I HC QUC GIA H NI

TRUNG TM H TR NGHIN CU CHU

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BO CO TNG HP NGHIM THU TI NGHIN CU KHOA HC

NGHIN CU S HT THU Cu, Pb, Zn V TM HIU KH NNG S DNG PHN BN GIM THIU S TCH LY CHNG TRONG RAU CI XANH V RAU X LCH

Ch tr ti: PGS.TS. Nguyn Xun C

H Ni, 9/2008

Li cm n Trn trng by t lng bit n i vi Trung t m H tr Nghin cu Chu , i hc Quc gia H Ni ti tr kinh ph v to iu kin thun li ch ng ti thc hin t i Nghin cu s ht thu Cu, Pb, Zn v tm hiu kh nng s dng phn bn gim thiu s t ch ly chng trong rau c i xanh v rau x lch. H Ni, Ngy 5 thng 9 nm 2008 Ch tr ti PGS.TS. Nguy n Xun C Khoa Mi trng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n, HQGHN in thoi: 0913023097 Email <cunx@vnu.vn>

MC LC
DANH M C CC BNG ............................................................................................................ 4 DANH M C CC H NH V ........................................................................................................ 5 TM TT KT QU NGHIN CU CHNH CA T I.................................................. 7 PHN BO CO CHNH ............................................................................................................ 8 1. T VN ............................................................................................................................. 8 2. TNG QUAN T I LIU ........................................................................................................ 10

2.1. Sn xut rau trn th gii v Vit Nam .................................................... 10

2.1.1. Sn xut rau tr n th gii ............................................................................. 10 2.1.2. Sn xut rau Vit Nam ............................................................................. 11

2.2. nhim t v nh hng ca n n cht lng nng sn ..................... 12

2.2.1. nhi m t ................................................................................................. 12 2.2.2. nh hng ca nhim t n cht l ng nng sn ................................... 15

2.3. Phng php x l t nhim kim loi nng ............................................ 19

2.3.1. Phng php x l t bng nhit ................................................................ 20 2.3.2. Phng php x l t bng tch chit, phn cp c ht ............................... 20 2.3.3. Phng php x l t bng in ................................................................. 20 2.3.4. Phng php chit tch hi ti ch ............................................................... 21 2.3.5. Phng php kt ta ha hc ....................................................................... 21 2.3.6. Phng php phn h y sinh hc cc cht nhim ........................................ 21 2.3.7. Phng php x l t nhim bng thc vt .............................................. 22
3. I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN C U ............................................................ 23

3.1. i tng nghin cu ..................................................................................... 23

3.1.1. Cy rau c i xanh (Brassica juncea L. Czern) ................................................ 23 3.1.2. Cy rau x lch (Lactuca sativa L.) .............................................................. 23 3.1.3. t th nghim ............................................................................................. 23

3.2. Phng php nghin cu ............................................................................... 23

3.2.1. Phng php thu thp s liu th c p........................................................... 23 3.2.2. Phng php iu tra, kho st thc a ....................................................... 23 3.2.3. Phng php b tr th nghim ..................................................................... 24 3.2.4. Theo di th nghi m v ly mu phn tch .................................................... 26 3.2.5. Phng php phn tch trong ph ng th nghi m ........................................... 26
4. KT QU NGHI N CU V THO LUN ...................................................................... 28

4.1. iu kin t nhin, kinh t x hi ca a bn nghin cu ......................... 28

4.1.1. iu ki n t nhin........................................................................................ 28 4.1.2. iu kin kinh t x hi ............................................................................... 29

4.2. Mt s tnh cht t th nghim ..................................................................... 31 4.3. nh hng ca lng bn Cu, Pb, Zn n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong rau ................................................................................................................. 32
4.3.1. nh hng ca Cu, Pb, Zn n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong rau ci xanh ...................................................................................................................... 32 4.3.2. nh hng ca Cu, Pb, Zn n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong rau x lch ....................................................................................................................... 38 4.3.3. Tng quan gia hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong t v trong rau x lch ............... 42

4.4. nh hng ca bn pht pht, vi v mn ca n sinh trng v tch lu kim loi nng trong rau .................................................................................. 44
4.4.1. nh hng ca bn pht pht, vi v mn ca n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, Pb, Zn c a rau ci xanh ................................................................................. 44 4.4.2. nh hng ca bn pht pht, vi v mn ca n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, Pb, Zn c a rau x lch................................................................................... 50
KT LUN V KIN NGH ..................................................................................................... 57 TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................................... 60 PH LC .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. MT S HNH NH TH NGHIM .......................................................................................... 64 CC BI BO NG, TRANG PH BA LUN VN V KHA LU N ..................... 65 TM TT KT QU NGHI N CU ........................................................................................ 668 PROJECT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 720 PHIU N G K KT QU NGHI N CU KHOA HC ...................................................... 75

DANH MC CC BNG
Stt Bng 1 Bng 2 Bng 3 Bng 4 Bng 5 Bng 6 Bng 7 Bng 8 Bng 9 Bng 10 Bng 11 Bng 12 Bng 13 Bng 14 Bng 15 Bng 16 Bng 17 Bng 18 Bng 19 Bng 20 Bng 21 Tn b ng Trang Nhu cu s dng phn bn ha h c Vit Nam 14 Ngng hm lng NO 3- cho php trong m t s loi rau qu 15 Hm lng kim lo i nng trong m t s phn bn thng 16 thng Ngng cho php m t s kim loi nng trong rau qu ti 17 S lng thuc bo v thc vt c s dng Vit Nam 18 Cc ch tiu v phng php ph n tch 26 Mt s tnh cht c bn ca t nghin c u 30 nh hng ca lng bn Cu n sinh trng v tch l y Cu 31 trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn Pb n sinh trng v tch l y Pb 32 trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn Zn n sinh trng v tch l y 34 chng trong rau c i xanh Hm lng bn Cu 2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ trong t v trong rau c i 35 xanh nh hng ca lng bn Cu n sinh trng v tch l y Cu 37 chng trong rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn Pb n sinh trng v tch l y Pb 39 trong rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn Zn n sinh trng v tch l y Zn 40 trong rau x lch Tng quan gia Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ trong t v trong rau x 41 lch nh hng ca lng bn ph t pho n sinh trng v tch 44 ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn vi n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, 46 Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch 48 ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn phn ph t pho n sinh trng v 50 tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn vi n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, 52 Pb, Zn trong rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch 53 ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch

DANH MC CC HNH
Stt Hnh 1 Hnh 2 Hnh 3 Hnh 4 Hnh 5 Hnh 6 Hnh 7 Hnh 8 Hnh 9 Hnh 10 Hnh 11 Hnh 12 Hnh 13 Hnh 14 Hnh 15 Hnh 16 Hnh 17 Hnh 18 Hnh 19 Hnh 20 Hnh 21 Hnh 22 Hnh 23 Tn hnh Trang nh hng ca lng bn Cu n chiu cao cy, sinh kh i v 32 Cu tch l y trong cy ci xanh nh hng ca lng bn Pb n chiu cao cy, sinh kh i v 33 Pb trong cy c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn Zn n chiu cao, nng sut v hm 34 lng Zn trong rau c i xanh Tng quan gia hm lng Cu2+ trong t v Cu tch l y 36 trong rau c i xanh Tng quan gia Pb2+ trong t v Pb trong rau ci xanh 36 2+ Tng quan gia hm lng Zn trong t v Zn trong cy 36 nh hng ca lng bn Cu n chiu cao cy, sinh kh i v 38 Cu tch l y trong cy nh hng ca lng bn Pb n chiu cao cy, nng sut v 39 hm lng Pb trong rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn Zn n chiu cao cy, nng sut v 41 hm lng Zn trong rau x lch Tng quan gia Cu2+ trong t v Cu trong rau x lch 42 Tng quan gia Pb2+ trong t v Pb trong rau x lch 42 2+ Tng quan gia Zn trong t v Zn trong rau x lch 42 nh hng ca lng bn ph t pho n chiu cao v nng sut 45 ci xanh nh hng ca lng bn ph t pho n s tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn 45 trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn ph t pho n s tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn 47 trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn vi n tch ly kim loi nng trong 47 rau ci xanh nh hng ca lng bn mn ca n tch ly kim l oi nng 48 trong rau c i xanh nh hng ca lng bn ph t pho n chiu cao v nng sut 50 rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn ph t pho n hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn 51 trong rau x lch nh hng ca bn vi n chiu cao v nng sut rau x lch 52 nh hng ca lng bn vi n hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong 53 rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn mn ca n chiu cao v nng sut 54 rau x lch nh hng ca lng bn mn ca n hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn 54 trong rau x lch

NGHIN C U S HT THU Cu, Pb, Zn V TM HI U KH NNG S DNG PHN BN GIM THIU S TCH LY CHNG TRONG RAU CI XANH V RAU X LCH M s: DT 54/2007

Nhng ngi tham gia chnh thc hin t i

- Ch tr: Nguyn Xun C, PGS .TS. - Nhng ngi thc hin: Cao Th Thanh Nga, Hc vi n CH Trn Khc Hip, PGS.TS. Trn Th Tuyt Thu, ThS Nguyn Xun Hun, CN

TM TT KT QU NGHIN CU CHNH CA TI
Kt qu v khoa hc (nhng ng gp ca t i, cc cng trnh khoa h c cng b): cng b 2 bi bo trn t p ch Khoa hc Kt qu phc v thc t (cc sn phm cng ngh, kh nng p dng thc t): Kt qu c th c vn dng v o thc tin sn xut va nng cao nng sut rau, va c tc dng gim thiu s t ch ly kim loi nng trong rau gp phn sn xut rau an ton trn a bn H N i. Kt qu o to (s lng sinh vi n, s lng hc vi n cao h c, nghi n cu sinh lm vi c trong t i): o to 1 Thc s v 4 c nhn Kt qu nng cao tim lc khoa hc (n ng cao trnh cn b v tng cng trang thit b cho n v): B sung v o l lun v thc tin nghin c u v s ht thu kim loi nng v cc gii php gim thiu ht thu kim loi nng trong rau. Nng cao kh nng nghin c u gii quyt cc vn th c tin cho cn b tham gia t i.

PHN BO CO CHNH
1. T VN
Ngy nay nhi m t v thc phm ang tr th nh vn thi s thu ht nhiu nh khoa h c trong nc cng nh ngoi nc nghi n cu. Mt trong nhng vn c ch nghin c u l nhi m t do cc kim loi nng c ngun gc t n c thi th v cc lng ngh do chng c c tnh cao v d dng gy c hi cho con ngi thng qua chui thc n. Trong nh ng nm gn y, do s dng n c thi t th nh ph trong nng nghip lm tch lu ng k cc kim loi nng trong t. y cng l nguyn nhn lm tch lu cao cc kim loi nng trong sn phm nng nghip. Nhiu nghin c u trong nc cng nh ngoi nc cho thy mc nguy hi ca cc loi rau khng an ton trong b a n h ng ngy i vi ngi dn do c tch ly cao cc kim lo i nng nh Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd (Cheang Hong v Nguy n nh M nh, 2003; Ravi Naidu, Danielle Oliver and Stuart McConnell, 2003; ng Th An, Chu Th Thu H , 2005; H Th Lam Tr , 2005). Rau xanh ni chung, rau c i xanh v rau x lch ni ring c s dng rt ph bin trong ba n h ng ngy c a ngi dn Vit Nam. Chng l nhng cy trng n l c kh nng tch ly cao cc nguy n t kim loi nng, nhng nguy n t c c tnh cao v d dng c tch lu trong cc nng sn gy nh h ng n sc kho con ng i thng qua con ng tch lu sinh hc. Do vy, nhim kim loi nng tr thnh vn thu ht s ch nghi n cu ca cc nh khoa h c. Nhiu nghi n cu trong nc cng nh ngoi nc cnh bo mc nguy hi ca cc loi rau c trng cc v ng ven th chu nh hng ca cc ngun nc thi t cc th nh ph v cc khu cng nghi p (Ravi Naidu, Danielle Oliver and Stuart McConnell, 2003). nc ta, nhng nghi n cu hi n nay v vn ny ch yu cp n vic nh gi nhim t, s tn l u cc cht c hi trong nng sn. Mt s nghin c u s dng cc lo i cy tr ng c kh nng ht thu cao kim loi nng x l cc t nhim. Tuy nhi n nhng gii php ny thng kh ng mang l i hiu qu thc t v nc ta mc nhim t c n thp v phn b ri rc, hoc ch l cc d u hiu t c s tch ly cao mt s nguy n t kim loi nng do s dng nc thi th nh ph hoc s dng phn bn khng hp l. Tr n thc tin

sn xut rt kh ch ra v ngn cm ngi dn khng c sn xut cc v ng t ny. V v y cc nng sn c cha h m lng cao cc kim loi nng vn c lu hnh v s dng trong cc ba n h ng ngy c a ngi dn. S dng cc cht b n vo t c kh nng c nh kim loi nng nhm gim thiu s ht thu v tch ly chng trong nng sn c xem l gii php tch cc theo hng tip tc duy tr qu trnh s n xut n n d c chp nhn ca ngi dn. Tr n th gii cng c mt s nghi n cu s dng cc loi p hn bn hoc cc cht to phc bn vi kim loi nng gim thiu s ht thu chng bi cy trng cho cc kt qu tt (Skinner, 1987, 1989; Ruby et al, 1994; Chen et al, 1997). Tuy nhin nc ta cho n nay vn cha c nghin cu no cp n vn n y. Do v y y c xem l mt hng nghi n cu mi c ngha thc tin cao nhm duy tr qu trnh s n xut nng nghip ngay tr n nhng vng t b nhim bn bi cc kim loi nng. Nghin c u kh nng ht thu v cc gii php nhm gim thiu s tch ly kim loi nng trong cy trng ni chung, c bit l nhng loi rau xanh c s dng rt ph bin nh ci xanh v x lch s c ngha l thuyt cng nh thc tin gp ph n sn xut rau an to n cung c p cho ti u dng hng ngy c a ngi dn. Xut pht t n hng vn tr n chng ti th c hin t i Nghin c u s ht thu Cu, Pb, Zn v tm hi u kh nng s dng phn bn gim thiu s tch ly chng trong rau ci xanh v rau x lch . Mc ch chnh ca nghi n cu l xc nh kh nng ht thu cc kim loi nng v nh hng ca vic bn ln, vi, m n ca n sinh trng v kh nng ht thu kim lo i nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) ca rau ci xanh v rau x lch tr ng trn t c gy nhim kim loi nng cc liu lng khc nhau. Trn c s xc nh kh nng s dng ln, vi v mn ca gim thiu s tch ly kim loi nng trong rau gp ph n sn xut rau an to n vng ngo i thnh H N i. Cc ni dung nghi n cu c th ca t i l: - nh gi nh hng ca lng bn kim loi nng n sinh trng v tch ly chng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong rau ci xanh v x lch cc liu lng gy nhim khc nhau. - Xc nh kh nng s dng mt s loi phn bn (ln, vi v mn ca) gim thiu s tch ly kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong rau ci xanh v x lch.

2. TNG QUAN TI LIU

2.1. Sn xut rau trn th gii v Vit Nam 2.1.1. Sn xut rau tr n th gii
Hin nay, nn kinh t th gii ang pht tri n vi tc cao nhm p ng nhu cu ngy cng tng ca con ngi v t mc tiu to mc cn bng mi vi s n nh th t rng trn ton c u. Cng vi s gia tng dn s, nhu cu cung cp lng thc thc phm cho loi ngi cng ngy cng gia tng m nh m. Tuy nhin, cng vi s pht trin kinh t ko theo hng lo t cc vn c lin quan n mi trng xung quanh gy cn tr cc qu tr nh pht tri n cng nh sc khe con ng i. Do s pht trin mnh m ca th v cng nghi p cng nh s gia tng lng phn ho hc, thuc tr su trong sn xut nng nghi p gy nhim mi trng v nh hng n sc kho con ng i. Trong nh ng nm gn y, cc t chc quc t nh t chc Nng l ng (FAO), t chc Y t th gii (WHO) v cc t chc khc v vn mi trng a ra cc khuy n co, hn ch vic s dng ho cht nhn to v o nng nghi p, xy dng cc quy tr nh sn xut theo cng ngh sch, cng ngh sinh hc, cng ngh s dng ngun n ng lng ti to (Nguyn Xun Th nh, 1997). T chc Y t th gii c tnh rng mi nm c 3 % nhn l c lao ng nng nghip cc n c ang pht tri n b nhim c thuc bo v thc v t. Trong thp k 90 ca th k XX Chu Phi hng nm c kho ng 11 triu trng hp b ng c. Malaixia 7 % nng dn b ng c hng nm, 15 % ngi b ng c thuc bo v thc vt t nht mt ln trong i (H Th Lam tr , 2005). Chnh v v y, t quy trnh cng ngh sn xut rau truy n thng, cc nc ny ci tin ng dng cng ngh sn xut rau an ton ngy cng c ph bin rng r i trn th gii. cc n c pht trin cng ngh sn xut rau c hon thin trnh cao. S n xut rau an to n trong nh knh, nh l i, trong dung dch tr nn quen thuc. c c h ng ngn c a hng bn rau xanh sinh thi v tri cy sinh thi phc v nhu cu rau qu cho ng i tiu dng. V vy rau an to n l nhu cu khng th thiu trong mi ba n hng ngy c a cc nc ny. Nhng nm gn y mt s nc nh Singapore, Thi Lan cng pht tri n mnh cng ngh sn xut rau an to n phc v cho nhu cu tiu dng ni a v xut khu. Theo s liu thng k ca FAO (2001), sn lng rau xanh tr n th gii lin tc tng nhanh trong nhng thp ni n va qua, t 375 triu tn rau nm 1980 ln 441 triu tn nm 1990 v 602 tri u tn nm 2000. Lng tiu th bnh qun

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nm 1990 l 65 kg/ng i v nm 2000 l 78 kg/ngi. Ring Chu , sn lng hng nm t khong 400 tri u tn vi mc tng trng 3% mi nm. Trong s cc nc ang pht trin th Trung Qu c c sn lng rau cao nh t vi 70 triu tn/nm, n ng th hai vi sn lng rau sn xut hng nm l 65 triu tn.

2.1.2. Sn xut rau Vit Nam

Vit Nam rau xanh c sn xut v tiu dng rt ph bin v ngy cng gia tng . xung quanh hu ht cc th nh ph ln u h nh thnh cc vng chuyn canh rau cung cp cho dn c th, c tnh c khong 113.000 ha t ng ng khong 40 % din tch v 48 % sn lng rau ton quc. i vi cc loi rau d ng lm th c phm ch yu tp trung vng ng bng sng Hng , ng bng chu th sng M Kng v mi n ng Nam B , vi hn 10 triu h gia nh trng rau c din tch t bnh qun 36 m2/h. Tuy nhi n, tnh hnh s n xut rau Vit Nam ph thuc rt nhiu vo thi tit, ma v v cc vng khc nhau. Nng sut rau cng rt bin ng theo cc v ng a l, v d nh Lt - Lm ng nng sut rau t 20.500 kg/ha, trong khi , Qung Tr nng sut ch l 4.500 kg/ha vo n m 1993. Mt vn quan trng trong sn xut v tiu th rau xanh nc ta hin nay l khng ch nhm p ng v s lng nagyf c ng tng m cn phi bo m v cht lng rau cung cp tr n th trng. Nhng v ng c thc phm do n rau khng s ch xut hin ng y cng nhi u v mc ng y cng nghim tr ng. bo m cht lng rau cung cp cho ng i tiu dng, cc c s sn xut ch n t chc v sn xut rau an to n. Sn xut rau an to n c trin khai nghin c u v pht trin t nm 1995 do chng trnh rau qu c t vi s tham gia ca 80 nh khoa h c nghi n cu v rau sch lm vic vi 11 vin nghi n cu, cc Trng i hc v cc Trung tm rau s ch trong c nc. Chng trnh ny phi hp vi cc Vin nghi n cu a vo sn xut 12 ging rau c cng nhn c hiu qu v nng sut cng nh cht lng sn phm (Nguyn Xun Thnh, 1996). Cc m hnh s n xut rau sch c trin khai mt s th nh ph nh H N i, thnh ph H Ch Minh, Lt bc u thu c kt qu tt. V d nh H Ni pht tri n c 35 ha hp tc x Vn c, 10 ha ng D - Gia Lm, 2 ha x Ty T u - T Lim, 5 ha huyn ng Anh v m t s din tch rau trong v ng (Nguyn Cng Tn, 2007) . Tuy nhin hiu qu v nng sut rau an to n cn th p so vi cc loi rau c ng loi khng c sn xut an ton nn cha khuyn khch ngi dn pht trin rng cc m hnh sn xut rau an ton.

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Bn cnh vic trin khai m h nh sn xut rau an to n ngoi ng rung cc c s nghin cu cn trin khai mt s m hnh rau an ton trong nh l i, c bit l m hnh trng rau an ton bng phng php thu canh ca Trng i hc Nng nghip I. Tuy nhi n, m hnh ny ch thch hp vi vic sn xut nh v tiu th ti ch khng ph hp vi m h nh sn xut c tnh hng ho ln, a dng v gi thnh cao. Thnh ph H Ch Minh cng hnh thnh m t s m h nh sn xut rau sch (14 ha) x Tn Ph Trung, huy n C Chi do Trung tm Khoa hc T nhin v Cng ngh Quc gia phi hp vi S Khoa hc C ng ngh Mi trng thnh ph H Ch Minh trin khai. Trong m h nh ny ng dng bin php sinh hc tng hp to ra sn phm rau an to n m ch yu l bp ci c th trng chp nhn. Hin nay m h nh ny ang tip tc trin khai v trng cc loi rau khc nh da leo, u a, mp ng Lt di s ch o ca Li n hip Hi khoa hc nhiu m h nh th nghim p dng cc phng php bn phn vi sinh , dng thu c tr su sinh hc thay thuc tr su ho hc, ng thi s dng cc bin php canh tc tng hp vi cc mc ti u gim ti thiu lng phn ho hc thu c nhng kt qu kh quan ban u. hng nm sn xut khong 3.500 tn rau an to n, ngoi phc v cho tiu dng trong nc cn tham gia xut khu sang th trng nc ngoi nh Singapore, i Loan, Nht Bn.

2.2. nhim t v nh hng ca n n cht lng nng sn 2.2.1. nhim t

Theo nh ngha ca t chc Y t th gii (WHO) , nhim mi trng l s a vo mi trng cc cht thi nguy hi hoc nng l ng n mc nh hng tiu cc n i sng sinh vt, sc khe con ng i hoc l m suy thoi ch t lng mi trng. t l mt hp phn quan trng ca mi tr ng t nhi n, do v y nhim t c th c hiu bao gm tt c cc hin t ng lm nhim bn mi trng t do cc cht gy nhim khc nhau, gy nh hng n i sng ca sinh vt v con ngi. Mi trng t c th b nhim do 2 nhm nguy n nhn chnh:

a. Ngun gc t nhi n:
- Hin tng nhim ph n: Hin tng nhim phn do nc phn t cc trung tm sinh phn theo dng n c mt hoc nc ngm lan n cc v tr khc

12

nhau gy hi n tng nhim phn. Cc t nhim ph n ch yu l nhim cc cht c Fe2+, Al3+, SO42- v ng thi l m cho n ng ca chng tng cao trong dung dch t, pH ca mi trng gim xung. Hu qu l gy ng c cho cy trng v cc sinh v t t. - Hin tng nhim mn : Hin tng nhim mn gy ra do mui trong nc bin, nc triu hay t cc m mu i, trong c cc cht c nh Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-. Cc ch t ny gy tc h i n mi trng t do tc ng c a cc ion hoc cng c th gy hi do p sut thm thu, nng mui cao trong dung dch t n c th sinh vt, c bit l gy c sinh l cho thc vt. - Qu trnh gly ha: Qu trnh gly ha trong mi tr ng xy ra trong iu kin ngp nc, cc ion Fe2+ c hnh thnh chim u th v c xem l yu t gy c hi ch yu. ng thi cc qu trnh phn gi i cc hp cht hu c trong cc iu kin ngp nc ym kh sinh ra nhi u cht c nh CH4, H2S, FeS, NH 3 hoc cc s n phm hu c phn hy trung gian c tnh c cao. - Cc qu trnh khc: Cc qu trnh v n chuyn cc cht nhim theo d ng nc ma l, theo gi t ni ny n ni khc , hot ng ni la hay ct bay. Ngoi ra nhi m t t qu tr nh t nhin cn do c im, ngun gc ca cc qu trnh a ha. Tc nhn gy nhim t ch yu c quan tm nhiu l cc kim loi nng.

b. Ngun gc nhn to
Chc nng cha ng ph thi l mt trong nhng chc nng quan trng ca mi trng, trong t l ni tip nhn mt khi lng ln cc cht d o con ngi mang n. Xt theo ngun gc pht sinh th nhim mi trng t do con ngi gy ra t cc ngun gc chnh sau y : - nhim t do cc cht sinh hot - nhim t do cc cht cng nghip - nhim t do hot ng sn xut nng nghi p - nhim t do tc ng ca khng kh t cc khu cng nghip, th, cc khu v c ng dn c v hot ng giao thng - nhim t do nc thi th , khu cng nghi p v lng ngh Do nhiu tc nhn gy nhim c ngun gc khc nhau nh ng li gy tc hi nh nhau nn thun li cho cng vic kho st, nh gi, khc phc x l nhim ngi ta phn loi nhim t theo nhm cc tc nhn gy nhi m:

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- nhim t do tc nhn ha hc : Cc tc nhn ha h c gy b nhi m t bao gm cc cation thng thng (Na+, K+, SO42-, CO32-), cc anion (S2-, SO42-, Cl-) v cc kim lo i nng (Pb2+, As2+, Hg2+, Cd2+, ...). Theo t chc nng lng th gii (FAO , 1998), s n xut phn ha hc trung b nh tng khong 2 triu tn/nm. Cc loi phn ha hc thuc nhm chua sinh l nh (NH4)2SO4, K2SO4, KCl nu bn li n tc m khng c bi n php trung ha s lm thay i thnh phn v tnh ch t t, nu khng s dng hp l s l m chua t, lm thay i cn bng dinh dng gia t v cy trng, ngho ki t cc ion baz v xut hin nhiu c t i vi cy trng nh Al3+, Fe3+, Mn2+ lm gim hot tnh sinh hc ca t. ng bng sng Hng sau 10 nm canh tc (1990 - 2000) trung bnh chua t (pH KCl) gim 4,5 % (Nguy n Xun C, 2002). S dng phn bn cng l m tch l y kim l oi nng trong t do kim loi nng c kh nhiu trong sn phm d ng lm phn bn. M t khc khi t bo ha cc ch t chng s xm nhp v o ngun nc, kh quyn v gy nhi m mi trng. Hu qu l hin nay t nh trng chua ha tng canh tc rt ph b in, ngay c nhng ni t ph nhiu v c t p qun thm canh do s dng lu d i phn khong. - nhim t do tc nhn vt l : Ngun nhim nhit trong t do s thi b nc lm mt c a cc thit b nh my nhi t in, nh my in nguy n t v cc nh my c kh. Nc lm mt khi th i vo t c th l m cho nhi t ca t tng ln t 5 - 150C gy nh hng n mi trng t, c bit l lm hy hoi nhiu vi sinh vt c ch trong t. Khi cc sinh vt t cht i li mt lng tn d cc cht thi hu c ln l nguyn nhn gy ra cc ngu n nhim gin tip khc trong t. V d khi h m lng cc axit m n cao trong t b nhim kim loi nng hay thuc bo v thc vt s gp phn l m tng tnh bn vng ca cc cht nhim n y trong t. Ngun gy nhi m t bi cc cht phng x do cc ph thi t cc trung tm nghin c u phng x, nh my in nguy n t v cc bnh vin c d ng cc cht phng x v nhng v th v kh ht nhn. Ng i ta thy rng sau mi v th v kh ht nhn th cht phng x trong t tng l n gp 10 ln . Cc cht ny sau khi xm nh p vo t i theo chu tr nh dinh d ng ti cy trng, ng vt v con ngi lm thay i cu trc t b o, gy ra nh ng bnh di truyn. - nhim t do tc nhn sinh hc : Nhng tc nhn sinh hc c th l m nhim t, gy ra cc bnh ng i v ng vt nh trc khun l, thng hn, amip, k sinh trng S nhim n y do nh ng phng php b cc cht thi

14

mt v sinh hoc s dng phn bc t i, bn ao ti, bn knh d n cht thi sinh hot bn trc tip vo t.

2.2.2. nh hng ca nhim t n cht lng nng sn 2.2.2.1. t b nhim do s dng phn bn v cht kch thch sinh trng
H sinh thi nng nghip l mt trong nhng h sinh thi quan trng nht quyt nh s tn ti v pht trin ca loi ngi. Tuy nhin h sinh thi nng nghip v ang c nhng biu hin suy thoi nghi m trng do nhng tc ng ca con ngi. Mt trong nhng tc ng c nh hng trc tip gy ra nhng bin i trong h sinh thi nng nghip l vic s dng mt cn i v phn bn, lm dng cc cht kch thch sinh trng nhm to ra nng sut cy trng cao, p ng nhu cu ng y cng tng ca con ngi. Theo s liu ca FAO th vic s dng phn bn ha hc t 1961 n 1987 tng t 17 l n 40 kg/ha cc nc pht trin v t 2 n 9 kg/ha cc nc ang pht trin. Sn xut phn bn ha hc tng khong 2 triu tn/nm nhng nm u v hn 100 triu tn/nm nhng nm cui th k XX (Phm Bnh Quy n, 2003). Vit Nam, mc nh du vic s dng ph n bn ha h c l vo nh ng nm u thp k 60 ca th k XX khi cc nh my sn xut phn ln bt u hot ng. Ngy nay do qu trnh cng nghi p ho nn nng nghip, vic s dng phn bn ho h c cng ngy cng gia tng nhanh chng (B ng 1). Bng 1. Nhu cu s dng phn bn ha hc ca Vit Nam (kg/ha) Loi phn bn Phn m Phn ln Phn kali Tng s 1996 109,4 51,8 9,1 170,3 1997 103,2 73,4 22,7 199,3 1998 107,9 49,5 24,7 182,1 1999 106,3 59,9 43,9 210,1 2000 113,6 54,7 22,6 190,9

(Ngun: L Vn Kh oa, 2004)

Vic s dng phn khong c h thng trong canh tc vng nhi t i l m cho t vn chua cng chua hn, t b chai cng, thoi ha v cu trc v lm thay i cn bng dinh dng t - cy trng. Tnh trng chua ha tng t canh tc l ph bin ngay c nhng vng t ph nhiu n u s dng nhiu phn khong lin tc lu d i.

15

Trong vng tr ng rau, t thong kh, m thch hp cho qu tr nh oxy ha, nitrat trong t c hnh thnh nhiu, rau d hp thu. trong cy tr ng, dng NO 3- d tha khng chuy n ha th nh protein l nguyn nhn lm gi m cht lng rau qu. Rau b bn nitrat hay kim loi nng u nguy him cho sc khe ca con ngi. Trong mt s trng hp NO 3- tch ly nhiu trong t gp phn gy ra hi chng Methaemoglobin aemia (h i chng tr xanh) tr s sinh v ung th d dy ngi ln. Chnh v vy m s tch lu NO3- trong rau xanh cng rt c quan tm nghin cu (Bng 2). Bng 2. Ngng hm lng NO3- cho php trong mt s loi rau qu (mg/kg ti) Loi rau qu Da hu Da b Da chut Mng ty u n qu Ng t ngt Su ho Sp l Hm lng NO360 90 250 150 150 300 200 500 300 Loi rau qu Ci bp Khoai ty C rt Hnh l Bu b C tm X lch Hnh ty C chua Hm lng NO3500 250 250 1.600 400 400 1500 80 100

(Ngun: Nguyn Xun Th nh, 1997) Bn cnh vic s dng phn khong th vic s dng phn hu c (phn chung, phn bc, phn rc hu c ) trong sn xut nng nghip khng ng k thut cng nh hng n cht lng nng sn. nc ta, tp qun s dng phn bc v phn chu ng ti trong canh tc nng nghi p vn cn ph bin. Ch tnh ri ng thnh ph H Ni hng nm lng phn bc thi ra khong 550.000 tn, trong 2/3 lng phn c dng bn cho cy trng, gy nhim mi trng t v nng s n. V d h uyn T Li m nhiu h nng dn dng phn b c vi liu lng t 7 - 12 tn ha vi nc tui cho 1 ha, do v y khi kho st 1 lt nc mng mng khu trng rau c ti 360 E.coli, n c ging cng cng l 20 v trong t ln ti 2.105 c th/100g t. Khi iu tra sc khe ngi trng rau thng xuy n s dng phn bc ti c ti 60 % s ngi tip xc vi

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phn bc t 5 - 20 nm; 26,7 % tip xc trn 20 nm lm cho 53,3 % s ngi c iu tra c triu chng thiu mu v 60 % s ngi b mc bnh ngo i da (L Vn Khoa , 2004). Thm vo , vic s dng phn bn cng l m tch l y kim loi nng trong t do kim loi nng c kh nhiu trong sn phm d ng lm phn bn (Bng 3). Bng 3. Hm lng mt s kim loi nng trong mt s phn bn thng thng (mg/kg) Nguyn t As Cd Cr Cu Hg Ni Pb Zn Bn thi 2 - 26 2 - 1.500 20 - 40.600 5 - 3.300 0,1 - 55 16 - 5.300 50 - 3.000 700 - 49.000 Phn chung 3 - 25 0,3 - 0,8 5,2 - 55 2 - 60 0,09 - 0,2 7,8 - 30 6,6 - 15 15 - 250 Phn ln 2 - 1.200 0,1 - 170 66 - 245 1 - 300 0,01 - 1,2 7 - 38 7 - 225 50 - 1.450 Vi 0,1 - 24,0 0,04 - 0,1 10 - 15 2 - 125 0,05 10 - 20 20 - 1.250 10 - 450 Phn m 2,2 - 120 0,05 - 8,5 3,2 - 19 < 1 - 15 0,3 - 2,9 7 - 34 2 - 27 1 - 42

(Ngun: L Vn Khoa , 2004)

S tch t cao cc cht c hi, cc kim loi nng trong t s l m tng kh nng hp th cc nguy n t c hi trong cy trng, vt nui v gin ti p gy nh hng xu ti sc khe con ng i. V d nh km v cadimi gy nn m a; ch gy thiu mu, gim hng cu, au bng, tng huyt p; thy ngn g y ri lon tiu ha, nh hng n h thn kinh . Do vy cc nc thng qui nh h m lng ti a cho php cc kim loi nng trong npoong sn. n c ta, t heo quyt nh s 867/1998/Q - BYT ca B Y t, hm lng ti a cho php ca mt s kim loi nng trong rau c trnh by Bng 4.

2.2.2.2. nhim t do nc thi

H Ni l ni tp trung nhiu sng ng i, ao, h , m vi chiu d i cc con sng ch y qua nh sng H ng 35 km, sng ung 25 km, sng Nhu 15 km cn cc con sng nh khc khong 60 km. Khu v c ni th nh v cc huy n ngoi thnh nm gia ba con sng ln l sng ung, sng Hng v sng Nhu . Ngoi cc sng trn khu v c ni th nh cn c b n con sng dn nc thi th nh ph l

17

sng T L ch, sng Kim Ngu, sng L v sng St v i tng chiu d i 36,8 km. y cng l ngun cung cp nc ti ch yu trong sn xut nng nghip vng ngo i thnh. Trung bnh l ng nc thi t cc hot ng sinh hot v sn xut vo cc h thng thot nc khong 550 .000 m3/ngy m. Cc loi nc thi ny hu nh khng c x l hoc x l khng tt khin cho n c sng b nhim nng. Do vy cht c hi theo d ng chy tch t v o sng ngi, h cha ri tip tc theo nc ti gy nhim t v nh hng n cht lng nng sn. Bng 4. Ngng cho php mt s kim loi nng trong rau qu t i (mg/kg) Nguyn t Cd Hg As Cu Ni Pb Hm lng 0,02 0,005 0,2 5 3 0,5 - 1 Nguyn t Zn Aflatoxin Bo Sn Ti Patulin Hm lng 10 0,005 1,8 1 0,3 0,05 (Ngun: B Y t, 1998)

2.2.2.3. nhim t do s dng ha cht bo v thc vt

Trn th gii ha cht bo v thc vt c s d ng vo nh ng nm 1980 ca th k XX vi s lng khong 10 .000 tn/nm, trong nh ng nm 1990 s lng ha cht bo v thc vt tng ln gp i ti 21 .400 tn nm 1991 (Phm Bnh Quy n, 2003 ). Ha ch t bo v thc vt c s dng nhiu trong vng trng la, c bit cc v ng trng rau. Vit Nam ha cht bo v thc vt c dng t lu v tng ng k trong nhng nm gn y. Hin nay v ang s dng ph bin khong 200 loi thuc tr su, 83 loi thuc tr bnh, 52 loi thuc tr c, 8 loi thuc dit chut v mt s loi thuc kch thch sinh trng. Ha cht bo v thc vt c s dng Vit Nam r t a dng, t cc cht thuc nhm ln h u c, clo hu c thuc nhm c t I - IV, n cc cht thuc nhm cacbamat, p yrethroid th h IV (Bng 5).

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Bng 5. S lng thuc BVTV c s dng Vit Nam Lng thuc s dng qua cc nm Nhm thu c 1991 (tn) Thuc tr su Thuc tr bnh Thuc dit c Thuc khc Tng % 1992 (tn) % 1993 (tn) % 1994 (tn) %

17.590 82,20 181.000 74,13 17.700 69,15 20.500 68,33 2.700 500 410 21.400 12,60 3,3 1,9 100 2.800 2.600 915 24.415 11,50 10,65 3,75 100 3.800 3.050 1.050 25.600 14,84 11,91 4,10 100 4.650 3.500 1.350 30.000 15,50 11,70 4,50 100

(Ngun: Phm Bnh Quy n, 2003) Cc loi ha cht BVTV thng l nhng ha cht c, kh nng tn l u lu trong t, tc ng vo mi trng t, n ng vt v con ngi. Do vic s dng, bo qun cha ng quy nh nn gy nhi m mi trng t, nc, khng kh v nng s n gy nhiu hu qu nghi m trng. nc ta, theo thng k t nm 2000 n 2006, c 667 v ng c do c c t trong thc phm lm 11.653 ngi b nh hng, trong c 683 ngi cht. Theo t i liu ca B Nng nghip v Pht tri n nng thn, c ti 30 - 60 % s mu rau c kim tra c n d lng ha cht bo v thc vt qu m c cho php. Lo i thuc Pyrethroid c tm thy d lng trong 70 % s mu rau n l c kim tra, ngo i ra cn d lng Fipronil, Dithiocarbamate, ln hu c v Carbendazin. D lng 2,4D trong mt s mu cam H Giang l 0,01 - 0,1 mg/kg; c t i 20 % s mu nho c kim tra c d lng vt qu hm lng cho php; 45,8 % mu to, l nhp t Trung Quc c kim tra c d lng thuc bo qun Carbendazin ( Trnh Th Thanh, 2003 ).

2.3. Phng php x l t nhim kim loi nng

Vit Nam nh n chung t b nhim kim loi nng ch a phi l ph bin. Tuy nhi n s nhim cng xut hin mang tnh cht cc b tr n nhng din tch nht nh do tc ng ca cc cht thi c hi. Do vy nhng gii php x l v qun l cc vng t nhim cng c t ra. Trn th gii hin nay c nhiu phng php x l nhim kim loi nng c p dng vi qui m v mc khc nhau. Vic la chn phng php x l t nhim khc nhau ph thuc v tc nhn gy nhi m, mc nhim cng nh kh nng k thut

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x l. Sau y l mt s phng php chnh x l t nhim v ang c p dng trn th gii (Nguyn Xun C, Trn Th Tuyt Thu, 2004).

2.3.1. Phng php x l t bng nhit

Nguyn l c bn ca phng php ny l lm bay hi nhit cao (> 800 C) cc kim loi nng. Tuy nhin, h u ht cc kim loi nng n y thng tn ti pha rn, t di chuyn v ho tan trong dung d ch t do cc c ch ha hc v vt l. Do vy chi ph x l ph thuc v o loi t, hm lng nc trong t v loi cht nhim. c tnh t 100 - 150 USD/tn (Nguyn Xun C, Trn Th Tuyt Thu, 2003).
0

2.3.2. Phng php x l t bng tch chit, phn cp c ht

Phng php ny da vo vic ra cc kim loi nng ra khi t. Qu tr nh ra tp trung v o vic di di cc kim lo i nng v cc hp cht cha kim loi nng. Qu tr nh ny c th c tin h nh vi mt v i loi tc nhn ra khc nhau nh cc axit v c (HCl, H 2SO4 vi pH 2), cc axit h u c (axit acetic, axit lactic), cc tc nhn t o phc (EDTA - axit Etylen Diamin Tetraaxetic, DTPA axit Dietylen Triamin Pentaacetic ) v s kt hp c ba loi tc nhn tr n. Do kim loi nng c nhiu trong cc cp ht mn, nht l st v hu c nn vic phn cp c ht cho php x l t hiu qu cao hn. i vi vic ti lm sch cc tc nhn tch chit cn mt khi lng ln cc h thng x l ha hc v l hc. Trong cc phng php ny c th k n l cc qu trnh trung ha, k t ta, keo t, tuyn ni, hp ph cacbon hot tnh, trao i ion v phn ng oxy ho - kh. Qu trnh lm sch trong tng trng hp ph thuc v o nhiu yu t nh t l phn trm cc cp ht v cc hp cht hu c trong t, bn cht v nng ca cc cht nhim v thnh phn ca cc tc nhn tch chit.

2.3.3. Phng php x l t bng in

Phng ph p x l t bng in l phng php lm sch da tr n qu trnh xy ra khi c dng in mt chiu pht ra gia catot v anot c t mt v tr thch hp trong t. S di chuyn ca cc ion v cc ph n t mang in tch v cc cc khc nhau c hnh thnh. C 3 hi n tng di chuyn lin quan nh sau: - S di chuyn ca cc cht lng cha cc cht nhim gia cc cc. - S di chuyn ca cc phn t c tch in c mt trong cc cht lng nh cc cht keo, cc phn t st nh v cc git nh.

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- S di chuyn ca cc ion v cc ion ph c c trong cht lng v pha anot hoc catot. Phng php ny c th ng dng tch cc cht nhim ion h oc cc phn t c tch in nh trong t nn thch hp cho vic tch cc kim loi nng t t. Cc vt th ln mang in c trong t nhim c th l m cn tr hoc thm ch ngng tr qu tr nh x l v c th gy nhiu lon d ng in v tr .

2.3.4. Phng php chit tch hi ti ch

Vic tch cht nhim trong t bng phng php lm bay hi da trn kh nng bay hi ca cc cht nhim. Phng php ny thch hp cho vic x l ti ch t nhim cc hp cht bay h i nh: Tricloroetylen, pecloroetylen, toluen, benzen v nhi u dung mi hu c khc. Trong m t vi trng hp phng php ny c s kt hp ca hai h thng x l tch ti ch vi pha n c v s phc hi sinh hc ti ch. Qu tr nh thm nh p ca khng kh dn n vic vn chuyn oxy c hiu qu l m tng kh nng phn hu sinh hc. Vic s dng cc tc nhn chi t tch nc cng tch cc hp cht c th khng bay hi, khng b phn h u sinh hc. Chi ph ca ph ng php ny th p hn phng php nhit ho hoc x l tch chit phi o v di chuy n t b nhim .

2.3.5. Phng php kt ta ha hc

Phng php ny ph thuc v o nng cc kim loi nng trong dung dch t. Vic tng nng cc kim loi nng trong pha n c xy ra mnh khi c mt cc axit mnh (HCl, HNO 3 v H2SO4), trong iu kin mi trng kim hu ht kim loi nng s b kt ta lm gim tnh c hi ca chng. u im ca phng php ny l x l c cc kim loi vi nng cao, tn t thi gian v c hiu sut cao. Nhng n c nhc im l phi a vo mi trng t cc ha ch t khc nhau dn n lm thay i cc tnh cht ca t .

2.3.6. Phng php phn hy sinh hc cc ch t nhim

S phn hy sinh hc t nhim ch yu da vo vic s dng vi sinh vt chuyn ha cc cht nhim , nht l cc cht nhim hu c thnh cc ch t khng nhi m. Qu trnh phn hy sinh hc t nhi n cc ch t nhim xy ra trong mi trng t l rt a dng, tuy nhin iu kin phn hy sinh hc nh n chung l khng thu n li t c hiu qu l m sch. Do vy cn c b sung thm nhng loi vi sinh v t tng cng qu trnh phn h y sinh hc v ci thin cc iu kin cho cc vi si nh vt phn hy. Trong cc iu kin c quan tm l nhi t , m t, pH, th oxi ho - kh, nng cc cht nhim,

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dng ca cc cht nhn electron, s c mt ca cc vi sinh vt mong mun v kh nng d tiu sinh h c ca cc cht nhim i v i vi sinh v t. S phn hy sinh hc c th xy ra c iu kin hiu kh v k kh nhng nhn chung iu kin hiu kh thng c p dng nhiu hn.

2.3.7. Phng php x l t nhim bng thc vt

Cc kim lo i nng ni chung khng c ngha dinh dng i vi thc vt tr mt s nguyn t Cu, Zn, Mn, Mo Nhng nguyn t ny c xp l nguyn t vi lng, chng c vai tr rt quan tr ng trong i sng ca sinh vt. Phng php x l t nhim bng thc vt l s dng mt s lo i cy trng c kh nn g ht thu nhi u kim loi nng loi b chng ra khi t. y c xem l phng php n gin, r tin v c kh nng p dng rng r i. Tuy nhin th i gian x l ko di v trong trng hp nhim nng s t c lo i cy no thch ng c.

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3. I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN C U

3.1. i tng nghi n cu 3.1.1. Cy rau ci xanh (Brassica juncea L. Czern)
y l mt trong nhng cy rau d trng, nhanh cho thu hoch, ch t 30 45 ngy v c th gieo trng c nhiu v trong nm. H n na, chi ph u t thp m li nhun li cao, vic ti u th d dng v c ngi tiu dng a chung nn y l loi rau c trng rt ph bin hin nay.

3.1.2. Cy rau x lch (Lactuca sativa L.)

X lch l m t loi cy rau ngn ng y, c th i gian sinh trng khong 45 55 ngy. X lch c trng ch yu trong thi v t thng 8 n thng 4 nm sau, nhi t thch hp t 10 - 160C, thch h p trong v ng.

3.1.3. t th nghim
t nn d ng trong th nghi m thuc loi t ph sa sng H ng khng c bi hng nm, ly ti vng trng rau thuc x Vnh Qunh, Thanh Tr , H Ni.

3.2. Phng php nghin cu 3.2.1. Phng php thu thp s liu th cp
C s ca phng php ny l thu thp, nghin cu tt c cc ti liu c lin quan t i vn nghin cu, c bit l cc s liu v iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi ca khu vc nghi n cu, nhng nghi n cu v kh nng ht thu kim loi nng ca cc loi rau.

3.2.2. Phng php iu tra, kho st thc a

S dng phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn (Rapid Rural Appraisal RRA) trong iu tra thc a, thu thp thng tin v iu kin t nhi n, kinh t -x hi v tnh hnh s n xut nng nghip a b n nghin c u. Trn c s xy dng k hoch nghin c u th nghim da trn l thuyt v thng tin c la chn phng php thit k th nghim thch hp. Ni dung ph ng vn tp trung vo cc vn lin quan n c cu cy trng, tnh hnh sn xut rau xanh, s dng phn bn, nng sut cy trng nng nghip.

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Cc i tng c phng vn l nhng ngi dn c la chn mt cch ngu nhin. Qu trnh phng vn thng qua cc cu hi v bui tr chuyn vi ngi dn.

3.2.3. Phng php b tr th nghim 2.2.3.1. Nguyn liu v ha cht s dng trong th nghim
- Ht ging rau ci xanh v rau x lch c ngu n gc cung cp bi Cng ty lin doanh h t ging ng Ty, th nh ph H Ch Minh. - Cc loi phn bn: phn Ur (NH 2)2CO, phn kalisunfat K 2SO4, phn super photphat Ca(H 2PO4)2 v vi bt. - Ha cht gy nhim Cu 2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ l cc mui CuSO 4.5H2O, Pb(NO3)2 v ZnSO 4.7H2O.

2.2.3.2. Qui trnh th nghi m

- t ly v c phi kh khng kh, p nh v trn u, b sung cc loi phn bn v cc ch t gy nhim kim loi nng t ng ng ri cho v o chu th nghim (5kg/chu) , qua m ri gieo ht rau (30 ht/chu), ti nc n khong 70% tr m cc i, t hng xuyn ti nc duy tr m cho t. Sau 15 ngy gieo h t tin h nh ta cy m bo mt thch hp cho cy pht trin (15 cy/chu). Sau 45 ngy gieo tr ng tin h nh thu ho ch cy v ly mu t phn tch. Th nghim c tin hnh trong nm 2007 v 2008 .

2.2.3.3. Thi t k th nghim

- Cng th c i chng (nn) : t nn c bn phn ur (NH 2)2CO v kalisunphat K 2SO4 tng ng vi lng bn 75 kg N v 30 kg K 2O/ha. - Cc cng th c th nghim: Cc cng thc th nghim c gy nhim kim loi cc mc 50 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm (i vi Cu v Pb) v 100 ppm, 300 ppm, 500 ppm (i vi Zn). Lng bn phn pht pht vi cc lng tng ng vi 40kg - 60kg v 80 kg P 2O5/ha, vi bt bn lng 1 tn, 2 tn v 3 tn CaCO3/ha, mn ca bn mc 10 tn, 15 tn v 20 tn/ha. Cc cng th c th nhim c b tr ri ng r xc nh nh hng ca lng bn Cu, Pb, Zn, pht pht, vi v mn ca n s sinh trng v ht thu kim loi nng ca rau ci xanh v rau x lch. T ng s bao gm 4 th nghim vi 48 cng th c khc nhau. Cc th nghi m c th nh sau: + Th nghi m 1: Xc nh nh hng ca lng bn Cu, Pb, Zn n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong rau ci xanh v x lch.

24

Cc cng th c th nghim c b tr nh sau: Cng thc CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 N + K2O (kg/ha) 75+30 75+30 75+30 75+30 Lng bn cc kim loi (ppm) * Cu 0 50 100 200 Pb 0 50 100 200 Zn 0 100 300 500

(*): Cc cng th c bn Cu, Pb, Zn c b tr ri ng r. + Th nghi m 2: Xc nh vai tr ca bn pht pht n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh v x lch. Cc cng th c th nghim c b tr nh sau: Cng thc CTP0 CTP1 CTP2 CTP3 Lng bn pht pht (kg P2O5/ha) 0 40 60 80 Lng bn cc kim lo i (ppm) * Cu 100 100 100 100 Pb 100 100 100 100 Zn 300 300 300 300

(*): Cc cng th c bn Cu, Pb, Zn c b tr ri ng r. + Th nghi m 3: Xc nh vai tr ca vi n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh v x lch. Cc cng th c th nghim c b tr nh sau: Lng bn vi Cng thc (tn CaCO3/ha) CTV0 CTV1 CTV2 CTV3 0 1000 2000 3000 Cu 100 100 100 100 Pb 100 100 100 100 Zn 300 300 300 300 Lng bn cc kim lo i (ppm) *

25

(*): Cc cng th c bn Cu, Pb, Zn c b tr ring r. + Th nghi m 4: Xc nh vai tr ca mn ca n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh v x lch. Cc cng th c th nghim c b tr nh sau: Lng bn mn ca Cng thc (tn/ha) CTM0 CTM1 CTM2 CTM3 0 10 15 20 Cu 100 100 100 100 Pb 100 100 100 100 Zn 300 300 300 300 Lng bn cc kim lo i (ppm) *

(*): Cc cng th c bn Cu, Pb, Zn c b tr ring r.

3.2.4. Theo di th nghim v ly mu phn tch

- Theo di sinh trng ca cy rau cc cng thc th nghim vi cc ch s chiu cao cy v nng sut khi thu hoch. Chiu cao cy c o 5 cy trong mi cng thc, nng sut khi thu hoch tnh cho ton b rau tng cng thc. - Ly mu rau: ly tt c mu rau trong t ng cng thc th nghim sau 45 ngy gieo trng xc nh nng sut, hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn t ng s tch lu trong cy. Mu rau c loi b cc l gi, l a vng, ra sch, trng bng nc ct mt ln ri phi trong khng kh n khi ro nc. Sy 850C n trng thi kh gin v gi nh thnh dng bt ri em phn tch. - Ly mu t tt c cc cng thc th nghi m, mu t c ly sau khi thu hoch rau, hong kh khng kh sau gi nh, ry qua ry 1mm phn tch.

3.2.5. Phng php phn tch trong phng th nghim

Cc ch tiu phn tch t v thc vt c thc hin Phng phn tch t, Khoa Mi trng, Trng DDHKHTN v Phng phn tch t - Mi trng ca Vin Qui ho ch v Thit k Nng nghi p. Cc phng php phn tch c th c trnh by Bng 6.

26

Bng 6. Cc ch tiu v phng php phn tch

Th t

Ch tiu

n v

Phng php phn tch

Phn tch t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 pHKCl CEC Cht hu c N ts P2O5 ts K2O ts Cu ts Cu d Pb ts Pb d Zn ts Zn d ll/100g % % % % ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm o bng pH meter Schachtschabel Walkley-Black Kjeldahl So mu xanh molipden, cng ph mu bng H2SO4 + HClO 4 Quang k ngn la, cng ph mu bng H2SO4 + HClO4 Chit trc quang vi dithizon trong CCl4 Chit trc quang vi dithizon trong CCl4 Quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS) Quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS) So mu vi dithizon So mu vi dithizon

Phn tch cy 13 14 15 Cu ts Pb ts Zn ts ppm ppm ppm Quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS) Quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS) Quang ph hp th nguyn t (AAS)

27

4. KT QU NGHIN CU V THO LUN

4.1. iu kin t nhi n, kinh t x hi ca a b n nghin c u 4.1.1. iu kin t nhi n 4.1.1.1. V tr a l, a hnh
Vnh Qunh l mt x thuc huyn Thanh Tr, mt vng t trng vi cao trung bnh khong 4,2 - 4,5 m so v i mc nc bin. a hnh y l ng bng bi t do ph sa ca h thng sng Hng. V a gii hnh chnh: - Pha Bc gip x Tam Hi p v th trn Vn in - Pha Nam gip x Ngc Hi v i ng - Pha ng gip x T Hip v Ng Hip - Pha Ty gip x T Thanh Oai

4.1.1.2. c im kh hu
L mt vng thu c ng bng sng H ng, Thanh Tr ni chung v x V nh Qunh ni ri ng l khu v c c kh hu nhit i gi ma, b chi phi bi hai hng gi chnh l ng Bc v ng Nam. Gi ng Bc thnh hnh t thng 11 n thng 4 nm sau, gi ng Nam ch yu t thng 5 n thng 10. H ng nm c hai ma r r t l ma ma t thng 4 n thng 11 v ma kh t thng 11 n thng 3 nm sau. - Nhit khng kh trung b nh nm vo kho ng 230C - 280C. Thi gian nng nh t l cc thng 6, 7, 8 v l nh nht v o cc thng 12 v thng ging. Trong ma ng c khi nhi t xung di 100C. - Lng ma: Lng ma trung bnh trong n m t 1600 - 1800 mm, ch yu tp trung v o cc thng ma m a 6, 7, 8 v 9. N m cao nh t t ti 2000 2200 mm. Do a hnh H Ni dc t Bc xung Nam n n ngoi l ng ma ti ch, cn c lng nc t ni th nh dn v l m tng kh nng ng ngp trong vng. - Lng bc hi: lng bc hi hng n m thay i t 970 - 1127 mm, trung bnh nhi u nm l 1025,5mm. Thng thng t thng 11 n thng 3 nm sau l thi k c lng bc hi cao hn.

28

- m khng kh tng i n nh, t 80 - 88 %, m trung b nh nm l 81 %. Trong ma m a, m rt ln c khi t ti b o ha m. V ma kh, do nh hng ca gi m a ng Bc, nn m khng kh gim, gi tr nh nht vo thng 12.

4.1.1.3. Th nhng
c im cc loi t chnh huyn Thanh Tr : - t ct: h nh thnh do s bi t ph sa ca h thng sng H ng, thng tp trung to thnh cc cn ct dc b sng. Loi t ny hng n m b ngp t hai n ba thng. L loi t ngho dinh d ng, ngh o mn nn t c s dng cho sn xut nng nghip . - t ph sa c bi h ng nm: l t c hnh thnh do l ng ng ph sa ca h thng sng Hng, mi n m c bi th m lp dy 2 - 5 cm. t mu nu ti, thnh ph n c gii nh, thng l ct pha th t nh, ti xp, hm lng dinh dng tt, pH = 7 - 7,5 v CEC cao t 15 - 40 ll/100g t nhng li ngho mn v m (mn t 0,5 - 1,5 %). - t ph sa khng c bi h ng nm: l t c bi do ph sa sng Hng nhng hin nay khng cn c bi t do h thng ngn cch. Lo i t ny ch c mt din tch nh Thanh Tr . - t ph sa gly: t ph sa gly c hnh thnh t i chn t trng, kh tiu nc. Trong h thng t lun xy ra t nh trng ym kh do tn ti hydroxit c a cc nguy n t Fe, Al, Mn, Ti, Ni ... ho tr thp. Cc tp cht n y cng vi cht hu c to mt tng t do, dnh v cht b, mu xanh xm. - t ph sa ng n c: l loi t ph sa ng n c quanh nm ym kh n n t b gl y mnh trn ton phu din. t c mu en, thnh ph n c gii nng, chua t, hm l ng cht hu c cao, m cao, h m lng ln, kali trung b nh.

4.1.2. iu kin kinh t x hi 4.1.2.1. Di n tch v dn s

X V nh Qunh c din tch t t nhi n l 650,5 ha, trong c 337 ha t nng nghip. V n v hnh chnh, x Vnh Qunh c chia thnh 3 thn v 13 khu dn c tp th c quan ng trn a bn x. Tnh n nm 2006 to n x V nh Qunh c 4.414 h dn c vi 18.426 nhn kh u. S lao ng trong x ch yu l lm nng nghip, ngoi ra cn c mt

29

s tham gia bun bn hoc tham gia vo cc ho t ng sn xut ti cc nh my, x nghip ng trn a bn huyn.

4.1.2.2. Sn xut nng nghip

Thanh Tr l m t vng chuyn canh nng nghi p vi c im t canh tc lin vng thuc loi t ph sa sng H ng rt thun li cho vic pht trin sn xut cc loi cy nng nghip c bit l sn xut rau xanh v la. Trong hot ng trng rau em li hiu qu kinh t cao h n l tr ng la. Tuy nhi n do c im v a hnh ng trng nn din tch trng la vn chim u th hn so vi din tch cy rau . Trong tng s din tch t nng nghip 337 ha, din tch trng rau l 75,66 ha. C cu sn xut rau rt a dng nhng ch yu c hai nhm rau chnh nh sau : - Rau nc: l nhng loi rau sinh tr ng v pht trin tt trong iu kin c mt phn thn v r c ngp trong nc. Nhng loi rau ny c trng ch yu nhng khu t trng v c iu kin cp nc ti thun li nht do nhu cu v nc ti ln hn nhiu so vi cc loi rau khc. Cc loi rau c trng ph bin l rau mung, rau cn, rau ci xoong vi tng din tch l 52,2 ha. - Rau cn: l nhng loi rau c nhu cu v nc t hn so vi rau nc. Cc rung trng rau cn phi khng thng xuyn ngp nc nhng, t trng phi ti xp mu m v phi ti nc nh k ph hp vi tng loi rau c trng. Mt s loi rau cn c trng nhiu l rau ngt, rau mng ti, rau dn, rau ci. Trong rau ci chim 7,6 ha; rau ngt 7,3 ha; rau mng ti 5,3 ha v rau d n 2,3 ha. Ngoi cc loi rau xanh, V nh Qunh cn ch pht trin mt s cy u bao g m 3,7 ha u tng, u xanh xun; 16,2 ha u t ng, u xanh ng. Ngoi s n xut nng nghip ng i dn c n nui tr ng thy sn vi 13,5 ha v chn nui gia cm (g, vt), gia sc (ln, tru, b ).

4.1.2.3. V sinh, y t
Cng tc y t x Vnh Qunh rt c lnh o quan tm. Tr m y t ca x c cng nhn l trm y t t chun Quc gia. H ng thng c t chc kim tra v sinh an to n thc phm ti cc c s kinh doanh mt h ng thc phm, khm sc khe v tp hun cho cc ch hng kinh doanh n ung. Lnh o x cng t chc vn ng nhn dn lm tng v sinh thng xuy n vo chiu th 6 v sng th 7 hng tun. n nay cng tc v sinh mi tr ng c nhiu chuyn bin tch cc, ng lng, ng xm phong quang, s ch s.

30

Do lm t t cng tc y t cng ng nn vn sc kho ngi dn c m bo. Do vy trong vi chc nm gn y khng x y ra dch bnh n o ng k i vi ngi v vt nui tr n a bn x. Cng tc ch m sc sc kho cng c tin hnh nh k cho tr em.

4.2. Mt s tnh cht t th nghim

S liu Bng 7 cho thy t nghin cu cha b nhim bi cc kim loi nng tr hm lng Pb tng s. Tuy nhi n theo TCVN 7209 - 2002 qui nh cho t nng nghip th t nghin cu Vnh Qunh cha b nhim v thch hp cho s sinh trng ca cc loi rau ni chung cng nh rau ci xanh v rau x lch ni ring. Bng 7. Mt s tnh cht c bn ca t nghin cu Th t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Ch tiu pHKCl CEC Cht hu c N ts P ts K ts Cu ts Cu d Pb ts Pb d Zn ts Zn d ll/100g t % % % P2O5 % K2O ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm n v Gi tr 6,15 23,46 2,44 0,32 0,19 1,02 21,29 13,38 57,16 1,88 81,27 7,24 nh gi Chua t Cao Trung bnh Giu Giu Trung bnh Trung bnh nhim nh Rt thp -

31

4.3. nh hng ca lng bn Cu, Pb, Zn n sinh trng v tch l y chng trong rau 4.3.1. nh hng ca Cu , Pb, Zn n sinh tr ng v tch ly chng trong rau ci xanh
4.3.1.1. nh hng ca Cu n sinh trng v tch ly Cu trong ci xanh Kt qu xc nh nh hng ca lng bn Cu n sinh trng v tch ly Cu trong rau c i xanh c trnh by trong B ng 8. Bng 8. nh hng ca lng bn Cu n sinh trng v tch ly Cu trong rau c i xanh (tnh theo ch t ti) Cng thc CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Chiu cao cy cm 19,5 15,0 14,7 12,5 % 100 77 75 64 Nng sut rau g/chu 70,3 55,9 50,0 33,1 % 100 80 71 47 Hm lng Cu trong rau ppm 2,75 3,17 5,21 8,46 % 100 115 190 308

T s liu Bng 8 cho thy lng bn Cu c nh hng kh r rt n chiu cao cy rau ci xanh. Khi l ng bn Cu tng t 0 l n 50ppm, 100ppm v 200 ppm lm cho chi u cao ca cy gim i t ng ng 23%, 25% v 36%. Nh vy lng bn cao nht 200 ppm, chiu cao cy rau ci xanh gim i rt r rt vo khong 36% so vi i chng. Lng bn Cu khng ch l m gi m chiu cao cy m cn nh hng n nng sut ca rau ci xanh. l ng bn 50 ppm (CT1) nng sut rau gim 20%; lng bn 100 ppm (CT2) nng sut gim 29%; c n lng bn 200 ppm (CT3) nng sut gim ti 53% so vi i chng (CT0). Nh vy xu hng bin i v nng sut rau ci xanh cng din ra t ng t nh chiu cao cy, tuy nhi n mc chu nh hng th hin r rt hn. Khc vi nhng nh hng ca lng bn Cu n chiu cao v nng sut rau trnh by trn, lng bn Cu lm tng ng k s ht thu v tch lu Cu trong rau. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi lng bn Cu tng t 0 l n 50 100 v 200 ppm th hm lng Cu trong rau cng tng tng ng 15%, 90% v 208%. Nh vy lng bn 200 ppm Cu, s tch lu Cu trong rau ci xanh tng l n rt r rt. Kt qu ny l ph hp vi s gim st kh nng sinh trng ca cy c trnh by trn. C th thy r hn

32

nhng tc ng khc nhau ca l ng bn Cu n chiu cao cy, sinh kh i v s tch lu Cu trong rau ci xanh nh c trnh by Hnh 1.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Chiu cao (cm) Sinh khi (g/chu) Cu trong cy (ppm)

Hnh 1. nh hng ca lng bn Cu n chiu cao cy, sinh khi v Cu tch lu trong cy ci xanh

4.3.1.2. nh hng ca Pb n sinh trng v tch ly Pb trong ci xanh nh hng ca lng bn Pb n sinh trng v tch ly Pb trong rau ci xanh c trnh by Bng 9. Bng 9. nh hng ca lng bn Pb n sinh trng v tch ly Pb trong rau c i xanh (tnh theo ch t ti) Chiu cao cy cy cm CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 19,5 14,7 13,4 11,0 % 100 75 69 56 Nng sut rau g/chu 70,3 37,0 34,7 31,0 % 100 53 49 44 Hm lng Pb trong rau ppm 0,17 0,96 1,67 1,79 % 100 565 982 1053

Cng th c

lng bn 0 ppm Pb (CT0) chiu cao cy l 19,5 cm trong khi lng bn 50 ppm Pb (CT1) chi u cao gim i 25%, lng bn 100 ppm Pb (CT2) chiu cao cy gim 31%, c n lng bn 200 ppm Pb (CT3) chi u cao cy gim 44% so v i i chng khng bn Pb.

33

Nng sut rau ci xanh cng din ra tng t nh chiu cao cy, ngha l c xu hng gim i nhanh chng khi l ng bn Pb tng l n. cc lng bn 50ppm, 100ppm v 200 ppm Pb nng su t rau gim tng ng 27%, 51% v 56% so vi i chng khng bn Pb. Lng bn Pb vo t lm tng rt nhanh s tch lu Pb trong cy. t cc kt qu nghi n cu c th thy rng lng Pb tch lu trong rau ci xanh tng ln hn 5 ln, 9 ln v 10 ln tng ng vi cc lng bn Pb l 50ppm, 100ppm v 200 ppm. Hm lng Pb tch ly thp nht 0,17 ppm cng thc i chng khng bn Pb (CT0) v c gi tr cao nht 1,79 ppm lng bn 200 ppm Pb. Kt qu th nghim cng cho thy l ng bn di 100 ppm Pb th kh nng ht thu v tch ly chng trong cy tng nhanh nh ng khi lng bn tr n 100 ppm th kh nng ht thu Pb ca cy cng gim i (Hnh 2). N u so vi Cu nh trnh by trn, Pb c nh hng mnh hn hay chiu cao ca cy gim i nhanh h n so vi lng bn Cu tng ng.

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Chiu cao cy (cm) Nng sut (g/chu) Pb trong rau (ppm)

Hnh 2. nh hng ca lng bn Pb n chiu cao, nng sut v hm lng Pb trong rau ci xanh

4.3.1.3. nh hng ca lng bn Zn n sinh tr ng v tch l y Zn trong ci xanh nh hng ca lng bn km n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong rau ci xanh c trnh by Bng 10. Kt qu n y cho thy Zn ch c nh hng mnh n sinh trng ca rau ci xanh cc lng bn cao . CT1 vi lng bn Zn l 100 ppm chi u cao cy hu nh khng thay i, ch tng 1% so vi cng thc i chng. Tuy nhi n CT2 vi lng bn Zn l 300 ppm chi u cao ca cy

34

 gim i 14%, c n lng bn 500 ppm Zn chiu cao ca cy gim i 20% so vi i chng. Bng 10. nh hng ca lng bn Zn n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong rau c i xanh (tnh theo ch t ti) Chiu cao cy Cng th c cm CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 19,5 19,7 16,7 15,5 % 100 101 86 80 g/chu 70,3 75,7 64,1 43,8 % 100 108 91 62 ppm 9,05 18,06 20,40 22,82 % 100 200 225 252 Nng sut Hm lng Zn trong rau

i vi nng sut rau, lng bn Zn thp mc 100 ppm (CT2) l m tng nng sut rau 8%, nhng lng bn 300 ppm (CT3) nng sut rau li gim i 9%, cn lng bn 500 ppm CT3 nng sut rau gim ti 38% so vi i chng khng bn Zn. T kt qu nghi n cu ch r trong iu kin t th nghim, Zn ch c tc ng r rt n sinh trng ca rau ci xanh khi l ng bn cao vt trn 300 ppm (Hnh 3).

80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Chiu cao cy (cm) Nng sut (g/chu) Zn trong rau (ppm)

Hnh 3. nh hng ca lng bn Zn n chiu cao, nng sut v hm lng Zn trong rau ci xanh

nh hng ca lng bn Zn n tch lu Zn trong rau cng c mi quan h kh r nt. lng bn 100 ppm (CT1) h m lng Zn tch ly trong rau tng 100%, lng bn 300 ppm (CT2) h m lng Zn tch ly trong rau tng 125%, cn CT3 vi lng bn 500 ppm hm lng Zn tch ly trong rau tng 152% so

35

vi cng thc khng bn km (CT0). Nh vy c th thy khi lng bn Zn tng ln ng thi cng lm tng nhanh s tch lu Zn trong rau ci xanh . 4.3.1.4. Tng quan gia hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong t v trong rau ci xanh S tng quan gia hm lng Cu 2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ trong t v hm lng ca chng trong rau trong rau c trnh by Bng 11. Bng 11. Hm lng Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ trong t v hm lng ca chng trong rau c i xanh (t nh theo ch t ti) Cng thc CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Cu2+ trong t (ppm) 13,38 15,52 27,20 51,10 Cu trong rau (ppm) 2,75 3,17 5,21 8,46 Pb2+ trong Pb trong t (ppm) rau (ppm) 1,88 4,10 11,23 18,27 0,17 0,96 1,67 1,79 Zn2+ trong t (ppm) 7,24 17,81 75,20 112,83 Zn trong rau (ppm) 9,05 18,06 20,40 22,82

Mi tng gia hm lng Cu 2+ trong t v hm lng Cu tch lu trong rau c biu din thng qua ph ng tr nh c d ng Y1=0,1503x + 0,8685 v i R2 = 0,9956 (Hnh 4). Trong khi phng tr nh tng quan gia Pb2+ trong t v hm lng Pb tch lu trong rau c dng Y2= -0,0095x 2 + 0,2813x 0,2095 v i R2 = 0,9691 (Hnh 5). Cn m i tng quan gia Zn2+ trong t v hm lng Zn tch lu trong rau c biu din thng qua ph ng tr nh c d ng Y3 = 5,9867x 0,2935 vi R2 = 0,8085 (Hnh 6). Nhn chung hm l ng cc kim loi nng trong t c mi tng quan rt cht vi hm lng ca chng c tch lu trong rau. Nhn xt v nh hng ca bn Cu, Pb, Zn n cy rau ci xanh: Lng bn ng, ch , km c nh hng r rt n sinh trng v nng sut rau ci xanh, trong nh h ng ca Pb th hin r nht, tip n l nh hng ca Cu v thp nht l nh hng ca km. Nhn chung, s sinh trng v nng sut rau ci xanh gim dn khi l ng bn cc kim loi nng v o t tng ln. lng bn 100 ppm, Pb l m gim nng sut rau ci xanh ti 51%, trong khi Cu ch lm gim nng sut rau 29%. i vi km, l ng bn 300 ppm mi l m gim nng sut rau 9% v lng bn rt cao 500 ppm cng ch l m gim nng sut rau 38% . lng bn thp 100ppm, nh h ng ca Zn n nng sut rau l khng r r t.

36

Ngc li vi xu hng trn, lng bn kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn u lm tng nhanh chng s tch lu chng trong rau, c bit l cc lng bn cao tr n 100 ppm. lng bn 100 ppm v 200 ppm hm lng Cu tch lu trong rau ci xanh tng tng ng 90% v 208% cn hm l ng Pb tng tng ng 882% v 953% so v i i chng. i vi Zn, khi l ng bn tng l n 100 - 300 v 500 ppm lm tng hm lng Zn tch lu trong rau t ng ng 100%, 125% v 152% so v i i chng khng bn km.

9 8 Cu trong cy (ppm)

6 5 4 3 2 10 20 30 40 50 Cu2+ trong t (ppm) Y1 = 0.1503x + 0.8685 R2 = 0.9956

Pb trong cy (ppm)

2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0

Y2 = -0.0095x2 + 0.2813x - 0.2095 R2 = 0.9691

10

15

20

Pb2+ trong t (ppm)

2+

H nh 4. Tng quan gia hm lng Cu trong t v Cu tch lu trong rau ci xanh

25 Zn trong cy (ppm) 20 15 10 5 0 20 40 60

Hnh 5. Tng quan gia hm lng Pb2+ trong t v Pb trong rau ci xanh

Y3 = 5.9867x0.2935 R2 = 0.8085

80

100

120

Zn2+ trong t (ppm)

Hnh 6. Tng quan gia hm lng Zn2+ trong t v Zn trong cy

37

4.3.2. nh hng ca Cu , Pb, Zn n sinh tr ng v tch ly chng trong rau x lch

4.3.2.1. nh hng ca Cu n sinh trng v tch ly Cu trong x lch Kt qu xc nh nh hng ca lng bn Cu n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong rau x lch trong th nghi m c trnh by trong b ng 12. Bng 12. nh hng ca lng bn Cu n sinh trng v tch ly Cu trong rau x lch (tnh theo ch t ti) Cng thc CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Chiu cao cy cm 11,4 11,0 9,6 6,9 % 100 97 85 61 Nng sut g/chu 93,8 82,2 73,8 53,6 % 100 88 79 57 Hm lng Cu trong rau ppm 2,25 3,04 3,33 4,26 % 100 135 148 189

T s liu bng 12 cho th y lng bn Cu c nh hng kh r rt n chiu cao cy rau x lch. Chi u cao ca cy gim dn t 11,4 cm cng thc khng bn Cu (CT0) xung cn 11,0 cm - 9,6cm v 6,9 cm khi l ng bn Cu tng ln tng ng t 0 ppm ln 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm. Nh v y lng bn Cu cao nht (CT3), chiu cao cy rau x lch gim i khong 39% so v i i chng. Lng bn Cu khng ch l m gim chiu cao cy m cn nh hng mnh n nng sut ca rau x lch. Ngay lng bn thp 50 ppm (CT1) nng sut rau gim 12%; lng bn 100 ppm (CT2) nng sut gim ti 29%; c n lng bn 200 ppm (CT3) nng su t rau gim i 43% so vi i chng khng bn Cu (CT0). Khc vi nhng nh hng ca lng bn Cu n sinh trng ca rau x lch phn tch trn, khi lng bn Cu tng ln ng thi cng lm tng ng k lng tch lu Cu trong rau. Theo kt qu nghin cu cho thy khi lng bn Cu tng t 0 ppm l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm th hm l ng Cu trong rau cng tng ln tng ng t 2,25 ppm ln 3,04 ppm, 3,33 ppm v 4,26 ppm. C th thy r hn nhng tc ng khc nhau c a lng bn Cu n chiu cao cy, sinh khi v s tch lu Cu trong cy rau x lch nh c trnh by hnh 7.

38

Nu so snh hm lng Cu tch lu trong cy gia rau ci xanh v x lch cho thy cng mt lng bn Cu nh nhau hm lng Cu tch lu trong rau ci xanh lun cao h n rau x lch (Bng 8 v 11): lng bn Cu l 50 ppm (CT1) hm lng Cu tch lu trong rau ci xanh v rau x lch tng ng l 3,17 ppm v 3,04 ppm; lng bn Cu l 100 ppm (CT2) hm lng tch lu Cu trong rau ci xanh v x lch ln lt l 5,21 ppm v 3,33 ppm; cn lng bn Cu l 200 ppm (CT3) hm lng Cu tch lu trong rau ci xanh l 8,46 ppm v trong rau x lch l 4,26 ppm. iu ny c th c gi thit l nhu cu v Cu trong i sng ca rau ci xanh ln hn x lch, hay s ht thu Cu rau ci xanh l cao hn so vi rau x lch.

100 80 60 40 20 0 CT 0 CT 1 CT 2 CT 3

Chiu cao (cm)

Sinh khi (g/chu)

Cu trong cy (ppm)

Hnh 7. nh hng ca lng bn Cu n chiu cao, sinh khi v Cu tch lu trong cy

4.3.2.2. nh hng ca Pb n sinh trng v tch ly Pb trong x lch Kt qu nghi n cu bng 13 cho thy lng bn Pb c nh hng rt r n s sinh trng v ht thu Pb ca rau x lch. Khi lng bn Pb tng ln th chiu cao v nng sut cy u gim i kh mnh trong khi hm lng Pb trong rau li tng ln. lng bn Pb l 50 ppm (CT1) chi u cao cy ch gim 12%; trong khi cng thc bn 100 ppm Pb (CT2) chiu cao cy gim 21% v cng th c bn 200 ppm Pb th chi u cao cy gim 41% so vi cng thc i chng khng bn ch (CT0). nh hng ca lng bn Pb n nng sut rau x lch cng din ra theo xu hng tng t nh nh hng n chiu cao cy nh ng mc mnh hn nhiu. Nga y lng bn 50 ppm Pb, nng sut rau gim 33% so vi i chng. Khi lng bn tng l n 100 ppm Pb th n ng sut gim 59% v lng

39

bn 200 ppm Pb nng sut rau gim i 71% so vi cng thc khng bn Pb . lng bn 200 ppm Pb, xut hin cc triu chng c hi do ch i vi rau x lch nh cy km pht tri n, l nh v c mu xanh m. Bng 13. nh hng ca lng bn Pb n sinh trng v tch ly Pb trong rau x lch (tnh theo ch t ti) Cng thc CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Chiu cao cy cm 11,4 10,0 8,9 6,7 % 100 88 79 59 Nng sut g/chu 93,8 71,7 38,1 26,7 % 100 77 41 29 Hm lng Pb trong rau ppm 0,12 0,17 0,23 0,30 % 100 142 192 250

Ngc li vi s nh hng ca lng bn Pb n sinh trung ca cy, lng bn Pb cng lm tng ng k s tc h lu Pb trong rau (Hnh 8). lng bn 50 ppm Pb (CT1) hm l ng Pb tch ly trong rau tng 142 %, l ng bn 100 ppm Pb (CT2) hm l ng Pb tch ly trong rau tng 192% v lng bn 200 ppm Pb (CT3) hm l ng Pb tch ly trong rau tng n 250% so vi khng bn Pb (CT0).

100 80 60 40 20 0 CT0 Chiu cao cy (cm) CT1 CT2 CT3 Pb trong rau (ppm) Nng sut (g/chu)

Hnh 8. nh hng ca lng bn Pb n chiu cao, nng sut v hm lng Pb trong rau x lch

40

4.3.2.3. nh hng ca lng bn Zn n sinh tr ng v tch ly Zn trong rau x lch S liu c trnh by bng 14 cho thy lng bn Zn cng c nh hng n sinh trng v tch lu Zn trong rau x lch. Tuy nhin m c nh hng th hin yu hn so vi Cu v Pb. mc bn bn 300 ppm Zn (CT2) chiu cao ca cy ch gim 11% v ngay lng bn rt cao 500 ppm Zn (CT3) chiu cao cy cng ch gim 17% so vi i chng khng bn Zn (CT0). Tng t nh vy, Zn cng ch lm gim khng nhi u nng sut rau x lch ngay cc lng bn kh cao . lng bn 300 ppm v 500 ppm, nng sut rau x lch gi m i tng ng l 20% v 31% so v i i chng khng bn Zn. Khc vi cc tc ng ca Cu v Pb, bn Zn lng thp 100 ppm li c tc dng lm tng s sinh trng ca rau x lch tuy khng nhi u: Chiu cao v nng sut rau x lch ch tng tng ng 5% v 3% so v i i chng khng bn Zn. iu ny c th c gii thch do vai tr ca mt nguy n t vi lng quan trng nn lng bn thp di 100 ppm, Zn c tc dng l nguyn t dinh dng nn gp ph n kch thch s sinh trng ca rau x lch. Bng 14. nh hng ca lng bn Zn n sinh trng v tch ly Zn trong rau x lch (tnh theo ch t ti) Cng thc CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3 Chiu cao cy cm 11,4 12,0 10,1 9,4 % 100 105 89 83 Nng sut g/chu 93,8 96,4 74,5 65,0 % 100 103 80 69 Hm lng Zn trong rau ppm 5,02 6,98 7,08 9,76 % 100 139 141 194

Khc vi nhng nh hng n sinh trng ca rau x lch, lng Zn tch lu trong rau li lun c tng quan thun kh cht vi lng Zn bn vo t. cng thc khng bn Zn, hm lng Zn trong rau l 5,02 ppm. Khi lng bn tng ln 100 ppm, 300 ppm v 500 ppm, hm l ng Zn trong rau cng tng l n tng ng l 39%, 41% v 94% so v i i chng khng bn Zn. Hnh 9 cho th y r hn nh hng ca lng bn Zn n chiu cao cy, nng sut v s tch ly Zn trong rau x lch.

41

100 80 60 40 20 0 CT 0 CT 1 CT 2 CT 3

Chiu cao cy (cm)

Nng sut (g/chu)

Zn trong rau (ppm)

Hnh 9. nh hng ca lng bn Zn n chiu cao, nng sut v hm lng Zn trong rau x lch

4.3.3. Tng quan gia hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong t v trong rau x lch
Hm lng kim loi nng trong t v hm lng ca chng trong rau x lch c mi tng quan thun kh cht ch. Mi tng quan gia hm lng Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ trong t v hm lng ca chng trong rau x lch cng di n ra theo cng m t xu hng chung, ngha l khi hm lng trong t tng l n th s tch lu trong rau cng tng l n (Bng 15). Bng 15. Tng quan gia Cu2+, Pb2+, Zn2+ trong t v trong rau x lch (tnh theo ch t ti) Hm lng Cu (ppm) Trong t 13,38 15,52 27,20 51,10 Trong rau 2,25 3,04 3,33 4,26 Hm lng Pb (ppm) Trong t 1,88 4,10 11,23 18,27 Trong rau 0,12 0,17 0,23 0,30 Hm lng Zn (ppm) Trong t 7,24 17,81 75,20 112,83 Trong rau 5,02 6,98 7,08 9,76

Cng thc CT0 CT1 CT2 CT3

Mi tng quan ng thng gia hm lng linh ng ca cc kim loi nng trong t vi h m lng ca chng trong rau x lch c trnh by cc hnh 10, hnh 11 v hnh 12. Phng tr nh tng quan gia hm lng Cu2+ trong t vi hm lng Cu trong rau x lch c d ng Y=2,9673x -4,6752 (R 2=0,8928);

42

gia Pb2+ trong t vi Pb trong rau l Y=0,0103x+0,1132 (R 2=0,9794) v gi a Zn2+ trong t vi Zn trong rau l Y=0,0348+5,354 (R 2=0,7907).

9 8

0.4

Cu trong cy (ppm)

Pb trong rau (ppm)

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 2+

0.3

Y = 2.9673x - 4.6572 R2 = 0.8928

0.2

0.1

Y = 0.0103x + 0.1132 R2 = 0.9794

0 0 5 10
2+

Cu

trong t (ppm)

15

20

Pb

trong t (ppm)

Hnh 10. Tng quan gia hm lng Cu2+ trong t v Cu trong rau x lch

Hnh 11. Tng quan gia hm lng Pb2+ trong t v Pb trong rau x lch

10

Zn trong cy (ppm)

Y = 0.0348x + 5.354 R2 = 0.7907

4 0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Hm lng Zn2+ trong t Hnh 12. Tng quan gia hm lng Zn2+ trong t v Zn trong rau x lch

Nh vy, nu so snh gia hai loi rau ci xanh v x lch, vi cng mt lng bn nh nhau hm lng km tch ly trong rau ci xanh lun cao hn so vi rau x lch. lng bn 100 ppm hm lng km tch ly trong rau ci xanh l 18,06 ppm tng ng vi 199,6 %, trong rau x lch l 6,98 ppm tng ng vi 139 % so vi i chng; lng bn 300 ppm hm lng km tch ly trong rau ci xanh l 20,40 ppm v trong rau x lch l 7,08 ppm tng ng vi 225,4 % v 141 % so vi i chng; cn lng bn 500 ppm hm lng km tch ly trong rau ci xanh v x lch ln lt l 22,82 ppm v 9,76 ppm tng ng vi 252,2 % v 194,4 % so

43

vi i chng. Kt qu ny cng khng nh rng rau ci xanh c kh nng ht thu v tch ly kim loi nng cao hn so vi rau x lch. Nhn xt v nh hng ca Cu, Pb, Zn n cy rau x lch: Lng bn Cu, Pb v Zn c nh hng rt r rt n sinh trng v s tch lu chng trong rau x lch. Khi lng bn Cu tng t 0 l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm nng sut rau x lch gi m i tng ng l 12%, 29% v 43% so v i i chng khng bn Cu. Trong khi h m lng Cu tch lu trong rau li tng tng ng l 35%, 48 % v 89% so v i i chng. i vi Pb, xu hng cng din ra tng t nh trng hp bn Cu, vi lng bn Pb tng t 0 l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm nng su t rau x lch gim i tng ng l 33%, 59% v 71% so v i cng thc khng bn Pb. Ngc li, hm lng Pb tch lu trong rau l i tng tng ng l 142%, 192% v 250 % so v i i chng. Bn Zn c ng c nh hng r n sinh trng ca rau x lch, nh t l khi lng bn cao tr n 300 ppm. K t qu th nghim cho thy khi l ng bn Zn l 300 ppm v 500 ppm nng su t rau x lch gim i tng ng l 20% v 31% so vi i chng khng bn Zn. Tuy nhi n lng bn thp 100 ppm, nh h ng ca Zn n nng sut rau x lch th hin khng r . S tch lu Zn trong rau x lch c s tng quan thun kh cht vi h m lng Zn2+ trong t. Hm lng Zn trong rau tng l n 39%, 41% v 94 % so v i i chng tng ng vi lng bn Zn tng l n t 100 ppm, 300 ppm v 500 ppm.

4.4. nh hng ca bn pht pht, vi v mn ca n sinh trng v tch lu kim loi nng trong rau 4.4.1. nh hng ca bn pht pht, vi v mn ca n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, Pb, Zn c a rau ci xanh
4.4.1.1. nh hng ca bn pht pht n sinh tr ng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh Kt qu nghi n cu cho thy pht pho c nh h ng r rt n sinh trng v nng sut ca rau ci xanh. Chiu cao ca cy tng l n t 14,7cm cng thc khng bn ph t pho (CTP0) l n 16,3cm lng bn 40 kg P 205/ha (CTP1), 17,4cm lng bn 60 kg P 205/ha (CTP2) v 19,1cm lng bn 80 kgP 2O5/ha

44

(CTP3). Tng t nh vy, nng sut rau ci xanh cng tng l n tng ng t 50,0 ln 53,1 - 57,3 v 65,5 g/ch u (Bng 16). Bng 16. nh hng ca lng bn pht pho n sinh tr ng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh (tnh theo ch t ti) Chiu Nng sut Cng th c cao cy (g/chu) (cm) CTP0 CTP1 CTP2 CTP3 14,7 16,3 17,4 19,1 50,0 53,1 57,3 65,5 Cu ppm 5,21 5,10 4,78 4,46 % 100 98 92 86 ppm 1,67 1,42 1,02 0,96 Pb % 100 85 61 58 ppm 20,40 19,63 17,97 17,35 Zn % 100 96 88 85 Hm lng kim lo i trong rau

Nh vy tt c cc lng bn bn pht pho, chiu cao v nng sut ca rau ci xanh u cao hn so vi cng thc i chng khng bn pht pho. Trong , rau ci xanh c s sinh trng tt nht CTP3 vi lng bn 80 kgP 2O5/ha (Hnh 13). Bn phn ph t pho khng ch c tc dng lm tng nng sut rau ci xanh, m cn c nh hng ng k n s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau. mc bn 40 kgP 2O5/ha hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn tch lu trong rau ci xanh gim i tng ng 2%, 15% v 4%. mc bn 60 kgP 2O5/ha hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau gim i tng ng 8%, 39% v 12%. Cn mc bn 80 kgP 2O5/ha hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau gi m i tng ng 14%, 42% v 15% so v i i chng khng bn phn ph t pho. Nh vy c th ni rng bn phn ph t pho c tc dng lm gim s tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh. Khi l ng bn pht pho c ng cao th s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau c ng gim, trong tc ng n s ht thu Pb c a rau ci xanh th hin r rt nht. Trong nghi n cu ny lng bn 80 kgP 2O5/ha cho hi u qu cao nht trong vic gim thiu s ht thu v tch lu kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh (Hnh 14). Vic bn phn pht pho c kh nng l m gi m hm lng kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn trong cy c th c gii thch thng qua cc c ch c nh chng trong t do cc qu trnh ho h c, ng thi n c n hn ch s vn chuyn chng t r ln thn cy. Hn na, s c mt ca cc cation i k m trong phn ph t pho (c bit l Ca2+, Mg2+) cng c tc dng hn ch s ht thu kim loi nng ca cy do hi n tng i khng ion. Ngoi ra, s tng trng nhanh ca cy trng

45

cng gp phn l m gim s gia tng hm lng Zn trong cy do hin t ng lm long nng (Trier and Bergmann, 1974; Loneragan et al., 1979).

70 Chiu cao, Nng sut 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CTP0 CTP1 CTP2 CTP3 Chiu cao cy (cm) Nng sut (g/chu)

Hnh 13. nh hng ca lng bn pht pho n chiu cao v nng sut ci xanh

6 Cu, Pb trong cy (ppm) 5 4 3 2 1 0 CTP0

Cu trong cy

22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 CTP1 CTP2
Pb trong cy Zn trong cy (ppm)

CTP3
Zn trong cy

Hnh 14. nh hng ca lng bn pht pho n s tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh

4.4.1.2. nh hng ca bn vi n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh Trong s n xut nng nghip, vi c xem nh mt loi phn bn c tc dng lm gi m chua ca t v cung c p mt s nguy n t dinh dng cho

46

cy tr ng. Mt s nghi n cu nc ngo i c ng ghi nhn tc dng ca vi thc y s sinh trng v gim s ht thu kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh. T cc kt qu th nghim cho thy khi l ng vi bn tng l n t 0 tn ln 1 tn - 2 tn v 3 tn CaCO 3/ha chiu cao cy ci xanh cng tng l n tng ng t 14,7cm ln 15,9 cm - 16,4 cm v 18,2 cm; cn n ng sut rau cng tng t 50 g ln 51,8g - 56,8g v 62,5 g/ch u (Bng 17). Bng 17. nh hng ca lng bn vi n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh (tnh theo ch t ti) Hm lng kim lo i nng trong rau Chiu cao Nng sut Cng th c (cm) CTV0 CTV1 CTV2 CTV3 14,7 15,9 16,4 18,2 (g/chu) ppm 50,0 51,8 56,8 62,5 5,21 5,01 4,95 4,02 Cu % 100 96 95 77 ppm 1,67 1,60 1,30 0,95 Pb % 100 96 78 57 ppm 20,40 19,46 14,29 13,20 Zn % 100 95 70 65

Chiu cao v nng sut rau t gi tr cao nht lng bn 3 tn CaCO 3/ha (Hnh 15). So vi bn phn pht pho trnh by trn, nh hng ca vi n sinh trng ca rau ci xanh l nh hn. nh hng ca lng bn vi n tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau cng th hin rt r . mc bn thp 1 tn/ha (CTV1) hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau ci xanh gim i khng nhiu, khong 4 -5%, nhng lng bn cao 3 tn/ha (CTV3) hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau gim i kh mnh tng ng 23%, 43% v 35% so vi i chng . Kt qu ngh in cu ny cng ph hp vi cc kt lun ca While et al. (1979) cho rng bn vi c xem l phng php c hiu qu nht l m gim s ht thu Zn v gim s c hi Zn i vi cy trng. nh hng ca bn vi n s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau ci xa nh c m t trong hnh 16.

47

70 Chiu cao, Nng sut 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CTV0 CTV1 CTV2 CTV3

Chiu cao cy (cm)

Nng sut (g/chu)

Hnh 15. nh hng ca lng bn vi n chiu cao v nng sut ci xanh

24 22 20 18

5 4 3

16 2 1 0 CTV0 Cu trong cy CTV1 CTV2 CTV3 14 12 10

Pb trong cy

Zn trong cy

Hnh 16. nh hng ca bn vi n tch lu kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh

4.4.1.3. nh hng ca bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh Khc vi bn phn pht pho v vi nh trnh by trn, mn ca c xu hng lm gim kh nng sinh trng v nng sut rau ci xanh, tuy mc th hin khng r rt. Nguyn nhn c th do bn mn ca c C/N rt cao ng thi vi vic trng rau nn xy ra s cnh tranh dinh d ng gia vi sinh vt t v cy trng. nh hng ca bn mn ca n s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh cng th hin khng r nh bn pht pho v vi. cc lng bn 10 tn, 15 tn v 20 tn mn ca/ha ch lm gim hm lng kim loi nng trong rau ci

48

Zn trong rau (ppm)

Cu, Pb trong rau (ppm)

xanh tng ng vo khong 4-13% i vi Cu , 7-10% i vi Pb v 6-9% i vi Zn (Bng 18) . Xt v gi tr tuyt i hm lng trong rau, mn ca c tc ng lm gim s ht thu Zn l ln nht. Tuy nhi n xt theo gi tr tng i (t l %) th Cu li gim i nhiu nht khi c cng m t mc bn mn ca nh nhau , tip theo l Pb v Zn khng c s khc bit ng k (Hnh 17). Bng 18. nh hng ca lng bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c i xanh (tnh theo ch t ti) Hm lng kim lo i nng trong rau Chiu cao Nng sut Cng th c (cm) CTM0 CTM1 CTM2 CTM3 14,7 15,0 14,9 14,1 (g/chu) ppm 50,0 49,2 51,8 47,0 5,21 4,99 4,61 4,53 Cu % 100 96 88 87 ppm 1,67 1,56 1,55 1,51 Pb % 100 93 93 90 ppm 20,40 19,09 19,08 18,57 Zn % 100 94 94 91

6 5 Cu, Pb trong cy (ppm) 4 3 2 1 0 CTM0

Cu trong cy

21 20.5 20 19.5 19 18.5 18 CTM1 CTM2 CTM3

Zn trong cy

Pb trong cy

Hnh 17. nh hng ca bn mn ca n tch lu kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh

49

Zn trong cy (ppm)

Nhn xt v nh hng ca pht pho, vi v mn ca n rau ci xanh : Bn phn pht pho khng ch c tc dng lm tng nng sut rau m cn c tc dng lm gim s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau. Trong nghi n cu ny, khi lng bn tng ln 40kg - 60kg v 80 kg P2O5/ha hm lng Cu tch ly trong rau ci xanh gim tng ng 2% - 8 % v 14 %; hm lng Pb trong rau gim 5 % - 39 % v 42 %; hm lng Zn trong rau gm 4 % - 12 % v 15% so v i i chng khng bn pht pho. Vi cng c vai tr quan tr ng lm gim kh nng ht thu kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh . cc lng bn vi 1 tn, 2 tn v 3 tn CaCO 3/ha hm lng Cu trong rau c i xanh gim tng ng 4%, 5% v 23%; hm lng Pb gim 4 %, 22% v 43%; hm lng Zn gim 5 %, 30% v 35% so v i i chng khng bn vi. Bn mn ca cho t cng c tc dng l m gim s ht thu ki m loi nng trong rau c i xanh. Tuy nhi n mc gim thiu khng nhiu nh bn phn pht pho v vi. lng bn cao nht 30 tn m n ca/ha cng ch l m gim hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau c i xanh tng ng 13%, 10% v 9% so vi i chng khng bn m n ca. T cc kt qu tr nh by trong bo co cho th y vai tr to ln ca phn bn cc liu lng thch hp gim thiu s ht thu kim loi nng ca rau ci xanh. Tuy nhin y mi l nhng nghi n cu ban u. Do vy cn tip tc cc nghin c u lm r hn mi quan h gia hm lng ca Cu, Pb, Zn trong t v trong cy c ng nh tc ng ca vic s dng phn bn lm gim kh nng ht thu v tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh t m ra cc li u lng bn thch hp c th p dng trong thc tin s n xut nng nghip

4.4.2. nh hng ca bn pht pht, vi v mn ca n sinh trng v tch l y Cu, Pb, Zn ca rau x lch
4.4.2.1. nh hng ca bn pht pht n sinh tr ng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch Kt qu th nghim nh h ng ca lng bn phn ph t pho n sinh trng v tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch c trnh by bng 19. Kt qu nghin c u cho thy bn phn pht pho c tc dng thc y s sinh tr ng ca rau x lch, chi u cao v nng sut rau tng ng k khi l ng bn pht pho tng ln. CTP3 vi mc bn 80kg P 2O5/ha, chiu cao cy tng 2,82cm (tng 29%) so vi CTP0 khng bn pht pho. T ng t nh vy, nng sut rau x lch CTP3

50

vi mc bn 80kg P 2O5/ha tng 11,53g/chu (tng 16%) so vi CTP0 khng bn phn ph t pho. nh hng ca phn pht pho n sinh tr ng ca rau x lch th hin r rt hn khi lng bn cao tr n 60 kg P 2O5/ha (Hnh 18). iu ny cng ph hp vi nhiu nghi n cu cho rng t Vit Nam ni chung c kh nng hp ph pht pht cao nn tc d ng ca phn ph t pho i vi cy trng ch pht huy tc dng r rt khi lng bn cao tr n mt gii hn no (Nguyn Xun C, 2000). Bng 19. nh hng ca lng bn phn pht pho n sinh tr ng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch (tnh theo ch t ti) Hm lng kim lo i nng trong rau Chiu cao Cng thc (cm) CTP0 CTP1 CTP2 CTP3 9,64 9,87 10,35 12,46 (g/chu) ppm 73,82 74,02 80,26 85,37 3,33 3,19 2,50 1,52 % 100 98 75 46 ppm 0,23 0,21 0,17 0,15 % 100 91 74 65 ppm 7,08 7,01 6,76 6,68 % 100 99 96 94 Nng sut Cu Pb Zn

Chiu cao, nng sut cy

90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 CTP0 CTP1 CTP2 CTP3

Chiu cao (cm)

Nng sut (g/chu)

Hnh 18. nh hng ca bn pht pho n chiu cao v nng sut rau x lch

Vic bn phn pht pho khng ch c tc dng l m tng nng sut rau m ng thi c n c tc d ng lm gim s ht thu v tch lu kim loi nng trong rau

51

x lch. Khi lng bn tng l n 40kg - 60kg v 80 kg P 2O5/ha, hm lng Cu trong rau x lch gi m tng ng 2% 5% v 54% so v i cng thc i chng khng bn phn ph t pho. Tng t nh vy, hm lng Pb gim 9 % - 26% v 35%; cn hm l ng Zn gim 1 % - 4% v 6% (Bng 19). Nh vy bn phn pht pho c tc d ng rt r lm gi m hm lng Cu v Pb trong rau x lch, tuy nhin tc dng ny i vi Zn l khng cao. Vai tr c a lng bn phn pht pho l m gim s tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch th hin kh mnh khi lng bn cao t 40 kg P 2O5/ha ng vi CTP1 (H nh 19).

8 7 Cu, Zn trong cy (ppm) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CTP0 Cu CTP1 CTP2 Zn CTP3 Pb

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Pb trong cy (ppm)

Hnh 19. nh hng ca lng bn pht pho n hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch

4.4.2.2. nh hng ca bn vi n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch Bn vi khng ch lm gim chua ca t, lm thay i thnh phn cation trong dung d ch t v trong ph c h hp ph ca t, nh h ng n tnh linh ng ca cc cht dinh dng m vi cn cung c p trc tip mt s nguy n t dinh dng cho cy trng. i vi Cu, Pb v Zn, bn vi c tc ng lm gim tnh linh ng ca cc nguy n t ny do chng b c nh cht trong t. iu ny cng c th hin trong kt qu th nghim bn vi i vi sinh tr ng v tch lu kim loi nng trong rau x lch c trnh by trong b ng 20. CTV0 (khng bn vi), chiu cao v nng sut rau u t thp nht, trong khi gi tr cao nht c quan st CTV3 (bn 3 tn CaCO 3/ha). Nhn chung cc lng bn khc nhau, vi c tc ng n nng sut mnh h n so vi

52

chiu cao cy. V d nh mc bn vi 3 tn/ha (CTV3), chiu cao cy ch tng 18% trong khi nng sut tng 21% so vi i chng khng bn vi. Hnh 20 ch r s gia tng chiu cao v nng sut rau ph thuc vo lng vi bn khc nhau. Tuy nhin lng bn vi cao tr n 2 t n/ha (CTV2) s gia tng chiu cao cy cng chm li so vi l ng bn thp, trong khi s gia tng nng sut vn c duy tr mc cao hn. Bng 20. nh hng ca lng bn vi n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch (tnh theo ch t ti) Chiu cao (cm) CTV0 CTV1 CTV2 CTV3 9,64 10,32 10,97 11,42 Nng sut (g/chu) 73,82 75,94 81,68 89,35 Hm lng kim lo i nng trong rau Cu ppm 3,33 1,23 0,85 0,71 % 100 37 26 21 ppm 0,23 0,18 0,15 0,13 Pb % 100 78 65 57 ppm 7,08 6,65 6,20 5,92 Zn % 100 94 88 84

Cng th c

90

Chiu cao, nng sut

75 60 45 30 15 0 CTV0 CTV1 CTV2 CTV3

Chiu cao (cm)

Nng sut (g/chu)

Hnh 20. nh hng ca lng bn vi n chiu cao v nng sut rau x lch

S tch lu kim loi nng trong rau x lch c ng chu s tc ng r rt ca lng vi bn vo t. Khi lng bn vi tng l n 1 tn, 2 tn v 3 tn/ha th hm lng Cu trong rau gim i t ng ng 63% 74% v 79% so v i i chng khng bn vi. Tng t nh vy, hm lng Pb trong rau gim i 22 % 35% v

53

43%, trong khi hm l ng Zn trong rau ch gim 6 % 12% v 16%. K t qu n y cho thy mc gim thiu ht thu Zn trong rau x lch do tc ng ca bn vi l thp hn nhiu so vi Cu v Pb (Hnh 21).

8 7 Cu, Zn trong cy (ppm) 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 CTV0 Cu CTV1 CTV2 Zn CTV3

0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Pb Pb trong cy (ppm)

Hnh 21. nh hng ca bn vi n hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch

4.4.2.3. nh hng ca bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong x lch Khc vi bn phn pht pho v vi nh trnh by trn, tc ng ca m n ca n sinh trng ca rau x lch l khng r r t. Thm ch c xu hng lm gim chiu cao v nng sut ca rau x lch (B ng 21). Bng 21. nh hng ca lng bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn t rong rau x lch (tnh theo ch t ti) Chiu cao (cm) CTM0 CTM1 CTM2 CTM3 14,7 13,5 15,2 13,1 Nng sut (g/chu) 50,0 47,9 49,0 45,1 Hm lng kim lo i nng trong rau Cu ppm 5,21 5,04 4,95 4,42 % 100 97 95 85 ppm 1,67 1,55 1,50 1,47 Pb % 100 93 90 88 ppm 20,40 20,05 19,57 17,51 Zn % 100 98 96 91

Cng th c

Cng ging nh trng hp ca rau ci xanh, n guyn nhn c a ca vn ny c c th l do mn ca c t l C/N rt cao nn gy ra s cnh tranh

54

dinh dng nit gia vi sinh vt t vi c y trng trong qu tr nh phn hu chng. Kt qu dn n s thiu ht dinh d ng cho cy pht trin (H nh 22). Do vy, trong trng hp bn mn ca cn thit phi b sung th m phn bn, c bit l phn nit cho cy trng. Tuy khng c tc ng nhiu n sinh trng ca rau x lch , nhng bn mn ca cng c tc ng nht nh lm gim s ht thu kim loi nng ca cy x lch. lng bn 20 tn/ha, hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong cy rau gi m i tng ng 15% 12% v 9% so v i khng bn mn ca. T cc kt q u ny cng ch ra rng mn ca c tc ng lm gim s ht thu Cu mnh h n, tip n l Pb v thp nht l Zn xt theo t l tng i (H nh 23).
50 Chiu cao, Nng sut 40 30 20 10 0 CTM0 CTM1 CTM2 CTM3

Chiu cao (cm)

nng sut (g/chu)

Hnh 22. nh hng ca bn mn ca n chiu cao v nng sut rau x lch

25 20 Cu, Zn trong cy (ppm) 15 10 5 0 CTM0 Cu CTM1 CTM2 Zn CTM3 Pb 1.7 Pb trong cy (ppm) 1.65 1.6 1.55 1.5 1.45 1.4 1.35

Hnh 23. nh hng ca bn mn ca n hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau x lch

55

Nhn xt v nh hng ca bn phn pht pho, vi v mn ca n rau x lch: Bn phn ph t pho khng ch c tc dng lm tng nng sut m cn lm gim s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau x lch. Trong nghin c u ny, khi lng phn ph t pho tng l n 60kg v 80 kg P 2O5/ha c tc d ng gim tch lu ca Cu trong rau t i 25% v 54%, i vi Pb l 26% v 35%, cn vi Zn l 4% v 6% so vi i chng khng bn phn pht pho. Vi cng c vai tr quan tr ng lm tng nng sut v gim kh nng ht thu kim lo i nng trong rau x lch. Khi lng bn tng l n 1 tn - 2 tn v 3 tn CaCO 3/ha, hm lng Cu trong rau gi m ti 63% 74 v 79%, hm lng Pb gim 22% 35% v 43%, cn Zn gi m 6% 12% v 16% so v i i chng khng bn vi. So v i bn phn pht pho, vi c tc dng mnh hn lm gim s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau x lch. Bn mn ca cng c tc ng n sinh trng v tch lu kim loi nng trong rau x lch, tuy nhin m c tc ng th hin khng r nh bn pht pho v vi. Tc d ng ca mn ca gim thiu s ht thu kim loi nng ca rau x lch cng khng cao. mc bn cao nht 20 tn/ha cng ch lm gim hm lng Cu trong cy 15%, Pb gi m 12% v Zn gi m 9% so vi i chng . Do vy khng n n la chn bn mn ca nh bin php gim thiu s ht thu kim loi nng i vi rau x lch.

56

KT LUN V KIN NGH

Kt lun 1. Lng bn Cu, Pb v Zn c nh hng r rt n sinh trng v nng sut rau ci xanh, trong nh h ng ca Pb th hin r nht, tip n l Cu v thp nht l Zn. S sinh trng v nng sut rau ci xanh gim dn khi l ng bn cc kim lo i nng vo t tng l n. lng bn 100 ppm, Pb lm gi m nng sut rau ci xanh ti 51%, Cu l m gim nng sut rau 29%. i vi km, l ng bn 300 ppm m i lm gim nng sut rau 9% v lng bn rt cao 500 ppm cng ch lm gim nng sut rau 38% . lng bn thp 100ppm, nh h ng ca Zn n nng sut rau l khng r r t. Ngc li vi xu hng trn, lng bn kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn l m tng nhanh chng s tch lu chng trong rau, c bit l cc lng bn cao tr n 100 ppm. lng bn 100 ppm v 200 ppm hm lng Cu tch lu tro ng rau c i xanh tng tng ng 90% v 208% cn hm l ng Pb tng tng ng 882% v 953% so vi i chng. i vi Zn, khi l ng bn tng l n 100ppm - 300ppm v 500 ppm lm tng hm lng Zn tch lu trong rau t ng ng 100%, 125% v 152% so vi i chng k hng bn k m.
2. Lng bn Cu, Pb v Zn c nh hng rt r n sinh trng v s tch

lu chng trong rau x lch. Khi lng bn Cu tng l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm nng sut rau x lch gi m i tng ng l 12%, 29% v 43% so v i i chng khng bn Cu. Trong khi hm l ng Cu tch lu trong rau li tng tng ng l 35%, 48 % v 89% so v i i chng. i vi Pb, xu hng cng din ra tng t nh trng hp bn Cu, vi lng bn Pb tng ln 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm nng su t rau x lch gim i tng ng l 33%, 59% v 71% so v i cng thc khng bn Pb. Trong khi , hm lng Pb tch lu trong rau li tng t ng ng l 142%, 192% v 250 % so v i i chng. Bn Zn c ng c nh hng ng k n sinh trng ca rau x lch, nh t l khi lng bn ca o trn 300 ppm. Khi lng bn Zn l 300 ppm v 500 ppm nng sut rau x lch gi m i tng ng l 20% v 31% so v i i chng khng bn Zn. Tuy nhin lng bn thp di 100 ppm, nh hng ca Zn n nng sut rau x lch th hin khng r . S tch lu Z n trong rau x lch c s tng quan thu n kh cht vi hm lng Zn2+ trong t. Hm lng Zn trong rau tng

57

ln 39%, 41% v 94 % so v i i chng tng ng vi lng bn Zn tng l n 100 ppm, 300 ppm v 500 ppm. 3. Bn phn pht pho khng ch c nh hng n sinh trng ca rau ci xanh m cn c tc dng lm gim s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau. Khi lng pht pho bn tng ln 40 kg - 60kg v 80 kg P2O5/ha hm lng Cu tch ly trong rau ci xanh gim tng ng 2% - 8 % v 14 %; hm lng Pb trong rau gim 5 % - 39 % v 42 %; hm lng Zn trong rau gm 4 % - 12 % v 15% so v i i chng khng bn pht pho. Vi cng c vai tr quan tr ng lm gim kh nng ht thu kim loi nng trong rau. cc lng bn vi 1 tn - 2 tn v 3 tn CaCO 3/ha hm lng Cu trong rau c i xanh gim tng ng 4 % - 5% v 23%; hm lng Pb gim 4 % 22% v 43%; hm lng Zn gim 5 % - 30% v 35% so v i i chng khng bn vi. Bn mn ca cho t t c tc ng n sinh trng ca cy rau nhng cng c tc dng l m gim s ht thu kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh. Tuy nhi n mc gim thiu khng nhiu nh bn phn pht pho v vi. lng bn cao nht 30 tn mn ca/ha cng ch l m gim hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau c i xanh tng ng 13% - 10% v 9% so vi i ch ng khng bn mn ca. 4. i vi rau x lch vic bn phn ph t pho, vi v mn ca cng c tc dng lm tng nng sut v lm gim s tch lu kim loi nng trong rau. Khi lng phn pht pho tng l n 60kg v 80 kg P 2O5/ha c tc d ng gim tch lu ca Cu trong rau ti 25% v 54%, i vi Pb l 26% v 35%, cn v i Zn l 4% v 6% so v i i chng khng bn phn pht pho. Vi cng c vai tr quan tr ng lm tng nng sut v gim kh nng ht thu kim lo i nng trong rau x lch. Khi lng bn tng l n 1 tn - 2 tn v 3 tn CaCO 3/ha, hm lng Cu trong rau gim ti 63 % 74% v 79%, hm lng Pb gim 22% 35% v 43%, cn Zn gi m 6% 12% v 16% so v i i chng khng bn vi. So v i bn phn pht pho, vi c tc dng mnh hn lm gim s tch lu kim loi nng trong r au x lch. Bn mn ca cng c tc ng n sinh tr ng v tch lu kim loi nng trong rau x lch, tuy nhin m c tc ng th hin khng r nh bn pht pho v vi. Tc d ng ca mn ca gim thiu s ht thu kim loi nng ca rau cng khng cao. mc bn cao nht 20 tn/ha cng ch l m gim hm lng Cu trong cy 15%, Pb gi m 12% v Zn gim 9%.

58

Kin ngh 1. Cn tip tc cc nghi n cu l m r hn mi quan h gia hm lng Cu, Pb, Zn trong t v trong cy, t c th a ra ngng gii hn nhim c th cho tng nguy n t kim loi nng trong t v thc vt. Trn c s , qui nh cc ti u chun v hm lng cc nguy n t trong t c th s dng trng rau an ton. 2. Cn c nhng nghin c u su hn v tc ng c th ca vic bn ln v vi n vic gim kh nng ht thu v tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh v x lch c kt lun c th hn v hm lng bn ln v vi thch h p nht. 3. ngh Trung tm H tr Nghi n cu Chu xem xt t i tr nghin cu m rng trn qui m ng rung, tm ra lng bn thch hp p dng cho thc tin sn xut rau ngoi th nh H N i.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

TI LI U TING VIT 1. ng Th An, Chu Th Thu H (2005), nh hng ca kim loi nng trong t v thi gian phi nhim ln s tch t kim loi mt s cy rau, Nhng vn nghi n cu c bn trong khoa hc s sng , Nxb Khoa h c v K thut, tr. 362 - 368 2. Hong Minh Chu (1998), Cm nang s dng phn bn , Trung tm thng tin khoa hc k thut ho cht H Ni.
3. Cheang Hong v Nguyn nh M nh (2003). Nghi n cu nh hng ca phn

bn v nc ti ti hm lng kim loi nng (Pb, Cd, Hg) trong rau ci xanh. Khoa h c t 17/2003, trang 98 -103. 4. Cheang Hong (2003), Nghin c u nh hng ca nc ti, phn bn n tn d NO3- v mt s kim loi nng trong rau trng ti H Ni, Lun n tin s nng hc, Trng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni. 5. L Kim Chi (2005), nh hng ca Cu n sinh tr ng v pht trin ca cy c chua , Kho lu n tt nghip h i hc Chnh quy, ng nh Th Nhng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n. 6. T Th Cc, H Hu An, Nghi m Th Bch H (2000), Cy rau, Nxb Nng nghi p. 7. Nguyn Xun C, L c (1998), nhim kim loi nng trong mi tr ng t vng ng bng sng Hng, Tuyn tp cc cng tr nh nghin c u khoa hc, ngnh Mi trng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n. 8. Nguyn Xun C (2002), nh gi hin trng mi trng t la vi mc thm canh khc nhau vng ng bng sng Hng , Lun n tin s sinh hc, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n. 9. Nguyn Xun C, Trn Th T uyt Thu (2003), Bi ging nhim t v cc bin php x l , Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n. 10. Nguyn Xun C (2004), Bi ging cht hu c trong t, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n. 11. L c, Trn Khc Hip, Nguyn Xun C, Phm Vn Khang, Nguyn Ngc Minh (2004), Mt s phng php phn tch mi tr ng, Nxb i hc Quc gia H N i.

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12. Nguyn Xun Hin, V Minh Kha, Nguyn Vn Uyn, Nguyn Th Xun, V Hu Y m (1977), Nguyn t vi lng trong trng trt, tp I , Nxb Khoa h c v K thut H Ni. 13. ng Thu Ho (2002), Nghin c u nh hng ca phn bn, nhim ca t trng v nc ti ti mc tch lu NO 3- v kim lo i nng (Pb, Cd) trong m t s loi rau , Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip, Tr ng i hc Nng nghip I H Ni. 14. L Th Thanh Ho (2005), nh gi hm lng kim loi nng trong rau s dng nc ti l nc thi th ti khu vc bng B, Ho ng Lit, qun Hong Mai, thnh ph H Ni, Lun vn thc s khoa hc, chuy n ngnh Mi trng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n. 15. L Vn Khoa, Trn Khc Hip, Trnh Th Thanh (1996), Ho hc nng nghip, Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni. 16. L Vn Khoa, Nguyn Xun C, B i Ngc Dung, L c, Trn Khc Hip, Ci Vn Tranh (2000), Phng php phn tch t - nc - phn bn - cy trng, Nxb Gio d c. 17. L Vn Khoa (20 04), Sinh thi v mi trng t , Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni. 18. Phm Bnh Quy n (1995), Nghin c u cc gii php k thut hn ch nhim mi trng gy ra bi ho cht d ng trong nng nghi p, ti KT 02 - 07. 19. Phm Bnh Quy n (2003), H sinh thi nng ngh ip v pht tri n bn vng , Nxb i hc Quc gia H Ni. 20. Nguyn Cng Tn (2007), Sn xut nng phm, thc phm theo cng ngh sch (phn 1) , Bo Nhn dn, ngy 9/1/2007.
21. Trnh Th Thanh (2003), c hc, mi trng v sc kho con ngi, Nxb i

hc Quc gi a H N i. 22. Nguyn Xun Th nh, Nguy n Tun Anh (1996), D n quy hoch v ng rau sch thnh ph H Ni n nm 2000 , S Nng nghip v Pht tri n Nng thn H N i. 23. Nguyn Xun Th nh (1997), nh gi hin trng mi trng t, nc phc v cho quy hoch v pht trin vng rau s ch ngoi th nh ph H Ni, Lun vn thc s khoa hc Mi tr ng, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n.

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24. L Th Thu (2003), nh gi hm lng ng, km trong mt s loi t ph sa sng H ng v sng Thi Bnh, b c u xy dng bng phn cp mc c ca ng, km trong t i vi sinh tr ng ca cy ng non , Lun vn thc s khoa hc nng nghip, Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip Vit Nam. 25. Trn Khc Thi, Trn Ngc H ng (2005), K thut trng rau sch (rau an ton), Nxb Nng nghi p H Ni. 26. Nguy n Duy Trang, V L, Nguyn Th Me, Nguyn Th Nhung v ctv (1996), iu tra hin trng nhim mi tr ng cc v ng tr ng rau qu H N i v nghin c u p dng cng ngh sinh hc trng th im rau s ch H N i. 27. H Th Lam Tr (2005). S tch lu kim loi nng trong t nng nghip v nc ngm i ng, huyn Vn Lm, H ng Yn. Khoa hc t 21/2005, tr. 129-134.

TI LI U TING ANH 28. Alina Kabata Pendias, Henryk Pendias (1992), Trace elements in Soils and Plant, CRC Press. Inc. Boca Raton. Flor ida. 29. Ravi Naidu, Danielle Oliver and Stuart McConnell (2003). Heavy metal Phytotoxicity in Soils. In: Lanfley A., Gilbey M and Kennedy B (eds.), Proceedings of the fifth national workshop on the assessment of site contamination, ADELAIDE SA 5000, pp. 235-241. 30. Sheila M.Ross (1994), Toxic Metals in Soil Plant System , University of Bristol, UK. 31. Terry B. Grandstaff, Donald A. Messerschumidt (1995), A Managers Guide to the Use of Rapid Rural Appraisal , University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, Thailand. 32. Vernet.J.P (1991), Heavy metals in the Environment , University of Geneva, Versoix, Switzerland. 33. Yaron B., R.Calvet, R.Prost (1996), Soil Pollution Processes and Dynamics , Nxb Springer

62

PH LC

1. MT S HNH NH TH NGHIM 2. CC BI BO NG V TRANG PH BA LUN VN, KHA LUN 3. PHIU TM TT KT QU NGHI N CU BNG TING VIT 4. PHIU TM TT KT QU NGHI N CU BNG TING ANH 5. PHIU NG K KT QU NGHI N CU

63

MT S HNH NH TH NGHIM

64

MT S HNH NH TH NGHIM 0 ppm Cu 50 ppm Cu

100 ppm Cu

200 ppm Cu

0 ppm Pb

50 ppm Pb

100 ppm Pb

200 ppm Pb

65

0 ppm Zn

100 ppm Zn

300 ppm Zn

500 ppm Zn

0 ppm Cu

50 ppm Cu

100 ppm Cu

200 ppm Cu

66

0 ppm Pb

50 ppm Pb

100 ppm Pb

200 ppm Pb

0 ppm Zn

100 ppm Zn

300 ppm Zn

500 ppm Zn

67

CC BI BO V TRANG PH BA LUN VN, KHA LUN

68

TM TT KT QU NGHIN CU
Tn ti: Nghin c u s ht thu Cu, Pb, Zn v tm hi u kh nng s dng
phn bn gim thiu s tch ly chng trong rau ci xanh v rau x lch M s: DDT 54/2007/H -T Nhng ngi thc hin: Hvch. Cao Th Thanh Thanh Nga, PGS.TS. Trn Khc Hip ThS. Trn Th Tuyt Thu, CN. Nguyn Xun Hun C quan ch tr ti: Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n, HQGHN 1. Ni dung nghi n cu - Xc nh nh hng ca kim loi nng trong t (Cu, Pb, Zn), vic bn phn ph t pho, vi v mn ca n sinh trng ca rau ci xanh v rau x lch. - nh gi kh nng ht thu kim loi nng ca rau ci xanh v rau x lch c trng trn t ph sa sng Hng c b sung cc hm lng ki m loi nng khc nhau trong iu kin th nghim nh li. - nh gi vai tr c a phn bn pht pho, vi v mn ca n s ht thu v tch ly Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau c trng trn t c gy nhim nhn to . 2. Tm t t kt qu nghi n cu - Kt qu khoa hc Nghin c u c thc hin trong iu kin nh li ca Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip Vit nam (Vn in, Thanh Tr , H N i). Rau ci xanh v rau x lch c trng trn t ph sa Sng H ng khng c bi hng nm, c gy nhim Cu, Pb , Zn v cc lng bn phn pht pht, vi bt v mn ca cc mc khc nhau. Mc ch chnh ca th nghim l : (1) xc nh nh hng ca lng bn Cu, Pb and Zn n sinh tr ng v tch ly chng trong cy rau; (2) nghin c u kh nng s dng phn bn (pht pht, vi v mn ca) gim thiu s tch ly kim loi nng trong cy rau ci xanh v rau x lch.. Kt qu nghi n cu cho thy vic bn Cu, Pb, Zn vo t c nh hng mnh n s sinh trng v tch ly kim loi nng trong cy rau, trong vic bn ch c tc ng mnh nht, tip n l ng v km c tc ng t nht. S sinh trng ca rau ci xanh gim i r rt khi lng bn kim loi nng tng ln. Kim loi Cu v Pb c nh hng ngay lng bn thp 100 ppm, tuy

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nhin Zn ch c nh hng r khi lng bn cao trn 300 ppm. Ng c li vi xu hng trn, hm lng kim loi nng tch ly trong rau c t ng quan thun vi lng bn vo t. lng bn 100 ppm v 200 ppm, hm l ng Cu trong rau ci xanh tng tng ng 90% v 208% so vi i chng trong khi hm lng Pb tng n 882% v 953%. i vi trng hp bn Zn, hm lng Zn trong cy ch tng 100%, 125% v 152% tng ng vi cc lng bn l 100ppm, 300ppm v 500ppm. Vic s dng phn bn pht pht, vi v mn ca cng c tc ng kh r n sinh trng ca cy v lm gi m ng k s tch ly kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh cng nh rau x lch. lng bn cao nht trong nghi n cu ny (80 kg P 2O5/ha) lm gi m s tch ly Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau c i xanh tng ng l 14%, 42% v 15% so v i i ch ng khng bn ph t pht. So vi pht pht, bn vi c tc ng l m gim tch ly kim loi nng trong rau th hin r rt hn. lng bn 3 tn CaCO 3/ha lm gim hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong cy rau tng ng 23%, 43% v 35% so vi i chng. T uy nhin t c ng ca vic bn mn ca n s tch ly kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh th hin yu h n so vi bn pht pht v vi. Hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau c i xanh ch gim nhiu nht l 13%, 10% v 9% lng bn cao 30 tn mn ca/ha. i vi rau x lch, khi lng bn Cu tng t 0 ppm l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm lm cho sinh kh i cy gim i tng ng 12%, 29% v 43% trong khi hm lng Cu tch ly trong cy tng 35%, 48% v 89% so v i i chng. nh hng ca Pb n sinh trng ca rau x lch cng tng t nh trng hp bn Cu. Ngh a l khi lng bn Pb tng t 0 ppm l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm lm cho sinh kh i rau gim i tng ng l 33%, 59% v 71% so v i i chng. Ngc li, hm lng Pb tch ly trong rau x lch li tng l n 42%, 192% v 250%. Bn Zn c ng c nhng nh hng tng t nh bn Cu v Pb, tuy nhin nh hng cung ch th hin r rt lng bn cao tr n 300 ppm. V i cc lng bn 300 ppm v 500 ppm Zn, sinh kh i rau x lch gi m 20% v 31% so v i i chng. Trong khi lng bn thp 100 ppm, nh h ng ca Zn n sinh trng ca rau x lch l khng ng k. ng ch l s tch ly Zn trong rau x lch li lun tng c ng vi lng bn Zn, ngay c l ng bn thp. Trong iu kin th nghim, hm lng Zn trong cy rau x lchtng 39%, 41% v 94% khi lng Zn bn tng tng ng t 0 ppm l n 100 ppm, 300 ppm v 500 ppm. Vic bn phn pht pht lng cao 60 v 80 kg P2O5/ha cng c tc dng lm gim s tch ly kim loi nng trong rau: H m lng Cu trong rau gim i

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tng ng l 25 v 54% trong khi Pb gi m 26 v 35% cn Zn gi m 4 v 6% so vi i chng khng bn pht pht. Bn vi cng gp phn quan trng l m gim s ht thu v tch ly kim loi nng trong rau x lch. lng bn 1 2 v 3 t n CaCO 3/ha, hm lng Cu trong rau x lch gi m i 63 74 v 79%, hm lng Pb gim 22 35 v 43%, cn hm l ng Zn gim 6 12 v 16% so v i i chng khng bn vi. So v i bn pht pho v bn vi, nh hng ca bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch ly kim loi nng trong rau x lch l nh hn, ngay c mc bn cao 20 t n/ha cng ch l m gim hm lng Cu trong cy 15%, Pb gim 12% v Zn gi m 9%. - Kt qu ng dng Cc kt qu nghi n cu c th p dng trong sn xut rau nhng v ng b nhim bn bi cc nguy n t kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn gim thiu s ht thu v tch ly chng trong nng sn. - Kt qu o to Hng dn 1 hc vi n cao h c v 4 sinh vin lm lu n vn v kha lu n tt nghip. - Xut bn ng 2 bi bo trn tp ch khoa hc chuy n ngnh. 3. Ti chnh - Tng s: - s dng: 75.000.000 75.000.000

C quan ch tr ti (k tn v ng du)

Ch tr ti (k v vit r h tn)

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PROJECT SUMMARY
Project Title: Study on Cu, Pb, Zn uptake and the capacity of amendment application to eliminate their accumulation in Brassica (Braasica juncea L.) and Lecttuce (Latuca sativa L.) Code Number: DT 54/2007/HD-DT Principal Researcher: Project Leader: Assoc.Prof.Dr. Nguyen Xuan Cu Main members: MSc. Stu. Cao Thi Thanh Nga, Assoc.Prof.Dr. Tran Khac Hiep, MSc. Tran Thi Tuyet Thu, BSc. Nguyen Xuan Huan Implementing Institution: University of Science, VNU -Hanoi Cooperating Institution(s): 1. Objectives and Contents: - Investigate the effects of heavy metals in soil, i.e., Cu, Pb and Zn and added phosphate, lime and sawdust to plant growth and heavy metal accumulation in vegetables. - Evaluate the ability of heavy metal uptake of Brassica juncea L. Czern and Lactuca sativa grown on alluvial soils that previously be contaminated at different levels of Cu, Pb and Zn in the greenhouse conditions. - Investigation of the effects of phosphate, lime and sawdust application on the contents of Cu, Pb and Zn accumulation in plant grown on the soil artificial contaminated by Cu, Pb and Zn. 2. Results obtained: - Results in science: The experiment was carried out in the greenhouse conditions with Brassica juncea L. Czern and Lactuca sativa grown on alluvial soils that previously be contaminated at different levels of Cu, Pb , Zn and different rates of phosphate, lime and sawdust. The main purposes of the research are: (1) determined the effects of Cu, Pb and Zn applications on plant growth and Cu, Pb, Zn uptak e by plants; (2) investigate effects of phosphate, lime and sawdust application on the

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contents of Cu, Pb and Zn accumulation in plant grown on the soil artificial contaminated by Cu, Pb and Zn. The results showed that the added Cu, Pb, Zn to soils has st rongly effects on growth and the contents of Cu, Pb, Zn in vegetables, among them Pb shows the strongest affect, Cu following and then Zn element. The growth rate and production of Brassica juncea L. Czern decreases when the amounts of heavy metals in so il increases. In the case of Cu and Pb, the strong effect occurs at the low applied level of 100 ppm. However the effects of Zn on plant growth has only significant at the high application rate of 300 ppm. In the opposite side, the content of heavy metals in soil has positive correlation with the contents of heavy metal accumulation in plant. At the application rate of 100 ppm and 200 ppm, the content of Cu accumulation in Brassica juncea L. Czern increases corresponding by 90% and 208% whereas the content of Pb increases corresponding by 882% and 953%. In the case of Zn, the content of Zn accumulation in plant increases by 100%, 125% and 152% compared to the control, corresponding to the application rat es of 100ppm, 300ppm and 500ppm. The application of phosphate, lime and sawdust also have significant effects on the growth and minimize the contents of Cu, Pb and Zn accumulation in Brassica juncea L. Czern and Lactuca sativa grown on the soil artificial contaminated by Cu, Pb and Zn element. At the highest levels of 80 kg P 2O5/ha, the content of Cu, Pb and Zn in plant of Brassica juncea L. Czern decreased by 14%, 42% and 15% respectively compared to the control. Lime also has the important role to minimize heavy metal uptake by plant. Whe re three tones of lime was applied, the content of Cu, Pb and Zn in plant decreased corresponding by 23%, 43% and 35% compared to the control. Whereas the effect of sawdust is lower than phosphate fertilize and liming. The content of Cu, Pb and Zn only decreased by 13%, 10% and 9% at the application rate of 30 tones of sawdust/ha. In the case of Lactuca sativa when the added Cu increase from 0 to 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm the biomass decrease by 12%, 29% and 43% respectively while Cu accumulation in plant increase correspo nding by 35%, 48% and 89% compared to the control. T he effects of Pb on plant growth occurs in the similarly way with Cu. It means that when the amounts of Pb increase from 0 to 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm the biomass of plant decrease by 33%, 59% and 71% respectively compared to the control. But the content of Pb accumulation in

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vegetables increases correspondence by 142%, 192% and 250%. Application of Zn also has effects on plant growth at the high levels above 300 ppm. The results show that applications of 300 ppm and 500 ppm Zn, the biomass of Lactuca sativa decrease by 20% and 31% to the control. However, at the rate of 100 ppm Zn the effects of Zn to plant growth are not significant. In the other hand, the contents of Zn accumulation in plant increase with added Zn to soil. The contents of Zn in plant increase by 39%, 41% and 94% when the levels of added Zn increase from 0 to 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm respectively. The application of phosphate also has significant effects on the growth and limitation of heavy metals uptake by plant of Lactuca sativa . At the high levels of 60 and 80 kg P 2O5/ha, the content of Cu in plant decreased by 25 and 54% whereas the content of Pb decreased by 26 and 35% and the content of Zn decreased by 4 and 6% respectivel y compared to the control without phosphorus fertilizer. Lime also has the important role to improve plant growth and minimize heavy metal uptake by plant of Lactuca sativa . When application of 1 2 and 3 tones of CaCO 3/ha, the content of Cu in plant reduced by 63 74 and 79%, the content of Pb reduced by 22 35 and 43%, and the content of Zn reduced by 6 12 and 16% comparing to the control without liming. The effects of sawdust on plant growth and heavy metal uptake by Lactuca sativa is not strong as the case of added phosphate and lime. At the highest rate of 20 tone/ha the contents of Cu, Pb and Zn in plant only decreased corresponding by 15% - 12% and 9%. - Results in application: The results of the research can be applied in vegetables producti on in country sides of Hanoi. That can increase productivity and minimize the heavy metals up take by plant. - Results in education: Trained 01 Master and 4 Bachelors - Publication: Published 2 articles in the scientific journals 3. Budget used: - Total: - Expenses: 75.000.000 75.000.000 Principal Researcher (full name and signature)

Implementing Institution (full name, signature and stamp)

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I HC QUC GIA H N I TRUNG TM H TR NGHIN C U CHU ----------------------------------------------

PHIU NG K KT QU NGHIN CU KHOA HC

Tn ti: Nghin c u s ht thu Cu, Pb, Zn v tm hi u kh nng s dng phn bn gim thiu s tch lu chng trong rau ci xa nh v rau x lch C quan ch tr ti: Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhi n a ch: 334 Nguyn Tr i, H N i in thoi: (o4) 8584995 C quan qun l t i: Trung tm H tr Nghi n cu Chu HQGHN a ch: Ph ng 501, Nh iu hnh HQGHN, 144 Xun Th u, Cu Giy in thoi: 754 7987 Tng kinh ph thc chi: Trong : - T kinh ph c Trung tm H tr Nghi n cu Chu t i tr - T ngun kinh ph khc - Kinh ph t c Thu hi Thi gian nghi n cu: 18 thng Thi gian bt u: 03/2007 1. Ch nhim t i: Thi gian kt thc: 09/2008 Tn cc cn b phi hp nghi n cu (H v tn) PGS.TS. Nguy n Xun C 2. Nhng ngi tham gia: 0 hoc 0 hoc 0 hoc USD USD USD 75.000. hoc USD 75.000.000

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Hvch. Cao Th Thanh Nga, PGS.TS. Trn Khc Hip, ThS. Trn Th Tuyt Thu, CN. Nguyn Xun Hun S ng k t i S chng nhn ng k kt qu nghi n cu Ngy Ngy Tnh tr ng bo mt

Ph bin rng ri

Tm tt kt qu nghi n cu: Nghin c u c thc hin trong iu kin nh li ca Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip Vit nam (Vn in, Thanh Tr , H N i). Rau ci xanh v rau x lch c trng trn t ph sa Sng H ng khng c bi hng nm, c gy nhim Cu, Pb , Zn v cc lng bn phn pht pht, vi bt v mn ca cc mc khc nhau. M c ch chnh ca th nghim l : (1) xc nh nh hng ca lng bn Cu, Pb and Zn n sinh trng v tch ly chng trong cy rau; (2) nghi n cu kh nng s dng phn bn (pht pht, vi v mn ca) gim thiu s tch ly kim loi nng trong cy rau ci xanh v rau x lch.. Kt qu nghi n cu cho thy vic bn Cu, Pb, Zn vo t c nh hng mnh n s sinh trng v tch ly kim loi nng trong cy rau, trong vic bn ch c tc ng mnh nht, tip n l ng v km c tc ng t nht. S sinh trng ca rau ci xanh gim i r rt khi lng bn kim loi nng tng ln. Kim loi Cu v Pb c nh hng ngay lng bn thp 100 ppm, tuy nhin Zn ch c nh hng r khi lng bn cao trn 300 ppm. Ngc li vi xu hng trn, hm lng kim loi nng tch ly trong rau c t ng quan thun vi lng bn vo t. lng bn 100 ppm v 200 ppm, hm l ng Cu trong rau ci xanh tng tng ng 90% v 208% so vi i chng trong khi hm lng Pb tng n 882% v 953%. i vi trng hp bn Zn, hm lng Zn trong cy ch tng 100%, 125% v 152% tng ng vi cc lng bn l 100ppm, 300ppm v 500ppm. Vic s dng phn bn pht pht, vi v mn ca cng c tc ng kh r n sinh trng ca cy v lm gi m ng k s tch ly kim loi nng trong rau ci xanh cng nh rau x lch. lng bn cao nht trong nghi n cu ny (80 kg P 2O5/ha) lm gim s tch ly Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau c i xanh tng ng l 14%, 42% v 15% so v i i chng khng bn pht pht. So vi pht pht, bn vi c tc ng l m gim tch

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ly kim loi nng trong rau th hin r rt hn. lng bn 3 tn CaCO 3/ha lm gim hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong cy rau tng ng 23%, 43% v 35% so v i i chng. T uy nhin t c ng ca vic bn mn ca n s tch ly kim loi nng trong rau c i xanh th hin yu hn so vi bn pht pht v vi. Hm lng Cu, Pb v Zn trong rau c i xanh ch gim nhiu nht l 13%, 10% v 9% lng bn cao 30 tn mn ca/ha. i vi rau x lch, khi lng bn Cu tng t 0 ppm l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm lm cho sinh kh i cy gim i tng ng 12%, 29% v 43% trong khi hm lng Cu tch ly trong cy tng 35%, 48% v 89% so v i i chng. nh hng ca Pb n sinh trng ca rau x lch c ng tng t nh trng hp bn Cu. Ngh a l khi lng bn Pb tng t 0 ppm l n 50 ppm, 100 ppm v 200 ppm lm cho sinh kh i rau gim i tng ng l 33%, 59% v 71% so v i i chng. Ngc li, hm lng Pb tch ly trong rau x lch l i tng l n 42%, 192% v 250%. Bn Zn cng c nhng nh hng tng t nh bn Cu v Pb, tuy nhin nh hng cung ch th hin r rt lng bn cao tr n 300 ppm. V i cc lng bn 300 ppm v 500 ppm Zn, sinh kh i rau x lch gi m 20% v 31% so vi i chng. Trong khi lng bn thp 100 ppm, nh h ng ca Zn n sinh trng ca rau x lch l khng ng k. ng ch l s tch ly Zn trong rau x lch li lun tng cng vi lng bn Zn, ngay c lng bn thp. Trong iu kin th ng him, hm lng Zn trong cy rau x lchtng 39%, 41% v 94% khi l ng Zn bn tng tng ng t 0 ppm l n 100 ppm, 300 ppm v 500 ppm. Vic bn phn pht pht lng cao 60 v 80 kg P2O5/ha cng c tc dng lm gim s tch ly kim loi nng trong rau : Hm lng Cu trong rau gim i tng ng l 25 v 54% trong khi Pb gi m 26 v 35% cn Zn gi m 4 v 6% so v i i chng khng bn pht pht. Bn vi cng gp phn quan trng l m gim s ht thu v tch l y kim loi nng trong rau x lch. lng bn 1 2 v 3 t n CaCO 3/ha, hm lng Cu trong rau x lch gi m i 63 74 v 79%, hm lng Pb gim 22 35 v 43%, cn hm l ng Zn gim 6 12 v 16% so v i i chng khng bn vi. So v i bn pht pho v bn vi, nh hng ca bn mn ca n sinh trng v tch ly kim loi nng trong rau x lch l nh hn, ngay c mc bn cao 20 t n/ha cng ch l m gim hm lng Cu trong cy 15%, Pb gim 12% v Zn gi m 9%.

Kin ngh v quy m v i tng p dng kt qu nghi n cu: 1. Cn tip tc cc nghi n cu lm r h n mi quan h gia hm lng ca Cu, Pb, Zn trong t v trong cy. T c th a ra ngng gii hn nhim c th cho tng nguy n t kim loi trong t v thc vt. Trn c s c th quy nh v gi tr ti a ca kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn ) cho php trong t trng rau khng gy nguy hi n sc khe ng i tiu dng.

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2. Cn c nhng nghi n cu su hn v tc ng c th ca vic bn ln v vi n vic gim kh nng ht thu v tch lu Cu, Pb, Zn trong rau ci xanh v x lch c kt lun c th hn v hm lng bn ln v vi thch h p nht.

Ch nhim Chc v H v tn ti

Th trng C quan ch tr ti

Ch tch Hi ng nh gi chnh th c

Th trng C quan qun l ti

Hc hm, Hc v K tn ng du

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