B KHOA HC V CNG NGH CHNG TRNH NGHIN CU VIT NAM - H LAN (VNRP)

BO CO KHOA HC
n: NGHIN CU HIN TRNG V KH NNG PHT TRIN CY IU (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE) THEO HNG SN XUT HNG HA V BN VNG TRN T I NI HUYN HOI NHN - BNH NNH

Trng n:

TS. Nguyn Thanh Phng

C quan h tr n:

Vin Khoa hc K thut Nng nghip Vit Nam (VASI)

Quy Nhn, 2003

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PHN TH NHT : M U 1. S cn thit hnh thnh n: Huyn Hoi Nhn tnh Bnh nh thuc vng sinh thi nng nghip Duyn Hi Nam Trung B. Din tch t nhin 41.295 ha, c 12.157,3 ha t nng nghip, trong khi t dc l 23.710 ha chim 57,41 %. Dn s 217.069 ngi. Nng dn vng i ni thiu vn, thiu k thut. C s h tng cn yu km. i sng nng dn cn nhiu kh khn. t i ni s dng cha c hiu qu. Din tch rng b thu hp, che ph ca thm thc vt thp, t hoang i ni c xu hng m rng v mc bo ng v s hu hoi, mt cn bng sinh thi, l lt thng xuyn xy ra. Din tch iu Hoi Nhn l 1.166 ha chim 15% din tch cy trng vng i ni, vi 641 ha cho thu hoch nhng nng sut thp 2,8 t/ha, cht lng km, t tiu chuNn xut khNu cha cao, thu nhp rt thp. 100% din tch iu Hoi N hn l trng t ht. N m 1999, Chnh ph c ch trng v n pht trin cy iu hng ho vng Duyn Hi N am Trung B. UBN D tnh Bnh nh xc nh cy iu l cy kinh t hng ho v c chng trnh pht trin vng chuyn canh, thm canh cy iu. Xut pht t tnh hnh thc t chng ti thc hin n : Nghin cu hin trng v kh nng pht trin cy iu (Anacardium occidentale L.) theo hng sn xut hng ha v bn vng trn t hoang i ni huyn Hoi Nhn, tnh Bnh nh. 2. Mc tiu ca n: n tp trung gii quyt 3 vn ln nh trn a bn huyn Hoi N hn: (1) Phn tch v tm ra c nhng thun li kh khn ca ngnh sn xut iu trn vng t i ni huyn Hoi N hn. (2) N ghin cu, xut mt s m hnh canh tc bn vng v kinh t, mi trng sinh thi ca cy iu trn t i ni theo hng sn xut hng ho. (3) a ra c mt s gii php nhm pht trin ngnh sn xut iu trn vng i ni theo hng sn xut hng ho v bn vng. 3. Phng php nghin cu: (1) Phng php nh gi nhanh nng thn (RRA). (2) Phng php nh gi nng thn c s tham gia (PRA). Phng php c s dng trong bc thu thp thng tin, d liu (phng vn, iu tra, kho st, t chc hi tho).
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(3) N goi ra cn s dng phng php nghin cu khc: Phng php KIP, Phng php pht trin k thut c s tham gia (PTD), Phng php k tha, Phng php chuyn gia, Phng php phn tch. (4) Thng k ng dng : (5) Phng php th nghim m hnh. 4. i tng, phm vi nghin cu: 4.1. i tng nghin cu: N hng h, c quan, n v c trng iu; nhng m hnh canh tc iu N LKH; h thu mua, i l; c s ch bin, xut khNu ht iu huyn Hoi N hn v tnh Bnh nh. 4.2. Phm vi nghin cu: Trong phm vi gii hn n ch tp trung nghin cu thc trng sn xut iu, nhng m hnh canh tc bn vng ca cy iu v tm ra mt s gii php pht trin cy iu theo hng sn xut hng ho v bn vng trn t i ni huyn Hoi N hn tnh Bnh nh.

PHN TH HAI : NI DUNG V KT QU NGHIN CU

Chng 1 TNG QUAN L LUN V THC TIN CA N 1.1. L thuyt v h thng: - H thng l mt tng th c trt t nht nh ca cc yu t khc nhau c mi quan h v tc ng qua li. Trong t nhin c hai loi h thng c bn: (i) H thng kn, (ii) H thng h (m). - Sn xut nng nghip l mt h thng (sn xut, ch bin v tiu th). - H thng nng nghip trn t dc : Trn t i ni nc ta tn ti c 3 hnh thi HTN N (Farming System) ca vng nhit i, gm : (i) HTNN truyn thng hay c truyn, (ii) HTNN chuyn tip, (iii) HTNN hin i. - H thng cy trng : l thnh phn cc ging loi cy c b tr trong khng gian, thi gian ca cc loi cy trng trong mi h sinh thi nng nghip nhm tn dng hp l nht cc ngun li t nhin, kinh t, x hi. * Cc quan im nghin cu h thng : - Quan im tip cn. - Quan im v m v quan im vi m. * Phng php nghin cu h thng : - Phng php m hnh ho. 1.2. Quan im pht trin iu Vit Nam: * Theo quyt nh 120/1999/Q-TTg ngy 07/5/1999 ca Th tng Chnh ph v vic ph duyt n pht trin iu nm 2000 l : - Pht trin iu nhm khai thc li th ca cy iu c gi tr thc phNm, ly g, d trng, vn u t thp, chu c hn, chu c t xu v ph hp vi ngi ngho, phc v cho nhu cu trong nc v xut khNu vi s lng trn 100.000 tn ht iu nhn/ nm. - Pht trin iu nhng vng t c iu kin, u tin pht trin cc tnh Duyn Hi Min Trung, vng thp cc tnh Ty N guyn, kt hp ci to thm canh vn iu hin c vi trng mi. - Tng thm thu nhp, gii quyt vic lm (bao gm lao ng nng nghip v cng nghip ch bin), nht l i vi vng ngho h ngho. * Theo Vin QH & TKN N (2000) th vic pht trin iu Vit N am da trn nhng quan im c bn sau y :
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- Quan im v sn xut hng ha: Mc tiu ch yu l cho xut khNu thu ngoi t. - Quan im v hiu qu kinh t: Thu nhp v li nhun l hai ch tiu hng u. - Quan im v pht trin bn vng: Bo v mi trng, bo m li ch cho ngi nng dn. * Theo Hong S Khi v N guyn Th N h (1996) c nhng quan im cn coi trng trong pht trin sn xut ngnh iu Vit N am l: - Quan im h thng: Pht trin sn xut kinh doanh iu l mt h thng cht ch gm 3 khu: Sn xut (production), ch bin (processing), tiu th (marketing). - Quan im sn xut hng ha: Sn xut iu l ngnh nhm mc tiu ch yu l xut khNu, thu ngoi t mnh. - Quan im v hiu qu kinh t: Bao gm cc ch tiu chnh nh t sut li nhun, thu nhp quc dn. N goi ra hiu qu kinh t cn c tnh theo cc ch tiu s dng t ai, lao ng hoc nhng hiu qu khng tnh c tin nh tc dng bo v mi trng sng, chng xi mn t, ci to t. - Quan im bo v mi trng sng: L cy trng ca nn nng nghip sinh thi v pht trin bn vng do tc ng ph xanh t trng i ni trc, s dng t ho cht v ci to ti nguyn t, nc, kh hu. 1.3. C s l lun v pht trin v pht trin bn vng: Pht trin bn vng (PTBV) l s pht trin nhm tho mn mi nhu ca th h hin ti v khng lm tn hi n kh nng pht trin tho mn mi nhu cu ca nhng th h tip theo. * N hng tip cn i vi PTBV: - Tip cn mang tnh o c. - Tip cn kinh t. - Tip cn sinh thi. * C s ca s pht trin bn vng: Gim n s thp nht s khnh kit ti nguyn mi trng; bo tn tnh a dng di truyn ca cc loi ng vt, thc vt nui trng cng nh hoang di; duy tr cc h sinh thi thit yu m bo cho cuc sng cng ng. * PTBV (trong lnh vc nng lm ng ) l bo tn t ai, ngun nc, cc ngun di truyn ng thc vt, l mi trng khng thoi ho, k thut ph hp, kinh t pht trin v mt x hi chp nhn c (FAO, 1991). 1.4. Quan im v NLKH (Agroforestry) : Nng - lm kt hp l phng thc s dng t hp l theo mt h canh tc trng cy nng nghip (cy di ngy cho nng sn, cy hng nm cho lng thc,
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thc phm) xen vi cy lm nghip (cho g ci) v cy lm thc n gia sc ( pht trin chn nui) trn cng mt khoanh t. 1.5. C s l lun v pht trin nng nghip hng ho : 1.5.1. Kinh t th trng: - Kinh t hng ho: L mt nn sn xut m ngi sn xut khng nhm sn xut ra ci m h cn, m mc tiu sn xut l bn, sn xut cho x hi, cho th trng. - Th trng l ni m ngi bn v ngi mua gp nhau trao i hng ho v tin t, vi 3 chc nng: (i) Chc nng tha nhn; (ii) Chc nng iu tit, kch thch; (iii) Chc nng thng tin. - Kinh t th trng: L cch t chc nn kinh t x hi trong cc quan h kinh t ca cc c nhn iu thc hin qua mua bn hng ho trn th trng. y l nn kinh t c h thng t iu chnh m bo to ra nng sut, cht lng v hiu qu cao. * C ch vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng: N n kinh t th trng chu tc ng ca cc qui lut kinh t (Qui lut gi tr, Qui lut cung cu, Qui lut cnh tranh, Qui lut lu thng tin t ). Tng ho cc mi quan h l c ch vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng. 1.5.2. Kinh t th trng c s qun l ca nh nc theo nh hng XHCN: Kinh t th trng c s qun l ca nh nc l nn kinh t x hi va c c ch t iu chnh ca th trng va c c ch iu tit ca nh nc thng qua lut l, s hu nh nc. i vi Vit N am theo nh hng XHCN l: Xy dng nn kinh t hng ho nhiu thnh phn vn hnh theo c ch th trng, i i vi tng cng vai tr qun l ca nh nc theo nh hng XHCN, tng trng kinh t gn lin vi tin b v cng bng x hi, gi gn v pht huy bn sc vn ho dn tc, bo v mi trng sinh thi. 1.6. Quan im v chuyn i c cu cy trng (CCCT): (1) Quan im pht trin sn xut hng ho. (2) Quan im pht trin kinh t nhiu thnh phn, a dng ho hnh thc s hu v tng cng ng dng cc tin b k thut cng ngh cao. (3) Quan im a canh, a dng sn phm v bo v mi trng sinh thi, phng chng thin tai. (4) Quan im khai thc s dng li th so snh v u tin nhiu nng sn xut khu. (5) Quan im hiu qu kinh doanh.
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Chng 2 MT S C IM V IU KIN T NHIN, KINH T X HI HUYN HOI NHN BNH NNH NH HNG N S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN IU TRN T I NI 2.1. iu kin a l t nhin ca huyn Hoi Nhn: (1) Hoi N hn l mt huyn ng bng bn sn a pha bc tnh Bnh nh, c 15 x v 2 th trn. Tng din tch t nhin l : 41.295 ha, c 12.157,3 ha t nng nghip, trong khi din tch t dc l 23.710 ha chim 57,41%. (2) C nn nhit cao, nhit bnh qun 26,10C. Tng lng ma trung bnh nm 2.022 mm. N hn chung c nhiu thun li cho cy trng sinh trng v pht trin quanh nm. Tuy nhin vn cn nhng hn ch: gi bo, ma lt, gi ty nam kh nng nh hng n cy iu. (3) C 8 nhm t, 18 n v t v 43 n v ph, vi 35.632ha. t a dng phong ph. Din tch t dc l 23.710ha, vi 4 cp dc v 3 nhm t c trng (t xm, t , t tng mng), nhm t xm chim din tch ln, c tng B tch st vi kh nng trao i cation thp v no baz thp nn nh hng n cy trng. (4) Ti nguyn rng: Tng din tch t lm nghip l 19.450ha (c rng 9.600ha, khng c rng 9.850ha). Din tch t hoang i ni c kh nng lm nghip v t trng bch n cn rt ln (9.356 ha) pht trin iu. Rng t nhin c cc loi thc vt kh phong ph, rng ang c phc hi, rng trng pht trin tt, c bit ton huyn c 1.166 ha iu trong c hn 50% cho thu hoch. (5) N gun nc mt ca sng Li Giang v cc sng sui khc, cng nh ngun nc ngm nu c bo v v khai thc hp l c th phc v cho sn xut nng nghip v i sng. (6) Vng t i ni huyn Hoi N hn cn nhiu yu t hn ch: -a hnh phc tp, dc ln, tng t mng, nhng c im v l, ho tnh ca mt s vng t phn no nh hng xu n sinh trng pht trin ca cy iu nn cn ch n vic bn phn v canh tc theo phng thc N LKH hn ch xi mn ra tri. -V ma kh khng kh v lng bc hi cao, Nm v lng ma thp, trong ma ra hoa kt qu thnh thong c nhng t ma v vy nh hng n th phn th tinh, nng sut v cht lng ht iu. -Din tch iu ca Hoi N hn c 1.166 ha nhng ch c 34% din tch t loi tt, nng sut v cht lng ht thp nn cn phi thm canh ci to. 2.2. c im kinh t - x hi:
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(1) Dn s c 217.069 ngi, trong c 70.372 lao ng nng lm nghip. N gi dn cn c thng minh. (2) Hoi N hn v c bn l huyn thun nng, c canh cy la. Din tch cc loi cy cng nghip cn thp, do vy sn phNm hng ha cha pht trin, i sng nng dn cn nhiu kh khn, nng sut, cht lng cy trng tuy c tin trin nhng cha t yu cu. (3) N gnh cng nghip a phng pht trin cn chm, dch v cn ngho nn v km hp dn. Cha c c s ch bin ht iu ti huyn nn cha nng c gi tr ca cy iu. (4) C s h tng nng thn vng i ni u t cn thp, hn ch n s pht trin kinh t vng t cn nhiu tim nng. (5) Cng tc khuyn nng v dch v k thut nng nghip tuy c t chc t huyn xung x nhng vn cn mt s tn ti, c bit cng tc khuyn nng v cy iu vn cn nhiu hn ch. (6) Vic chuyn dch c cu kinh t, c cu cy trng vt nui cha vng chc lm hn ch n tc pht trin kinh t x hi trong nhng nm qua. (7) i sng kinh t ca ngi trng iu c thu nhp kh hn so vi h thun nng cy la, nhng vn cn bp bnh v nng sut, cht lng, gi c ca iu. (8) Tnh hnh vn ho x hi tng bc c nng cao, y l iu kin gp phn pht trin nn kinh t hng ha cht lng cao.

Chng 3 THC TRNG SN XUT, CH BIN V TIU TH IU TRONG V NGOI NC 3.1. Phn tch nh gi hin trng sn xut, kinh doanh iu: 3.1.1 Qu trnh pht trin cy iu Hoi Nhn: Cy iu Hoi N hn c t trc nm 1975 nhng quy m nh v phn tn, cy iu thc s pht trin mnh giai on 1991 2000. 3.1.2. Hin trng din tch v phn b: 3.1.2.1. Hin trng din tch iu: Tp trung vng thch nghi tt (S1) c 265,9ha v thch nghi trung bnh (S2) c 900,1ha. Tuy vy nhng nng sut vn cn thp, iu chng t ngun ging, ch u t thm canh iu cha c s quan tm ng mc. 3.1.3. Cht lng hin trng iu: Din tch vn iu: - Tt c 395,5ha chim - Trung bnh c 308,0ha chim - Xu c 462,5ha chim 3.1.4. Hin trng v nng sut, sn lng iu: - N ng sut bnh qun qu thp 2,8t/ha so vi bnh qun c tnh l 3,2t/ha, bng khong 40% nng sut c nc v 60% nng sut ca vng N am Trung B. - Sn lng iu ch t 225 tn vo nm 2002. - N guyn nhn l do trng t ht, khng tuyn chn ging tt, thiu u t thm canh chm sc, mt trng qu dy khng hp l trn cc vn iu - Tuy nhin vn c c bit cy iu t 70 100kg/nm/cy. - Sn lng ca cc h trng iu trong 3 nm gn y u t rt thp ch t 88,30 120,05kg, c bit nm 1999 ch t 88,30kg. iu ny cho thy thu nhp thu nhp t cy iu ca cc h gia nh c trng iu cn qu thp v bp bnh. - N ng sut c th thp nn nng sut qun th thp. Ch c 6,4% ca cc vn iu c sn lng n nh. i b phn nng sut iu Hoi N hn khng n nh l do thi tit, su bnh, ging, u t thm canh. 3.1.5. Thc trng v ging, k thut: 4.1.5.1. Thc trng v ging: N gun gc cy iu c trng t ht (chim 95,16%).
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33,92%, 26,42%, 39,67%.

T nm 1998, Trung tm nghin cu nng nghip Duyn Hi N am Trung B (RACCOS) to cy iu ghp v trng cho kt qu rt tt. Huyn Hoi N hn tin hnh bnh tuyn chn c 17 cy iu tt, xy dng vn ging nhn chi ghp l 1,7 ha vi 16 dng iu. T nm 2000 - 2001 Lm Trng sn xut 21.000 cy iu ghp v cung cp cho d n v nng dn trong huyn trng. Trong 4 nm (1999 - 2002) ton huyn trng c 97 ha iu ghp tp trung v 15 ha phn tn. Cy ging iu ghp c ly t cc nng lm trng trong tnh, Lm trng Hoi N hn, RACCOS. C 4,84% s h iu tra c trng iu ghp. 3.1.5.2.Thc trng v k thut: - Mt trng cn dy v khng ta cnh to tn (n giai on kinh doanh > 200 cy/ha chim trn 57%) nn nng sut thp. - i b phn trng iu qung canh. Cha quan tm n bn phn, ta cnh to tn, phng tr su bnh. - Mt s t vn iu c thm canh tng khu. 3.1.6. t trng iu: Din tch t trng iu Hoi N hn mc thch nghi trung bnh tr ln, trong rt thch nghi ch c 265,9ha (chim 22,80%). y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn nng sut, cht lng iu ca Hoi N hn t cha cao. 3.2. Vai tr ca cy iu trong phng h bo v mi trng sinh thi Hoi Nhn: 3.2.1. iu l cy ph xanh t trng i ni trc, t hoang mc: iu l mt trong c cu cy lm nghip trng rng phng h, rng kinh t. 3.2.2. iu c tc dng tch cc ci to t, hn ch xi mn, ra tri v thoi ha t: - V nh tnh: Trng iu khng nh hng xu n t v lm cho t tt hn (chim 75,88%); trng iu hn ch c xi mn (chim 72,40%). Trng iu c tc dng tch cc n vic ci to t, lm cho t lun c ci thin v gi c Nm. - V nh lng: Do thi gian c hn, v vy ch tin hnh nghin cu mt s ch tiu sau : + Thi gian v t l che ph t ca cc m hnh canh tc. + Xi mn t. Kt qu th nghim nm 2003 cho thy m hnh iu + S, iu + u , iu + Da c t l che ph cao nht (74,78 84,30%). M hnh iu trng thun sau 27
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thng trng ch che ph t c 13,30%. Sau 5 7 nm vn iu s khp tn (mt trng ban u l 200cy/ha) pht huy tc dng phng h rt tt. 3.2.3. Thc trng v cng tc qun l rng Hoi Nhn: (1) Chnh sch giao t khon rng: Din tch giao t vi mc 2 - 3 ha v thi gian giao t 20 -30 nm l ph hp. (2) Cng tc qun l bo v rng: - Trin khai a phng thng qua t h, cng ng, thn, x v Ht Kim lm. - n ma thu hoch ht th vn b hi trm nhiu. - Huyn, x cng cha ch trng n cng tc QLBVR nhiu nn sn lng hng nm thp. 3.3. Th trng tiu th v xut nhp khu iu trn th gii v trong nc: 3.3.1. i vi th gii: - N m 1998 ton th gii xut c 150.000 tn nhn iu Cc nc xut khNu ln l: n (72.000 tn nhn), Brazin (30.000 - 35.000 tn nhn), Vit N am (33.000 tn nhn thu c 133 triu USD), cc nc Chu Phi (10.000 - 15.000 tn nhn). - N m 1999 mt ma iu khang 50% ti cc Brazin, n , Vit N am. Do ngun cung cp gim nn gi nhn iu tng cao (6.400 USD/tn, cao hn bnh thng 2.000 USD/tn). - Cc nc nhp khNu ch yu l M, Trung Quc, c, H Lan, Canada - Th trng iu c nhiu trin vng, nn cc nc sn xut chnh nh n , Mozambic, Tanzania, Indonesia ang tch cc trng thm iu, nh thu xut khNu ht th cao (30%) tng cng ch bin xut khNu. - N m 2002, th trng iu c nhiu bin ng mnh. Sn lng thu hoch ca n v Tanzania u thp hn so vi mi nm. Lng iu th t n v ng Phi my nm tr li y c xu th gim. N u tnh trng ny ti din, chc ngun cung iu nhn trn th trng s t i - Trong 2 nm qua tnh trng tha cung qu ln ln t mc d tha hp l, tha gn 7%. - Khng c g bt thng trong ma v nm 2003 v th trng iu c nhiu trin vng. 3.3.2. i vi Vit Nam: (1) Cng tc xut khu:
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- Trc nm 1995 xut khNu ht iu th sang n gi thp. - T nm 1995 th trng nhn iu c khai thng m rng, tiu th ht cho sn phNm ch bin. - N m 1988 xut khNu 33 tn nhn. - N m 1997 xut 33.000 tn t kim ngch 133 triu USD. - N m 1998 xut khNu 25.440 tn t kim ngch 115,12 triu USD. - N m 1999 do mt ma iu, lng nhp khNu hn ch nn xut khNu t rt thp. - N m 2002 lng iu tiu th nhiu Trung Quc. (2) Th trng nhn iu ca Vit Nam: - Gim dn th trng Trung Quc v tng t l xut khNu sang M, Uc, H Lan, Canada. - C cht lng v uy tn cao, to c hi cho pht trin ngnh iu vi quy m ln. - D kin nm 2003 Vit N am xut t nht t 2 triu thng. (3) Th trng nhp khu iu ca Vit Nam: - Bt u nhp ht iu th t nm 1998 v nhp vi s lng nhiu vo nm 1999. - N gun hng ch yu t Chu Phi. N hp qua trung gian nn bp bnh v gi cao. (4) Th trng ni tiu: - Th trng iu trong nc mi ch c iu nhn nhng lng rt nh (khong 10%). Phn ln l nhn cht lng thp. - Sn phNm ch bin t nhn khng phong ph do thiu vng cng ngh. - Th trng tiu th iu trong nc cha phi l th trng mc tiu cho nhn iu. 3.3.3. Ch bin v tiu th iu Bnh nh: 3.3.3.1. Tiu th: Bnh nh gi ht iu th dao ng t 6.500 - 11.000 /kg. Mc tiu th nhanh ( cha tng c tnh trng tn ng), khong 50% sang th trng Trung Quc, cn li th trng Chu u. Gi xut khNu iu nhn t 4,4 - 4,6 USD/kg. Do nhu cu tiu dng cha cao, v vy sn phNm iu nhn ni tiu rt nh b v khng ng k. Hai N h my ch bin iu Bnh nh hng nm cn 5.000 tn, nhng cng ch mua c khong hn 1.000 tn, v i b phn l mua ht cc tnh min ng N am B v nhp khNu. N hng tr ngi trong th trng tiu th iu Hoi N hn l do thng tin th trng, gi c, tiu th sn phNm. Huyn c 18 i l v 80 h thu mua ht iu ti nh, ti vn ngi trng iu.
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Hai nh my ch bin ht iu trong tnh v mt s nh my min ng N am B u c trm hoc i l thu mua ti huyn Hoi N hn. Chng t vic tiu th sn phNm ht iu cho b con trng iu l rt thun li. 3.3.3.2. Cng nghip ch bin iu tnh Bnh nh: tnh c 2 nh my ch bin ht iu xut khNu vi cng sut 7.000 tn/nm. Thit b my mc, dy chuyn cng ngh c ch to trong nc, lao ng c 1.200 ngi. C s ch bin ht iu t vng nguyn liu xa thnh ph v th trn nn khng b cnh tranh lao ng nh cc N h my ch bin ht iu TP HCM, ng N ai, Bnh Dng Lao ng th cng v my mc thit b trong nc, nn vn u t thp, hiu qu thu hi vn nhanh, gi thnh r. 3.3.4. Kho st h thng knh thu mua, ch bin, tiu th sn phm iu ti Hoi Nhn: 3.3.4.1. H thng thu mua ht iu: Cc thnh vin tham gia mng li phn phi gm cc i tng sau y : - N ng dn (ngi trng iu) - N gi thu mua (thu gom) - i l thu mua - C s nh my ch bin Mi quan h gia cc thnh vin tham gia thu mua c th hin qua s : S 1 : Cc knh thu mua ht iu ch yu :
1. N gi trng iu N gi thu mua (90,00%) 2. N gi trng iu N gi thu mua (90,00%) 3. N gi trng iu N gi thu mua (90,00%) 4. N gi trng iu N gi thu mua (90,00%) 5. N gi trng iu N gi thu mua (90,00%) 6. N gi trng iu i l (10,00%) i l i l khc (87,14%) (15,06%) C s ch bin trong tnh (3,44%)

i l i l khc C s ch bin ngoi tnh (87,14%) (15,06%) i l (87,14%) i l (87,14%) (11,62%) C s ch bin trong tnh (16,48%) C s ch bin ngoi tnh (55,59%) C s ch bin trong tnh (2,86%) C s ch bin trong tnh (2,29%)

13

7. N gi trng iu

i l (10,00%) *

C s ch bin ngoi tnh (7,71%)

Ghi ch: * % sn lng N h qun l, nh doanh nghip trn a bn ca huyn Hoi N hn v tnh Bnh nh nn quan tm sp xp nhng knh ch cn 1 hoc 2 u mi trung gian chim t trng ln trong h thng knh thu mua.

C s ch bin trong tnh

N gi trng iu

N gi thu mua

i l

i l khc C s ch bin ngoi tnh

S 2 : Cc knh thu mua ht iu ch yu 3.4.2. Ngi thu mua S 3: Mng li mua vo ca ngi thu mua ht u Ti nh (79,49%) Ti vn (14,32%) N gi bn ch n (3,39%) Thu gom khc (2,76%)

Ngi thu mua N m 1999 gi cao th ngi thu mua thu gom v bn c nhiu iu hn (8.350kg). Li bnh qun/kg ht iu qua cc nm u n nh, nhng nm gi ht iu cao th li cao hn (4.746.140 ). Mi v thu mua bnh qun l 60 ngy , nh vy bnh qun thu nhp ngy cng lao ng l 62.717 /cng so vi ngy cng lao ng ca ngi trng u l 52.990 v ngnh nng nghip khc l 20.000 . 3.4.3. i l thu mua: Vic thu mua ht iu ca i l c tm tc theo s 4:
14

N gi bn mang n (88,53%)

Ti nh ngi bn (5,45%)

Ti vn i u (4,61%)

Thu gom khc (1,41%)

i l thu mua iu Trong 2 nm 1999, 2000 thu mua ht iu ca cc i l gim v ch bng 63% so vi nm 1998 v li ch c 129 178 /kg. Nguyn nhn gim: - Do s i l tng mnh trong nhng nm gn y l ch yu; - S h thu gom bn trc tip cho nh my hoc bn cho cc i l huyn khc; - Mt ma iu. Gi thu mua v bn ht iu trong mt ma cng c s thay i bt thng nn nh hng n lng thu mua v li. Li bnh qun mi v iu ca cc i l qu thp, nn thu nhp ngy cng lao ng khng cao, ch c 43.453 , so vi ngy cng lao ng ca ngi trng iu l 52.990 , ngy cng ca ngi thu gom l 62.717 . 3.4.4. Cc phng php ch bin: - Thu hi khi qu gi, chn: 85,16% - Qu chn rng ri nht: 14,84% (nhng h c vn iu nhiu, t cng thu hi v ni khng xy ra tnh trng hi trm) - Tch ht khi qu ri phi: 68,68% - Sau khi tch ht khi qu th ra ri mi em phi: 31,32% (nhm cho ht c sng hn v tng gi bn). Cc i l sau khi mua ht iu t ngi trng iu, t ngi thu gom phn loi ht, phi kh. Sau ng bao 50 kg, vn chuyn n cc nh my hoc cc i l khc trong v ngoi tnh. Hu ht cc i l u bn ht ht ngay sau v thu hoch trong nm. Cc h cha c thi quen s dng qu gi c ch, vc b ba bi, lng ph, lm nhim mi trng (chim 92,26%). t c dng lm phn, n ti, bn, dng lm thuc tr bnh tiu chy cho gia sc (tru, b, ln). N m 2001 - 2003, Vin N ghin cu N ng sn Sau thu hoch (B N N &PTN T) c kt qu v nghin cu s dng qu gi ti Bnh nh gm cc ni dung: cng ngh
15

ch bin thnh mt s sn phNm nh nc gii kht c ga, ru iu, cn thc phNm, mt iu, b qu iu sau khi p ly dch dng lm gi th trng nm linh chi v nm s Chng ct ru quy m nh ti h gia nh v quy m va ti N h my ch bin ht iu Quy N hn. 3.4.5. Nhng thun li v kh khn v sn xut v tiu th iu: 3.4.5.1. Nhng thun li: (1) Hoi N hn c iu kin v kh hu, thi tit rt ph hp vi sinh trng v pht trin ca cy iu. Hn na cy iu c qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin tt hu ht cc x trong huyn. (2) Qu t ca Hoi N hn cn rt di do, nhiu loi t c th khai thc trng iu, nhiu din tch t ang trng bch n km hiu qu kinh t, khng bn vng v mi trng c kh nng chuyn sang trng iu. (3) V tr a l, h thng giao thng lin lc trong ngoi huyn v cc tnh rt thun li. Yu t ny gp phn tch cc vo vic pht trin nn nng nghip hng ho ni chung v cy iu ni ring. (4) Chi ph u t cho trng iu thp (ch bng 25 50% chi ph so vi cc loi cy cng nghip khc nh cao su, c ph, ch, h tiu) ph hp vi kh nng ca ngi ngho. (5) Cy iu ghp sinh trng nhanh sm cho sn phNm. Cy a mc ch, l mt trong nhng cy nng nghip di ngy c tc dung phng h nh cy rng trong chng trnh trng mi 5 triu ha rng. (6) UBN D tnh Bnh nh, UBN D huyn Hoi N hn xem cy iu l cy kinh t hng ho trong c cu cy trng cng nghip chuyn canh v c nhng n pht trin cy iu. (7) Th trng xut khNu nhn iu rt ln, sn phNm iu ch bin ang c a chung trn th gii v th trng ni a tng bc tng bc thm nhp, m rng, ht iu ang tr thnh mn n kh hp dn cho nh hng khch sn Vit N am. N hu cu ht iu th cho hn 80 nh my ch bin ht iu trong c nc rt ln. c bit Bnh nh c 2 nh my vi 3 xng ch bin v cng ch mua c 20 30% s cn li phi thu mua cc vng khc hoc phi nhp khNu mi s lng cho nh my hot ng. 3.4.5.2. Nhng hn ch: (1) V quy hoch v k hoch: Qun l nh nc v cy iu nhiu nm b th ni, cha c k hoch tng th v k hoch pht trin cho Hoi N hn. Vic trng iu do dn t lm, t lo l chnh nn khi gp nhng yu t khng thun li dn t cht n hoc b khng u t chm sc gy gim st v din tch v sn lng. Cha pht huy ht li th cnh tranh vi mt s cy trng khc.
16

(2) Lng ma phn b khng theo quy lut chung, c nm ma vo thng III, IV lm nh hng n qu trnh th phn th tinh, su bnh pht sinh, pht trin . Lm cho nng sut thp,cht lng km v bp bnh. (3) Hu ht cc vn iu trng bng ht, ging cha c chn lc. C mt thi gian di xem cy iu l cy lm nghip ph xanh t hoang i ni. a phn ngi trng iu l dn ngho, thiu vn u t. Trnh thm canh cn thp v cha c tp qun trng iu ghp thm canh. (4) Thiu h thng h tr k thut trong vic chn ging, to cy ging v tnh bng phng php ghp. Cha c chnh sch h tr gi, bo him gi thu mua sn phNm. Tnh trng ngi trng iu b t thng p gi vn thng xuyn xy ra, to bt n trn th trng. H thng ch bin, bo qun sau thu hoch cha ng b, cha s dng qu gi ch bin thnh nhng sn phNm c li nn gi tr thu nhp t cy iu cha cao. (5) Gi ht iu th thng khng n nh. Gi cao th u t, gi thp th b mc thm ch cn cht b, khng c nguyn liu cung cp nn lm mt n nh cho cc c s sn xut ch bin iu. (6) C s h tng nng thn vng trng iu cn thp km (nht l h thng giao thng), ngi dn thiu kin thc, thiu vn pht trin sn xut.

17

Chng 4 THIT K V XUT MT S M HNH CANH TC IU BN VNG TRN T I NI HUYN HOI NHN TNH BNH NNH 4.1. Mt s m hnh canh tc iu theo phng thc NLKH v ang c ti Hoi Nhn: M hnh 1 : M hnh 2 : M hnh 3 : M hnh 4 : iu trng thun iu + Sn iu + Da iu + S

iu trng ht, m hnh iu + Da, iu + S c hiu qu v kinh t v mi trng hn c. 4.2. Thit k mt s m hnh canh tc iu theo phng thc NLKH trn vng t i ni huyn Hoi Nhn, tnh Bnh nh: t ai khu vc nghin cu c thnh phn c gii tht nh ngho dinh dng. Vi c s thc tin nh nu trn, chng ti tin hnh xy dng 6 m hnh canh tc iu theo phng thc N LKH vi cy iu ghp cao sn: (1) M hnh 1: Chuyn i t trng bch n sang iu trng thun. (2) M hnh 2: iu + Da. (3) M hnh 3: iu + Sn. (4) M hnh 4: iu + S. (5) M hnh 5: iu + u . (6) M hnh 6 : iu + Chui. 4.3. nh gi kt ca cc m hnh th nghim: 4.3.1. nh gi sinh trng pht trin ca cy iu cc m hnh th nghim: Bng 1 : Tng hp tnh hnh sinh trng pht trin ca cy iu cc m hnh th nghim
M hnh th nghim 1.iu trng thun 2.iu + Da 3.iu + Sn 4.iu + S 5.iu + u HVt ngn (cm) 249a 289b 289b 281b 288b D00 (cm) 8,0a 11,0b 10,6b 11,0b 10,8b DTn (cm) 291a 413b 400b 417b 431bc Nng sut (kg/ha) 245,6a 464,4b 418,4b 547,2b 498,0b Xp hng v N. sut 6 3 5 1 2
18

6.iu + Chui Trung bnh

283b 279,8

10,5b 10,3

380b 388,6
CV% = 9,9 LSD0.05 = 50,0

446,4b 436,6
CV% = 23,8 LSD0.05=135,8

4 -

CV%= 8,5 CV% = 8,2 LSD0.05= 30,9 LSD0.05 = 1,1

Cy iu sinh trng pht trin tt, cn i l cc m hnh iu + u , iu + S, iu + Da. Sau 27 thng nng sut iu cc m hnh t kh l iu + S (547,2kg/ha), iu + u (498,0kg/ha), iu + Da (464,4kg/ha) v thp nht l iu trng thun ch t 245,6kg/ha. N hng so vi iu trng t ht cng tui, cng a im th iu trng t ht cha thu hoch hoc mi ra bi ri rc. 4.3.2. nh gi hiu qu kinh t ca cc m hnh th nghim: Bng 2 : Hiu qu kinh t ca cc m hnh th nghim sau 27 thng
T T M hnh
iu Tng gi tr 1.000 Cy xen
0 3.600,0 1.692,0 9.302,0 5.625,0 1.875,0 3.682,3

Tng
1.964,8 7315,2 5.039,2 13.679,6 9.609,0 5.446,2 7.175,7

Xp hng
VL VL VL L VL VL VL

Tng chi ph 1.000

912,0 2.420,0 1.509,0 6.133,0 4.986,0 1.890,0 2.975,0

Li thun 1.000 iu
1.052,8 2.803,2 2.435,2 3.465,6 3.072,0 2.659,2 2.581,3

Cy xen

Tng

Xp hng
VL VL VL L VL VL VL

Th t xp hng
6 2 5 1 3 4 -

1 iu trng thun 2 iu + Da 3 iu + Sn 4 iu + S 5 iu+u 6 iu +Chui Trung bnh

1.964,8 3.715,2 3.347,2 4.377,6 3.984,0 3.571,2 3.493,4

0 1.052,8a 2092,0 1095,0 4081,0 1551,0 897,0 1619,4 4.895,2c 3.530,2b 7.546,6d 4.623,0c 3.556,2b 4.200,7

CV%

= 13,9

LSD0.05 = 1.038,2

Ghi ch: VL: Rt thp, L: Thp, M: Trung bnh, H: Cao, VH: Rt cao V kinh t, khuyn co nn chn m hnh iu + Da, iu + u , iu + S . 4.3.3. nh gi hiu qu mi trng ca cc m hnh canh tc iu NLKH: 4.3.3.1. Thi gian, t l che ph v lng t mt i hng nm ca cc m hnh canh tc: M hnh iu + S, iu + u , iu + Da c t l che ph cao nht (74,78 84,30%). M hnh iu trng thun sau 27 thng trng ch che ph t c 13,30%. che ph ca ring cy iu sau 27 thng trng cng ch bin ng t 13,30 29,17%. N h vy nu khng trng xen vi iu theo phng thc canh tc N LKH th t cng d b xi mn ra tri, trng iu s km bn vng. Bng 3 : Thi gian, t l che ph v lng t mt i trong 1 nm ca cc m hnh canh tc iu NLKH
M hnh Din tch che ph (m2) T l che S thng Lng t

19

T T

iu

Cy trng xen 0 4.800 3.905 5.700 4.750 3.577 = 9,5

Tng

ph (%)

2 3 4 5 6 7

iu trng thun iu + Da iu + Sn iu + S iu + u iu + Chui

1.330 2.678 2.512 2.730 2.917 2.267 CV%

1.330 13,30 a 7.478 74,78 c 6.417 64,17 b 8.430 84,30 c 7.667 76,67 c 5.844 58,44 b LSD0.05 = 10,484

che ph trong nm ca cy trng xen 12 10 12 10 12

mt i T/ha/nm

26,83 7,81 11,09 4,86 7,22 12,86

4.3.3.2. nh gi xi mn t: Vic nh gi xi mn t do nc c tin hnh bng phng trnh mt t ph qut: A = R.K.LS.C.P T cc gi tr ca phng trnh xc nh dc lng t b xi mn trung bnh hng nm trn t xm Feralit cha s dng l: A = (9926 . 0,225 . 1,54 . 0,9 . 1) : 100 = 30,95 tn/ha/nm. Tn tht dinh dng trong t cc m hnh th nghim cao nht l iu trng thun, iu + Chui, iu + Sn vi gi tr t 824.844 1.995.542 /ha/nm. Tn tht thp nht l iu + S, iu + u , iu + Da vi gi tr t 361.473 580.886 /ha/nm. V mt mi trng th m hnh iu + S, iu + u v iu + Da l bn vng hn c. Bng 4 : nh lng tn tht dinh dng bnh qun hng nm T M hnh Lng tn tht (kg/ha) Tn tht Xp hng T Mn m Ln Kaly thnh tin () tn tht 1 t hoang i ni 321,88 27,86 18,69 7,12 7 2.301.976 2 iu trng thun 279,03 24,15 16,20 6,17 6 1.995.542 3 iu + Da 81,22 7,03 4,72 1,80 3 580.886 4 iu + Sn 115,34 9,98 6,70 2,55 4 824.844 5 iu + S 50,54 4,38 2,94 1,12 1 361.473 6 iu + u 75,09 6,50 4,36 1,66 2 537.004 7 iu + Chui 133,74 11,58 7,77 2,96 5 956.491 4.4. Xc nh v xut mt s m hnh canh tc iu NLKH: Cn c vo thang nh gi hiu qu kinh t v s tc ng tr li ca cc m hnh canh tc ti s n nh ca t v mi trng; da vo iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x
20

hi, tp qun sn xut, th trng mt s m hnh canh tc iu N LKH l bn vng v kinh t, x hi v mi trng l: -iu + S (S trng xen n khi vn iu khp tn, khong 4 - 5 nm u); -iu + Da (Da trng xen n khi vn iu khp tn, khong 4 - 5 nm u); -iu + u (u ch trng xen 1 - 3 nm u). Chng 5 PHNG HNG V GII PHP PHT TRIN IU TRN VNG T I NI HUYN HOI NHN TNH BNH NNH 5.1. Phng hng: Pht trin iu Hoi N hn n nm 2010 phi bm st cc quan im sau : - C nh hng ng n trong vic trng mi iu v chuyn dch c cu cy trng, coi vic sn xut iu l ngnh sn xut hng ha quan trng. - Coi trng cht lng ging cy trng, thm canh nhm nng cao nng sut v gi tr sn phNm (ch yu xut khNu). - Ly vic pht trin kinh t trang tri h gia nh l chnh nhm mc tiu thc hin ch trng ph xanh t hoang i ni, chng trnh 5 triu ha rng, nhm tng bc ci thin i sng kinh t nhn dn trong huyn. 5.2. C s khoa hc cho vic xc nh cy trng: - Cn c vo bo co khoa hc : nh gi t ai huyn Hoi N hn, n pht trin iu ca tnh Bnh nh t 2001 - 2010. - iu kin t nhin nh t ai (a hnh, dc, qu t ...), kh hu (nhit , Nm, lng ma, nh sng ), kinh t x hi, tp qun canh tc. - c tnh sinh vt hc v yu cu s dng t ai ca cy iu. - Th trng iu trong v ngoi nc.

- Hiu qu kinh t ca mt s loi cy trng chnh trng trn t i ni huyn Hoi N hn. 5.3. K hoch pht trin iu t 2001 - 2010 ca Hoi Nhn:
Cn c vo phng hng, vo c s khoa hc n nm 2010 huyn Hoi N hn c khi lng quy hoch pht trin iu l 5.500 ha v tng so vi hin trng l 4.334 ha. gii quyt vn ny th c k hoch trng mi trn t hoang i ni v chuyn i c cu cy trng ph hp vi li th so snh tng vng. 5.3.1. Khi lng quy hoch pht trin iu huyn Hoi Nhn, tnh Bnh nh (2001 - 2010) :
21

Bng 6: Khi lng quy hoch pht trin iu Hoi Nhn (2001 - 2010)
T T X, Th trn Tng din tch Nui dng Ci to Trng mi Tng
Trng mi trn t hoang i ni Chuyn i t bch n v mu Chuyn i t iu gi

Xy dng m hnh trnh din 4,0 6,0 2,0 6,0 18,0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Hoi Ho 323,0 323,0 30,0 293,0 Hoi Hi 42,0 7,9 2,1 32,0 10,0 22,0 Hoi c 762,0 24,5 102,5 635,0 240,0 395,0 Hoi M 275,0 34,0 12,0 225,0 60,0 165,0 Hoi Sn 1020,0 195,0 825,0 665,0 160,0 Hoi Thanh 239,0 108,0 131,0 20,0 111,0 Hoi Thanh 146,0 22,0 124,0 15,0 109,0 Ty Hoi Chu 330,0 5,7 1,3 323,0 198,0 125,0 Hoi Chu 392,0 392,0 242,0 150,0 B c TT Bng 285,0 27,2 29,7 222,1 10,0 101,0 111,1 Sn Hoi Xun 30,0 3,2 0,8 26,0 26,0 Hoi Ph 370,0 16,3 22,5 329,2 250,0 75,0 4,2 Tam Quan 15,0 15,0 15,0 N am Hoi Tn 565,0 52,0 97,4 409,6 211,0 122,0 76,6 Hoi 139,0 10,0 129,0 59,0 70,0 Hng Tam Quan 35,0 35,0 25,0 10,0 B c LT Hoi 532,0 142,8 4,7 384,5 350,0 34,5 N hn Tng cng 5.500,0 431,6 490,0 4.560,4 2.400,0 1.934,0 226,4 N gun: n pht trin trng iu tnh Bnh nh giai on 2001 - 2010 S N ng nghip & PTN T Bnh nh (6/2001)

5.4. Cc gii php pht trin iu trn t i ni huyn Hoi Nhn: 5.4.1. Gii php quy hoch s dng t: - Quy hoch pht trin 5.500 ha iu (trong c 1.166 ha iu hin c) n nm 2010 trn cc n v t thch hp. Khai thc li th tng vng, hnh thnh vng iu chuyn canh tp trung, to vng nguyn liu cho cc nh my ch bin ht iu. Vng rng phng h th trng iu hn giao vi mt s cy lm nghip bn a, cy ci to
22

t trng theo kiu m hnh nng nghip tr Nn nhm mc ch s dng t bn vng. R sot qu t hoang i ni v t trng bch n trng cy iu. B tr cy trng ph hp iu kin t ai v vng sinh thi theo k hoch v din tch, thi gian. Tng din tch dt dc thch nghi vi cy iu Hoi N hn l 7.735ha vi 19 n v t (trong c 2.729ha vi mc thch nghi S1, S2). Vic t chc sn xut v kinh doanh phi tun th lut t ai v yu cu s dng t ca cy iu. 5.4.2. Cc gii php v k thut : + p dng bin php k thut thm canh t khu ging, trng, u t chm sc, phng tr su bnh + Cy ging l iu ghp t cc cy u dng c tuyn chn trong c nc (cy thuc dng mang gen ln, thp cy, dng hnh d trn u, iu chm, di 170 ht/kg t tiu chuNn xut khNu, tim nng nng sut 3 tn/ha, trung bnh t 1,0 1,5 tn/ha, thm canh t > 2 tn/ha, p dng thm canh cng ngh cao th t > 3 tn). Tng bc o to k thut vin ghp v sn xut cy ging ti ch. + Chuyn giao tin b k thut v xy dng m hnh trnh din. + Thm canh, ci to nhng vn iu, cy iu cho nng sut thp, cht lng km bng ta cnh to tn, chm sc, trng cy iu ghp nng sut cao, cht lng tt thay dn cy iu c. + Trng xen cy nng nghip ci ta t, hn ch xi mn v tng thu nhp. 5.4.3. V chnh sch t ai : Giao quyn s dng lu di t trng iu. Khng b t hoang khi chuyn i t trng bch n sang trng iu. Thc hin min thu s dng t, thu nng nghip cho cy iu i vi cc h trng iu t nht trong 5 nm u. Ch p dng chnh sch thu t nm th 6 tr i, hnh thnh qu bo him cho cy iu. 5.4.4. V vn, u t : C chnh sch cho vay vn u i li sut thp, thi gian t nht l 5 nm. Vn thng qua cc d n pht trin kinh t trang tri, chng trnh 5 triu ha rng ca chnh ph, vn ca cc t chc trong, ngoi nc, ca nng dn ... 5.4.5. V tiu th v ch bin sn phm: M rng th trng tiu th trong v ngoi nc ng thi tng cng nng lc ch bin ht v qu iu, a dng ha sn phNm.

23

PHN TH BA : KT LUN V KHUYN NGHN 1. KT LUN: Qua hn 2 nm thc hin n: Nghin cu hin trng v kh nng pht trin cy iu theo hng sn xut hng ha v bn vng trn t hoang i ni huyn Hoi Nhn, tnh Bnh nh, t nhng kt qu nghin cu c th rt ra mt s kt lun ch yu sau y: (1) iu kin t nhin vng i ni huyn Hoi N hn c mt s thun li c bn v kh hu thi tit, t ai, cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phc v cho sn xut nng lm nghip v pht trin iu. Tuy nhin vng t i ni ny cn nhiu yu t hn ch, v nhng nm thi tit bt thun th cng to nhiu kh khn pht trin kinh t. (2) Tim nng ca ngnh sn xut iu huyn Hoi N hn l rt ln. n nm 2010, sn lng iu hng nm ca huyn Hoi N hn t gn 7.000 tn ht iu th (tng ng 2.000 tn nhn). Gp phn cng c nc t sn lng 100.000 tn nhn vo nm 2010. Cy iu tht s tr thnh mt trong nhng cy kinh t hng ha ch lc cho huyn Hoi N hn cng nh khu vc Duyn Hi N am Trung B. u ra cho sn phNm ht iu c nhiu trin vng v kh bn vng.

(3) Hoi N hn c truyn thng trng iu vi quy m din tch kh ln, v ang tr thnh cy kinh t hng ha. N hng cc vn iu trng t ht khng c chn lc, trng qung canh, gi ci cho nng sut thp v th trng tiu th cn nhiu bt cp.
(4) Trng iu ghp thm canh bng cc dng iu cao sn, nng sut cao, cht lng tt m bo tiu chuNn xut khNu c hiu qu v kinh t, x hi, mi trng ang c ngi dn huyn Hoi N hn tip nhn v trin khai trng cho kt qu tt. (5) Da vo iu kin t nhin, kinh t, x hi, tp qun sn xut, th trng iu trong v ngoi nc chng ti xut mt s m hnh canh tc iu N LKH l: (i) iu + u , (ii) iu + Da, (iii) iu + S nhm pht trin iu theo hng sn xut hng ha v bn vng. (6) n nm 2010 huyn Hoi N hn s c din tch iu trng thm canh 5.500ha l c c s kh vng chc v kh nng thc hin c. 2. KHUYN NGHN: (1) ngh tip tc u t m rng v ng dng m hnh trng iu ghp thm canh theo phng thc canh tc N LKH l: (i) iu + u , (ii) iu + Da, (iii) iu + S vi quy m thch hp ti Hoi N hn v mt s a phng vng DHN TB c iu kin tng t.
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(2) Xy dng k hoch thc hin chng trnh pht trin vng iu Hoi N hn n nm 2010 v nhng nm tip theo. (3) Sp xp t chc li th trng tiu th sn phNm iu huyn Hoi N hn ch cn 1 - 2 u mi trung gian nhanh chng a ht iu th n c s ch bin v tng gi iu cho ngi dn. (4) N ng mc h tr u t trng rng ca nh nc t 2,5 triu ng/ha ln 4 - 5 triu ng/ha t ngun vn D n trng 5 triu ha rng nhng vng quy hoch vng phng h.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

I. TI LIU TRONG NC: 1. K.V.A.Bavappa. Nghin cu v pht trin cy iu. Vin khoa hc Lm nghip Vit N am xut bn 1981. 2. Phm Vn Bin, N guyn Thanh Bnh. K thut thm canh iu. (Ti liu tp hun thng 3/2000). 3. B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn. Bo co Hi ngh pht trin iu n nm 2010. 4. B nng nghip v pht trin nng thn. Nng nghip Vit Nam trc c hi u t v pht trin. H N i, 12/1995. 5. Hong Hu Ci. Bi ging cc phng php nghin cu nng thn - pht trin lm nghip x hi v pht trin cng ng , 1999. 6. Kim Chung. Bi ging nng cao nng lc nghin cu, pht trin nng thn bn vng, VN RP/2000 7. Hong Chng, Cao Vnh Hi. K thut trng iu, N h xut bn nng nghip 1998. 8. N guyn Th Diu. Tm hiu v iu kin pht trin v s phn b cy iu huyn Hoi Nhn. Lun vn tt nghip i hc, nm 2001. 9. iu tra pht trin cy iu vng duyn hi Nam Trung B. Trung tm nghin cu nng nghip duyn hi N am Trung B, Quy N hn, Bnh nh, 1999. 10. ng Hng Dt. Cy iu - K thut trng v trin vng pht trin. N XB N N , H N i, 1999. 11. Cnh Dng, Mai Vn Trnh. Nghin cu xi mn t v p dng m hnh ha trong qun l xi mn trn t i g phc v pht trin nng nghip bn vng v bo v mi trng. K yu Hi ngh KHCN &MT, N ng, 12/2001. 12. Phan Thanh Hi. Nghin cu pht trin iu vng DHNTB. Lun n Thc s KHN N , H N i, 2001. 13. Hi Khoa hc t Vit N am. Bo co t ai huyn Hoi Nhn, 1997. 14. N guyn Th Bch Hng. Nghin cu thm canh tng nng sut cy iu. TPHCM, 1999. 15. Phan Thc Hun. Cy iu v k thut trng. N XBN N , 1984. 16. Hong S Khi v N guyn Th N h. Nhng vn kinh t ch yu v pht trin sn xut iu Vit Nam. N XBN N , H N i, 1996. 17. N guyn Vn N hng v cng s. Bn xi mn tim nng t. Vin a l, H N i, 1997. 18. V Bit Linh, N guyn N gc Bnh. Cc h thng nng lm kt hp Vit Nam. N XBN N , H N i, 1995. 19. N guyn N gc Lu. Bi ging mt s khi nim v l thuyt cn bn v pht trin nng thn trong i mi kinh t. 1999. 20. J.G.Ohler. Nghin cu pht trin iu trn th gii. Vin nhit i Hong gia H Lan. Ti liu dch. 21. Thi Phin, N guyn T Sim. C s khoa hc k thut v canh tc t dc. Ti liu hi tho khoa hc (S dng t trng i ni trc v bo v rng, 1994). 22. Trn An Phong, N guyn Chin Thng, V Cng Ln. Kt qu nghin cu nh gi t Bnh nh. Kt qu nghin cu KHKT. Vin quy hoch v thit k nng nghip, H N i, 1993. 23. Phng N N &PTN T Hoi N hn. Bo co nh gi sn xut nng nghip nm 2000.
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24. T Minh Sn. Cy iu phi c coi l cy trng ch lc khai thc tim nng vng t trng i ni trc duyn hi Nam Trung B, 1999. 25. Phm Ch Thnh, Trn Vn Din. H thng nng nghip. N XBN N , H N i, 1993. 26. N guyn c Thi. La chn h thng cy trng thch hp trn nhm t xm tnh Bnh nh. Lun n Thc s KHN N , H N i, 1997. 27. Th tng Chnh ph. Quyt nh 120/1999/QTTG ca Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt n pht trin iu n nm 2010. 28. L Duy Thc. Nng lm kt hp, N XBN N H N i, 1995. 29. o Cng Tin. Bi ging cc vn chnh sch, 1999. 30. L Minh Ton. Nghin cu chuyn i h thng cy trng theo hng sn xut hng ha huyn An Nhn tnh Bnh nh. Lun n Thc s KHN N , H N i, 1998. 31. Trung tm nghin cu nng nghip duyn hi N am Trung B. Nghin cu xc nh h thng cy trng hng ho vng duyn hi Nam Trung B, 1998 - 1999. 32. Trung tm thng tin thng mi. Mt s vn v sn xut mu dch nng sn trn th gii. H N i, 1993. 33. UBN D huyn Hoi N hn. Bo co tng kt d n PAM 4304 nm 1991 - 1997 huyn Hoi Nhn, tnh Bnh nh, 1997. 34. UBN D tnh Bnh nh. Chng trnh v khuyn khch pht trin vng chuyn canh, thm canh cy iu ca tnh Bnh nh, 1999. 35. UBN D tnh Bnh nh. Quyt nh s 17/2002/Q-UB ngy 05/02/2002 quy nh v mt s chnh sch khuyn khch chuyn i c cu cy trng nm 2002 - 2003. 36. Lng Th Vn. Vn dng phng php xc nh nng lng dng chy v ch s xi mn trong phn cp xi mn tim nng tnh Bnh nh. K yu Hi ngh KHCN &MT, N ng, 12/2001. 37. Trn c Vin. Nng nghip trn t dc: thch thc v tim nng. N XB N N , H N i, 1996. 38. Vin quy hoch v thit k nng nghip. Quan im quy hoch pht trin iu cc vng sinh thi. H N i, 3/2000. 39. Vin KHKT N N Min N am. D n nghin cu v pht trin iu giai on 1999 - 2005. TPHCM, 1998. 40. Vin nghin cu thng mi - B thng mi. Hng nng sn: mt hng iu. Internet (15:00:0021-12-01) II. TI LIU NC NGOI: 41. Hoey. M.Land Use Related problem and development strategies for stable Agricultural system for the hightlend. Agricultural and socical development project page 51, IBSRAM vol.2,N 0- - 1, 1991. 42. James A. Duke. Handbook of energy crops ( Anacardium occidentale L.). 1983. 43. Medal JC. ; Vitorino MD. ; Habeck DH. Host specificity of Heteroperreyia hubrichi malaise (Hymenoptera: Pergidae), a potential biological control agent of Brazilian pepper tree (Schinus terebinthifolius raddi). Biological control, 1999 Jan. 44. Morton, J. Cashew apple (In: Fruits of warm climates). Miami, FL, 1987. 45. Peng RK. Christian K. Gibb K. Locating queen ant nests in the green ant, Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Insectes sociaux, 1998.

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46. Rickson FR. Rickson MM. The cashew nut, Anacardium occidentale (Anacardiaceae), and its perennial association with ants: Extrafloral nectary location and the potential for ant defense. American journal of botany, 1998 Jun. 47. Zandstra H.G, Prince E.C - Methodology for on farm cropping systems research, IRRI, 1981.

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