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B GIO DC & O TO

TRNG I HC NNG NGHIP H NI

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B O C O KHOA HC
T I

HI THO
CHT THI CHN NUI HIN TRNG V GII PHP
LIVESTOCK WASTES: CURRENT STATUS AND SOLUTIONS

H Ni, ngy 26-27/11/2009

LI KHAI MC
HI THO

"Cht thi chn nui- Hin trng v gii php"


PGS.TS. Nguyn Xun Trch Trng Khoa Chn nui & Nui trng Thu Sn HNN H Ni
p ng nhu cu thc phm ca con ngi, ngnh chn nui trn th gii pht trin rt nhanh v t c nhiu thnh tu quan trng. Trn Th gii chn nui hin chim khong 70% t nng nghip v 30% tng din tch t t nhin (khng k din tch b bng bao ph). Chn nui ng gp khong 40% tng GDP nng nghip ton cu. Tuy nhin, bn cnh vic sn xut v cung cp mt s lng ln sn phm quan trng cho nhu cu ca con ngi, ngnh chn nui cng gy nn nhiu hin tng tiu cc v mi trng. Ngoi cht thi rn v cht thi lng, chn nui hin ng gp khong 18% hiu ng nng ln ca tri t (global warming) do thi ra cc kh gy hiu ng nh knh, trong c 9% tng s khi CO2 sinh ra, 37% kh mtan (CH4) v 65% oxit nit (N2O). Nhng cht thi kh ny s tip tc tng ln trong thi gian ti. Theo d bo nhu cu v cc sn phm chn nui ca th gii d kin s tng gp i trong na u ca th k ny. Nhng cng ng thi trong thi gian trn chng ta s phi chng kin nhiu s bin i mi trng v kh hu theo chiu hng khng mong i v mi trng sng ngy cng b e do bi chnh cc hot ng chn nui. Do vy chng ta cn phi hng ti mt ngnh chn nui cht lng cao khng ch c th gip p ng c nhu cu ngy cng cao ca con ngi v cc sn phm c ngun gc ng vt m ng thi phi chu trch nhim vi chnh con ngi v mt mi trng v x hi khi sn xut ra nhng sn phm . nc ta cht thi chn nui cng tr thnh vn nn. Theo Bo co ca Cc Chn nui, hng nm n vt nui thi ra khong 80 triu tn cht thi rn, vi chc t khi cht thi lng, vi trm triu tn cht thi kh. Do vy m vic x l cht thi chn nui ngy cng c quan tm hn bi cc c quan qun l nh nc, ca cng ng v ca chnh nhng ngi chn nui. Chng ta cng c mt s chng trnh/d n hp tc quc t v x l cht thi chn nui (vi FAO, H Lan, an Mch, Php, B). Nhiu doanh nghip cng cung cp cc dch v x l cht thi chn nui (mt s c mt hm nay ti Hi tho ny). Tuy vy cho n ny, cc cht thi vt nui nc ta vn cha c x l nhiu, hoc c x l nhng cng ngh x l cha trit . Qun l nh nc v bo v mi trng trong chn nui cn nhiu bt cp v cc ngun lc. S phi hp vi cc B, ngnh lin quan v cc cp qun l a phng trin khai cng tc BVMT trong chn nui cha t nhiu hiu qu. Cc chng trnh/d n hp tc quc t cha pht huy rng ri v c hiu qu trong cng tc BVMT chn nui. Chng ta cha thu ht c s u t nhiu thnh phn kinh t vo lnh vc BVMT trong chn nui. Thm ch, nhn thc ca ngi chn nui v BVMT trong chn nui cn hn ch. Do sm nhn thc c tm quan trng ca vn cht thi v qun l cht thi trong chn nui, Trng HNN HN a vo chng trnh o to ngnh chn nui v CNTY mn hc Qun l cht thi chn nui, s bt u ging cho SV K53. Khoa chn nui & NTTS cng nh mt s khoa khc trong trng (c i din hm nay Hi tho ny) cng c cc ti nghin cu v cht thi chn nui. Tuy nhin, kinh nghim ging dy v nghin cu trong lnh vc ny cng mi l bc u. Vi nhng l do m Hi tho ny c t chc nhm tp hp nhng ngi quan tm n lnh vc cht thi chn nui trc ht l nhm nh gi hin trng ca vn ( xem ta ang u) v tm kim nhng gii php hu hiu cho vn qun l cht thi chn nui trong hon cnh c th ca Vit Nam. Chng ta cn c c mt tm nhn r rng hn v vai tr ca vt nui v cc h thng chn nui bn vng m chng ta cn trong tng lai, cng nh nhng cng ngh thch hp gip chng ta thc hin c tm nhn . Qun l cht thi chn nui khng ch n thun l p dng cc cng ngh x l nhng cht thi sau khi vt nui thi ra hn ch nhim mi trng. Mt mt, n phi bt u t vic thit k khu phn n, n vic xem xt (v c th iu khin) cc qu trnh tiu ho,

hp thu v trao i cht cho con vt c th s dng c ti a cc cht dinh dng n vo v thi ra mi trng t cht thi nht, c bit l nhng cht thi gy nhim . Mt khc, qun l cht thi chn nui cn bao hm c vic s dng cc cht thi (k c c x l v khng x l) vo cc mc ch c ch nh lm lm phn bn cho cy trng, lm thc n nui trng thu sn, lm cht t, sn xut biogas, in v.v nhm va hn ch c vic s dng ti nguyn ng thi hn ch c nhim mi trng. Do vy tho lun nh hng cho vic nghin cu khoa hc v lnh vc qun l cht thi chn nui cng l mt mc tiu quan trng ca Hi tho ny. Hn na, c c thay i c ngha trong thc tin sn xut trc ht cn c s chuyn bin v nhn thc v s hiu bit tt v vn ny ca nhng ngi lin quan n chn nui, trc ht l i ng cn b khoa hc v k thut. Con ng ngn nht l thng qua o to. Chnh v th Hi tho ny cn c mt mc tiu th ba na l xy dng ni dung, chng trnh ging dy v qun l cht thi chn nui trong cc trng i hc. Knh tha qu v S tham gia tch cc ca cc i biu t nhiu c quan khoa hc, c quan qun l trung ng v a phng, cc doanh nghip, cc nh khoa hc t c min Bc v min Nam trong hi tho tho hm nay chng minh tm quan trng ca ch Hi tho. Hy vng rng tt c mi ngi tham d hm nay s cng nhau tham gia tch cc vo cc hot ng ca Hi tho t c cc mc tiu ra. Chng ti cng nhn y xin c chn thnh cm n T hp nghin cu thm canh chn nui (PRISE), Cng ty TNHH Thi Dng (SUNDFEED), Cng ty Bioplus Agritech Snd. Bhd. (Malaysia) v Cng TNHH Gia Linh ti tr cho cuc Hi tho ny. Cm n tt c cc qu v nhit tnh tham gia Hi tho. Knh chc Hi tho thnh cng tt p.

DANH SCH KHCH MI HI THO A- Danh sch khch d trong trng 1- PGS.TS. Trn c Vin-Hiu trng 2- PGS.TS. inh Vn Chnh- P. Hiu trng 3- TS. Nguyn Hu Ngoan- P Hiu trng 4- PGS.TS. V Vn Lit- P.Hiu trng. 5-PGS.TS. Nguyn Tt Cnh- Trng phng QLKH&QHQT 6- Lnh o khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng 7- Lnh o khoa KT&PTNT 8-PGS.TS. Quyn nh H- Trng phng HCTH 9-PGS.TS. Phm Tin Dng-Gim c Trung tm Nng nghip hu c 10.PGS. TS. Nguyn Hu Nam-Trng khoa Th y 11-PGS.TS. H Lam Tr- Khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng B- Danh sch khch d ngoi trng 1- Lnh o Cc Chn nui, B Nng nghip v PTNT 2- Lnh o Cc Th y, B Nng nghip v PTNT 3- TS, V Ch Cng- P.Vin trng, Vin Chn nui Quc gia 4. TS. V Khnh Vn, Vin Chn nui. 5. TS. Dng Nguyn Khang, H Nng Lm Tp HCM . 6.TS. Thanh Nam, H Nng Lm Tp HCM. 7. TS. Hunh Thanh Thy, Chuyn gia quc t v mi trng (H Lan). 8.TS. Nguyn Tin Dng- cng ty TNHH Thi Dng

9. Lnh o S NN&PTNT tnh Hi Dng 10. TS. Jean-Michel Mdoc, i din t chc CIRAD ti Vit Nam 12- Mr. Limlingzhou- Bioplus Company, Malaysia 13. Mr. Wong Chong Sang - Bioplus Company, Malaysia

QUN L KT HP V QUN L C S THAM GIA CHT THI CA LN VIT NAM

Jean-Michel Mdoc v al, Cirad-n v nghin cu Ti ch v Cc Nguy c Nguyn Th Diu Phng v al, Vin Nghin cu Nui trng Thu sn #1 Nguyn Qu Ci, Trnh Quang Tuyn v al, Trung tm Th nghim Ln, Vin Chn nui Nguyn Duy Phng v Trn c Ton, Vin Nng ho Th nhng
y l ti liu lm vic. Bn cng ny trnh by cc tng ang c xy dng. Phng php c th thay i mt cht theo s thay i cc tng v thch nghi, ph hp vi cc ch chnh ca nhng mi thu m chng ta mun u thu. N c vit bng ting anh cho vic s dng c d dng hn. Cc vn lin quan n thc n gia sc, cc phng thc n ca gia sc v cc cht dinh dng khng c cp n y; nhng kt qa t nhng nghin cu ny c th c s dng trong nhng xut sau: BI CNH Ngn ng: Bn khng th lm kch ng tai mt con heo bng mt ci ti la nhng ngy nay chng ta c th v phi lm iu ! ng nam l khu vc chn nui ln ln nht th gii trong Trung Quc, Vit Nam v Thi Lan chim 53% nng sut. Do nhu cu cao dn n cc hot ng thm canh chn nui m ko theo n l nhng vn ln v mi trng. Chn nui Vit nam cn phi tng t 5 n 9% mi nm trong vng 10 n 15 nm ti (2008-2012). V hng tn nc phn chung chy t do ra mi trng, nn ng rung v ao h c s dng ti ch cht thi ng vt khu vc ng bng sng Hng (RRD) v ng bng sng Mkong s sm b bo ho. Khong 6.3 tn nit v 4.0 tn phtpho / km ng bng sng Hng v 7,2 tn nit v 3.2 tn phtpho ng bng sng Mkong c ngun gc t phn ng vt 1. S nh gi ny c khng nh bng nhng kt qu ca d n thm canh chn nui v bo v mi trng Vit Nam c thc hin ti tnh Thi Bnh do CE-Asie chng trnh ProEco (2005- 2006) ti tr, d n cng cho thy cht thi ln l mt nguy c nhim thc s, vo nm 2004, ch c 14% lng cht thi lng c ti s dng v x l cht thi rn thc s t ra nhng vn vo ma ng. c tnh vo nm 2010 s c khong 16,400 h chn nui nh v 1,600 h chn nui ln trong tnh Thai Binh2, Vit Nam l nc ng th 2 trn th gii v xut khu go v 75% rm c phn ln ngi nng dn coi l cht thi c t ngay trn ng rung v l cch s dng chng d nht. gim s nhim nc do cc cht dinh dng gy ra v gim pht tn kh gy hiu ng nh knh (GHG), ngi dn cc lng Vit nam v cc nh chc trch a phng hin nay nhn thc r v s cn thit ca vic qun l v x l cht thi ng vt mt cch bn vng. Ti s dng nc phn ln s l mt trong nhng thch thc v mt khoa hc, cng ngh v kinh t cn phi nh gi trong nhng nm ti. Nhng nghin cu quy m ton cu mi y ch r rng ti s dng cc yu t dinh dng, c bit l m do gia sc bi xut l mt trong nhng gii php chnh gip cn bng s mt cc yu t dinh dng qu gi trong mi trng 3. V d hm biogaz l mt k thut ph bin, nhng theo quan nim ca ngi nng dn lp t h thng ny rt kh do khng c
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Gerber et al. 2005. Geographical determinants and environmental implications of livestock production intensification in Asia. Biores. Technol. 96(2): 263-276 2 Porphyre V. & Nguyen Que Coi (Eds). 2006. Pig production development animal-waste management and environmement protection. A case study in Thai Binh Province, Northern Vietnam. PRISE publications. pp 181-204

kh nng u t. Hn na, ngi dn qun l hm biogaz thng khng ng cch do khng c o to hoc do xy dng khng ph hp . Ngoi ra, x l bng bigaz khng lm gim hm lng nit v pht pho, chnh v vy m hm biogaz ch c coi nh mt khu trong h thng x chng khng x l ni t v pht pho v ngi nng dn thng khng tun theo cc k thut s dng hm biogaz do h khng c o to hoc do xy dng khng ph hp. Chnh v vy m nhiu ngi dn cng dng chung cc h thng x l4. Mc ch chnh: Chn nui ln dn n nguy c nhim nc v t v s nhim ny c th nh hng n sc khe con ngi. nh hng ca chn nui ln n mi trng c th c qun l nh th no khng lm gim i tnh cnh tranh ca cc h chn nui ln? Nhng kh khn v mt khng gian v x hi c th c tnh n nh th no i vi cc chnh sch pht trin? Mc ch chung s l: - Pht trin nhng iu kin gip ngi nng dn c hng cc li ch t vic ti s dng phn ln quy m nng h v gia cc h vi nhau. - Ch bin, nu cn thit, cc cht thi ng vt ny thnh cc ph phm hu c thng qua cc quy trnh x l. - Sn xut v s dng cc ph phm hu c thn thin vi mi trng v s dng cc ph phm vi nhiu li ch sinh thi ny thay th phn v c bn cho rau, la. - nh gi nh hng v mt nng nghip, kinh t, x hi, cc nguy c v mi trng v nh gi th trng.

Hnh 1: Cc vn uc tho lun ti Concept note workshop vo ngy 17 thng 7 nm 2009

Bn cng ny c chia lm 4 nhm hot ng, cc nhm hot ng ny c th c a vo trong cng mt d n hoc c th ng ring r. NHM HOT NG 1: QUN L TI NNG H ng li ch o pht trin chn nui Vit Nam d kin s thay i cu trc nng nghip, cng nghip ho hot ng sn xut nng nghip v p ng nhu cu ca th trng. Phnng thc chn nui ln rt c bit Vit Nam tp trung ch yu min nam v mi y pht trin min bc. Hn 90% ln thuc cc h chn nui nh truyn thng kt hp vi trng
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UNEP & WHRC, 2007. Reactive nitrogen in the environment. Too much or too little of a good thing. United Nations Environment Program, Paris, 2007. 51p. 4 Porphyre V. & Nguyen Que Coi (Eds). 2006. Pig production development animal-waste management and environmement protection. A case study in Thai Binh Province, Northern Vietnam. PRISE publications pp 55-82, http://pigtrop.cirad.fr/initiatives/environmental_protection_and_pig_production/references/e3p_edited_book
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trt v cy la5. Hai m hnh chnh l chn nui quy m nh (di 5-10 ln ni) v quy m trung bnh (hn 15-20 ln ni). Chuyn i t chn nui truyn thng sang cc k thut tin tin gip tng nng sut, nng cao cht lng v p ng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. Tuy nhin, s chuyn i ny c th lm tng nhim nu khng qun l hp l. Nhm hot ng ny c chia lm 2 hot ng chnh: Hot ng 1.1: Nguyn tc v cn bng gia lng cht thi chn nui v nhu cu nng lng ca cy trng v ao c trong h thng chn nui ln quy m nh. Magma l mt h thng kt hp nng ng (HDS; i.e. vi cc gi tr lin tc v ring r thay i) cho php gi nh qun l cc loi phn ng vt khc nhau hoc ch bin nc phn chung v cc phng thc s dng (bn cht thi cho cy trng v t hoang ho v phn/sn xut biogaz). N c th h tr a ra quyt nh qun l cc cht hu c c th gy c hi quy m nng h nhm gim cc nguy c v mi trng, v s hiu qu v tnh bn vng ca cc h chn nui. Chng ta c th xc nh c cc kch bn khc nhau da vo cc tham s v cu trc h trong Magma, v d cc c im v chn nui v trng trt, kh nng vn chuyn phn hoc nc phn chung, v khong cch vn chuyn. Mi kch bn c th thch nghi theo cc chin lc qun l khc nhau bng cch s dng cc nt la chn 6. Mc ch - Thch nghi m hnh gi nh MAGMA s dng n trong h thng chn nui ln ca Vit Nam - T vn cho cc k thut vin nng nghip v nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch nng nghip nhm ci thin cc phng php thc hnh c nhn v qun l phn ng vt Miu t nhim v - Tnh cht c th ca h chn nui nh da vo cc cch thc hnh qun l cht thi chn nui ca h - Thch nghi m hnh gi nh Magma - Xy dng v th nghim cc kch bn qun l cht thi tiu biu vi Magma, gm c cn bng phn bn gia cy trng, ao c v sn xut biogaz - So snh cc kch bn ny theo - Xc nh cc chin lc qun l cht thi ng vt tiu biu cho cc h thng chn nui ln quy m nh. Kt qu mong i - i vi nhng h sn xut nng nghp hin ti: nhng chin lc qun l cht thi kh thi quy m nng h nhm hng dn ngi nng dn ci thin cc phng php thc hnh qun l ca h. - i vi nhng h sn xut nng nghip tng lai: nhng chin lc qun l ring cho mi h thng nng nghip khc nhau c th xc tin trong d n pht trin chn nui ln. Hot ng 1.2: M hnh qun l kt hp v nh tnh bn vng ca cc h thng chn nui ln quy m nh v trung bnh Trong bi cnh pht trin mnh m hot ng chn nui ln, pht trint chn nui ln quy m nh v trung bnh rt c khuyn khch. Hin nay, cc h thng ny da trn s kt hp gia chn nui ln (15-20 con ni sinh sn), nui c ( C chp trung quc, c r phi) v trng trt (ng, la, rau. Cc cht dinh dng t nc thi ln c s dng cho ao c v trng rau, ngc li cc ph phm t rau v cy trng c s dng lm thc n cho ln. nh gi tnh bn vng ca mt h thng sinh thi nng nghip phc tp no theo cc kch bn qun l kt hp l mt nhim v kh khn. Mc ch - Xy dng mt m hnh tin hc cho php gi nh mt cch nng ng khi lng v cc lung dinh dng trong ton b h thng chn nui. - S dng m hnh ny nh gi hiu qu k thut v tc ng n mi trng ca cc h thng ny theo cc kch bn qun l khc nhau. - a ra nhng hng dn gip ngi nng dn, ngi t vn nng nghip, nhng ngi hoch nh chnh sch xy dng cc chin lc pht trin bn vng.
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Caldier P. 2006. Vietnams pig business. Pig progress. 22(1):8-10. www.agriworld.nl Guerrin F. 2001. Magma: a simulation model to help manage animal wastes at the farm level. Comp. & Electr. Agri. 33: 35-54.

Miu t nhim v Xy dng m hnh (7 thng) - a ra mt m hnh in hnh c v cu trc v chc nng cho cc h thng quy m trung bnh. - Xc nh cc c im ca ngun cht thi sinh ra t hot ng chn nui v ngun nc trong t nhin c tim nng nh hng n mi trng. - Chn cc ch s tnh ton thch hp v hiu qu k thut v nh gi c tc ng n mi trng ca cc h thng ny - nh gi tnh bn vng nh gi tc ng n mi trng ca cc h thng ny Trin khai v chun ho m hnh gi nh (7 thng) - Chun ho (s dng cc tham s ton hc) v trin khai cc ni dung ca m hnh gi nh da trn cc cng c tin hc - Cung cp cc phng php tnh ton ph hp, tnh ton cc yu t truyn pht cn thit i vi vic nh gi tnh bn vng H thng phn tch (10 thng) - Cng vi cc nh nng nghip v cc i tng lm v nng nghip xy dng cc kch bn qun l khc nhau (hin ti v tng lai) - S dng m hnh gi nh v phn tch kt qu v mt hiu qu k thut v tc ng n mi trng Kt qu mong i - M hnh in hnh cho cc h thng chn nui ln kt hp quy m trung bnh. - M hnh gi nh trn my tnh ca nhng h thng ny theo cc kch bn qun l khc nhau. - nh gi nhng kch bn chnh v mt hiu qu k thut v tc ng mi trng. - Nhng hng dn h tr nhng ngi chn nui, nhng ngi t vn v nng nghip v nhng ngi a ra quyt nh xy dng nhng chnh sch bn vng cho cc h thng chn nui quy m va v nh. NHM HOT NG 2: QUN L QUY M VNG V CC NGUY C I VI MI TRNG Ngnh chn nui phi ti s dng cht thi hu c ca mnh trong iu kin chn nui ngy cng tng. D mun hay khng, cc cht thi ny phi c x l, t c v l c quan tip nhn tt nht d tr v ch bin hoc c nh cc thnh phn hu c v v c trong cc cht thi ny. Ngoi ra, cc cht thi hu c c xem l ngun phn qu bu i vi t trng v hm lng nit v phtpho ca chng. Tuy nhin, cc cht thi ny cng gy ra cc nguy c nhim nh vi khun gy bnh, kim ngoi nng v cc cht gy nhim hu c dai dng. S dng qu nhiu cht thi hu c trong nng nghip c th l mt mi e do i vi cht lng t. Hn na, s nhim c th tc ng n mng li thc n thng qua cy trng c trng trn nhim hoc trong nc ngm do s thm thu cc cht gy nhim qua t. Cn phi nh gi nhng nh hng ca vic bn cht thi hu c n mi trng thng qua phn tch yu t tim nng gy hi trong h thng t-nc-cht thi-cy trng v phn b tt hn cc cht thi ny gia nhng ngi sn xut v ngi tiu th. Nhm hot ng ny c chia lm 3 hot ng chnh: Hot ng 2.1: S dng cc m hnh gi nh v GIS xy dng cc chin lc qun l kt hp cc lung cht thi chn nui Trong nhng vng thm canh chn nui, s dng cht thi ng vt trn t nng nghip i khi l khng th do thiu t canh tc. trnh d tha qu nhiu phn, ngi nng dn phi chuyn cc cht thi d tha ca mnh n nhng cy trng c nhu cu v ao c ca ngi hng xm v v khng c mt nh my x l cht thi no ch bin cc cht thi ny thnh mt ph phm hu c thn thin hn vi mi trng. tng ca chng ti l thng mi nc phn ln hu c thng qua th trng hng ho bao gm nhng ngi nng dn tha cht thi ln, hoc nhng ngi khng c kh nng u t mt mnh trong mt h thng x l ti trang tri, nhng ngi nng dn cn ngun phn bn hu c cht lng bn cho cho cy

trng v ao c ca h. xy dng v nh gi mng li cung cp cc cng on khc nhau ca nh my x l cht thi ng vt v mt h tr sn xut v mi trng, chng ti s s dng nhng m hnh gi nh ng v c bit cho php ngi nng dn, nhng ngi t vn nng nghip v nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch th nghim cc la chn khc nhau (Approzut vBiomas, Hnh 2). Phng php ny v cc m hnh gi nh c to ra v c s dng Reunion qun l nc phn ln ca cc h chn nui mt vng chn nui nh, ti y, quy trnh x l tp th s i vo hot ng vo u nm 2009 vi mc tiu ch bin 20 000 m 3 nc phn ln7.

Hnh 2: Mt mng li cung cp c th bao gm quy trnh x l Agrifiltre v cc nh cung cp rm

Mc ch - nh gi cn cn cung v cu - Nu cn cn l m v/hoc gn bng 0, nh gi quy m nng h v nghin cu quy m vng, nu tha cn phi tm kim mng li phn b cc thi chn nui tt hn trong vng bng cch s dng m hnh Biomas - Nu cn cn l dng, ch bin nc phn ln thnh mt ph phmt thn thin vi mi trng, hiu qu v gi phi chng, ph phm ny c th s dng trong vng hoc xut khu n vng khc. - Gim pht tn N v P v kh gy hiu ng nh knh - Thay th phn ho hc bng phn nhm mang li li nhun cho ngi nng dn - To thm thu nhp Miu t nhim v - Xc nh vng sn xut v vng nghin cu - nh gi cn cn cung cu v xc nh nhu cu tim nng ca vng - Nu cn cn l m v/hoc gn bng 0, nh gi cn cn quy m nng h, xy dng c s tham gia v nh gi cc chin lc phn phi nc phn ln cha qua x l bng cch s dng m hnh Biomas - Nu cn cn l dng, s dng c s tham gia m hnh Approzut gi nh v nh gi cc kch bn cung cp ca nh my x l nc phn ln ca nhiu h chn nui (khi lng, thi hn cung cp, vn chuyn, chi ph). M hnh Macsizut vn c th c s dng (s dng c s tham gia) nh gi quy m v chi ph ca nh my x l theo khi lung nc phn ln

Mdoc J.M., Guerrin F., Courdier R., Paillat J.M. 2004. A Multi-modelling approach to help agricultural stakeholders design animal wastes management strategies in the Reunion Island. In Pahl-Wostl C., (ed.), Schmidt S., (ed.), Rizzoli A.E., (ed.), Jakeman A.J., (ed.). Complexity and integrated resources management. Trans. 2nd Biennial Meeting iEMSs. Volume 1, 462-467. 2004/06/14-17, Osnabrck, Germany.

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c ch bin. S dng c s tham gia m hnh gi nh cc kch bn phn phi phn v nh gi ton b mng li cung cp (khi lng, thi hn cung cp, vn chuyn, chi ph). Kt qu mong i - Xc nh cc vng c tim nng s dng cht thi - nh gi s cn bng gia lng cht thi chn nui v nhu cu ca cy trng/ao c - ng dng cc m hnh gi nh vo qun l cc cht thi chn nui - xut cc gii php t chc qun l cc cht thi qua x l v cha qua x l nhm to ra mt ngnh hng thng mi phn hu c. Hot ng 2.2: nh hng ca ti s dng phn ln n s duy tr v ra tri cc yu t (C, N, P, K) trong h thng t-cy trng c im ca trng trt l d tha qu mc cc cht dinh dng nhng hiu qu hp thu cc cht dinh dng li thp do nguy cv s mt cc yu t dinh dng trong mi trng cao. Trong bi cnh ny, cn phi gim thiu tc ng ca qu trnh ti s dng cht hu c n mi trng. Cc yu t chnh (C, N, P, K) l nhng yu t c tim nng gy hi do s lng ln ca chng, c bit trong iu kin oxi ho v khng oxi ho. Mc ich chnh ca hot ng ny l nh gi tc khong ho ca cht hu c trong thc t (rung) v trong t th nghim v nh lng cc cht gy nhim tim nng trong h thng t-cy trng. gim thiu nhim mi trng, mc ch ca nghin cu ny l xc nh cc nh hng qun l cht thi hu c. Mc ch - nh gi tc khong ho ca cc cht hu c. - Hiu c qu trnh duy tr cc yu t N, P, K (t), thm thu (nc ngm), v cc yu t hp thu (cy) theo thi gian ca cc h thng nng nghip t-cy trng khc nhau trong mt chu k lun canh hai nm - Pht trin nhng xut qun l phn ln cho ngi chn nui v cc nh chc trch a phng nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng - nh lng s nhim tim nng (N, P, v K) gy ra t vic ti s dng cht thi hu c trong bi cnh c bit v gia cc yu t khc nhau (t, nc, cy trng)) - Xc nh cc phng php ti u ti s dng cc cht hu c ny theo cc iu kin thc t v thch nghi vi bi cnh. Miu t nhim v - c im ca mi trng t nhin v cht thi hu c: bin ng ca cc iu kin thc t (t, cy trng, cht thi, iu kin nc -a cht, vv.). - La chn phng php: th nghim ti thc a v/hoc ti phng th nghim (cc iu kim kim sot); nh hng ca s thay i mc nc; s a dng v s thay i ca cht thi, cy trng, v cc phng php canh tc (bn trc tip, x l trc khi bn, vv.) - nh gi s khong ho ca cht thi hu c theo cc iu kin ti thc a (xc nh khi lng v tnh cht ca cht hu c, cc phng php canh tc, cc iu kin kh hu, vv.) - S duy tr v s thm thu ca cc cht gy nhim ho hc theo thi gian gia cc yu t khac nhau ca h thng t-cy trng c nghin cu. Hot ng 2.3: S c mt ca cc kim loi nng do ngp lt v nc phn ln Nu nc phn ln c ti s dng trn t canh tc nh l mt gii php ti hp thu lng cht thi chn nui ang gia tng, th phi bo m rng nh hng ca cc cht gy nhim, c bit l kim loi nng l khng ng k v phi c qun l cht ch. Thc t, ti s dng c th l mt gii php trong tng lai nu chng ta bo v c cht lng t, nc v cc hot ng nng nghip. C hai ngun kim loi nng chnh trong t:

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(i) hm lng t nhin ca cc yu t vi lng ca t, hm lng cc kim loi nng c ngun gc t m 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. Ti cc huyn T Lim v Thanh Tr, H Ni, Egashira13 ch ra rng nhim t nng nghip do cc kim loi nng vn cn hn ch. Hm lng cc kim loi Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, v Zn trong t nng nghip ca Vit Nam 14 nm trong khong c ghi nhn trong m (t bi, sa thch v bazan) ngoi tr s nhim Zn c th xy tai mt s vng trng rau H Ni. (ii) nhim do con ngi, c th do s bn trc tip cht thi trn t v phn bn nng nghip (phn ng vt15; phn v c16; phn 17; cn lng t qu trnh lc18), hoc nhim do vic bn thuc tr sau trn t19. Cn phi hiu r l chu u v bc m, nc phn chung cha nhiu kim loi (Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Co, v Cd) 20, 20, 21, 22 v kim loi nng tch lu trong t do bn qa nhiu nc phn chung. V vy, nghin cu cch hot ng ca cc kim loi nng trong phn l mt mi quan tm ln v chng c tim nng gy nh hng n mi trng23. Tuy nhin, nhng bin i ca kim loi nng theo ch hi nc khng n nh v theo mc s dng cht hu c vn cha c cp nhiu. Hin tng ny thng xy ra ti cc rung la ca vng ng nam , ni hot ng trng trt c tin hnh trong iu kin ma v ngp lt v cht hu c c s dng b sung cho phn ho hc. Trong iu kin m bin ng nh th ny v s dng phn hu c cng nh hng n s chuyn ho cc kim loi nng
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Baize, D. and Sterckeman, T., 2001. Of the necessity of knowledge of the natural pedo-geochemical background content in the evaluation of the contamination of soils by trace elements. Science of the Total Environment, 264(1-2): 127-139. 9 Doelsch, E., Saint Macary, H. and Van de Kerchove, V., 2006c. Sources of very high heavy metal content in soils of volcanic island (La Reunion). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 88(1-3): 194-197. 10 Doelsch, E., Van de Kerchove, V. and Saint Macary, H., 2006d. Heavy metal content in soils of Reunion (Indian Ocean). Geoderma, 134(1-2): 119-134. 11 Hamon, R.E., McLaughlin, M.J., Gilkes, R.J., Rate, A.W., Zarcinas, B., Robertson, A., Cozens, G., Radford, N. and Bettenay, L., 2004. Geochemical indices allow estimation of heavy metal background concentrations in soils. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18(1): GB1014. 12 Horckmans, L., Swennen, R., Deckers, J. and Maquil, R., 2005. Local background concentrations of trace elements in soils: a case study in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg. Catena, 59(3): 279-304. 13 Egashira, K., 1999. Heavy metal status of agricultural soils in Tu Liem and Thanh Tri districts of Hanoi city, Vietnam. Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 43(3-4): 489-497. 14 Tra, H.T.L. and Egashira, K., 2001. Status of heavy metals in agricultural soils of Vietnam. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 47(2): 419-422. 15 Xue, H., Nhat, P.H., Gachter, R. and Hooda, P.S., 2003. The transport of Cu and Zn from agricultural soils to surface water in a small catchment. Advances in Environmental Research, 8(1): 69-76. 16 Gray, C.W., McLaren, R.G., Roberts, A.H.C. and Condron, L.M., 1999. The effect of long-term phosphatic fertiliser applications on the amounts and forms of cadmium in soils under pasture in New Zealand. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 54(3): 267-277. 17 Pinamonti, F., Stringari, G., Gasperi, F. and Zorzi, G., 1997. The use of compost: its effects on heavy metal levels in soil and plants. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 21(2): 129-143. 18 Cornu, S., Neal, C., Ambrosi, J.P., Whitehead, P., Neal, M., Sigolo, J. and Vachier, P., 2001. The environmental impact of heavy metals from sewage sludge in ferrasols (Sao Paulo, Brazil). Science of the Total Environment, 271: 27-48. 19 Hernandez, D., Plaza, C., Senesi, N. and Polo, A., 2006. Detection of copper(II) and zinc(II) binding to humic acids from pig slurry and amended soils by fluorescence spectroscopy. Environmental Pollution, 143(2): 212-220. 20 Jondreville, C., Revy, P.S., Jaffrezic, A. and Dourmad, J.Y., 2002. Le cuivre dans l'alimentation du porc : oligo-lment essentiel, facteur de croissance et risque potentiel pour l'Homme et l'environnement. INRA Prod. Anim., 15(4): 147-165. 21 L'Herroux, L., Roux, S.L., Appriou, P. and Martinez, J., 1997. Behaviour of metals following intensive pig slurry applications to a natural field treatment process in Brittany (France). Environmental Pollution, 97(1-2): 119-130. 22 Revy, P.S., Jondreville, C., Dourmad, J.Y. and Nys, Y., 2003. Le zinc dans l'alimentation du porc : oligo-lment essentiel et risque potentiel pour l'environnement. INRA Prod. Anim., 16(1): 3-18. 23 Coppenet, M., Golven, J., Simon, J.C., Le Corre, L. and Le Roy, M., 1993. Evolution chimique des sols en exploitations d'levage intensif : exemple du Finistre. Agronomie, 13: 77-83.

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vo t, do nh hng n hm lng ca chng trong cy la. Thc t cho thy ngp lt v bn cht hu c gy ra s thay i ng k trong Eh v gi tr pH ca tt c cc loi t v s phn b c bn cc kim loi nng c th din ra. Nghin cu c xut phi c tin hnh nh gi nhng bin i ho hc ca kim loi theo cc ch hi nc v mc bn cht hu c cho t. Ngoi ra, chng ti cng xut nghin cu s c mt cc kim loi nng v s bin i ca chng theo qu trnh ti s dng nc phn ln trn t trng. Mc ch - Xc nh hm lng cc kim loi nng trong t ti vng nghin cu v xc nh ngun gc ca chng (t nhin hay do con ngi); - Xc nh hm lng cc kim loi nng trong nc phn ln; - Nghin cu s c mt ca cc kim loi nng trong t do ngp lt v do nc phn ln. Miu t nhim v - La chn t v nc phn ln i din cho vng nghin cu - Lp t cc thm k nghin cu s c mt v s bin ng ca cc kim loi nng trong t do ngp lt v do bn nc phn ln - Thu thp nc thm lc qua t v dung dch ca t ho tan bng nhng ci ly xp - o cc tham s l ho (Eh, pH, EC, vv.) v thnh phn a lng v vi lng ca cc dung dch ny - Ly mu t v cy giai on 1, 6, 12 v 24 thng sau khi bn cht thi - Nghin cu s c mt ca cc kim loi nng bng cc phng php phn tch tng loi, nhng phng php thng c s dng nghin cu s c mt ca cc kim loi nng trong t v cht thi 24 v bng Extended X-ray hp ph quang ph cn hng ngoi (EXAFS), y l mt k thut hiu qu xc nh mt nguyn t no trong mi trng. Kt qu mong i - Xc nh hm lng cc kim loi nng (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, v Zn) trong t v trong nc thi ca ln ca vng nghin cu; - Xc nh cc kim loi nng trong h thng t-nc-cy trng sau khi bn nc phn ln trn t ngp nc-dc; - nh gi nh hng ca bn nc phn ln trong cc iu kin ngp ng nhm gim nguy c nhim cc kim loi ca h thng sinh thi.; - xut chnh sch. NHM HOT NG 3: CNG NGH CH X L PHN LN V MNG LI CUNG CP PH PHM HU C Vn ln hn ch pht trin chn nui ln l s thiu t cha cc cht thi v thiu nhn cng x l nc phn chung. Thc t, phng php qun l truyn thng cht thi ln cu ngi chn nui l thu gom ring r phn rn v nc phn chung. Cc cht thi ny hin nay c s dng theo hai cch khc nhau : phn lng c s dng cho ao c v vn cy n qu gn chung ln, cn phn rn s dng bn la, ng cc v u tng. iu ny cho thy rng phn rn c th c ti s dng nhiu hn cho cy trng. Phng php qun l ny thng thy nhiu cc h chn nui quy m nh, nhng cho n nay n khng c cc h chn nui ln ch trng. Hot ng 3.1: Pht trin x l nc phn ln v c im ca cc ph phm hu c c ngun gc t cht thi ln Thay v gim mt cch c h thng hm lng nit ca nc phn chung ti mt nh my x l, trng hp thng thy ti cc vng tha nc phn chung chu u, nn tng cng ti s dng nit v carbon trong cc h thng kt hp ca Vit nam. Nn duy tr nhng nh my x l da trn tin trnh nitrat ho-kh nitrat trong bi cnh m vic ti s dng nit cho cy trng v ao c khng th thc hin hoc khng . i vi cc h chn nui quy m nh v trung bnh, quy trnh x l c th l x l hn hp nc phn chung vi rm hoc trc tip ti chung ln. i vi nhng h chn nui quy m ln hn, nn x l nc phn chung bng h thng Agrifiltre system (do CIRAD v EVIALIS pht trin) theo mt giai on
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Doelsch, E., Deroche, B. and Van de Kerchove, V., 2006b. Impact of sewage sludge spreading on heavy metal speciation in tropical soils (Reunion, Indian Ocean). Chemosphere, 65(2): 286-293.

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hoc mt quy trnh x lsi khc. V ngi chn nui nh gi cao biogaz c sn xut t qu trnh len men nc phn chung (h s dng n nu n), v vy k thut ny nn c kt hp trong nhng gii php tng th c xut cho cc h chn nui khc nhau. Tuy nhin, pht trin cc k thut lc v nc phn chung thch nghi vi c hai h thng quy m trung bnh v ln l mt thch thc nng cao gi tr ca cht thi chn nui nh mt ngun phn hu c quy m nng h v quy m vng. Mc ch - Th nghim k thut s dng rm-cht n chung lc nc phn chung ti chung ln v lp rm b thm t. - c im ca rm c s dng lc/ v cc sn phm hu c (c hai loi rn v lng) c s dng trong tt c cc giai on ca qu trnh x l tng th v qu trnh ti s dng (t ca thot nc ca chung ln n khi bn cho cy trng v ao c). - Nhng hng dn, t vn cho hot ng x l nc phn chung quy m nng h (h thng cc h chn nui quy m trung bnh v ln). Miu t nhim v Xy dng th nghim (6 thng) - Tng hp nhng kin thc hin ti v x l nc phn chung bng k thut lc v - Lp t nh my th nghim (nh my x l trng im) ti mt trang tri chn nui - Th nghim ti phng th nghim trn rm c lc v vi nc phn chung - Kim tra, theo di nh my x l trng im Th nghim (10 thng) - Th nghim in situ ti cc h chn nui Vit nam - Hai quy trnh chnh s c theo di: mt quy trnh pha trn n gin ti mt h chn nui quy m trung bnh v h thng Agrifiltre ti mt h chn nui quy m ln (xy dng h thng th hai ny, i hi nhiu k thut v cng ngh hn s do cc i tc Vit nam v Php thc hin) - Hiu qu v khi lng v cht lng ca quy trnh x l nhm ti u chng trong iu kin Vit Nam Phn tch ho hc v nh gi C & N c sn (8 thng) - nh gi nhng bin i ca cc thnh phn khc nhau ca cc cht hu c trong sut qu trnh v cc thnh phn ca chng (v d, hm lng N, P v K) trong cht thi cha qua x l t chung ln, t qu trnh lc, , d tr, v bn phn trn ng rung - c im ca rm c s dng lc v trn vi cht thi - Phn tch bng cch s dng cc phng php c in ti cc phng th nghim ca cc Vin Vit nam - Phn tch bng cch s dng my quang ph hp ph cn hng ngoi (NIRS)25, 26, 27, 28 - Vi phng php , th hin c im v s nng ng ca C & N trong t sau khi bn phn Dng li ch o v hot ng t vn (6 thng) - T vn cho cc i tng lm v nng nghip nhm gip h x l v ti s dng tt hn nc phn ln
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Thuris L., Bastianelli D., Davrieux F., L. Bonnal, R. Oliver, Pansu M., Feller C. (2005) Prediction by NIRS of the composition of plant raw materials from the organic fertiliser industry and of crop residues from tropical agrosystems. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy, 13:187199. 26 Thuris L., Davrieux F., Bastianelli D., Bonnal L., Oliver R., (2005). NIRS for predicting quality indexes in the organic fertiliser industry. Poster communication 12th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Sky City Auckland, New Zealand, 10-15 Avril 2005 27 Thuris L., Bonnal L., Davrieux F., Bastianelli D., (2005). Possible use of NIRS for the management of composting process. Poster communication 12th International Conference on Near Infrared Spectroscopy, Sky City Auckland, New Zealand, 10-15 Avril 2005 28 Thuris L., Oliver R., Davrieux F., Bastianelli D., Pansu M. (2006) Transformations des apports organiques : application du modle TAO des matires de lagro-industrie partir de leur analyse biochimique mesure ou estime par Spectromtrie Proche Infra-Rouge (SPIR). Sminaire Rseau Matire Organique IHSS, Carquairanne (France), 22-24 Janvier.

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- Xy dng cc phng php n gin ph hp vi cc h thng chn nui quy m trung bnh v nhng ng li ch o cho hot ng kim tra, theo di quy trnh x l nc phn chung - i vi nhng h thng chn nui quy m ln, nh gi s kt hp ca cc quy trnh khc nhau vi h thng Agrifiltre system, nhm ti s dng ti a cc cht dinh dng trong tri chn nui, ng thi to iu kin thun li chuyn cc sn phm hu c n cc tri hoc cc vng khc khi cn Kt qu mong i - T l nc thi v rm trong k thut trn v . - Cn bng sinh khi ca cc cht dinh dng chnh (N, P, K) thng qua quy trnh x l. - c im ca sn phm hu c theo cc phng php phn tch c in, v NIRS. - Xc nh cc thng s v kch c trong phng php NIRS cho mt lot cc sn phm hu c. - T vn h tr cc nh nghin cu xy dng cc quy trnh x l theo cc h thng chn nui ln quy m trung bnh v ln. Hot ng 3.2: nh gi v mt kinh t v x hi ca mng li phn phi nuc thi ca ln qua x l v cha qua x l Ngi nng dn v nhng nh chc trch a phng hin nay nhn thc r v s cn thit ca vic pht trin cc chng trnh kt hp qun l cht thi v nhim. S nhn thc ny l mt ghi nhn u tin v l bng chng ca s bn vng. tng ny cng c da trn chng trnh quc gia v pht trin chn nui ln cng nghip, y chnh l l do chng ti ch i nhng kt qu ca d n nhm ng gp vo cc tho lun cp tnh v quc gia v cc lut qun l cht thi v sau thay i chnh sch da trn nhng t vn ca chng ti. tng v tnh bn vng lu di s c m bo thng qua pht trin cc khung chnh sch cho ngnh chn nui v khuyn khch nhng c quan khuyn nng qun l cht thi chn nui. Mt gi thitt ln ng sau hot ng x l cht thi nng nghip l y khng phi l mt hot ng mang li li nhun cho ngi sn xut cht thi. Cc nh my x l, bn thn n khng sinh ra thu nhp. Mc ch chnh ca nh my x l l m bo mt dch v mi trng v quyn li tp th bng cch chuyn cc cht thi gy nhim thnh cc ph phm c qun l tt hn. Nh my cung cp dch v mi trng to ra hai th trng: (i) mt th trng gm nhng ngi cung cp phn ln v rm cho qu trnh lc/ (e.g. rm) (ii) v mt th trng gm nhng ngi s dng phn , th trng sinh ra thu nhp. S kt hp hai th trng ny cho php cn bng ngn sch hot ng ca nh my x l v bn phn sn xut s gip b vo mt phn chi ph hot ng. Kh nng ng vng trong mi trng kinh doanh ca mt mng li no ph thuc vo s tham gia ca cc i tc khc nhau v s quay vng vn u t nu h c th kim c li nhun. V vy, vn ti chnh v kinh t ca ton b mng li phn phi phi c qun l v kim sot. Mc ch - Xc nh cc iu kin kinh t v x hi xy dng mng li thng mi cung cp cc ph phm hu c (nghin cu th trng) - Ai s h tr u t v chi ph vn hnh? - Nhng bin php khuyn khch no, khuyn khch ngi nng dn thay i cc phng php thc hnh ca h v chuyn t s dng phn truyn thng sang phn cht lng ? - Gi phi chng - Tng cng h tr v thc hin lut v mi trng v s dng cc cng c an ton - Pht trin cc cng c kinh t hiu qa gip thc y mng li cung cp nc phn ln cha qua x l v qua x l (tn dng nh, chi tr cho cc dch v mi trng (PES),vv.) Miu t nhim v Kt qu mong i - Thc y pht trin kinh t v x hi - Li nhun tim nng cho ngi nng dn - To thm vic lm

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NHM HOT NG: PH BIN V THM QUAN M HNH Thm quan m hnh, tp hun, trao i kinh nghim v ph bin cc hot ng nghin cu l nhng hot ng to iu kin cho vic xy dng cc nh my x l. S dng v ph bin cc k thut, cng ngh do nhng ngi nng dn, nhng ngi t vn nng nghip v nhng ngi dn a phng nm trong khun kh ca cc hot ng ny. Hot ng 4.1: Th nghim ti thc a v thm quan m hnh Cng vi cc hot ng trc , xy dng cc th nghim ti thc a v ti phng th nghim l cn thit. d hiu v r rng, nhng th nghim v cy trng v ao c cng c trnh by y. Ngi nng dn, nhng ngi t vn nng nghip v nhng ngi hoch nh chnh sch s thm cc l th nghim ch dn k thut, cng ngh v thm cc l th nghim. Mc ch Cc h thng ao c Bn ti u cht thi chn nui, nng sut hin ti: 2-3 t ha1 yr1; nng sut tim nng: 8-12 t ha-1 yr-1 Th nghim cc h thng chn nui kt hp ln-ao c - Chn nui ln, nui ghp c theo cng ngh 80: 20 - Chn nui ln-nui n loi c - Chn nui ln- ao c- x l bng cy thu sinh (water hyacinth and water celery) - Cc ph phm c ngun gc t hm biogaz hoc t qu trnh lc v ao c Cc h thng cy trng Ngi ta chng minh rng s kt hp gia 50% phn ha hc v 50% phn n chung th cho nng sut la cao hn so vi bn hon ton phn ho hc (100 kg N ha1) 29. Th nghim ng dng cc ph phm hu c trn cy trng Miu t nhim v - t cc th nghim ti ao c trong 3 nm - Theo di qun th v mt c - Theo di cht lng nc ( nhim do cc cht dinh dng, cc mm bnh, ) - Theo di cht lng c v s an ton ca chng - t cc th nghim s dng ph phm hu c ti cc rung la v bn t nht cho 3 loi cy trng chnh trong 3 nm so snh hiu qu v nng sut gia bn cc ph phm hu c vi bn phn ho hc v khng bn phn. - T chc cc chuyn thm thc a cho nhng ngi nng dn, nhngc ngi t vn nng nghip v nhng ngi hoch nh chnh sch - Son tho sch t vn k thut Kt qu mong i - Nhng hng dn v bn cht thi ca ln v cc ph phm cho cy trng v ao c nhm t c nng sut tim nng - Hiu qu sau khi x l nc phn ln v ph phm sinh ra t qu trnh x l biogaz v qu trnh lc - Sn xut c v rau cht lng v an ton - Hiu qu v cn bng v t l cc cht dinh dng - Sch t vn k thut Hot ng 4.2: Tp hun v qun l kt hp v c s tham gia cc cht hu c trong nng nghip 2 Kho tp hun 1. nh hng ca qun l cht hu c trong nng nghip n nng nghip v mi trng 2. M hnh qun l cht thi chn nui Mc ch - S dng cc nguyn tc qun l v mu m ca t canh tc vad ti s dng tt c cc loi cht hu c trong nng nghip - p dng cc phng php phn tch ph hp vi mi trng nghin cu - Thc y qun l hp l cht thi ng vt quy m nng h v gia cc h (i.e. vng) i tng tham gia Nhng nh khoa hc, nhng ngi tp hun, nhng k s v k thut vin nng nghip, nhng ngi quyt nh chnh sch pht trin nng nghip, ti a 15 ngi tham gia.
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Luu Hong Man et al. 2007. Improvement of soil fertility by rice straw manure. OmonRice 15: 124-134

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NHNG I TC TIM NNG Bn 1 tp hp nhng i tc tim nng. Mt s ngi nhn thc c v nhng t ph ca cng ngh ny mt s ngi th cha nhng cn phi tip cn h mt cch chnh thc v xc nhn s tham gia ca h vo nhng xut tng lai hoc cc t hp.
Bng 1: Nhng i tc tim nng Hot ng # Vietnam 1.1 Qun l cc h NIAH chn nui ln quy m NAFEC (Trung tm nh Khuyn nng) Cc nh chc trch ca tnh 1.2 Qun l v nh gi NIAH cc h chn nui ln NISF quy m trung bnh Cc nh chc trch ca tnh Cc cng ty chn nui hoc cc hp tc x 2.1 Qun l quy m NIAH vng. Xy dng mng NAFEC li cung cp (k Cc nh chc trch thut) ca tnh Cc cng ty chn nui hoc cc hp tc x CARGIS? 2.2 C, N, P, K nh gi SFRI cc nguy c IRD-IWMI 2.3 Kim loi nng, nh gi cc nguy c 3.1 Transformation technologies Organic by-products 3.2 Qun l quy m vng. Xy dng mng li cung cp (kinh t v x hi) SFRI NIHE (Vin V sinh v Dch t) SFRI NIAH Evialis VN Trng i hc Nng Lm Ipsard Casrad PCP Malica MARD Cc nh chc trch ca tnh Cc cng ty chn nui hoc cc hp tc x Vin Nghin cu Thu sn #1 HAU#1 Trng i hc Nng Lm SFRI NIN (Vin dinh dng) NIHE NAFEC NAFEC? IFI hoc MICA? NIAH? Php Cirad Quc t Trng i hc: Min nam an mch : d n Susane? SNV H Lan Trng i hc: Min nam an mch : d n Susane?

Cirad Agrocampus Ouest/Inra: UMR Sas

Cirad Agrocampus Ouest/Inra: UMR Sas

Cirad Agrocampus Ouest/Inra: UMR Sas Cirad Cerege Cirad Cemagref Rennes Agrocampus Ouest/Inra: UMR Sas Cirad UC-Berkeley: Agricultural & resource economics dept? FAO: Lead initiative

4.1 Th nghim ta thc a v chng minh th nghim

Cirad

Trng i hc: Min nam an mch : d n Susane?

4.2 Tp hun

Cirad AUF? i s qun Php?

Danida? T chc quc t thuc khi php ng?

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SFRI?

NHNG T KHO CN PHT TRIN TRONG CC XUT NU YU CU Tc ng khoa hc - Xc nh nhng gii php thay th - Nng cao kh nng thng qua tp hun ti cc h sn xut nng nghip - Nng cao nng lc phng th nghim - nh gi tc ng mi trng - nh gi tc ng kinh t-x hi - Sn phm mi (nhng cng ngh mi, cht lng ph phm) v nh gi th trng Tc ng mi trng - Gim nhim N v P, gim pht tn kh gy hiu ng nh knh, v cc nguy c v kim loi nng - Khai thc tt hn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin - Ci thin sc kho cng ng - Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi nng dn v cht lng thc n v cc vn v v sinh an ton thc phm - Nng cao nhn thc ca ngi nng dn v cc vn mi trng Tc ng kinh t v x hi - Vic lm v thu nhp n nh - Nhng c hi kinh doanh mi - Gim chi ph theo di v chi ph nhn cng - Nng cao mc sng - Tng s nhn thc ca ngi nng dn v cc vn mi trng - Gp phn ci tin lut Nhng nguy c tim nng i vi cc hot ng ny - Nhng nguy c v sc kho (Bnh tai xanh, cm gia cm, vv.) cho cc nhm ca d n l vic ti cc h chn nui , v cc nguy c truyn nhim bnh tt - Nguy c v kh hu - Nhng kh khn trong vic thch nghi m hnh gi nh - Cc nguy c v kinh t v ti chnh

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C TNH LNG NIT V PHOSPHO TRONG CHT THI T LN THT NUI BNG CC KHU PHN THNG DNG TI VIT NAM
V Th Khnh Vn, inh Vn Tuyn Vin Chn nui Quc gia Vu T.K.V1, Sommer G. S2, Vu C.C1 and Jrgensen H.3 Vin Chn nui, Thy Phng, T Lim, H ni, Vit nam. 2 Vin Cng ngh Mi trng, Cng ngh sinh hc v Ha cht, Khoa Cng ngh, Trng i hc Nam an Mch, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark. 3 B mn dinh dng v sc khe gia sc, P.O. Box 50, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
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T VN Chnh ph Vit nam ang quan tm n chn nui tp trung nhm nng cao nng sut. Tuy nhin, cha c y quy nh v cng ngh cho vic s l cht thi an ton vi mi trng. Trong thc t, nhng quy nh hin hnh khng cp n qu trnh ti s dng cht thi chn nui trong nng nghip. Lng cht thi qu ln trong cc ao nui c cng nh trong cc hm biogas c quan st thy Vit nam (Vu v cng s, 2007). Nhiu h chn nui s dng cht thi gia sc nh ngun phn bn cho cy trng hoc thi trc tip xung ao nui c m thiu kin thc v s cn bng cc cht dinh dng trong ao nui. Vn ny tr nn trm trng hn khi chn nui tp trung s cho ra mt lng cht thi ln trong mt khu vc c din tch nh. Kt qu l vic s dng cht thi mang tnh a phng s dn n s cung cp qu mc cht dinh dng cho cy trng v ao c, v vic qu mc ny lm nhim ngun nc. Chnh ph vn cha c nhng bin php hu hiu nhm gii quyt vn n lin quan n vic s dng hiu qu cht thi chn nui trong nng nghip. Ti s dng cht thi gia sc bn vng v hiu qu c th gim bt cc vn v mi trng lin quan n chn nui bng cch p dng cc chng trnh/m hnh ton qun l cht thi khc nhau. M hnh qun l cht thi t chn nui ln (Guerrin, 2004) v qun l cht thi gia sc quy m trang tri (Guerrin, 2001) c xy dng. S cn bng nit trong ton trang tri ng vai tr quan trng trong kim sot nit v quy nh v chn nui H lan (Schroder v cng s., 2003). H thng quy chun ca an mch tnh n lu lng cht dinh dng thi ra bi gia sc v sau khi (Poulsen v cng s, 2006). H thng ny c s dng iu chnh/kim sot qu trnh chn nui v lng phn bn cho ng rung. quy m trang tri, Vu v cng s. (2009) xy dng phng trnh thng k nhm d on lng nit v cc bon thi ra t ln c nui bng cc khu phn cho ln tht p dng ti an mch. Hm lng Protein v t l cht x khu phn cho ln khc nhau gia Vit nam v an mch. Hn na, t l cc cht dinh dng l khc nhau gia cc h thng chn nui nng h ti Vit nam. Khu phn vi t l protein thp v cht x cao c s dng cc nng h c quy m chn nui nh, trong khi khu phn c t l protein cao v hm lng x thp c s dng cc h chn nui c quy m ln (DANIDA, 2003). c im ca phn lin quan n c t l protein v cht x khu phn, v tng lng phn thi ra t ln nui vi khu phn c t l ln cht x t tiu ha gn nh gp i lng phn t ln n khu phn tiu chun c cha lng cht x t tiu ha mc bnh thng (Srensen & Fernndez, 2003). Do mc ch ca th nghim ny l a ra s liu v nit v phospho t cht thi ca cc ging ln thnh hnh c nui cc khu phn nui ln thng thng v vic qun l cht thi Vit nam. Hn na, s liu th nghim c s dng kim tra xem phng trnh xy dng da trn h thng d liu ca an Mch c th ng dng cho vic nh gi lng nit trong phn ca ln nui trong iu kin thc t Vit nam. Vt liu v phng php nghin cu Th nghim c tin hnh ti Trung tm th nghim thc n gia sc, thuc Vin Chn nui trong 3 thng, t thng 11/2007 n cui thng 1/2008. Nhit mi trng trung bnh l 21oC, 20oC v 15oC cho cc thng th nghim. Mc ch l th nghim nh hng ca 3 khu

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phn th nghim n thnh phn v lng phn thi ra, v xc nh lng kh nit sinh ra trong qu trnh nui nht. Thit k th nghim Th nghim c thit k theo phng php vung Latin khng cn xng, vi 2 giai on pht trin v mi giai on pht trin c 2 hnh thc nui nht, l nui trong ci trao i cht v chung nui thng thng. Mi giai on sinh trng ko di 34 ngy v 4 ln lp li. Trong ln lp li th nht, 2 ln c nui mt trong 3 khu phn cho mi hnh thc nui dng. Ln c nui nht ring r trong cc chung hoc ci, giai on thch nghi ko di 6 ngy, sau 5 ngy thu phn v nc tiu. Trong ln lp li th 2, ln nui cng khu phn c i t chung sang ci v ngc li. Ln c nui thch nghi vi chung hay ci mi trong 1 ngy, sau 5 ngy thu phn v nc tiu. Ln lp li th 3 v th 4 tng t nh ln lp li th nht v th 2. Gia sc th nghim v chung tri Th nghim bao gm mi hai ln c thin lai gia Landrace v Yorkshire c theo di trong 2 giai on sinh trng. Giai on th nht, khi lng bt u trung bnh l 34 kg v khi lng kt thc l 52 kg. Giai on th 2, khi lng bt u trung bnh l 52 kg v khi lng kt thc l 77 kg. Su ln c nui trong ci gip cho vic thu phn v nc tiu d dng v chnh xc. Su ln khc c nui trong chung c mi che fibro xi mng, sn b tng v thng thong t nhin. cui mi chung nui c rnh cho php thu phn v nc tiu ring r. Nc ung c cung cp t do bng nm ung. Lng nc 20 lt c s dng ra chung hng ngy. Nc thi bao gm nc tiu, phn cn li sau khi thu phn v nc s dng ra chung. Khu phn th nghim v nui dng 3 khu phn th nghim khc nhau v t l protein v cht x c s dng cho 3 nhm ln, mi nhm 4 con. Ba khu phn th nghim l t l protein cao v x thp (H-L); protein trung bnh v x trung bnh (M-M); v protein thp v x cao (L-H), (Bng 1). Ln nui Vit nam, c bit l trong thi gian u ca sinh trng, thng c vn v bnh tt khi hm lng phospho khu phn thp hn mc khuyn co ca NRC (1998). trnh tnh trng ny, ln nui trong giai on sinh trng u tin c nui dng khu phn c hm lng phospho cao hn khuyn co ca NRC (1998) trong khi giai on th 2 mc phospho gim xung mc khuyn co. Thc n c cho n t do trong 2 ngy u thch nghi ca ln lp li th nht nhm xc nh lng n vo trung bnh cho ln lp li th nht v th hai. Nhng ngy tip theo, ln c cung cp 80% v 90% lng thc n n vo c on cho ln lp li th hai. Lng cho n chung v trong ci l nh nhau. Thu thp s liu v phn tch ha hc Ln c cn vo bui sng trc khi cho n ln lp li th nht v kt thc ln lp li th hai. Thc n n vo c ghi chp cho ring tng c th hng ngy. Phn v nc tiu c thu vo thi im nht nh, vo bui sng (8.00 h) v bui chiu (15.00 h). Nc tiu c thu vo can c sn sulphuric acid bo qun ni t. Mu thu c hng ngy c gi trong t lnh su - 4oC. mu sau c trn u, ly mu v phn tch thnh phn ha hc. Tt c cc mu c phn tch 2 ln ti phng phn tch, Vin Chn nui theo cc phng php tiu chun (Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 1990). Thc n c phn tch cht kh (DM), nit, x th, calcium, P, m th v khong. Phn c phn tch cht kh (DM), x th, N, N-NH4, P v pH. Nc tiu v nc thi c phn tch N, N-NH4, P v Ph Tnh ton v phn tch thng k Lng nit thot ra trong qu trnh nui nht c xc nh bng tng s ni t thi ra t ln nui trong ci tr i tng lng nit thi ra o c t trong chung. Lng ni t thot ra t phn thu ngay lp tc sau khi thi ra trong ci c gi thit l bng 0. S liu th nghim c s dng kim tra cc phng trnh c xy dng bi Vu v cng s (2009). Vi nit bi xut trong nc tiu, cc phng trnh bao gm protein khu phn t 15 n 26% (theo cht kh) c th nghim. Mc chnh xc ca phng trnh c tnh ton bi sai s uc tnh di dng sai s trung bnh c on (RMSEP) v bng cch th nghim bt k s khc nhau mang tnh h thng gia cc gi tr trung bnh v b s liu th

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(Esbersen, 2002; Jrgensen & Lindberg, 2006). S liu c phn tch ANOVA theo phn mm MINITAB software version 13.31 (Minitab, 2000) . KT QU V THO LUN Thc n n vo v tng trng ca ln Thnh phn tnh ton da trn bng thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng thc n gia sc ti Vit nam (1995). Cc gi tr tnh ton gn ng vi thnh phn phn tch ngoi tr bin ng nh v phospho trong giai on 2. Ln khng c vn g v bnh tt trong sut giai on th nghim. S khc nhau v khu phn nh hng n tng trng ca ln. Nh trnh by trong bng 2, ln n khu phn H-L tng trng cao hn trong c 2 giai on nui sinh trng so vi ln nui bng cc khu phn khc. T l tiu ha cht hu c c s sai khc gia cc nhm th nghim. T l tiu ha cht hu c tng quan nghch vi cht x khu phn. Kt qu ny ng thun vi nghin cu ca Just v cng s. (1983b). Phn thi ra v c im Nh trnh by trong bng 2, c lng phn dng ti v kh t nhm n khu phn L-H l cao nht, kt qu ny tng t vi kt lun ca Portejoie v cng s (2004) ch ra rng gim t l protein khu phn s dn n gim lng phn thi ra. Lng phn t nhm n khu phn L-H cao hn khong 20% v 50% so vi nhm n khu phn H-L trong giai on 1 v 2 v lng x khu phn cao hn. Pht hin ny c khng nh thm bi kt qu ca Srensen v cng s. (2003) v Vu v cng s. (2009), lng cht x khu phn tng quan dng cht ch vi lng phn thi ra. Ln n khu phn L-H c t l tiu ha cht hu c thp nht (Bng 2). Cc kt qu nghin cu trc ch ra rng t l cht x cao trong khu phn s lm gim t l tiu ha ln (Len, 2007) V c im ca phn, phn trm cht kh trong phn thp nht t nhm ln n khu phn L-H trong giai on 1 do t l cht x trong phn cao nht, cht x trong phn cao c kh nng gi nc cao (Eastwood, 1973). Khng c s khc bit v t l cht kh phn giai on 2. Nng nit phn cao nht nhm n khu phn H-L v thp nht nhm L-H, kt qu ny cng c cho khi nim rng nng nit phn tng quan dng vi t l nit khu phn nu nh t l tiu ha nit khng i. Nng N-NH 4, d dng sn c cho vic hp thu ca thc vt, khng b nh hng bi khu phn. pH ca phn bng nhau trong giai on 1 v c khuynh hng tng phn ca ln n khu phn L-H trong giai on 2. iu ny ging vi kt qu ca Mroz v cng s (2000) v Shriver v cng s (2003), cc tc gi bo co khng c s thay i ng k v pH ca phn khi tng lng x th trong khu phn c t l protein thp. Khng c s sai khc nng phospho trong phn gia cc khu phn c hai giai on nui sinh trng khi t l phospho khu phn nh nhau mi giai on. Cc kt qu cho thy dung tch h cha phn v s dng c th c lp k hoch ring cho cc phng thc nui dng. Lng cht thi bi xut Bng 3 cho thy lng N v N-NH4 phn hng ngy, tri ngc vi lng N v N-NH4 trong nc tiu, khng b nh hng bi khu phn. Pht hin ny ph hp vi kt qu ca Canh v cng s. (1998), tc gi ny cho rng mi quan h mt thit hn gia nit nc tiu hng ngy v protein khu phn so vi mi lin h gia nit trong phn v lng protein n vo. Phng thc bi xut nit nc tiu, phng thc ny c xc nh bi t l nit nc tiu bi xut vi nit n vo, gim khi nit phn tng vi lng protein khu phn gim v tng vi lng x khu phn (Bng 3). Phng thc ny cho thy ln n lng protein vt qu nhu cu hoc n khu phn khng cn i cc amino acid s bi xut nhiu nit hn trong nc tiu (Just, 1982b). Hn na, tng lng x khu phn s chuyn nit bi xut t nc tiu sang phn, phng thc ny c ch ra cc nghin cu trc y vi cc hnh thc nui tt hn so vi iu kin Vit nam (Zervas and Zijlstra, ; Vu v cng s, 2009). Tng lng nit n vo v bi xut cho mi kg tng trng khng b nh hng bi khu phn. Lng bi xut trong phn t ln n khu phn H-L l thp nht v t khu phn L-H l cao nht. Ngc li, khng c khuynh hng r rng cho vic bi xut nit nc tiu, phng thc dng nh l i lp, c ngha l nit thp phu phn L-H v cao khu phn H-L. Kt

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qu ny cho thy khu phn H-L c th coi nh c hi cho mi trng v kha cnh lng nit mt i, khi nit nc tiu l tin cht ca NH 3 (Sommer et al. 2006), nhng n c mt tt l khu phn cho tng trng tt hn. Bng 3 cho thy phospho bi xut ch yu phn cht rn. Kt qu ca th nghim ny tng t vi cc pht hin t cc nghin cu trc y (Fernndez v cng s., 1999). iu ny cho thy s c t vn v mi trng hn vi phospho phn lng nu nh cung cp cho ln bng vi nhu cu. Tng lng phospho bi xut hng ngy tng khi tng lng phospho khu phn trong khi tng lng phospho bi xut tnh theo phn trm lng phospho n vo trong hai giai on sinh trng khng c s sai khc gia cc khu phn. Lng phospho trong phn tng ln mt cht khi gim protein v tng lng x khu phn, nhng khng nh hng g n phospho nc tiu. iu ny c th do lng x th cao trong khu phn s y phospho vo phn. Nhng du hiu thay i v sinh ha c quan st thy. Rt t phospho nc tiu c bi xut hng ngy trong giai on 1 v gn nh khng c phospho bi xut trong nc tiu giai on 2 (Bng 3). C th gii thch rng phospho khu phn ch va p ng nhu cu hoc thp hn cht t nhu cu sinh ha (Fernndez v cng s., 1999). iu ny c ngha, do lng phospho sn c trong khu phn thp, ln phi vn dng la chn khc gi n nh nng phospho trong mu (Fernndez, 1995). Mt kh nng l thn s ti hp thu lng phospho nhiu hn thay v thi ra nc tiu. Kh nng khc l huy ng phospho d tr trong xng. Hn na, nu nh phospho trong khu phn thp, hp thu rut s tng ln. Kt qu ny cho thy rng cung cp phospho khu phn nh xut ca NRC (1998) l v c th gim thm trc khi xut bn ln ra th trng, do gim lng phospho n vo v gim lng bi xut ra mi trng. iu ny ph hp vi kt lun ca Kanakov v cng s (2005). Tc gi cng cho rng gim lng phospho xung n 4.3 g/kg tng lng phospho cui thi k nui git tht dng nh c tc ng n khi lng cht kh v khong cht ca xng. Do , thi im gim lng phospho khu phn v gim bao nhiu trc khi xut hin bt k s pht trin khng y v/hoc khng c nh hng xu n tng trng hay cht lng tht cn c nghin cu nhiu hn. Phn thi ra hng ngy, nit bi xut v lng kh sinh ra Lng cht kh ca phn thu c hng ngy khng c s sai khc gia ln nui trong chung v trong ci mc d lng phn ti t ln nui trong ci t hn ln nui trong chung. iu ny c th do nc tiu v nc ra chung ln vo phn trong chung. Nc tiu trn ln vo phn cng dn n lng N v N-NH 4 phn t ln nui trong chung nhiu hn so vi ln nui trong ci c hai giai on. S liu cho thy gn nh mt na nit dng rn v hn mt na nit, ch yu dng N-NH4, phn phn cht thi lng. Chu , phn cht thi lng thng c ra ao hoc vn. Tuy nhin, phn ln cht thi lng khng c s dng, c ra cc ngun nc v do gy nhim do lng nit cao. Tng lng nit bi xut t ln nui trong chung thp hn t ln nui trong ci do mt phn nit bay hi. Lng ammonia bay hi tng ln do phn trn ln vi nc tiu v nc ra chung cn ng li. Urease ch c trong phn, khng c trong nc tiu (Aarnink & Verstegen, 2007), do vic chuyn t urea sang NH4+ ch khi nc tiu trn ln vi phn. Gi tr phn trm thc t ca nit bay hi trong qu trnh nui nht t ln nui trong chung l 12.2% tng lng nit bi xut. Thc t c th cao hn bi v tng lng nit bi xut t ln nui trong ci c th c nh gi khng chnh xc do mt lng nit bay hi trong qu trnh thu phn trc khi ct tr trong t lnh su. Lng kh ga nit bay hi cao khi so snh lng bay hi trong nhng th nghim trc , trong nn chung c c ra hng ngy (Sommer v cng s., 2006), do h thng chung nui ch m mt phn trong th nghim . nh gi chnh xc ca phng trnh xy dng trn s liu ca an mch Bng 5 cho thy so snh gia kt qu ca th nghim vi d on t c bng cch p dng phng trnh c xy dng bi Vu v cng s. (2009). Nhn chung, kt qu kim tra cho thy cc gi tr trung bnh lng nit bi xut v lng phn hng ngy thc t v c on l nh nhau. Gi tr bias ( chnh xc ca d on) m cho thy gi tr d on c nh gi qu mc v ngc li (Bng 5). Khi tham s DMI (lng cht kh n vo) c trong phng trnh, gi tr d on trung bnh c nh gi cao hn gi tr thc. Ngc li, gi tr d on trung

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bnh c nh gi thp khi tham s BW (khi lng ln) c trong phng trnh. iu ny c th c gii thch bi loi thc n khc nhau, ging v iu kin nui dng khc nhau gia Vit nam v an mch. Gi tr sai s c on t phng trnh vi s c mt ca tham s DMI thp hn khi vi tham s BW. Gi tr c on v gi tr quan st c ca lng phn v nc tiu thi ra, nit phn bi xut c trnh by trong cc s 1, 2 v 3. Cc s cho thy kt qu kim tra gia gi tr trung bnh thc t v gi tr c on gn tng t nh nhau. Cc kt qu kim tra tnh chnh xc cho thy vic p dung cc phng trnh chn lc t kt qu nghin cu trc y d on lng phn thi ra v lng nit nc tiu bi xut l chnh xc. KT LUN Xc nh dung tch b cha phn ph thuc vo lng nc ra chung v t l cht x khu phn. Lng nit nhiu hn nhng t phospho hn trong phn cht thi lng v ngc li vi phn cht thi rn. Nit dng kh mt i trong qu trnh nui nht khong 12% tng lng nit thi ra. Cc phng trnh c xy dng bi Vu v cng s. (2009) c th p dng ti Vit Nam. Cn thm cc nghin cu tp trung vo hiu qu s dng nit bi xut trong phn cht thi lng. LI CM N Th nghim ny c ti tr bi d n Danida SUSANE.

TI LIU THAM KHO Aarnink, A. J. A. and M. W. A. Verstegen. 2007. Nutrition, key factor to reduce environmental load from pig production. Livest. Sci. 109: 194-203. Small Livestock Component. 2003. Some results of a survey on feed resources for pig and chickens in small farmers at the pilot communes of Thai Binh and Thanh Hoa provinces. Ministry of agricultural and rural development - DANIDA, Small Livestock Component -ASPS, Hanoi, Vietnam. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. 1990. Official Methods of Analysis, 15th ed. Arlington: Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Inc. Canh, T. T., A. J. A. Aarnink, J.B. Schutte, A. Sutton, D. J. Langhout and M. W. A. Verstegen. 1998. Dietary protein affects nitrogen excretion and ammonia emission from slurry of growing-finishing pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 56: 181-191. Eastwood, M. A. 1973. Vegetables Fibre: its physical properties. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 32: 137-143. Esbersen, K. H. 2002. Multivariate Data Analysis - In Practice, 5th edition ed. Oslo: CAMO Process AS. Fernndez, J. A. and J. N. Jrgensen. 1986. Digestibility and absorption of nutrients as affected by fibre content in the diet of the pig. Quantitative aspects. Livest. Prod. Sci. 15: 53-75. Fernndez, J. A., H. D. Poulsen, S. Boisen and H. B. Rom. 1999. Nitrogen and phosphorus consumption, utilisation and losses in pig production: Denmark. Livest. Prod. Sci. 58: 225-242. Jrgensen, H. and J. E. Lindberg. 2006. Prediction of energy and protein digestibility in pig feeds using growing rats as a model. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 127: 55-71. Jrgensen, H., X. Q. Zhao, and B. O. Eggum. 1996. The influence of dietary fibre and environmental temperature on the development of the gastrointestinal tract, digestibility, degree of fermentation in the hind-gut and energy metabolism in pigs. Br. J. Nutr. 75: 365-378.

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Just, A. 1982. The net energy value of crude (catabolized) protein for growth in pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 9:349-360. Just, A., H. Jrgensen, J. A. Fernndez, S. Bech-Andersen and N. E. Hansen. 1983a. The chemical composition, digestibility, energy and protein value of different feedstuffs for pigs, 556.Report from the National Institute of Animal Science, Denmark ed. Copenhagen: National Institute of Animal Science. Just, A., J. A. Fernndez and H. Jrgensen. 1983b. The net energy value of diets for growth in pigs in relation to the fermentative processes in the digestive tract and the site of absorption of the nutrients. Livest. Prod. Sci. 10: 171-186. Kanakov, D. T., P. I. Petkov and K. T. Stojanchev. 2005. Influence of different phosphorus diets on bone parameters of growing pigs. Vet. Arhiv. 75: 243-252. Len, N. T., J. E. Lindberg, and B. Ogle. 2007. Digestibility and nitrogen retention of diets containing different levels of fibre in local (Mong Cai), F1 (Mong Cai x Yorkshire) and exotic (Landrace x Yorkshire) growing pigs in Vietnam. J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. 91:297-303. Minitab. 2000. Stastical Software version 13.3. User ' s guide to statistics.: PA, USA. Mroz, Z., A. J. Moeser, M. Vreman, J. T. M. van Diepen, T. van Kempen, T. T. Canh and A. W. Jongbloed. 2000. Effects of dietary carbohydrates and buffering capacity on nutrient digestibility and manure characteristics in finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 78: 3096-3106. National Research Council. 1998. Nutrient requirements of swine, Tenth revised edition ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Portejoie, S., J. Y. Dourmad , J. Martinez and Y. Lebreton. 2004. Effect of lowering dietary crude protein on nitrogen excretion, manure composition and ammonia emission from fattening pigs. Livest. Prod. Sci. 91: 45-55. Poulsen, H. D., P. Lund, J. Sehested, N. Hutchings and S. G. Sommer. 2006. Quantification of nitrogen and phosphorus in manure in the Danish normative system. In 12 th Ramiran International conference. Vol II. pp. 105-108. Schroder, J. J., H. F. M. Aarts, H. F. M. ten Berge, H. van Keulen and J. J. Neeteson. 2003. An evaluation of whole-farm nitrogen balances and related indices for efficient nitrogen use. Eur. J. Agron. 20: 33-44. Serena, A., H. Jrgensen and K. E. Bach Knudsen. 2008. Digestion of carbohydrates and utilization of energy in sows fed diets with contrasting levels and physicochemical properties of dietary fiber . J. Anim. Sci. 86: 22082216. Shriver, J. A., S. D. Carter, A. L. and B. Sutton. 2003. Effects of adding fiber sources to reduced crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets on nitrogen excretion, growth performance, and carcass traits of finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 492-502. Sommer, S. G., G. Q. Zhang, A. Bannink, D. Chadwick, T. Misselbrook, R. Harrison, N.J. Hutchings, H. Menzi, G. J. Monteny, J. Q. Ni, O. Oenema, and J. Webb. 2006. Algorithms determining ammonia emission from livestock houses and manure stores. Adv. Agron. 89: 261 - 335. Srensen, P. and J. A. Fernndez. 2003. Dietary effects on the composition of pig slurry and on the plant utilization of pig slurry nitrogen. J. Agr. Sci. 140: 343-355. Vu, T. K. V., M. T. Tran and T. T. S. Dang. 2007. A survey of manure management on pig farms in Northern Vietnam. Livest. Sci. 112: 288-297. Vu, V. T. K. , T. Prapaspongsa, H. D. Poulsen and H. Jrgensen. 2009. Prediction of manure nitrogen and carbon output from grower-finisher pigs. Anim. Feed. Sci. Technol. 151: 97-110. Zervas, S. and R. T. Zijlstra. 2002. Effects of dietary protein and oathull fiber on nitrogen excretion patterns and postprandial plasma urea profiles in grower pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 80: 3238-3246.

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Figure 1. Plot the predicted values and observed values of daily fecal production (n=48), when equation 5.7 from Table 5 has been used.

Figure 2. Plot the predicted values and observed values of daily fecal N excretion (n=48), when equation 6.8 from Table 5 has been used.

Figure 3. Plot the predicted values and observed values of daily urinary N excretion (n=48), when equation 7.9 from Table 5 has been used.

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Table 1. Ingredient composition and chemical contents of the experimental rations Growing Periods Period 1 Period 2 Ration, protein-fiber H-L M-M L-H H-L M-M Ingredients (%) Corn 54.3 46.5 34.9 56.6 49.6 Rice bran 17.1 18.9 29.5 10.0 16.0 Cassava residue 0.00 10.0 16.5 10.0 16.0 Soybean meal 25.0 21.0 15.4 21.9 17.0 Limestone (CaCO3) 1.03 1.02 1.02 0.74 0.68 Vitamins mineral premix 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Di-calcium phosphate 1.72 1.75 1.76 Salt (NaCl) 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Calculated chemical content (% of DM) Crude protein 18.0 16.0 14.0 16.0 14.0 Crude fiber 4.5 5.5 6.5 6.2 7.2 Calcium 0.90 0.90 0.90 0.50 0.45 Phosphorous 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.50 0.55 Analyzed chemical content (% of DM) Crude protein 17.5 15.7 13.8 16.1 13.6 Crude fiber 4.8 5.7 6.8 5.2 6.6 Calcium 0.90 0.90 0.99 0.53 0.49 Phosphorous 0.72 0.76 0.78 0.43 0.44 Crude fat 3.83 3.92 4.02 3.83 3.55 Ash 5.90 6.23 6.88 4.43 4.52 Lysine 0.58 0.49 0.56 0.59 0.50 Methionine 0.19 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.13

L-H 42.2 25.0 20.0 11.4 0.64 0.25 0.50 12.0 8.3 0.45 0.58 11.6 7.9 0.46 0.47 4.32 4.80 0.31 0.11

H-L: high protein and low fiber concentration ration; M-M: medium protein and medium fiber concentration ration; L-H: low protein and high fiber concentration ration.

Table 2. Animal performance, feed consumption, fecal production and characteristics (n=24 for each growing period) Growing Periods Period 1 Period 2 Rations, protein-fiber H-L M-M L-H SE1 H-L M-M L-H SE1 Animal performances Average body weight (kg) 40.5 40.3 40.8 0.81 64.3 64.9 63.7 1.14 Live weight gain (kg/day) 0.62 0.03 a 0.52 b 0.50 b 0.74 a 0.68 ab 0.57 b 0.04 Feed consumption and digestibility Dry matter intake (kg DM/day) 1.16 1.17 1.16 0.00 1.89 1.90 1.91 0.04 Digestibility organic matter (%) 83 a 80 b 78 b 0.01 84 a 82 b 80 c 0.37 Fecal production (kg/day) Fresh feces 0.63 0.80 b 0.94 c 0.03 a 1.15 a 1.26 a 1.41 b 0.04 Dry matter feces 0.20 0.24 b 0.26 b 0.01 a 0.31 a 0.34 b 0.38 c 0.01 Fecal characteristics Dry matter (%) 32.6 29.0 b 27.1 b 0.71 a 26.9 27.1 27.2 0.55 Crude fiber (% of DM) 16.4 19.7 b 23.0 c 0.47 a 21.4 a 25.1 b 28.2 c 0.65 N (% of DM) 2.97 2.92 a 2.52 b 0.06 a 2.72 a 2.54 ab 2.29 b 0.08 N-NH4 (% of DM) 0.38 0.34 0.36 0.03 0.41 0.40 0.39 0.03 P (% of DM) 1.78 1.92 1.67 0.09 1.30 1.38 1.26 0.06

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pH
1

6.91

6.94

6.90

0.07

5.99

6.20

6.28

0.08

Pooled standard error. LS Means values within a row of a growing period with the same letter are not significantly different at p<0.05. H-L: high protein and low fiber concentration ration; M-M: medium protein and medium fiber concentration ration; L-H: low protein and high fiber concentration ration.

Table 3. Daily nutrient intake and excretion, nutrient excretion in percentage of intake, N intake and excretion per kg weight gain (n=24 for each growing period) Growing Periods Period 1 Period 2 Rations, protein-fiber H-L M-M L-H SE1 H-L M-M L-H SE1 Intake N (g/day) 32.4 a 29.2 b 25.6 c 0.22 48.7 a 41.5 b 35.3 c 0.21 P (g/day) 8.35 a 8.87 b 9.05 c 0.02 8.12 a 8.38 b 8.97 c 0.03 N (g/kg gain) 53.0 60.4 54.8 3.20 67.0 61.7 63.2 3.62 Excretion (g/day) Fecal N 5.97 6.82 6.37 0.23 8.39 8.58 8.67 0.29 Fecal N-NH4 0.74 0.81 0.88 0.07 1.29 1.37 1.48 0.09 Fecal P 3.44 a 4.39 b 4.23 ab 0.24 3.96 a 4.65 ab 4.75 b 0.21 Urinary N 11.5 a 9.08 b 7.14 b 0.58 17.5 a 15.3 ab 12.4 b 0.91 Urinary P 1.12 0.95 1.39 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.05 Total N 17.5 a 15.9 a 13.5 b 0.53 25.9 a 23.9 ab 21.0 b 0.89 Total P 4.56 a 5.34 b 5.62 b 0.20 3.96 a 4.65 ab 4.88 b 0.22 Excretion/intake (%) Fecal N 18.5 a 23.2 b 25.1 b 0.71 17.1 20.6 24.5 0.70 Fecal P 42.5 50.4 46.9 2.41 48.8 55.7 53.3 2.61 Urinary N 35.0 a 31.1 ab 27.7 b 1.72 36.1 37.0 34.9 2.06 Urinary P 12.8 10.3 15.3 1.43 0.00 0.00 1.46 0.53 Total N 53.5 54.3 52.8 1.67 53.1 57.7 59.4 1.97 Total P 55.2 60.7 62.2 2.18 48.8 55.7 54.7 2.73 Excretion per kg weight gain (g/kg gain) Fecal N 9.78 a 13.9 b 13.9 b 0.69 11.5 a 12.8 ab 15.5 b 0.99 Urinary N 18.6 18.6 15.0 1.46 23.9 22.9 22.1 1.71 Total N 28.4 32.5 28.9 1.89 35.5 35.7 37.6 2.36
1

Pooled standard error. LS Means values within a row of a growing period with the same letter are not significantly different at p<0.05. H-L: high protein and low fiber concentration ration; M-M: medium protein and medium fiber concentration ration; L-H: low protein and high fiber concentration ration.

Table 4. Daily fecal production, N excretion and total gaseous N losses from pigs with average weight varied from 41 to 78 kg as affected by the housing types (n=72) Methods Metabolic cages Conventional pens SE1 Fecal production (kg/day) Fresh feces 1.16 a 1.26 b 0.03 Dry feces 0.32 0.33 0.01 Urine/ waste water amount 2.72 a 20.06 b 0.27 Nitrogen excretion (g/day) Fecal N 8.18 a 8.97 b 0.18 Fecal N-NH4 1.21 a 1.50 b 0.04 Urinary/ waste water N 13.9 a 10.4 b 0.55 Urinary/ waste water N-NH4 2.79 a 7.65 b 0.33 Total N 22.0 a 19.3 b 0.54 Total N-NH4 4.00 a 9.14 b 0.33 Total gaseous N losses: 12 % of total N excretion
1

Pooled standard error. LS Means values with the same letter are not significantly different at p<0.05.

27

Table 5. Equations validation for daily fecal production and N excretion from previous literature No Equations developed by Vu et al. (2009) Bias RMSEP P Fecal production (kg/day) 5.7 Feces = 5.4056.31 diOM + 0.505 DM intake -0.03 0.02 0.15 5.8 Feces = 5.4696.20 diOM + 0.0105 BW 0.04 0.03 0.18 N in Feces (g/day) 6.8 Fecal N= 25.3733.5 diOM + 0.0163 dPROT + 4.678 DM intake -0.29 0.10 0.01 N in urine (g/day) 7.8 Urine N=20.34 + 0.133 dPROT + 0.239 BW 0.41 0.42 0.34 7.9 Urine N=28.50 + 0.143 dPROT + 13.23 DM intake -0.63 0.34 0.07
Bias: accuracy of the prediction (difference between measured and predicted values); RMSEP: residual mean square error of prediction using the test data (experimental data, n=48); P: probability of a significant difference between measured and predicted values; BW: body weight (kg); DM intake: dry matter intake (kg/day); diOM: digestibility of organic matter (coefficient); dPROT: dietary crude protein (g/kg DM).

28

HIEN TRANG VA XU HNG PHAT TRIEN CONG NGHE BIOGAS VIET NAM
Situation and development trend of biodigester in Vietnam

Dng Nguyen Khang ai hoc Nong Lam TP H Ch Minh


Summary This paper describes the history, present status, incentives and future development of biodigesters in Vietnam. According to the Statistical Book (2007), there were many kind of wastes from animal husbandry and agricultural production factories for environmental treating and biogas production. The plastic film biodigester on small farms has had good impact because of the low cost, simplicity of construction and operation. In the long run the market opportunity in the biogas program and CDM promoters would become more concentration on high density polyethylene (HDPE) biodigesters for big farms and agricultural production factories. Key words: biodigesters, design, present and future, development Tm tt Bi vit nhm tm tt lch s, hin trng, thc y v tng lai pht trin biogas Vit Nam. Theo Nin gim thng k 2007, c rt nhiu loi cht thi chn nui, cht thi nng nghip sn sinh t cc nh my ch bin nng sn cn c x l v sn xut gas. K thut ti phn lm cht t c tc ng tt n h chn nui nh l bi v r tin, xy v sa cha n gin. m ra c hi tt p cho pht trin th trng biogas lu di ng thi thit lp chng trnh C ch pht trin sch (Clean development mechanism: CDM) chng ta cn tp trung trn k thut biogas lm bng cht liu nha HDPE (high density polyethylene) cho cc trang tri chn nui ln cng nh cc nh my ch bin nng sn.

GII THIU Cng vi vic tng s lng gia sc lm tng s lng cht thi chn nui v gy nhim mi trng. Do vic t ra qun l cht thi chn nui va ngn chn tc nhn gy nhim t cht thi ny va ti to nng lng phc v sn xut ang l vn t ra cho ngnh chn nui. V vy cng ngh biogas c t ra cho ngi chn nui trong vic la chn phng n thit k thi cng mt cch hiu qu nht. Hn na, cht thi sau khi x l bng cng ngh biogas c cho thy bi nhiu bo co khoa hc l ngun dinh dng rt tt cho cy trng khi v thc vt thu sinh. Ngc li, nu cha x l, cht thi chn nui s l ni cha mm bnh ca cc loi vi khun gy bnh, cc cht hu c, cc cht cha ni-t v axit pht-pho-ric; do chng c th gy nhim ngun nc mt ln nc ngm. Nc mt nhim chy xung sng, sui hoc ao h gy hin tng lm giu cc cht dinh dng trong ngun nc. Khi phn hy s to ra m-tan v a-m-ni-c c mi hi thi ng thi gy hin tng nng ln ca ton cu. V th qun l cht thi chn nui bng cng ngh biogas lm hn ch pht thi ng thi xy dng v bn chng ch CDM l cn thit. HIN TRNG LY NHIM MM BNH T PHN VT NUI Nc b mt b nhim bn phn vt nui trc tip cho thy nguy c nhim bn ny s lan rng nhiu hn. Vt nui ny mang nhng mm bnh ca ng vt khc cng vi ngun nc b mt b nhim bn s e do n sc kho ca chng v vt nui khc. Vt nui cng c th gy nhim b mt nc trn din rng. Khi thi tit lnh, c bit l khi tri ma th nguy c ly nhim ca vi sinh vt gy bnh thng hn dng nc ng (nc tan chy) l rt cao. iu ny cng c thy mm bnh vi sinh vt c c bnh nhn v vt nui khi nhim bn trc tip nc b mt cha phn. Hn na, s nhim bn thc phm cng c tm thy khi qun l cht thi chn nui khng tt. Phn chung bn cho thc vt c th b nhim trong t do vi sinh vt thng hn

29

c cho thy bi Brackett (1999; trch dn bi Nguyn Xun Thnh, 2003). Cc bng chng nhim bn tm thy trong thc n sng, t lm tng xu hng nhim bnh. Ru b nhim phn gia sc c cha E.coli 0157:H7 (Zhao v ctv, 1993; trch dn bi Nguyn Xun Thnh, 2003). S dng phn ti bn cho cy trng cng gy ra nhng chng bnh khc thng l c lin quan n E.coli 0157:H7. Rau, c c th b nhim nc ti ly t nc thi ca nng tri chn nui (Nakshabandi v ctv, 1997, Barke v ctv, 2001; trch dn bi Nguyn Xun Thnh, 2003). Trong tng lai ngun ly nhim s rt nghim trng nu ngun nc ti sch gim cht lng v nhu cu nc ti gia tng. Nc ti nhim phn c ph bin gn y bp non ca cy linh lng gm Salmonella v E.coli 0157:H7 (Fu v ctv, 2001; trch dn bi Nguyn Xun Thnh, 2003). Nhiu ngun nc mang dch bnh c bo co t nhiu c quan khc nhau (Barvick v ctv, 2000; trch dn bi Nguyn Xun Thnh, 2003). Phn Lan, c 14 mu nc mang mm bnh c iu tra bi Miettinen v ctv (2001). Khng c bc pht bnh c lin quan trc tip n s dng phn ng vt, nhng c 3 bc pht dch gy ra bi Campylobacter c th c lin quan n phn ng vt. Campylobacter cng c tm thy 11 trong s 90 nghin cu trong vi nm trong vic lan trn dch bnh Thu in (Anderson v ctv, 1997; trch dn bi Nguyn Xun Thnh, 2003), vi trong s c th l do phn ng vt. V th theo ti liu nghin cu trn phn ngi l tc nhn thng thng i vi vic nhim bn nc ung hoc nc s dng hn l phn ng vt trn cc quc gia pht trin. Vic nhim phn v bc pht dch bnh trong thc n cng c bo co. Bc pht dch bnh trong thc n nhim phn r rng l thng xuyn hn bc pht dch bnh trong nc nhim phn. Nhiu thng k cho thy rng s lng bc pht dch bnh trong thc n cao hn nhiu. Phn Lan a ra bo co v t l gia 2 dch ny xp x 1/3 v 1/4. Thu S, s trng hp bc pht dch bnh trong thc n khong 21 ca mi 100.000. Nm 1990, phn trm dch do Salmonella xp x 10, 13, 55 Thu in, M v Anh. X L CHT THI CHN NUI HN CH LY NHIM MM BNH T PHN VT NUI S v cht lng cht thi chn nui ph thuc s n gia sc. Theo Nin gim thng k 2007, s lng n gia c cho thy trong bng 1; tng ng vi s kg cht thi c cho thy bng 2; s lng cht thi gia sc gia cm cho thy bng 3, nng sut sinh gas t cc cht thi gia sc cho thy trong bng 4. Hin trng cho thy khi lng cht thi chn nui l rt ln. Nh th tim nng cho x l v sn xut kh biogas phc v sn xut l rt ha hn. Bng cch tnh ton s b v ngun cht thi chn nui tru b v heo trn cho thy lng gas sinh ra trong ngy t cht thi trn nh sau:
Bng 1. S lng gia sc, gia cm 2007

Loi vt nui B B sa Tru D, cu Nga Heo Gia cm


Bng 2. S lng phn trong ngy ca gia sc

S lng (con) 6.720.000 98.600 2.920.000 1.770.000 103.480 26.600.000 226.000.000 Lng phn (kg/ngy) 14 2,5 S lng (tn) 40.000.000

Loi vt nui Tru, b Heo Loi vt nui Tru, b, d, nga v cu

Bng 3. S lng cht thi rn gia sc, gia cm 2007

30

Heo Gia cm
Bng 4. Nng sut kh biogas sinh ra t phn gia sc

28.000.000 10.000.000 Lng kh biogas sinh ra (m3/ tn phn) 260 - 280 561 Thnh phn mtan (% th tch) 50 - 60

Loi phn Tru, b Heo

Lng kh bigas c th thu c trong mt ngy t tru v b: (3.000.000 + 6.800.000) x 14 x 0,36 = 4.939.200 m3 gas/ ngy. (1 kg phn tru, b ym kh s sinh ra 0,036 m3 gas.) Lng kh biogas c th thu c trong 1 ngy t heo: 26.600.000 x 2,5 x 0,45 = 2.992.500 m3 gas/ngy. (1 kg phn heo ym kh s sinh ra 0,045 m3gas) Tng lng gas c th ly c: 4.939.200 + 2.992.400 = 7.931.700 m3 gas/ngy. Nh vy nu tn dng tt, ngun biogas ny c th cho ta ngun nng lng tng ng vi 1,15 x 7.931.700 = 9.121.455 lt xng/ngy. iu ny lm gim c mt lng chi ph ng k trong vic nhp khu xng du ca c nc, gim p lc cho ngnh kinh t ng thi c th ch ng c ngun nng lng. Mt khc, vic s dng nhin liu biogas cn lm gim ng k lng kh thi thot ra t ng c so vi nhin liu truyn thng; m bo cho mi trng xanh, sch. Nhiu nh khoa hc d tnh khong 100 nm na ngun nng lng ha thch t thin nhin nh du m, than s cn kit. y tht s l mt thch thc to ln i vi ton th ngnh nng lng ca th gii, trong c Vit Nam. Vy lm sao c ngun nng lng khc thay th cho ngun nng lng truyn thng l iu m nhiu nh khoa hc trn th gii quan tm nghin cu ng dng. Vit Nam l nc ang pht trin, v th cng chu nh hng mnh bi kh khn ny, nht l trong giai on hin nay. Do vic nghin cu x l cht thi va to ra ngun nng lng sch, r tin... va gii quyt nhim mi trng chn nui, gp phn gim pht thi c nu ra Do x l cht thi nng nghip to ngun nng lng ti to, gim pht thi t ra nhiu ha hn. X l cht thi chn nui bng h thng phn lm cht t to nng lng sch r tin c trin khai gn 20 nm qua ti im biogas, Trng i hc Nng Lm TP. HCM. Trin khai ng dng pht trin theo qui m chn nui v nhu cu ca trang tri. c 3 dng thit k hm x l ym kh biogas: ti nylon, hm xy KT1 ca Trung quc, ph nha HDPE. M hnh ti nylon thc hin t nhng nm 1989. n nay c trn 70.000 h thng cho c nc, pht trin nhiu nht l min ng Nam b, ni c qui m chn nui ln. c tnh s b, 1 h thng sn xut 4 m3 gas ngy th tng lng gas ca 70.000 ti biogas to ra ti 280.000 m3 gas/ngy, tng ng vi 148.000 m3 CH4 (mtan). Mt m3 mtan khi t chy to ra mt nhit lng tng ng vi 1,3 kg than ; 1,15 lt xng; 1,17 lt cn; hay 9,7 kW in. iu ny cho thy s tit kim rt ln ngun nhin liu t x l cht thi chn nui gia sc. Ngi ta ghi nhn rng nhit nng to ra t 1 lt du HFO l 40,9 MJ/lt, trong lc ca kh mtan l 35,9 MJ/m3. Nh vy 1,1 m3 mtan c th thay th 1 lt du HFO. Tuy nhin, trong thc t do hiu sut t ln hn trong l t du nn ch cn 1 m 3 mtan l thay th cho 1 lt du HFO. Hin nay, cc trang tri ln nh chn nui la chn cng ngh biogas ph nha HDPE ly gas chy my pht in cung cp cho nhu cu nng lng ti trang tri ny vi mc chi ph hon tr vn u t trong vng 1 2 nm ty theo nhu cu s dng ti a ngun nng lng ti to ny, cha tnh n vic xy dng qui trnh CDM (Clean development mechanism: C ch pht trin sch) bn tn ch gim pht thi. V d: tri heo 8.000 con, s dng 25 triu ng tin in; u t trang b h thng biogas, my pht in x l phn to biogas khong 200 triu trong vng 10 thng hon tr vn u t cho h thng ny. Thun li v kh khn chng trnh nghin cu biogas gp phi: - Thun li: C chn nui, c trang tri, c qui trnh, c k thut tt, nghin cu i theo hng pht trin tt - Kh khn: Vn u t pht trin cho cc trang tri b thiu kinh ph, nh chn nui cha

31

nm bt t li quan trng ca qui trnh x l cht thi, lut v bo v mi trng p dng cho chn nui cha thng nht Hng nghin cu ng dng sp ti: - Xy dng m hnh x l ti u nht cho trang tri chn nui, c s sn xut. - Xy dng v bn tn ch CDM. - Thit k h thng x l cht thi t cc nh my ch bin nng nghip: tinh bt sn, cn bia, nh my ch bin thy sn - Nghin cu hon thin qui trnh x l cht thi nng nghip, bo m cht lng nc thi t chun thi vo mi trng - Nghin cu hon thin qui trnh x l cht thi nng nghip bng m hnh kt hp nui trn qu, biogas, chy my pht in LA CHN CAC CONG NGHE BIOGAS PHAT TRIEN VIET NAM Ham biogas nap co nh hnh vom KT1 Trung quc

ay la loai ham c nghien cu va xay dng rong rai Trung Quoc t nam 1936, sau o nhieu ni khac cho ti nay (Nguyen Gia Luong and Nguyen Quang Khai, 2002). Vat lieu xay dng chu yeu la gach va xi mang. Ham co cau truc vng, o ben cao, gas sinh ra co ap suat cao. Nhc iem chu yeu la can phai co ky thuat vien co tay nghe cao e xay dng va bao tr, gia thanh cao (5-10 trieu ong/ham). Trong nhng nam va qua, cong nghe loai nay phat trien chu yeu la loai ham kieu KT1 va KT2 dang xay gach nap vom. The tch ham bien ong t 5 en 50 m3. Do co chng trnh phat trien c nc ngoai (Ha lan) tai tr (1-1,5 trieu/ham) nen ang c phat trien tren nhieu tnh trong ca nc.

32

Ham biogas nap noi (Indian) Xuat x t An o nam 1956. Co cau trc gon, chiem t dien tch xay dng nhng do gia thanh cao hn han cac loai ham khac nen so lng lap at khiem ton. Ngoai ra, chat lng cua nap noi cung la mot van e can quan tam nh nang ne, de r set nen ch co mot so c s thiet ke va xay dng. Tui biogas bang polyethylene (PE) nylon

Vi chi ph khoang - 1/5 gia ham xay, tui u bang polyethylene tr nen rat hap dan cho ngi s dung Viet nam. u iem cua biogas bang nylon so vi ham xay la: - Ky thuat lap at de dang, chi ph lap at thap. - Van hanh n gian, t ton chi ph van hanh. - Sa cha de dang, khong can tay nghe cao. Do gia thanh thap (tren di 2 trieu ong/tui), thi gian hoan von nhanh a lam cac nong ho va va nho co kha nang chi tra va chap nhan cong nghe tui u nylon. Nhc iem can lu y khi s dung tui u nylon la phai tranh nang va tac ong c hoc lam rach. Ham biogas phu bat nha HDPE Cac cong nghe biogas a neu ch thch hp cho cac c s san xuat, chan nuoi nho va va vi so lng chat thai t. cac c s san xuat ln, chan nuoi tap trung cong nghiep quanh thanh pho Ho Ch Minh va cac tnh phu can a s dung tui nha deo nh HDPE lam bat phu e thu biogas va x ly chat thai lam giam o nhiem moi trng. Ket qua a cho thay thanh cong cao va co nhieu trien vong cho cac trang trai vi so au gia suc ln co hang ngan gia suc, cac nha may che bien co

33

lng nc thai hang ngan khoi. Loai nha nay co tuoi tho va o ben cao (10-15 nam). Tuy au t ton kem, nhng gia thanh tnh tren n v the tch ho ga lai rat re. u va nhc iem cua ky thuat nay nh sau:

u iem: - Chi ph au t thap - Van hanh n gian - Bao tr de - D thay th sa cha - Cung cap lng gas ln cho van hanh may phat ien Khuyet iem: - au t ln - Hieu suat sinh gas kem Phng n la chn cng ngh thch hp C th tm thi chia ra vi yu t tc ng n vic la chn cng ngh thch hp cho qui m nng h, trang tri chn nui v c s sn xut: - Qui m sn xut, chn nui o Trung bnh v ln: cn nn s dng cng ngh ph nha HDPE. o Nh: s dng cng ngh hm KT1 Trung quc nu chn nui lu bn, c vn u t. Tuy nhin phi tnh n qui m pht trin sau ny. Nu kinh ph u t thp, nn s dng cng ngh ph nha HDPE qui m nh. - Nhu cu s dng o Cao: tn dng ht biogas chy my pht in, bn chng ch CDM nn s dng cng ngh ph nha HDPE. o Thp: ch s dng cho mc ch un nu, nn s dng cng ngh hm KT1 Trung quc hoc ph nha HDPE qui m nh. - Mc ch s dng o X l cht thi: nn s dng cng ngh ph nha HDPE v c th tch x l ln, kh nng x l trit hn. o Sn xut gas: nn s dng cng ngh ph nha HDPE c h thng trn lm tng hiu sut sinh gas v kh nng x l. Cng ngh kh sinh hc ang v s ng dng Thng qua cc chng trnh mc tiu quc gia nc sch v v sinh mi trng, cc

34

Trng i hc, Vin, S Khoa hc Cng ngh, S Nng nghip, Trung tm khuyn nng, Trung tm nghin cu v pht trin cng ng nng thn (VACVINA), Trung tm kh sinh hc, Hi lin hip ph n cc cng ngh thc hin qui m nh vi trn 70.000 ti nylon, 24.000 hm xy KT1, 5.000 h thng kiu ti VACVINA ci tin Tng lai cc kiu hm ny s tip tc c la chn. c bit loi hm ph nha HDPE dn dn s mang li tnh u vit cho x l cht thi qui m ln, vi vic x l cht thi nh my bia, cn, bt sn, ch bin c, rc thi TI LIU THAM KHO NGUYEN GIA LUONG AND NGUYEN QUANG KHAI, 2002. Curent types of biogas plants in Vietnam. Proc. Intl. seminar in biogas technology for rural-mountainous development and urbanareas, Hanoi, Vietnam, Jan/2002. NGUYN XUN THNH (ch bin v hiu nh), 2003. Gio trnh Cng ngh vi sinh vt trong sn xut nng nghip v x l nhim mi trng. Nh xut bn nng nghip.

35

NH GI NH HNG CA CHN NUI LN N CHT LNG NC MT TI X LAI VU HUYN KIM THNH TNH HI DNG
H Th Lam Tr, Hong Khai Dng, Cao Trng Sn Trng i hc Nng Nghip H Ni
SUMMARY ASSESSMENT OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN LAIVU COMMUNE, KIMTHANH DISTRICT, HAIDUONG PROVINCE

Ho Thi Lam Tra, Hoang Khai Dung, Cao Truong Son


In the present study, three representative farming villages were selected for access to the research topic in Laivu commune, Kimthanh district, Haiduong province, where intensive feeding of pig has been enhancing. Laivu commune is an agro-based commune which has lived by pig raising for a long time One household owned only one to several pigs to feed them by agricultural residues without any effect on environment. By the issue of the industrial developing policy of Haiduong province in 2001, however, about 2/3 of total cultivated and of Laivu commune was expropriated for construction of industrial zone. Rapid change to pig raising in a hut in Laivu commune caused pollution of environment, especially surface and groundwater. The 13 surface water samples were taken from some natural ponds, fish-ponds and canal. The surface water in Laivu commune was poluted by organic components of waste form pig breeding in household. The concentrations of BOD5, COD, NH4+, PO4- were higher than the environmental regulation of Vietnamese. However, water pollution level was different from natural ponds and fish-ponds to canal. Water quality in the natural ponds were the highest polluted. Water pollution level in Lai Vu commune has been due to pig breeding action from 2001.

1. T VN Chn nui ln trong h gia nh l m hnh rt ph bin v em li hiu qu kinh t cao trong thi gian gn y. Nh nc cng c chnh sch khuyn khch vic chn nui ln ti h gia nh nhm mc ch gii quyt lao ng nhn ri a phng, gp phn xa i gim ngho. Theo thng k s b ca Cc chn nui th c 5 h dn sng nng thn th c 3 h chn nui ln, t gn 60% trong tng s h dn sng nng thn. Trong nhng nm va qua chn nui ln pht trin vi tc tng i cao vi s u ln tng nhanh trung bnh qua giai on 2001 2006 l 6,3%. Tuy nhin bn cnh nhng tc ng tch cc v mt kinh t-x hi th vic pht trin chn nui ln mt cch nhanh chng cc vng nng thn nc ta cng li nhng tc ng tiu cc v mt mi trng, trong phi c bit quan tm ti vic suy thoi nhanh chng ngun nc ti cc khu vc chn nui ln, do nh hng ca phn thi v nc ra chung tri t cc chung tri chn nui ln thi ra. Chnh v vy vic thc hin cc nghin cu v nh gi cht lng nc mt ti cc khu vc c hot ng chn nui pht trin mnh l rt cn thit kp thi a ra cc cnh bo cng nh cc bin php qun l, ci thin v phc hi cht lng cho cc thy vc t nhin. Nghin cu ca chng ti c thc hin ti x Lai Vu, huyn Kim Thnh, tnh Hi Dng ni c hot ng chn nui ln trong cc h gia nh pht trin mnh m trong nhng nm va qua. 2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU Phng php nghin cu Phng php ly mu: Cn c vo cc iu kin t nhin, s phn b cc h chn nui ln, chng ti la chn 13 im tin hnh ly mu nc mt vo thng 2/2009. Trong chng ti tin hnh chia cc mu nc mt thnh ba nhm i tng: nhm 1 l cc mu nc mt c ly t cc ao t nhin; nhm 2 l cc mu nc c ly t knh dn nc chy xung quanh x Lai Vu v nhm 3 l cc mu nc c ly t cc ao nui c ca ngi

36

dn. Cc mu nc mt c ly su 20 cm bng dng c ly mu nc mt chuyn dng, v tr ca cc mu nc mt c ch r trong bng 1.


Bng 1. V tr ly mu nc

S TT mu M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7

Thn Quyt Tm Quyt Tm Quyt Tm Quyt Tm Quyt Tm Hp Nht Hp Nht

Ngun nc Knh Ao nui c Ao nui c Ao t nhin Ao t nhin Ao nui c Knh

S TT mu M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13

V Tr Hp Nht Hp Nht Minh Thnh Minh Thnh Minh Thnh Minh Thnh

Ngun nc Ao Knh Ao t nhin Ao t nhin Ao nui c Knh

Phng php phn tch: Cc gi tr pH, hm lng oxy ha tan (DO) c o bng my pH/DO/Metter in cc thy tinh ngay ti cc im ly mu. Cc ch tiu cn li c tin hnh phn tch ti phng th nghim Mi trng, trng i hc Nng Nghip H Ni. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5) c phn tch theo phng php nui cy trong t n nh nhit 200C trong vng 5 ngy; Nhu cu oxy ha hc (COD) c phn tch theo phng chun K2Cr2O7 vi mui Mohn. NH4+ c phn tch theo phng php Indofenol s dng my so mu UV/VIS ti bc sng 667 nm. NO3- c phn tch theo phng php Cataldo, s dng my so mu UV/VIS ti bc sng 420nm. PO43- c phn tch theo phng php Oniani, s dng my so mu UV/VIS ti bc sng 660nm. 3. KT QU NGHIN CU 3.1. Tnh hnh chn nui ln v ngun nhim ti khu vc nghin cu Hot ng chn nui ln ti h gia nh Lai Vu c m rng t nm 2001 do qu trnh thu hi t xy dng khu cng nghip tu thy Vinashin ca tnh Hi Dng. Vic t nng nghip b thu hi nh hng khng nh n sinh k ca i b phn dn c ni y, h chuyn t canh tc la sang hot ng chn nui ln vi quy m ln ti gia nh. S lng ln trn a bn x Lai Vu khng ngng tng ln trong nhng nm va qua ( th 1), iu ny lm gia tng cc p lc cho mi trng t nhin c bit l mi trng nc mt trn a bn x. Qua th 1 ta c th thy ch trong vng gn mi nm t nm 2001 n 2009 m s lng ln c chn nui ca x Lai Vu tng ln hn chc ln. Vic chn nui ln pht trin nhanh gp phn khng nh vo vic ci thin thu nhp v gii quyt cng n vic lm cho ngi dn ni y. Tuy nhin do vic pht trin chn nui din ra mt cch t pht khng theo quy hoch, s lng ln nui tng ln qu nhanh nn tc ng rt xu n v sinh mi trng trn a bn x.
con 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 N 2001 N 2005 N 2008 N 2009

14232

14988

6500 1324

th 1. S lng ln nui ca x Lai Vu qua cc nm

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Theo kt qu thng k ca U ban nhn dn x Lai Vu vo thi im chng ti tin hnh nghin cu trn a bn x c hn 50% s h trong x chn nui ln (613/1.220 h). Trong c 386 h chn nui ln vi s lng ln (trn 10 con) chim 32% tng s h trong ton x, s h gia nh nui t 10 20 con l 218 chim 56,48%, t 21 30 con l 98 h chim 25,39%, t 31 50 con l 60 h chim 15,54% v trn 50 con l 10 h chim 2,59% (Bng 2). T l s h chn nui ln cao cng vi s lng ln nui ln lin tc thi ra mt lng ln phn thi v nc thi gy p lc nng n ln mi trng, c bit l mi trng nc mt ca x Lai Vu. Bi phn ln v nc thi chung tri c cho l nhng ngun gy nhim nc mt mt cch nhanh chng. Theo A. Muder. (2003), trong phn ln c cha khong 0,3% N; 0,2% P2O5 v 0,5% K2O v trong nc tiu cha 0,4% N, 0,1% P 2O5. Da trn nh mc bnh qun 01 u ln thi ra khong 0,8 kg phn v t 1-2,5 lt nc tiu/ngy m, trn a bn x c tnh s thi ra ngoi mi trng t 9-12 tn phn/ngy m v t 15-30 m3 nc tiu/ngy m. Bn cnh do chn nui ln y pht trin mt cch t pht, thiu nhng quy hoch c th v chung tri, h thng x l nc thi, phn thi, cng vi trnh k thut hn ch v thc bo v mi trng ca ngi dn cha cao lm gia tng thm nhng tc ng xu ca vic chn nui ln n mi trng nc mt trn a bn x Lai Vu.
Bng 2. Thng k s h gia nh chn nui ln vi s lng ln ti x Lai Vu nm 2009

S ln (con/h ) 10-20 21-30 31-50 >50 Tng

Quyt Tm S h (h) 48 20 3 1 72 T l (%) 66,67 27,78 4,17 1,39 100

Hp Nht S h (h) 114 44 38 6 202 T l (%) 56,44 21,78 18,81 2,97 100

Minh Thnh S h (h) T l (%)

Ton x S h (h) 218 98 60 10 386 T l (%) 56,48 25,39 15,54 2,59 100

56 50,00 34 30,36 19 16,96 3 2,68 112 100

Theo s liu iu tra ca chng ti th hin ti ch c khong 20% lng cht thi ra t cc chung nui ln ca x Lai Vu l c x l (b biogas), cn li khong 80% lng cht thi cha c x l m thi trc tip ra mi trng. y c coi l nguyn nhn chnh lm cho cht lng nc mt trn a bn x Lai Vu b suy gim nhanh chng. 3.2. nh gi cht lng nc mt trong cc ao t nhin Nng ca cc ch tiu cht lng nc mt ti cc ao t nhin trn a bn x Lai Vu c ch trong bng 3. Theo th gi tr pH trong nc mt ca cc ao t nhin dao ng trong khong t 6,79-8,10 tc l u trng thi trung tnh. Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO) dao ng t 0,52-1,03 mg/l; Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD5) dao ng t 20,70-40,15 mg/l; Nhu cu oxy sinh ha hc (COD) dao ng trong khong 136-300 mg/l; Cc cht dinh ng nh PO 43-, NH4+ v NO3- ln lt dao ng trong cc khong t rt t n 17,76 mg/l; 0,24-0,94 mg/l v 6,39 n 22,16 mg/l.
Bng 3. Kt qu phn tch nc mt trong cc ao t nhin ca trn a bn x Lai Vu

Ch tiu pH DO BOD5 COD PO43NO3NH4+

n v

M4 7,49 0,52 35,57 248 17,76 0,59 22,16

M5 7,01 1,00 20,70 136 Rt t 0,24 6,39

M10 6,97 1,03 32,26 200 8,04 0,30 10,54

M11 8,10 0,94 40,15 300 4,21 0,94 11,12

QCVN 08 (loi A2) 6-8,5 5 6 15 0,2 5 0,2

mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

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So snh cc kt qu phn tch trong bng 3 vi cc ngng gi tr ti cho php ca cc ch tiu cht lng nc trong QCVN 08/ct A2 Cht lng nc mt m bo i sng ca cc sinh vt thy sinh ta c th i n kt lun nh sau. Hin nc mt ca cc ao t nhin trn a bn x Lai Vu u b nhim bi cc cht hu c mc nghim trong. Trong tt c cc ch tiu phn tch th ch c gi tr pH v hm lng NO 3- l tha mn QCVN 08/A2 cn li tt c cc ch tiu khc u vt qu gii hn cho php. C th BOD 5 ca 4/4 mu u vt qu QCVN t 3,5-6,7 ln; COD ca c 4 mu u cao hn ngng cho php t 9,1-20 ln; c ti 3/4 mu c hm lng PO43- vt qu QCVN t 21,1-88,8 ln; Trong kh hm lng NH 4+ ca c 4 mu nc mt trong cc ao t nhin u vt qu ngng cho php rt nhiu ln t 32-111 ln; Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO) ca tt c cc mu u rt thp v u khng t mc > = 5mg/l theo yu cu. 3.3. nh gi cht lng nc mt trong cc ao nui c Kt qu phn tch cc mu nc c ly trong cc ao nui c trn a bn x Lai Vu c chng ti chnh by trong bng 4. Theo gi tr pH nc u mc trung tnh khi dao ng trong khong t 8,0-8,5. Hm lng oxy ha tan trong nc dao ng t 1,84-5,87 mg/l; Hm lng BOD5 dao ng trong khong t 6,35-16,76 mg/l; COD bin ng trong khong t 28-88 mg/l; cc cht dinh dng PO 43-, NO3- v NH4+ ln lt dao ng t rt t n 9,62 mg/l; 0,25-0,34 mg/l v 0,04-2,83 mg/l.
Bng 4. Kt qu phn tch nc mt trong cc ao nui c ca trn a bn x Lai Vu

Ch tiu pH DO BOD5 COD PO43NO3NH4+

n v mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

M2 8,12 1,84 6,35 28 4,52 0,34 2,83

M3 8,00 3,20 8,43 48 2,70 0,34 0,05

M6 8,36 3,11 10,04 40 0,73 0,27 0,04

M8 8,50 5,87 8,26 56 Rt t 0,26 0,05

M12 8,00 3,61 16,76 88 9,62 0,25 3,31

QCVN 08:A2 6-8,5 5 6 15 0,2 5 0,2

Tng t vi cc mu nc trong cc ao t nhin th kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu cht lng nc trong cc ao nui c cng c so snh vi QCVN 08/ct A2. Theo th tt c cc mu nc trong cc ao t nui c u c hm lng BOD 5 v COD cao hn so vi QCVN 08/ct A2 ln lt t 1,1-2,8 ln v t 1,9-5,9 ln. Hm lng oxy ha tan ca hu ht cc mu nc u thp hn mc 5 mg/l theo ngng yu cu, ch c duy nht mt mu (M8) c gi tr DO = 5,87 l t mc quy nh. C ti 4/5 mu c hm lng PO 43- vt qu ngng cho php t 3,7-48,1 ln. Tuy nhin ch c 2/5 mu nc l c hm lng NH 4+ vt qu QCVN 08/ct A2 (t 14,51-16,55 ln), trong khi gi tr pH v hm lng NO 3- ca tt c 5 mu nc ao nui c u tha mn yu cu ca QCVN 08/ct A2. T nhng so snh trn ta c th thy cht lng nc mt ca cc ao nui c trn a bn x Lai Vu hin khng c tt khi c ti 5/7 ch tiu cht lng khng tha mn QCVN 08/ct A2. 3.4. nh gi cht lng nc trn knh dn nc xung quanh x Bng 5 trnh by cc kt qu phn tch ca cc ch tiu cht lng nc mt ca cc mu c ly trn knh dn nc bao quanh x Lai Vu. Gi tr pH ca cc mu nc ny dao ng t 7,0-7,58; BOD5 dao ng t 12,06-20,15 mg/l; COD dao ng t 48-100 mg/l; cc cht dinh dng nh PO43-, NO3- v NH4+ ln lt dao ng t rt t n 6,25 mg/l; 0,21-0,37 mg/l v t 0,98-6,54 mg/l. Cng ging nh cht lng nc mt trn cc ao t nhin v cc ao nui c th cht lng nc mt trn knh dn nc ca x Lai Vu cng b nhim bi cc hp cht hu c. C 4 mu nc ly trn knh u c hm lng BOD 5, COD v NH4+ vt qu ngng cho php ca QCVN 08/ct A2, c th BOD 5 vt qu t 2,0-3,4 ln; COD vt qu t 3,2-6,7 ln v NH4+ vt qu t 4,9-32,7 ln, gi tr DO ca cc mu nc cng u < 0,5 mg/l v

39

khng t yu cu quy nh, duy ch c gi tr ca pH v hm lng NO 3- ca tt c cc mu u nm di ngng quy nh trong QCVN 08/Ct A2.
Bng 5. Kt qu phn tch nc mt trn knh chy xung quanh x Lai Vu

Ch tiu pH DO BOD5 COD PO43NO3NH4+

n v mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

M1 7,27 1,60 20,15 100 Rt t 0,21 0,98

M7 7,00 1,53 12,06 48 6,25 0,37 6,54

M9 7,36 1,18 17,26 96 1,67 0,25 4,48

M13 7,58 2,46 15,96 72 Rt t 0,25 2,00

QCVN 08 A2 B1 6-8,5 5 6 15 0,2 5 0,2 5,5-9 2 25 50 0,5 15 1

i vi mu s 13 l a im m nc t knh dn nc chy vo cnh ng phc v mc ch ti, th chng ti tin hnh so snh thm vi QCVN 08/ct B1 cht lng nc thy li. Qua so snh c th thy c ti 6/7 ch tiu cht lng nc ti mu s 13 tha mn yu cu ca QCVN 08/ct B1, ch duy c ch tiu COD l khng t yu cu khi vt qu ngng cho php gn 1,5 ln. Nh vy, ngun nc t knh dn nc ny vn c th s dng lm nc thy li, tuy nhin do hm lng cc cht hu c trong nc kh cao v gn vi ngng gii hn nn chng ta cn phi tin hnh kim tra cht lng nc thng xuyn m bo cht lng nc ti nng nghip. 4. THO LUN 4.1. So snh cht lng nc mt trong cc i tng thy vc khc nhau T vic nh gi cht lng nc mt cho tng i tng thy vc ca x Lai Vu ta c th i n kt lun rng cht lng nc mt ni chung ca x Lai Vu u b nhim bi cc hp cht hu c v u khng tha mn tiu chun cht lng nc mt bo m i sng ca cc sinh vt thy sinh theo QCVN 08/ct A2. Tuy nhin mc nhim nc mt ca cc nhm i tng thy vc khc nhau l khng ging nhau. C th th cht lng nc mt ca cc ao t nhin l b nhim mc nng nht, tip l cht lng nc ca knh dn nc, v mc nhim nh nht l i vi nc mt ca cc ao nui c. iu ny c th hin r qua cc gi tr trung bnh ca nng cc ch tiu cht lng nc ca tng nhm i tng thy vc c ch ra trong th 1.
14 12 10 mg/l 8 6 4 2 0 DO PO4 Ao t nhin NO3 Ao nui c Knh NH4

250 mg/l 200 150 100 50 0 BOD COD


v

Ao t nhin

Ao nui c

Knh

th 1. So snh gi tr trung bnh cc ch tiu cht lng nc mt ca ba nhm mu nc trn a bn x Lai Vu

Vic cc ao t nhin b nhim nng nht l cc ao u nm trong khu vc dn c, gn k vi cc khu chung tri chn nui, li khng c s qun l ca ngi dn nn y l i tng phi hng chu trc tip cc ngun phn thi v nc thi t hot ng chn nui ln thi ra. l nguyn nhn lm cho hu ht cc ao t nhin trn a bn x u b suy thoi nghim trng. Tri li, i vi cc ao nui c do c ngi dn trc tip qun l nn chng khng phi hng chu cc ngun phn thi trc tip m ch b nh hng gin tip thng qua cc dng nc ma chy trn, qu trnh r r phn thi, nc thi t cc cng rnh hoc qu thm lc ngang trong t nn khi lng cc cht nhim s t hn rt nhiu. mt khc th mt lng ln cc

40

cht hu c a vo cc ao nui c c th s c cc loi c nui trong ao s dng nh mt ngun thc n v vy m hm lng cc cht hu c v cht dinh dng trong cc ao ny khng qua cao v cht lng nc trong cc ao ny l tt hn nhiu so vi cc ao t nhin. i vi knh dn nc chy quanh x Lai Vu th y cng l ni phi nhn ngun thi trc tip do khng c ngi dn qun l, tuy nhin do knh nc nm bao quanh x tc l nm cch xa cc chung tri chn nui hn cc ao t nhin nm trong khu vc dn c nn lng cht thi tip nhn ca knh nc v th cng t hn, mt khc do knh dn nc thng vi sng Lai Vu nn nc mt ca knh lun c trao i, nh phn no lm pha long cc cht nhim v lm cho mc nhim nc mt trn knh thp hn so vi nc mt cc ao t nhin. 4.2. So snh cht lng nc mt ca x Lai Vu theo thi gian lm r s thay i cht lng ngun nc mt trn a bn x Lai Vu chng ti tin hnh so snh cht lng nc mt ca x Lai Vu ti thi im chng ti tin hnh nghin cu vi cc thi im trc trn cng mt v tr v thi gian ly. s thay i ca mt s ch tiu cht lng nc mt trn knh dn nc ca x Lai Vu t nm 2005 n nm 2009 c ch ra trong bng 6. Cc kt qu ny cng trn mt v tr M 1 vi thi gian ly mu vo thng 02 nm 2005, 2008 v 2009.
Bng 6. Cht lng nc trn knh chy quanh x Lai Vu theo thi gian

Ch tiu pH DO BOD5 COD

n v mg/l mg/l mg/l

02/2005* 7,20 4,20 8,10 28

02/2008** 6,96 3,19 9,05 56

02/2009 7,27 1,60 20,15 100

* kt qu phn tch ca trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng ENTEC,2005 ** H Th Lam Tr v cc cng s, 2008.

Qua bng s liu ny ta c th thy gi tr pH ca mu nc khng c s thay i ng k v u mc trung tnh. Tuy nhin c th thy r cht lng nc ca knh qua cc nm b suy gim v cht lng mt cch r rt khi m hm lng BOD 5 v COD lin tc tng ln qua cc nm, trong khi hm lng oxy ha tan (DO) li lin tc gim. Bn cnh chng ti cng tin hnh so snh cc kt qu phn tch nc mt ca mu M3 (ly trn ao t nhin thn Quyt Tm) vo nm 2008 v 2009. Kt qu so snh c ch ra trong bng s 7.
Bng 7. Cht lng nc trn ao t nhin thn Quyt Tm theo thi gian

Ch tiu pH DO BOD5 COD PO43- - P NO3- - N

n v (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/l)

Nm 2008* 7,98 3,70 6,68 28 1,58 0,26

Nm 2009 8,00 3,20 8,43 48 2,70 0,34

* kt qu ca H Th Lam Tr v cc cng s, 2008

Qua c th thy hu ht tt c cc ch tiu cht lng nc u bin ng theo xu hng xu i, c th hm lng BOD 5, COD, PO43- v NO3- nm 2009 u cao hn nm 2008 v gi tr DO ca nm 2009 cng thp hn so vi nm 2008. Ch duy c gi tr pH l khng thay i nhiu v vn trng thi trung tnh. Nh vy th cht lng nc trong ao t nhin ca x Lai Vu cng c xu hng b nhim nng hn theo thi gian. Cc kt qu ny cng trn mt v tr M3 vi thi gian ly mu vo thng 02/ 2008 v 02/ 2009. Vic cht lng nc mt ca Lai Vu b xu i theo thi gian l do hot ng chn nui ln trn a bn x Lai Vu vn khng ngng tng trong cc nm va qua ( th 1). S gia tng ca s lng ln nui ko theo cc ngun thi cng tng ln v cht lng nc mt ca x v th m cng ngy cng xu i. 5. KT LUN V KIN NGH

41

5.1. Kt lun Hot ng chn nui ln ti gia nh trn a bn x Lai Vu khng ngng tng ln trong nhng nm va qua, mt chn nui cao v s lng ln nui ln lm pht sinh mt lng phn thi, nc ra chung tri khng l gy tc ng xu ti mi trng nc mt trn a bn x. Nc mt ca x Lai Vu b nhim bi cc hp cht hu c v cht lng nc khng m bo cho vic bo v i sng ca cc loi sinh vt thy sinh theo QCVN 08/A2, hu ht cc ch tiu BOD5, COD, DO, NH4+ v PO43- u vt qu ngng cho php nhiu ln. Mc nhim trong cc i tng thy vc khc nhau l khc nhau. Trong cc ao t nhin c mc nhim nc nghim trng nht v cht lng nc ti cc ao nui c b nhim mc nh nht. Cht lng nc mt ca x Lai Vu cng b suy gim theo thi gian, khi m gi tr ca cc ch tiu cht lng nc u tng ln qua cc nm. Nguyn nhn chnh l do lng phn thi v nc thi t hot ng chn nui tng ln theo s lng ln nui hng nm trn a bn x. 5.2. Kin ngh Vic ngun nc mt b nhim s lm nh hng rt xu n tnh hnh v sinh mi trng v sc khe ca ngi dn. Cc thy vc b nhim cng l ni cc mm bnh pht sinh v lm gia tng nguy c nhim nc ngm. V vy, cn phi c cc bin php x l, phc hi cht lng nc cho cc thy vc ny bng cch khai thng cc ao h, knh mng v tin hnh thay nc n b. ng thi gim bt s lng ln nui trn a bn x bng cch pht trin thm cc ngnh ngh mi p ng cng n vic lm cho ngi dn. Tin hnh p dng cc bin php x l phn thi, nc thi chn nui nh s dng b biogas, phn vi sinh Nhm tr li s trong sch cho mi trng nc mt trn a bn x, o m sc khe, v sinh mi trng cho ngi dn. TI LIU THAM KHO A. Muder. The guest for sustaiable nitrogen removal technologies. Wat. Sci. Technol. Vol. 48, No1, (2003), pp 67- 75 B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, QCVN 08: 2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc mt. Cc Chn nui, B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn, Thng k s lng gia sc gia cm nm 2008 Tp on Cng nghip tu thu Vit Nam Vinashin, Bo co nh gi tc ng mi trng: D n xy dng c s h tng cm cng nghip tu thu Hi Dng, 2006. H Th Lam Tr, Cao Trng Sn, Trn Th Loan: nh hng ca chn nui ln ti h gia nh ti cht lng nc mt, Tp ch NN PTNT,s 10/2008, trang 55 - 60 U ban nhn dn x Lai Vu, phng thng k x, S liu thng k nm 2008

42

KHO ST KH NNG SINH GAS V X L NC THI HEO CA H THNG BIOGAS PH NHA HDPE
Thnh Nam i hc Nng Lm TP H Ch Minh
Tm tt ti c thc hin c t thng 3 n thng 8 nm 2008, x l cho 507 heo tht c th tch l 299,8 m3 trn hm ph nha HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) ti tri heo ch Bnh T, 57 B p 4B, X Bnh M, Huyn C Chi, TP. H Ch Minh. Mu kho st c phn tch ti im biogas v Trung tm Mi trng, Trng i hc Nng lm Tp. H Ch Minh. Kt qu t c: - V x l cht thi chn nui heo: COD u ra ca nc thi qua h thng hm biogas gim 95,4 % so vi nc thi u vo. Cht rn l lng ca nc thi u ra qua h thng hm biogas gim 86,5 % so vi nc thi u vo. Vt cht kh nc thi u ra qua h thng hm biogas gim 90 % so vi nc thi u vo. pH t tiu chun c th s dng nc ny cho sn xut nng nghip v nui c. Nhit ca nc thi u ra qua hm biogas tng 1,1 % so vi nc thi u vo. - Lng gas sinh ra: Gas thc t trong h thng hm biogas ch t 59,8 % so vi lng gas l thuyt theo m t ca Burton v Turner (2003), theo cng thc V CH4 = 0,35 * (COD u vo COD u ra) * Q. Trong Q l th tch (m3) nc phn cho vo hng ngy. Nhn chung hiu qu x l nc thi chn nui heo bng h thng hm biogas t kt qu tng i tt.

Abstract
The study was carried out from March to August, 2008 at Banh Ty pig farm having 507 fattening pig, located 57B village 4B, Binh My commune, Cu chi district, Ho Chi Minh City. The volume of biodigester is 299,8 m3. Samples were analyzed at biogas station belong to Nong Lam University. The results given: - Animal waste water treating: COD of effluent has reduced 95,4% compared with the influent. Suspension Solid of effluent has reduced 86,5 % compared with the influent. Dry mater of effluent reduced 90 % compared with the influent. pH have accepted by this standard and given for agriculture/aquaculture usage. Temperature of effluent has increased 1,1 % compared with the influent. - Gas production achieved 59,8 % compared with theoretical gas described by Burton and Turner (2003) with the formulation VCH4 = 0,35 * (COD influent COD effluent) * Q (With Q is the cubic meter of influent given each day). Finally, HDPE biodigester could be treat for the manure from animal production.

T VN Trong nhng nm qua ngnh chn nui pht trin lin tc. Hng nm tng vi t l t 5 -12 % ty theo loi hnh chn nui. S pht trin chn nui cng gp phn pht trin kinh t v c bit l tng thu nhp, ci thin i sng cho ngi chn nui. Tuy nhin mt tri ca s pht trin chn nui l hng nm cc khu vc chn nui sn sinh ra trn 100 triu tn phn v s lng ln nc thi chn nui gy mt v sinh mi trng, gy mi hi thi nhim nc, t v khng kh ti cc vng ln cn ca khu vc chn nui. c bit c nhiu bnh dch xut pht t cc vng nng thn nh st xut huyt, vim no Nht Bn, cmdo virus gy thit hi ln v kinh t e do sc kho dn c nng thn. Gn y sn xut nng nghip theo hng nng tri hnh thnh v pht trin, nhiu trang tri chn nui cng gia tng, v vn mi trng tr nn quan trng. Mc tiu t ra l phi chuyn i c cu sn xut sao cho va pht trin kinh t nng tri va c th tn dng ti a ngun nguyn liu sn c a phng m khng gy nhim mi trng. T c nhiu gii php ngh x l cht thi nh phn bn cho trng trt, phn lm cht t, nui c, nui bo Tuy nhin mi gii php s ty thuc vo iu kin chn nui tng nng h, nhng vi gii php x l phn bng hm xy biogas to kh sinh hc lm cht t l c kh thi v c xy dng rng ri cc nc Chu . N khng nhng lm gim tc ng gy

43

nhim mi trng m cn to ngun nng lng phc v trong i sng sn xut nh un nu, thp sng, chy my pht in... cc tri chn nui theo qui m cng nghip, hnh thc x l cht thi c p dng ph bin l cht thi c x l qua h thng biogas. Phng php ny ch yu da vo s hot ng phn hy cc cht hu c ca vi khun trong iu kin hiu kh hay ym kh. Cc qu trnh x l ny c din ra trong cc b c thit k xy dng phc v cho vic x l nc thi. Tuy nhin hiu qu ca m hnh x l cht thi cc tri chn nui tp trung cng nh cht lng nc thi trc khi thi ra sng rch t c mc no th cha c kho st mt cch c h thng. Xut pht t thc t , chng ti tin hnh th nghim KHO ST KH NNG SINH GAS V X L NC HEO CA H THNG BIOGAS PH NHA HDPE. Mc ch-Yu cu Mc ch Kho st kh nn sinh gas v x l nc thi chn nui heo bng h thng biogas quy m ln c ph nha HDPE (High Density Polyethylene). Yu cu - Kho st kh nng sinh gas ca h thng ph nha HDPE qua cc ch tiu: Tng lng gas sinh ra, lt gas sinh ra theo th tch hm, lt gas ra theo vt cht kh, so snh hiu sut sinh gas thc t vi l thuyt. - Kho st kh nng x l cht thi chn nui heo bng h thng hm ph nha HDPE qua cc ch tiu: COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand: Nhu cu oxy ha hc), pH, nhit , cht rn l lng (Suspension Solid: Cht rn l lng), vt cht kh ca cht thi u vo v cht thi u ra. NI DUNG V PHNG PHP KHO ST Ni dung nghin cu a im v i tng kho st - a im nghin cu: ti nghin cu c thc hin tri heo ca ng Bnh T, 57B, p 4B, X Bnh M, Huyn C Chi, Tp. H Ch Minh. Phn tch mu c thc hin ti phng th nghim ca B mn Sinh l Sinh ha, Khoa Chn nui Th Y - Trng i hc Nng lm Tp. HCM. - i tng kho st: Hm biogas xy gch bo v xung quanh, b mt hm c ph nha HDPE. Nc thi chn nui heo trc khi vo hm biogas c qua hm lc ct, tng t nc thi sau hm biogas cng c i qua hm lc trc khi cht thi ny vo mi trng. Kch thc hm biogas v hm lc c trnh by bng 1, 2 v 3. Phng tin nghin cu Cu to hm biogas Hm biogas xy gch c chiu di 19 m, chiu ngang 5 m, chiu cao 3,5 m. Pha trn hm c ph nha HDPE c kch thc rng hn b mt ca hm cha kh. Tng th tch ca hm l 299,2 m3 trong th tch cha phn l 171 m3, th tch cha gas l 128,2 m3.
Bng 1. Kch thc hm v lng cht thi np vo hm mi ngy

Thng s hm Chiu ngang Chiu di Chiu cao Th tch cha nc Th tch cha gas Tng th tch hm cha Lng nc bnh qun np vo Lng phn bnh qun np vo

n v 4,5 m 19 m 3,5 m 171 m3 128,2 m3 299,2 m3 9.682 l/ngy 882,5 kg/ngy

44

Hnh 1. Hm biogas

Cu to ca hm lc Hm lc c xy btng, kch c ca mi hm c trnh by bng 2. Tng th tch ca hm l 5,4 m3, trong phn cha nc thi l 3,6 m3.
Bng 2. S liu v kch c hm lc

Thng s hm lc Chiu cao Chiu di Chiu ngang Tng th tch

n v 1,5 m 2m 1,8 m 5,4 m3

Hnh 2. H lc nc thi u vo v u ra

Thu thp mu Thi gian ly mu: lc sng sm. Mu nc thi u vo c ly h lc u vo, lc ang ra chung; mu nc thi u ra c ly h lc u ra sau biogas, cng lc ly mu u vo. Mu cha trong bnh nha 0,5 lt c ghi chp y cc thng tin. Mu u vo v u ra c ly 6 ln mu/ngy, thi gian ly mu 17 ngy lin tc. Mu c phn tch ngay sau khi a v Phng th nghim B mn Sinh l Sinh ho, Trng i hc Nng lm Tp. HCM. Phn tch mu Nhit Nhit mu nc thi u vo v u ra c o bng my o nhit hiu Thermo Orion.

45

pH pH o bng my o pH hiu Thermo Orion. Trc khi o pH mu nc, pH my c chun bng dung dch chun c gi tr pH = 7, sau o trc tip ti v tr ly mu. Nhu cu oxi ho hc (COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand) Nhu cu oxy ha hc ca mu nc c xc nh bng phng php un hon lu kn (vi mu c COD > 50 mgO2/lt) K2Cr2O7. Nng 0,0167 M. (A B) * M * 8000 Tnh kt qu: COD (mgO2/lt) = ml mu Trong : A: Th tch FAS dng nh phn mu trng B, ml. B: Th tch FAS dng nh phn mu cn xc nh, ml. M: Nng mol ca FAS. Cht rn l lng Cht rn l lng trong nc c xc nh bng phng php trc tip: Lc 50 ml mu nc qua giy lc cellulose acetate c ng knh ca l lc 0,45 m bit trc trng lng. Sau mang giy lc sy kh 1050C cho n khi trng lng giy khng i, ly giy ngui trong bnh ht m, sau em cn. Tnh kt qu: SS (mg/l) = (Ws Wd) x 1000/V Trong : Wd: Trng lng ban u ca giy lc (mg). Ws: Trng lng giy lc v mu trn giy lc sau khi sy 1050C (mg). V: Th tch mu nc em lc (ml). 1000: H s ml i ra lt. Vt cht kh (VCK) Vt cht kh nc thi c xc nh bng phng php nh sau: Cho mu nc thi vo cc, cn trng lng, sy mu 1050C n khi trng lng khng i, ly ra, cn trng lng. Tnh kt qu: VCK = ms/md x 100 Trong : md: Khi lng mu trc khi sy. ms: Khi lng mu sau khi sy. Kh gas - Tng lng gas sinh ra: Tin hnh o bng my v ti d tr. Mi ngy tin hnh o mt ln, sau 24 gi o tip. Kt qu c o 10 ngy lin tc. S dng my bom kh cng sut 100W, hiu in th 220V ht gas t hm nha HDPE cho vo ti d tr bng nylon di 30m, ng knh 1m. Tnh kt qu: Vgas = n**R2*l Trong : R: Bn knh hnh trn. l: chiu di. n: s ln o. - Lt gas sinh ra theo th tch hm: Gastth = Vgas/Vhm - Lt gas sinh ra theo vt cht kh: GasVCK = Vgas/mVCK Trong : mVCK l khi lng vt cht kh. - So snh hiu sut sinh gas thc t so vi l thuyt c tnh theo cng thc m t ca Burton v Turner (2003): VCH4 = 0,35* (CODv CODr)* Q Trong : CODv: u vo. CODr: u ra. Q: Th tch nc phn. Phng php phn tch s liu S liu c x l theo phng php thng k m t v phn tch phng sai mt nhn t trn phn mm Minitab 120 v v th bng phn mm Excel.

46

KT QU THO LUN Tnh hnh chn nui Tri heo t trn vng t cao, rng 1,2 ha. Tri gm hai dy chung, chung c thit k theo kiu hai mi, mi lp bng tole, vch chung v nn chung bng xi mng. Ging heo l ging Landrace, Yorkshire, Pietrain, Duroc, heo lai hai hoc ba mu. C cu n: n heo gm 507 con, ch yu l heo tht. Dy 1 c 307 heo, dy 2 c 200 heo. H thng nc: Ton b u s dng ngun nc ngm v dng motor bm ln bn cho heo ung v lm v sinh. Thc n: Tri s dng thc n do t ch, thc n dng bt, tng khi lng thc n mi ngy ca 507 heo l 971 kg bao gm dy 1 l 560 kg/ngy, dy 2 l 411 kg/ngy. Lng phn thi ra bnh qun mi ngy khong 882,5 kg. Lng nc ra chung bnh qun mi ngy 9683 lt. Quy trnh v sinh chung tri u mi dy chung u c h vi c thay hng tun. nh k 1 tun phun biodine trc tip ln th v st trng chung tri. Khi dch bnh xy ra nhiu th 4 ngy phun thuc 1 ln. Mng nc, phn v nc tiu c v sinh v thay mi hng ngy. Nc thi c cho qua hm biogas. Kt qu kho st s heo, din tch chung, th tch hm biogas v ng dn phn vo hm biogas c trnh by qua s 1.

Dy tri 1: - S heo ang nui: 307 con (25 45 kg). - Din tch chung: 224 m2. - Trng lng phn thi ra trung bnh 450 kg/ngy.

Dy tri 2: - S heo ang nui: 200 con (45 70 kg). - Din tch chung: 160 m2. - Trng lng phn thi ra trung bnh 432,5 kg/ngy.

- Hm biogas. - Th tch 299,2 m3. - Lng nc cha c 171 m3. - Th tch cha gas:128,2 m3. - Lng phn trung bnh 882,5 kg/ngy. - Lng nc trung bnh 9683 lt/ngy. H cha nc thi th tch 5,4 m3.Lng nc cha c 3,6
S 1. S cc thng s ca tri

Hm lc ct th tch 5,4 m3. Lng nc cha c 3,6 m3.

47

Nhit nc thi u vo v u ra
Bng 1. Nhit nc thi u vo v u ra

Ch tiu Nhit (0C) SEM n P

u vo 27,2 0,026 10 0,001

u ra 27,5 0,026 10

Bng 1 cho thy nhit u vo v u ra dao ng trong khong 27,2 n 27,5 0C (P < 0,001). Kt qu cho thy nhit u ra tng 1,1 % so vi nhit u vo l 27,2 0C. Nhit tng cao ca cht thi u ra c l do qu trnh ln men phn hy cht hu c ca vi sinh vt sinh nhit trong hm biogas ph nha HDPE. Kt qu kho st nhit nc thi u vo v u ra c khc bit so vi mt s kho st trc . Theo Trng Anh Ho (2007) khi iu tra v kh nng sinh gas v x l nc thi heo trong hm biogas ph bng nha HDPE cho thy nhit u ra l 27,8 0C, tng 2,3 % so vi nhit u vo 26,9 0C. Phm Ngc t (2008) kho st kh nng sinh gas v x l nc thi chn nui heo trong hm biogas ph nha HDPE c th tch 450,6 m 3 x l cho 1.397 heo Tri b Nguyn Th L, p 9, x Nhn Ngha, huyn Cm M, tnh ng Nai, c thi gian lu phn 7 ngy th nhit u ra l 27,6 0C; tng 1,9 % so vi nhit u vo l 27,10C. pH nc thi u vo v u ra pH biu th cho mi trng acid hay base. y l mt trong nhng yu t mi trng c nh hng ln n sinh trng pht trin ca vi sinh vt. pH mi trng nc qu cao hay qu thp u khng thun li cho i sng ca vi sinh vt do lm thay i thm thu ca mng t bo, lm ri lon qu trnh trao i mui nc gia c th ca vi sinh vt v mi trng ngoi. Ngoi ra, pH cn l ch tiu quan trng nh gi cht lng nc.
Bng 2. Tr s pH ca nc thi u vo v u ra

Ch tiu pH Min Max

u vo 6,7 6.63 6.78

u ra 7,4 7.32 7.49

Bng 2 cho thy pH nc thi u ra l 7,4 tng 9,5 % so vi pH u vo l 6,7 (P < 0,001). pH nc thi u vo v u ra dao ng trong khong 6,7 7,4. pH nc thi u ra v u vo trong kho st ca chng ti khc hn so vi nhiu tc gi. Theo Phm Ngc t (2008) ghi nhn pH nc thi u ra ca hm ph nha HDPE c thi gian lu tr 7 ngy l 7,5 tng 8,14 % so vi pH u vo l 6,9. Theo Ng K Sng (1981) pH tng giai on trong ti biogas c khc nhau giai on u pH acid do to thnh cc acid hu c hoc CO2 nhng sau cc acid hu c phn hy tip tc to nn kh sinh hc, ring CO 2 mt phn b gi li trong nc phn do cc ion Ca 2+, Mg2+ nn pH u ra tr nn tnh kim. Kt qu kho st ca chng ti c pH nc thi u ra l 7,391 t tiu chun nc dng cho nng nghip, nui c. Vt cht kh nc thi u vo v u ra Kt qu trnh by bng 3.
Bng 3. Hm lng VCK ca nc thi u vo v u ra

Ch tiu u vo u ra VCK (%) 3,02 0,3 SEM 0,03 0,01 n 10 10 P 0,001 Bng 3 cho thy hm lng VCK dao ng trong khong 0,3 - 3,02 %, cao nht v tr u vo (3,02 %) v thp nht u ra (0,3 %), gim 90 % so vi v tr u vo. S khc bit vt cht khVCK u vo v u ra rt c ngha vi P < 0,001.

48

VCK chng ti kho st t hiu qu cao hn so vi nhiu tc gi kho st. Theo ghi nhn ca San Thy v ctv (2003) ghi nhn VCK cht thi u ra l 1,55; 3,06 v 4,06, gim trung bnh 22,7 % so vi VCK ca phn heo cho vo tng ng vi thi gian lu li ca phn 10; 20 v 30 ngy vi nng phn cho vo ti biogas vt liu nylon 5 % VCK. Nguyn Trng An (2005) ghi nhn VCK trung bnh ca nc thi ra sau khi qua ti biogas gim ch cn 10 % so vi VCK ca phn cho vo v tng theo nng cht thi u ra ca ti biogas bng nylon c thi gian lu tr 10 - 20 ngy. Theo Phm Ngc t (2008) ghi nhn vi nng cho vo 3,06 % VCK phn heo, sau khi qua hm biogas ph nha HDPE c thi gian lu 7 ngy gim 90,4 % so vi VCK phn u vo. Cht rn l lng ca nc thi u vo v u ra Cht rn l lng (SS) l cc ht nh (hu c hoc v c) trong nc thi. Trong cht rn hu c chim 70 % v cht rn v c chim 30 %. Cht rn l lng c 2 dng: cht rn lng c v cht rn dng keo khng lng c. Hm lng cht rn l lng ph thuc ch yu vo lng nc s dng hng ngy, khi thi ra mi trng s lm tng c ca ngun tip nhn nc. Vi c v cht rn l lng cao lm gim kh nng truyn nh sng trong nc. V th phn hy cht rn l lng cn s dng nhiu xy, dn n lm gim xy ha tan ca nc. xc nh hm lng cht rn l lng bng cch ly mu nc hoc nc thi lc qua giy lc tiu chun, sy kh 103 105 0C n trng lng khng i v c biu th bng mg/l.
Bng 4. Hm lng cht rn l lng ca nc thi u vo v u ra

Ch tiu Cht rn l lng (mg/l) SEM n P

u vo 3746 31 10 0,001

u ra 507 16 10

Bng 4 cho thy hm lng cht rn l lng sau khi qua hm biogas gim cn 506,8 mg/l, hiu qu x l gim 86,5 % so vi u vo. Hm lng cht rn l lng dao ng trong khong 506,8 3.746 mg/l. S khc bit cht rn l lng gia u vo v u ra rt c ngha vi P < 0,001. Kt qu kho st ca chng ti khc bit so vi cc kt qu nghin cu ca mt s tc gi. Theo Nguyn Th Minh Hng (2006) kho st ghi nhn cht rn l lng u vo 1.950 mg/l v u ra c x l trong ao c l 34,4 mg/l gim 98 %. Nguyn Anh Tun (2006) cng ghi nhn cht rn l lng u vo l 1345mg/l v hm lng cht rn l lng sau khi x l qua ao lc bnh l 32,6 mg/l gim 97,6 %. Phm Ngc t (2008) ghi nhn cht rn l lng u vo l 2.910 mg/l, hm lng cht rn l lng sau hm biogas ph nha HDPE c thi gian lu 7 ngy l 1.220 mg/l, gim 58,1 %. Hm lng COD ca nc thi u vo v u ra COD l lng oxy cn thit phn hy ht cc cht hu c c trong nc khi cht hu c c trong thy vc nhiu th qu trnh phn hy chng lm tiu tn nhiu oxy ca mi trng, gy nn hin tng nhim bn thy vc.
Bng 5. Hm lng COD ca nc thi u vo v u ra

Ch tiu u vo u ra COD (mgO2/l) 20810 959 SEM 174 30 n 10 10 P 0,001 Bng 5 cho thy hm lng COD u vo l 20.810 mgO 2/l, u ra l 959 mgO 2/l; dao ng trong khang 959 20.810 mgO 2/l; hiu qu x l t 95,4%. S khc bit COD u vo v u ra rt c ngha vi P < 0,001. Kt qu kho st ca chng ti t hiu qu cao hn so vi mt s nghin cu trc . Nguyn Thnh Quc (2000) ghi nhn COD u vo l 1067 mgO2/l sau khi qua ti biogas cn 357 mgO 2/l, gim 66% so vi u vo. Nguyn Vit Lp (2000) ghi nhn vi thi gian lu 10, 20, 30 v 40 ngy nng khc nhau sau khi qua h thng ti biogas gim 73% COD so vi u vo.

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Tng t, Trn V Quc Bnh (2006) ghi nhn trn phn b COD u vo l 16.800 mgO2/l sau khi qua hm kiu KT1 Trung Quc, thi gian lu tr 20 ngy COD u ra cn 1.078 mgO2/l gim 93,6% so vi u vo. Phm Ngc t (2008) ghi nhn COD u vo l 2.752 mgO2/l sau khi qua hm biogas ph nha HDPE thi gian lu tr 5 n 7 ngy cn 1.232 mgO2/l gim 55,3% so vi u vo. Hm lng COD cht thi ca chng ti kho st gia u vo v u ra gim 95,4 %; song COD u ra vn cn cao l 958,6 mgO2/l, cha t chun thi ra mi trng. Gas sinh ra Lng gas sinh ra, lt gas sinh ra tnh theo th tch hm, lt gas sinh ra theo kg vt cht kh phn cho vo c trnh by qua bng 6.
Bng 6. Lng gas sinh ra

Ch tiu Gas SEM P Nng sut gas (lt/ngy) 66.800 0,59 0,001 Gas sinh ra theo th tch (lt gas/lt hm) 0,2232 0,00174 0,001 Gas sinh ra theo VCK (lt gas/kg VCK) 265,16 2,04 0,001 Bng 6 cho thy lng gas theo th tch ca chng ti kho st t hiu qu l 0,2232 lt gas/lt hm. t hiu qu thp hn kt qu kho st ca Nguyn Trng An (2005) ghi nhn lng gas sinh ra tng theo th tch l 0,93 v 1,02 lt gas/lt ti vi thi gian lu li ca phn 10 v 20 ngy vi nng vt cht kh phn heo cho vo l 4%. Bn cnh Trn V Quc Bnh (2006) kho st ghi nhn t phn b hm kiu KT1 Trung Quc cho kt qu 0,3 lt gas/ lt hm. Kt qu biogas sinh ra theo vt cht kh ca chng ti kho st l 265,16 lt gas/kg VCK. t hiu qu cao so vi kho st ca Nguyn Trng An (2005) ghi nhn lng gas sinh ra theo vt cht kh l 248 v 259 lt/kg VCK ng vi thi gian lu li 10 v 20 ngy v nng vt cht kh phn heo cho vo 4 %. Nguyn Th Thu Minh (2006) nng vt cht kh phn b cho vo 4 % th lng gas sinh ra thp nht 81 lt gas/ kg VCK. Trn V Quc Bnh (2006) ghi nhn t phn b qua hm kiu KT1 Trung Quc lng gas theo vt cht kh l 101lt gas/kg VCK. Gas l thuyt v gas thc t Lng biogas l thuyt theo m t ca Burton v Turner (2003) l V CH4 = 0,35 * (CODu vo CODu ra) * Q Trong : Q l lng nc phn cho vo mi ngy. Gas thc t l kt qu qu trnh ln men ca vi sinh vt sinh kh methan v nhiu loi kh khc m ta thu c t hm biogas.
Bng 7. So snh gas l thuyt v gas thc t

Ch tiu Gas (m3/ngy) SEM N P

L thuyt 111,7 0,88 10 0,001

Thc t 66,8 0,59 10

Bng 7 cho thy kt qu gas thc t thu c l thp 66,8 m 3/ngy, ch t 59,8 % so vi lng gas l thuyt (P < 0,001). Kt qu kho st ca chng ti t hiu qu thp hn so vi Trn V Quc Bnh (2006) khi kho st t phn b qua hm kiu KT1 Trung Quc cho thy gas l thuyt l 2.227 lt/ngy v gas thc t thu c l 1.524 lt/ngy, t 68,4 % so vi gas l thuyt. Theo Lng c Phm (2002) th hiu sut phn hy k kh cc cht hu c cha trong nc thi c th t 40 60 % COD.

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KT LUN V NGH Kt lun - COD u ra ca nc thi gim 95,4 % so vi nc thi u vo. - pH t tiu chun s dng nc cho sn xut nng nghip v nui c. - Nhit nc thi u ra tng 1,1 % so vi nc thi u vo. - Cht rn l lng nc thi u ra gim 86,5 % so vi nc thi u vo. - Vt cht kh nc thi u ra gim 90 % so vi nc thi u vo. - Gas theo th tch ca chng ti kho st t hiu qu l 0,223 lt gas/ lt hm. - Gas theo vt cht kh l 265,16 lt gas/kg VCK. - Gas thc t trong h thng hm biogas ch t 66.800 lt gas/ngy chim 59,8 % so vi lng gas l thuyt theo m t ca Burton v Turner (2003). Nhn chung hiu qu x l nc thi chn nui heo bng h thng hm biogas t kt qu tng i tt. ngh Da vo kt qu chng ti nhn thy, m hnh x l cht thi chn nui heo bng h thng hm biogas v kt qu sinh gas l m hnh mang li hiu qu kinh t thit thc v gas v v tnh bn vng v x l mi trng. Nu tri c iu kin v din tch nn thit k h thng ny vi ao nui c hay ao lc bnh, kt qu x l nc thi s t cao hn. TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Nguyn Trng An (2005). nh hng thi gian lu li ca phn v cht thi Biogas ln 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
kh nng sinh gas ca ti phn lm cht t . Lun vn tt nghip khoa Chn Nui Th Y. Trng i Hc Nng Lm Tp. H Ch Minh. Trn V Quc Bnh (2006). nh hng nng phn b ln kh nng sinh gas ca hm KT1 Trung Quc. Lun vn tt nghip B mn Cng ngh sinh hc. Trng i Hc Nng Lm Tp. H Ch Minh. Nguyn Th Minh Hng (2006). Kho st hin trng cht lng nc thi tri chn nui heo ca nng trng C . Thnh Ph Cn Th. ti thc s. Trng i hc Cn Th. Nguyn Vit Lp (2001). nh hng ca s lng v thi gian lu li ca phn trn kh nng sinh gas ca h thng biogas th nghim. Lun vn tt nghip Khoa Chn nui th y. Trng i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh. Nguyn Th Hoa L (2005). Mt s vn lin quan n vic x l cht thi chn nui, l m. Tp ch khoa hc k thut Th y, tp XII (2). Lng c Phm (2002). Cng ngh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc, Nh xut bn gio dc H Ni. Ng K Sng (1981). Sn xut v s dng kh sinh vt . Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni. Phm Ngc t (2008). Kho st cc ch tiu cht lng nc thi tri chn nui heo qua h thng biogas v hm lc. Lun vn tt nghip Khoa Chn nui th y. Trng i hc Nng Lm TP. H Ch Minh. Nguyn Anh Tun (2006). nh gi hin trng cht lng nc thi tri chn nui Vnh Khnh, tnh An Giang vi m hnh x l cht thi chung heo-ao nui c-ao lc bnh . ti thc s. i hc Cn Th.

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ANH HNG CUA CH PHM OPENAMIX - LSC TRN KHA NNG X LY CHT THAI CHN NUI
Trn Thanh Nh ai hoc Nong Lam TP H Ch Minh
TOM TT tai tin hanh 2 thi nghim. Thi nghim th nht kim tra phng phap u him khi qui m nho trong cac tui cha 50 kg c b tri theo kiu khi hoan toan ngu nhin mt yu t. Thi nghim th hai kim tra phng phap u hiu khi qui m ln trong cac khi phn 1 tn c b tri theo kiu hoan toan ngu nhin mt yu t. Yu t trong thi nghim th nht la cac mc khac nhau cua nng Openamix - LSC 0,9; 1,8; 3,6; 7,2 va 14,4 lit/tn phn heo ti co ham lng vt cht kh la 33%. Yu t trong thi nghim th hai la cac mc khac nhau cua nng Openamix LSC 1,5; 3,0; 5,25 va 6 lit/tn phn heo ti co ham lng vt cht kh la 33%. Thi gian khao sat t thang 8 nm 2005 n thang 12 nm 2005 tai Trai Heo San Miguel Pure Foods Vit Nam thuc huyn Bn Cat tinh Binh Dng. Kt qua thi nghim cho thy b sung ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC giup han ch tht thoat amoniac, i vi u him khi ham lng amoniac trung binh tng nhe theo nng b sung Openamix - LSC la 347 so vi 319 mg/100g phn cua l khng b sung, i vi u hiu khi ham lng amoniac trung binh giam nhe theo nng b sung Openamix - LSC la 173 so vi 203 mg/100g phn cua l khng b sung. Ngc lai, ham lng am tng s giam nhe trong u him khi la 1,2 so vi 1,51% l khng b sung; tng nhe trong u hiu khi la 1,35 so vi 1,22% l khng b sung. Tng t, b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC a lam tng ham lng phospho va kali tng s trong phn u; trong o u hiu khi tng nhiu hn so vi u him khi. B sung ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC a lam tng pH hoat ng va pH trao i trong phn u hiu khi nhng khng lam tng pH trong phn u him khi. i vi u hiu khi pH hoat ng trung binh tng nhe theo nng b sung Openamix - LSC la 7,29 so vi 7,28 cua l khng b sung, pH trao i trung binh tng nhiu theo nng b sung Openamix - LSC la 7,13 so vi 7,06 cua l khng b sung. Ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC rt co hiu qua trong vic nng cao ham lng cht khoang trong khi u. Phng phap u hiu khi lam phn mau hoai, co thi gian u trong vong 28 ngay ngn hn nhiu so vi u him khi.

T VN Nganh chn nui nc ta co ngun gc lu i va gop phn quan trong cho s phat trin nn kinh t trong vic ap ng nhu cu lng thc thc phm cua ca nc. Trong s phat trin nh th, am bao ngun thc phm cung cp cho nhu cu tiu thu cua ngi dn, nganh chn nui a khng ngng phat trin qua cac k hoach ngn va dai han. Cu th, chung ta a chuyn t mt nganh chn nui lac hu, th s, phat trin rai rac theo tng h gia inh thanh nn chn nui cng nghip co qui m ln, ky thut chn nui tin b mang tinh san xut hang hoa cao. Song song vi cac mt tich cc trn thi nganh chn nui cung a anh hng tiu cc khng nho n i sng va sc khoe cua ngi dn, trong o vn dich bnh cua gia suc gia cm ly lan sang con ngi, vn cht thai chn nui gy nhim trn din rng a lam cho chung ta phai suy nghi x ly va ngn chn anh hng v tac ng gy nhim mi trng cua chung. Chung ta a thy, chn nui tp trung khng nhng lam tng mui hi thi trong khu vc ma con gy anh hng nng n v v sinh thu y, v sinh ngun nc thai, ngun nc ngm cho cng ng (Hi nghi Mi trng khu vc phia Nam, 2000). a co nhiu giai phap nghi x ly cht thai nay gm cac ky thut nh u phn bon cho trng trot, u phn lam cht t, nui ca, nui beo... Tuy nhin mi giai phap se tuy thuc vao iu kin chn nui nng h. Vi nhng nng h chn nui tp trung, lng phn sinh ra la rt ln. Vi th lam th nao x ly phn nhanh, at tiu chun phn bon va v sinh thu y la rt cn thit cho vic giai quyt nhim mi trng cho cng ng khu vc. Do o nghin cu cac ch phm thm vao nhm tng cng kha nng x ly phn va rut ngn thi gian u va thoa man cac yu cu trn la rt cn thit. Cac nghin cu ng dung lin quan n vn nay hin nay con rt it, hn na hiu qua x ly cua

52

cac ch phm nh th nao cha c bit n. tra li cho nhng thc mc trn, chung ti tin hanh th nghim ch phm Openamix - LSC trn kha nng x ly cht thai chn nui vi tai Anh hng cua ch phm Openamix - LSC trn kha nng x ly cht thai chn nui. Muc ich Xem anh hng cua nng ch phm Openamix - LSC khi pha trn vi cht thai chn nui trn kha nng x ly no lam phn bon cho cy trng. Yu cu Khao sat cac chi tiu lin quan n: + Cht lng phn c x ly lam phn bon cho cy trng nh: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, pH, vt cht kh va mun. + Chi tiu v sinh phn bon: COD, tng s vi khun hiu khi, E. coli, coliform. VT LIU VA PHNG PHAP THI NGHIM Thi gian thi nghim Thi nghim c tin hanh tai Trai heo San Miguel Pure Foods Vit Nam thuc huyn Bn Cat tinh Binh Dng, mu xet nghim c phn tich tai Trung tm Cng Ngh Quan ly Mi Trng va Tai Nguyn, i hc Nm TP. HCM. Vt liu Ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC. Phn heo ti ly t Trai Heo San Miguel Pure Foods Vit Nam - Huyn Bn Cat, tinh Binh Dng. Thit bi phn tich cac chi tiu ly hoa: pH k, tu sy, cn in t 4 s, b chung ct am, may so mau, may quang k ngon la, chun EDTA, tu hut, binh tam giac, pipet, nhit k loai 1000C. Php thi nghim Qui trinh u san xut phn bon co th tom tt theo s sau:

Phn heo Hn hp ch phm

Trn u va

Cht n

Qua trinh ln men vi sinh vt Phn hu c


Cht n c dung trong thi nghim la vo u vi ty l la 30%. Thi nghim c b tri qua hai phng phap u him khi va hiu khi. B tri thi nghim Phng phap u him khi Thi nghim c b tri theo kiu khi hoan toan ngu nhin RCBD mt yu t vi 6 nghim thc, 4 khi tng ng vi 4 ln lp lai. S b tri thi nghim Ln lp lai (khi) Nghim thc 1 C OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4 OP5 2 OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4 OP5 DC 3 OP2 OP3 OP4 OP5 DC OP1

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OP3

OP4

OP5

DC

OP1

OP2

C: Khng dung ch phm OP1: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 0,9 lit/tn phn OP2: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 1,8 lit/tn phn OP3: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 3,6 lit/tn phn OP4: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 7,2 lit/tn phn OP5: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 14,4 lit/tn phn Phng phap u hiu khi B tri thi nghim theo kiu hoan toan ngu nhin 1 yu t vi 1 nghim thc va mi nghim thc ng vi mt nng Openamix khac nhau. C: i chng, khng dung ch phm Openamix OP1: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 1,5 lit/tn phn OP2: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 3 lit/tn phn OP3: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 5,25 lit/tn phn OP4: B sung ch phm Openamix nng 6 lit/tn phn Cac chi tiu theo doi anh gia cam quan - Mui: dung phiu anh gia ghi nhn y kin cua 20 ngi. Mi ngi ngi tt ca cac nghim thc, sau o anh gia xp hang theo mc mui va in vao phiu. Ngi anh gia khng c phep trao i y kin vi nhau nhm am bao tinh khach quan. - Mau sc: theo doi hang ngay. - ti xp: anh gia ti xp bng phng phap tip xuc trc tip bng tay. Chi tiu ly - hoa - Nhit o hang ngay bng nhit k. - Vt cht kh o bng microwave. - pH theo doi bng pH k gm: + pH hoat ng: ti l phn/nc la 1/25. + pH trao i: ti l phn/dung dich KCl 1 N la 1/25 - Amoniac (mg/100 g), nit tng (%), phospho tng (%) kali tng (%) o bng phng phap Kjeldahl. - Ca va Mg c o bng phng phap chun EDTA. - E. coli, Coliform, tng s vi khun hiu khi bng phng phap m khun lac, MPN. Phng phap x ly s liu S liu c x ly bng phn mm Excel va Minitab 13.31. KT QUA VA THAO LUN ANH GIA CAM QUAN Mui Mui la mt trong nhng chi tiu anh gia qua trinh u. Tuy anh gia bng phng phap cam quan nhng c ghi nhn bi nhiu ngi do o kt qua cung phan anh kha chinh xac tin trinh mt mui trong ng u. + i vi u him khi Kha nng mt mui tng i chm do qui trinh u him khi. Kt qua khao sat cho thy tin trinh cac thi im c ghi nhn nh sau: - Hn hp phn u vao ngay u u tin co mui hi tng t nh phn gia suc thai ra. - Ngay th 7: tt ca cac nghim thc co mui giam nhe ang k. Nguyn nhn do trn vo u vao phn a lam tng kha nng hp phu mui, tng xp cua ong u giup tng qua trinh phn huy cua vi sinh vt, hn na vic cung cp ch phm Openamix - LSC co th h tr thm tac dung cua vo u trong ong u nn giup giam mui nhanh. Tuy nhin khi so sanh gia cac nghim thc vi nhau, chung ti kho phn bit mc giam mui cua chung. - Ngay th 14: mui cua cac nghim thc rt nhe, tuy nhin khng th phn bit c mui cua nghim thc nao giam nhiu nht. Ring nghim thc co nng 1,8 lit va 7,2 lit co hin tng cng phong va co mui nng sc. iu nay co le do qua trinh ln men manh a tao ra lng ln khi va hi nc.

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- Ngay th 21: cac nghim thc khng con mui cua phn na. + i vi u hiu khi Do qui trinh u hiu khi nn kha nng mt mui tng i nhanh hn. Kt qua khao sat cho thy tin trinh cac thi im nh sau: - Hn hp phn u vao co mui hi tng t nh phn gia suc thai ra. - Ngay th 2: toan b cac nghim thc co mui nhe giam mui mt cach ang k. Tng t phng phap u him khi, bng anh gia cam quan, kho co th phn bit s giam mui mc nao gia cac nghim thc vi nhau. - Ngay th 7: cac nghim thc co mui rt nhe. - Ngay th 12: cac nghim thc khng con mui phn na. So vi u him khi thi u hiu khi a giam mui nhanh hn. Nguyn nhn la do khi u khi lng phn ln d dang tao nhit cao trong phn u hn, ng thi iu kin u hiu khi giup vi sinh vt ln men lam giam mui nhanh. Mau sc va xp + i vi u him khi
Bang 1. Thay i mau sc cua phn u him khi theo thi gian

Ngay th 1 7 14 21

Mau sc va xp cac nghim thc (lit Openamix-LSC/tn phn) C OP1 OP2 OP3 OP4 OP5 Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam sm Nu Nu Nu sm Nu Nu Nu xam sm, Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam Nu xam trn mt co nm sm, co it sm, nm sm, nm sm, co it sm, rt it nc trng nm mc trung binh nhiu nm nm Nu sm Nu nhat Nu nhat Nu sm Nu xam Nu xam

Chi sau 7 ngay phn co mau nu, iu o chng to vi sinh vt a phat trin manh lam i mau phn nhanh so vi u vao. San phm sau khi u tr thanh bun deo, nen lai co dich chay ra, y la hn hp dinh dng, cht kich thich tng trng cy trng rt tt. + i vi u hiu khi Sau 7 ngay phn tr nn xp va co mau xam trng iu o chng to rng phn u co s hoat ng cua cac loai nm mc. Thi gian cang lu phn cang ti xp hn. So vi u him khi thi phn u hiu khi ti xp hn, giam m hn, thi gian u hiu khi ngn hn so vi u him khi.
Bang 2. Thay i mau sc cua phn u hiu khi theo thi gian

Ngay th 0 7 14

Mau sc va xp cua cac nghim thc (lit Openamix-LSC/tn phn) 0 1,5 3 5,25 6 Xam, m cao Xam, m cao Xam, m cao Xam, m cao Xam, m cao Xam nu Xam nu Xam trng, it mc Xam trng, it mc Xam trng, it trng trng mc trng Xam trng, it Xam trng, mc Xam trng, mc rt Xam trng, mc Xam trng, mc mc trng trung binh nhiu nhiu nhiu

CHI TIU LY - HOA pH, nhit va vt cht kh cua phn u + i vi u him khi Thay i pH cua phn u him khi theo nng Openamix - LSC va thi gian c trinh bay bang 3 va 4.
Bang 3. Thay i pH cua phn u him khi theo nng Openamix - LSC

Chi tiu pHnc pH KCl

0 6,93 6,98

Nng Openamix - LSC (lit /tn) 0,9 1,8 3,6 7,2 6,83 6,85 6,61 6,66 6,86 6,72 6,57 6,53

14,4 6,64 6,61

P 0,181 0,372

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Bang 4. Thay i pH cua phn u him khi theo thi gian

Thi gian (ngay) P 0 7 21 42 pHnc 6,84 6,81 6,65 6,71 0,374 pH KCl 6,7 6,7 6,84 6,61 0,698 pH hoat ng (pHnc) la pH do ion H+ trong dung dich phn hu c. Qua bang 3 va 4 cho ta thy nng Openamix - LSC thm vao cang ln thi pH cang giam. So vi l i chng pH la 6,93 thi l u vi Openamix - LSC nng cao 14,4 lit thi pH la 6,64. Theo thi gian thi pH cung giam dn, ngay u pH la 6,84; sau 42 ngay thi pH la 6,71. Kt lun cui cung a cho thy, pH hoat ng giam dn theo nng va theo thi gian trong trng hp ng phn c u him khi. Khac bit v pH hoat ng gia cac nng Openamix - LSC, khoang thi gian u khng co y nghia v mt thng k (P>0,05). Nguyn nhn la do qua trinh u him khi, vi sinh vt ln men tao ra cac acid hu c nh acid lactic, acid acetic va acid v c nh acid sulfic a lam cho pH giam xung. S chnh lch ham lng acid hu c gia hai phng phap u la nguyn nhn lam giam i pH hoat ng trong phn u him khi so vi phn u hiu khi. pH trao i (pHKCl) la pH do ion H+ va Al3+ trong dung dich phn hu c. Da vao bang 3 va 4 ta thy nng Openamix - LSC thm vao cang ln thi pH cang giam. So vi l i chng pH la 6,98 thi l u vi Openamix - LSC nng cao 14,4 lit thi pH la 6,61. Theo thi gian thi pH cung giam dn, ngay u pH la 6,7; sau 42 ngay thi pH la 6,61. S khac bit v pH trao i (pHKCl) gia cac nng Openamix - LSC va trong sut qua trinh u khng co y nghia v mt thng k hoc (P>0,05). Kt qua cho thy, pH trao i cung giam dn theo nng va theo thi gian trong trng hp phn c u him khi. Ro rang pH giam la do qua trinh u tao ra acid hu c va ion Al3+ trong phn u. + i vi u hiu khi Thay i pH, nhit va vt cht kh cua phn u hiu khi theo nng Openamix LSC va thi gian c trinh bay bang 5 va 6. Chi tiu
Bang 5. pH, nhit va vt cht kh phn u theo nng Openamix - LSC

Chi tiu pHnc pHKCl Nhit (0C) VCK (%) Chi tiu pHnc pHKCl Nhit (0C) VCK (%)

0 7,28 7,06 47,5 41,5 0 6,84a 6,71a 42,9a 33,0a

Nng Openamix LSC (lit /tn) 1,5 3 5,25 7,25 7,29 7,28 7,09 7,10 7,09 50,1 50,2 53,0 43,0 45,0 48,8 Thi gian (ngay) 7 14 bc 7,27 7,43cd b 7,19 7,25b a 47,6 53,4b b 44,8 49,0bc 28 7,58d 7,25b 44,8a 52,4c

6 7,29 7,13 50,2 45,8 P 0,001 0,001 0,001 0,001

P 0,97 0,97 0,18 0,82

Bang 6. Thay i pH, nhit va vt cht kh phn u hiu khi theo thi gian

Qua bang 5 va 6 cho ta thy nng Openamix LSC thm vao cang ln thi pH, nhit va vt cht kh cang tng, khac vi u him khi. So vi l i chng pH la 7,28 thi l u vi Openamix - LSC nng cao 6 lit cho 1 tn phn thi pH tng tng ng la 7,29. Trong luc o, theo thi gian thi pH lai tng ang k, ngay u pH la 6,84; sau 28 ngay thi pH la 7,58. Ro rang, khi u phn hiu khi, pH hoat ng tng chm theo nng va nhanh dn theo thi gian. Khac bit v pH hoat ng gia cac nng Openamix - LSC la khng co y nghia sinh hoc (P>0,05), ngc lai pH hoat ng khac bit theo thi gian u la rt co y nghia v mt thng k (P<0,001). Kt qua thi nghim cua chung ti phu hp vi nhn inh cua Bui Xun An (2004), tac gia thy rng khi u hiu khi lam nhit phn tng nhanh, s phn huy bi vi sinh vt nhanh chuyn hoa cac acid hu c thanh cac san phm phn huy cui cung la amoniac va cac cht hu c khac, vi th pH se tng nhanh so vi phng phap u him khi. i vi pH trao i (pHKCl), bang 5 va 6 cho thy pH gia tng theo s gia tng nng va theo thi gian u ro rt. Nh vy vic b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC trong phn u hiu khi se giup pH tng ln, gop phn cai tao t, thich hp cho cy trng sinh trng va phat trin.

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So vi u him khi thi u hiu khi tt hn, a lam tng nhanh pH trong phn u, t o giup rut ngn thi gian u. i vi nhit va vt cht kh cua phn u, bang 5 va 6 cho thy l i chng nhit la 47,5 thi l u vi Openamix - LSC nng 5,25 lit cho 1 tn phn thi nhit tng la 53 0C. Trong luc o, theo thi gian thi nhit tng ang k t 0 n 14 ngay, sau o giam xung 28 ngay ln lt la 42,9; 53,4 va 44,8 0C. Ham lng vt cht kh tng dn theo nng Openamix - LSC (P>0,05) va thi gian u (P<0,001). Anh hng cua nng Openamix - LSC n ham lng amoniac, nit, phospho va kali tng s cua phn u + i vi u him khi Kt qu c trinh bay bang 7 va 8.
Bang 7. Thanh phn dinh dng phn u him khi theo nng Openamix - LSC

Chi tiu Amoniac (mg/100g) Nit tng (%) Phospho tng (%) Kali tng (%) Chi tiu

0 319 1,51a 2,29ab 0,32a 0 263a 1,35 1,92a 0,36a

Nng Openamix - LSC (lit /tn) 0,9 1,8 3,6 7,2 329 347 327 304 1,34ab 1,36ab 1,22b 1,2b 1,83a 2,61b 2,47b 1,81a b ab ab 0,49 0,41 0,38 0,53b Thi gian (ngay) 7 21 359b 314ab 1,26 1,39 2,25ab 2,25ab 0,43ab 0,5b

14,4 327 1,43ab 2,4b 0,54b 42 366b 1,37 2,52b 0,48b

P 0,67 0,02 0,001 0,01 P

Bang 8. Thanh phn cua phn u him khi theo thi gian

Amoniac (mg/100g) 0,001 Nit tng (%) 0,39 Phospho tng (%) 0,01 Kali tng (%) 0,01 Amoniac Bang 7 cho thy ham lng amoniac it bin i theo s gia tng nng Openamix LSC. Ham lng amoniac at cao nht nng s dung Openamix - LSC 1,8 lit/ tn phn la 347,05 mg/100g, va ham lng amoniac thp hn nghim thc khng thm Openamix - LSC la 319 mg/100g. Trong khi o ham lng amoniac tng ln ang k theo thi gian u, ngay u tin trc khi u ham lng amoniac trong phn la 263,17 mg/100g, sau 42 ngay a tng ln la 366 mg/100g (bang 8). Qua phn tich thng k, khac bit ham lng amoniac gia cac nng Openamix b sung trong tng khi u la khng co y nghia (P>0,05), trong luc o theo thi gian thi s khac bit nay rt co y nghia v mt thng k sinh hoc (P<0,001) gia ngay u va 42 ngay sau khi u phn. Nh vy vic b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC chi lam tng nhe ham lng amoniac trong phn u, tuy nhin kt qua a cho thy khi u phn co hoc khng co b sung Openamix - LSC thi ham lng amoniac tng rt cao. Amoniac la thanh phn am ma cy trng co th s dung c, chung rt d bay hi, mt phn se chuyn thanh dang am nitrate cy trng s dung c. Nit tng s Bang 7 cho thy ham lng nit tng s giam dn khi b sung ch phm Openamix LSC. Mc giam dao ng ln xung tuy theo tng mc b sung ch phm, thp nht nng b sung 7,2 lit/tn phn la 1,2%, nhng sau o lai tng ln nng b sung 14,4 lit/tn phn la 1,43%. S dao ng nay co th la do qua trinh u him khi khi thi tit thay i nong lanh a lam cho ng phn u bc hi nhiu hay it se rt co th anh hng n ham lng nit tng s trong thi im ly mu. Tuy nhin ham lng nit tng s giam khng ang k so vi l i chng (1,51%) a cho thy hiu qua cua ch phm Openamix - LSC trong vic lu gi chi tiu cn thit nay trong phn bon cho cy trng. iu nay c chng minh ro hn bang 8 khi ham lng nit tng s khng giam theo thi gian u. Phospho tng s Bang 7 cho thy ham lng phospho tng s giam manh nng 0,9 lit va 7,2 lit ln lt la 1,83 va 1,81%; nhng tng cao nng 1,8 lit la 2,61%. Sai khac nay rt co y nghia thng k (P<0,001). Trong luc o, theo thi gian u thi ham lng phospho lai tng ln ro rt

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(P<0,01). Ham lng phospho tng s tng t 1,92% ngay u trc khi u ln n 2,52% ngay 42 sau khi u. Kali tng s Kt qua bang 7 cho thy ham lng kali tng s tng theo s gia tng nng Openamix - LSC (P<0,01) va cung tng theo thi gian sau khi u (P<0,01). Nh vy vic b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC a lam tng ham lng kali tng s trong phn u. + i vi u hiu khi Bin i ham lng amoniac, nit, phospho va kali tng s cua phn u hiu khi theo nng Openamix - LSC va thi gian c trinh bay bang 9 va 10.
Bang 9. Thanh phn dinh dng phn u hiu khi theo nng Openamix - LSC

Chi tiu Amoniac (mg/100g) Nit tng (%) Phospho tng (%) Kali tng (%) Chi tiu

0 203ab 1,22 2,52 0,41a 0 263a 1,34a 1,96a 0,34a

Nng Openamix - LSC (lit /tn) 1,5 3 5,25 210a 1,35 2,91 0,57ab 177ab 1,31 2,96 0,55ab 167bc 1,27 2,30 0,68b 28 132c 1,37 3,11b 0,67b

6 173bc 1,35 2,59 0,59ab P

P 0,01 0,41 0,10 0,05

Bang 10. Thanh phn dinh dng cua phn u hiu khi theo thi gian

Amoniac (mg/100g) 0,001 Nit tng (%) 0,06 Phospho tng (%) 0,001 Kali tng (%) 0,001 Amoniac Kt qua bang 9 cho thy ham lng amoniac tng ln nng 1,5 lit; nhng giam dn nng 3 lit va nhiu hn nng 5,25 lit. Khac bit nay kha co y nghia v mt thng k (P<0,01). Kt qua cung a cho thy khi u hiu khi hoat ng ln men tng, nhit cao, lam cho amoniac bc hi dn dn theo thi gian (bang 10). Khac bit nay kha co y nghia v mt thng k (P<0,001). iu nay phu hp vi nhn inh cua Nguyn Thi Hoa Ly (1994) cho rng khi u hiu khi se lam tht lng ln amoniac, do qua trinh sinh nhit trong phn u. Nit tng s Bang 9 cho thy ham lng nit tng s tng theo s b sung nng Openamix - LSC trong phn u (P>0,05). Theo thi gian, ham lng nit tng s tng ln t 7 n 28 ngay (P>0,05). iu nay chng to vi iu kin u tt a tranh c s tht thoat nit trong phn u. S gia tng co th do phn huy manh cht hu c nhng lng tht thoat nit thp. Hn na, s gia tng y co th la do s hin din cua cac vi sinh vt c inh am ma phn ln chung chi sng trong iu kin hiu khi. Nh vy b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC a lam tng ham lng nit tng s rt tt cho cy trng. Phospho tng s Bang 9 cho thy ham lng phospho tng s tng ln theo s tng nng Openamix LSC va theo thi gian u. Tuy nhin s tng ham lng phospho tng s bin thin khng u khi b sung cac nng Openamix - LSC. Nh vy b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC vao trong phn u a lam tng ham lng phospho ro rt. Kali tng s Bang 9 cho thy ham lng kali tng s tng ln theo s tng nng Openamix - LSC va theo thi gian u. Tuy nhin s tng ham lng kali tng s cung nh phospho tng s la bin thin khng u khi b sung cac nng Openamix - LSC. Nh vy b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC a lam tng ham lng kali tng s.

Thi gian (ngay) 7 14 173b 176b 1,19ab 1,30b b 2,63 2,93b b 0,62 0,61b

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Anh hng cua nng Openamix - LSC n ham lng canxi, magi va mun cua phn + i vi u him khi Kt qu c trinh bay bang 11 va 12. Canxi Tng t ham lng phospho va kali tng s, bang 11 cho thy ham lng canxi cung tng ln theo s tng nng Openamix - LSC (P<0,05) va theo thi gian u (P<0,001). Tuy nhin s tng ham lng canxi la bin thin khng u khi b sung cac nng Openamix - LSC. nng b sung Openamix - LSC thp 0,9 lit thi ham lng canxi giam t 27,4% xung con 22,9% nhng nng b sung cao 14,4 lit thi ham lng canxi tng ln cao nht la 31%. Nhin chung, b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC a lam tng ham lng canxi trong phn u. Magi (Mg) Ham lng magi tng ln theo s tng nng Openamix - LSC (P>0,05) va theo thi gian u (P>0,05). Tuy nhin s tng ham lng magi cung bin thin khng u khi b sung cac nng Openamix - LSC. Ham lng magi tng dn t 4,89% l khng b sung Openamix LSC ln 6,25% l b sung 3,6 lit Openamix - LSC/tn phn, ri giam t ngt l b sung 7,2 lit la 5,88% sau o lai tng ln l b sung ti a 14,4 lit la 7,21%. Nhin chung, b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC a lam tng ham lng magi trong phn u.
Bang 11. Ham lng canxi, magi va mun cua phn u theo nng Openamix LSC

Chi tiu Canxi (meq/100g) Magi (meq/100g) mun (%) Chi tiu Canxi (meq/100g) Magi (meq/100g) mun (%)

0 27,4ab 4,89 63,8ab 0 22,8a 5,35 69

Nng Openamix - LSC (lit /tn) 0,9 1,8 3,6 7,2 22,9a 25,5ab 26,4ab 24,4ab 6,38 5,62 6,25 5,88 a ab b 72,9 64,6 58,5 64,6ab Thi gian (ngay) 7 21 a 17,7 28,5b 7,24 5,77 63,8 62,1 42 36,5c 5,8 65,9

14,4 31b 7,21 66,7ab P

P 0,05 0,59 0,02

Bang 12. Ham lng canxi, magi va mun cua phn u him khi theo thi gian

0.001 0,38 0,12

mun (Mo) mun trong phn u bin thin tng giam theo s tng nng b sung Openamix LSC nhng co khuynh hng tng theo nng b sung (P<0,05). mun tng cao nht nng b sung thp nht 0,9 lit Openamix - LSC trn tn phn heo la 72,9%. Nhin chung, b sung ch phm Openamix - LSC a lam tng nhe mun trong phn u. Theo thi gian thi phn u khng bin i (P>0,05). + i vi u hiu khi Kt qu c trinh bay bang 13 va 14. Kt qua bang 13 cho thy ham lng canxi tng theo s tng nng b sung Openamix - LSC nhng khng co y nghia thng k (P>0,05) va ham lng magi a tng theo s gia tng nng b sung Openamix - LSC (P<0,01). mun khng bin ng nhiu khi b sung Openamix - LSC (P>0,05).
Bang 13. Ham lng canxi, magi va mun cua phn u theo nng Openamix - LSC

Chi tiu Canxi (meq/100g) Magi (meq/100g) mun (%) Chi tiu Canxi (meq/100g) Magi (meq/100g) mun (%)

0 33,1 3,30a 61,12

Thi gian (ngay) 1,5 3 5,25 34,0 5,03ab 61,35 34,2 3,79a 53,97 33,6 7,24b 55,91

6 35,1 5,91ab 61,39 P 0,001 0,48 0,01

P 0,96 0,01 0,30

Bang 14. Ham lng canxi, magi va mun cua phn u hiu khi theo thi gian

0 23,5a 4,94 66,6a

Thi gian (ngay) 7 14 b 35,1 40,5c 4,32 5,10 58,5ab 50,1b

28 36,9bc 5,85 59,8ab

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Bang 14 a cho thy ham lng canxi tng theo s tng nng b sung Openamix LSC (P<0,001) va ham lng magi a tng theo s gia tng nng b sung Openamix - LSC (P>0,05). mun co khuynh hng giam theo thi gian u phn mt cach ro rt (P<0,01). ANH HNG CUA OPENAMIX - LSC N MT CHI TIU VI SINH VT
Bang 15. S lng vi sinh vt trong phn u him khi theo thi gian

Chi tiu TSVKHK (x107) E. coli Coliform

Ngay 1 146 0,4 x 104 0,9 x 104

0 0,94 <0,3 9

Sau 42 ngay, nng 0,9 1,8 3,6 0,45 1,65 0,17 <0,3 <0,3 <0,3 9 <0,3 <0,3

7,2 0,13 <0,3 <0,3

14,4 14,7 9 15

Kt qu bang 15 cho thy tng s vi sinh vt trong phn u se giam theo s gia tng nng Openamix - LSC va cung giam theo thi gian u, s giam nay khng ng nht, co le la do qua trinh ly mu va bao quan cha chinh xac. Tuy nhin, vic b sung ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC co tac dung lam giam tng s sinh vt trong phn u mt cach ang k, trong o nng 7,2 lit/tn at tiu chun tt nht. KT LUN VA NGHI KT LUN - B sung ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC giup han ch tht thoat amoniac, tng ham lng am tng s, tng ham lng phospho va kali tng s trong ng phn u. Trong o u hiu khi vt tri hn so vi u him khi. - B sung ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC a lam tng pH hoat ng va pH trao i trong phn u. iu nay cai thin hiu qua pH t cho cy trng khi bon phn sinh hoc nay. - Ch phm sinh hoc Openamix - LSC rt co hiu qua trong vic nng cao ham lng cht khoang trong khi u. Trong o tac dung cua hai phng phap u him khi va u hiu khi la nh nhau trong vic nng cao ham lng cac cht khoang trong phn u. - Phng phap u hiu khi lam phn heo nhanh hoai, co thi gian u trong vong 28 ngay ngn hn nhiu so vi u him khi. - Khi trn cht n tao thng thoang ti u, b sung Openamix - LSC nng 3 hoc 4 lit trn 1 tn phn heo cho kt qua tt nht. NGHI - Nghin cu phng phap anh gia mui hiu qua hn bng cac chi tiu so vi vic anh gia mui theo cam quan rt kho phn bit s khac nhau gia cac nghim thc. - Da trn kt qua thi nghim nay chung ta co th ng dung phng phap u hiu khi qui m ln nng b sung khoang 4 lit Openamix - LSC trn mt tn phn heo cho thc t san xut. TAI LIU THAM KHAO 1. Bui Xun An, 2004. Bai giang tng quan v composting . Khoa Cng Ngh Mi Trng, ai hoc Nng Lm TP. H Chi Minh. 2. Nguyn Thi Hoa Ly, 1994. Nghin cu cac chi tiu nhim bn cua cht thai chn nui heo tp trung va ap dung mt s bin phap x li . Lun an pho tin sy khoa hoc Nng Nghip, ai hoc Nng Lm TP. H Chi Minh.

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XC NH SN LNG V TNH HNH S DNG PHN G CNG NGHIP NG BNG SNG HNG; KT QU PHN BNG PHNG PHP YM KH VI CH PHM E.M (Effective microorganisms)
TS. Bi Hu on i hc Nng nghip H Ni
SUMMARY DETERMINING OUTPUT AND USING OF MANURE FROM INDUSTRIAL CHICKEN FARMS IN THE RED RIVER DELTA, RESULTS OF COMPOSSTING MANURE WITH E.M (Effective Microorganisms) Dr.Bui Huu Doan Ha Noi Agricultural University The amount of manure eliminated by a laying hen and a broiler was 1.09 times and 1.13 times compared with the amount of their feed intake. The total amount of manure eliminated from industrial chicken farms in the Red River Delta was about 253,299 tons/year. The fresh manure were utilised for feeding fishes (55.86%), fertilizing vegetables (25.26%), rice (16.86%) or fruit-trees (2.02%). Due to the negative effect of fresh manure on the environment and on the bio-security of animal production, this manner of fresh utilization is needed to be changed. After anaerobic treatment with EM product, the total manure weight was reduced by 20-35% according to the dry or wet treatment method. The temperature in the pile of treated manure was highest at 7 days of treatment (57-58C) and then reduced gradually. Similarly, the pH value in the pile were regularly decreased and reached 5.0-6.4 after 5 weeks, respectively for dry or wet treatment. After 4-week anaerobic treatment, the manure colour, smell was much improved and could be used as feed for animal, especially for ruminant. Crude protein content in chicken manure was about (13.95 -16.60% DM). The Ash, Ca and P content were rather high (14.25-18.05%, 5.02-7.95% and 0.85-2.53%, respectively). The manure treatment with EM and supplemented with molasses, rice bran or cassava flour increased significantly the manure quality in term of nutritive values and perceptible feature.

T VN Trong chn nui, gia cm thng xuyn thi ra mt lng phn c hm lng m cao, chim ti 40% VCK (Muller, 1984). Bn cnh , trong phn g cn cc thnh phn dinh dng khc: x, canxi, pht pho, cc cht khong, cc nguyn t vi lng, vitamin....T chc Nng lng Lin hp quc (FAO) khuyn co cc nc ang pht trin khng nn xem phn g l cht thi m nn coi l mt ngun ti nguyn, c th ti s dng lm thc n cho gia sc khc nh tru, b, ln, c... thay th mt phn ng k cc loi thc n giu m nh u tng, bt c, kh du... gp phn gim bt s thiu ht ngun cung cp protein, gim gi thnh sn phm, nng cao kh nng cnh tranh, m bo ngi chn nui c li, ng thi ngn nga c nhng nguy c c th xy ra t phn, chng nhim mi trng - mt vn rt thi s v mang tnh ton cu. Vn trn cng tr nn c ngha khi nc ta, ngnh chn nui ni chung v chn nui gia cm ni ring ang ng trc rt nhiu thch thc: dch cm A- H 5N1 ang c din bin phc tp, mi trng ang nhim nng n do cng tc x l v s dng phn g cha khoa hc, gi thc n chn nui ni chung, c bit l thc n giu m ni ring ang tng ln khng ngng... Nghin cu ny nhm xc nh sn lng v tnh hnh s dng phn g cng nghip ca cc trang tri trong khu vc ng bng sng Hng hin nay, cht lng phn g cng nghip trc v sau khi x l phn vi ch phm EM.

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I TNG, NI DUNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU Vt liu nghin cu Phn g nui theo phng thc cng nghip ti cc trang tri vng ng bng sng Hng. a im nghin cu: cc trang tri chn nui g cng nghip v trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni, t thng 10/ 2007 n 5/ 2009. Ni dung v phng php nghin cu + Xc nh lng phn thi ra ca gia cm B tr th nghim trn cc n g ging Ross 308, Baykoc v Isa mu nhm xc nh lng phn thi ra hng ngy ca mi g sinh sn v g broiler. Trn c s lng thc n n vo, xc nh c h s chuyn ho phn (K) thu c trong thc nghim, t tnh tng lng phn thi ra trong mt i g, trong 1 nm, mt trang tri. G broiler c theo di theo tun tui. Nui 60 g mi loi trong 3 lng, mi lng 20 con, pha di lng t khay c lt tm nylon thu phn. Hng ngy xc nh lng thc n n vo v thu ton b lng phn m g thi ra. Trn c s tnh lng phn thi ra theo cng thc: Lng phn (g/con/ngy) = (W1- W0 ) / n W0 - l khi lng ti nilon khi t vo y lng, cha c phn, W 1 - l khi lung ti nilon 24 h sau khi t vo y lng, c phn, n - l s g trong lng. c c s tnh lng phn thi ra ca mi g da trn lng thc n thu nhn hng ngy, xc nh H s thi phn ca g theo cng thc: K= a/b Trong : K l h s thi phn thc nghim; a l lng phn thi ra trong 24 h; b l lng thc n thu nhn trong 24 h. Lng phn thi ra cho mi i tng g c tnh theo cng thc: Lng phn thi ra = K.b Trong : K l h s thi phn thc nghim; b l lng thc n cung cp. T h s K thu c, c th tnh lng phn thi ra trong 1 i g, trong 1 nm, c n g v ca c trang tri. Lng phn thi trong mt i g : X = K.c Lng phn thi ra ca n g: Z = n.K.c Trong : K l h s thi phn thc nghim; c l tng lng thc n cung cp trong mt i g; n l s gia cm trong n; t l s la nui trung bnh trong nm, X l lng phn thi trong mt i g; Y l lng phn thi ra ca mi g trong nm; Z l lng phn thi ra ca c n g. Da vo s lng, quy m cc trang tri c Cc Chn nui- B Nng nghip & PTNT cng b nm 2007, tnh ra quy sn lng phn g ca c vng. + iu tra hin trng tnh tnh hnh s dng phn gia cm iu tra hin trng v nh gi tnh hnh s dng phn gia cm ti 105 trang tri nui g ti cc tnh thuc a bn nghin cu bng kho st thc t vi b cu hi iu tra, kt hp quan st thc a. + X l phn g bng phng php sinh hc phn g theo 2 phng php: kh v t theo 4 cng thc, mi cng thc 200 kg vi ch phm EM theo bng sau:
Bng 2.1.Thnh phn nguyn liu trong cc cng thc phn

Cng thc I (c 1% men EM1) II (c 1% men EM) III (c 1% men EM) VI (khng c EM)
(1) Men EM dng bt kh .

Phn g (%) 90 90 90 90

R ng (%) 5 0 0 0

Cm go (%) 5 10 10% bt sn 10% bt sn

Xc nh mc hao ht khi lng cuae phn trc v sau khi bng cch cn mu hng tun.

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Xc nh pH bng giy qu o cc thi im trc khi v sau khi (1, 2, 3, 4 v 5 tun). o nhit bng nhit k ti trung tm ng cc thi im trc khi v sau khi (1, 7, 14, 21, 28 v 35 ngy). + Phn tch gi tr dinh dng ca phn trc v sau khi Mu phn c ly thi im trc khi v sau khi (4 v 5 tun). Mu sau c phn tch ti cc phng th nghim ca Vin Chn nui Quc gia theo TCVN (1986) 432586). Vt cht kh c nh lng bng cch sy mu theo tiu chun Vit Nam, TCVN (1986) - 432586. Hm lng protein th c xc nh bng phng php Micro Kjeldahl theo TCVN (1986 ) 432886, AOAC ( 1975). nh lng x th bng phng php Henneberg v Toman, theo TCVN (1986) 432986, AOAC (1975). nh lng khong tng s (tro) bng phng php t kh. nh lng canxi bng phng php chun . nh lng photpho theo phng php th tch v khi lng. Cc ch tiu: vt cht kh, protein th, x, khong tng s, Ca, Mg xc nh vi n v tnh l % trong vt cht kh. Phng php x l s liu S liu c x l trn phn mm Excel 97 v IRRISTAT. Cc tham s c tnh bao gm: dung lng mu (n), trung bnh cng ( X ) v sai s tiu chun (SE) KT QU V THO LUN Xc nh lng phn g thi ra + Xc nh lng thc n n vo v phn thi ra ca g sinh sn Kt qu nghin cu cho thy, i vi g sinh sn, lng phn thi ra hng ngy cao nht v tng i n nh giai on trn 20 tun tui, tng ng vi cc ging siu tht, siu trng v kim dng l 149,23; 128,75 v 141,32 g/con; thp nht giai on t 1 - 6 tun tui, tng ng vi cc ging g trn l 45,42; 37,73; v 42,57 g/con. giai on 7-12 tun tui v 13-20 tun tui, lng phn thi ra khng c s sai khc ng k. Ring i vi ging g siu trng, lng phn m chng thi ra tng ln u n qua cc giai on. Mi g broiler 1 tun tui siu tht thi ra 29,75 g v g kim dng l 23,95 g phn. giai on trn 6 tun tui tng ng l 141,10 v 146,16 g. Lng phn thi ra qua cc tun tui ca g broiler tng u hn so vi g sinh sn, do chng c n ung t do. Theo tc gi L Vn Cn (1975), mt con g b m ging tht trng thnh mt ngy m thi trung bnh 115 g phn ti. Lng phn thi ra hng ngy ca mt g trng thnh thay i tu thuc vo lng thc n v nuc ung thu nhn, dao ng trong khong 120 - 165 g/con/ ngy (Muller, 1984). Theo Nguyn Th Qu Mi (1995), trung bnh lng phn thi ra hng ngy ca 1 g broiler l 95 g. Lng phn thi ra ca g broiler tng nhanh theo tui, giai on 6 - 7 tun tui, 1 g broiler thi ra 142 g phn ti v c hm lng protein th cao hn so vi g v g hu b. Gia lng thc n n vo v lng phn thi ra c mi tng quan thun cht ch, do , khi bit c lng thc n n vo, ngi ta c th c tnh c lng phn thi ra thng qua h s thi phn K tm ra trong thc nghim. Da vo s liu thu c v lng thc n n vo v lng phn thi ra, chng ti xc nh c h s thi phn K ca g qua cc giai on khc nhau lun ln hn 1 v dao ng khng ln t 1,07 - 1,18. i vi g sinh sn, qua cc giai on h s thi phn dao ng t t 1,07 (ging g siu trng) - 1,12 (ca ging g siu tht). Vi g broiler, h s thi phn ca g broiler cao hn g sinh sn v dao ng trong khong 1,09 - 1,18. Khc vi g sinh sn, g broiler c h s thi phn K tng ln lin tc. Kt qu trn tng t nh cng b ca McDonald v cng s (1990). + Lng phn thi ra trong mt i v trong mt nm ca mi gia cm Trn c s h s thi phn trung bnh qua cc giai on, chng ti xc nh h s thi phn trung bnh ca cc loi g, t , xc nh lng phn thi ra trong c i v trong 1 nm
__

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ca ca tng loi g, kt qu cho thy, mi i g sinh sn thi ra 65,63 kg phn, ch tiu ny g broiler l 9,43 kg. Da vo thi gian nui trung bnh (g sinh sn l 540 ngy, g broiler l 60 ngy), c tnh lng phn thi ra ca mi g sinh sn l 56,2 kg l 40,26 kg. Theo tc gi Ngc Ho (1974), lng phn phn ti thi ra trong mt nm ca mi g l 50 - 55 kg trong hm lng nc tiu chim ti 70 - 75%. Trong mt nm mt g thi ra khong 45 - 55 kg phn vi hm lng protein v canxi rt cao. + c tnh lng phn g thi ra ti cc trang tri chn nui tp trung thuc vng ng bng sng Hng T s liu s trang tri v quy m chn nui gia cm thuc cc tnh ng bng sng Hng trong Bo co thng k ca Cc Chn nui - B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn nm 2007, da vo kt qu tnh ton va nu trn, chng ti xc nh lng phn g thi ra ti cc trang tri chn nui tp trung thuc khu vc ny trong mt nm. Tho , mi nm cc trang tri chn nui g tp trung thuc khu vc ng bng Sng Hng thi ra mt lng phn ln n 253.299 tn. Tuy nhin lng phn ny phn b khng u cc tnh. Tnh H Ty (c) c s lng trang tri nhiu nht 375 trang tri, s g chn nui tp trung cao nht (1.602.000) con v lng phn thi ra ln nht (63.588 tn). Tnh Ninh Bnh vi s trang tri l 33, s gia cm chn nui tp trung l 225 000 con, vi lng phn thi ra l 9.043 tn. Thc trng tnh hnh s dng phn gia cm Kt qu iu tra ti 105 h dn v tnh hnh s dng phn gia cm ti cc tnh trong khu vc ng bng sng Hng cho thy, c ti 85,71% s h dng phn g trng mu ; 28,57% s h dng phn g nui c, cn li cho cc mc ch khc: bn cho la, trng cy n qu, s dng lm biogas. c bit cha c h no ti s dng phn g lm thc n chn nui, y l mt s lng ph ln, cn c nghin cu.
Bng 3.1. Tnh hnh s dng phn g ti mt s nng h

Mc ch s dng Trng hoa mu Cho c n Trng la Trng cy n qu Cho vo hm biogas Chn nui Tng

S h 90 30 20 5 4 0 105

T l (%) 85,71 28,57 19,05 4,76 3,81 0 -

Lng phn s dng (tn) 35,06 77,52 23,39 2,80 _ 0 138,77

T l (%) 25,26 55,86 16,86 2,02 _ 0 100

Cha x l 15 28 15 3 0 0 _

T l (%) 16,67 93,33 75,00 60,00 0 0 _

V mt s lng, trong tng s 138,77 tn phn c s dng trong cc h iu tra, phn dng nui c c s lng ln nht: 77,52 tn, chim 55,86%; trng hoa mu; bn cho la; v trng cy n qu ln lt l: 35,06 (25,26%); 23, 39 (16,86%) v 2, 8 (2,02%). Mt iu ng ch l, hu ht cc h s dng trc tip phn ti, cha qua x l. T l dng phn ti cha qua x l nui c l 93,3%; bn cho la 75, 0%; trng cy n qu 60,0%, trng mu 16,67%), cch lm ny gy ra nhim mi trng v l ly lan dch bnh cc k nguy him. Kt qu theo di v s l phn bng phng php ym kh S bin ng ca khi lng phn trong qu trnh Kt qu phn ym kh vi ch phm EM theo 4 cng thc c m t trn cho thy: + Khi lng phn c xu hng gim theo thi gian . Thi gian cng lu th hao ht cng ln. Trong cng mt phng php khng c s khc nhau v hao ht cc giai on gia cc cng thc. giai on u (t 1 - 3 tun) khi lng phn gim i rt nhanh do hao ht ca phn rt ln, trung bnh phng php kh hao ht l 15.04% v phng php t l 29.91%. cc tun tip theo (sau khi 4 - 5 tun), khi lng phn vn tip tc gim xung nhng chm hn. tun th 5, hao ht trung bnh phng php kh l 18.75% v phng php t l 34.78%. + Phng php t c t l hao ht ln hn nhiu so vi phng php kh. l do

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trong phn t hm lng nc cao hn v th cc qu trnh phn hu cc cht dinh dng, s mt nc, s bay hi cc cht kh v m (di dng NH 3) u din ra mnh hn. Cc l c s dng ch phm EM c t l gim khi lng ln hn r rt so vi l khng s dng EM, do s hot ng mnh ca VSN, gy ln s bc hi nc nhiu hn. Theo Muler (1980), trong qu trnh phn c s phn hu cc cht dinh dng c trong phn c bit protein, x v s mt nc. Kt qu l khi lng phn gim i ng k. S bin i pH ca phn trong qu trnh
Bng 3.2. Din bin ca pH trong phn theo thi gian Thi gian (tun) Cng thc 0 1 2 3 I II kh III IV I II ti III IV 7,83 7,83 7,26 7.26 7,83 7,83 7, 26 7,26 5,82 0,04 0,02 4 9 5

5,72 5,95 0,06

5,31 0,07

5,52 0,06 5,29 0,07

5,19 0,03 0,04

5,07 0,0 5,08 0,02

5,17

5,09 0,02 5,11 0,08

6,15 0,04

6,87 0,05 6,93 0,08

5,57 0,08

5,17 0,09 5,42 0,05

5,14 0,02 5,40 0,06

5,18 0,05 5,45 0,03

6,27 0,05 6,45 0,05

6,21 0,06 6,39 0,05

6,20 0,09 6,37 0,06

6,28 0,06 6,40 0,07

6,68 0,06 6,72 0,06

6,39 0,07 6,45 0,04

6,22 0,05 6,25 0,05

6,21 0,09 6,23 0,08

6,27 0,07 6,31 0,06

pH ca phn g khi cha l kh cao. i vi phn g kh l 7, 26 v phn g t l 7, 83. Trong qu trnh , pH dn gim xung c 2 phng php v t gi tr nh nht vo tun th t, tng ng vi phng php kh l 5,40 - 5, 07 v phng php t l 6, 37 - 6,20. Bc sang tun th 5, pH c xu hng tng nh. Gia cc cng thc trong cng mt phng php khng c s sai khc nhiu v pH, phn t lun c pH cao hn l phn kh. Cc l c s dng ch phm EM c pH thp hn r rt so vi l khng s dng EM, do s hot ng mnh ca VSN sn sinh ra cc sn phm axit hu c, lm gim pH ng . Tc gi L Vn Cn v cng s (2006) cho rng sau khong 10 ngy ln men, ng c pH 4,5 - 5, 2 v c 2,7% axit lactic; 1,1 - 1,7 % axit acetic ( VCK). Cht thi ca g nu ng cch th khng c vi khun gy hi. Theo Muller (1980); Zindel v Flegal (1970) khi phn t s dung gii protein din ra mnh hn. Qu trnh phn to ra NH3 lm cho pH ca phn mc cao. m bo phn c cht lng tt th nn phn g kh v khng ch m t 35 - 45% l tt nht. S thay i v nhit ca phn trong qu trnh Sau mt ngy , nhit tng ln rt nhanh, phng php kh trung bnh nhit tng ln gn 10 0C; phng php t, nhit tng trn 6 0C. Sau nhit tip tc tng ln v t nh cao nht vo tun th 3 v dao ng trong khong 54 - 64 0C . Nhit bt u gim xung vo tun th 4. Sang tun th 5, nhit bt u c xu hng gim mnh v t mc 42 - 480C mt tun u nhit tng nhanh hn v t cao hn phng php kh. Giai on sau phng php t nhit tng nhanh hn. giai on nhit t nh cao (sau 21 ngy ) nhit trung bnh phng php t cao hn phng php kh khong 4 0C. giai on cui ca qu trnh nhit gia 2 phng php khng chnh lch nhiu. C mt iu ng ch , khi phn vi ch phm EM, do s hot ng mnh ca d VSV nn nhit trong cc ng lun cao hn i chng t 4-5oC. Muller (1980) nhit ng phn sau 7 ngy c th t ti 55 - 60 0C v c th t nh cao 65 - 70 0C. Nhit tng cao tiu dit cc vi sinh vt gy bnh, ng thi nhng gy

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tn tht v cht dinh dng c bit l m. Tc gi L Vn Cn (1970) trong qu trnh phn, nhit ng tng ln cao (60 - 70 0 C) nn c tc dng tiu dit hu ht cc vi sinh vt gy bnh c trong phn. S thay i mu sc, mi v v trng thi ca phn phn ym kh vi ch phm EM lm cho phn c s thay i mu sc, mi v trng thi mt cch rt r rt theo chiu hng rt tch cc. cui giai on phn, phn trong cc l c b sung ch phm EM gn nh khng cn mi hi, mu vng nht v rt ti. Trong khi l i chng vn cn mi tng i nng, phn c mu en v trong cng thc t, phn vn cn nho. Gi tr dinh dng ca phn g trc v sau khi Gi tr dinh dng ca phn g trc v sau khi Kt qu v s thay i mt s thnh phn dinh dng ca phn g trc v sau khi c trnh by bng 3.2 v 3.3. Sau 4 tun , cng thc II, hm lng vt cht kh, protein, tro th, can xi, pht pho tng ln. cc cng thc cn li (I, III v IV) th hm lng protein u gim. Sau 5 tun , cng thc II, hm lng vt cht kh v protein c xu hng gim nh, do s phn gii ca vi sinh vt. cng thc III, IV, hm lng tro th, can xi, pht pho tng. Hm lng protein gim cng thc I, III, IV. Theo Burton v Turner (2003), khi x l phn g, sy ra s phn hy protein to thnh NH 3 lm hm lng protein gim i. Trong qu trnh phn c s phn hu protein v cc cht hu c lm cho hm lng ca chng gim xung, ng thi hm lng khong tng ln. Nh vy, khi ta phn theo phng php thng thng (khng c EM) th hm lng protein s gim xung. Tuy nhin, khi s dng ch phm sinh hc trong qu trnh th hm lng protein tng ln, nht l l c thm 10% cm go. iu ny chng t vi sinh vt rt c li cho qu trnh phn. Khi vi sinh vt hot ng, chng tng hp cc cht cha nit, chnh sinh khi ca chng lm tng nng protein trong phn .
Bng 3.3. Thnh phn dinh dng ca phn g trc khi (*)

Loi phn Phn kh Phn t Cng thc I II III IV I II III IV


(*)

69,43 0,24 16,05 0,05 10,85 0,35 4,30 0,45 0,80 0,34 31,05 0,42 16,55 0,03 15,49 0,28 5,05 0,04 1,20 0,05 Bng 3.4. Thnh phn dinh dng ca phn g sau 4 v 5 tun (*) VCK (%) Protein (%) Tro th (%) Ca (%) P (%) Sau 4 tun 37,04 0,35 15,15 0,02 16,86 0,05 6,05 0,03 0,85 0,26 70,45 0,04 16,60 0,25 14,65 0,45 5,02 0,04 1,12 0,04 35,48 0,04 14,85 0,24 16,53 0,26 7,35 0,06 1,35 0,04 71,28 0,05 14,03 0,34 15,05 0,26 5,15 0,42 1,26 0,02 Sau 5 tun 36,55 0,04 14,95 0,05 16,35 0,02 7,30 0,03 1,95 0,05 70,05 0,03 16,00 0,02 14,24 0,05 5,46 0,03 1,52 0,27 35,15 0,24 14,25 0,06 16,05 0,27 7,95 0,27 2,53 0,24 70,95 0,25 13,95 0,04 14,95 0,35 6,01 0,26 1,85 0,02

VCK (%)

Protein (%)

Tro th (%)

Ca (%)

P (%)

Cc thnh phn dinh dng trong 2 bng trn u c tnh trong vt cht kh ca phn

Kt qu phn tch cho thy, hm lng protein u gim xung phn t sau (k c phn c ch phm men EM). y l s khc bit r rt gia hai phng php . Do trong phn kh hm lng nc thp, khong 30%, cn phn t l rt cao, khong 65% - 70%. Tc gi Nguyn Qu Ci (2006) c nhn xt l sau khi phn, do c protein ca sinh khi vi sinh vt nn phn c cht lng cao hn. Theo Muller (1980), khi 50% phn g vi ph phm da, r ng, ht ng cc v mui th hn hp sau khi c hm lng protein l 15,7; can xi 0,6%; pht pho 0,4 % (VCK). Ngoi ra tc gi cn cho bit phn g cn c th c vi nhiu ph phm khc nh: b c ci kh, b to kh v hnh nhnKt qu cho gia sc n u rt tt. m thch hp nht cho qu trnh phn l 35% - 40%. qu trnh c m bo th phi cung cp cc hydratcacbon.

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Nu mt trong hai yu t khng c p ng y th phn s km gi tr. KT LUN V NGH Kt lun Lng phn thi ra ca g sinh sn bng 1,09 ln; ca g broiler bng 1,13 ln so vi lng thc n cung cp. Trung bnh mi g sinh sn thi ra mt lng phn l 56,20 kg; g broiler l 40,26 kg. Mi nm, cc trang tri chn nui g cng nghip tp trung vng ng bng sng Hng thi ra khong 253.299 tn phn. Cc nng h chn nui g cng nghip trong vng hu ht s dng phn ti: 55,86% nui c, trng mu 25,26%; bn la 16,86 %; trng cy n qu 2,02%, phn phn c ym kh l rt t, hin tng ny cn c thay i v phn ti rt nguy him cho mi trng v an ton sinh hc. Trong qu trnh , khi lng phn g gim i t 20 -35 %, ty phng php kh hay t. Nhit trong ng cao nht l sau tun t n 57-58 o C, sau gim xung. pH ca ng khng ngng gim xung, sau 5 tun l 5,0-6,4%, ty phng php kh hay t. Cc ng c b sung EM c t l mt nc ln hn, nhit tng cao hn v pH thp hn do s hot ng tch cc ca cc VSV hu ch. Sau khi ym kh 4 tun vi ch phm EM, mu sc, mi ca phn g c ci thin rt r rt, hon ton c th ti s dng lm thc n cho gia sc, nht l gia sc nhai li. Hm lng protein trong phn g tng i cao (13,9- 16,6 %). Hm lng VCK, khong tng s, canxi, cht x trong phn g rt ng k. Sau khi ym kh, gi tr dinh dng v gi tr sinh hc ca phn g tng ln r rt v tt nht l sau 4 tun vi ch phm EM v 10%cm go. Phng php kh lm cho phn g c cht lng cao hn t. phn g c b sung r mt, cm go hoc bt sn vi men EM lm tng cht lng phn r rt c v gi tr dinh dng v cm quan. ngh Tip tc nghin cu, th nghim, b xung phn g qua x l lm thc n trong chn nui, trc ht l cho tru b v c. TI LIU THAM KHO Burton, C.H. and Turner, C. (2003). Manure management treatment strategies f sustainable agriculturre. 2nd Edition, printed by Lister & Durling printer, Flitwick, Bedford, UK Cc chn nui, B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn. Bo co tng kt chn nui trang tri, tp trung giai on 2001-2006, nh hng v gii php pht trin giai on 2007-2015. Ngc Ho (1974). Gio trnh v sinh gia sc - i hc Nng nghip I. NXB Nng nghip H Ni. L Vn Cn, 1975. S tay phn bn - NXB Gii phng. TP. HCM. McDonald P., J.F.D. Greenhalgh and C.A. Morgan (1995), Animal Nutrition, Fifth edition, Longman Scientific and Technical - England. Muller, Z.O. (1984). Nui gia sc bng cht thi ng vt. FAO (Trn Minh Chu dch). NXB Nng nghip H Ni. Nguyn Qu Ci (2006). Thm canh chn nui ln, qun l cht thi v bo v mi trng. Vin Chn nui Quc gia, Prise publications Nguyn Th Qu Mi (1995). Phn bn v cch s dng . NXB Nng nghip - H Ni 1995

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NGHIN CU X L CHT THI TRONG CHN NUI LN NHM GIM THIU NHIM MI TRNG V TN DNG NGUN NNG LNG SINH HC
V nh Tn30, Nguyn Vn Duy2, Cn Th Thanh Huyn3, Nguyn Th Dung3, Trnh Vit Cng3, Nguyn Thnh Trung3, Nguyn Th Huyn3, Nguyn Vn Quyt4, Nguyn Vn Mo4

Studying on pig manure treatment in order to decreasing enviromental polution and having bioenergy
Tm tt Nghin cu c thc hin trn mt trang tri chn nui ln ti tnh Hng Yn, thi gian thc hin t thng 10 nm 2008 n thng 8 nm 2009. Qui m chn nui ca trang tri l 36 ln ni, xut bn khong 1,5 tn ln con cai sa v 33 tn tht hi/nm. Ln con sau cai sa n 15 kg lng thc n tiu th trung bnh l 0,42 kg/con/ngy lng phn thi ra trung bnh l 0,25kg/con/ngy v h s thi phn (HSTP) l 0,59. Ln t 15 n 30 kg c lng thc n tiu th hng ngy l 0,76 kg/con, lng phn thi ra l 0,47 kg/con v HSTP cao nht ti 0,61, cc ch tiu ny ln tht (30-60 kg) l 1,64 kg thc n v HSTP l 0,49, ln tht 60 kg n xut bn l 2,3 kg thc n v HSTP l 0,46....c tnh mt i ln tht mt nm tiu th ht 257,5 kg thc n, thi ra 127,05 kg phn v HSTP l 0,54. Ln ni mt nm tiu th ht 797 kg thc n, thi ra 342,22 kg phn v HSTP l 0,43. Nghin cu cn ch ra rng lng kh biogas sinh ra chu nh hng rt ln ca nhit mi trng v c s khc bit nhau r rt gia ma ng v ma h. Sau 24h, ch ring chung ln tht vo ma ng lng kh biogas thu c l 4,16m 3/ngy, ma h lng kh biogas thu c l 9,06m3/ngy (gp 2,17ln). to ra 1 kw in cn 0,92 m3 kh biogas. Nc thi trong chn nui ln sau khi qua qu trnh x l bng h thng biogas mt s ch tiu tiu v sinh c ci thin ng k nh nng BOD 5 gim 4,37 ln, COD gim 5,9 ln, c hai ch tiu ny u nm trong gii hn tiu chun v sinh cho php. Nng kh sulfua ho tan gim xung 8,44 ln song vn cao hn tiu chun v sinh cho php 3,37 ln. Nng kim loi nng Cu2+ gim xung 2,09 ln, Zn++ gim xung 1,59 nm trong tiu chun v sinh cho php. Nng Clgim xung 1,41 ln, NH4-N gim xung 2,07 ln nm trong tiu chun v sinh cho php. T kho: cht thi rn, cht thi lng, boigas Summary The research was carried out on a pig farm in Hung Yen province, from October 2008 to August 2009. The farm have 36 sows, selling 1.5 tons weaning piglets and 33 tons of live weight pigs per year. After weaning pigs to 15 kg, which the consuming feed averaged 0.42 kg/ head/day, the emitted solid waste averaged 0.25 kg/head/day and the coefficient of the solid waste/feed averaged 0, 59. Pigs from 15 to 30 kg consuming feed averaged 0.76 kg/head/day, the emitted solid waste averaged 0.47 kg/head/day and the coefficient of the solid waste/feed averaged 0.61... After 24 hours, in winter the biogas will 4.16 m3/day, in summer the biogas will 9.06 m 3/day. To create a kw electricity and biogas to 0.92 m3 biogas. After waste tackled pass system biogas, the BOD 5 concentrations decreased 4.37 times, the COD concentration reduced 5.9 times, the dissolved sulfide concentrations reduced 8.44 times. The concentration of heavy metals Cu 2+ decreased 2.09 times, Zn+ reduced 1.59 times, the Cl- concentration reduced 1.41 times, NH4-N reduced 2.07 times. Keywords: solid waste, liquid waste, biogas

1. T VN Chn nui l mt ngnh kinh t quan trng, trn Th gii chn nui chim 40% GDP ngnh nng nghip, gii quyt vic lm cho 1,3 t dn. Vit Nam chn nui chim 27% gi tr tng sn phm nng nghip gii quyt vic lm cho hn 10 triu ngi dn (NGTK, 2008). Tuy nhin, chn nui cng sinh ra nhiu cht thi gy nhim mi trng. Thnh phn gy nhim trong cc loi cht thi chn nui l cc cht hu c, v c v nhiu mm bnh. Nhng cht thi ny gy nhim nghim trng cho khng kh, nh hng ti mi trng sng ca dn c, ngun nc, ti nguyn t v nh hng chnh n kt qu sn xut chn nui (Hong Kim Giao, o L Hng, 2006). Bi vy cn phi c bin php x l cc cht thi chn nui mt cch thch hp nhm giam thiu cc tc ng bt li trn.
30

Khoa chn nui v nui trng thu sn, 2 Trung tm nghin cu lin ngnh pht trin nng thn, 3 lp chn nui B kho 51, 4 Lp th y A kho 51

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Bn cnh nhu cu nng lng ca x hi ngy cng tng, bi vy cc ngun nng lng sinh hc c th ti to c l mt trong nhng mc tiu tm kim ca nhiu quc gia. Trong rt nhiu nc ang pht trin s dng ngun kh biogas c to ra t cht thi chn nui. T nm 1992 n nm 2005 Vit Nam c khong trn di 70.000 ti biogas v 27.000 hm xy biogas c lp t (Dng Nguyn Khang, 2007). Tuy nhin hiu qu s dng hm biogas cha cao v ch yu tp trung vo phc v cung cp nng lng cho sinh hot hng ngy.

Nghin cu ny nhm nh gi lng cht thi to ra trong chn nui ln v hiu qu x l cht thi bng h thng Biogas. ng thi nh kh nng sn xut kh biogas theo ma (ma ng v ma h) cng nh hiu qu s dng kh biogas dng chy my pht in phc v cho cc hot ng ca trang tri cng nh nhu cu sinh hot ca con ngi.
2. I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU 2.1. i tng nghin cu M hnh chn nui ln trang tri x l cht thi bng h thng biogas v s dng kh biogas chy my pht in. Nghin cu c thc hin ti 1 tri chn nui ln ti Hng Yn, thi gian tin hnh nghin cu t thng 10 nm 2008 n thng 8 nm 2009. 2.2. Phng php nghin cu - Xc nh lng thc n tiu th v lng cht thi hng ngy ca cc loi ln + Lng thc n tiu th v lng cht thi rn to ra c xc nh hng ngy bng phng php cn theo tng giai on v loi ln ma ng v ma h: Loi ln Sau cai sa - 15 kg T 15 - 30 kg T 30 - 60 kg T 60 kg - xut bn Ln ni cha k I v ch phi Ni cha k II Ni nui con thng 6 ln o 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Ma h thng 7 ln o 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 thng 8 ln o 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 thng 11 ln o 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Ma ng thng 12 ln o 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 thng 1 ln o 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

+ Lng cht thi lng (m3/ngy) chnh l lng nc ra chung v lng nc tiu cn li trong chung (trong nghin cu ny ch cp n lng nc ra chung hang ngy). - Xc nh lng cht thi a xung hm biogas (rn v lng) - Xc nh lng cht thi dng vo nhng mc ch khc Lng phn thi ra (kg) - Xc nh h s thi phn (HSTP) = Lng thc n tiu th (kg) - c tnh lng kh biogas sn xut ra ti trang tri theo cc ma khc nhau (ma ng v ma h) v lng in c to ra t kh biogas + Xc nh lng kh biogas sn xut ra bng phng php o th tch ti cha kh biogas. + Xc nh cng sut in sn xut ra hng ngy thng qua my pht in chy bng kh biogas. My pht in c h thng iu chnh gas t ng, lng in sinh ra chnh bng lng in tiu th c o bng ng h cng t in. - Tin hnh phn tch thnh phn nc thi trc v sau khi x l bng h thng biogas Phng ly mu nc thi c thc hin theo phng php ca L Vn Khoa v CS (2000). Phn tch mt s ch tiu ho hc nh BOD 5, COD, kh sulfua ho tan, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cl-, NH4-N. Qu trnh kho st v phn tch mu nc thi c tin hnh trc tip ti tri chn nui v Phng th nghim B mn Chn nui chuyn khoa Khoa Chn nui v nui trng thu sn - Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni. Cc mu nc thi c phn tch trn my Photometer 7100, COD PC, AQUALITIC.

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3. KT QU NGHIN CU 3.1. Qui m chn nui ca trang tri Quy m chn nui quyt nh n lng cht thi chn nui ca trang tri. Qui m chn nui cng ln th lng cht thi to ra cng nhiu. i vi mt s trang tri c quy m chn nui nh, lng cht thi phc v cho nhu cu trng trt v nui c. Qui m chn nui ln ca trang tri nghin cu c th hin bng 1:
Bng 1. Qui m chn nui ca trang tri

Loi ln Ln ni c ging S lng ln con sau cai sa bn Khi lng ln con sau cai sa bn S lng ln tht xut chung Khi lng ln tht xut chung

n v con con con/nm tn/nm con/nm tn/nm

S lng 36 3 200 1,5 300 33

Trang tri nghin cu c quy m chn nui trung bnh 36 ln ni. Hng nm lng ln con cai sa bn ra 200 con t 1,5 tn. Ln con cai sa ch yu c cung cp cho nhng tri ln trong vng c nhu cu mua con ging. S lung ln cn li c trang tri gi li nui tht, ln tht xut chung mt nm khong 300 con t 33 tn tht ln hi. 3.2. Lng cht thi to ra v phng php x l Lng phn ln to ra chu nh hng trc tip ca s lng v cht lng thc n n vo cng nh kh nng tiu ho thc n ca tng loi ln. Kt qu nghin cu c trnh by bng 2.
Bng 2. Lng thc n thu nhn v h s thi phn ca cc loi ln

Loi ln

Lng thc n tiu th (kg/con/ngy)


X

Lng phn thi ra (kg/con/ngy)


X

H s thi phn (phn/thc n)


X

mx

mx

mx

48 Sau cai sa-15kg 0,42 0,01 0,25 0,007 0,59 0,004 48 T 15 - 30 kg 0,76 0,005 0,47 0,004 0,61 0,002 48 T 30 - 60 kg 1,64 0,002 0,80 0,002 0,49 0,009 48 T 60 kg - xut bn 2,30 0,020 1,07 0,013 0,46 0,049 48 Ni cha k I v ch phi 1,86 0,007 0,80 0,001 0,43 0,005 48 Ni cha k II 2,12 0,010 0,88 0,011 0,41 0,005 48 Ni nui con 3,7 1,540 1,62 1,573 0,44 1,582 Qua kt qu thu c chng ti nhn thy rng vi ln la tui khc nhau th h s thi phn khc nhau. Ln t sau cai sa n 15 kg lng thc n tiu th trung bnh l 0,42 kg/con/ngy lng phn thi ra trung bnh l 0,25kg/con/ngy v h s thi phn trung bnh l 0,59. Ln t 15 n 30 kg tiu th thc n trung bnh 0,76 kg/con/ngy lng phn thi ra trung bnh l 0,47 kg/con/ngy v h s thi phn cao nht l 0,61. Ln t 30 n 60 kg v t 60 kg n xut chung tiu th thc n l 1,64 v 2,3 kg/con/ngy, lng phn thi ra trung bnh l 0,8 v 1,07 kg/con/ngy v HSTP ln lt l 0,49 v 0,46. i vi ln ni cha k I v ch phi mc tiu th thc n trung bnh l 1,86 kg/con/ngy, lng phn thi ra 0,80 kg/con/ngy v HSTP l 0,43. Ln ni cha k II lng phn thi ra trung bnh l 0,88 kg/con/ngy v HSTP l 0,41. Ln ni nui con mc n tiu th trung bnh l 3,7 kg/con/ngy v HSTP l 0,44. Theo Lochr (1984), lng phn thi ra hng ngy bng 6-8% khi lng c th ln. Hill v Tollner (1982), lng phn thi ra trong mt ngy m ca ln c khi lng di 10kg l 0,5 1kg, t 15 40kg l 1 3kg phn, t 45 100 kg l 3 5 kg (dn theo L Thanh Hi, 1997). Theo Vincent Porphyre, Nguyn Qu Ci (2006), ln ni ngoi thi t 0,94 n 1,79 kg/ngy, ln tht

70

t 0,6-1,0 kg/ngy tu theo cc ma khc nhau. Nh vy kt qu ca chng ti gn vi nghin cu ca hai tc gi Vincent Porphyre v Nguyn Qu Ci nm 2006. Mi quy m chn nui cn xc nh lng cht thi s to ra lp k hoch xy dng chung tri, khu x l cht thi hp l nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng. Kt qu c tnh lng cht thi to ra t chn nui ln c trnh by ti bng 3.
Bng 3. Uc tnh lng cht thi tro ra trong nm cho ln tht v ln ni Ln tht* Ln ni Loi ln (c tnh cho 1 i ln tht) (c tnh trong 1 nm) 257,50 797,00 Lng thc n n vo (kg) 127,05 342,22 Lng phn to ra (kg) 0,54 0,43 H s thi phn
* Ln tht c tnh t sau cai sa n xut chung (110 kg)

Da trn nhng kt qu nghin cu chng ti c tnh lng thc n n vo ca mt i ln tht l 257,5 kg, lng phn to ra l 127,05 kg, h s thi phn trung bnh l 0,54. Ln ni mt nm tiu th ht 797 kg, lng phn thi ra trung bnh l 342,22 kg vi h s thi phn l 0,43. 3.3. Lng kh biogas sinh ra vo ma ng, ma h v hiu qu chuyn ho thnh in nng Kh biogas c sinh ra trong qu trnh x l cht thi, y l kt qu thu c t vic chuyn ho cht thi c nguy c gy nhim mi trng cao thnh mt dng nng lng sch phc v nhu cu sinh hot ca con ngi.
Bng 4. Lng kh sinh hc to ra t qu trnh x l biogas ma ng v ma h

Ch tiu Nhit m S lng phn a xung hm biogas S lng nc thi a xung hm biogas Th tch hm Lng kh gas to ra sau 24h

n v
0

n 6 6 6 6 6 6

Ma ng
X mx

Ma h
X mx

14,93 0,14 77,50 1,52 39,03 2,09 6,85 0,36 24 4,16 0,22

32,56 0,30 81,12 0,36 40,18 2,05 7,19 0,420 24 9,06 0,46

% kg/ngy m3/ngy m3 m3/ngy

Lng kh biogas sinh ra t qu trnh ln men him kh khi x l cht thi chn nui. N chu nh hng rt ln ca nhit mi trng, lng cht thi a xung hm. Qua qu trnh nghin cu chng ti thy rng hai ma ng v ma h lng kh biogas sinh ra khc bit nhau r rt. Ma ng nhit trung bnh l 14,930C, m trung bnh l 77,5%, ma h nhit trung bnh l 32,560C, m trung bnh l 81,12%. Vi th tch hm biogas c nh l 24m 3, lng kh biogas thu c sau 24h ma ng l 4,16m3, ma h lng kh biogas to ra gp 2,17 ln l 9,06m3. Kh biogas sinh ra gii quyt mt phn nhim mi trng v tit kim nng lng cho ngi s dng, theo Bi Vn Ga v Cng s (2008) kh biogas cha ch yu CH 4 (50-70%), 1 m3 CH4 khi chy to ra mt nhit lng tng ng vi 1,3 kg than , 1,15 lt xng, 1,7 lt cn hay 9,7 KW in. Hiu qu chuyn ho kh biogas thnh in nng c th hin bng 5:
Bng 5. Hiu qu chuyn ho kh biogas thnh in nng Ma ng n Ch tiu X 6 4,16 Lng kh biogas sinh ra (m3/ngy) Ma h X 9,06 9.80 0,92

S kw in to ra (kw) Lng kh biogas to ra 1 kw in (m3)

6 6

4,50 0,92

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Lng kh biogas sinh ra c a ln h thng ti d tr, t y kh biogas c dng cho chy my pht in hoc un bp. Ti trang tri biogas c s dng un bp hng ngy v thng thng c hai ngy li c s dng chy my pht in mt ln tit kim ngun in li. Lng kh biogas to ra 1 kw in trung bnh l 0,92 m 3. Theo Bi Vn Ga v cng s, 2008, ng c tiu thu 1m 3 biogas th sn xut c 1kw in v gp phn gim 1kg CO2 thi vo kh quyn. Nh vy kt qu ca chng ti th hin hiu sut chuyn ho c phn hi cao hn so vi kt qu ca tc gi trn. 3.3 Thnh phn ho hc ca nc thi trc v sau khi x l Tnh cht ca nc thi trc khi vo mi trng nh hng rt ln n mi trng xung quanh. Nc thi chn nui cha qua x l cha hm lng cc vi sinh vt, E.coli v trng giun c kh nng gy bnh cho ngui v gia sc khc, hm lng COD vt gp nhiu ln gii hn quy nh cho mc nhim mi trng t cht thi chn nui. N c th l nguy c gy nhim mi trng t nc v khng kh. nh gi phng php x l cht thi bng h thng biogas chng ti tin hnh phn tch thnh phn ho hc ca nc thi trc v sau khi x l, kt qu trnh by ti bng 6.
Bng 6. Ch tiu ho hc nc thi trc v sau khi x l biogas

Ch tiu BOD5 COD Sulfua Cu2+ Zn++ ClNH4-N

n v mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

n 6 6 6 6 6 6 6

Trc khi x l biogas X mx 1030,11 2,86 2019,78 3,81 28,45 0,45 0,67 0,22 0,35 0,04 336,57 5,75 6,51 0,13

Sau khi x l biogas X mx 235,50 3,29 341,81 2,55 3,37 0,15 0,32 0,03 0,22 0,01 237,50 1,45 3,13 0,049

CT VSCP* 300 400 1 5 5 5

* Ch tiu v sinh cho php (theo 10TCVN 678 2006)

Qua qu trnh phn tch chng ti thy rng nng BOD 5 l 1030,11 mg/l cao gp 3,43ln tiu chun v sinh cho php. Nng COD l 2019,78 mg/l cao gp 5,04 ln tiu chun v sinh cho php. V nh Tn v cs (2008), nng BOD 5 trong trang tri chn nui ln tnh Hng Yn vt qu tiu chun v sinh cho php 4,1 ln. Nng COD vut qu tiu chun cho php 6,32 ln. Theo LK, (2005) hm lng COD trong nc thi chn nui l 3916mg/l. Sau khi s l qua h thng biogas c hai ch tiu BOD 5 v COD u nm trong gii hn tiu chun v sinh cho php, nng BOD 5 gim 4,37 ln, cn 235,50 mg/l; nng COD gim 5,9 ln, cn 341,81 mg/l. Theo V nh Tn v cs (2008), nc thi sau khi qua x l bng h thng biogas nng BOD5 gim t 75 80,8%, nng COD gim xung 64,94 66,85%. Vin khoa hc nng lng nh gi hm lng BOD 5 v COD gim 30 ln sau khi s l bng h thng biogas. Nng kh sulfua ho tan trc khi x l biogas l 28,45 mg/l cao gp 28,45 ln tiu chun v sinh cho php. Sau khi qua x l biogas gim xung c 8,44 ln, cn 3,37 mg/l. Tuy nhin vn cao hn tiu chun v sinh cho php 3,37 ln. Nng kim loi nng Cu 2+v Zn+ trc khi qua x l biogas u nm trong tiu chun v sinh cho php. Nng Cu2+ trc khi x l biogas l 0,67 mg/l, sau khi x l biogas gim xung 2,09 ln cn 0,32 mg/l. Nng Zn + trc khi x l biogas l 0,35 mg/l sau khi x l biogas gim xung 1,59 ln cn 0,22 mg/l. Nng Cl- trc khi x l biogas l 336,57 mg/l sau khi x l biogas gim xung 1,41 ln cn 237.50 mg/l. Nng NH4-N trc khi x l biogas l 6,51 mg/l vt qu ch tiu cho php 1,3 ln sau khi x l biogas cn 3,13 mg/l nm trong tiu chun v sinh cho php.

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4.KT LUN H s thi phn ca cc loi ln khc nhau ng k: ln ni c HSTP thp nht (0,43) tip sau l ln tht giai on t 60 kg n xut bn (0,46), ln t 15 kg n 30 kg c HSTP cao nht 0,61 kg. Lng biogas sn ra khc nhau rt r rt gia ma ng v ma h (ma h cao hn ti trn 2 ln) do nhit ma ng qu thp khng thun li cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. H s chuyn ho t biogas thnh in nng t kh cao (0,92 m 3) to ra c 1 kw in. Dng hm biogas ci thin c ng k nhim mi trng nht l ng BOD 5 , COD. Ti liu tham kho 1. Nin gim thng k 2008 2. Bi Vn Ga v Cs, 2008, ng c s dng phi hp nhin liu biogas xng, Tp ch KH&CN i hc Nng, s 3-08. 3. Bi Vn Gas v Cs H thng cung cp biogas cho ng c Dual-Fuel Biogas/DieselTp ch KH&CN i hc Nng, s 2-08. 4. Hong Kim Giao, o L Hng, 2006. Pht trin chn nui v bo v mi trng. 5. o L Hng, 2009, Khc lit s cnh tranh v mi trng ca ngnh chn nui, Tp ch Chn nui s 1-09. 6. L Thanh Hi, 1997. Nhng vn k thut v qun l trong sn xut heo hng nc. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. T.195. 7. L Vn Khoa, Nguyn Vn C, Bi Th Ngc Dung, L c, Trn Khc Hip, Ci Vn Tranh, 2002. Phng php phn tch t, nc, phn bn, cy trng. NXB Gio dc. T197-214. 8.V nh Tn, Li Th Cc, Nguyn Vn Duy, 2008, nh gi hiu qu x l cht thi bng b biogas ca mt s trang tri chn nui ln vng ng bng sng Hng, Tp ch Khoa hc v pht trin, trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni, s 6/2008. 9. Tiu chun v sinh Vit Nam, 10 TCVN 678 2006 10 Vincent Porphyre, Cirad, Ngun Qu Ci, NIAH, 2006, Thm canh chn nui ln, qun l cht thi v bo v mi trng, nxb Prise.

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X L V S DNG CHT THI TRONG CC H THNG CHN NUI LN TRANG TRI TNH HNG YN
V nh Tn31, Nguyn Vn Duy2, H Th Lam Tr3, L Hu Hiu1, o Tin Khuynh4

1. t vn
Trong nhng nm gn y, chn nui quy m trang tri c nhng bc pht trin ng k, c bit l vng ng bng sng Hng. Nm 2004 ton vng c 9.350 trang tri chn nui n nm 2008 tng ln 17.318 trang tri. Tnh Hng Yn l mt tnh c ngnh chn nui pht trin mnh nm 2004 c 1.535 trang tri chn nui n nm 2008 tng ln 2.402 trang tri, s lng n ln chim 36,8% trong tng n ln vng ng bng sng Hng v chim 2,3% tng n ln c nc (Nin gim thng k, 2008). Tuy nhin cng vi s pht trin v chn nui th vn nhim mi trng t chn nui cng rt nghim trng. Nh chng ta bit phn v nc thi t cc tri chn nui l ngun cht thi ln gy nhim mi trng. Trong phn ln cha nhiu nit, phtpho, vi sinh vt. ngoi ra trong qu trnh tch cha phn v nc tiu cc cht ny cn b phn hu hnh thnh hi c. Cc cng trnh nghin cu cho bit c trn 40 loi kh c hnh thnh trong mi trng chn nui (Susan S.Schifman, 1998). Theo Hong Kim Giao, o L Hng (2006), thnh phn gy nhim trong cc loi cht thi chn nui l cc cht hu c, v c v nhiu mm bnh; nhng cht thi ny gy nhim bu khng kh, nh hng nng ti mi trng sng ca dn c, ngun nc, ti nguyn t v nh hng chnh n kt qu sn xut chn nui. Bi vy cn phi c bin php x l cc cht thi chn nui mt cch thch hp. hiu r hn v tnh hnh qun l cht thi trong cc trang tri chn nui ln chng ti tin hnh nghin cu ti : X l v s dng cht thi trong cc h thng chn nui ln trang tri tnh Hng Yn

2. Vt liu v phng php nghin cu


2.1. i tng nghin cu i tng nghin cu l nhng tri tri chn nui ln thuc ba huyn Vn Giang, Khoi Chu, n Thi tnh Hng Yn. 2.2. Phng php nghin cu Thu thp thng tin th cp ti cc huyn v s NN&PTNT tnh Hng Yn, cc s liu thng k hng nm. La chn im nghin cu l ba huyn Vn Giang, Khoi Chu, n Thi tnh Hng Yn. y l nhng huyn pht trin chn nui trang tri nht tnh v vn nhim mi trng chn nui c t ra. La chn trang tri iu tra l nhng trang tri chn nui ln t tiu ch trang tri theo thng t lin lin tch, B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn-Tng cc Thng k, s 69/2000/TTLT/BNN-TCTK, ngy 23 thng 6 nm 2000, hng dn tiu ch xc nh kinh t trang tri iu tra trang tri da trn b cu hi bn cu trc c sn. Thi gian tin hnh nghin cu t thng 6 nm 2008 n thng 11 nm 2008.

31

Khoa chn nui v nui trng thy sn, 2 Trung tm Nghin cu lin ngnh pht trin nng thn, 3 Khoa ti nguyn mi trng, 4 Hc vin cao hc, kha 17.

74

3. Kt qu v tho lun
3.1. Tnh hnh pht trin chn nui ti tnh Hng Yn Kt qu theo di v tnh hnh pht trin chn nui ca tnh Hng Yn t nm 20042008 c trnh by ti bng 1.
Bng 1. Tnh hnh chn nui ti tnh Hng Yn

Ch tiu Tng s trang tri Trang tri chn nui S lng tru b S lng gia cm

VT % % con nghn con

nm 2004 100 40.811 6.206

nm 2005 100 46.539 6.496

nm 2006 100 60,76 53.643 5.166

S ln con 545.603 599.652 594.977 (Ngun: Nin gim thng k, Tng cc thng k, 2008) Bng 1 cho thy trang tri chn nui chim phn ln trong s lng trang tri ca tnh Hng Yn, nm 2006 trang tri chn nui ca tnh chim 60,76% tng s trang tri, nm 2007 s lng trang tri chn nui gim xung 54,59% n nm 2008 s lng chn nui tng ln 56,54%. C iu ny c th l do s pht trin khng u cc loi trang tri (chn nui, trng trt), cng c th do li nhun thu c i vi mt s trang tri khng cao nn h chuyn sang hot ng trong lnh vc khc. Tnh Hng Yn cng nh nhiu ni khc nc ta, vt nui l nhng loi truyn thng Tru, B, Gia Cm v Ln. S tru b c xu hng gim dn qua cc nm, ngi dn chn nui tru b ti tnh Hng Yn chuyn dn t nui tru b vi mc ch phc v cy ko sang mc ch khai thc kh nng cho tht, sinh sn v sa. S lng gia cm tng gim tht thng do nh hng ca dch cm gia cm. n ln trong ton tnh nm 2004 l 545.603 n nm 2007 tng ln 600.510 con v nm 2008 s u ln gim nh xung 578.046 con do nh hng ca dch bnh tai xanh. hiu r hn v tnh pht trin chn nui trang tri ti tnh Hng Yn chng ti tm hiu v t l trang tri phn theo ngnh hot ng v theo huyn, kt qu trnh by ti bng 2 v biu 1.
Bng 2. T l trang tri phn theo huyn th x ti tnh Hng Yn nm 2008 (%)

nm 2007 100 54,59 52.775 5.582 600.51 0

nm 2008 100 56,54 48.903 6.297 578.04 6

Ch tiu Ton tnh Thnh ph Hng Yn Huyn Vn Lm Huyn M Ho Huyn Yn M Huyn Vn Giang Huyn Khoi Chu Huyn n Thi Huyn Kim ng Huyn Ph C Huyn Tin L

T l 100 1,12 8,24 3,66 8,41 24,65 22,52 3,55 4,75 17,19 5,91

Trng trt 11,37 25,93 1,01 0,00 16,34 22,97 13,86 0,00 13,16 0,00 3,52

Chn nui 56,54 3,70 83,33 30,68 50,99 48,31 44,36 56,47 68,42 77,72 62,68

Nui trng thu sn 9,70 22,22 2,53 12,50 6,93 9,12 12,57 12,94 6,14 11,86 5,63

Trang tri tng hp 22,40 48,15 13,13 56,82 25,74 19,59 29,21 30,59 12,28 10,41 28,17

(Ngun: Nin gim thng k tnh Hng Yn, 2008)

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Trang tri trng trt 22.4 11.37 Trang tri chn nui Trang tri nui trng thy sn 56.54 Trang tri tng hp

9.7

Biu 1: T l trang tri phn theo ngnh hot ng ti tnh Hng Yn

Qua bng 2 v biu 1, chng ti thy rng ti tnh Hng Yn s lng trang tri mi huyn c s khc nhau r rt. T l trang ln nht ti huyn Vn Giang chim 24,65% trng tng s trang tri ton tnh, sau n huyn Khoi Chu, s trang tri chim 22,52% v thp nht l th x Hng Yn s trang tri chim 1,12%. Trong mi huyn th t l trang tri phn theo ngnh hot ng l khc nhau. Trang tri chn nui chim t l ln nht 56,54% sau n trang tri tng hp chim 22,4%, trang tri trng trt chim 11,37% v thp nht l trang tri nui trng thy sn chim 9,7%. Ti huyn Vn Lm, Yn M, n Thi, Kim ng, Ph C, Tin L t l trang tri chn nui cao chim t 50,99 83,33%. Ti huyn M Ho, Vn Giang, Khoi Chu t l trang tri chn nui chim t 30,68 48,31%. T l trang tri chn nui ti th x Hng Yn chim t l thp nht l 3,7%. 3.2. Cc kiu h thng chn nui ln trang tri Trang tri chn nui nm trong mi h thng sn xut khc nhau, chnh iu ny nh hng rt ln n phng php x l v mc ch s dng cht thi trong cc trang tri, kt qu phn loi trang tri chn nui ln theo cc kiu h thng sn xut c trnh by ti bng 3.
Bng 3. Cc h thng chn nui ln ti cc huyn iu tra tnh Hng Yn

H thng Vn-Ao-Chung (VAC) Ao-Chung (AC) Vn Chung (VC) Chung (C) Tng

S lng (trang tri) 123 63 26 58 270

T l (%) 45,56 23,33 9,63 21,48 100

Bng 3 cho thy trong tng s 270 trang tri chn nui ln iu tra, kiu h thng VAC (Vn-Ao-Chung) c s lng ln nht, 123 trang tri chim 45,56%, sau n ku h thng AC (Ao-Chung) c 63 trang tri chim 23,33%, kiu h thng C (Chn nui) c 58 trang tri chim 21,48%, thp nht l kiu h thng VC (Vn-Chung) c 26 trang tri chim 9,63%. Lin quan n quy hoch s dng t ai trong cc trang tri c trnh by ti bng 4.

76

Bng 4. S dng t trong cc trang tri theo cc kiu h thng

Ch tiu Tng din tch trang tri Trong din tch cho

n v m2 % m % m % m % m %
2

VAC 8.931,20 4,94 100 139,42 1,23 1,56 647,43 4,50 7,25 5.012,00 8,16 56,12 3.002,54 3,34 33,62 129,81 54,54

AC 16.086,34 8,01 100 117,22 1,21 0,73 651,07 6,66 4,05 15.318,05 3,8 95,22 0 0 0

VC 3.334,94 3,09 100 47,84 0,25 1,43 854,62 4,36 25,63 0 0 2.369,15 9,8 71,04 63,33 43,42

C 961,89 9,40 100 335,47 1,53 34,88 626,42 3,14 65,12 0 0 0 0 0

Nh

Chung nui

Ao NTTS

Vn

m 1,45 0 1,90 0 % 15,00 17,07 29,41 92,11 Trang tri trong khu dn c % 85,00 82,93 70,59 7,89 Trang tri ngoi khu dn c % Bng trn cho thy rng t l trang tri nm trong khu vc dn c cao nht h thng C (ch c chn nui), chim 92,11% , s trang tri nm ngoi khu dn c chim t l rt thp 7,89%. Ngc li h thng VAC v AC s trang tri nm ngoi khu dn c chim t l cao t 85-82,93%. h thng VC s trang tri nm ngoi khu dn c chim 70,59%, s trang tri nm trong khu dn c chim t l 29,41%. Din tch t ln nht h thng AC trung bnh l 16.086,34m 2, sau n h thng VAC trung bnh l 8.931,2m2, h thng VC din tch t trung bnh l 3.334,94m 2, thp nht h thng C, din tch t trung bnh l 961,89m 2. Din tch t trong cc h thng VAC, AC, VC dnh cho nh rt thp trung bnh t 0,73-1,56%. Thng thng h c hai khu ring bit l khu nh nm trong lng, xm v khu sn xut trang tri nm ngoi khu dn c, nn nhng ngi nh ch mang tch cht tm b trng nom v qun l trang tri. Ring h thng C, phn ln nm trong khu dn c nn nh kin c gn lin vi tri, din tch dnh cho nh trung bnh l 34,88%. i vi h thng VAC v AC phn ln din tch t dnh cho nui trng thy sn, chim t 56,12-95,22%. Din tch t dnh cho chn nui rt thp trung bnh t 4,057,25%. h thng VC din tch dnh cho vn cy l 71,04%, din tch dnh cho chung nui l 25,63%. Ring h thng VAC v VC c din tch dnh cho khu x l cht thi, tuy nhin din tch ny khng nhiu trung bnh t 1,45-1,9%. Din tch ny thng lm h phn, h thng ao lng lc nc thi trc khi a vo s dng hay ra mi trng. 3.3. Qui m chn nui v lng cht thi to ra t cc h thng Qui m chn nui quyt nh n lng cht thi chn nui ca trang tri. Qui m chn nui cng ln th lng cht thi to ra cng nhiu. Qui m chn nui ln ca trang tri ti cc h thng c th hin bng 5.

Khu vc x l cht thi

77

Bng 5. Qui m chn nui ti cc h thng

Kiu h thng VAC AC VC C

Ni S lng (con) 18,95 3,43 17,02 4,88 37,88 3,12

Ln con cai sa bn S lng Sn lng (con/nm) (tn/nm) 111,42 6,57 1,08 0,50 92,20 5,23 165,88 7,79 0,78 0,30 1,16 0,23

Ln tht hi xut chung S lng Sn lng (con/nm) (tn/nm) 396,33 3,19 41,62 1,65 492,68 4,08 107,23 2,05 52,12 6,99 52,83 2,9

17,89 3,87 44,87 9,74 0,31 0,20 518,95 3,43 54,06 9,4 S lng ln ni cao nht h thng VC, trung bnh 37,88 con/trang tri, sau n h thng VAC trung bnh 18,95 con/trang tri thp hn c l h thng AC v C trung bnh t 17,02-17,89 con/trang tri. Cng vi sn lng ln con cai sa bn cao nht h thng VC trung bnh 1,16 tn/nm, h thng VAC trung bnh 1,08 tn/nm. Sau n h thng AC sn lng ln cai sa bn trung bnh 0,78 tn/nm thp nht l h thng C trung bnh l 0,31 tn/nm. Sn lng ln con cai sa bn ph thuc vo loi hnh chn nui v thi im bn ln con. Nhiu trang tri khi thy gi ln cai sa ln cao th bn i v n khi cn nui ln tht th li mua ln ging t ni khc v. Sn lng ln tht bn cao nht h thng C trung bnh l 54,06 tn/nm sau n h thng AC v VC trung bnh l 52,12-52,83 tn/nm. Sn lng ln tht bn/nm thp nht h thng VAC trung bnh l 41,62 tn. c tnh lng cht thi to ra t chn nui l rt quan trng gip nh gi nguy c gy nhim mi trng t chn nui hay k hoch xy dng chin lng x l cht thi chn nui trong tng h thng sn xut.
Bng 6. c tnh lng cht thi t chn nui ti cc kiu h thng

Cht thi lng (1.000m3/nm) ma ng ma h c nm VAC 58,70 4,13 1,68 0,25 3,72 0,31 5,39 4,10 AC 67,11 6,19 1,69 0,10 4,93 0,21 6,63 2,37 VC 86,95 3,08 1,57 0,01 3,10 0,37 4,68 5,26 C 70,96 4,64 1,59 0,25 3,44 0,65 5,03 5,32 Bng 6 cho thy lng cht thi to ra t chn nui l rt ln, lng cht thi rn to ra nhiu nht h thng VC trung bnh 86,95 tn/nm, sau n h thng C trung bnh l 70,96 tn/nm, h thng AC trung bnh l 67,11 tn/nm. Thp nht l h thng VAC lng cht thi rn to ra trung bnh l 58,7 tn/nm. Qua qu trnh nghin cu chng ti thy rng lng cht thi lng to ra ma h ln hn ma ng 1,5-2 ln. Lng cht thi lng trong c nm nhiu nht h thng AC trung bnh 6,63 nghn m3/nm, sau n h thng VAC trung bnh l 5,39 nghn m3/nm, h thng C trung bnh l 5,03 nghn m3/nm. Thp nht h thng VC lng cht thi lng c nm trung bnh l 4,68 nghn m 3/nm. Lng cht thi lng chu nh hng rt ln t thit k chung tri, n thi quen dn v sinh trong chn nui. Ngoi ra chng ti cn thy rng chn nui ln tht to ra nhiu cht thi lng hn chn nui ln ni. 3.4. X l v s dng cht thi trong cc h thng T vic c tnh lng cht thi to ra t chn nui chng ti xc nh t l x l cht thi ti cc h thng chn nui, kt qu trnh by ti bng 7. H thng Cht thi rn (tn/nm)
Bng 7. X l cht thi trong cc trang tri theo cc kiu h thng

Ch tiu Cht thi rn Cht thi lng Trang tri c h thng biogas trang tri c x l trang tri khng x l trang tri c x l trang tri khng x l t l th tch

n v % % % % % (m )
3

VAC 28,21 71,79 46,25 53,75 39,84 21,48 2,51

AC 14,63 85,37 24,39 75,61 29,27 14,42 1.20

VC 29,41 70.59 64,71 35,29 64,71 82,35 11,96

C 21,05 78,95 73,68 26,32 81,58 12,69 1,37

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X l cht thi bng biogas hin nay l phng php ph bin trong cc trang tri chn nui. Bng 7 cho thy ti h thng C, s trang tri c biogas chim t l cao nht trung bnh l 81,58%, sau n h thng VC s trng tri c biogas trung bnh l 64,71%, h thng VAC s tri c biogas trung bnh l 39,84%, thp nht l h thng AC s tri c biogas trung bnh l 29,27%. Lng cht thi to ra t chn nui rt ln v t l lng cht thi khng c x l cao. Lng cht thi rn khng c x l cao nht l h thng AC trung bnh l 85,37% trong khi lng cht thi rn c x l chim t l rt nh 14,63%. Sau l h thng C, vi t l rt ln trang tri nm trong khu dn c nhng lng cht thi rn khng c x l chim ti 78,95%, h thng VAC v VC lng cht thi rn khng c x l trung bnh t 70,59-71,79%. Lng cht thi lng c x l nhiu hn cht thi rn, cao nht h thng C lng cht thi lng c x l trung bnh l 73,68%, sau n h thng VC lng cht thi lng c x l trung bnh l 64,71%, h thng VAC lng cht thi lng c x l trung bnh l 46,25% thp nht l h thng AC lng cht thi lng c x l trung bnh l 24,39%. C iu ny l do h thng AC c din tch ao ln, nn lng cht thi c trc tip xung ao nui c. Cht thi rn trong cc h thng c x l bng h thng biogas v phng php . X l bng biogas c trong tt c cc h thng, t l trang tri x l cht thi rn bng biogas nhiu nht h thng C, chim 21,05% x l c 72,16 tn/nm. Sau n h thng VC chim 17,65% x l c trung bnh 120,24 tn/nm. H thng VAC t l trang tri x l cht thi rn bng biogas chim 16,25% x l c 40,25 tn/nm v h thng AC s trang tri x l cht thi rn bng biogas chim 14,63% x l c 37,12 tn/nm. X l cht thi rn bng phng php ch c h thng VAC v VC, nhng h thng ny x l nhm mc ch bn cho cy trng, nhng lng cht thi c x l khng nhiu. S trang tri x l cht thi rn bng phng php trong h thng VAC chim 77,27% x l c 21,25 tn/nm. H thng VC s trang tri x l cht thi rn bng phng php chim 29,41% x l c 28,52 tn/nm. Phng php x l v s dng cht thi trong cc kiu h thng c trnh by ti bng 8 v bng 9.
Bng 8. Phng php x l v s dng cht thi rn ti cc h thng

Ch tiu n v VAC AC VC C trang tri x % 16,25 14,63 17,65 21,05 l bng Cht tn/nm biogas 40,25 6,90 37,12 3,12 120,244,66 72,162,78 thi trang tri x % 77,27 29,41 c l bng x l phng tn/nm php 21,25 7,53 28,528,24 trang tri % 66,67 90,24 Cht a xung tn/nm thi ao c 65,00 3,05 62,68 2,85 khng trang tri % 43,66 17,65 c bn cy tn/nm 22,03 9,32 32,414,24 x l trang tri % 38,75 21,95 58,82 81,58 bn tn/nm 45,77 2,44 38,45 3,32 40,338,30 54,315,27 Bng 8 cho thy lng cht thi rn khng c x l trong cc trang tri l rt ln, ty vo mc ch x dng m n c chuyn n nhng ni khc nhau. Ti h thng VAC, lng cht thi rn khng x l c dng vo bn cy, a xung ao c v bn. S lng trang tri a trc tip xung ao c chim t l cao 66,67% v hng nm a xung ao c trung bnh 65 tn/trang tri. S trang tri dng cht thi rn khng qua x l bn cy chim 43,66% s dng trung bnh 22,03 tn/nm. C nhng trang tri thu gom cht thi rn vo bao v bn cho nhng ngi c nhu cu. S trang tri bn cht thi rn cha qua x l chim 38,75% bn trung bnh 45,77 tn/nm. Ti h thng AC lng cht thi rn khng qua x l ch yu c a trc tip xung ao nui c, s trang tri chim a cht thi rn khng qua x l trc tip xung

79

ao c chim 90,24% hng nm a xung ao c trung bnh 62,68 tn. S trang tri bn cht thi rn l 21,95% v bn trung bnh 38,45 tn/nm. H thng VC lng cht thi rn khng qua x l c dng bn cy v bn. S trang tri dng bn cy chim 17,65% dng bn cy trung bnh 32,41 tn/nm, s trang tri bn cht thi rn khng qua x l chim 58,82% bn 40,33 tn/nm. Ring h thng C lng cht thi rn khng x l c ng vo bao v bn, s trang tri bn chim 81,58% lng cht thi bn ra trung bnh 54,31 tn/nm. Song song vi vic nh gi lng cht thi rn c x l v s dng trong cc h thng chng ti tin hnh tm hiu vic x l v s dng cht thi lng trong cc h thng, kt qu trnh by ti bng 9.
Bng 9. Phng php x l v s dng cht lng ti cc h thng

n Ch tiu v VAC AC VC C trang tri x % 42,5 24,39 64,70 73,68 Cht l bng 3 m 3,87 5,43 4,411,28 3,731,83 3,98 2,98 thi biogas c trang tri x % 11,25 x l l bng ao m3 5,59 2,86 lng Cht trang tri a % 63,75 75,60 thi xung 3 m 4,99 1,28 6,584,32 khng ao c c trang tri ra % 11,25 12,19 57,14 63,15 x l mi trng m3 2,22 2,23 4,912,95 3,98 5,75 3,505,40 Bng 9 cho thy cht thi lng c cc h thng ch yu x l bng biogas. Ti h thng C s trang tri x l cht thi lng bng biogas chim 73,68%, x l trung bnh t 3,98 nghn m3/nm. H thng VC s trang tri x l cht thi lng bng biogas chim 64,7% x l trung bnh t 3,73 nghn m3/nm. Sau n h thng VAC s trang tri x l cht thi lng bng biogas chim 42,5% x l trung bnh t 3,87 nghn m 3/nm. H thng AC s trang tri x l cht thi lng bng biogas chim 24,39% x l trung bnh t 4,41 nghn m 3/nm. Ring ch c h thng VAC c x l cht thi lng qua ao lng, h thng ao lng l phn din tch cho nc thi lng vo qua cc h thng ao khc nhau sau c lng lc phn cn ri lng cht thi lng c dng ti cy hay ra mi trng. S trang trng trong h thng VAC x l cht thi lng bng ao lng chim 11,25% x l trung bnh t 5,59 nghn m 3/nm. Lng cht thi lng khng x l c a trc tip xung ao c hay ra mi trng. H thng VAC s trang tri a trc tip cht thi lng khng qua x l xung ao c chim 63,75%, trung bnh 4,99 nghn m3/nm. H thng AC s trang tri a cht thi lng khng qua x l trc tip xung ao c l 76,6%, a xung ao c trung bnh 6,58 nghn m 3/nm. Lng cht thi cn li c ra mi trng. H thng C, s trang tri cht thi lng khng qua x l ra mi trng chim 63,15%, hng nm ra mi trng trung bnh 3,5 nghn m 3. H thng VC s trang tri cht thi lng khng qua x l ra mi trng chim 57,14%, s lng cht thi lng trung bnh 3,98 nghn m3/nm. H thng AC, s trang tri cht thi lng khng qua x l ra mi trng chim 12,19%, hng nm ra mi trng trung bnh 4,91 nghn m 3. H thng VAC, s trang tri cht thi lng khng qua x l ra mi trng chim 11,25%, lng cht thi lng ra mi trng trung bnh 2,22 nghn m3/nm. thy r hn vic qun l v s dng cht thi sau x l chng ti tin hnh tm hiu v vic s dng cht thi sau khi x l v s dng lng kh biogas sinh ra, kt qu trnh by ti bng 10.
Bng 10. S dng kh biogas v cht thi sau x l ti cc h thng %

Ch tiu Kh biogas Cht thi rn sau x l Cht thi lng sau biogas un pht in si m thp sng bn cy ra ao nui c ra mi trng

VAC 100 41,93 45,16 48,38 100 61,76 38,23

AC 100 41,66 16,66 41,66 70 30

VC 64,70 29,41 29,41 52,94 100 100

C 100 25,80 29,03 51,61 100

80

Bng 10 cho thy, lng kh biogas sinh ra sau qu trnh x l cht thi c cc h thng dng phc v cho sinh hot trong trang tri, nh un, chy my pht in, si m v thp sng. Chnh iu ny lm cho cc trang tri c th tn dng ngun nng lng sinh hc v tit kim in nng. Lng cht thi rn sau x l bng phng php 100% c dng bn cy ti h thng VAC v VC. Lng cht thi lng sau x l bng biogas ti h thng VAC s trang tri a xung ao c l 61,71% v s trang tri ra mi trng chim 38,23%. Ti h thng AC s trang tri a cht thi lng sau x l bng biogas xung ao chim 70%, s trang tri trc tip ra mi trng chim 30%. c bit ti h thng VC v C 100% lng cht thi lng sau x l biogas c trc tip ra mi trng. hiu mt cch tng qut v phng php x l v s dng cht thi trong cc trang tri chn nui ln iu tra chng ti xy dng s qun l ca cht thi lng v cht thi rn. Chng ti thy rng trong cc trang tri iu tra lng cht thi rn c x l chim t l thp 20,31% trong tng lng cht thi rn c to ra t chn nui. Lng cht thi rn ch yu c x l bng h thng biogas chim 69,18, x l bng phng php chim 30,82%. Lng kh biogas sinh ra c dng phc v nhu cu ca chnh trang tri nh un, chy my pht in, si m cho ln v thp sng. Lng cht thi rn sau khi x l bng phng php , 100% c dng bn cy. Trong khi phn ln cht thi rn khng c x l chim ti 79,69%. Lng cht thi rn khng c x l phn ln c a xung ao nui c chim ti 56,14%, dng bn chim 35,66% v t l thp nht dnh cho bn cy chim 8,2%. ng i ca cht thi lng c trnh by ti s 2, qua y chng ti thy rng lng cht thi lng c x l chim 34,81% trong tng lng cht thi lng sinh ra t chn nui. Lng cht thi lng ch yu c x l bng biogas chim ti 96,15%. X l bng ao lng rt thp chim 3,85%. Lng nc thi sau khi x l bng biogas ch yu c ra mi trng chim ti 51,87%, a xung ao nui c chim ti 48,13%. Nc thi sau x l qua ao lng ch yu c ra mi trng chim ti 91,59%, mt phn rt nh chim 8,41% dng ti cy. Phn cht thi lng khng c x l chim t l ln trong tng lng cht thi lng to ra, chim 65,19%. Lng nc thi ny ch yu c a thng xung ao nui c chim ti 77,83%, trc tip ra mi trng chim ti 22,17%.

4. Kt lun
Hng Yn l mt tnh pht trin v chn nui trng tri, c bit l chn nui ln. Tng n ln trong ton tnh nm 2004 l 545.603 n nm 2008 tng ln 578.046 con, Chn nui trang tri ch yu tp trung nhng huyn c truyn thng v th mnh v chn nui, nh huyn Vn Giang, Khoi Chu trung bnh chim t 24,65-22,52% tng trang tri ton tnh, thp nht l ti th x Hng Yn chim 3,7%. Nhng trang tri iu tra c phn theo bn kiu h thng VAC(vn-ao-chung), AC(ao-chung), VC(vn-chung), C(chung). Kiu h thng VAC c s lng ln nht chim 45,56%, sau n ku h thng AC chim 23,33%, kiu h thng C chim 21,48%, thp nht l ki h thng VC chim 9,63%. Din tch t trang tri ln nht h thng AC trung bnh l 16.086,34m 2, sau n h thng VAC trung bnh l 8.931,2m2, h thng VC din tch t trung bnh l 3.334,94m 2, thp nht h thng C trung bnh l 961,89m2. Din tch t phn ln c dnh cho sn xut, mt phn nh dnh cho nh v khu x l cht thi. Quy m chn nui ln ni trong cc h thng trung bnh t 17,02 -37,88 ni/trang tri. Hng nm xut bn trung bnh t 0,31-1,16 tn ln con cai sa, 41,62-54,06 tn ln tht hi/nm. Lng cht thi to ra t chn nui l rt ln, lng cht thi rn to ra nhiu nht h thng VC trung bnh 86,95 tn/nm, sau n h thng C trung bnh l 70,96 tn/nm, h thng AC trung bnh l 67,11 tn/nm. Thp nht l h thng VAC lng cht thi rn to ra trung bnh l 58,7 tn/nm. Lng cht thi lng nhiu nht h thng AC trung bnh 6,63 nghn m3/nm, sau n h thng VAC trung bnh l 5,39 nghn m 3/nm, h thng C trung bnh l 5,03 nghn m3/nm. Thp nht h thng VC trung bnh l 4,68 nghn m3/nm l rt ln Lng cht thi to ra t chn nuim, trong cc trang tri iu tra lng cht thi rn c x l chim t l thp 20,31%. Lng cht thi rn ch yu c x l bng h thng biogas chim 69,18, x l bng phng php chim 30,82%. Lng cht thi rn sau khi x l bng phng php , 100% c dng bn cy. Trong khi phn ln cht thi rn khng c x l chim ti 79,69%, trong a xung ao nui c chim ti 56,14%, dng bn

81

chim 35,66% v t l thp nht dnh cho bn cy chim 8,2%. Lng cht thi lng c x l chim 34,81% trong tng lng cht thi lng sinh ra t chn nui. Lng cht thi lng ch yu c x l bng biogas chim ti 96,15%. X l bng ao lng rt thp chim 3,85%. Lng nc thi sau khi x l bng biogas ch yu c ra mi trng chim ti 51,87%, a xung ao nui c chim ti 48,13%. Nc thi sau x l qua ao lng ch yu c ra mi trng chim ti 91,59%, mt phn rt nh chim 8,41% dng ti cy. Phn cht thi lng khng c x l chim t l ln trong tng lng cht thi lng to ra, chim 65,19%. Lng nc thi ny ch yu c a thng xung ao nui c chim ti 77,83%, trc tip ra mi trng chim ti 22,17%.

Ti liu tham kho


1. Nin gim thng k 2008 2. Hong Kim Giao, o L Hng, 2006. Pht trin chn nui v bo v mi trng. 3. o L Hng, 2009, Khc lit s cnh tranh v mi trng ca ngnh chn nui, Tp ch Chn nui s 1-09. 4. Nin gim thng k tnh Hng Yn 2008 5. Thng t lin tch, B Nng nghip v pht trin nng thn-Tng cc Thng k, S: 69/2000/TTLT/BNN-TCTK.

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Pht trin nui giun qu (Perionyx excavatus) to ngun thc n giu protein cho gia cm v hn ch nhim mi trng
V nh Tn1,2, Hn Quang Hnh1, Nguyn nh Linh2, Nguyn Vn Duy2 1 Khoa Chn nui v Nui trng thy sn, Trng H Nng nghip H Ni 2 Trung tm Nghin cu lin ngnh pht trin nng thn, Trng H Nng nghip H Ni Email: hanquanghanh1304@gmail.com
Tm tt Giun qu (Perionyx excavatus), c nui nc ta t u nhng nm 1990, c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic x l cc cht thi hu c v cung cp ngun thc n giu dinh dng cho vt nui. lm c s a ra nhng khuyn co kp thi trong thc tin, mt s th nghim c tin hnh nhm xc nh hiu qu x l cc loi cht thi khc nhau cng nh kh nng sinh trng v pht trin ca giun qu trn cc ngun cht thi ny. Bn cng thc th nghim gm 100% phn tru b ti ( CT1); 50% phn tru b +50% phn ln (CT2); 50% phn tru b + 40% phn ln + 10% rm la (CT3) v 90% phn ln + 10% rm la (CT4). Kt qu cho thy giun sinh trng tt tt c cc cng thc, nht l CT1 (242%, P<0,05)) v c kh nng x l rt hiu qu cc cht thi hu c, lm tng hm lng cc cht khong (P tng 0,3 0.6%, K tng 0,09 0,23), Ca tng 0.51 0.79%) v chuyn chng thnh cc dng d hp thu vi cy trng (nh NH 4+, NO3-). Bn cnh , nh c kh nng x l ca giun qu lm gim ng k hm lng NH 3 trong phn (gim 9,17 ln CT2, gim 14,98 ln so vi phn tru b ti v 50,61 ln so vi phn ln ti), do gip hn ch nhim mi trng. nh gi hiu qu ca vic b sung giun qu trong khu phn n ca g, tng s 148 g broiler c chia thnh 4 l gm 1 l i chng v 3 l th nghim tng ng vi 3 mc b sung giun l 1; 1,5 v 2% tnh theo VCK ca khu phn theo phng php phn l so snh. n thi im kt thc nui tht (tun tui 10), khi lng c th g l b sung 2% giun t cao nht (l 1925 g/con so vi 1823g/con l i chng, P<0,05). B sung 2% giun gip gim 0,21kg thc n cho mi kg tng khi lng g, tng ng 6,8% so vi l i chng, gip tng t l tht ln v tht i, ng thi khng lm nh hng n cht lng tht (pH, mu sc, t l mt nc do bo qun, t l hao ht do ch bin). T kha: g broiler, nui giun, x l cht thi hu c

1. T VN Chn nui l mt ngnh sn xut quan trng v ngy cng c m rng v pht trin nc ta. Nhng nm gn y, t trng chn nui trong nng nghip nc ta tng t 22,4% nm 2003 ln 24,7% nm 2005 v n nm 2008 c 10 tnh thnh t t trng chn nui trong nng nghip trn 35%. Mc tiu chung l n nm 2020, t trng ny t trn 42% (B NN&PTNT, 2008). Tuy nhin, chn nui cng to ra nhiu cht thi gy nhim mi trng, nh hng khng ch n i sng ca ngi dn m cn nh hng ln ti sn xut nng nghip, trong c c sn xut chn nui. Do , pht trin chn nui theo hng bn vng, khng ch nng cao nng sut v hiu qu kinh t m cn m bo hn ch gy nhim mi trng l mt chin lc pht trin quan trng ca nc ta trong nhng nm tip theo (B NN&PTNT, 2008). t c mc tiu , vic tm kim nhng ngun nguyn liu v thc n chn nui mi c cht lng dinh dng cao v gi thnh h, ng thi khng lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm l cn thit v c ngha thc tin cao. nc ta, t nhng nm 1980, giun qu ( Perionyx excavatus) c nghin cu theo hng lm thuc v sau lm thc n chn nui. y l mt loi thc n giu dinh dng (66,14% protein th; 7,4% lipit th; 13,23% khong tng s, 1,73% x th theo VCK, c bit giun qu c cha 17 axit amin trong c 9 axit amin khng thay th (Nguyn Vn By, 2001). Nui giun qu khng i hi quy trnh k thut phc tp, khng i hi chi ph ln bi v thc n ch yu nui giun li l cc cht thi hu c, nht l phn gia sc v ph phm nng nghip. Bn cnh , giun qu li c kh nng sinh trng v sinh sn nhanh vi tc tng sinh khi khong 3,6 ln sau 60 ngy nui (ng V Bnh v cs, 2008). Do , nui giun s to thnh mt chu trnh sn xut khp kn, va hn ch nhim mi trng t cht thi, va to ngun thc n giu dinh

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dng cho vt nui nn gim chi ph v thc n. Tuy nhin cho n nay nc ta vn cha c nhiu nghin cu nhm nh gi mt cch y nht vai tr ca giun qu trong x l cc loi cht thi khc nhau cng nh hiu qu ca vic s dng giun qu trong khu phn n ca gia cm. Do , nghin cu ny thc hin nhm a ra nhng khuyn co ph hp trong vic nui giun qu x l cht thi v tn dng lm thc n chn nui. 2. VT LIU V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU Th nghim 1: Hiu qu x l cht thi v kh nng sinh trng, pht trin ca giun qu i vi cc loi cht thi khc nhau. Ba loi cht thi chnh trong nng nghip, bao gm phn tru b, phn ln v rm la c s dng cho th nghim. Bn cng thc th nghim c thc hin nh bng 1:
Bng 1. B tr th nghim nui giun qu trn cc loi cht thi khc nhau

Cht thi (%) CT 1 (ti) Phn tru b 100 Phn ln 0 Rm la 0 Nui giun qu S ln lp li 4 Khi lng giun ban u, gam 500 S ngy nui 45

CT 2 ( )* 50 50 0 4 500 45

CT 3 ( )* 50 40 10 4 500 45

CT 4 ( )* 0 90 10 4 500 45

Ghi ch: * Cht nn c ym kh n hoai mc trc khi nui giun

Cht thi (cht nn) trc khi nui giun v phn giun (sau khi giun n) c ly mu phn tch thnh phn ha hc vi s tr gip ca cn b Phng th nghim trung tm, Khoa Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni. Hm lng Nit tng s c xc nh bng phng php Kjeldahl vi ha cht l axit sulphuric m c (H 2SO4, d=1.84) v mt s loi khc nh axit salicylic (C6H4(COOH)(OH)), hn hp (CuSO4 + Se + K2SO4). xc nh hm lng pht-pho tng s, mu c cng ph bng axit perchloric m c (HCLO 4 70%) ri so mu bng vanadomolybdate. Phn tch nh lng cc cation trao i nh (K, Na v Mg c thc hin bng phng php quang k ngn la sau khi cng ph mu bng cc ha cht tng t nh phng php xc nh pht-pho tng s. Hm lng NH 4+ c xc nh bng phng php Nessler (dung dch K2HgI4). Hm lng NO3_ c o bng phng php Cataldo. Th nghim 2 c tin hnh trn n g broiler (H Lng Phng) t 4 n 10 tun tui ti Tri chn nui, Khoa Chn nui v Nui trng thu sn, Trng i hc Nng nghip H Ni. Th nghim c b tr theo phng php phn l so snh hon ton ngu nhin, gm 4 l (mi l 37 con). Cc l ch khc nhau v mc b sung giun, cc yu t khc nh t l trng mi, ch chm sc, quy trnh phng bnh v v sinh th yu c bm bo ng u. Thc n cho g th nghim c phi trn t thc n hn hp m c vi cc loi nguyn liu khc (ng, cm go, tm) theo hng dn ca nh sn xut da theo 2 giai on pht trin ca g. T 22 - 42 ngy tui, s dng khu phn c cha 19% protein, 5% cht bov t 43 - 70 ngy tui, g c thu nhn khu phn cha 16% protein, 6% cht bo. Giun qu c b sung vo khu phn n ca g vi cc t l 1; 1,5 v 2% tnh theo VCK ca khu phn di dng ti v c chia thnh 2 ln/ngy (sng sm v chiu mt). G th nghim c nui trn nn xi mng c lp n chung l tru. Thc n v nc ung c cung cp t do. Quy trnh nui c thc hin theo khuyn co ca Trung tm Nghin cu gia cm Thu Phng, Vin Chn nui (2002). Cc ch tiu theo di nh khi lng c th qua cc tun tui, lng thc n thu nhn c thc hin bng cc phng php thng quy trong chn nui. G c m kho st 10 tun tui xc nh t l thn tht, tht i, tht ln... theo phng php ca Ban Gia cm, Vin Hn lm khoa hc c (1972). Tht ln c lc ra xc nh cc ch tiu cht lng tht. pH tht theo phng php ca Barton -Gate v cng tc vin (1995) bng my o pH Testo 230 (c) vi 5 ln lp li ti mi thi im. Mu sc tht c o ti cc thi im 12 gi v 72 gi sau bo qun 2 - 30C vi 5 ln lp li ti tng thi im theo phng php ca Clinquart (2004) bng my

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o mu sc Minolta CR-410 (Nht) vi cc ch s L*, a* v b* theo tiu chun chiu sng D v gc quan st tiu chun 650 C.I.E (C.I.E., 1978). T l mt nc sau khi bo qun 2 - 3 0C sau 12 gi v 72 gi c xc nh bng phng php cn khi lng. T l hao ht ca tht sau khi ch bin cch thy nhit 85 0C trong thi gian 45 pht phng php ca Lengerken v cng tc vin (1987). S liu c x l theo phng php phn tch phng sai mt nhn t bng phn mm Minitab 14.0. 3. KT QU V THO LUN 3.1 Kh nng tng sinh khi giun cc cng thc th nghim Giun qu, cng ging nh cc sinh vt khc, b nh hng r rt bi cc ngun thc n khc nhau. Do , kh nng tng sinh khi ca giun cng bin ng theo cht lng ca thc n m chng thu nhn. Kt qu theo di mc tng sinh khi ca giun cc cng thc th nghim c trnh by ti bng 2.
Bng 2. Kh nng tng sinh khi ca giun cc cng thc th nghim

Ch tiu

KL giun ban u (g) KL giun sau 45 ngy (g) KL giun tng (g): 713a126 437ab 37,5 250b61,2 200b61,2 ( X mx ) H s sinh trng (%) 242,6 187,4 150 140 Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong cng mt hng ngang mang cc ch ci khc nhau th s sai khc c ngha thng k (P<0,05) Qua bng 2 cho thy tc tng sinh khi ca giun c s khc nhau c ngha thng k gia cc cng thc th nghim (P<0,05). Kh nng tng sinh khi ca giun t cao nht khi nui giun bng 100% phn tru b ti (sinh khi tng 713 g sau 45 ngy), tng ng vi tc sinh trng l 243%. Thng thng, phn tru b cha t hn hm lng ammoniac hn (975 mg/kg) so vi phn ln (3293 mg/kg) hay phn g. Do vy, y c th l u im ca phn tru b ph hp vi c im sinh trng v pht trin ca giun qu. cc cng thc khc, khi lng giun tng cng tng i ln, u t trn 200%. Nh vy, r rng l giun qu c th sinh trng v pht trin tt trn nhiu loi cht thi hu c khc nhau v t tc sinh trng nhanh 3.2 Hiu qu x l cht thi ca giun cc cng thc th nghim nh gi hiu qu x l cht thi ca giun qu, chng ti tin hnh phn tch thnh phn ha hc c trong cht thi trc v sau khi cho giun n, kt qu c tng hp ti bng 3.
Bng 3. Thnh phn ha hc trong cht thi (cht nn) trc v sau khi cho giun n

CT 1 (100) n=4 500 1213

CT 2 (50-50) n=4 500 937

CT 3 (50-40-10) n=4 500 750

CT 4 (90-10) n=4 500 700

CT1 (100) Ch tiu VCK N P K Ca Mg NNO3 NNH3 NH4 n v % % % % % % mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg Phn ln ti 33,93 1,87 1,01 0,57 1,24 0,77 41,45 3293,3 5 4234,3 1 Phn b ti 19,21 1,73 0,84 0,63 0,89 0,59 84,52 974,86 1253,3 9 Phn giun 23,00 1,55 1,25 0,83 1,60 0,77 123,5 3 106,7 4 137,2 3

CT2 (50-50) 29,97 1,83 0,83 0,56 1,15 0,72 16,67 596,9 6 767,5 2 Phn giun 32,9 0 1,01 1,13 0,67 1,66 0,71 79,0 5 65,0 7 83,6 6

CT3(50-40-10) 34,20 1,54 0,87 0,52 0,95 0,66 20,58 115,0 8 147,9 6 Phn giun 28,43 1,24 1,20 0,61 1,74 0,75 236,0 9 64,90 83,44

CT4 (90-10) 38,00 1,34 0,86 0,43 1,27 0,67 16,59 133,0 9 171,1 2 Phn giun 31,31 1,05 1,46 0,66 1,92 0,80 224,45 55,07 70,81

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+ Cc cht thi c em i nui giun s c giun x l v chuyn thnh phn giun vi c tnh rt ti xp ging nh cht mn. c bit, tt c cc cng thc, hm lng cc cht khong nh P, K, Ca, Mg c trong phn giun u cao hn so vi trong cht thi trc khi cho giun n v thng thng chng dng d tiu hay d hp thu i vi cy trng (NH 4+, NO3- ). C th, hm lng pht-pho (m ch yu l pht-pho d tiu theo nhiu tc gi nghin cu) tng cao nht cng thc 4 (tng 0,6%) v thp nht l cng thc 2 (tng 0,3%) sau khi cho giun n. Theo cng b ca Lee (1992) qu trnh bin i ca cht thi hu c trong ng rut ca giun chuyn pht-pho sang dng d tiu (d hp thu) i vi cy trng nh enzyme phosphatases c tit ra trong ng rut ca chng. Hn na, vic gii phng pht-pho cn c thc hin bi cc vi khun ha tan pht-pho c trong ng tiu ha ca giun. Kt qu bng 3 cho bit hm lng Kali cc cng thc th nghim tng ln t 0,09 0,23% trong phn giun so vi trong cht thi ban u. Kt qu ny cng ph hp vi cc cng b ca Suthar (2007) cho bit hm lng Kali trao i tng ln ng k nh qu trnh x l cht thi bng giun. Ngoi ra, hm lng ca mt s cc cht khong khc nh Ca, Mg cng tng ln sau qu trnh phn gii ca giun. y l nhng cht khong lm tng dinh dng cho t v v vy phn giun chnh l mt loi phn rt tt cho cy trng. Bn cnh s tng ln v hm lng cc cht khong, qu trnh phn gii ca giun lm gim ng k mi ammoniac do hm lng NH 3 gim i r rt (65,07 mg/kg trong phn giun so vi 596,96 mg/kg trong hn hp phn tru b v phn ln (t l 50:50 CT 2) v so vi 974,86 trong phn b ti ( CT 1) hay 3293,35 mg/kg trong phn ln ti. y l mt u im rt ln khi x l phn gia sc bng giun qu v mi ammoniac khng cn nhiu nn t nh hng ti mi trng, nht l khng kh. Nh vy, giun qu ng vai tr rt to ln trong vic x l cc cht thi hu c, nht l phn gia sc v ph phm nng nghip. Nh c giun qu m cc cht thi ny tr thnh ngun phn bn qu gi vi hm lng cao cc khong cht dng d tiu v d hp thu i vi cy trng v t c nh hng n mi trng. 3.3 Hiu qu s dng giun qu lm thc n nui g tht 3.3.1 nh hng ca vic b sung giun qu n kh nng sinh trng ca g Giun qu vi c tnh l rt giu cc cht dinh dng v rt ph hp vi tp tnh n ca g, do chng c coi l loi thc n l tng cho gia cm. Chng ti tin hnh b sung giun qu vi cc mc khc nhau (l 1; 1,5 v 2% theo VCK khu phn) nhm nh gi nh hng n sinh trng ca g. Kt qu theo di v khi lng c th g qua cc tun tui c trnh by bng 4
Bng 4 Khi lng c th g qua cc tun tui (g/con)

L C L TN 1 (1%) L TN 2 (1,5%) L TN 3 (2%) (n = 37) (n = 37) (n = 37) (n = 37) m m m X X X X mx x x x 4 530,5 19,0 520,4 18,1 525,7 16,6 527,6 17,4 5 700,1 18,0 698,9 18,0 697,2 16,9 707,0 16,0 6 893,8 18,7 893,2 18,0 916,3 17,6 924,9 19,2 7 1115,1 18,2 1125,0 24,5 1131,0 19,9 1165,7 21,1 8 1347,7 19,9 1377,9 22,6 1381,7 22,6 1407,9 27,4 a ab ab 9 1590,0 17,7 1638,2 19,5 1649,3 24,2 1683,7 30,7b 10 1822,6 20,0a 1842,1 17,9ab 1911,4 19,0ab 1925,3 36,2b Ghi ch: Cc gi tr trong cng mt hng ngang mang cc ch ci khc nhau th s sai khc c ngha thng k (P < 0,05) T tun tui th 4 n tun tui th 8, khi lng c th g cc l khng c s chnh lch r rt. Tuy nhin cc tun tip theo, khi lng c th g cc l th nghim c xu hng cao hn so vi l i chng. n tun tui th 9 v 10, c s khc bit r rt (P<0,05) v khi lng c th gia cc l th nghim v l i chng theo xu hng tng dn khi tng mc b sung giun t 1% n 1,5% v 2%. tun tui 9 v 10, khi lng c th g t cao nht l TN 3 (2% giun) v thp nht l i chng (P<0,05). cc l c b sung 1% v 1,5% giun, mc d khi lng c th g khng c s sai khc r rt nhng u c xu hng cao hn so vi l i chng. Nh vy, b sung giun qu lm tng kh nng Tun tui

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tng trng g, mc b sung 2% giun cho kt qu tt hn hn so vi l i chng (P<0,05) tun th 9 v 10. 3.3.2 nh hng ca vic b sung giun qu n hiu qu chuyn ho thc n ca g Kt qu theo di v tnh ton v hiu qu chuyn ho thc n ca g cc tun tui c th hin bng 5.
Bng 5. Hiu qu chuyn ho thc n ca g (kg thc n/kg tng khi lng)

Tun tui 5 6 7 8 9 10 Trung bnh

L C 2,60 2,65 3,03 3,20 3,52 3,97 3,16

L TN 1 2,52 2,68 3,06 3,23 3,50 3,94 3,16

L TN 2 2,65 2,72 2,89 3,05 3,13 3,69 3,02

L TN 3 2,59 2,78 2,87 2,93 3,10 3,41 2,95

Bng 5 cho thy: nhng tun u th nghim, lng thc n thu nhn ca g cc l gn nh tng ng nhau. T tun th 8 n 10, lng thu nhn thc n ca g l TN 3 c phn thp hn so vi cc l th nghim khc, nht l so vi l i chng. Tuy nhin, tun tui ny, khi lng c th g l TN 3 vn t cao hn cc l khc, do tiu tn thc n cho 1 kg khi lng g tng l TN 3 l thp hn 0,21 kg (tng ng vi 6,8%) so vi l i chng. Nh vy hiu qu chuyn ho thc n ca g khi c b sung 2% giun l tt hn hn so vi khi khng c b sung giun. Kt qu ca chng ti cng ph hp vi kt qu nghin cu ca Mekada (1979) v Nguyn Cng Tn (2005) cho bit b sung giun t vo khu phn n ca g broiler s ci thin c chi ph thc n cho 1 kg tng trng v cho tng trng cao hn. iu ny chng t khi b sung giun qu lm cho khu phn n ca g c cn bng cc cht dinh dng hn, v vy g cn lng thc n t hn nhng vn p ng c nhu cu v vn cho tng trng tt hn. 3.3.3. nh hng ca vic b sung giun qu n kh nng cho tht v cht lng ca tht g Kt qu kho st v kh nng cho tht v cht lng tht g c trnh by bng 6
Bng 6. T l cc thnh phn thn tht v cht lng ca tht g

Ch tiu TL thn tht (%) TL tht i (%) TL tht ln (%) TL m bng (%) TL ni tng n c (%) pH12h pH72h TL mt nc sau 12h BQ (%) TL mt nc sau 72h BQ (%) TL hao ht CB sau 12h BQ (%) TL hao ht CB sau 72h BQ (%) L* Mu sc sau 12h git tht (n=2) a* b* Mu sc sau 72h L* git tht (n=2) a* b*

L C L TN 1 L TN 2 L TN 3 (n = 4) (n = 4) (n = 4) (n = 4) 68,14 67,69 68,33 69,88 20,97 21,45 21,95 22,86 17,23 17,10 18,11 19,43 4,44 4,33 3,98 4,52 8,84 9,23 9,61 8,81 5,65 0,02 5,62 0,02 5,62 0,20 5,58 0,01 5,68 0,03 5,65 0,02 5,64 0,02 5,62 0,02 2,04 0,07 2,17 0,14 2,11 0,03 2,04 0,07 2,28 0,04 2,26 0,06 2,10 0,06 2,13 0,05 23,92 0,30 23,85 0,22 23,02 0,43 22,7 0,23 25,65 0,55 24,72 0,21 24,52 0,22 25,35 0,51 57,140,12 57,190,1 57,470,15 57,450,17 (57,290,25 (57,180,42) (57,50,14) (57,390,34) ) 8,410,28 10,260,42 10,330,36 10,230,38 (10,40,45) (10,320,37) (10,360,54) (10,460,33) 20,91,33 20,010,45 18,621,25 20,670,74 (19,810,64) (20,150,79) (19,30,89) (19,630,43) 58,370,27 58,250,12 58,320,3 58,230,38 (58,240,21) (58,440,27) (58,430,16) (58,410,44) 8,410,28 9,010,29 9,610,28 8,810,31 (8,020,25) (8,480,31) (8,950,72) (9,320,24) 19,830,52 17,560,92 17,760,53 19,40,69

87

(19,320,55)

(19,290,63)

(18,840,76)

(18,090,51)

Ghi ch: BQ: Bo qun, CB: Ch bin, TL: T l. Cc gi tr v mu sc tht trong du ngoc n l i vi g mi, bn ngoi du ngoc n l i vi g trng

Kt qu bng 5 cho thy khi tng mc b sung giun t 1% n 1,5% v 2% lm tng t l thn tht v t l cc phn tht c gi tr (tht ln, tht i). T l thn tht v cc phn tht c gi tr t cao nht l TN 3, cao hn hn so vi cc l th nghim khc v l i chng. Nh vy, vic b sung giun qu lm tng kh nng tch lu m nc g, t lm tng kh nng sn xut tht ca g. pH tht g sau 12 v 72 gi bo qun cc l th nghim v i chng khng c s khc nhau r rt (P>0,05). Mc d cc ging gia cm c mc tng trng chm thng c pH tht thp hn so vi cc ging c mc tng trng nhanh (Wattanachant v cs, 2004; Santos v cs, 2005) nhng gi tr pH ca tht g cc l th nghim ny u rt thp (<5,7), chng t hm lng axit trong tht tng i cao, lm gim cht lng tht. Vi dung lng mu cn hn ch, v vy th nghim ny cha pht hin c s sai khc v gi tr pH ca tht g khi b sung giun vi cc mc khc nhau. T l mt nc sau bo qun (12 v 72 gi) ca tht g cc l l khng sai khc (P>0,05), dao ng t 2 2,3%. Kt qu ny cao hn rt nhiu so vi nhm g broiler c mc tng trng thp v trung bnh theo nghin cu ca Fanatico v cs (2005) (ln lt vi 2 nhm l 1,17% v 1,14%), v Fanatico v cs (2007) vi nhm g tng trng thp (l 1,54%). T l mt nc sau ch bin i vi cc mu tht c bo qun trong 12 v 72 gi cng khng c s khc nhau r rt gia cc l th nghim so vi l i chng (P>0,05). Tuy nhin, gi tr ny l th nghim 3 c phn thp hn so vi l i chng (22,7% so vi 23,9%). T l ny li thp hn nhiu so vi kt qu nghin cu ca Fanatico v cs (2005) trn ging g tng trng thp v trung bnh (ln lt l 27,1% v 27,6%). Gi tr L* ca tht g c 2 thi im bo qun (12 v 72 gi) khng c s sai khc gia cc l nhng u mc rt cao (t 57 58). iu ny c th do c trng ca tng ging mc d cha c nhng nghin cu v cng b v tiu chun cht lng cm quan tht g nc ta. V (a*) v vng (b*) cng khng c s sai khc r rt gia cc l c 2 thi im bo qun. So vi kt qu nghin cu trn ging g c tng trng chm v trung bnh ca Fanatico v cs (2005) (gi tr a* ln lt l 3,66 v 4,43; gi tr b* ln lt l 2,19 v 1,63) th nghin cu ny tht g c v vng cao hn rt nhiu. C l y l u im ca con lai (H x Lng Phng) c s dng trong th nghim ny. Nh vy vic b sung giun qu vi cc mc khc nhau (l 1%, 1,5% v 2%) v c bn khng lm nh hng n cc ch tiu v cht lng tht g. 4. KT LUN Giun qu c kh nng x l rt hiu qu cc cht thi hu c, nht l phn gia sc v ph phm nng nghip, to thnh ngun phn bn rt giu dinh dng vi hm lng cao cc khong cht thit yu v d hp thu i vi cy trng (P, K, Ca, Mg, NH 4+,). Hn na, x l cht thi bng giun qu cn gip hn ch nhim mi trng nh vic gim ng k hm lng NH3 trong phn (gim khong 9,17 ln cng thc 50% phn tru b + 50% phn ln, gim 14,98 ln so vi phn tru b ti v 50,61 ln so vi phn ln ti). Giun qu c kh nng sinh trng v pht trin tt trn cc loi cht thi khc nhau. Trong , nui giun bng phn tru b cho kt qu cao nht v tng sinh khi (713 g sau 45 ngy, tng ng tc sinh trng l 243 %. Bn cnh , chng ta cng c th trn phn tru b vi cc loi cht thi khc vi cc t l khc nhau u cho tc tng sinh khi cao giun. Vi c im sinh trng nhanh, chng ta c th nui giun vi quy m thm canh hay bn thm canh sn xut ngun thc n giu dinh dng cho chn nui. B sung giun qu vo khu phn n gp phn lm tng kh nng tng trng ca g, ci thin c ng k tiu tn thc n v do lm gim chi ph thc n cho 1kg tng trng ca g. ng thi vic b sung giun qu lm tng t l thn tht v t l cc phn tht c gi tr ca g v khng lm thay i cht lng cm quan ca tht (mu sc, pH, t l mt nc sau bo qun v ch bin). Mc b sung 2% giun cho kt qu tt nht lm tng trng ca g cao hn hn so vi l

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i chng, c bit cc tun tui cui trc khi git tht, gip lm gim 0,21kg thc n cho mi kg tng khi lng g, tng ng vi 6,8% so vi l i chng. B sung 2% cho t l thn tht v t l tht ln, tht i cao hn hn so vi l i chng.

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TI LIU THAM KHO Ting Vit 1. B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, 2008. Chin lc pht trin chn nui n nm 2020. Nh xut bn Nng nghip H Ni 2. Nguyn Vn By 2001. Nghin cu sn xut v s dng giun t Perionyx excavatus lm thc n b sung cho g gp phn nng cao hiu qu nui g th vn h nng dn. Lun n tin s khoa hc Nng nghip. 3. ng V Bnh, V nh Tn, Nguyn nh Linh 2008. nh gi kh nng sinh trng ca giun qu (Perionyx excavatus) trn cc ngun thc n khc nhau. Tp ch Khoa hc v Pht trin 2008: Tp VI, S 4: 321-325 4. Trung tm Nghin cu gia cm Thy Phng 2002. Hng dn k thut nui g Lng Phng Hoa. NXB Nng nghip, tr. 7 8. 5. Nguyn Cng Tn 2005. Tip tc tm hiu gi tr to ln v kinh t v sinh thi ca giun v kin, trin vng ca ngh nui giun, kin trong nng thn nc ta. NXB Nng nghip H Ni, tr.16-28. Ting nc ngoi 6. Barton Gate P., Warriss P.D., Brown S.N. and Lambooij B. 1995 . Methods of improving pig welfare and meat quality by reducing stress and discomfort before slaughter-methods of assessing meat quality. Proceeding of the EU-Seminar, Mariensee, p: 22-23. 7. Clinquart A 2004. Instruction pour la mesure de la couleur de la viande de porc par spectrocolorimetrie, Dpartement des Sciences des Denrees Alientaires, Facult de Mdecine Vterinaire, Universit de Lige, p: 1-7. 8. Fanatico, A. C. L. C. Cavitt, P. B. Pillai, J. L. Emmert, and C. M. Owens 2005. Evaluation of Slower-Growing Broiler Genotypes Grown with and Without Outdoor Access: Meat Quality Poultry Science 84:17851790 9. Fanatico A C, Pillai P B, Emmert J L and Owens C M 2007 Meat Quality of Slow-and FastGrowing Chicken Genotypes Fed Low- Nutrient or Standard Diets and Raised Indoors or with Outdoor Access. Poultry Science 86:22452255 http://ps.fass.org/cgi/reprint/86/10/2245 10. Lee K E 1992 Some trends opportunities in earthworm research. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 24: 17651771 11. Lengerken G.V., Pfeiffer H. 1987 . Stand und Entwicklungstendezen der Anwendung von Methoden zur Erkennung der Stressempfindlichkeit und Fleischqualitaet beim Schwein, InterSymp. Zur Schweinezucht, Leipzig, p:1972- 1979. 12. Mekada H, Hayashi N, Yokota H and Okumura J 1979 Perfomance of growing and laying chickens feed diets containing earthworms (Eisenia foetida). Japanese Poultry Science 16: 293297 13. Santos, A. L., N. K. Sakomura, E. R. Freitas, C. M. L. S. Fortes, E. N. V. M. Carrilho, and J. B. K. Fernandes 2005. Growth, performance, carcass yield and meat quality of three broiler chickens strains. Rev. Bras. Zootec. 34:15891598. 14. Suthar S 2007 Vermicomposting potential of Perionyx sansibaricus (Perrier) in different waste materials. Bioresource Technology 98: 1231-1237 15. Wattanachant, S., S. Benjakul, and D. A. Ledward 2004. Composition, color, and texure of Thai indigenous and broiler chicken muscles. Poultry Science 83:123128.

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MC LC
BI KHAI MC HI THO:

Trong bi cnh pht trin mnh m hot ng chn nui ln, pht trint chn nui ln quy m nh v trung bnh rt c khuyn khch. Hin nay, cc h thng ny da trn s kt hp gia chn nui ln (15-20 con ni sinh sn), nui c ( C chp trung quc, c r phi) v trng trt (ng, la, rau. Cc cht dinh dng t nc thi ln c s dng cho ao c v trng rau, ngc li cc ph phm t rau v cy trng c s dng lm thc n cho ln. nh gi tnh bn vng ca mt h thng sinh thi nng nghip phc tp no theo cc kch bn qun l kt hp l mt nhim v kh khn. ................................................................................................8 Xy dng m hnh (7 thng).....................................................................................9 Trin khai v chun ho m hnh gi nh (7 thng).................................................9 H thng phn tch (10 thng)...................................................................................9 Kt qu mong i......................................................................................................9 Kt qu mong i .................................................................................................................................. 13 Miu t nhim v .................................................................................................................................. 14 Xy dng th nghim (6 thng) .................................................................................................................................. 14 Th nghim (10 thng) .................................................................................................................................. 14

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Phn tch ho hc v nh gi C & N c sn (8 thng) .................................................................................................................................. 14 Dng li ch o v hot ng t vn (6 thng) .................................................................................................................................. 14 Kt qu mong i .................................................................................................................................. 15 Mc ch .................................................................................................................................. 16 i tng tham gia .................................................................................................................................. 16 KHO ST KH NNG SINH GAS V X L NC THI .................................................................................................................................. 43 HEO CA H THNG BIOGAS PH NHA HDPE .................................................................................................................................. 43 T VN .................................................................................................................................. 43 Mc ch-Yu cu .................................................................................................................................. 44 Mc ch .................................................................................................................................. 44 Yu cu .................................................................................................................................. 44

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NI DUNG V PHNG PHP KHO ST .................................................................................................................................. 44 Ni dung nghin cu .................................................................................................................................. 44 a im v i tng kho st .................................................................................................................................. 44 Phng tin nghin cu .................................................................................................................................. 44 Cu to hm biogas .................................................................................................................................. 44
Bng 1. Kch thc hm v lng cht thi np vo hm mi ngy................................44

Cu to ca hm lc .................................................................................................................................. 45
Bng 2. S liu v kch c hm lc...........................................................................45

Thu thp mu .................................................................................................................................. 45 Phn tch mu .................................................................................................................................. 45 Nhit .................................................................................................................................. 45 pH .................................................................................................................................. 46 Nhu cu oxi ho hc (COD: Chemical Oxygen Demand) .................................................................................................................................. 46 Cht rn l lng
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.................................................................................................................................. 46 Vt cht kh (VCK) .................................................................................................................................. 46 Kh gas .................................................................................................................................. 46 Tnh hnh chn nui .................................................................................................................................. 47 Quy trnh v sinh chung tri .................................................................................................................................. 47
S 1. S cc thng s ca tri...................................................................................47

Nhit nc thi u vo v u ra .................................................................................................................................. 48


Bng 1. Nhit nc thi u vo v u ra....................................................................48

pH nc thi u vo v u ra .................................................................................................................................. 48
Bng 2. Tr s pH ca nc thi u vo v u ra.............................................................48

Vt cht kh nc thi u vo v u ra .................................................................................................................................. 48


Bng 3. Hm lng VCK ca nc thi u vo v u ra.................................................48

Cht rn l lng ca nc thi u vo v u ra .................................................................................................................................. 49


Bng 4. Hm lng cht rn l lng ca nc thi u vo v u ra................................49

Hm lng COD ca nc thi u vo v u ra .................................................................................................................................. 49


Bng 5. Hm lng COD ca nc thi u vo v u ra.................................................49

Gas sinh ra

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.................................................................................................................................. 50
Bng 6. Lng gas sinh ra...................................................................................................50 Bng 7. So snh gas l thuyt v gas thc t.......................................................................50

KT LUN V NGH .................................................................................................................................. 51 Kt lun .................................................................................................................................. 51 ngh .................................................................................................................................. 51 TI LIU THAM KHO .................................................................................................................................. 51 THC TRNG QUN L CHT THI CHN NUI VIT NAM
ThS. o L Hng - Cc Chn nui

C TNH LNG NIT V PHOSPHO TRONG CHT THI T LN THT NUI BNG CC KHU PHN THNG DNG TI VIT NAM
TS. V Th Khnh Vn -Vin Chn nui

XY DNG M HNHF CHN NUI LN THT KHNG CHT THI S DNG M LT LN MEN VI SINH VT
TS. Nguyn Th Tuyt L HUA

CNG NGH MI TRONG XY DNG HM BIOGAS X L CHT THI CHN NUI


Cng ty sn xut v dch v Gia Linh

CNG CHI TIT HC PHN QUN L CHT THI CHN NUI


TS. Bi Hu on - HUA

CHN NUI DNG N LT SINH THI


PGS.TS. Nguyen Xuan Trach - HUA Limling Zhou, Bioplus, Malaysia Wong Chong Sang, Bioplus, Malaysia

CHT THI CHN NUI- NHNG NGUY C NH HNG TI SC KHE CON NGI V VT NUI
TS. ng Th Thanh Sn - Vin Th y

QUN L CHT THI CHN NUI: CHNH SCH KINH T V CNG NGH
TS. Hunh Th Thanh Thu - TP. H Ch Minh

95

CHUN ON LNG METAN THI RA TRONG CHN NUI B SA DA TRN K THUT PHN TCH PHN B BNG QUANG PH CN HNG NGOI
TS. Trn Hip - HUA

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