MWP Kashalis

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Marwari Language & Resource Center Pakistan

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MARWARI WRITING-SYSTEM PROPOSAL

Copyright Note:
2006 2008 Dr. Younis kashali
All rights reserved.
Presented By:
Dr. Younis Kashali
Presented to:
1. M.L.T.C Marwari Literacy & Translation Committee
2. M.C.D.O Marwari Community Development Organization
3. K.S.L.P Kinship Systematic Lead Panel
4. mlrc-Pak Marwari Language& Resource Center Pakistan
5. M.C.F Marwari Christian Fellowship
6. S.L.D.P, 7. I.A.L, 8. K.O.Q, 9. and to Marwari Leaders.
Special Thanks:
Mr. Simon Ager
The Online Encyclopedia of Writing systems & Languages
http://www.omniglot.com
Re-Published on this 2012 A.D.
Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali
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Page 12 of 61
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Vowel Charts.
1. Marwari Oral Vowel Chart.
Front
Unrounded
Central
Long Vowel Short Vowel

Close
Short Vowel Long Vowel
Half Close
Back
Rounded
Open
2. Marwari Nasalized Vowel Chart.

Front
Unrounded
Central
Long Vowel Short Vowel

Close
Short Vowel Long Vowel
Half Close
Back
Rounded
Open

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Page 13 of 61
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(Marwari syllable structure) Q

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Syllables
VV
Marwari words in IPA

Regularity
Regular
[]
Regular
[o]
VC
[]
Regular
VCV
[do]
Regular
VCCV
[ko]
Irregular
VVC
[u]
Regular
VVCV
[o]
Regular
VCVC
[pip]
Regular
CV
[k]
Regular
CVV
[ko]
Regular
CVVC
[ ]
Irregular
CVC
[k]
Regular
CVCC
[k]
Irregular
CVCCV
[vt o]
Irregular
CVCV
[kko]
Regular
CCVC
[kod]
Irregular
CVCVC
[kod]
Regular
CCVCC
[nt ]
Irregular
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Page 14 of 61
Marwari as a written language

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Marwari had two scripts before the present Devanagari script. The script presently is a
modified form of the one used for Hindi with the most notable difference being the
addition of a retroflex lateral "". This character is found in Sanskrit but not in Hindi.
Some publications in Marwari also use some other characters in substitution for
accepted letters.
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Section B

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Page 17 of 61
Writing systems

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Arabic alphabet
Arabic, Azeri, Bosnian, Dari, Hausa, Kabyle, Kashmiri, Kazakh, Kurdish, Kyrghyz,
Malay, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Siraiki, Tatar, Turkish, Urdu,
Uyghur
Please note: some of these languages, such as Bosnian and Turkish, were once written
with the Arabic alphabet, but nowadays are normally written with a different alphabet,
such as Latin or Cyrillic.
Baybayin syllabary
Ilocano, Tagalog
Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari / Eastern Neo-Brahmic script)

Bengali, Assamese
Page 18 of 61
Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics

Blackfoot, Carrier, Cree, Inuktitut, Naskapi, Ojibwe
Chinese script
Modern Standard Chinese, Cantonese, Japanese (kanji), Korean (hanja), Vietnamese
(ch-nm)
Cyrillic alphabet
Abaza, Abkhaz, Adyghe, Avar, Azeri, Balkar, Bashkir, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Buryat,
Chechen, Chukchi, Church Slavonic, Chuvash, Crimean Tatar, Dargwa, Dungan,
Erzya, Even, Evenki, Gagauz, Ingush, Kabardian, Kalmyk, Kazakh, Khanty, Komi,
Koryak, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Lak, Lezgi, Lingua Franca Nova, Macedonian, Mansi,
Mari, Moksha, Moldovan, Mongolian, Nanai, Nenets, Nivkh, Old Church Slavonic,
Ossetian, Russian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovio, Tabassaran, Tajik, Tatar, Tsez,
Turkmen, Tuvan, Ubykh, Udmurt, Ukrainian, Uyghur, Uzbek, Votic, Yakut, Yupik
Devanagari alphabet
Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Pali, Sanskrit, Sindhi
Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script

Amharic, Ge'ez, Tigrinya
Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet

Georgian, Laz, Svan
Hebrew alphabet
Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Ladino, Yiddish
Page 19 of 61
Latin alphabet
Abenaki, Afaan Oromo, Afar, Afrikaans, Akan, Albanian, Aleut, Alsatian, Apache,
Aranese, Arapaho, Aromanian, Arrernte, Asturian, Aymara, Azeri, Bambara, Basque,
Belarusian, Bemba, Bikol, Bislama, Breton, Burushaski, Catalan, Cayuga, Cebuano,
Chamorro, Chechen, Cheyenne, Cimbrian, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Comanche, Cornish,
Corsican, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Delaware, Dinka, Drehu, Dutch, English,
Esperanto, Estonian, Ewe, Ewondo, Faroese, Fijian, Filipino, Finnish, Folkspraak,
French, Frisian, Ga, Gagauz, Galician, Ganda, Genoese, German, Gooniyandi,
Greenlandic, Guarani, Gwichin, Haida, Haitian Creole, Hn, Hausa, Hawaiian,
Hiligaynon, Hixkaryana, Hopi, Hotck, Hungarian, Icelandic, Ido, Igbo, Ilocano,
Indonesian, Interglossa, Interlingua, Irish, Kaingang, Kala Lagaw Ya, Italian, Jrriais,
Kabyle, Karelian, Kashubian, Kinyarwanda, Kiribati, Kirundi, Klallam, Klamath,
Kurdish, Kwakiutl, Lingala, Latin, Latvian, Lingua Franca Nova, Lithuanian, Livonian,
Lojban, Lombard, Low Saxon, Luxembourgish, Maasai, Makhuwa, Malagasy, Malay,
Maltese, Manx, Mori, Marshallese, Meriam Mir, Mi'kmaq, Mohawk, Montagnais,
Murrinh-Patha, Nahuatl, Nama, Naskapi, Navajo, Naxi, Ngiyambaa, Noongar,
Norwegian, Novial, Occidental, Occitan, O'odham, Old Norse, Ossetian, Piedmontese,
Pitjantjatjara, Polish, Portuguese, Potawatomi, Quechua, Romanian, Romansh,
Romany, Rotuman, Saami/Sami, Saanich, Samoan, Sango, Sardinian, Scots, Scottish
Gaelic, Serbian, Shavante, Shawnee, Sicilian, Sioux, Slovak, Slovene, Slovio, Somali,
Sorbian, Southern Sotho, Spanish, Swahili, Swedish, Tagalog, Tahitian, Tatar,
Taiwanese, Tlingit, Tok Pisin, Tongan, Turkish, Turkmen, Tuvaluan, Tuvan, Twi,
Uyghur, Venetian, Vietnamese, Volapk, Vro, Walloon, Warlpiri, Waray-Waray,
Welsh, Wik-Mungkan, Wiradjuri, Wolof, Xhosa, Yapese, Yindjibarndi, Yolngu,
Yoruba, Zhuang, Zulu
Tifinagh alphabet
Kabyle, Tamazight
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Latin alphabet
Ancient Latin alphabet

Roman alphabet for Latin
Irish uncial alphabet
Old English alphabet
Modern Latin alphabet
Accented letters & special characters
Languages written with the Latin alphabet
Ancient Latin alphabet

The earliest known inscriptions in the Latin alphabet date from the 6th century BC. It
was adapted from the Etruscan alphabet during the 7th century BC. The letters Y and Z
were taken from the Greek alphabet to write Greek loan words. Other letters were
added from time to time as the Latin alphabet was adapted for other languages and
many letters had several different shapes.
Other versions of the Latin alphabet

Ancient Latin, Irish Uncial, Old English
Roman alphabet for Latin

The Romans used just 23 letters to write Latin:
ABCDEFGHIKLMNOPQRSTVXYZ
Page 23 of 61
There were no lower case letters, and K, Y and Z used only for writing words of Greek
origin. The letters J, U and W were added to the alphabet at a later stage to write
languages other than Latin. J is a variant of I, U is a variant of V, and W was
introduced as a 'double-v' to make a distinction between the sounds we know as 'v' and
'w' which was unnecessary in Latin.
Modern Latin alphabet

The modern Latin alphabet consists of 52 letters, including both upper and lower case,
plus 10 numerals, punctuation marks and a variety of other symbols such as &, % and
@. Many languages add a variety of accents to the basic letters, and a few also use
extra letters and ligatures.
The lowercase letters developed from cursive versions of the uppercase letters.
Uppercase
ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Lowercase
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Accented letters & special characters

Accented letters
Many languages supplement the basic Latin alphabet with a variety of accented letters:
These accented letters can have a number of different functions:
Modifying the pronunciation of a letter

Indicating where the stress should fall in a word
Indicating emphasis in a sentence
Indicating pitch or intonation of a word or syllable
Indicating vowel length
Visually distinguishing homophones
Page 24 of 61
Some extra letters
Eth, Thorn, Yogh and Wynn were used in Old English; Eth and Thorn are also used in
Icelandic; the dotless i is used in Turkish, and the schwa is used in Azeri. The other
letters are used in various other languages, particularly those spoken in West Africa.
Ligatures (two or three letters joined together)

These are used in a number of languages including French, German, Icelandic, Croatian
and Dutch:
Page 25 of 61
2. Devanagari alphabet

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The Ngar or Devangar alphabet descended from the Brahmi script sometime around
the 11th century AD. It was originally developed to write Sanksrit but was later adapted
to write many other languages.
The name Devangar is made up of two Sanskrit words: deva, which means god,
brahman or celestial, and ngar, which means city. The name is variously translated as
"script of the city", "heavenly/sacred script of the city" or "[script of the] city of the
Gods or priests". The origins and meaning of the name are uncertain.
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Page 26 of 61
Consonants
Variant letters
Some letters are two forms: the Classical, Northern or Kalikata (Calcutta) form is used
in the north of India; while the Modern, Southern or Mumbai (Bombay) form is used in
the south India and has become the standard form
Page 27 of 61
A selection of conjunct consonants

There are about a thousand conjunct consonants, most of which combine two or three
consonants. There are also some with four-consonant conjuncts and at least one wellknown conjunct with five consonants.
Numerals
Page 28 of 61
3. Arabic alphabet
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Origin
The Arabic script evolved from the Nabataean Aramaic script. It has been used since
the 4th century AD, but the earliest document, an inscription in Arabic, Syriac and
Greek, dates from 512 AD. The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic,
so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing
letters in order to avoid ambiguities. Further diacritics indicating short vowels were
introduced, but are only generally used to ensure the Qur'an was read aloud without
mistakes.
There are two main types of written Arabic:
1. Classical Arabic - the language of the Qur'an and classical literature. It differs
from Modern Standard Arabic mainly in style and vocabulary, some of which is
archaic. All Muslims are expected to recite the Qur'an in the original language,
however many rely on translations in order to understand the text.
2. Modern Standard Arabic - the universal language of the Arabic-speaking
world which is understood by all Arabic speakers. It is the language of the vast
majority of written material and of formal TV shows, lectures, etc.
Each Arabic speaking country or region also has its own variety of colloquial spoken
Arabic. These colloquial varieties of Arabic appear in written form in some poetry,
cartoons and comics, plays and personal letters. There are also translations of the bible
into most varieties of colloquial Arabic.
Arabic has also been written with the Hebrew, Syriac and Latin scripts.
Notable Features
The Arabic alphabet contains 28 letters. Some additional letters are used in
Arabic when writing placenames or foreign words containing sounds which do
not occur in Standard Arabic, such as /p / or /g /.
Words are written in horizontal lines from right to left, numerals are written
from left to right
Most letters change form depending on whether they appear at the beginning,
middle or end of a word, or on their own.
Letters that can be joined are always joined in both hand-written and printed
Arabic. The only exceptions to this rule are crossword puzzles and signs in
which the script is written vertically.
The long vowels /a:/, /i:/ and /u:/ are represented by the letters 'alif, y' \ and
ww respectively.
Vowel diacritics, which are used to mark short vowels, and other special
symbols appear only in the Qur'an. They are also used, though with less
Page 29 of 61
consistency, in other religious texts, in classical poetry, in textbooks children

and foreign learners, and occasionally in complex texts to avoid ambiguity.
Sometimes the diacritics are used for decorative purposes in book titles,
letterheads, nameplates, etc.
Arabic consonants
Arabic vowel diacritics and other symbols
Arabic numerals and numbers

These numerals are those used when writing Arabic and are written from left to right.
In Arabic they are known as "Indian numbers" (`_a d`efg arqa-m hindiyyah). The term
'Arabic numerals' is also used to refer to 1, 2, 3, etc.
Page 30 of 61
The first set of numbers are Modern Standard Arabic. The others are Moroccan Arabic.
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Arabic script for Sindhi (
Sindhi is an Indo-Aryan language with about 17 million speakers in the south-eastern

province of Sind in Pakistan and about 2.8 million people in India.
The Sindhi language first appeared in writing in the 8th century AD. Sindhi literature,
in particular lyric poetry, began to appear towards the end of the 15th century. During
the 19th century, the Landa script was adapted to write Sindhi.
Page 31 of 61
The modern Sindhi abjad is based on the version of the Perso-Arabic script used to
write Urdu and was adopted, under British influence, in 1852. In India Sindhi is also
written with the Devanagari script.
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Page 32 of 61
Urdu ($)
Urdu is an Indo-Aryan language with about 104 million speakers, including those who
speak it as a second language. It is the national language of Pakistan and is closely
related to Hindi, though a lot of Urdu vocabulary comes from Persian and Arabic,
which is not the case for Hindi.
Urdu is also spoken in Afghanistan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Botswana, Fiji, Germany,
Guyana, India, Malawi, Mauritius, Nepal, Norway, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, South
Africa, Thailand, the UAE, the UK and Zambia.
Urdu has been written with a version of the Perso-Arabic script since the 12th century
and is normally written in Nastaliq style. The word Urdu is Turkish for 'foreign' or
'horde'.
Page 33 of 61
Urdu numerals
Page 34 of 61
Section C

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Page 35 of 61

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Page 36 of 61

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Marwari normal LETTERS.
Marwari additional LETTERS.
Marwari aspirated LETTERS.
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Page 38 of 61

Marwari LETTERS for VOWELS.
Symbol for Nasalized Vowels.

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; .6
& g Devanagari type f
& g $ 5
& 0 <+ ~N ; [ Q
& ] `j + L Z

< q e
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.
...

Page 40 of 61

M
0& A x y ( O) ;
F
o
j d .

l
.E [ Q& g $ g v
1 0
L
$ T
Marwari alphabet from Latin script

J-j
P-p
Z-z
H-h
W-w
N-n
Y-y
j
S-s
M-m
D-d
K-k
G-g
B-b
R-r
L-l
T-t
F-f
X-x
Jh-jh
Zh-zh
z
Lh-lh
l
h-h
Ph-ph
p
h-h
Gh-gh
h-h
h-h
Rh-rh
Kh-kh
k
Xh-xh
Th-th
t
h-h
h-h
Nh-nh
n
Bh-bh
b
Dh-dh
d
Sh-sh
s
Mh-mh
m
Page 41 of 61
h-h
h-h

h-h

U-u
O-o
A-a
E-e
e
I-i
i
G
' * _
) 2
.{ ; F [
,* )

J > ,* [ ] o
f Nasalization
j l
' * _
8 9
xy

Q
& g m ,* .W <N d r Left to Right 0 Q$ 7 f
& 0 A ,* -:.

& "
G
aspirated ; F G
: 1 `j + {
T
D HG m [ Q
& g $ g v Q<+ " $ ; F [
G
) 1 aspirated ? LM + )
o
9
; F Q<+ " $ i W D
*) 2
& h [ H _ f {
j :
g
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J
+ pq O
xy

c
l

.T
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< UB 6
l
d v
& 0 A ,* .
:UB 6
FG
O

0

.{
World level 2
.{ l
j d 7 ; Script &$& & z 3
: < Q
& g .1
f : < English

D G 0 ; FG
.{ o
*
U > [ Q

& g .2
& 0 o

FG ~T e
0 ~ B <T
6
]

& ~B e
j <5

& 0 [ Q
& g .3
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z
.
<+ pq O
:.
G
j !
z :a G :" < `j : )* 0 < l
; F : )* 0 < .1
0
~
8 9 ')* Q
t
7 B
O ` r
> [ Q
& g Latin type f : < 7 7 n
Page 42 of 61

xy 0
?
Fxy y
= 6
Q L L n W A
Hq Z .
; F
U
& V Z ; V Z
y
9
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UB ) " Z
V ; W < N &0 > z e
0

O
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@
& z < $ 2
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F : *) 0 < .2
& g o
O
xy ] y
)
G UB o
@ &0 [ Q
& g Latin type 2 . ; F ; F
j : o
]
. ; F
0
G
j !
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o
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; F : *) 0 < .3
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9
.
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2

g QE
Q F G Q &
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; F [ $ < z .
0
d [ Q
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xy 0 F] ?
1 v
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l
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Q
xy
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v

: o

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& 0 [
j
& 0 A z < $ f

L
G
xz 0 D
] Z .
. $ 9 7 j
V e
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&
G
L
Q
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.$
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& g $ 5
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<q e
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.

...

xy
xy Q<+ " $
n T

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W `1 Q < O m
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G
)
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z & ' 3

o
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09
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j 1
m [ Q
z
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F
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& A $

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t

+
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G
L L M
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6

j + ; F l
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Page 43 of 61
M
N

)
xy
1
.T
m
0 o
U >
l
L ~ .
& g
j [ Q
& 0 A z & ' 3
Marwari alphabet from Arabic based Sindhi script

Page 44 of 61

G
) 2
. z E )

J ,* ; F [ ,* [ ]o
f Nasalization
j l
0
xy
xy

f
o
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& 0 A ,* -:.

& "
9
)

)
l
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M
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j
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0
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c
l

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< UB 6
l
d v
& 0 A ,* .
UB 6

y
G
. l
j d r
&0 `1 <[
Q
z ; F z * [ H_ .1
& g & ' B & z
Page 45 of 61
<+ pq O
.
G
q
v
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z Q$ Q
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9
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z
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<+ $< ; .

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xy
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F &0
O 0
G 1
1 ;
.;
F $&
3

[ Q
rG m
& 0 Ax y $ & ' 3

l
F 1
& g
j
Marwari alphabet from Arabic based Urdu script

Page 46 of 61
1
0
6
5

2
3
4
-
.
/

Page 47 of 61
G
) 2
E )
J ,* [(: ; O ) : ] ;
F [
,* o
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0
xy
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o
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& 0 A ,* -:.

& "
9
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M
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j
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H

0

*

< ; A
& 6 m
d A T A
? ' _ 2j .T
l
& 6 m
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xy

c
l

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m ld o
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9

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6
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f .$
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Page 48 of 61

9

G
&0 `
1 <78 f :" < Q
$ l
d 7
" ; F : *)0 [ ,* .5
y

.l
j d *
<+ pq O
.
xy ] 0 _ O
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; F ; F
<+ " $
[ Q
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78 9 f
. d ; F
z
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G
Q
$ 5
;
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G
.
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o

, v -
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Ax* ; l ? LM ,*
& g n W
j : < Q

H O

.o
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> Writing systems
j d0 ` v -
1.
Arabic alphabet
2.
Latin alphabet
3.
Devanagari alphabet
AaBbCc
G 0 xy
j d0 ` 7 'O 0 e
~ N : G $ m $ z v ;
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F

& A 3
[ $ .1
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xy
t + ; L v ; F G & Axy : N :
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r
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z
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j : <
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g
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: 5
7'j g 1 O [ Q
_
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j
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G L 78 9 $G
o
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Page 49 of 61
Section D

Proposal
Page 50 of 61

]
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G
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j : <
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G 9 0 9 x
F

9

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V
Z ; F ( 7 8
;
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z & ' 3
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G .
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y F *
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Page 51 of 61
)
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Page 52 of 61
%
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Page 53 of 61
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Page 54 of 61
O
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2. Kashali house, Model Town, Near Marvi Kanta, Sindhri Road Mirpurkhas.
E-mail: youniskashali@gmail.com
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Marwari Language & Resource Center Pakistan

MARWARI WRITING-SYSTEM PROPOSAL

Re-Published on this 2012 A.D.

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

 78 9 7' )*

  m : < Q

 [   '  O  3  :n<N o

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g v : < Q

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

T  e , 10 f : 

 m :  *) 0 < )

The Marwari languages are a subgroup of the Rajasthani language of

 Z ?<+   3  `j f E , T

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

Q& r .10

.0    T r 9 .4 (`& & ) `& & Z

0 < /d0 0 < .4

Dhatki, also known as Dhati or Thari, is a sociolect of Marwari dialect of

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

: r  { > :u

Upper sindh region

Lower Sindh region

Very Upper area/ Punjab region

Over Indus/ Balochistan region

0 < /d0 0 < .4

.& g .4 .& .3 .0 < .2 .1 .1

yL jM  Q

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

I*J { *  m : < Q

Long Vowel Short Vowel

Short Vowel Long Vowel

2. Marwari Nasalized Vowel Chart.

Long Vowel Short Vowel

Short Vowel Long Vowel

Marwari words in IPA

Marwari as a written language

  7 8 jD i0  E ,

$  & r  e ? Z  .m e

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

<q Example '

Bengali alphabet (Eastern Nagari / Eastern Neo-Brahmic script)

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics

Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script

Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

 z $ < v

 j g6 >  ? aG 0  H o

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and Devanagari alphabet

Ge'ez (Ethiopic) script and Georgian (Mkhedruli) alphabet

jD i0 E Writing system 3  78 9 7' )*

Script < [ 

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

& 0 A x y  Q<+ " $ o

Proposal for Marwari writing system by Kashali

Ancient Latin alphabet

Ancient Latin alphabet

Other versions of the Latin alphabet

Roman alphabet for Latin

78 9 7' )*

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jD i0 E Writing system 3 78 9 7' )*

Script < [

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