K TON QUN TR 2

TRN B TR i hc Cn Th

 Phn b chi ph cho cc b phn phc v Thit lp nh mc chi ph K hoch linh hot v phn tch bin ng chi ph nh gi sn phm, dch v Hoch nh vn u t di hn Lp v phn tch bo co ti chnh

Ch :

phn b chi ph cho cc b phn phc v

1. Cc nguyn tc chung phn b chi ph gin tip n i tng chu chi ph. 2. Cc vn lin quan la chn cn c phn b. 3. Phn b cc chi ph bn trong t chc s dng phng php trc tip, phng php bc thang, phng php hn hp 4. Phn b chi ph theo cch ng x

B phn chc nng

- Thc hin mc tiu trng tm ca t chc
+ Ca hng ca cng ty thng mi + Phn xng + Phng tn dng + B phn khm bnh

B phn phc v
- Khng gn trc tip vi b phn chc nng

- H tr cho b phn chc nng

+ Phng k ton + Phng thu mua + Phng t chc + Cn tin

Phn b chi ph dng thu thp v bo co chi ph cc ngun lc cung cp v s dng cho sn xut v cc qu trnh kinh doanh.

Cu trc chi ph cho bt k i tng chi ph no

Chi ph trc tip + Chi ph gin tip

(bao gm chi ph sn xut chung)

Chuyn vo

Phn b

= Tng chi ph

Tnh chnh xc
8

Cc b phn phn b chi ph

Qu trnh chuyn chi ph gin tip n i tng chu chi ph xc nh gi thnh. Trong cc cng ty ln c nhiu bc phn b - s phn b ny lin quan n gi ni b hoc gi chuyn i.
1. Cp tng cng ty

chi ph ca vn phng tng cng ty phn b cho cc n v trc thuc.

2. Bn trong cc b phn chi ph ca cc b phn c phn b cho cc b phn khc xc nh cc ngun lc phn b ln nhau.
9

Ti sao phi phn b chi ph?

Cc l do phn b: 1. Xc nh gi thnh cho sn phm, dch v hoc cc b

phn. 2. Gip ngi qun l hiu cc nh hng kinh t ca cc quyt nh 3. Nhc nh cc ngi qun l rng chi ph gin tip tn ti v thu nhp phi b p cc chi ph .
10

Ti sao phn b chi ph?

4.Khuyn khch s dng cc ngun lc chung mt cch tit kim. 5. Khuyn khch mt m hnh s dng cc ngun lc phn b chi ph theo s gi lao ng, khuyn khch gim thi gian lao ng.

6. Kt hp vi cc i hi bn ngoi nh chi ph sn phm tn kho.

11

La chn cn c phn b
- Mc s dng ca b phn chc nng - Mc li ch trc tip m cc b phn phc v mang li - Din tch hoc mc trang b - R rng, d hiu
12

B phn phc v

Cn c phn b

Phc v di t ca cng ty hng khng

Cn tin Bo v K thut, k hoch

S ln bay
S lng cng nhn vin Din tch chu trch nhim S h lao ng trc tip

K ton
ng lc T chc nhn s

S h lao ng, s lng khch hng phc v

Nng lc phc v S lng nhn vin

Qun l x nghip
Bo tr

Tng s h lao ng
S h my
13

K ton trch nhim

..chuyn cc chi ph n cc b phn nh chi nhnh v ni m ngi qun l c trch nhim vi kt qu ca b phn.

Cc loi trung tm trch nhim

Trung tm chi ph: chi ph

Trung tm li nhun: doanh thu v chi ph Trung tm u t: li nhun v thu hi vn u t

14

Ti sao phi phn b chi ph gin tip cho cc trung tm trch nhim?

Gip ngi qun l hiu c cc nh hng t cc quyt nh VD: tin in s tng khi s dng cho n sn tennis Khuyn khch s dng cc ngun lc nh hoch nh VD: tng gim c mun cc b phn tham vn i qun l chi ph mi bng cch khng phn b chi ph ny cho cc b phn nm u. Xy dng h thng chi ph sn phm.

15

Qu trnh phn b chi ph

xc nh tng chi ph cho cc b phn

Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v B

Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v C

B phn cung cp A - Tng chi ph = Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v A + Chi ph phn b ca cc b phn cung cp khc

Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v A

16

Qu trnh phn b chi ph

xc nh gi thnh sn phm

Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v A

Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v B

B phn sn xut - Tng chi ph = Tng chi ph ca b phn sn xut + Chi ph phn b cho cc b phn cung cp

Sn phm/Dch v

17

La chn cn c phn b
(bc ny l tu )
Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v A Chi ph trc tip ca b phn cung cp dich v B

? ?

B phn sn xut - Tng chi ph = Tng chi ph ca b phn sn xut + Chi ph phn b cho cc b phn cung cp

?
Sn phm/Dch v
18

La chn cn c phn b

Nguyn nhn - nh hng: Li ch nhn c chng trnh qung co Cng bng Kh nng gnh vc chi ph Cch ng x - cn c ng x c chn thay i hnh ng

19

Cng thc phn b chi ph

chi ph c phn b Tng mc s dng ca tiu thc phn b

= t l phn b

Chi ph tnh cho i tng chu chi ph da trn mc s dng tiu thc phn b ca n

20

Ngi qun l phi quyt nh cu trc phn b nh th no da trn: 1. S lng vng chi ph. 2. T l phn b (c nh hay thay i) 3. Chi ph k hoch hay thc t 4. Mc s dng tiu thc phn b thc t hay k hoch

21

Mt s lu khi phn b
- Da vo mc d ton ca chi ph v cn c phn b
- i vi b phn phc v l trung tm li nhun, chi phn b nhng chi ph cha c b p - Chi ph tng cng s khng thay i bt chp hnh thc phn b

22

Cc phng php phn b Trong doanh nghip c cc b phn cung cp dch v cho cc b phn khc. Vng chi ph ca mi b phn l i tng chi ph ca nhau. Lm sao nhn ra cch phn b cho cc chi ph gin tip. 1. Phng php trc tip 2. Phng php bc thang 3. Phng php hn hp La chn phng php l phn bit i tng trong qu trnh phn b.
23

B phn phc v & b phn chc nng B phn phc v i bo tr thit b i qun l cht lng i thu mua B phn chc nng Phn xng 1 Phn xng 2

24

Phng php trc tip

Gi nh rng b qua tt c cc chi ph cung cp ln nhau gia cc b phn dch v
B phn dch v A

Phn xng A

B phn dch v B

Phn xng B B phn dch v C

25

Phng php bc thang

.

gi nh rng c s phn b chi ph gia cc b phn phc v ln nhau theo cch lin tip
B phn dch v 1

Phn xng A

B phn dch v 2

Phn xng B B phn dch v 3

26

Phng php hn hp
.

Tha nhn mi chi ph cung cp ln nhau

B phn dch v A

Phn xng A

B phn dch v B

Phn xng B B phn dch v C

27

Phn b chi ph theo cch ng x

Chi ph b phn phc v c tch ra thnh nh ph v bin ph Ch n tnh hp l gia cc b phn khi phn b C th da vo chi ph k hoch phn b nhm hn ch vic BPCN nhn chi ph bt hp l t s yu km ca BPPV

28

Phn b bin ph
T l vi mc dch v thc hin C tnh cht trc tip Phn b u nm th s lng dch v cung cp l s k hoch Phn b cui nm th s lng dch v cung cp l s thc t

29

Phn b nh ph
BPPV c thnh lp trn c s nhu cu d tnh ca cc b phn Phn b da vo nhu cu d tnh ban u

30

Mt s lu
Cc chi ph bt bin v kh bin ca BPPV phi c phn b ring r CPKB phi c phn b theo PVH iu khin s pht sinh ca chi ph BPBB phi c phn b theo tng cng khi lng hot ng d kin theo nhu cu lc cao im hoc bnh qun Phn b theo k hoch Mi bin ng gia CP k hoch v thc t s c gi li trng BPPV phn tch
31

Ch : nh mc chi ph
Gii thiu Cng dng ca chi ph nh mc Nguyn tc xy dng nh mc tiu chun PP xc nh chi ph nh mc Xy dng nh mc cho cc loi chi ph

32

nh mc chi ph
nh mc: k hoch chi ph cho mt n v SP, cho bit cn bao nhiu chi ph SX ra mt n v SX di cc iu kin SX hiu qu. nh mc: thang im o lng vic thc hin chi ph nh mc c tnh ton v xy dng da trn cc phn tch k thut, thng k hi qui t cc d liu lch s v cng ngh v chi ph

33

 ngha ca nh mc
nh mc - h thng thng tin hu ch ca k ton, c s ca cc quyt nh qun tr - gip cho phn tch hot ng kinh doanh tr nn thuyt phc - l hot ng thng xuyn c quan tm ti doanh nghip

34

nh mc vs. D ton
nh mc c lp cho tng n v sn phm, dch v D ton c lp cho ton b sn lng D ton c xy dng cn c trn cc nh mc tiu chun

35

Cng dng ca chi ph nh mc

L c s doanh nghip lp d ton hot ng Gip cho cc nh qun l kim sot hot ng KD ca DN v chi ph nh mc l tiu chun, c s nh gi .

36

Cng dng ca chi ph nh mc

Gp phn thng tin kp thi cho cc nh qun l ra quyt nh hng ngy Gn lin trch nhim ca cng nhn i vi vic s dng nguyn vt liu sao cho tit kim

37

Tiu thc xy dng nh mc

Lng nh mc: bao nhiu lng to ra mt n v sn phm Gi nh mc: n gi ca lng c s dng to ra mt n v sn phm

38

Cc hnh thc nh mc
nh mc l tng - nh mc c th t c trong nhng iu kin ti u nh mc thc t - nh mc cao nhng c th t c, cho php thi gian ngng my, ngh ngi hp l, thc trch nhim y

39

Phng php xc nh chi ph nh mc

Phng php k thut Phng php phn tch s liu lch s Phng php iu chnh

40

Phng php k thut

kt hp vi cc chuyn gia k thut nghin cu thi gian thao tc cng vic nhm mc ch xc nh lng nguyn vt liu v lao ng hao ph cn thit sn xut sn phm

41

Phng php phn tch s liu lch s

Xem li gi thnh t c nhng k trc nh th no Tuy nhin phi xem li k ny c g thay i v phi xem xt nhng chi ph pht sinh cc k trc ph hp hay cha Nu khng hp l, hp l th b hay xy dng li

42

Phng php iu chnh

iu chnh chi ph nh mc cho ph hp vi iu kin hot ng trong tng lai ca doanh nghip

43

Xy dng nh mc cho cc loi chi ph sn xut

nh mc chi ph nguyn vt liu trc tip nh mc chi ph nhn cng trc tip nh mc chi ph sn xut chung

44

nh mc CP nguyn vt liu trc tip

V mt lng: Lng nguyn vt liu cn thit sn xut mt sn phm, c cho php nhng hao ht bnh thng Nguyn vt liu cn thit sn xut 1 sn phm Hao ht cho php Lng vt liu tnh cho sn phm hng
45

nh mc CP nguyn vt liu trc tip

V mt gi nguyn vt liu : Phn nh gi cui cng ca mt n v nguyn vt liu trc tip sau khi tr i mi khon chit khu thng mi, gim gi hng bn

46

nh mc v chi ph NVL = nh mc v lng * nh mc v gi

47

nh mc chi ph nhn cng trc tip

nh mc v lng thi gian Phng php k thut: chia cng vic theo nhiu cng on ri kt hp vi bng thi gian tiu chun ca nhng thao tc k thut nh thi gian chun cho tng cng vic

48

nh mc chi ph nhn cng trc tip

Phng php bm gi + Thi gian cn thit sn xut 1 sn phm + Thi gian ngh ngi, lau chi my + Thi gian tnh cho sn phm hng

49

nh mc chi ph nhn cng trc tip

nh mc v gi mt n v thi gian lao ng trc tip: bao gm mc lng cn bn, cc khon ph cp lng, BHXH, BHYT, KPC ca lao ng trc tip. nh mc gi 1 gi cng lao ng trc tip mt phn xng nh sau: - Mc lng cn bn mt gi - BHXH .

50

nh mc chi ph nhn cng trc tip

nh mc chi ph NCTT = nh mc lng * nh mc gi

51

nh mc chi ph sn xut chung

nh mc bin ph sn xut chung nh mc nh ph sn xut chung

52

nh mc bin ph sn xut chung

nh mc lng, v d thi gian th phn nh s gi ca hot ng c chn lm cn c phn b chi ph sn xut chung cho 1 n v sn phm nh mc gi phn nh bin ph ca n gi chi ph sn xut chung phn b.

53

 Phn bin ph trong n gi sn xut chung phn b l 1200 /gi v cn c c chn phn b l s gi lao ng trc tip (nh mc v lng thi gian trc tip sn xut 1 sn phm) l 3,5 gi/sp th nh mc phn bin ph sn xut chung ca sn phm l:

1 200/ gi x 3,5 gi/s.p = 4.200/s.p

54

nh mc nh ph sn xut chung
c xy dng tng t nh phn bin ph. S d tch ring l nhm gip cho qu trnh phn tch chi ph sn xut chung sau ny

55

 Phn nh ph trong n gi sn xut chung phn b l 3 200/gi v cn c chn phn b l s gi lao ng trc tip vi 3.5 gi/s.p, th phn nh ph sn xut chung ca 1 sn phm l: 3 200/gi x 3.5 gi/s.p = 11 200 /s.p Vy, n gi phn b chi ph sn xut chung : 1 200/s.p + 3 200 /gi = 4 400 Chi ph sn xut chung sn xut 1 sn phm l: 4 400 /gi x 3.5 gi/s.p = 15 400 /s.p
56

Xy dng nh mc t phng trnh hi quy

Y a0 a1X 1 a 2 X 2 a 3 X 3 e

Y: Chi ph sn xut sn phm X1: Chi ph nguyn vt liu trc tip X2: Chi ph nhn cng trc tip X3: Chi ph sn xut chung e: sai s a0: hng s a1, a2, a3: thng s cho cc X
57

Chi ph nh mc NVL trc tip

Phng trnh hi quy chi ph nh mc v lng nguyn vt liu: Q a 0 a1q 1 a 2q 2 a 3q 3 ... e
Q l chi ph nh mc v lng nguyn vt liu q1 l lng NL cn cho sn xut 1 sn phm q2 l lng NL hao ht cho php q3 l lng NL dng cho sn phm hng ao l hng s e l sai s, th hin s tc ng ca cc yu t khc a1, a2, a3 l mc tc ng ti nh mc lng NL khi lng NL dng cho sn xut 1 SP thay i 1 n v
58

Chi ph nh mc NVL trc tip

Phng trnh hi quy CP nh mc v gi NVL
P a 0 a1p1 a 2 p 2 ... e

P l chi ph nh mc v gi NL p1 l gi mua ( sau khi tr i cc khon gim tr) p2 l chi ph thu mua ao l hng s a1, a2 l mc tc ng ti nh mc gi NL khi gi mua v CP thu mua thay i 1 n v e l sai s, th hin s tc ng ca cc yu t khc
59

Chi ph nh mc nhn cng trc tip

Phng trnh hi quy chi ph nh mc v lng hao ph ca NCTT:

N a 0 a1n 1 a 2n 2 a 3n 3 e
N l chi ph nh mc v lng nhn cng trc tip n1 l lng thi gian cn cho sn xut 1 sn phm n2 l lng thi gian ngh ngi, lau chi my n3 l lng thi gian tnh cho sn phm hng ao l hng s e l sai s, th hin s tc ng ca cc yu t khc a1, a2, a3 l mc tc ng ti nh mc lng tgian 1, 2, 3 khi lng tgian thay i 1 n v
60

Chi ph nh mc nhn cng trc tip

Phng trnh hi quy CP nh mc v n gi nhn cng

Z a 0 a1z 1 a 2z 2 ... e

Z l chi ph nh mc v gi nhn cng trc tip z1 l gi lng trn mt n v thi gian/mt sn phm z2 cc loi bo him, nhng chi ph v phc li cho cng nhn ao l hng s a1, a2 l mc tc ng ti nh mc gi nhn cng khi gi nhn cng thay i 1 n v 61 e l sai s, th hin s tc ng ca cc yu t khc

Ch :

K hoch linh hot v phn tch bin ng chi ph

62

k hoch linh hot vs. k hoch c nh

K hoch c nh l k hoch chun b cho mt mc hot ng. K hoch ny da vo mc hot ng d tnh c xc nh vo u k.

63

k hoch linh hot vs. k hoch c nh

K hoch linh hot c thit k da vo mc doanh thu v chi ph k hoch cho cc mc hot ng t ti thiu n ti a. Khc nhau c bn ca k hoch tnh v ng l s dng mc hot ng thc t trong k hoch linh hot.

64

k hoch c nh
Ti mt cng ty sn xut qun o cao cp. Chi ph kh bin / b bao gm: Nguyn vt liu trc tip $ 65 Nhn cng trc tip 26 Chi ph sn xut chung kh bin 24 Tng chi ph kh bin $115

65

k hoch c nh
Gi bn d tnh $155 /b. Chi ph sn xut chung bt bin d tnh l $286,000 trong phm vi ph hp 9,000 v 13,500 b. Cc chi ph thi k kh bin v bt bin khng c xem xt trong th d ny. K hoch c nh cho nm ti da vo mc bn 13,000 b. Li nhun k hoch l bao nhiu?

66

k hoch c nh
Doanh thu (13,000 $155) $2,015,000 Tr chi ph: Kh bin (13,000 $115) 1,495,000 Bt bin 286,000 Li nhun k hoch $ 234,000 gi nh cng ty Rockville sn xut v bn 10,000 b vi gi $160 / b, chi ph kh bin n v $120 / b v chi ph bt bin $300,000.

67

k hoch c nh
Li nhun hot ng? Doanh thu (10,000 $160) Tr chi ph: Kh bin (10,000 $120) Bt bin Li nhun

$1,600,000 1,200,000 300,000 $ 100,000

68

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot

K hoch linh hot Thc t Chnh lch S lng Doanh thu 10,000 1,550 10,000 1,600 0U 50 F

Chi ph kh bin S d m ph
Chi ph bt bin Li nhun

1,150 400
286 114

1,200 400
300 100

50 U 0F
14 U 14 U

69

Phn tch chnh lch

Chnh lch trong k hoch tnh l chnh lch gia kt qu thc hin v s liu k hoch. Mc 0 so snh li nhun thc t v li nhun k hoch. Mc 1 phn tch cc thng tin chi tit hn cc chnh lch ca li nhun trong k hoch tnh.

70

Phn tch chnh lchMc 0

Chnh lch trong li nhun hot ng? Li nhun thc t $100,000 Li nhun k hoch 234,000 Chnh lch $134,000 U y l phn tch mc 0.

71

Phn tch chnh lchMc 1

K hoch tnh S lng Doanh thu 13,000 2,015 Thc t 10,000 1,600 Chnh lch 3,000 U 415 U

Chi ph kh bin
S d m ph Chi ph bt bin Li nhun

1,495
520 286 234

1,200
400 300 100

296 F
120 u 14 U 134 U

72

Phn tch chnh lch

Khc nhau c a thch l chnh lch tng li nhun so vi s k hoch (F) Khc nhau khng c a thch l chnh lch gim li nhun so vi s k hoch (U). Khc nhau c a thch cho doanh thu l doanh thu thc t vt qua doanh thu k hoch. Khc nhau c a thch cho chi ph l chi ph thc t t hn chi ph k hoch.

73

Cc bc pht trin k hoch linh hot

Bc 1: xc nh gi bn k hoch, chi ph kh bin n v k hoch, chi ph bt bin. Gi bn k hoch l $155, chi ph kh bin n v k hoch $115 / b, chi ph bt bin k hoch $286,000.

74

Cc bc pht trin k hoch linh hot

Bc 2: xc nh s lng u ra thc t. Trong nm 20xx, 10,000 b c sn xut v tiu th. Bc 3: Xc nh k hoch linh hot cho doanh thu da vo gi bn k hoch v s lng tiu th thc t. $155 10,000 = $1,550,000

75

Cc bc pht trin k hoch linh hot

Bc 4: xc nh k hoch linh hot cho chi ph da vo chi ph kh bin k hoch, s lng tiu th thc t v chi ph bt bin. K hoch:
Chi ph kh bin 10,000 $115 Chi ph bt bin Tng chi ph $1,150,000 286,000 $1,436,000

76

Chnh lch
Mc 2 phn tch nhm cung cp thng tin v 2 loi chnh lch 1 Chnh lch k hoch linh hot 2 Chnh lch s lng bn ra

77

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot

S lng tiu th thc t 10,000 b:

Li nhun thc t Chnh lch k hoch linh hot

$100,000

$14,000 U
Li nhun k hoch $114,000
78

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot tng ln bi v gi bn thc t, chi ph kh bin n v, s lng, v chi ph bt bin khc vi lng k hoch.

Gi bn Chi ph kh bin

K hoch 160
120

Thc t 155
115

79

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot gn lin vi doanh thu thng gi l chnh lch gi bn bi v n ng hnh vi s khc bit gia gi bn thc t v gi bn k hoch. chnh lch gi bn = ($160 $155) x 10,000 = $50,000 F Gi bn thc t vt hn gi k hoch $5.

80

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot

Ti sao chnh lch k hoch linh hot l $14,000 khng c a thch? Chnh lch gi bn $50,000 F Chi ph kh bin thc t vt qua chi ph kh bin k hoch 50,000 U Chi ph bt bin thc t vt qua chi ph bt bin k hoch 14,000 U Tng chnh lch $14,000 U
81

Chnh lch s lng bn ra

Chnh lch s lng bn ra l s khc nhau gia s lng tiu th mong i ca k hoch tnh v s lng bn ra thc t ca k hoch linh hot. Khc nhau duy nht gia k hoch tnh v ng l s lng u ra m k hoch da vo nh lng.

82

Chnh lch s lng bn ra - Mc 2

K hoch linh hot S lng Doanh thu Chi ph kh bin S d m ph 10,000 1,550 1,150 400 K hoch tnh Chnh lch

13,000 2,015 1,495 520

3,000 U 465 U 295 F 120 U

Chi ph bt bin
Li nhun

286
114

286
234

0
120 U
83

Chnh lch s lng bn ra

S lng bn ra thc t 10,000 b:

Li nhun k hoch ng Chnh lch s lng bn ra

$114,000

$120,000 U
Li nhun k hoch tnh

$234,000
84

Chnh lch s lng bn ra

Ti sao chnh lch s lng bn ra $120,000 l khng c a thch?
S lng bn ra ca k hoch tnh 13,000 S lng bn ra thc t 10,000 Chnh lch 3,000 U S d m ph n v theo k hoch : ($155 $115) = $40 3,000 $40 = $120,000 Chnh lch khng c a thch

85

Chnh lch
Mc 1

Chnh lch k hoch tnh $134,000 U

Mc 2

Chnh lch k hoch ng $14,000 U

Chnh lch s lng bn ra $120,000 U

86

Ngun thng tin

C 2 ngun thng tin chnh v gi u vo k hoch v s lng u vo k hoch l: 1 D liu k trc 2 Cc nh mc

87

nh mc
nh mc u vo l s lng u vo tiu chun nh l lng nguyn liu hay s h lao ng trc tip i hi cho mt n v u ra. Chi ph nh mc l chi ph xc nh cn thn trn tiu chun hiu qu. Chi ph nh mc da vo s lng u vo v u ra.

88

nh mc
Chi ph nh mc Rockville v chi ph kh bin n v cho mi sn phm c tnh nh sau: nh mc u vo cn thit sn xut 1 n v u ra Chi ph nh mc cho mt n v u vo

89

nh mc
Cc nh mc sau cho cng ty Rockville: Nguyn liu trc tip: 4.00 m vi cho 1 b - $16.25 / m. Chi ph nh mc / b = 4.00 $16.25 = $65.00

90

nh mc
Nhn cng trc tip: 2 h sn xut 1 b - $13.00 / h. Chi ph nh mc cho 1 b = 2.00 $13.00 = $26.00

91

Chnh lch gi v chnh lch hiu qu Mc 3 phn tch chnh lch k hoch linh hot thnh chnh lch gi v chnh lch hiu qu. Th d ti cng ty Rockville: Nguyn liu mua vo v s dng : 42,500 m Gi mua thc t: $15.95

92

Chnh lch gi v chnh lch hiu qu S h lao ng thc t: 21,500 Tin lng thc t: $12.90 / h Chi ph nguyn liu trc tip thc t? 42,500 $15.95 = $677,875 Chi ph nhn cng thc t? 21,500 $12.90 = $277,350

93

Chnh lch gi
Chnh lch gi l chnh lch gia gi thc t v gi k hoch nhn vi s lng mua vo thc t. Chnh lch gi mua T l chnh lch Chnh lch gi = (gi mua thc t gi mua k hoch ) s lng mua thc t

94

Chnh lch gi

Chnh lch gi nguyn liu? ($15.95 $16.25) 42,500 = $12,750 F Chnh lch gi nhn cng? ($12.90 $13.00) 21,500 = $2,150 F

95

Chnh lch gi
S lng mua thc t ti gi thc t 42,500 $15.95 677,875 = S lng mua thc t ti gi k hoch 42,500 $16.25 = 690,625

12,750 F chnh lch gi nguyn liu

96

Chnh lch gi
S lng mua thc t ti gi thc t S lng mua thc t ti gi k hoch
21,500 $13.00 = 279,500

21,500 $12.90 = 277,350

2,150 F chnh lch gi nhn cng

97

Chnh lch gi
Mt s l do cho chnh lch gi c a thch ti Rockville? Gim c mua hng Rockville m phn c gi r hn k hoch. Gi lao ng c xc nh thiu nghin cu cn thn th trng lao ng.

98

Chnh lch hiu qu

Chnh lch hiu qu l chnh lch gia s lng u vo thc t v k hoch nhn vi gi u vo k hoch. Chnh lch hiu qu = (s lng u vo thc t s lng u vo k hoch) gi k hoch

99

Chnh lch hiu qu

Chnh lch hiu qu v nguyn liu? (42,500 40,000) $16.25 = $40,625 U Chnh lch hiu qu v nhn cng? (21,500 20,000) $13.00 = $19,500 U

100

Chnh lch hiu qu

S lng mua thc t theo gi k hoch 42,500 $16.25 = $690,625 s lng k hoch sn xut lng sn phm thc t ti gi k hoch 40,000 $16.25 = $650,000

$40,625 U Chnh lch hiu qu v nguyn liu

101

Chnh lch hiu qu

S lng u vo thc t theo gi k hoch 21,500 $13.00 = $279,500 s lng k hoch sn xut lng sn phm thc t ti gi k hoch 20,000 $13.00 = $260,000

$19,500 U Chnh lch hiu qu v nhn cng

102

Chnh lch hiu qu

Mt s nguyn nhn cho s chnh lch hiu qu khng c a thch ti cng ty Rockville?
Gim c mua hng ca Rockville mua c nguyn liu cht lng khng cao. Gim c nhn s thu cng nhn cha lnh ngh. B phn bo dng cha pht huy ht chc nng.

103

Chnh lch gi v hiu qu

Chnh lch ca k hoch linh hot v nguyn liu? Chnh lch gi $12,750 F + chnh lch hiu qu $40,625 U = $27,875 U Chnh lch ca k hoch linh hot v nhn cng? Chnh lch gi $2,150 F + chnh lch hiu qu $19,500 U = $17,350 U

104

Phn tch chnh lch cho nguyn liu

Chi ph thc t ca nguyn liu 42,500 $15.95 = $677,875 Chi ph nguyn liu theo k hoch tnh 13,000 4 $16.25 = $845,000

$167,125 F Chnh lch k hoch tnh v nguyn liu (chi ph t hn)

105

Phn tch chnh lch cho nguyn liu

Chi ph thc t ca nguyn liu 42,500 $15.95 = $677,875

Chi ph nguyn liu theo k hoch linh hot 40,000 $16.25 = $650,000

$27,875 U Chnh lch k hoch linh hot v nguyn liu (chi ph nhiu hn)

106

Phn tch chnh lch v chi ph nhn cng

Chnh lch v k hoch tnh cho nhn cng trc tip? Chi ph nhn cng theo k hoch tnh: 13,000 b 2 h/b $13.00/h = $338,000 Chi ph nhn cng thc t: 21,500 h $12.90/h = $277,350 Chnh lch = $338,000 $277,350 = $60,650 F

107

Phn tch chnh lch v chi ph nhn cng

Chi ph thc t ca nhn cng

21,500 $12.90 = $277,350

Chi ph nguyn liu theo k hoch tnh

13,000 2 $13.00 = $338,000

$60,650 F Chnh lch k hoch tnh v nhn cng (chi ph t hn)

108

Phn tch chnh lch v chi ph nhn cng

Chnh lch khi lng bn ra v nhn cng? Chi ph nhn cng theo k hoch tnh: 13,000 b 2 h/b x $13.00/h = $338,000 Chi ph nhn cng theo k hoch linh hot : 10,000 b 2 h/b $13.00/h = $260,000 Chnh lch = $338,000 $260,000 = $78,000 F

109

Phn tch chnh lch v chi ph nhn cng

Chi ph nhn cng theo k hoch linh hot Chi ph nhn cng theo k hoch tnh

10,000 2 $13.00 = $260,000

13,000 2 $13.00 = $338,000

$78,000 F Chnh lch khi lng bn ra v nhn cng (chi ph t hn)

110

Phn tch chnh lch v chi ph nhn cng

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot v nhn cng trc tip? Chi ph nhn cng trc tip thc t $277,350 chi ph k hoch linh hot $260,000 = $17,350 U

111

Phn tch chnh lch v chi ph nhn cng

Chi ph nhn cng thc t Chi ph nhn cng theo k hoch linh hot

21,500 $12.90 = $277,350 10,000 2 $13.00 = $260,000

$17,350 U Chnh lch k hoch linh hot v nhn cng (chi ph nhiu hn)

112

Phn tch chnh lch

Mc

Mc

Chnh lch k hoch tnh Nguyn liu $167,125 F Nhn cng 60,650 F Tng $227,775 F

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot Nguyn liu $27,875 U Nhn cng 17,350 U Tng $45,225 U

Chnh lch khi lng bn r Nguyn liu $195,000 F Nhn cng 78,000 F Tng $273,000 F
113

Phn tch chnh lch

Mc 2

Chnh lch k hoch linh hot Nguyn liu $27,875 U Nhn cng 17,350 U Tng $45,225 U

Mc 3
Chnh lch gi Nguyn liu $12,750 F Nhn cng 2,150 F Tng $14,900 F Chnh lch hiu qu Nguyn liu $40,625 U Nhn cng 19,500 U Tng $60,125 U
114

o lng cc hot ng da vo cc chnh lch

ng dng ch yu ca phn tch chnh lch l nh gi s thc hin. 2 tiu chundng o lng : 1 Hiu lc 2 Hiu qu

115

o lng s thc hin da vo cc chnh lch

Nu o lng s thc hin ca mt nhn t ring l nh hiu qu nhn cng, ngi qun l c xu hng bo co mt nhn t ring l. Hiu lc l mc c gng ch quan t c mc tiu.. Hiu qu lin quan n s dng lng u vo c nh t c lng u ra cao hn. Chnh lch khng nn dng nh gi s thc hin mt mnh..

116

Mt s nguyn nhn ca chnh lch Cc nguyn nhn chnh lch c quan h vi nhau. Chnh lch gi c a thch c th do cht lng nguyn liu thp hn. Tt nht nn xem xt cc chnh lch gia cc nhn t ph thuc nhau.

117

Khi no nn tnh chnh lch

Gip ngi qun l c cc thng tin khch quan. Chnh lch nh c th tng ln trong tng lai. Chnh lch nh v s tin hay % t k hoch s dn n cc thay i ca cc khon mc khc.

118

Phn tch bin ng chi ph

So snh mc thc t v k hoch xc nh mc chnh lch Tm nguyn nhn nh hng n chnh lch sut bin php thc hin cho k sau

119

Nguyn nhn nh hng

Cht lng, quy cch vt liu Trnh cng nhn My mc, thit b T chc v qun l sn xut Gi mua, chi ph mua Hao ht trong sn xut

120

nh gi sn phm, dch v

121

nh gi sn phm, dch v
Gi bn sn phm c nh hng
Kh nng sinh li Mc tng trng sn lng tiu th trong tng lai Th phn v s chp nhn ca khch hng

122

Cc nhn t nh hng n quyt nh gi

V tr trong th trng. Gi sn phm. Gi tr khch hng. Tnh hnh cnh tranh

Cc vn lin quan n php l, x hi v o c Chi ph thp hn gi & gi tr khch hng cao hn gi

123

Gi sn phm
Trong di hn, gi phi cao hn chi ph ton b Tm quan trng ca gi khc nhau tu vo ngnh ngh Ngay c khi cng ty c bo h gi (gi thp hn chi ph), th cng phi qun tm n gi thnh sn phm.

124

Gi tr khch hng Hiu gi tr khch hng l kha cnh then

cht trong xc nh gi. S khc nhau gia gi tr m khch hng thu c thng qua s hu v s dng sn phm v gi mua sn phm. Kinh doanh phi hiu c cc kha cnh c bit ca sn phm hay dch v cung cp cho khch hng

125

Tnh hnh cnh tranh

Chin lc gi ca i th cnh tranh nh hng n cc quyt nh gi ca cng ty.

Khi xem xt cc ci tin ca i th cnh tranh, ngi qun l nn cn thn xc nh thi im sn xut v a ra thi trng. Tin on cc chin lc ca i th cnh tranh l nhim v kh khn nhng quan trng cho qun l gi.

126

Cc vn lin quan n php l, x hi v o c

Ngi qun l phi tham kho cc vn bn php lut khi xc nh gi Php l thng nghim cm xc nh gi nhm phn bit i x khch hng Cc p lc x hi nh hng ln n xc nh gi. Cc vn o c nn cn nhc trnh cc hnh ng la gt khch hng.
127

nh gi sn phm thng thng

Gi phi b p ton b chi ph sn xut (sn xut, bn hng, qun l) v cung cp mt t l hon vn ti thiu cho doanh nghip. - nh gi theo chi ph ton b - nh gi theo phng php chi ph trc tip - Xc nh phn tin tng thm

128

nh gi theo chi ph ton b

Gi bn sn phm = chi ph nn + s tin tng thm S tin tng thm = chi ph nn X t l s tin tng thm

129

chi ph nn
Chi ph nn l chi ph sn xut mt sn phm, bao gm chi ph nguyn vt liu trc tip, nhn cng trc tip v chi ph sn xut chung. S tin tng thm phi b p c chi ph thi k v bo m li nhun mong mun.

130

nh gi theo chi ph ton b

Chi ph nguyn vt liu: 30.000 Chi ph nhn cng: 20.000 Chi ph sn xut chung kh bin: 5.000 Chi ph sn xut chung bt bin: 60 triu Chi ph thi k kh bin: 3.000 Chi ph thi k bt bin: 20 triu Cng ty u t 3 t sn xut 40,000 sn phm, t l hon vn 20%.

131

nh gi theo chi ph trc tip

Phng php ny da vo cch phn loi chi ph theo cch ng x ca chi ph.

Gi bn sn phm = chi ph kh bin + s tin tng thm

132

iu chnh gi trn th trng

Cng ty c th mnh cnh tranh th c th iu chnh gi tng gim Gim gi khi cng ty khng c th mnh Cng ty mun hon vn nhanh th c th gim gi kch thch tiu th iu chnh mc li nhun tu loi sn phm: sn phm thi trang, sn phm thit yu.

133

iu chnh s tin tng thm

Sn phm c chu k sng ngn, nhanh li thi: tng s tin tng thm

Sn phm thng dng: gim s tin tng thm

134

nh gi chuyn nhng
Gi chuyn nhng l gi bn cho cc n v trong cng mt tng cng ty hay cung cp sn phm, dch v ln nhau. V th gi chuyn nhng khc vi gi bn ra th trng. - Xc nh gi chuyn nhng theo chi ph s dng - Xc nh gi chuyn nhng theo gi th trng - Xc nh gi chuyn nhng theo gi thng lng

135

nh gi theo thi gian lao ng & nguyn liu s dng

Da vo thi gian lao ng & nguyn liu xy dng cc t l nh gi. Phng php ny p dng cho cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v p dng: sa cha, t vn

136

nh gi sn phm mi

Cc sn phm mi thng t ra nhng vn nh gi c tnh thch thc nht. - Thc nghim tip th sn phm mi - Chin lc nh gi thong - Chin lc nh gi thng dng

137

Thc nghim tip th sn phm mi Gii thiu sn phm mi nhng vng c chn vi nhng gi bn khc nhau, thu thp ti liu: S cnh tranh vi sn phm khc Quan h v sn lng bn v gi bn S d m ph tng ng tng gi bn La chn gi bn hp l

138

Chin lc nh gi thong
Gi bn ban u cao, gim dn sau mt thi gian, u im Thu c li nhun ti a trong thi gian ngn B p c cc chi ph pht sinh ngoi d tnh Gim gi m rng th trng Gim gi to tm l tt vi ngi mua

139

Chin lc nh gi thng dng

Gi bn ban u thp th trng chp nhn ngay, nhc im c v tr ngay trn th trng hy sinh li nhun Kh tng gi bn tng li nhun hoc cc chi ph ngoi d tnh

140

nh gi trong trng hp c bit

Doanh nghip c th phi xc nh gi trong cc trng hp sau: - cn nng lc nhn ri - hot ng trong iu kin kh khn - phi ng u vi i th mnh - u thu c hp ng.

141

nh gi trong trng hp c bit

S dng s d m ph trong cc trng hp c bit L do? - cung cp nhiu thng tin - thng tin theo cu trc ph hp - linh hot, nhanh chng hn

142

Khi c nng lc nhn ri

gi bn cao hn chi ph kh bin lm tng li nhun. cung cp hng theo n t hng c bit cho khch hng khng thng xuyn

143

Trong iu kin kh khn

nhu cu tiu th gim nhanh chng buc phi gim gi. s d m ph c c t bn r sn phm dng b p nh ph s tt hn ngng hot ng

144

Trong iu kin cnh tranh u thu

- cho bit phm vi linh hot v gi a ra gi u thu m bo cho vic tng li nhun - c th gim gi cnh tranh m bo b p phn kh bin v tng vng quay vn - nh ph chim t l cao, cng ty c th hot ng mc hch ton l thu hi mt phn vn u t.

145

Hoch nh vn di hn

146

Gii thiu
Cc phng php hoch nh vn di hn ch ra cch la chn cc d n hay chng trnh lm gia tng hay gim gi tr vn ca doanh nghip. Cc phng php ny gip cc nh qun l trong phn tch cc d n ko di trong nhiu nm.

147

Phn tch chi ph

1 2 C 2 kha cnh trong phn tch chi ph d n: Kha cnh d n Kha cnh k ton H thng k ton nn thch ng vi d n di hn thng qua gi tr thi gian ca tin t.

148

Phn tch chi ph

Cc chi ph v doanh thu trong sut dng i ca d n s tnh da trn nn tng ca tng d n. Vic tnh ton ny da vo cc nguyn tc ca k ton kp hin i c ngha l thu nhp v chi ph c tnh ton da vo thi im pht sinh. Dng tin ca d n c tnh trn c s cc k k ton.

149

Phn tch chi ph

D n D D n C D n B D n A

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012
150

Phn tch chi ph

Dng i ca d n thng di hn mt nm, v th quyt nh vn xem xt doanh thu v chi ph lin quan n di hn.

151

Hoch nh vn
Hoch nh vn nhm to ra cc quyt nh trong di hn u t cc d n hoc chng trnh. N l cng c iu khin v ra quyt nh tp trung chnh vo cc d n hoc cc chng trnh trong nhiu nm.

152

Cc loi quyt nh
Quyt nh sng lc: l quyt nh lin quan n 1 d n, cn c vo cc tiu chun xc nh Quyt nh u tin: l quyt nh cn c vo s la chn gia cc d n quyt nh

153

6 bc trong hoch nh vn ngn sch ca d n.

Hoch nh vn c 6 bc : 1. Xc nh cc mc tiu: phn bit cc d n s dng vn ph hp vi cc mc tiu ca t chc. 2. Tm kim giai on hp l: khm ph xem cc d n u t vn s t c cc mc tiu ca doanh nghip 3. Thu thp thng tin: c tnh cc dng thu v dng chi ca cc d n u t.

154

4. La chn d n: chn cc d n thc hin. 5. Ngun ti chnh: tm kim ngn sch cho d n 6. Thc hin v iu hnh d n: xem xt cc d n v qun l cc cng on thc hin.

155

Hoch nh vn
Healthy Living l mt t chc phi li nhun c mc tiu l ci tin thit b chn on cho phng mch. Ngi qun l gi nh mc tiu l cn mua thit b mi (b1) C vi cch ci to thit b chn on nhng ban qun l tp trung vo thit b ph hp hin i (b2)

156

 K tip ban iu hnh tin hnh thu thp nhiu thng tin hn cho cc nh gi chi tit (b3) D n ban u i hi chi ph mua my mi l 245,000 cng vi s tin mt dng lm vn lu ng $5,000 Ban qun l c tnh my mi s s dng trong 3 nm v gi tr thu hi bng 0 sau 3 nm s dng.

157

Hoch nh vn
D n tim nng ny s tit kim chi ph mi nm l $125,000, $130,000, v $110,000. Vn lu ng $5,000 s thu hi li sau 3 nm. Gi nh cc dng tin s thu chi vo thi im cui nm.

158

Hoch nh vn
Ban qun l cng xc nh cc li ch ph ti chnh khi u t thit b chun on mi: Ci tin kh nng phc v bnh nhn Gim s bt tin cho bnh nhn phi i li nhiu ln do thiu thit b phc v.

159

Hoch nh vn
Cc li ch phi ti chnh s khng a vo phn tch. Trong bc la chn, ban qun l phi quyt nh Healthy Living c nn mua my mi hay khng. (b4) Gi nh rng t sut li nhun i hi l 10%.

160

S dng v nh gi 2 phng php chit khu dng tin ch yu - Phng php hin gi thun NPV - Phng php t l li ni b - IRR

161

Chit khu dng tin

Chit khu dng tin(DCF) l phng php o lng tt c cc dng thu v dng chi tin ca mt d n khi n xy ra ti mt thi im nht nh trong tng lai. Cc phng php chit khu dng tin xem xt gi tr thi gian ca tin t.

162

Chit khu dng tin

Gi tr thi gian ca tin t ngha l 1 ng nhn c hm nay th ng gi hn 1 ng nhn c trong tng lai. L do? Bi v n c th kim c li nhun ln hn theo thi gian.

163

Phng php hin gi thun

Phng php ny tnh li / l bng dng tin ca mt d n bng cch chit khu cc dng tin d kin v thi im hin ti s dng t l thu hi vn. T l thu hi vn ti thiu ca nh qun l cn gi l t l chit khu, t l sinh li ni b hay chi ph vn.

164

Phng php hin gi thun

Ch c cc d n c NPV > 0 hoc = 0 mi c th c chp nhn Hin gi thun ca thit b chn on l bao nhiu?

165

Phng php hin gi thun

Cc dng tin hp l u t ban u

($250,000)
Dng thu hng nm

$125,000 $130,000 $115,000

166

Phng php hin gi thun

Nm t l chit khu 10% Dng tin Gi tr hin ti ca dng tin

1
2 3

0.909
0.826 0.751

125,000
130,000 115,000

113,625
107,380 86,365 307,370 250,000 57,370
167

Tng gi tr hin ti ca cc dng thu u t ban u Gi tr hin ti thun ca d n

Phng php hin gi thun

D n ny c chp nhn bi v hin gi thun l $57,370. Gi nh rng Healthy Living ang xem xt mt d n khc vi thu thp $80,000 mi nm v c gi tr thu hi $4,000 vo cui nm th 3.

168

Phng php hin gi thun

Chi ph cho d n ny l $250,000 bao gm c vn lu ng. Vn lu ng l $5,000 s c thu hi vo cui nm th 3 Healthy Living mong mun t l chit khu l 10%. D n ny c kh thi khng?

169

Phng php hin gi thun

Nm 1- 3 3 t l chit khu 10% 2.487 0.751 Dng tin 80,000 9,000 Gi tr hin ti ca dng tin 198,960 6,759 205,719 250,000 (44,281)
170

Tng gi tr hin ti ca cc dng thu u t ban u Gi tr hin ti thun ca d n

Khng nn u t v NPV < 0

Phng php t l li ni b
Phng php ny tnh t l chit khu gi tr hin ti ca cc dng thu bng gi tr hin ti ca cc dng chi c tnh. u t = Dng thu tin hng nm c tnh H s chit khu kp

171

Phng php t l li ni b
Gi nh Healthy Living ang xem xt u t $303,280 vo my scan tit kim chi ph hng nm $80,000 trong 5 nm. T l li ni b ca d n l bao nhiu? $303,280 $80,000 = 3.791 (h s chit khu kp) 3.791 tng ng vi 10% cho thi k 5 nm, v th 10% l t l li ni b. Nu chi ph vn nh hn 10% th Healthy Living nn chp nhn d n ny.

172

So snh NPV & IRR

Phng php NPV c u im l kt qu tnh ton cui cng biu din bng tin ch khng phi %. Mi d n ring l c th so snh vi nhau. C th s dng trong cc tnh hung c nhiu t l chit khu trong sut dng i ca d n. IRR ca cc d n ring l khng th cng dn hay tnh trung bnh khi tnh I RR ca nhiu d n.

173

Xc nh cc dng thu v dng chi cho cc quyt nh vn s dng cc phng php chit khu dng tin

174

Dng tin hp l
Dng tin hp l l cc dng tin c tnh trong tng lai khc nhau gia cc phng n. Cc d n vn u t thng c 3 loi dng tin : 1 u t ban u 2 Dng tin hot ng 3 Dng tin t gi tr thu hi ca ti sn v thu hi vn lu ng.

175

Dng tin hp l
1 2 3 Thnh phn ca u t ban u bao gm: u t ti sn ban u u t vn lu ng ban u Gi tr thu hi ca ti sn c

176

u t ban u
Th d v Healthy Living u t my mc ban u $245,000 u t vn lu ng ban u $5,000 Gi tr thu hi ca ti sn c 0

177

Dng tin hot ng

Dng thu c kt qu t sn xut v bn cc sn phm hay dch v thm vo, trong th d, dng thu t tit kim chi ph hot ng. Khu hao l khng hp l trong phn tch chit khu bi v n khng phi l dng tin mt. Chit khu cc dng tin da vo dng thu v chi bng tin mt.

178

Gi tr thu hi
Gi tr ca ti sn vo thi im cui ca d n c th bng khng hoc mc nh hn u t ban u. Th d Healthy Living gi nh gi tr thu hi bng khng cho my chun on.

179

Thu hi vn lu ng
u t ban u cho vn lu ng thng c thu hi hon ton khi kt thc d n. Dng thu vn lu ng bng tin mt l $5,000 s thu hi sau 3 nm.

180

Phng php k hon vn

K hon vn o lng thi gian c th thu hi vn, thng qua cc dng tin c tnh v u t ban u ca mt d n.

181

Phng php k hon vn

Gi nh Healthy Living ang xem xt mua mt s my (M1) $210,000, s dng trong 11 nm, gi tr thu hi bng khng. Ngi qun l mong tit kim $35,000 mi nm t vic s dng my mi. Bao lu th c th thu hi vn ? $210,000 $35,000 = 6 nm 6 nm l k hon vn

182

Phng php k hon vn

Gi nh rng c mt phng n song song vi my $210,000 l mt my (M2) cng vi gi $210,000 nhng tit kim c $42,000 mi nm trong 5 nm. Bao lu th c th thu hi vn ? $210,000 $42,000 = 5 nm Vy my no s c chn ?

183

Phng php k hon vn

M1 c la chn bi v n tip tc em li dng thu tin trong 4 nm sau k hon vn. N s em li cho cng ty lng thu tin mt 140,000.

184

Phng php k hon vn

Khi cc dng tin khng bng nhau, s c tnh theo cc cng dn. Gi nh rng thit b chun on ca Healthy Living tit kim chi ph mi nm nh sau: $160,000, $180,000, v $110,000. u t ban u l $250,000. K hon vn l bao nhiu?

185

Phng php k hon vn

+ + Nm 1 em li $160,000. Phn cn li s thu hi trong nm 2 K hon vn = 1 nm $90,000 cn phi c thu hi $180,000 dng thu ca nm 2 1 nm + 0.5 nm = 1.5 nm hoc 1 nm and 6 thng

186

Phng php t sut li nhun k ton AARR

Phng php t sut li nhun k ton AARR chia cc thu nhp cho vn u t theo nguyn tc k ton. My scan c gi l $303,280, khng c gi tr thu hi, tit kim chi ph mi nm $80,000, trong 5 nm. IRR ca my ny l 10%. Thu nhp trung bnh l bao nhiu ?

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Phng php t sut li nhun k ton AARR

Khu hao theo ng thng $60,656 / nm. Li nhun hot ng trung bnh $19,344. $80,000 $60,656 = $19,344 AARR l g? AARR = $80,000 $60,656 = 6.38% $303,280

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Phng php t sut li nhun k ton

AARR 6.38% xc nh t l ca mt ng u t thu c bao nhiu li nhun. Cc d n c AARR vt qua t l li nhun mong mun l c th chp nhn.

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Phng php t sut li nhun k ton

Phng php AARR tng t nh IRR v c hai u tnh phn trm t l li nhun. Trong khi AARR tnh t l s dng li nhun hot ng sau khi xem xt k k ton, IRR tnh t l da trn dng tin mt v gi tr thi gian ca ng tin.

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xc nh v gim cc hn ch t vic s dng phng php chit khu vn u t v phng php k ton nh gi s thc hin.

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nh gi s thc hin
Ngi qun l s dng phng php chit khu quyt nh vn c th gp cc vn i ngc mc tiu nu AARR c s dng nh gi s thc hin. Gi nh nh qun l cp cao s dng AARR nh mt cn c so snh vi s thc hin nu t l li nhun ti thiu l 10%. My A vi AARR l 6.38% s b t b.

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nh gi s thc hin
AARR thp bi v mc u t tng dn lm gia tng mu s, do khu hao, cng gim t s - li nhun hot ng trong cng thc tnh AARR. Thng thng, quyt nh ti u s dng phng php chit khu dng tin s khng c bo co mc li nhun hot ng tt trong nhng nm u ca d n trn c s AARR.

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