan. Do sc in ng l hm bc nht theo logarit ca nng cho nn c th xc
nh c cc nng d rt nh.
Bi tp ny s dng mt pin in ha gm hai phn, c ni bng cu mui.
Phn bn tri ca s pin l mt thanh Zn(r) nhng trong dung dch Zn(NO
3
)
2
(aq)
0,200 M; cn phn bn phi l mt thanh Ag(r) nhng trong dung dch AgNO
3
(aq)
0,100 M. Mi dung dch c th tch 1,00L ti 25
o
C.
a. V gin pin v vit phng trnh phn ng tng ng ca pin.
b. Hy tnh sc in ng ca pin v vit phng trinh phn ng khi pin phng
in.
Gi s pin phng in hon ton v lng Zn c d
c. Hy tnh in lng phng thch trong qa trnh phng in.
Trong mt th nghim khc, KCl(r) c thm vo dung dch AgNO
3
pha
bn phi ca pin ban u. Xy ra s kt ta AgCl(r) v lm thay i sc in ng.
Sau khi thm xong, sc in ng bng 1,04 V v [K
+
] = 0,300M.
d. Hy tnh [Ag
+
] ti cn bng.
e. Hy tnh [Cl
-
] ti cn bng v tch s tan ca AgCl.
Th in cc chun ti 25
o
C nh sau:
Zn
2+
(aq)
+ 2e Zn
(r)
E
o
= -0,76 V
Ag
+
(aq)
+ e Ag
(r)
E
o
= +0,80 V
(Trch trong Bi tp chun b cho olympic ha hc quc t ln 32)
Gii:
a. Gin pin: Zn
(r)
Zn
2+
(aq)
Ag
+
(aq)
Ag
(r)
.
Gin pin ny tho quy c ca IUPAC vi qa trnh oxy ha (cho electron)
pha bn tri:
Tri, oxy ha: Zn
(r)
Zn
2+
(aq)
+ 2e
Phi, kh: Ag
+
(aq)
+ e Ag
(r)
(nhn cho 2)
Phn ng ca pin Zn
(r)
+ Ag
+
Zn
2+
(aq)
+ 2Ag
(r)
.
b. E
o
pin
= E
o
(phi)
E
o
(tri)
= 1,56 V
Phng trnh Nernst tng ng vi pin nu trn (Cng c th trnh by theo na
pin v cc bn phn ng).
Lun vn tt nghip
Hot a ca mt cht tan tnh gn ng t nng ca cht y (chia cho nng
tiu chun) v hot ca mt cht rn bng 1.
V
a a
a a
n
E E
Zn
Zn
o
pin pin
52 , 1
) 100 , 0 (
200 , 0
lg
2
05916 , 0
56 , 1
) .(
) .(
lg
05916 , 0
2 2
Ag
2
Ag
2
+
+
+ +
Tr s dng ca E
pin
cho thy rng phn ng pin vit nh trn l phn ng c
th t xy ra trong qa trnh phng in.
Phn ng c th t xy ra: Zn
(r)
+ Ag
+
Zn
2+
(aq)
+ 2Ag
(r)
.
c. Khi phng in hon ton, E
pin
= 0 v phn ng trong pin t cn bng
0 = 1,56 0,05916/2.lgK => K = 5,5.10
52
; ngha l cn bng ca phn ng pin
dch chuyn hn v bn phi, nn thc t khng cn ion Ag
+
trong dung dch.
Lng Ag
+
v electron vn chuyn:
n(Ag
+
) = [Ag
+
].V = 0,100mol v n(e
-
) = n(Ag
+
) = 0,100mol
Hng s Faraday F l s in lng ng vi 1 mol electron
Q = n(e
-
).F = 9648,5 C
d. Gi x l nng Ag
+
cui ([Ag
+
])
in cc bn tri khng i, ngha l nng [Zn
2+
] duy tr ti 0,200 M
[ ] M Ag x
10
10 . 3 , 7
2
200 , 0
lg
2
05916 , 0
56 , 1 04 , 1
+

e. [Cl
-
] = nng thm - nng gim do AgCl kt ta
= 0,300 (0,100 - 7,3.10
-10
) = 0,200 M
K
s
(AgCl) = 7,3.10
-10
.0,200 = 1,5.10
-10
M
2
2. Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: 25
0
C sc in ng ca pin trong xy ra phn ng:
Cd + PbCl
2
CdCl
2
+ Pb
bng 0,1880 V. ( E/ T)
p
= -4,8.10
-4
V.K
-1
. Xc nh H v S.
p s: -63,89 kJ; -92,64 J/K
Bi 2: Sc in ng ca nguyn t trong tin hnh phn ng:
Ag + 1/2 Hg
2
Cl
2
AgCl + Hg
25
0
C bng 0,0455 V v bng 0,0421 V 20
0
C. Xc nh G, H v S 25
0
C.
p s: -4390,75 J; 15164,01 J; 65,62 J/K
Bi 3: 25
0
C sc in ng chun E
0
ca cc nguyn t Ganvani:
Pb, PbCl
2
KCl
AgCl, Ag
Pb, PbI
2
KI
AgI, Ag
bng 0,4902 V v 0,2111 V. H s nhit ca sc in ng tng ng bng
-0,000186 v -0,000127 V/K. Tnh G
0
v H
0
298K i vi phn ng:
PbI
2
+ 2AgCl PbCl
2
+ 2AgI
p s: 53,87.10
3
J; 50,48.10
3
J
Bi 4: 25
0
C sc in ng chun E
0
ca pin:
(Pt) H
2
(1atm)
2 4
( ) H SO m
Ag
2
SO
4
, Ag
bng 0,627 V.
a. Vit phn ng in cc v phn ng tng qut.
Lun vn tt nghip
b. Tnh sc in ng ca pin nu m = 0,1 (b qua h s hot ).
c. Tnh sc in ng bit rng i vi H
2
SO
4
0,1m
t
= 0,70.
p s: b. 0,698 V; c. 0,711 V
Bi 5: 25
0
C sc in ng ca mch:
(Pt) H
2
(1atm)
2 4
( ) H SO m
Hg
2
SO
4
, Hg
bng 0,7540 V nu m = 0,05 v bng 0,6959 V nu m = 0,5. H s hot trung bnh
ca H
2
SO
4
ti m = 0,05 bng 0,340. Xc nh
t
ca H
2
SO
4
ti m = 0,5.
p s: 0,1543
Bi 6: 25
0
C sc in ng ca mch: Pb, PbSO
4 4
uS ( 0, 02) C O m
Cu
bng 0,5594 V. Xc nh
t
ca CuSO
4
, bit rng:
0
(Cu
2+
/Cu) = 0,340 V;
0
(SO
4
2-
/PbSO
4
, Pb) = -0,35 V
p s: 0,31
Bi 7: 25
0
C sc in ng chun E
0
ca pin:
(Pt) H
2
(1atm)
2 4
( ) H SO m
Ag
2
SO
4
, Ag
bng 0,627 V.
a. Vit phn ng in cc v phn ng tng qut.
b. Tnh sc in ng ca pin nu m = 0,1 (b qua h s hot ).
c. Tnh sc in ng bit rng i vi H
2
SO
4
0,1m
t
= 0,70.
d. Tnh tch tan ca Ag
2
SO
4
.
p s: b. 0,698 V; c. 0,711 V; d. 1,37.10
-6
Bi 8: i vi nguyn t Ganvani:
Cu
3 2
( OO) 0,1 Cu CH C m
AgCH
3
COO, Ag
ngi ta cho cc d kin sau:
E
298K
= 0,372 V; E
308K
= 0,374 V;
0
(Ag
+
/Ag) = 0,800 V;
0
(Cu
2+
/Cu) = 0,340 V
a. Vit cc phn ng in cc v phn ng tng qut xy ra trong pin.
b. Tnh G, H v S i vi phn ng ca pin.
c. Tnh tch tan ca AgCH
3
COO.
p s: b. -71796 J; -60293,2 J; 38,6 J/K
c. 2.10
-3
IV/ in phn v qu th:
1. Bi tp c li gii:
Bi 1: Ngi ta in phn mt dung dch CuCl
2
trong 6 gi vi cng 3A. Xc
nh lng cc cht thot ra trn cc in cc.
Gii:
Lng Cu thot ra trn catot l:
m(Cu)=
(Cu)/26,8.I.t = (63,54/2)/26,8.3.6 = 21,338 g

Lng clo thot ra trn anot l:
Lun vn tt nghip
m(Cl
2
)=
(Cl
2
)/26,8.I.t = 35,457/26,8.3.6 = 23,81 g
Bi 2: Cho dng in 0,5 A i qua dung dch mui ca 1 axit hu c trong 2 gi.
Kt qu sau qu trnh in phn l trn catot to ra 3,865 g mt kim loi v trn anot
c kh etan v kh cacbonic thot ra.
1. Cho bit mui ca kim loi no b in phn? Bit rng 5,18 g ca kim loi y
c 1,59 g Cu t dung dch CuSO
4
.
2. Cho bit mui ca axit hu c no b in phn?
3. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trn cc in cc.
(Trch trong K thi chn hc sinh gii quc gia Vit Nam 2002 Bng A)
Gii:
1. in lng Q = It = 0,5.2.3600 = 3600 coulomb dng to ra 3,865 g kim loi. T
nh lut Faraday, ng lng:
Khi lng mol ca kim loi: A = n.. V kim loi ny y ng ra khi dung dch nn
ng lng ca Cu:
Cu
= A/2 = 63,6/2 = 31,8 v t phn ng:
2 + Cu
2+
= Cu

+ 2
+
ta c: /31,8 = 5,18/1,59, suy ra = 103,6
Trong phn ng y Cu, kim loi ch c th c mc oxi ho t 1 n 3, do s
chn khi lng mol nguyn t t 3 kh nng sau:
A
1
= 103,6.1 = 103,6
A
2
= 103,6.2 = 207,2
A
3
= 103,6.3 = 310,8
V khng c nguyn t vi A > 240 v bng 104 c tnh kim loi v c mc oxi
ho l +1. Do kim loi phi tm ch c th l Pb (A = 207,6).
2. Ti anot khi in phn c C
2
H
6
v CO
2
thot ra l sn phm ca s oxi ho anion
hu c, mui ny c cng thc Pb(RCOO)
2
. S to ra etan.
(CH
3
- CH
3
) v CO
2
t nhm COO
-
chng t mui in phn l Pb(CH
3
COO)
2
.
R R
3. Cc phn ng xy ra trn cc in cc:
Ti catot: Pb
2+
+ 2 e = Pb
Ti anot: CH
3
COO
-
- e = CH
3
COO
CH
3
COO
= CH
3

+ CO
2
2 CH
3
= C
2
H
6
Tng qut: 2 CH
3
COO
-
2e = C
2
H
6
+ CO
2
Bi 3: Cn phi in phn trong bao lu mt dung dch NiSO
4
vi cng dng
l 2A thu c hon ton Ni trn catot bit rng hiu sut dng bng 90%, th tch
dung dch NiSO
4
l 0,5 l v nng dung dch l 0,1N.
Gii:
Thi gian in phn bng:
'.96500
.100%
. .
m
t
I
y: m =
.V.N
3.865.9650
103, 6
3600
A
n

Lun vn tt nghip
vi: V l th tch dung dch (0,5 l)
N l chun dung dch

l ng lng ha hc
Thay vo phng trnh t, ta c:
. . .96500 0, 5.0,1.96500
. . 2.0, 90
V N
t
I
= 2680,56 giy
Bi 4: Xc nh sc in ng phn cc khi in phn dung dch CuSO
4
25
0
C.
Tm qu th oxi trn in cc Pt nhn nu th phn hy CuSO
4
bng 1,35 V v
0
ca
oxi bng 1,23 V.
Gii:
Cc qu trnh in cc trong in phn:
catot: Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
anot: 2H
2
O 4e O
2
+ 4H
+
Pin in hnh thnh trong in phn c s :
(Pt)O
2 2 4 4
uSO H SO C +
Cu
E
p
= 1,23 0,34 = 0,89 V
(O
2
) = 1,35 0,89 = 0,46 V
Bi 5: m ng ln cc vt liu ngi ta hay dng dung dch cha H
2
SO
4
v
CuSO
4
. Liu ng c thot ra hon ton trn catot m khng c s thot kh hidro
khng. Bit qu th ca oxi trn Pt bng 0,46V cn qu th hidro trn Cu bng 0,23V.
Gii:
Trong trng hp c Cu thot ra th s hnh thnh pin in sau:
Cu
4 2 4
SO CuSO H +
O
2
(Pt)
vi sc in ng phn cc E
p
bng: E
p
= 1,23 0,34 = 0,89 V
V qu th ca kim loi Cu trn catot khng ng k nn th phn hy CuSO
4
bng:
E
ph
= 0,89 + 0,46 = 1,35 V
Trong trng hp c s kh ion H
+
th s hnh thnh nguyn t in ha phn cc sau:
(Pt)H
2 2 4
SO H
O
2
(Pt)
vi sc in ng phn cc E
p
bng: E
p
= 1,23 0 = 1,23 V
Qu th xut hin trong trng hp ny, bng:
= 0,23 + 0,46 = 0,69 V

Th phn hy H
2
SO
4
bng: E
ph
= 1,23 + 0,69 = 1,92 V
So snh 2 gi tr th phn hy CuSO
4
v H
2
SO
4
ta i n kt lun rng nu in phn
hiu th khng vt qua 1,6 V th c th gii phng hon ton Cu m khng c s
thot kh hidro.
Bi 6: Hy tnh in th m b nht cn phi t vo in cc Hg (catot) kh
hidro c th thot ra 25
0
C di p sut 1atm bit rng dung dch in phn l HCl
0,1m; mt dng bng 10
-2
A/cm
2
;
t
ca HCl nng trn bng 0,796; qu th
hidro tun theo phng trnh Talen c dng:
= 1,410 + 0,116.lgi
Gii:
Theo iu kin ca u bi, catot ca h in ha l in cc Hg nhng trong HCl
0,1m. cho hidro c th thot ra trn Hg th phi t mt hiu in th m hn in
Lun vn tt nghip
th cn bng ln in cc Hg; tuy nhin nu tc phn ng catot l ng k th
in th t vo catot phi m thng hiu ng phn cc.
Th cn bng ca hidro c xc nh theo phng trnh Nernst:
E
c
= R.T/F.ln a(H
+
)
25
0
C, E
c
= 0,059.lg (0,1.0,796) = -0,065 V
Qu th ca hidro trn catot bng:
= 1,410 + 0,116.lgi = 1,410 + 0,116.lg 10

-2
= 1,178 V
Vy in th nh nht phi t vo Hg hidro bt u thot ra s l:
E
c
= E
c
-
c
= -0,065 - 1,178 = -1,243 V
Bi 7: Ngi ta in phn mt dung dch CuSO
4
10
-4
M c d cht nn vi mt
dng gii hn l 9,65
A/cm
2
. H s khuch tn ca CuSO
4
trong dung dch trn bng
0,6.10
-5
cm
2
/giy. Hy tnh b dy lp khuch tn.
Gii:
Trong qu trnh in phn xut hin s xut hin s phn cc nng gy bi gradien
nng gn in cc. Vi iu kin c d cht nn, s ti ca ion Cu
2+
v do
dng in chuyn s gn bng khng. V ion Cu
2+
l ion duy nht i qua lp khuch
tn nn dng quan st c chnh l dng khuch tn ca ion Cu
2+
. Ti dng gii hn,
nng ion Cu
2+
st b mt catot s bng khng, do tc khuch tn ion Cu
2+
v catot s c tnh theo nh lut Fick I di dng:
v = D.A.C/
B dy lp khuch tn s bng:
= D.A.C/v
V v = (i
d
.A)/(n.F) nn thay vo phng trnh ta c:
= (D.A.C.n.F)/(i
d
.A)
= (0,6.10
-5
.10
-4
.10
-3
.2.96500)/(9,65.10
-6
) = 0,012 cm
2. Bi tp t gii:
Bi 1: Tnh lng Cu c gii phng trn catot nu cho mt dng in cng
1,5A i qua dung dch CuSO
4
trong 12 pht.
p s: 0,3556 g
Bi 2: Tm ng lng in ha ca Ni bit rng nu in phn dung dch NiSO
4
bng dng in cng 0,5A th sau 48 pht ta thu c 0,4380 g Ni.
p s: 3,042.10
-4
g.A
-1
.s
-1
Bi 3: Xc nh hiu sut dng in nu khi cho 25 ampe gi i qua dung dch
ZnSO
4
th thu c 22,5 g Zn trn catot.
p s: 73,46%
Bi 4: Mt chi tit k thut c ph Ni bng m in. B dy lp ph bng 0,3
mm. Din tch ca chi tit l 100cm
2
. Tnh thi gian m nu cng dng bng 3A.
Nu hiu sut dng trong qu trnh m kn ny bng 90% thi gian m s bng bao
nhiu? Cho bit t trng ca Ni l 9 g/cm
3
.
p s: 8h13ph; 9h08ph
Lun vn tt nghip
Bi 5: Cho mt dng in i qua dung dch KI trong 1 gi. Khi chun lng I
2
thot ra, cn 20ml dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,05M. Xc nh cng dng.
p s: 0,0268 A
Bi 6: Xc nh sc in ng phn cc khi in phn dung dch CuCl
2
1M 25
0
C
bit th chun ca ng v clo bng 0,34 V v 1,36 V.
p s: 1,02 V
Bi 7: Tnh th phn hy CdSO
4
nu qu th oxi trn anot bng 0,4 V; b qua qu
th trong s thot Cd. Cho bit th chun ca Cd v oxi ln lt l -0,403 v 1,23 V.
p s: 2,03 V
Bi 8: Ngi ta in phn dung dch H
2
SO
4
vi anot bng Pt. Th phn hy H
2
SO
4
bng 2,69 V. Qu th oxi trn Pt bng 0,46 V. Hy tnh qu th hidro trn catot ch.
p s: 1 V
Bi 9: in phn 1 dung dch CuSO
4
1m 25
0
C vi mt dng bng 31,6 A/m
2
.
Hy tnh xem phi t vo catot Cu mt in th m b nht l bao nhiu Cu c th
thot ra trn catot. Chp nhn rng s phn cc nng khng ng k;
0
(Cu
2+
/Cu)
= 0,34 V;
t
ca CuSO
4
1m bng 0,043. Mt dng trao i i
0
= 0,2 A/m
2
v h s
chuyn
= 0,5. Ch : s dng phng trnh qu th catot:

0
2, 303. . 2, 303. .
.lg .lg
. . . .
c
RT RT
i i
n F n F

p s: 0,17 V
Bi 10: Cho d kin:
Hng s Talen a[mV] b[mV] (i tnh ra A/cm
2
)
Zn thot ra trn Pt hoc Pb 278 59
H
2
gii phng trn Pt 73 28
H
2
gii phng trn Pb 1536 119
0
(Zn
2+
/Zn) = -0,76 V
t
ca ZnSO
4
0,1m bng 0,15.
Da vo d kin cho hy cho bit Zn c th thot ra t dung dch ZnSO
4
0,1m
25
0
C vi mt dng i = 100 A/m
2
hay khng v nu c th trong khong th catot
bng bao nhiu:
a. trn catot bng Pt.
b. trn catot bng Pb.
(Ch : tnh in th catot
c
cn cho s gii phng Zn, H
2
trn cc in cc Pt, Pb i
= 100 A/m
2
t i n kt lun c th lm cho Zn thot ra trn catot m ng thi
khng c s thot hidro).
p s: a. Khng; b. C (-0,97 V -1,71 V)
Lun vn tt nghip
KT LUN V KIN NGH
I/ Kt lun:
1. Nh vy qua ni dung ca ti nghin cu ny, chng ti phn no tng
hp v phn loi h thng cc dng bi tp khc nhau v b mn Ha l, gip ngi
c c ci nhn tng qut v bi tp b mn Ha l t dng n gin n phc tp.
2. Cng qua ti ny chng ta thy rng b mn Ha l l mng kin thc ht
sc quan trng bc ph thng cng nh i hc, lm nn tng cho cc b mn ha
hc chuyn ngnh khc nh v c, hu c, phn tch Bn cnh , c s l thuyt
v ha l l kh, tru tng, bi tp kh tip thu. V vy, chng ti mong rng ti liu
ny s gp phn cung cp thm ngun bi tp phong ph di dng mt h thng
tng i hon chnh gip cho gio vin bi dng cc em hc sinh, sinh vin v kin
thc b mn Ha l lm nn tng vng chc cc em tip thu kin thc ha hc khc
mt cch d dng hn.
3. Bi tp v b mn Ha l c th phn thnh cc dng c bn nh sau:
- Bi tp ht nhn nguyn t.
- Bi tp v s ht proton, ntron, electron v cu hnh electron.
- Bi tp p dng c hc lng t vo cu to nguyn t.
- Bi tp v cng, nhit, ni nng.
- Bi tp v nh lut Hess v h qu.
- S ph thuc ca hiu ng nhit vo nhit . Phng trnh Kirchhoff.
- Tnh bin thin entropi S.
- Tnh th nhit ngG.
- Bi tp xc nh hng s cn bng.
- Bi tp chuyn dch cn bng.
- Bi tp quan h K
cb
vi cc i lng nhit ng khc.
- Bi tp ph thuc K
CB
theo nhit .
- Bi tp v dung dch.
- Xc nh hng s k, bc phn ng v chu k bn hy, nng lng hot ha.
- Xc nh % cht b phn hy.
- Chng minh phn ng din ra theo bc no da vo t, C hay t, p v xc
nh k.
- Thi gian cht A bin i thnh cht B.
- Bi tp v phn ng oxi ha kh.
- Bi tp v dung dch in phn.
- Bi tp v nguyn t Ganvani.
- Bi tp v in phn v qu th.
II/ Kin ngh:
1. Cn tng cng hn na bi tp v Ha l (c v s lng v tnh phc tp)
trong chng trnh ha hc ph thng.
2. Nu c iu kin, ti s c m rng theo hng tin hnh thc nghim
s phm iu chnh ni dung v kin thc cho ph hp hn vi i tng hc sinh
gii trung hc ph thng.
Lun vn tt nghip
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Hong Nhm, Ha hc v c, tp 1 (L thuyt i cng v ha hc), NXB
gio dc, H Ni, 1994.
2. Nguyn c Chung, Ha hc i cng, NXB i hc quc gia tp.H Ch
Minh, 2002.
3. Nguyn c Chung, Bi tp Ha hc i cng, NXB i hc Quc Gia Tp.
H Ch Minh, 2003.
4. o nh Thc, Ha hc i cng, NXB i hc quc gia H Ni, 1999.
5. Nguyn Vn Tu (ch bin), Gio trnh Ha hc i cng, Tp I, NXB Gio
dc, 2007.
6. Lm Ngc Thim (ch bin), Trn Hip Hi, Bi tp ha hc i cng, NXB
i hc quc gia H Ni, 2007.
7. L Mu Quyn, Ha hc i cng, NXB Gio dc, 2007.
8. L Mu Quyn, Bi tp Ha hc i cng, NXB Gio dc, 2007.
9. Dng Vn m, Bi tp Ha hc i cng, NXB Gio dc, 2006.
10. Lm Ngc Thim (ch bin), Nhng nguyn l c bn ca ha hc, Phn bi
tp, NXB Khoa hc v K thut H Ni, 2000.
11. Lm Ngc Thim (ch bin), L Kim Long, Cu to cht i cng, NXB
i hc quc gia H Ni, 2004.
12. PGS, PTS L Mu Quyn, C s l thuyt ha hc (phn bi tp), NXB khoa
hc v k thut H Ni, 1995.
13. Nguyn Hnh, C s l thuyt ha hc (phn hai), NXB gio dc, H Ni,
1999.
14. V ng , C s l thuyt cc qu trnh ha hc, NXB Gio dc, 2007.
15. V ng (ch bin), Bi tp c s l thuyt cc qu trnh ha hc, NXB
Gio dc, 2007.
16. Nguyn nh Hu, Gio trnh ha l, NXB gio dc, 2006.
17. Nguyn Vn Du, Trn Hip Hi, Lm Ngc Thim, Nguyn Th Thu, Bi
tp ha l, NXB gio dc, 2008.
18. Lm Ngc Thim (ch bin), Trn Hip Hi, Nguyn Th Thu, Bi tp ha l
c s, NXB khoa hc v k thut H Ni.
19. Cc thi olympic trong nc v quc t nhng nm qua.
20. Cc thi hc sinh gii trong nc v quc t nhng nm qua.
21. Cc thi cao hc trong nc nhng nm qua.

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Lun vn tt nghip

trong : E - nng lng ht nhn;

h - hng s Planck rt gn;

= 1 - iu kin chun ha.

H th H l nhit ha hi; i vi cn bng R

L th H l nhit nng chy).

SVTH: Phm Th Thanh Truyn 24

(duc dng cho

Trong : k: l hng s tc phn ng v ch ph thuc vo nhit .

c1) Trng hp a = b =c:

3. Cc phng php xc nh bc phn ng:

c. Phng php da vo chu k bn hy:

- Ln th 2 vi nng ban u a' ta c:

Trong ln th nghim th 1 ch cho C

Phng trnh ng hc dng tch phn:

Phng trnh ng hc dng vi phn:

b2) Phn ng song song 1 chiu bc 2:

Nng cc i ca sn phm trung gian:

y E l nng lng hot ha.

Vi A l tha s Areniut v c cng th nguyn vi hng s tc . Tha s

l phc cht hot ng (sn phm trung

y k l hng s Bonxman; h l hng s Plank.

l hng s cn bng gia hai trng thi u v phc hot ng.

l entropi hot ha v entanpi hot ha.

bng gi tr cho phng trnh trn vo biu thc k

i vi phn ng n phn t trong pha kh v phn ng trong pha lng.

So snh biu thc ny vi phng trnh Areniut ta thy i vi phn ng

Mt cch tng qut:

vi n l phn t s ca phn ng.

= s phn t cht phn ng chuyn ha/s photon h hp th.

l hiu sut lng t.

l cc tiu phn hot ng.

. Khi tc hnh thnh gc

Tc phn ng ha hc b mt ph thuc vo lng cht phn ng c

SVTH: Phm Th Thanh Truyn 40

, l t s gia s phn t phn li v tng s phn t cht in phn. Gia

y C l nng dung dch cht in phn ha tr 1-1(

l p sut thm thu ca dung dch in phn; kdp

c th xc nh c bng thc nghim, khi nim hot ion trung

i vi cc dung dch v cng long m tng tc gia cc ion c

l hng s in mi ca mi trng, T l nhit tuyt i, Z

t th phng trnh gii hn ca bai-Hucken

l in tr ring ca dung dch. Ngi ta gi nghch o ca

l dn in ng lng long v tn th i vi cht in

Nghin cu kh nng dn in ca cc ion long v tn, Knrauxo

c gi l linh ion v c cng th nguyn vi

(phng trnh Knrauxo)

K l hng s cn bng ca phn ng xy ra trong pin. i vi pin nng

=A/n vi A l khi lng mol nguyn t ca cht, n

/96500 chnh l ng lng in ha. Nu thi gian tnh ra gi

. Hiu sut dng

(nu t tnh ra giy)

(nu t tnh ra gi)

Bi 7: 1. Hy xc nh t s khi lng electron trong nguyn t oxy

= 0,00055 u; 1eV = 1,602.10

x = 9,966 (x l s chu k bn hy)

t = 500 + 500 = 1000 nm

=> t = 6113260176 nm.

Hy tnh s electron v proton cho tng trng hp.

, c chu k bn hy 5700 nm.

loi cp nghim II do Ne l kh him.

v: Vn tc trung bnh ca e khi b bt khi b mt

b. Vi vin n sng sn: