CHUYN LUYN THI HC SINH GII

MC LC
Trang
Li ni u ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Phn 1: CC BI VIT TRAO I KINH NGHIM DY VT L ................. 3
A.1. GII THIU MT S BI TP PHN TNH IN C TH GII BNG PHNG
PHP DNG CC NH LUT BO TON .............................................................................. 3
A.2. MT S KIN THC NNG CAO V C HC VT RN ......................................... 7
Phn 2: BI TP C HC THEO CH ........................................................................... 56
Ch 1: Cng Cng sut Nng lng .......................................................................... 56
Ch 2: Lc hp dn. V tinh .................................................................................................. 65
Ch 3: Cc nh lut bo ton ................................................................................................ 71
Ch 4: Tnh hc ............................................................................................................................... 78
Phn 3: THI DO CC TRNG NGH ...............................................................94
1: Trng THPT chuyn tnh H Giang .......................................................................... 94
2: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Lng Sn .......................................................................... 97
3: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Sn La ............................................................................. 101
4: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Vnh Phc ..................................................................... 107
5: Trng THPT chuyn tnh Cao Bng ....................................................................... 111
Phn 4: OLYMPIC TRI H HNG VNG LN TH NM ............. 115
1
Li ni u
Khoa hc mun mu, tr tu bao gi cng c nh gi tm cao nht. Bi tr tu
chnh l cm hng ca lng am m, nhit huyt v s s chia. Trong Vt l hn l lnh
vc m s thch thc vi tr tu nhn loi ni chung v nhng nh Vt l n ring cha ng
nhiu chng gai nht. im li nhng nh khoa hc cho ng gp nhiu nht, nh hng
nhiu nht, ni ting nht khng th thiu nhng nh vt l thin ti t c ch kim. Cho d l
thin ti hay v i, hoc mt nh vt l vi mt ci o s mi bnh thng i trn ph, hay
thm ch l mt gio vin vt l ng vai tr nh mt thy tu ging vt l cho cc hc sinh
ca mnh th h u c chung mt c im - nim vui khi c lm vt l, s s chia cc
thng m h gp phi; v hn th l tt c h u tri qua mt thi hc sinh nh chnh cc
hc sinh ca chng ta vy. Tt c h t hay nhiu tng trn tr v mt vn no , cho
d ngy th n v i, in r n lm ngi khc phi pht cu, hay n gin ch l nhng
vn , bi ton mc ph thng m khng phi lc no cu tr li cng l tho ng.
Khoa hc ni chung hnh thnh trn c s ca s s chia cc tng, nim vui ca
mt tng mi, mt kha cnh mi c pht hin. Vt l cng vy, mi cp tt c
chng ta u to ra nhng sn chi cho ring mnh. Gii hn trong cc hot ng ca vt l
ph thng, chng ta c cc cuc thi cp trng, cp tnh (thnh ph), cp quc gia, khu
vc v quc t. Chng ta c nhng n lc rt ln trn con ng tm n nim am m, v
kh phch ca mt ngi yu vt l ca chnh chng ta bng cch to ra cc cuc giao lu
bng hu. Giao lu cc trng ph thng trong tnh; giao lu ca cc hc sinh chuyn cc
tnh vi nhau; hay giao lu ca cc trng ph thng trong v ngoi nc di nhiu tn gi
khc nhau v nhiu hnh thc giao lu na. Tt c u hot ng trn c s sit cht tnh on
kt, ni rng vng tay, v chia s cc tng, kinh nghim trong hc tp v li sng. Trong
khun kh ca Tri h Hng Vng chng ta c gng rt nhiu trong duy tr v pht huy
tnh tch cc mang trn mnh cc ngha .
Gp phn lm cho cc hot ng giao lu cc trng THPT chuyn trung du, min ni
pha Bc ngha, a dng, v phong ph hn. Tri H xin bin tp mt s cc bi vit, thi
ca cc tc gi, cc trng chuyn ca cc tnh thnh mt tp K yu Tri h Hng Vng ln
th su - 2010. thc s l nhng ng gp tm huyt, s s chia mang tnh cng ng m
bt k ngi yu Vt l ni ring, khoa hc ni chung no cng ng l cn thit. N thc
s cng l ti liu tham kho thit thc cho hc sinh ni chung, nhng ngi yu v mun tm
hiu su hn v vt l ph thng ni ring. K yu s cn hu ch hn nu c thm nhng bi
vit ng gp v cc hot ng bn l v nhng kinh nghim chia s trong ging dy. Mong
mun ny xin dnh li cho tp san cc ln sau.
H Ni thng 7/2010
BAN BIN TP
2
Phn 1: CC BI VIT TRAO I KINH NGHIM DY VT L
A.1 GII THIU MT S BI TP PHN TNH IN
C TH GII BNG PHNG PHP DNG CC NH LUT BO TON
Th.S Bi Tun Long
Trng THPT chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th
(Bi vit c s dng mt s t liu ca ng nghip)
I. t vn :
nh lut bo ton nng lng l mt trong nhng nh lut ng n nht ca
vt l hc - m cho n nay cc nh khoa hc vn thy n ng trong nhng iu kin
ngt ngho nht trong phng th nghim.
Vic p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng trong nhiu nhiu bi ton phc tp
v nhiu hin tng t nhin lm cho vn tr nn n gin hn rt nhiu.
Sau y ti xin gii thiu cng ng nghip mt s bi ton tnh in c th gii
bng phng php dng cc nh lut bo ton.
II. Mt s bi ton p dng:
Bi ton 1:
in tch Q c phn b u trn mt mt cu kim loi rn tuyt i vi bn
knh R. Hy xc nh lc F tc dng ln mt n v din tch ca mt t pha in
tch cn li.
Gii:
Theo iu kin mt cu rn tuyt i nn bn knh thc ca n khng th thay
i. Tuy nhin chng ta hy tng tng rng do lc y ca cc in tch cng du,
bn knh mt cu tng ln cht t, c th l mt lng v cng nh R. Mt cu tch
in c tnh cht ca mt t in n gi nguyn in tch m ngi ta truyn cho n.
in th ca mt cu lin h vi in tch ca n bi h thc:
R
Q
V
0
4

. Mt khc,
theo nh ngha in dung ta c V = Q/C, suy ra C = 4
0
R. Nng lng ca t in
ny W = Q
2
/2C = Q
2
/(8
0
R). Nh vy khi tng bn knh mt cu, nng lng ny
gim mt lng:
W = W W =
) ( 8 ) ( 8 8
0
2
0
2
0
2
R R R
R Q
R R
Q
R
Q

Theo nh lut bo ton nng lng, bin thin nng lng ny bng cng
ton phn A do lc y tnh in gia cc yu t ring r ca mt cu thc hin. Gi F
l lc tc dng ln mt n v din tch, ta c: A = F.4R
2
.R. Do :
F.4R
2
.R =
) ( 8
0
2
R R R
R Q

+
. T y lu rng R.<< R, ta tnh c:
3
F =
4
0
2
2
32 R
Q

Bi 2:
Hai vt c kch thc nh, khi lng m
1
v m
2
, mang cc in tch cng du
q
1
v q
2
nm cch nhau mt khong a trong chn khng. Hy tnh cng ca lc in
trng khi th ng thi c hai in tch cho chng t do chuyn ng. Xt trng hp
cc khi lng bng nhau v trng hp cc khi lng khng bng nhau.
Gii:
a) Trng hp khi lng cc ht bng nhau:
Do lc tng tc nh nhau, gia tc cc ht nh nhau. Chng ng thi c th
ra, nn cc in tch lun i xng qua khi tm chung, nm chnh gia on a ban
u.
Gi x l cc khong cch tc thi t mi in tch n khi tm. Cng dch
chuyn mi in tch i ra n v cng bng:
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2
0 0 0 / 2 / 2 / 2
1
4 (2 ) 16 8
a a a
q q q q q q dx
A Fdx
x x a

_


,

Suy ra cng ton phn ca lc in trng khi cho c hai in tch ng thi chuyn
ng ra xa v cng bng:
1 2
1 2 1
0
2
4
q q
A A A A
a
+
b) Trng hp cc khi lng m
1
, m
2
khc nhau:
Khi gia tc ca hai vt l khc nhau. Tuy nhin theo nh lut bo ton khi
tm:
1 1 2 2
1 1 2 2 2 1 1 2
2 1 2 1 2
m x m ( )
m x m m
x x x x x l
m m m m m
+ +
+ +
v
1
2
1 2
m
x l
m m

+
.
vi l k khong cch tc thi gia hai in tch.
Gi khong cch ban u t khi tm n cc in tch l a
1
v a
2
, ta c cng dch
chuyn in tch q
1
ra xa v cng bng:
1
1 2 2 1 2 2
1 1 1 2
0 1 2 0 1 2
1
4 4
a a
q q m q q m dl
A Fdx
m m l m m a


+ +

Tng t cng cho in tch q
2
:
1 2 1
2
0 1 2
1
4
q q m
A
m m a

+
Th nng tng tc ban u gia hai in tch c chuyn hon ton thnh
cng ca hai in tch ra xa v cng:
4
1 2
1 2
0
1
W
4
t
q q
A A
a
+
Nhn xt: d cho mt hay c hai in tch ca h dch chuyn ra xa v cng th
cng ca lc in trng cng ch bng th nng ca mt in tch ny trong in
trng ca mt in tch kia khi chng cch nhau mt khong r.
Bi 3:
Mt tm c hng s in mi 3 nm gia hai bn ca mt t in phng,
chon ht th tch ca t in. T in c mc vo mt ngun c
sut in ng U = 100V qua mt in tr. Sau tm c y ra
khi t in tht nhanh, n mc in tch trn t in cha kp bin
thin.
Hi phn nng lng to ra trong mch sau di dng nhit
bng bao nhiu? Bit in dung ca t in khi cha c in mi la C
0
= 100F.
Gii:
Khi va nh bt tm in mi ra khi t in, in dung ca t in cn bng
C
0
, nhng in tch trn t v l q
1
= CE =

C
0
U. Do nng lng ca t in ngay
sau khi in mi b nh bt bng:
2 2 2
0 0
1
0
( )
W
2 2
C U C U
C


Sau in tch ca t cn li: q
2
= C
0
U ph hp vi in dung mi, nn c mt
in lng q = q
1
q
2
chy qua ngun ngc chiu lc l, do ngun tiu th mt
cng:
2
1 2 0
. ( ) ( 1) A qU q q U C U
ng thi nng lngca t in ch cn bng:
2
0
2
W
2
C U

p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng ta thu c nhit lng to ra trn mch sau
khi y tm in mi ra ngoi:
2 2 2 2
2 0 0
1 2 0
( 1) ( 1)
W W ( 1) 2
2 2
C U C U
Q A C U J

Mt s bi tp khc:
Bi 4:
Mt t in phng c hai bn t bng kim loi din tch S, in mi khng kh.
Tch in cho t bi hiu in th U. Tnh lc ht gia hai bn t?
Gi gii:
Bi ton ny chng ta p dng nh bi ton 1.
- Tnh nng lng ban u ca t (W).
5
- Gi s ko hai bn t ra xa nhau mt khong rt nh x
- Tnh nng lng ca t khi dnh chuyn mt on nh x (W). chnh
lch nng lng hai v tr W = /W W/ chnh bng cng dnh chuyn hai
bn t ra xa nhau mt khong x v bng cng cn ca lc ht gia hai bn t.
- T cc kt qu trn ta tnh c: F.x = W
Bi 5:
Mt tm ng dy b c a vo mt t phng c din tch
bn l S. Chiu dy tm ng bng na khong cch gia cc bn.
a) Hi in dung sau khi a tm ng vo?
b) Hi cng thc hin khi a tm ng vo? Tm b ht vo
hay phi y n vo?
Gi gii:
Khi a tm ng vo ga hai bn t ta c b 2 t ghp ni tip. Hc sinh
dng tnh c in dung ca b t ny. So snh nng lng ca t ghp ny vi nng
lng ca t ban u (cha a bn ng vo) chng ta s tnh c cng thc hin
a tm ng vo, v s bit c tm ng b ht vo hay phi y n vo (ch :
mi vt u c xu hng tn ti vi trng thi c mc nng lng thp nht - mc bn
vng nht).
Li kt:
Trong khun kh mt vi trang vit khng th ni ht c cc vn . Tuy
nhin chng ti hy vng rng cung cp c mt s bi tp cho cc em hc sinh v
cc thy gio tham kho. Mong c s gp , trao i ca cc bn.
6
A.2 MT S KIN THC NNG CAO V C HC VT RN
Trn Vn Hng
Trng THPT chuyn Bc Giang
I. B TR KIN THC TON.
1. Tch c hng ca hai vect:

c a b
r
r r
l mt vc t c
- Phng vung gc vi mt phng cha ( )
a,b
r
r
.
- Chiu tun theo quy tc inh c: quay ci inh c theo chiu t a
r
n
b
r
th chiu
tin ca ci inh c l chiu ca c
r
.
- ln
c a.b.sin
r
din tch hnh bnh hnh OADB.
- Nu a
r
//
b
r
th c
r
= 0
r
2. Mmen ca 1 vc t.
Mmen ca
V
r
i vi im O l tch c hng
ca bn knh r
r
vi vc t
V
r
:
k hiu :
O
M (V) r V
r r r
r
- C phng mt phng cha r
r
v
V
r
- C chiu c xc nh theo quy tc inh c.
- C ln M r.V.sin V.d vi d = OH (d: l
cnh tay n ca
V
r
)
Tnh cht:
+ Nu
V
r
// r
r
th
O
M (V)
r r
= 0
r
+
1 2 1 2 O O O
M (V V ) M (V ) M (V ) + +
r r r r r r r
+
2 O O
M ( V) M (V
r r r r
) l hng s
+ Nu
1 2
V V +
r r
= 0
r

1 2 O
M (V V ) +
r r r
= 0
r
II. C S L THUYT V VT RN
1. KHI NIM VT RN
- Vt rn tuyt i l vt m khong cch gia hai im bt k ca n khng i. - Vt
rn c th xem nh mt h cht im. Vt rn tuyt i thng c xem l h cht
im lin kt cht ch vi nhau.
- Khi nim vt rn ch l tng i.
2. LI CH CA KHI NIM VT RN
- nghin cu mt h cht no y, ta phi c trng chuyn ng ca tng im
ca h, iu ny khin ta phi ng chm n mt s rt nhiu thng s dn n nhng
php tnh rc ri kh g.
7
b
r
A D
B
c
r
a
r
M
uur
O
V
r
H
r
r

P
- Nu h c xem nh vt rn, s thng s phi tnh n tr nn va phi: Nhiu nht
l 6 thng s l xc nh chuyn ng ca vt rn hoc ca h quy chiu gn vi
vt rn.
- Trong nhiu bi ton c th coi vn rn nh mt cht im.
3. CC DNG CHUYN NG C BN CA VT RN
- Chuyn ng tnh tin.
- Chuyn ng quay xung quanh mt trc c nh.
- Chuyn ng song phng.
4. CC VN CN CH TRONG KHO ST CHUYN NG CA VT
RN:
4.1. Cc ch v ng hc v ng lc hc vt rn:
Cc i lng ,
0
, , l i lng c trng cho chuyn ng quay ca vt
rn. Trong mt h quy chiu, c gi tr nh nhau vi cc trc quay bt k song song
vi nhau.
Cc i lng
v a a a
n t

; ; ;
ch c trng cho mt im trn vt rn.
Gia chuyn ng quay ca vt rn v chuyn ng tnh tin c cc i lng
vt l tng ng nhau: [1]
Cc i lng lin quan n chuyn ng ca mt cht im (hay chuyn ng
tnh tin ca vt rn) c gi l nhng i lng di.
Cc i lng lin quan n chuyn ng quay ca mt vt rn quanh mt trc
c gi l nhng i lng gc.
Cc i lng di: Cc i lng gc:
- Gia tc. - Gia tc gc.
- Vn tc. - Vn tc gc.
- Lc. - Momen lc.
- ng lng. - Momen ng lng.
Nu i lng di l i lng vect th cc i lng gc tng ng cng l i
lng vect.
nh l phn b vn tc:
Xt vt rn P dch chuyn trong h quy chiu (HQC) O.
Xt hai im bt k trn vt rn l A v B. Gi l vn tc gc quay ca vt rn trong
h quy chiu O. H thc quan trng gia cc vn tc ca A v B ca vt rn ti mt
thi im cho trc l: AB v v
A B
+

(1)
4.2. c im ca lc tc dng ln vt rn
Lc tc dng ln vt rn th im t l ty trn gi.
H lc tc dng ln vt rn (
1 F

,
2 F

,
3 F

...) c th tm c hp lc hoc khng

tm c hp lc. Cn phn bit hp lc v tng vc t cc lc.
8
L thuyt v thc nghim cho thy, c th xy ra mt trong ba trng hp (TH) di
y:
TH1: Vt ch chuyn ng tnh tin ging nh mt cht im. Trong trng hp ny
h lc tng ng vi mt lc duy nht t ti khi tm v tng cc lc cng l hp
lc.
TH2: Vt ch quay quanh mt trc i qua khi tm. Trong trng hp ny h lc
tng ng vi mt ngu lc m nh ta bit khng th tm c hp lc ca n.
V h lc khng c hp lc nn ta phi ni l tng cc lc tc dng vo vt bng 0,
cn tng cc momen lc i vi mt trc i qua khi tm th khc khng v do vt
ch quay quanh khi tm ng yn (nu lc u vt ng yn).
TH3: Vt va chuyn ng tnh tin, va quay quanh khi tm. Trong trng hp ny,
h lc tng ng vi mt lc t ti khi tm v mt ngu lc. Do , lc tng
ng t khi tm khng phi l hp lc m ch l tng cc lc.
Cch xc nh tng cc lc: S dng cc phng php:
phng php hnh hc. Gi s vt rn chu ba
lc ng thi tc dng l
1 F

,
2 F

v
3 F

(H.4.2a). Ly mt
im P bt k trong khng gian lm im t ca lc, ta v
cc lc
1 ' F

,
2
' F

v
3
' F

song song, cng chiu v cng

ln vi cc lc
1 F

,
2 F

v
3 F

(H.4.2b). Dng quy tc hnh

bnh hnh ta tm c hp lc ca h lc ng quy
1 ' F

,
2
' F

v
3
' F

. Hp lc ny l tng cc lc ca h lc
1 F

,
2 F

v
3 F

.
Phng php i s: Chn mt h trc to -cc (Ox, Oy) nm trong mt
phng ca vt ri chiu cc lc
1 F

,
2 F

,
3 F

ln cc trc to . Tng ca cc lc l mt
lc

F
, c hnh chiu ln cc trc to bng tng i s ca hnh chiu ca cc lc
1 F

,
2 F

v
3 F

ln cc trc :
F
x
= F
1x
+ F
2x
+ F
3x
= F
ix
.
F
y
= F
1y
+ F
2y
+ F
3y
= F
iy
.
Tm li, tng cc lc l mt lc ch tng ng vi h lc v tc dng gy ra
chuyn ng tnh tin cho vt rn m thi.
9
4.3. Biu thc vct mmen lc i vi mt trc quay. [1]
Biu thc ca momen lc i vi trc quay c
vit di dng vect nh sau:
t F r M


, trong ,
t F

l thnh phn tip tuyn ca lc

F
vi qu o
chuyn ng ca im t M ca vect lc, cn

r

=

OM
l vect bn knh ca im t M (H.4.3).
Theo tnh cht ca tch c hng ca hai vect th
ba vect

r
,
t F

M
to thnh mt tam din thun. Theo , vect momen

M
c
phng vung gc vi mt phng cha

r
v
t F

, tc l c phng ca trc quay . V

th momen lc l mt i lng gc v c biu din bng mt vect nm dc theo
trc quay (vect trc).
Nu chn chiu dng cho trc quay (ph hp vi chiu dng ca chuyn ng
quay) th momen lc l i lng i s. Momen lc c gi tr dng nu vect

M
cng chiu vi chiu dng ca trc quay v ngc li.
SGK ch trnh by momen lc nh mt i lng i s ging nh trnh by vn tc
gc v gia tc gc.
4.4. nh l Steiner v Mmen qun tnh khi chuyn trc quay.
Xt vi trc quay song song vi trc quay
G
qua khi tm G ca vt rn, chng
cch nhau mt khong d. Khi lng vt rn l M, m men qun tnh ca vt rn i
vi trc quay l I c xc nh qua m men qun tnh I
G
i vi trc quay
G
I = I
G
+ Md
2
(4.4)
(nh l St-n (Steiner) hay nh l Huy-ghen (Huyghens)).
4.5. nh lut Niu-tn II cho chuyn ng tnh tin v chuyn ng quay
4.5.1. Trong trng hp tng qut, khi chu cc lc tc dng, vt rn va chuyn ng
tnh tin va quay quanh khi tm.
tm gia tc

a
ca chuyn ng tnh tin (cng l gia tc

a
ca khi tm), ta p
dng phng trnh:

F
= m

a
, (1)
hay: F
x
= ma
x
v F
y
= ma
y
(1.b)
tm gia tc gc ca chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc i qua khi tm, ta p dng
phng trnh:

M = I
G

, (2)
hay: M = I
G
(dng i s).
10
Hnh 4.3
4.5.2. iu kin cn bng tng qut ch l trng hp ring ca hai phng trnh (1) v
(2) khi

a
=

0
v

0
. Nu ban u vt ng yn th vt tip tc ng yn. Ta c
trng thi cn bng tnh.
Cn ch l, khi vt trng thi cn bng tnh th

M
= 0 khng ch i vi trc i
qua khi tm, m i vi c mt trc bt k.
4.5.3. i vi mt vt rn quay quanh mt trc c nh th chuyn ng tnh tin ca
vt b kh bi phn lc ca trc quay.
4.6. Nng lng ca vt rn.
4.6.1. Th nng ca vt rn:
Xt vi vt rn tuyt i, trong trng trng c gia tc g, Z l cao ca khi tm G
tnh t mt mc no , vt rn c th nng bng th nng ca khi tm mang tng
khi lng ca vt rn: U = MgZ. (4.5.1)
4.6.2. ng nng ca vt rn:
- Khi vt rn quay xung quanh mt trc quay c nh : K = I

.
2
(4.5.2)
Ch : Nu trc quay khng qua khi tm G, cn xc nh I

qua I
G
bi nh l
Sten (4.4)
- Trng hp tng qut: K = I
G
.
2
+ M.V
G
2
"ng nng ton phn ca vt rn bng tng ng nng tnh tin ca khi tm mang
khi lng ca c vt v ng nng quay ca n xung quanh trc i qua khi tm".
4.6.3. nh lut bo ton c nng:
Khi cc lc tc dng ln vt rn l lc th, th c nng E ca h vt rn c
bo ton: K + U = const.
Nu trong qu trnh bin i ca h t trng thi 1 sang trng thi 2, c lc ma st, lc
cn... tc dng m ta tnh c cng A ca cc lc y th c th p dng nh lut bo
ton nng lng di dng: E
2 -
E
1
= A.
4.7. Bi ton chuyn ng ln khng trt
Xt mt bnh xe c bn knh R c
tm C dch chuyn trn mt t nm
ngang c nh trong h quy chiu O, tt c
lun lun nm trong mt phng thng
ng.
Gi im A l im tip xc ca bnh xe
vi mt t thi im t.
C th phn bit ba im ni tip xc:
im A
S
ca t c nh trong HQC O.
11
C
M
O
A = A
s
= A
R
y
x
im A
R
ca bnh xe, khi bnh xe quay th thi im sau y im ny khng
tip xc vi t na.
im hnh hc A xc nh ch tip xc.
R rng thi im t, ba im c nhng vn tc khc nhau trong HQC O.
Vn tc ca im A
S
ca t r rng l bng khng.
Vn tc ca im hnh hc A bng vn tc ca tm C ca bnh xe v C v A
lun trn cng mt ng thng ng.
Vn tc ca im A
R
ca bnh xe tha mn:
CA v v
C A
R
+

Vn tc
R
A
v

gi l vn tc trt ca bnh xe trn mt t (ch mt t l c nh).

Bnh xe gi l ln khng trt khi
0
R
A
v

.
im A
R
ca bnh xe tip xc vi mt t khi c vn tc bng 0 thi im
tip xc. Trong nhng iu kin ny mi vic xy ra nh l gia hai thi im gn
nhau t v t + dt bnh xe quay quanh mt trc qua A v vung gc vi mt phng xOy,
trc ny c gi l trc quay tc thi ca bnh xe. A gi l tm quay tc thi.
Khi ln khng trt, c cc h thc lin h: v
G
= R; qung ng dch chuyn c
ca tm C trn mt t v cung cong A
R
A
R
trn chu vi bnh xe l bng nhau.
III. H THNG BI TP KINH IN V CHUYN NG CA VT RN
Bi 1. Kho st chuyn ng ca mt vnh trn trn mt phng
Mt vnh trn mnh bn knh R khi lng M phn
b u. Trn vnh mt trong c gn mt vt nh khi
lng m (hnh v). Ko cho vnh ln khng trt trn mt
ngang sao cho tm ca vnh c vn tc v
0
. Hi v
0
phi tho
mn iu kin g vnh khng ny ln? Lc tc dng ln
vnh ko vnh chuyn ng vi vn tc khng i (nh gi thit) khng c thnh
phn thng ng?
Bi gii
+ Khi m v tr bt k, lc tc dng vo m c P v F
lc m vnh tc dng vo m. C th phn tch lc F
thnh hai phn: N c phng trng vi bn knh vnh
trn, chiu hng tm, Q c phng tip tuyn vi
vng (hnh v).
nh lut II: m N Q P a + + (1)
12
N P
Q
Chiu (1) theo Q v theo
N

'

R
mv
N P
P Q
2
0
cos
sin

+Thnh phn lc F tc dng vo m theo phng thng ng: F

y
= Qsin - N cos (3) .
T (2) v (3) ta c:
cos cos cos sin
2
0
2
0 2
R
mv
P P
R
mv
P F
y

,
_

.
(F
y
)
max
khi = 0 vt v tr cao nht, F
y
hng xung vi (F
y
)
max
= P -
R
mv
2
0
.
Theo nh lut III lc tc dng t m vo vnh M c phng ngc vi F
y
, (F
y
hng
xung):
(F
y
)
max
= - (F
y
)
max
=
R
mv
2
0
-P . Vnh khng ny ln khi:
gR
M
m
v Mg P
R
mv
Mg F
y

,
_

+ 1 ) (
0
2
0
max
'
Bi 2. Kho st chuyn ng ca khi tr trong tng tc vi hai mt phng
Mt hnh tr c khi M c b tr thnh c h nh hnh v, h s ma st ca
hnh tr vi mt phng ngang l
1
, vi mt phng ngang l
2.
mt phng ngang
chuyn ng u v pha tri, cn phi tc ng vo mt phng ngang mt lc F nh
nht l bao nhiu xy ra iu trn.
Li gii:
Hnh tr c hai kh nng quay hay khng quay.
Gi s tr quay:
Khi mt phng ngang chuyn ng
u th tr quay u v gia tc ca
khi tr bng khng
Ta c: + Tng cc Moment lc i
vi trc quay qua khi tm bng 0:
F
1
= F
2
= F
+ Theo phng ngang:
Nsin - F
2
cos -F
1
= 0 (1)
+ Theo phng thng ng:
N
1
Mg N
2
cos - F
2
sin = 0 (2)
13
Rt gn biu thc ta thu c:
F N
N Mg N
2
1 2
sin
1 cos

+
'

(3)
Nhn xt F, N
1
, N
2
ph thuc vo
1
,
2
, v c hai trng hp c th xy ra:
Trng hp 1.

1
N
1
>
2
N
2
, hnh tr quay, F =
2
N
2

Khi d t (3):
2 2 2
cos 1
sin
N N

+
1.a/

cos 1
sin
+
>
2
=> N
2
= 0, F = 0 vi iu kin
1
N
1
>
2
N
2
vi mi gi tr ca

1
,
2
.
1.b/

cos 1
sin
+
<
2
, khi hnh tr b kt, iu kin
1
N
1
>
2
N
2
xy ra vi
1
>
2
.
Trng hp 2.

1
N
1
<
2
N
2
, hnh tr khng quay c F =
1
N
1
.
T (3) suy ra:
1 1 2
cos 1
sin
N N

1
(Mg + N
2
) = N
2

cos 1
sin
+
. Tm ra N
2
=
1
1
cos 1
sin

+
Mg
2.a/

cos 1
sin
1
+

, khi tr b kt, iu kin

1
N
1
>
2
N
2
khi
1
<
2
.
2.b/

cos 1
sin
1
+
<
, khi F =
1
N
1
=
1
( N
2
+ Mg). Hay: F =

sin
cos 1
1
1
1
+

Mg
iu kin
1
N
1
<
2
N
2
xy ra khi

cos 1
sin
2
+
>

2
N
2
>
1
( N
2
+ Mg)
nh gi:
Biu din kt qu qua th, th
biu din mt phng
1
,
2
chia lm 3
min
- Min 1: ng vi trng hp (1.a)
- Min 2: ng vi trng hp (1.b ) v (2.a) hnh tr b kt nn F =
- Min 3: ng vi trng hp (2.b),
F =

sin
cos 1
1
1
1
+

Mg
14
* =

cos 1
sin
+
Bi 3. Vt rn c lin kt rng rc
C hai rng rc l hai a trn gn ng trc . Rng rc ln c khi lng m =
200g, bn knh R
1
= 10cm. Rng rc nh c khi lng m = 100g, bn knh R
2
= 5cm.
Trn rnh hai rng rc c hai dy ch qun ngc chiu nhau khi m
1
i xung m
2
i
ln hoc ngc li. u dy ca rng rc ln mang khi lng m
1
= 300g, u dy
ca rng rc nh mang khi lng m
2
= 250g. Th cho h chuyn ng t trng thi
ng yn Ly g = 10m/s
2
.
a. Tnh gia tc ca cc vt m
1
v m
2
.
b. Tnh lc cng ca mi dy treo.
Li gii
P
1
= m
1
g > P
2
= m
2
g, nn m
1
i xung, m
2
i
ln. Phng trnh chuyn ng ca m
1
v m
2
:
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
; a m T P a m T P + + (1)
Chiu (1) theo chiu (+) l chiu chuyn ng
ca m
1
v m
2
:
) 2 (
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1

'

a m g m T
a m T g m
Vi rng rc T
1
R
1
- T
2
R
2
= I (3).
I = 2 1
2
2
1
1 2
2
2
1
2 ; ;
2
1
2
1
a a
R
a
R
a
mR mR +
.
+ Nhn (2a) vi R
1
, (2b) vi R
2
, ri cng hai v (2) v (3):
m
1
gR
1
- m
2
gR
2
= m
1
a
1
R
1
+ m
2
a
2
R
2
+ I = a
2
2
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
2
2
2 2 1 1
2
) (
2
R
I
R m R m
g R m R m
a
R
I
R m R m
+ +
+

,
_

+ +

thay s ta c:
a
2
= 1,842 (m/s
2
); a
1
= 2a
2
= 3,68 (m/s
2
)
+ Thay a
1,
a
2
vo (2) ta c
T
1
= 1,986 (N); T
2
= 2,961 (N)
Bi 4. ng lc hc vt rn c lin kt rng rc gii bng
phng php s dng LBT Moment xung lng
Hai vt nng P
1
v P
2
c buc vo hai dy qun vo
hai tang ca mt ti bn knh r v R (hnh v). nng vt
nng P
1
ln ngi ta cn tc dng vo ti mt mmen quay M.
15
1
A
B
2
R r
R
0
Q
M
Tm gia tc gc ca ti quay. Bit trng lng ca ti l Q v bn knh qun tnh i
vi trc quay l

.
Li gii
Xt c h gm vt nng A, B, ti C ( hnh v ). Cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h gm cc
trng lc
1
P
r
,
2
P
r
, Q
r
.
Mmen
M
r
v phn lc
0
R
r
, trong phn lc
0
R
r
c mmen i vi trc quay O bng
khng.
P dng nh l bin thin mmen ng lng i vi trc quay z qua i qua O ca
ti ta c:
1 2 z
d
L Pr P R M
dt
+ +
( 1 )
Mt khc ta li c : L
z
= L
z
( A ) + L
z
( B ) + L
z
( C )
Mmen ng lng ca vt A l: L
z
( A ) =
2
1 1
A
P P
r. v r
g g

Mmen ng lng ca vt B l: L
z
( B ) =
2
2 2
B
P P
R. v R
g g

Mmen ng lng ca ti C l: L
z
( C ) =
2
z
Q
g

L
z
= (P
1
r
2
+ P
2
R
2
+ Q
2
)
g

( 2 )
Thay ( 2 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c:
2 1
2 2 2
1 2
M P R Pr d
dt Pr P R Q
+

+ +

Vy
2 1
2 2 2
1 2
M P R Pr
g
Pr P R Q
+

+ +
Cu 5. ng lc hc vt rn c lin kt rng rc s dng DLBT c
Hai bn phng song song v thng ng 1 trong
s chng hon ton trn, ci cn li rt nhm, c phn
b cch nhau khong D. Gia chng c t mt ng ch
vi ng knh ngoi b ng D, khi lng chung bng M
mmen qun tnh i vi trc l I. ng ch b kp cht
bi 2 bn phng sao cho c th chuyn ng xung di
khi quay nhng khng trt so vi bn phng nhm. Mt
si ch nh c buc vi vt nng khi lng ma v
c qun vo hnh tr trong ca ng ch c ng knh
d. Tm gia tc ca vt nng?
Li gii
16
Gi s trong thi gian t khi tm ca ng ch i xung c mt on DH. Lc ny
ng ch quay quanh khi tm gc:
D
H
R
H

.
Khi m b cun ln mt on:
D
d
H
d

2

so vi khi tm ca cun ch. Vy khi m

i xung mt on:
t
D
d D
H
D
d
H H h

. Gi a l gia tc ca khi tm ng
ch, th gia tc ca vt m l:
a
0
= a
2
;
2
;
2 2
t
D
d D
a h
t
a H
D
d D

.
Vn tc ca ng ch v ca vt m: v = at, v
0
= a
0
t = a
t
D
d - D
. Vn tc gc ca trc
ch =
D
t a
D
v

2 2
.
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:
MgH + mgh =
2 2 2
2 2
0
2
I mv Mv
+ + . Mga
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2
)
D
d - D
(
2
) (
2 D
d - D
2

,
_

D
t a I
t a m
t a M t
mga
t
suy ra a = g
2
2
4
D
M
D
D
I
m
d D
m
d D
M
+
,
_

.
Bi 6 Kho st chuyn ng ln ca mt vt rn trn mt phng nghing
T mc cao nht ca mt mt phng nghing, mt hnh tr c v mt qu cu
c c cng khi lng v bn knh, ng thi bt u ln khng trt xung di.
Tm t s cc vn tc ca hai vt ti mt mt mc ngang no .
Li gii
Gi v
c
l vn tc ca qu cu sau khi ln xung
c cao h.
v
T
l vn tc ca hnh tr sau khi ln xung
c cao h.
Khi qu cu, hnh tr ln khng trt xung di,
th im t ca lc ma st tnh nm trn trc quay tc thi, m ti vn tc ca cc
im ti bng khng v khng nh hng ti c nng ton phn ca vt.
17
A
B
O
x
y
ms
F
C
P
N

Vai tr ca lc ma st y l m bo cho vt ln thun tu khng trt v m

bo cho gim th nng hon ton chuyn thnh tng ng nng tnh tin v
chuyn ng nng quay ca vt.
V cc lc tc dng ln hnh tr c v qu cu u l :
p
r
( lc th ),
r
( theo phng
php tuyn) v lc ma st tnh
ms
F
r
. Ta c
r
v
ms
F
r
khng sinh cng

A
cc lc khng th
= 0

c nng ca h c bo ton.
Nh vy ta c th p dng nh lut bo ton c nng cho chuyn ng ca qu cu
v hnh tr:
Vi qu cu: mgh =
2 2
2 2
c c c
mv
+ ( 1 )
Vi hnh tr: mgh =
2 2
2 2
mv


+ ( 2 )
Trong :
2
2
5
c
mR
;
c
c
v
R



2
2
mR

;
v
R

Thay vo ( 1 ) v ( 2 ) ta c: mgh =
2
7
10
c
mv
; mgh =
2
3
4
mv

2
2
15 15
14 14
c c
v v
v v



Bi 7: Kho st chuyn ng ln ca mt vt tr rn trn mt phng nghing
Mt hnh tr ng cht khi tm C, bn kinh R, momen qun tnh I =
2
2
1
mR
i
vi trc ca n. c t khng vn tc u trn mt phng nghing gc

. Gi f l
h s ma st trt gia hnh tr v mt phng nghing.
1) Xc nh gia tc hnh tr. Chng t rng c trt hay khng l tu theo gi thit
ca

so vi gi thit

0
no cn xc nh.
2) Tm s bin thin ng nng gia cc thi im t, 0. Xt hai trng hp

<

0
v

>

0
18
Li gii
1) Xc nh gia tc hnh tr
Gi s tr ln khng trt:
Psin

-F
ms
=ma
F
ms
.R = I
R
a
mR
2
2
1

Suy ra: F
ms
=
ma
2
1
a =
sin
3
2
g
iu kin
F
ms
=
sin
3
2
mg f tg fmg 3 cos
Tc l

0
vi tg 0

= 3f th tr
ln khng trt.
Trng hp

>

0
F
ms
l ma st trt . Ta c: F
ms
= fmgcos

.
a
2
=
m
F mg
ms
sin
= g(sin

- fcos

).

. 2
cos
ms
F R fg
I R

2) S bin thin ng nng.
Trng hp

<

0
thi im t:

v = at =
sin
3
2
g
.t

t g
R
t . sin
3
2
.
ng nng: E

=
2 2
2 2
mv I
+ Bo ton nng lng 0 E
- Trng hp

>

0
thi im t:
v = g(sin

- fcos

).t

t
R
fg

cos 2

Bin thin nng lng:

( )
2
2
2
cos 3 sin
2
1
. cos
2
t f g fmg S
t a
F A E
q ms ms

,
_

Vi Sq =
( ) R t .
2
1

( )
2 2 2
cos 3 sin cos
2
1
t f mg E

19
1 2
S S S
Vi S
2
l dch ca C, S
1
l qung ng tr quay.
Bi 8. Kho st chuyn ng ln c trt khng trt
Ngi ta dng gy tc ng vo qu bi- a bn
knh R, mt xung lc nm ngang cch mt bn bi- a
mt khong h.
a) Xc nh h thc gia

v vn tc khi
tm v
0
ca bi-a.
b) Nghin cu chuyn ng ca bi - a sau khi
lc ngng tc ng trong cc trng hp:
1) h >
7
5
r

2) h =
7
5
r

3) r < h <
7
5
r
Li gii
a) Gy tc dng vo qu bi- a mt xung lc l
X
uur
. Ti im tip xc I lc ma st cng
gy ra xung lc
' X
uur
cn s quay quanh O ca qu bi - a. F
ms
l nh ( do khng c
thm lc nn ) nn X<< X, ta c th b qua.
Theo nh lut bo ton momen ng lng ta c:
X(h - R) = I
0

(1)
V X = mv
0
hay v
0
=
X
m
(2)
T (1) suy ra X =
2
2
5( )
mR
h R

thay vo (2) ta c:
v
0
=
2
2
5( )
R
h R

(3)
b) Nghin cu chuyn ng:
+) h >
7
5
R
: v
0
< R
Ta c
0 /0 0/
v v v v v
q
I I dat
+ +
uur uuuuur uuuuuuur uur uur

( ) v R
q

V
I
= v
q
- v
0
, chiu ca
v
I
uur
hng ra sau. Nh vy I s xut hin lc ma st
lm cho

gim dn cho ti khi

th v
I
= 0, qu bi- a thi khng trt v
chuyn sang chuyn ng ln khng trt, chuyn ng chm dn ri dng hn.
+) h =
7
5
R
: v
0
= v
q
= R , v
I
= 0.
Qu bi- a ln khng trt, chuyn ng chm dn ri dng li.
20
+) R < h <
7
5
R
: v
0
> v
q
= R .
v
I
= v
0
- R , hng v pha trc.
F
ms
hng ra sau cn chuyn ng nhng lm tng

n khi

: v
0
=

R th
lc qu bi-a ln khng trt ri chuyn ng chm dn ri dng li.
Bi 9 . Kho st va chm l tng gia mt vt rn l tng vi mp ngang
Mt qu bng siu n hi c, khi lng m, bn knh R. Bng bay ti va chm
vo mt sn ngang vi vn tc v v vn tc gc

. Ch m qu bng tip xc vi sn
c ma st gi cho im tip xc khng trt. Do c ma st nn va chm l khng n
hi tuy nhin c th b qua s bin thin ca thnh phn php tuyn v
y
v bin
thin ng nng bng.
a) Xc nh thnh phn tip tuyn v
x
ca v v

ca qu bng sau va chm theo v

x
v

trc va chm? Bin lun?
b) Tnh vn tc im tip xc A ca bng
trc v sau va chm? Gii thch kt qu?
c) Xt

= 0 v v
x
> 0.
Li gii
*) Theo nh lut bin thin momen ng lng ta c:
dL = Mdt = F
ms
Rdt = dP
x
R
Id

= mRdv
x
I
'
'
v
x
d mR dv
v
x

I(

) = mR(v
x
- v
x
) (1)
Ta c v
y
= - v
y
*) Theo nh lut bo ton ng nng ta c:

2 2 2 2
' '
2 2 2 2
mv I mv I
+ +
m
2 2 2 2
( ' ) ( ' ) v v I
x x
(2)
*) Thay (1) vo (2) rt ra

=
1
3 10
7
v
x
R

_
+

,
v
x
=
3 4
7
v R
x

*) Bin lun:
+)

< 0 siu bng quay ngc li vi chiu quay

ban u sau va chm.
21
+) v
x
> 0 v
x
>
4
3
R
+) v
x
= 0 v
x
=
4
3
R
+) v
x
< 0 v
x
<
4
3
R
Ban u (trc va chm):
v
Ax
=v
x
+
R
v
Ay
= v
y
Sau va chm:
v
Ax
= v
x
+
' R
= - (v
x
+
R
)
v
Ay
= v
y
= - v
y

'
v v
A A

uuur uuur
Nh vy: Vn tc im A trc v sau va chm c ln bng nhau, chiu ngc
nhau.
Bi 10. Kho st chuyn ng ln ca mt lng tr trn mt phng nghing
Mt lng trc lc gic u cnh a, khi lng m phn b u. Mmen qun
tnh ca lng tr l I =
12
5
ma
2
cc mt ca lng tr hi lm khi ln trn mt phng
nghing lng tr tip xc mt phng nghing bng cc cnh coi l vt rn. Gi
2 1
,

ln lt l vn tc gc ca lng tr ngay trc v sau va chm. Tm t s
1
2

bit ma
st ln khi tr ln nhng khng ny ln.
Li gii
Ngay trc va chm lng tr quay vi
,
1

mmen
ng lng i vi trc quay 0 l :

2
0 1 1 0
5
;
2
L I ma v OB
r
do trc va chm,
lng tr quay quanh B
i vi trc quay A: Ngay trc va chm :

0 2 0
0 0 1
5
. sin30 .
12 2
A
mav
L L amv ma + +

2 2 2
1 1 1
5 1 11
12 2 12
A
L ma ma ma +
(1)
Ngay sau va chm lng tr quay quanh A vi
,
2

i vi (A):
22
0
v
uur

A
B
a
C
D
E
F
O

' 2 2 2
2 2
5 17
. ( ).
12 12
A A
L I ma ma ma +
(2)
Mmen ng lng bo ton v coi nh c phn lc N (va chm) v F
ms
qua trc quay,
suy ra mmen bng 0 (mmen ca vect p
ur
trong thi gian rt nh ta b qua)

' 2
1
11
17

A A
L L
Bi 11. Kho st chuyn ng ca mt vt lin kt rng rc bng s dng nh lut
bo ton cng v dng vi phn ca nh lut bo ton c.
Mt vt A c trng lng P c ko ln t trng thi ng yn nh ti B l a
trn ng cht c bn knh R, trng lng Q v chu tc dng ngu lc c mmen M
khng i ( hnh v ). Tm vn tc vt A khi n c ko ln mt on l h. Tm gia
tc ca vt A.
Li gii
C h kho st gm vt A chuyn ng tnh tin; ti B quay
quanh mt trc c nh.
Cc lc tc dng ln h gm cc trng lc P,Q
r r
, ngu lc
M
r
,
phn lc
0
R
r
v cc ni lc.
Nhn xt: trng lc tc dng ch c ngu lc
M
r
v trng lc
P
r
sinh cng; cn phn lc
0
R
r
v trng lc Q
r
khng sinh
cng v cc im t ca chng c nh, cc ni lc cng
khng sinh cng.
V c th tnh cng hu hn ca ngu lc
M
r
v trng lc
P
r
tm vn tc
A
v
r
ca vt
A ta p dng nh l bin thin ng nng:
( ) ( )
0
A P A M +
r r
( 1 )
trong T
0
l ng nng ca h ti thi im ban u ; T ng nng ca h ti thi
im ( t ).
Ta c: T
0
= 0 v ban u h ng yn . ( 2 )
Ta c: T = T
A
+ T
B
( 3 )
Vt A chuyn ng tnh tin nn T
A
=
2
1
2
A
P
v
g
( 4 )
Vt B quay quanh trc c nh nn
2
1
2
B O
T

2
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 4 4
A
B A
v Q Q Q
R R v
g g R g
_
_




,
,
( 5 )
23
R
0
R
Q
P
A
M
O
B
Thay ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) vo ( 3 ) ta c:
( )
2
2
2 2
A
P Q v
g
+

( 6 )
Ta c: ( ) ( )
A P A M +
r r
= M

- P.h = M

- P.R.

vi h = R.

( ) ( )
A P A M +
r r
=
M
P h
R
_

,
( 7 )
Thay ( 2 ), ( 6 ), ( 7 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c:
( )
2
2
2 2
A
P Q v
g
+
=
M
P h
R
_

,
( )
( )
4
2
A
M Ph
v g h
R P Q

+
tm gia tc a
A
ca vt A ta s dng nh l bin thin ng nng dng vi phn
i e
k k
d dA dA +



( ) 2
2
P Q
g
+
v
A
.a
A
=
M
P
R
_

,
v
A

a
A
= 2g
( )
( ) 2
M PR
R P Q

+
Vy
( )
( )
4
2
A
M Ph
v g h
R P Q

+
a
A
= 2g
( )
( ) 2
M PR
R P Q

+
Bi 12
Mt bnh c dng l mt hnh tr ng nht khi lng M, bn knh R
quay quanh trc c nh nm ngang. Mt si dy qun quanh bnh , u kia ca si
dy buc mt vt nng c khi lng m. Qu nng c nng ln ri bung ra cho ri
xung. Sau khi ri c cao h, qu nng bt u lm cng si dy v quay bnh
. Tm vn tc gc ca bnh ti thi im ( hnh v ) .
Li gii
Vn tc ca vt nng m ti cui cao h tnh c nh p dng
nh lut bo ton c nng : v
1
= 2gh ( 1)
Khi vt nng bt u lm cng dy, xut hin tng tc gia vt
nng v bnh . V tng tc xy ra trong thi gian c xem l
rt ngn nn ta c gn ng bo ton m men xung lng (i
vi trc quay):
L
ngay trc trc tng tc
= L
ngay trc sau tng tc

m.v
1
.R = m.v
2
.R + I .

(2)
Trong v
2
l vn tc ca vt m ngay sau tng tc, I l mmen
qun tnh ca bnh i vi trc quay,

l vn tc gc ca
bnh ngay sau tong tc.
24
h
M
m
Ta c: I =
1
2
.M.R
2
( 3 )
v
2
= .R ( 4 )
T ( 1), ( 2 ), ( 3 ), ( 4 ) ta tnh c :
( )
2 2
2
m gh
m M .R

+

Bi 13
Mt si dy vt qua rng rc, hai u si dy c hai ngi u vo. Bit khi
lng ca mi ngi ln gp 4 ln khi lng rng rc. Ngi A bt u leo theo dy
vi vn tc tng i vi dy l u. Tnh vn tc ca ngi B so vi mt t? coi nh
khi lng rng rc phn b u trn vnh .
Li gii
Gi v
r
B
l vn tc ca dy i vi t, (v cng l vn tc ca
ngi B i vi t ). Theo cng thc cng vn tc ta c vn tc
ca ngi A i vi t l:

A B
v u v +
r r r

( 1 )
Chiu ( 1 ) xung phng chuyn ng ca A ta c :
A B
v u v
( 2 )
Ban u c h ng yn nn mmen ng lng ca h i vi trc rng rc bng
khng:

0 L
r
( 3 ).
Khi ngi A bt u leo ln dy th mmen ng lng ca h gm mmen ng
lng ca ngi A, ngi B v mmen quay ca rng rc:

'
A B
L R.m.v R.m.v I. vi
B
v
R

Ta c th p dng nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng cho h :

,
L L

0
A B
R.m.v R.m.v I.

2
0
4
B
B B
v m
R.m.(U V ) R.m.v .R .
R

.
Ta tm c:
4
9
B
u
v

Vy vn tc ca ngi B i vi t bng :
4
9
B
u
v
Cu 14. Va chm n hi ca nhiu vt rn l tng Vn dng LBT ng
lng
25
u
r
A
B
Ba vng m nh ging nhau A, B,C, nm yn trn mt mt phng ngang,
nhn, ngi ta truyn cho vng A vn tc v v n n v chm ng thi vi c hai
vng B, C (hnh v). Khong cch gi hai tm ca cc vng B, C trc khi va chm
bng N ln ung knh mi vng. Gi s cc va chm l hon ton n hi. Xc nh
vn tc ca vng A sau va chm. Tnh gi tr ca N vng A: bt ngc li, dng li,
tip tc tin ln?.
Li gii
V h c tnh i xng nn A chuyn ng
trn ng thng c nh B v C c qu o
i xng nhau qua qu o ca A.
V cc vng m trn nn va chm l xuyn
tm do cc vng B v C s chuyn ng
theo cc phng 12 v 13. Gi
C B
v v v ; ; ' ln lt l cc vec t ca vng trn A, B, C
sau va chm.
Theo nh lut bo ton ng lng:
C B
v m v v m v m + + ' .
Suy ra: mv = mv + 2mv
B
cos (1)
Trong v
B
= v
C
, l gc gia qu o ca A v phng ca chuyn ng B hoc C.
Ta c: cos =
2
4
2
) ( 4
2 2
N
R
NR R

(vi O
A
O
B
= 2R) (2)
Thay (2) vo (1) v = v + V
B
.
2
4 N
V v chm l n hi nn:
2
2
mv
=
2
2
mv
+
2
2
B
mv
+
2
2
C
mv

2
v = v
2
+
2 2
C B
v v +
(4)
T (3) v (4) tm c v = v (5)
hoc v = v
N
N
2
2
6
2

(6)
Vi kt qu (5) suy ra v
B
= v
C
= 0. do loi trng hp ny.
* Vy vn tc A sau va chm l v = v
N
N
2
2
6
2

* A bt ngc tr li th v < 0 hay

0
6
2
2
2
<

N
N

v A va vo c B v C th N 2.
Do N
2
- 2 < 0 suy ra 0 < N < 2 .
* A ng yn th v; = 0 suy ra N = 2 .
* A tip tc tin ln pha trc 2 N > 2 .
Bi 15. Va chm n hi ca nhiu vt rn l tng Vn dng LBT ng lng
v bo ton c
26
Hai qu cu ging nhau rt nhn va chm n hi vo nhau vi vn tc song
song c ln v v 2v. ng thng i qua tm ca qu cu ny v c phng ca
vn tc l tip tuyn ca qu cu kia. Tnh gc m sau va chm vn tc ca mi qu
cu vi hng ban u ca n.
Li gii
+ Chn h to xOy nh hnh v.
Gi
B A
V V ; l vn tc ca mi qu
cu ngay sau va chm v
1x
, v
1y,
v
2y
, v
2x
l thnh vn tc sau va chm ca A
v B theo cc trc Ox, Oy.
+ Xung lc tc dng khi va chm:
P
A
= F
1
t, P
B
= F
2
t.
V F
1
= F
2
P
A
= P
B
= P.
Xt qu cu A: + mv
1x
= m2v - Pcos v
1x
= 2v -
m
P
2
3
(1)
+ mv
1y
= Psin v
1y
=
m
P
2

(2)
*Xt qu cu B: + mv
2x
= Pcos - mv v
2x
=
m
P
2
3
- v (3);
+ mv
2y
= -Psin v
2y
= -
m
P
2

(4)
+ nh lut bo ton c nng: E(trc) = E(sau)
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
2
1
) 2 (
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 2
y x y x
v v m v v m mv v m + + + +
(5)
T (1) - (4) vo (5) sau khi bin i: 8P
2
=
3
2
3
mv
(6).
Thay (6) vo (1) - (4) ta c:
4
3 3
;
4
5
;
4
3 3
;
4
2 2 1 1
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
v
y x y x

(7)
+ T hnh v:
0
2
2 0
1
1
46
5
3 3
; 79 3 3
x
y
x
y
v
v
tg
v
v
tg
* Gc gia
B
v v 2 v l : 180
0
- 79
0
= 101
0
. Gc gia
B
v v v l: 180
0
- 46
0
= 134
0
Bi 16
Mt si dy qun trn ng dy l hnh tr ng cht kim loi m, bn knh R, J =
2
1
mR
2
so vi trc. Hnh tr di chuyn trn mt phng nghing gc

, gi thit dy
mnh mu dy AB lun b cng song song vi mt phng nghing. H s ma st
gia ng dy v mt phng nghing l f. Ban u ng dy ng yn.
1.Vi gi thit no ca

, ng dy cn ng yn.
2.Trong trng hp chuyn ng:
27
N
x
y
O
F
m
s
T

mg
C

A
B
I
a, Tnh gia tc tm C ca ng dy.
b, Tnh bin thin ng nng gia t = 0 v t.
Li gii
1, Khi ng ng yn
Do ng khng quay nn: T F
ms

ur uuuur

+) iu kin cn bng:
0 P N T F
ms
+ + +
ur uur ur uuuur
(1)
F
ms
f.N (2)
+) Chiu ln trc 0x, 0y ta c:
N = mgcos

F
ms
= T =
sin
2
1
mg
Th vo (2) rt ra: tg

2f
Vy vi

tho mn : tg

2f th ng dy cn ng yn.
2, Khi ng chuyn ng ( tg

> 2f) : tr trt trn mt phng nghing v ln khng

trt trn dy AB.
Ta c: F
ms
= fmgcos

+) mgsin

- fmgcos

- T = ma (3)
+) (T - F
ms
)R =
2
1
mR
2
R
a
(4)
T (3) v (4) suy ra: a =
( ) cos 2 sin
3
2
f g



Bin thin ng nng ga thi im t v t
0
= 0 l:
2 2
0
2 2
d t
mv J
E E E

+
Trong : v = a.t

R
t a
R
v .


Ta tm c:
( )
2 2 2
. cos 2 sin
4
3
t f mg E
d


Bi 17. iu kin cn bng ca vt rn
28
I

B
A

C
Mt qu cu bn knh R, khi lng m t trn mt phng khng nhn nghing
mt gc so vi mt phng ngang. Qu cu c gi cn bng nh si dy AC song
song vi mt phng nghing nh hnh v. Bit qu cu cn nm cn bng vi gc
ln nht
0
. Hy tnh:
a. H s ma st gia qu cu vi mt phng nghing
b. Lc cng T ca dy AC khi .
Li gii
a. Tm h s ma st: iu kin cn bng ca qu cu:
) 2 ( ); 1 ( 0
/ / A Fms A P
ms M M F T N P + + +
Chiu (1) ln Ox, Oy: Psin +T + F
ms
= 0 (3). Pcos + N = 0 (3)
T (2) ta c: PRsin = F
ms
.2R F
ms
= P/2 sin (4).
V qu cu khng trt F
ms
kN k
N
F
ms
(5)
Thay (3), (4) vo (5):
2 cos 2
sin

tg
P
P
k
b. Lc cng dy ng vi =
0
. T (3) T = Psin - F
ms
= Psin - kN;
T = Psin
0
- kPcos
0
.
Bi 18. iu kin mt vt rn ln qua mt im cn
Mt khi g hnh tr ng cht khi lng
m = 10kg, bn knh R = 10cm c t trn mt
khi M nh hnh v. Gc to bi bn knh OA v
OB vi phng thng ng ln lt l 60
0
v 30
0
B qua ma st. Tnh p lc ln M ti A v B
khi M ng yn v khi M chuyn ng vi gia
tc a
0
= 2m/s
2
trn phng nm ngang hng t
tri sang phi.
Nu c ma st tm a
0
ca M khi g ln quanh
A. Cho g = 10m/s
2
.
Li gii
a. Khi h ng yn.
Vt chu tc dng ca ba lc.Trng lc P, phn lc N
A
, phn lc
B
N nh hnh v:
p dng quy tc momen lc i vi trc quay qua B: N
A
R = P.R.sin
Hay N
A
= mgsin60
0
= 10.20.0,5 = 50 (N)
b. Khi m nm yn trn M m M chuyn ng
Xt trong h quy chiu gn vi M. Vt chu tc dng thm bi lc qun tnh f
qt
.
29
p dng quy tc mmen i vi trc quay i qua B. N
A
R = P.Rsin + ma
0
cos;
N
A
= mgsin + ma
0
cos.
N
A
= 10.10.0,5 + 10.2. N 3 , 67 3 . 10 50
2
3
+
p dng quy tc mmen i vi trc quay i qua A: N
B
R + f
qt
Rsin = pRcos.
N
B
=mgcos - ma
0
sin = 10.10.
2
3
- 10.2.0,5 = 50 3 - 10 = 76,6 N
c. Khi m ln qua A
m ln qua A th phi c: F
qt
. R. sin > P. Rcos
2
0
/ 3 , 17 3 10
sin
cos
s m
g
a >

Bi 19
Mt thanh ng cht c chiu di l ang v tr thng ng th b xung.
Hy xc nh :
a, Vn tc di ca nh thanh khi n chm t?
b, V tr ca im M trn thanh sao cho khi M chm t th vn tc ca n ng
bng vn tc chm t ca mt vt ri t do t v tr M?
Li gii
a, Khi thanh xung c th xem thanh quay quanh im O vi vn tc gc w .
Khi thanh v tr thng ng th thanh c th nng (thay thanh
bng cht im nm ti khi tm G cch O mt on l/2)
U =
2
mgl
Khi chm t th th nng ca thanh bin hon ton thnh ng
nng quay ca thanh :
K
quay
=
2
1
2
I
=
2
2
1
2 3
ml

=
2
mgl
T : w =
3g
l
Vn tc di ca nh thanh c tnh theo cng thc v = w l = 3gl
b, Ta bit rng vt ri t do cao h khi chm t th c vn tc l v =
2gh
.
p dng cng thc ny vi im M c cao x
M
: v
M
=
2
M
gx
Theo u bi : 2
M
gx = x
M
w = x
M

3g
l

T tm c : x
M
=
2
3
l
30
Bi 20. Dng nh lut bo ton xung lng kho st
chuyn ng quay ca thanh ng cht
Mt thanh AB ng cht tit din u, khi lng m chiu
di l, t trn mt phng ngang v d dng quay quanh trc
quay c nh i qua trng tm G v vung gc mt phng
nm ngang.
Ban u nm yn. Mt hn bi khi lng m chuyn ng
vi vn tc v
0
(theo phng nm ngang v c hng vung
gc vi thanh AB) p vo u A ca thanh. Va chm l
hon ton n hi. Bit h s ma st gia thanh v mt
phng nm ngang l . Tm gc quay cc i ca thanh sau va chm.
Li gii
Sau khi va va chm vt c vn tc v, thanh c vn tc gc
+ Bo ton mmen ng lng: mv
0
l v v ml v
l
m
l
6
1
12
1
2 2
0
2
+ +

(1)
+ Bo ton nng lng
2 2 2 2
0
2 2 2 2
0
12
1
2
1
12
1
2
1
2
1
v l v mv ml mv + +
(2)
T (1) v (2)
l
v
0
3

(3).
p dng nh l ng nng:
G ms
I A
2
1
2


v l
ml mg
l
2 0
3 1 1
2 12 4
_


,
. Vy:
v
gl
2
0
3
2

Bi 21. Dng nh lut bo ton xung lng kho st chuyn ng quay ca h vt

lin kt bi thanh l tng
Mt thanh cng AB khi lng khng
ng k chiu di l, hai u c gn 2 vin bi
ging nhau, mi vin c khi lng m. Ban u
thanh c gi ng yn trng thi thng ng,
vin bi 2 trn , bi 1 di tip xc vi mt
phng ngang trn.
Mt vin bi th 3 c khi lng m chuyn ng
vi vn tc v
0
hng vung gc vi AB n va chm xuyn tm v dnh vo bi 1. Hy
tm iu kin v
0
h 2 qu cu 1 v 3 khng ri mt phng ngang? Vn tc ca qu
cu 2 bng bao nhiu khi sp chm vo mt phng ngang.
Li gii
Sau khi va va chm h qu cu 1 v 3 c vn tc: v
13
=
2 2
0 0
v
m
mv

.
31
Khi tm C h 3 qu cu c vn tc: v
c
=
3
0
v
.
* Xt trong h quy chiu h qun tnh Q c vn tc
3
0
v
so vi sn th C ng yn, cn
qu cu 1,3 c vn tc: v
13Q
=
6 3 2
0 0 0
v v v

.
* Gia tc hng tm vt 1, 3 i vi tm C:
( )
l
v
l
v
a
ht
Q
12
3
6
2
0
2
0
13

,
_

Gia tc khi tm C ca h trn c phng thng ng a

0
= -g.
Gia tc vt 1,3 i vi t trn phng thng ng l: a
13
= (a
13Q
)
ht
+a
c
. g
l
v
a
12
2
0
13
vt 1 v 3 nng ln a
13
> 0 suy ra v
0
2
> 12gl
Vy vt (1, 3) khng b nng ln th v
0
2
12gl.
* Xt trong h quy chiu gn vi sn:
- V vt 1, 3 khng nng ln nn trc khi vt 2 v chm sn th vn tc theo phng
ngang 3 vt l:
3
0
3 2 1
v
v v v
n n n

. Theo LBTCN:
gl
v
v mgl
mv v v m mv mv
d
d n n n
2
3
2
2 2
) (
2 2
2
0 2
2
2
0
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
1
+ +
+
+ +
Vy vn tc vt trc khi chm sn: v
2
= gl v v v
d n
2
9
7
2
0
2
2
2
2
+ +
Vi = ) , (
0 2
v v th tg =
gl
v
v
v
gl
v
v
v
n
d
2
3
2 3
3
2
3
2
2
0
0
0
2
0
2
2
+
+

32
Bi 22. Dng nh lut bo ton momet xung lng kho st chuyn ng quay ca
thanh ng cht
Mt thanh khi lng M chiu di
l c th quay t do quanh trc c nh O
nm ngang i qua mt u thanh. T khi
v tr nm ngang u thanh kia c th
ra. Khi ri n v tr thng ng th n va
chm hon ton n hi vi mt vt nh
khi lng m nm trn mt bn. B qua
sc cn ca khng kh v ma st trc
quay ca thanh.
a. xc nh vn tc ca vt m ngay sau va
chm.
b. Xc nh khong cch s m vt m i c sau va chm nu h s ma st gia vt v
mt bn l khng ph thuc vo vn tc ca vt. Bit rng ngay sau va chm thanh
ng li v vt chuyn ng tnh tin trn bn.
Li gii
a. Vn tc ca vt m ngay sau va chm.
Khi thanh ri xung c nng ca n c bo ton. Chn gc tnh th nng ti mt bn
ta c: W = W
0
Mg
Mgl I
l l
+
2
2 2

trong I = 1/3 Ml
2
Gii phng trnh ta c
l
g 3
. Xt va chm gia thanh v vt m.
Theo nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng ta c: L = L
0
I + mv.l = I
Va chm l hon ton n hi nn ng nng ca h bo ton.
W

= W
o
1/2I
2
+ 1/2mv
2
= 1/2 I
2
(2)
Gii h phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c: gl
m M
M
v
l
g
m M
m M
3
3
2
;
3
3
3
'
+

b. Qung ng m vt m i c trn bn
Gia tc ca m trn bn l a = - g.
Qung ng vt i thm c cho n khi dng li l:
s =
2
2
2
2
) 3 (
6
2
3 .
3
4
2 m M
l M
g
gl
m M
M
a
v
+

+


Bi 23
33
Mt cht im chuyn ng vi vn tc v ti va chm vo u A ca thanh kim
loi M, chiu di l c treo vo O mt u ca thanh. Coi va
chm n hi. Vn tc ca cht im sau va chm v ca chuyn
ng cng phng chiu vi v
r
v lin kt l hon ho.
a)v = ? v
t

=?
b) Gc lch cc i
m

ca thanh khi phng thng ng

c) S mt mt ng nng tng i Q ca chuyn ng theo t
s n =
m
M
, khi no th Q
max
?
Li gii
a) Trong sut qu trnh va cham, monme ca ngoi lc tc dng ln h cht im +
thanh bng 0 ( i vi trc quay qua O). Nn
/ 0

uuuuur r
L const .
Ta c: Bo ton momen ng lng: mvl = mvl + I

(1)
Bo ton ng nng: m
2
2
v
= m
2
'
2
v
+
2
2
I
(2)
Mmen qun tnh ca thanh: I =
2
3
Ml
(3)
ml(v - v) = I

; m(v
2
- v
2
) =
2
I

=
' v v
l
+
ml(v - v) =
2
3
Ml

Suy ra v =
3
.
3
m M
v
m M

+
(4)
ta tm c:

=
6
.
3
m v
m M l +
(5)
Sau va chm ' v
ur
cng phng chiu vi v
r
nn ta c v 0
3m M

b) Theo nh lut bo ton c nng:

2
2
I
= Mg
(1 cos )
2
l
m

sin
2
m

=
2
2
6
2 3
I mv
gl m M gl
_

,

sin m

=
6
.
3
v
M
gl
m
+

c) S mt mt nng lng tng i
Q =
2
I 2
2
2 2
2
I
mv mv

Q =
12 12
2 9
(3 )
6
Mm
m M
m M
m m

+
+ +
M
9
2 9 6
m M
M m
+
. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi
1
3
m
M

34
Nn Q
max
=
12 1
1
6 6 3
m
M

+

Bi 24. Kho st chuyn ng ca h vt trn hai mt phng bng LBT c
Thanh AB cng, nh chiu di l mi u gn
mt qu cu nh khi lng bng nhau, ta vo
tng thng ng (Hnh v). Truyn cho qu cu B
mt vn tc rt nh n trt trn mt sn nm
ngang. Gi thit rng trong qu trnh chuyn ng
thanh AB lun nm trong mt phng vung gc vi
tng v sn. B qua ma st gia cc qu cu vi
tng v sn. Gia tc trng trng l g.
a. Xc nh gc hp bi thanh vi sn vo thi im m qu cu A bt u ri khi
tng.
b. Tnh vn tc ca qu cu B khi .
Li gii
a. Vo thi im u A cn ta vo tng. AB hp vi
phng ngang mt gc . Vn tc ca A v B l
A
v v
B
v lc A i xung mt on x - l(1-
sin)
b. nh lut bo ton c nng: mgx =
) (
2
1
) sin 1 ( ) (
2
1
2 2 2 2
B A B A
v v m mgl v v m + +
(1)
V thanh AB cng nn theo nh l v hnh chiu ca hai im A, B trn vt rn:
B A B A
v v v v

sin
cos
cos sin
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra; gl(1-sin

2 2
2
2
sin ). sin 1 ( 2
sin
1
2
1
) gl v v
B B
Khi A cha ri tng th lc gy ra gia tc v vn tc theo phng ngang nm ngang
l phn lc ca tng tc dng ln A theo phng ngang. Lc ny l v
Gx
tng dn. Nn
khi u A ri tng tc N = 0, a
Gx
= 0 v v
Gx
t cc i
M v
B
= 2v
Gx
nn v
B
t gi tr cc i
Xt phng trnh:
2
sin
.
2
sin
) sin 1 ( 8 sin ). sin 1 ( 2
2 2

gl gl v
B
Ta thy : const
1
]
1

+ +
3
2
sin
2
sin
) sin 1 (
27
1
2
sin
.
2
sin
) sin 1 (

Nn v
B
t cc i khi
0
42 ;
3
2
sin
2
sin
) sin 1 (

35
b. Thay sin = 2/3 vo (3) ta c v
B
= gl
27
8
Bi 25
Thanh ABC khi lng M, chiu di 2L, gp li ti trung im B t trn mt
phng nm ngang. Vt m chuyn ng vi vn tc
0
v
uur
trn mt phng nm ngang theo
phng vung gc vi BC, va chm vi thanh ti C. Coi va chm l n hi, b qua
ma st. Tm iu kin ca m sau va chm vt b bt ngc tr li .
Li gii
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng v mmen ng lng i vi G:
mv
o
= mv
1
+ Mv
2
(1)

I
l
mv
l
mv
o
+
4
3
.
4
3
.
1

(2)
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:

2 2 2 2
0 1 2
2 2 2 2
mv mv Mv I
+ +
(3)
Vi :
2
2
2
( )
2
2 ( )
12 2
5
2
4 24
1
1
+
1
1
]

G
G
M
L
M
I NG
L
NG I ML

Gii h phng trnh
2 2
0 1 2
1 2
5 18
18 5
5
24
( )
o
v L L v
v v v
m v v Mv

+

iu kin m b bt ngc tr li l v
1
< 0. Rt ra:
29
5
<
m
M
.
Bi 26
Thanh AB vi chiu di l c treo bng khp vo im
A ( hnh v ). Cho rng b qua c ma st khp, hy xc nh
vn tc gc
0

b nht cn phi truyn cho thanh thanh c t

ti v tr nm ngang.
36
A
B
L
L
N
C
m
M
G
0
v
uur
B
1
A
B
0
Li gii
Cc i lng bit l :
1
0
v di ca h xc nh bi gc B
0
AB
1
. Do
gii bi ton ny tin hn c l s dng nh l bin thin ng nng.
V y l h khng bin hnh, ta c phng trnh bin thin ng nng l:
1 0 01
ng
A (1 )
Gi m l khi lng ca thanh, ta hy xc nh cc i lng tham gia phng trnh.
Ta c ng nng ca h v tr ban u l:

2 2 2
0 0 0
1 1
2 6
A
ml
( 2 )
V vn tc ca thanh v tr cui cng bng khng
1
0
( 3 )
Lin kt ( khp A ) l l tng, nn ch c lc ch ng P = mg thc hin cng v
bng:
A = - P.h
c
= - mg
2
l
( 4 )
Thay ( 2 ), ( 3 ) v ( 4 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c : -
2 2
0
1
6
ml
= - mg
2
l

0
3g
l

Vy phi to cho thanh mt vn tc gc nh nht
0
3g
l
thanh c th t n v
tr nm ngang.
Cu 27. Vt rn chuyn ng trn mt mt
cu
Mt khi tr c c khi lng m v
bn knh r bt u ln khng trt bn trong
mt mt tr c ma st bn knh R t mt v tr
xc nh bi gc
0
. Hy xc nh lc ca
khi tr ti mt v tr tu xc nh bi gc
.
Li gii
p lc ca khi tr ti mt v tr tu xc
nh bi gc .
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca khi tr: a m F N P + + (1).
Hp lc tc dng vo vt hng tm qu o l lc hng tm.
Chiu (1) ln phng php tuyn ta c:
cos
) (
2
P N
r R
mv

(2)
Chn mc tnh th nng ti v tr cn bng ca khi tm tr
Xt vt ti v tr ban u gc
0
:
37
C nng: W
l
= W
l
= W
t
= mg(R -r)(1-cos
0
) (3)
Xt vt ti v tr gc bt k.
C nng: W
2
= mg(R - r)(1-cos) +
2 2
2
1
2
1
I mv +
(Trong I = 1/2mR
2
l mmen qun tnh ca khi tr,
r
v

l vn tc gc ca khi
tr quay quanh khi tm.
W
2
= mg(R-r)(1-cos) +
2
2
2
2
2 2
4
3
) cos 1 )( ( W ;
2
1
2
1
2
1
mv r R mg
r
v
mr mv + + (4)
V W
1
= W
2
mg(R - r) (cos- cos
0
) = 3/4mv
2
;
) cos (cos
3
4
) (
0
2

mg
r R
mv
(5)
Thay (5) vo (1) ta tm c: N = P/3 (7cos - 4cos
0
)
Cu 28.
Hnh tr ng cht khi lng m bn knh r ln khng trt trn mt bn tr c
nh bn knh R t nh vi vn tc u V
0
= 0
1. Xc nh vn tc khi tm hnh tr theo gc l gc hp bi ng thng ng v
ng thng ni tm hai tr.
2. nh v tr hnh tr r ri mt tr R. B qua ma st
Li gii
1. Xc nh vn tc khi tm hnh tr theo gc l gc hp bi ng thng ng v
ng thng ni tm hai tr
p dng nh l ng nng: W

- W
0
= A
p
(1)
Vi W
0
= 0;
) 2 (
2
1
2
1
W
2 ' 2
d
I mv
C
+
; v
C
= (R +r)
l vn tc gc ca khi tm C tr nh i vi tm O ca tr ln

2
k vn tc gc ca tr nh quanh khi tm C
Ln khng trt nn: r = (R +r); (2)
2 2
d
) (
4
3
W r R m +
(3)
38
A
p
= mg(R +r)(1-cos) (4)
T (1), (2), (3), (4) ) cos 1 )( (
3
4
+ r R
g
v
c
(5)
2. T v tr hnh tr r ri mt tr R:
p dng nh lut II Niu tn cho hnh tr:
N P a m
c
+
Chiu h thc vec t ln trc hng tm:
r R
v
m mg n N mg
r R
v
m
C C
+

+
2 2
cos cos (6)
Khi N = 0. T (5) v (6) suy ra:
7
4
arccos
7
4
cos
Bi 29 Bi ton s dng nh lut bo ton
moment xung lng
Mt a trn ng cht, trng lng l Q,
bn knh R quay c quanh mt trc thng ng
AB i qua tm a v vung gc vi a. Trn
vnh a c mt cht im M c trng lng l P.
a quay quanh trc vi vn tc gc

0
. Ti mt
thi im no cht im M chuyn ng theo
vnh a vi vn tc tng i so vi a l u.
Tm vn tc gc ca a lc .
Li gii
Kho st c h gm a v cht im M. a c th quay quanh trc c nh z thng
ng, cn cht im M chuyn ng trn mt a theo ng trn tm O, bn knh
OM (chuyn ng tng i ) vi vn tc u v cng quay vi a quanh trc z (chuyn
ng theo)
Cc ngoi lc tc dng ln h gm cc trng lc Q
r
,
P
r
v cc phn lc
A
R
r
,
B
R
r
ti cc
trc A v B.
V h ngoi lc gm cc lc song song v ct trc z ta c :

0
e
z
z k
dL
M (F )
dt

L
z
= const

L
z
= L
z
( 0 ) (1)
Trong : L
z
l Mmen ng lng ca h theo trc z ti thi im bt k. L
z
( 0 ) l
Mmen ng lng ca h theo trc z ti thi im ban u.
39
R
A
P
r
B
Z
R
B
0

u
Q
O
A
Gi s rng ti thi im u cht im nm yn trn a v cng vi a quay quanh
trc z theo chiu dng vi vn tc gc
0

Mmen ng lng ca h theo trc z ti thi im ban u l:

L
z
( 0 ) = L
z1
( 0 ) + L
z2
( 0 )
Trong : L
1
( 0 ) =
0 z

=
2
0
2
Q
R
g

l mmen ng lng ca a theo trc z ti thi
im ban u.
L
2
( 0 ) = R.
P
.v
g
=
0
P
R R
g

=
2
0
P
R
g

l mmen ng lng ca cht im
theo trc z ti thi im ban u.

L
z
( 0 ) =
( )
2
0
2
2
Q P
R
g
+

( 2 )
Khi cht im chuyn ng i a vi vn tc u ( theo chiu dng ca z ) th a s
quay quanh trc z vi vn tc gc l

cng theo chiu dng.

Suy ra ta c mmen ng lng ca h theo trc z ti thi im bt k l:
L
z
= L
z1
+ L
z2

Trong : L
z1
=
z

=
2
2
Q
R
g

l mmen ng lng ca cht im theo trc z ti thi
im bt k.
L
z2
= R.
,
P
.v
g
=
P
R ( R u)
g
+
l mmen ng lng ca cht im theo trc
z ti thi im bt k.

L
z
=
( ) 2 2
2
R Q P PRu
g
+ +
( 3 )
Thay ( 2 ) v ( 3 ) vo ( 1 ) ta c:
( )
0
2
2
Pu
Q P R

+
a quay quanh trc z theo chiu m hay dng ph thuc vo
( )
0
2
2
Pu
Q P R

+

dng hay m.
Bi 30
Hai a cng c gn vo trc quay (hnh v). Ngi ta cho trc hi xon ri
th ra. Hy xc nh h thc gia cc vn tc gc v cc gc quay ca cc a khi
chng dao ng xon. Cho rng khi lng ca trc b khng ng k, cn mmen
qun tnh ca cc a i vi trc x l I
1
v I
2
l cc i lng bit.
Li gii
40
I
2
I
1
x
b qua cc lc n hi cha bit v c tc dng gy ra dao ng cc a, ta xem
trc v cc a nh mt h.
Cc lc ngoi tc dng ln h gm: phn lc ca cc gi v trng lc u ct trc x
v vy:

0
x k
M (F )

L
x
= const.
Vy mmen ng lng ca h bo ton.
Ta c mmen xung lng ban u ca h l: L
x1
= 0 (1)
Ta c mmen ng lng ca h khi dao ng l: L
x2
= I
1
.

1
+ I
2
.

2
(2)
(v mmen ng lng ca h i v trc x bng tng mmen ng lng ca cc a
i vi cng trc ). T ( 1) v ( 2) ta c:
2
1 2
1
I
I

(3)
Tch phn 2 v ( 3 ) t 0 cho n t ta c:
2 2
1 2 1 2
0 0 1 1
t t
I I
dt dt
I I


Trong

1
v

2
l cc gc xon ca cc a t v tr ban u. Bi vy, dao ng s
xy ra ngc chiu nhau, bin dao ng gc t l nghch vi mmen qun tnh ca
cc a.
Bi 31
Mt con gin khi lng m b ngc chiu kim ng h theo mp mt ci
khay nhiu ( mt ci a trn lp trn mt trc thng
ng ), bn knh R, mmen qun tnh I, vi trc khng
ma st. Vn tc ca con gin ( i vi tri t ) l v, cn
khay quay theo chiu kim ng h vi vn tc gc
0

.
Con gin tm c mu vn bnh m mp khay v dng
li.
a) Vn tc gc ca khay sau khi con gin dng li, l
bao nhiu?
b) C nng ca h c bo ton khng?
Li gii
Mmen qun tnh
g
I
ca con gin i vi trc quay l:
g
I
= m.R
2
.
Vn tc gc ca con gin i vi trc quay l:
g
v
R

.
Mmen ng lng ca h khi con gin b l:
0 g g
L
m
2
v
R
R
-
0

m
0
Rv
( 1 )
41
v
r
0

r
0

r
g

r
R
mg
T
m
O
R
Trong
M
M to
g
Mmen ng lng ca h khi con gin dng li l:
( ) ( )
2 ,
g
L mR + +
( 2 )
Theo nh lut bo ton mmen ng lng th :
,
L L
( )
2
0
mR mRv +
0
2
mRv
mR

+
( 3 )
ng nng ca h khi con gin ang b l:
K
1
= K
g
+ K
0
=
2 2
0
1 1
2 2
mv +
( 4 )
ng nng ca h khi con gin dng li l:
K
2
= ( ) ( )
2 2
0
2
1 1
2 2
g
mRv
mR
mR
_
+ +

+
,
( 5 )
bin thin ng nng trong qu trnh bin thin l:

2 1

( 6 )
Thay ( 4 ) , ( 5 ) vo ( 6 ) v bin i ta c:

2 1

= -
( )
( )
2
0
2
2
m v R
mR
+
+
< 0

K
2
< K
1
: ng nng( c nng ) ca h b gim (khng c bo ton).
Bi 32
Mt ci ti trng quay xem nh hnh tr tm O cng l khi tm c bn knh R,
momen qun tnh I i vi trc ca n. Mt dy cp khi lng khng ng k, hon
ton mm c qun quanh trng u di ca dy cp ni vi ti khi lng m.
Trng c th quay khng ma st quanh trc c
nh nh ng c tc ng mt ngu lc c
momen M = const. Xc nh gia tc thng
ng ca ti trng.
Li gii

Cch 1: S dng phng php ng lc hc
Gi T l lc cng dy,

l gia tc gc ca
trng. a
y
l gia tc ca ti m
M - TR = I

Ta c: T - mg = ma
y
a
y
=

R
42
tm c T =
2
mRM mgI
mR I
+
+
a
y
=
2
2

+
T mg MR mR g
m mR I
Cch 2: S dng

M
dt
dL
ngoi

L
z
=
2
( )
v
I mRv I mR
R
+ +

mgR M M
ngoai

Suy ra (I + mR
2
)
R
a
= M mgR ta tm c
2
( ) M mgR R
a
I mR

+
Bi 33 Dao ng ca vt rn
o gia tc trng trng g, ngi ta c th dng con lc rung, gm mt l
thp phng chiu di l, khi lng m, mt u ca l thp gn cht vo im O ca
gi, cn u kia gn mt cht im khi lng M. v tr cn bng l thp thng ng.
Khi lm l thp lch khi v tr cn bng mt gc nh (radian) th sinh ra momen
lc c. (c l mt h s khng i) ko l thp tr v v tr y (xem hnh v). Trng tm
ca l thp nm ti trung im ca n v momen qun tnh ca ring l thp i vi
trc quay qua O l 3 /
2
ml .
a, Tnh chu k T cc dao ng nh ca con lc.
b, Cho l = 0,20m, m = 0,01kg, M = 0,10kg. con lc c th dao ng, h s c phi
ln hn gi tr no? Bit g khng vt qu
2
/ 9 , 9 s m .
c, Cho l, m, M c cc gi tr nh mc b, c = 0,208. Nu o c T = 10s th g c gi
tr bng bao nhiu?
d, Cho l, m, M, c c cc gi tr cho mc c. Tnh nhy ca con lc, xc nh bi
dg
dT
, dT l bin thin nh ca T ng vi bin thin nh dg ca g quanh gi tr trung
bnh
2
0
/ 8 , 9 s m g
. Nu gn
0
g
, gia tc
g
tng
2
/ 01 , 0 s m th T tng hay gim bao
nhiu?
e, Xt mt con lc n c chiu di L = 1m cng dng o g. Tnh nhy ca con
lc n gn gi tr trung bnh
0
g
; g tng
2
/ 01 , 0 s m th chu k T ca con lc n tng
hay gim bao nhiu? So snh nhy ca hai con lc. (Trch thi chn hc sinh
vo i tuyn d olympic vt l chu nm 2004)
43
Li gii
a) Momen qun tnh ca con lc I =
3
2
ml
+
2
Ml =
2
l ( M +
3
m
)
Momen lc M =
mg
2
l
sin +
sin Mgl
- c

1
]
1

+ c
m
M gl )
2
(
Phng trnh
J
..

M
2
l (
..
)
3

m
M +
=
1
]
1

+ c
m
M gl )
2
(
hay

)
3
(
)
2
(
2
..
m
M l
m
M gl c
+
+
+
= 0
Gi thit
)
2
(
m
M gl c + >
, con lc dao ng nh vi chu k:
T =
)
2
(
)
3
(
2
2
m
M gl c
m
M l
+
+
(1)
b) iu kin
)
2
(
m
M gl c + >
, vi
2
max
/ 9 , 9 s m g
cho
105 , 0 . 2 , 0 . 9 , 9 > c
hay
2079 , 0 > c
.
c) t
, 004132 , 0 )
3
(
2
+
m
M l a

021 , 0 )
2
( +
m
M l b
(n v SI).
(1)
bg c
a
T

2
(2), hay
bg c
a T

2
2
4
, vi T = 10 s tnh c
2
/ 83 , 9 s m g .
d) Ly ln hai v ca (2)
) ln(
2
1
ln
2
1
2 ln ln bg c a T +
Ly o hm i vi
g
, vi T l hm ca
g
:
) ( 2
1
bg c
b
dg
dT
T

nhy
) ( 2 bg c
bT
dg
dT

(3)
Vi
021 , 0 b
,
208 , 0 c
th vi
8 , 9 g g
2
/ s m v s T 10 , ta c
48
dg
dT
.
g
tng
2
/ 01 , 0 s m th T tng
s 48 , 0
, d dng o c.
Ch : Nu tnh trc tip
dg
dT
t (2), khng qua ln th phc tp. Cng khng cn
thay T trong (3) bng (2), v ta bit vi
0
g g
th s T 10 .
44
k
g
O
R
C
02
T
T
01
x

mg
02
T
C
01
T
e) Vi con lc n
g
L
T 2
, lm tng t:
g L T ln
2
1
ln
2
1
2 ln ln +
. Ly o
hm i vi
g

g dg
dT
T 2
1 1


g
T
dg
dT
2

.
Con lc n c m L 1 th s T 2 . Vi
2
/ 8 , 9 s m g th
1 , 0
dg
dT
;
g
tng
2
/ 01 , 0 s m
th T gim
s 001 , 0
, khng o c. Vy con lc rung nhy hn con lc n l:
( )
) sin(
3
3
0
t
l m M
mv

vi
) 3 (
) 2 (
2
3
m M l
m M g
+
+

, tn s

2
T
v gc lch cc i
l m M
mv

) 3 (
3
0
0 max
+


Bi 34
Tnh chu k dao ng thng ng ca tm C ca hnh tr ng nht khi lng
m, bn knh R, c momen qun tnh i vi trc l
2
2
1
mR
. Si dy khng dn, khng
khi lng, khng trt ln rng rc. L xo c h s n hi l k
Li gii
Cch 1 ( phng php ng hc, ng lc hc)
+) Ti v tr cn bng ta c:
T
01
= T
02
=
2
mg
, T
02
= k. l =
2
mg
=> mg - 2 k. l = 0
+) Ti li x (ca C ) l xo dn ( l +2x).
Ta c phng trnh ng lc hc:
(T
1
- T
2
)R = I

= I
R
x"
=> T
1
=
2
"
2
1
T mx +

M T
2
= F

= k( l +2x)
+) Phng trnh ng lc II Newton:
- (T
2
+T
1
) + mg = mx
rt ra x+
0
3
8
x
m
k
vi
m
k
3
8

Chu k dao ng ca khi tm C l : T =
2 3
2
8
m
k

Cch 2: Phng php nng lng
Ta c: khi C li x, l xo dn thm 2x.
45
E =
( )
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
k x
I mv
const

+ +


R
x
R
v '


o hm (4) theo thi gian ri thay (5) vo ta c:
x(m +
0 4 )
2
+ kx
R
I
x+
0
3
8
x
m
k
vi
m
k
3
8

Chu k dao ng ca khi tm C l : T =
k
m
8
3
2
2

Bi 35
Mt hnh tr c ng cht, trng lng P, bn knh r t trong mt mt lm
bn knh cong R (hnh v). im trn ca hnh tr ngi ta gn 2 l xo vi cng k
nh nhau. Tm chu k dao ng nh ca hnh tr vi
gi thit hnh tr ln khng trt.
Li gii
nh lut II Newton:
2kx + Mg - F
ms
= Ma (1)
(2)
46
R
k
r
R
k

A
A
B
1
B
C
O
(2) =>
(1) =>
=>
Ch l:
x = (R- 2r) ; a = (R- r)
=> 4k (R- 2r) + Mg + M(R r) =0
=> + = 0
=>
47
IV. H THNG BI TP THAM KHO
Bi 1
Mt qu bng bn knh R c th quay quanh mt trc c
nh nm ngang OO. Mt di bng gip cng c lm thnh
mt na hnh tr bn knh R ,p da vo qu bng t bn di
chuyn ng vi vn tc v hng nm ngang v vung gc vi
trc OO(hnh v). Hy tnh vn tc gc ca s quay ca bng.
Bi 2
Trn b mt nm ngang khng ma st c hai
ci a ging nhau(hv). K hiu cc ng v vn
tc gc nh bn, kch thc R v r (R >r),va chm l
n hi. Xc nh vn tc a sau va chm.
Bi 3
ng thnh mng khi lng m quay xung quanh trc ca n v bn cnh n c
mt ng nh th ban u ng yn trn nn nm
ngang(hv).H s ma st gia tt c cc b mt tip gip nhau
v bng
2
. Tnh gia tc chuyn ng ca ng ban u
quay?
Bi 4
Mt hnh trc qun quanh mnh mt si dy c
c nh mt u, mt u trn mt phng nghing,
nghing mt gc

vi phng ngang (hv). mt thi

im, khi dy thng ng th vn tc gc ca hnh tr l

. Tnh ti thi im :
a/ Vn tc ca trc hnh tr
b/ Vn tc ca mt im trn hnh tr l tip im vi
phng ngang. Bn knh hnh
tr l R.
Bi 5
Vi gi tr ca gc

nh th no th 2 khi lp
phng ging nhau c th nm
cn bng nh hnh v. H s ma st gia khi v gi tr l

,
gia cc khi vi nhau coi nh l rt nh.
Bi 6
Mt thanh AB ng nht chiu di 2b, mt u ta
trn mt t nm ngang, u kia ta vo tng thng
48
ng. V tr ca thanh c xc nh theo gc = (OX,OG). B qua mi ma st.
thi im ban u =
0
, thanh ng yn. Tnh phn lc N
B
ca tng ln thanh t
suy ra gc nghing
1
m ti thanh ri khi tng.
Bi 7
Mt hnh tr rng khi lng m ln xung theo mt mt phng nghing(vi gc
o
45 ) (ln khng trt). b mt pha trong ca hnh tr tuyt i nhn c mt vt
nh khi lng m = M/2. Hi gc

khi hnh tr ang ln.

Bi 8
Mt thanh khng khi lng ni vi mt
qu nng u trn bt u ri t v tr thng
ng khng vn tc u. u di b chn mt
pha nh hnh v. Hi gc gia vc t vn tc v
phng thng ng thi im n chm mt
phng ngang?
Bi 9
Mt hnh tr c khi lng m bn knh r c th ln khng
trt theo mt trong ca mt hnh tr rng khi lng M, bn knh R.
Hnh tr ln ny c th quay xung quanh trc ca n theo phng
ngang. Cc trc ca cc hnh tr song song vi nhau. B qua mi ma
st. Ban u hnh tr c v tr m ng ni tm hai hnh tr lch mt gc nh so
vi phng thng ng. Th cho cc hnh tr dao ng. Vit phng trnh dao ng
ca cc hnh tr.
Bi 10
Vt rn c khi lng M c th quay quanh trc c nh nm ngang di qua
im O nm trn vt, m men qun tnh ca vt vi trc quay ny l I. im A cch
O mt on bng d ta ni mt vt m bng thanh AB khng khi lng c chiu di l
v c th quay quanh A trong mt phng quay ca vt rn. Tm chu k dao ng nh
ca cc vt.
Bi 11
Vt A c khi lng M ni vi vt B khi lng m bng thanh AB c khi
lng khng ng k. Vt A nm trn mt phng ngang nhn v buc vi u mt l
xo c cng k, u cn li ca l xo cht c nh ti O trn mt phng ngang. Khi
vt B dao ng trong mt phng thng ng ko vt A dao ng theo ng thng
ox nm ngang. Vit phng trnh dao ng ca cc vt bit thi im ban u, vt B
v tr c gc lch
0
so vi phng thng ng Oy v vn tc v
0
hng vung gc
vi AB v v tr cn bng.
49

Bi 12
Mt vnh xe bn knh R ln khng trt trn mt bn nm ngang, vn tc ca
khi tm G l V
0
. Gi I l mt im trn vnh, ban u I tip xc vi bn. Xc nh
phng trnh chuyn ng, vn tc v gia tc ca I.
Bi 13
Mt qu cu bn knh R ln khng trt trn mt mt phng nghing vi gia tc
khng i l a. mt thi im t v tr ca cc im nh hnh
v. Hy xc nh vn tc v gia tc ca A, B v O.
Bi 14
Mt qu cu bn knh R ln khng trt trn mt mng
hnh ch V vi gc m l . Vn tc ca khi tm O l v
0
. Hy xc nh vn tc gc
ca qu cu.
Bi 15
Mt hnh nn trn xoay c na gc nh l ,
bn knh y l r, ln khng trt trn mt phng ngang
nh hnh v: nh ca nn c khp vo mt im O c
cng cao vi tm C ca y. Vn tc ca C l v
0
. Hy
xc nh vn tc gc v gia tc gc ca hnh nn.
Bi 16
Trn mt mt phng ngang c mt vnh ai ng yn bn knh R. Mt vnh ai
khc ging ht nh th chuyn ng vi vn tc v. Tm s ph thuc vn tc u ca
giao im 2 vnh ai vo khong cch d gia hai tm. Cc vnh ai u mnh v lun
chm nhau trong qu trnh chuyn ng.
Bi 17
Ngi ta xu 2 chic vng O,O vo hai trc song song
cch nhau mt khong d. Mt si dy c buc c nh A
ri lun qua 2 vng. Vng O i xung vi vn tc v khng i.
Tm gia tc ca vng O khi dy to vi AB gc .
Bi 18
Hai thanh thp c chiu di OA = L
1
, BO = L
2
lin kt nhau bng mt khp ni
O. Ngi ta ko hai u A,B ca hai thanh theo mt phng ngang v hai pha
ngc chiu nhau vi vn tc khng i v
1
,v
2
. Xc nh gia tc ca khp ni O lc hai
thanh vung gc nhau, bit hai thanh lun nm trong cng mt mt phng.
Bi 19
50
A
B
O
d
O
O
A
Mt qu cu c ng cht khi lng m, bn knh R ln khng trt trn mt
mt phng nghing hp vi phng ngang gc . Tm:
a. Gi tr ca h s ma st s trt khng xy ra.
b. ng nng ca qu cu sau t giy k t lc bt u chuyn ng.
Bi 20
Mt ci a ng cht c bn knh R, quay ti ch vi vn tc gc ban u
0
.
H s ma st gia a v mt phng ngang l k. Tm s vng m a quay thm c
cho n khi dng li.
Bi 21
Cho mt c h nh hnh v. H s ma st gia m
1
v bn l k. Rng rc coi nh
mt a trn c khi lng M bn knh R c th quay khng ma st quanh trc. Vt
m
2
ban u cch mt t mt khong h. Th cho h
chuyn ng t ngh.
1. Tm gia tc ca cc vt v t s ca hai lc cng
dy trc khi m
1
chm t.
2. Sau khi m
1
chm t vt m
2
chuyn ng nh th
no?
Bi 22
Mt hnh tr c ng cht bn knh R, khi lng M c th quay t do quanh
mt trc nm ngang i qua tm. Trn tr c cun mt si dy mnh c
di l v khi lng m. Tm gia tc gc ca hnh tr ph thuc vo
chiu di ca on dy c b thng xung. Gi thit rng trng tm
ca phn dy cun nm trn trc ca tr .
Bi 23
Mt hnh tr c ng cht c khi lng m, bn knh R c lm quay xung
quanh trc ca n vi vn tc gc
0
. Hnh tr c t ln mt phng ngang. H s
ma st gia hnh tr v mt phng ngang l k. Tm:
a. Thi gian trong chuyn ng ca hnh tr l c trt.
b. Cng ton phn ca lc ma st tc dng ln hnh tr.
Bi 24
Mt hnh tr ng nht khi lng m, bn knh R c t khng vn tc u
trn mt mt phng nghing hp vi phng ngang gc , h s ma st k.
1. Xc nh gia tc ca hnh tr. CMR: c trt hay khng cn ty vo gi tr ca gc
so vi mt gi tr
0
no cn tm.
2. Tm tng nng lng ca hnh tr thi im t = 0 v t bt k. Xt hai trng hp:
<
0
v >
0
.
51
x
m
1
M
m
2
h
Bi 25
Mt hnh lp phng khi lng M v mt hnh tr c m bn knh R. Si dy
khng dn khng khi lng mt u buc vo M,
mt u cun vo hnh tr. Hnh lp phng
chuyn ng khng ma st trn mt phng nghing
nghing gc . Rng rc khng khi lng v
quay khng ma st quanh trc. H c th t do
khng vn tc u, dy khng b trng m cng khng b cng, phn dy bn hnh tr
thng ng, phn buc vo M song song vi mt phng nghing. Xc nh gia tc ca
cc vt, bin lun theo cc gi tr ca .
Bi 26
Mt hnh tr c ng cht c bn knh R = 15cm nm trn mt phng ngang
ri mt phng nghing to mt gc = 30
0
vi mt phng ngang. Tm vn tc cc i
v
0
ca hnh tr n khng bi ny ln. Gi thit khng c s trt.
Bi 27
Mt chi hnh tr c ng cht khi lng m,
bn knh R ban u nm cnh mt ci gi (cnh ny song
song vi ng sinh ca hnh tr). Di nh hng ca
vn tc ban u khng ng k, chi ri xung. H s
ma st trt gia chi v gi l k. nghing
0
no
chi bt u ri khi gi. p dng: k = 0,2.
Bi 28
Mt hnh tr ng cht, khi lng m, bn knh a, khi tm G. thi im ban
u hnh tr quay vi vn tc gc
0
cn khi tm G ng yn trn mt bn nm
ngang. H s ma st trt gia tr v bn l k.
1. Xc nh thi im t: vn tc ca G v vn tc gc .
2. thi im t
1
no th ht trt? Xc nh v
1
,
1
cng nh qung ng S
1
m n
i c.
3. Tnh cng ca lc tip xc.
4. Sau hnh tr chuyn ng nh th no? Bin lun v v ng cong biu din
bin thin ca v v theo thi gian.
Bi 29
Mt vnh ai mng rn c bn knh R c t thng
ng trn sn v gn im tip xc vi sn ngi ta gn
vo vnh ai mt vt nh A c khi lng bng khi lng
52

ca vnh ai. Sau ngi ta truyn cho trc ca vnh ai mt vn tc nm ngang v

0
.
Vi cc gi tr no ca v
0
vnh ai s khng nhy ln, nu s ln xy ra khng trt.
Bi 30
Mt vt rn khi lng m, khi tm G nm trn mt t
nm ngang A,B. Tip xc B khng c ma st, cn tip xc A c
ma st vi h s k. thi im u ngi ta y vt rn vi vn
tc u v
0
nm ngang. Xc nh khong cch d m vt i
c cho n khi dng li.
Bi 31
Mt ngi i xe p khi ng trn mt con
ng nm ngang. Ngi i xe p ny c xem nh
vt rn lin kt vi xe p (b qua khi lng ca i chn chuyn ng ca ngi).
Gi m l khi lng ca ngi + xe p, hai bnh xe
ging nhau c bn knh R v khi lng khng ng k.
Khi tm G ca h chuyn ng c xc nh bi cc
chiu di a, b, h. Gi n l t s rng gia a v lp bnh
sau, k l h s ma st trt gia bnh xe v ng. Hi
m men ngu lc M ca ngi phi tc dng ln a l bao nhiu cc bnh xe
khng trt trn mt ng.
Bi 32 ( thi HSGQG nm 95-96).
Mt khi tr T, gm hai na, mi na c tit din l mt na hnh trn, bn knh R,
chiu cao h, c khi lng ring ln lt l D
1
v D
2
vi D
1
<D
2
. Khi tr c t trn
mt tm phng P. H s ma st gia T v p ln T ch ln khng trt trn P.
1. Tm khi tm ca mi na hnh trn c ng tnh.
2. Cho mt P nghing mt gc so vi ng nm ngang. Tnh gc m mt phn
cch lm vi mt ngang khi tr cn bng.
3. Tng dn gc nghing . n gi tr no ca th hnh tr bt u ln xung? Lc
bng bao nhiu?
4. P hon ton nm ngang v hnh tr ang nm cn bng. y nh cho T ln mt gc
nh ri bung ra. Chuyn ng ca khi tm hnh tr c th coi l dao ng iu ha
c khng? Nu c tnh chu k dao ng?
Bi 33
Mt vng dy xch kn A c khi lng m = 0,36kg, c ni qua mt dy vo
u mt trc thng ng ca mt my quay li tm v quay vi vn tc gc khng i
= 35rad/s. Si dy lm gc = 45
0
vi ng thng ng. Xc nh khong cch t
khi tm vng dy xch n trc quay v sc cng ca dy xch.
Bi 34
53
A B
h
b a
G
Mt hnh nn trn xoay A khi lng m = 3,2kg c na gc nh = 10
0
, ln
khng trt trn mt mt nn B sao cho n bt ng. Khi tm ca hnh nn A cng
cao vi nh O, cch nh mt khong L = 17cm v chuyn ng theo mt ng
trn vi vn tc gc . Hy xc nh:
a. Lc ma st tnh tc dng vo hnh nn A khi = 1rad/s.
b. Gi tr ca cho chuyn ng ca hnh nn A tin hnh khng trt, h s ma
st gia cc mt bng k = 0,25.
Bi 35:( thi HSGQG nm 2006).
Mt vt hnh cu bn knh R ang ng yn trn tm g mng CD. Mt khi
lng ca vt ph thuc vo khong cch r n tm ca n theo quy lut:
u =
)
R
r
+ 1 (
7
m 3
R
3

; m l mt hng s dng.
Tm g c ko trn mt bn nm
ngang theo chiu CD vi gia tc khng
i a (hnh v). Kt qu l vt ln khng
trt v pha D c mt on l v ri
xung bn. H s ma st trt gia vt v mt bn l k.
1. Tnh khi lng v mmen qun tnh ca vt i vi trc quay qua tm ca n.
2. Hy xc nh thi gian vt ln trn tm g v gia tc tm O ca vt i vi mt bn.
3. Ti thi im vt ri khi tm g vn tc gc ca vt bng bao nhiu?
4. CMR trong sut qu trnh chuyn ng trn mt bn vt lun ln c trt.
5. Vt chuyn ng c mt qung ng s bng bao nhiu trn bn?
Bi 36
Mt thanh AB ng cht khi tm G, khi lng m,
chiu di l. Thanh c treo vo im O bng hai dy khng
dn, khng khi lng cng chiu di l.
1. H cn bng tnh lc cng T
0
ca cc dy.
2. Ct dy OB tnh gi tr mi ca T ngay khi va ct. Tnh
t s T/T
0
.
Bi 37
Mt thanh AB ng cht chiu di 2b khi tm G t thng ng trn mt t.
Nh nhng lm mt thng bng khin thanh b . Gi thit u A ca thanh trt
khng ma st trn sn. Tm vn tc v
0
ca G khi thanh chm t.
54
A B
O
Bi 38
Mt dy xch AB ng nht c chiu di l v khi
lng m, t mp ca mt ci bn nm ngang, u B ca
xch cch mp bn khong h. Dy c th t do khng vn
tc ban u. B qua mi ma st.
1. Xc nh phng trnh vi phn to x ca B theo thi gian.
2. Xc nh thi im t phn lc R m bn tc dng ln dy xch.
Bi 39
Mt si dy xch ng cht, khng n hi, khi lng m, chiu di l vt qua
rng rc khi lng M, bn knh R. Rng rc c th quay khng ma st quanh trc.
thi im ban u, h ng yn, hai u mt ca dy chnh lch nhau mt on h. Xc
nh chuyn ng ca h sau . (gi thit dy khng trt trn rng rc).
Bi 40
Mt a nng quay quanh trc thng ng vi vn tc gc . ng xu khi
lng m, bn knh r c th xung a v trc ca n thng ng (hnh v). Khong
cch gia hai trc l d (d > r). H s ma st gia a v ng xu l k. Tm
vn tc gc n nh ca ng xu? Gi tr mmen lc t vo trc a ln
gi cho vn tc ca n khng i? Khng c ma st trc.
Bi 41
Mt cun dy khng n hi, khi lng khng ng k qun qua
mt thanh hnh tr bn knh R nm ngang ng yn (vt qua ng na
vng hnh tr). Tnh gi tr cc tiu F
0
ca F cn phi tc dng u mt
A ca dy ngn khng cho ti trng ri xung. Gi thit rng h s ma
st trt gia dy i vi thanh l f v trng lng ca dy khng ng
k.
Bi 42
Mt xe t ban u ng yn, khi khi ng c c gia tc a trn ng nm
ngang. Mt cnh ca ca xe vn m v to nn gc
0
= 90
0
.
Tnh thi gian cn thit cnh ca t ng li. B qua mi
ma st, gi J l mmen qun tnh ca ca so vi trc bn l
(gi thit l thng ng), b l khong cch t khi tm G
ca ca n trc bn l v m l khi lng ca ca.
Bi 43 ( thi QT O nm 88)
a Maxwell. Mt a ng cht hnh tr (khi lng M = 0,4kg, bn knh R =
0,06m, b dy d = 0,01m) c treo bng hai dy di bng nhau qun vo trc (bn
55
A
B
O y
x
a

knh r) i qua tm ca a. B qua khi lng ca dy v trc, v b dy ca dy.

Qun dy nng khi tm ca a ln cao H = 1m ri th ra. a quay v tt
xung v tr thp nht ri li i ln. n gin ta gi s tm quay tc thi lun nm
trn ng thng ng i qua im treo P.
1. Tnh vn tc gc ca a lc khi tm G
tt c qung ng s.
2. Tnh ng nng tnh tin E
t
ca a lc tt
s=0,5m. Tnh t s gia nng lng ny v cc
dng nng lng khc ca a cng thi im
, nu bit r = 0,003m.
3. Tnh lc cng ca mi dy T
1
khi a i xung.
4. Tnh vn tc gc ca a theo gc quay trong giai on i chiu.
V trong ta cc thch hp dng cc ng cong biu din cc thnh phn ca
ng i v vn tc ca khi tm a, coi nh nhng hm ca gc quay , cho c 3
giai on.
5. Lc cng ti a m mi dy chu c l T
m
=10N. Tnh chiu di ti a S
m
ca dy
c th gii phng, khng qun vo trc lc i chiu, m dy khng b t.
56
Phn 2: BI TP C HC THEO CH
Ch 1: CNG - CNG SUT - NNG LNG
Trng THPT Chuyn Hong Vn Th, tnh Ha Bnh.
1.83. Nghin cu mt tai nn trn ng, cnh st giao thng o c chiu di vt
bnh xe trn mt ng do phanh gp xe c chiu di L = 60m. Tm vn tc
ban u ca xe, nu h s ma st gia bnh xe v mt ng l k = 0,5?
Hng dn gii
Gi vn tc ban u ca xe l v.
Vt bnh xe trn mt ng l L = 60m nn qung ng xe trt l 60m.
p dng nh l ng nng cho qu trnh phanh ta c:
2
1
0
2
mv kmgL

) / ( 5 , 24 2 s m kgL v
1.84. Tm qung ng xe trt i c trn mt phng nm ngang nu n trt
xung theo dc nghing gc = 30
0
so vi phng nm ngang t cao H =
15m? H s ma st gia xe trt v ng l k = 0,2.
Hng dn gii
S bin thin c nng ca 2 im A v B:

ms A B
A W W

sin
. cos
2
2
H
kmg mgH
mv
B

) cot 1 ( 2
2
k gH v
B
)
S bin thin c nng ca 2 im B v C:

ms B C
A W W
kmgL
mv

2
0
2
B
57
Fms
P
+
+

+

P
Fms
L
H
A
B
C
V
B

kg
v
L
B
2
2

) ( 49 ) cot
1
( m
k
H L
1.85. Vt chuyn ng khng vn tc u xung h, thnh h nhn v thoi dn sang
y h nm ngang (Hnh 1.48). Chiu di
phn y l = 2m. H s ma st gia vt v y
h l k = 0,3. Chiu su ca h l H = 5m.
Tm khong cch t v tr vt dng li ti
im gia ca h?
Hng dn gii
Tng chiu di trn ng ngang ca y h m vt i c l S:
kmgS = mgH
cm m m
k
H
S 67 16 67 , 16
3 , 0
5
+
V chiu di ca phn y h l l = 2m nn chiu di m
vt i c trn y h:
S = 8 ln qua y + 67cm
=> Khong cch t v tr vt dng li ti im gia ca h
l:

cm
l
x 33 67
2

.
1.86. Tm cng cn thc hin a mt chic xe trt mang theo vt ln dc c
cao H = 10m? Khi lng tng cng ca xe v vt l m = 30kg. Gc nghing
ca dc = 30
0
. H s ma st gia xe trt v mt dc gim u t k
1
= 0,5 ti
chn dc n k
2
= 0,1 ti nh dc.
Hng dn gii
H s ma st trung bnh gia xe trt v mt phng nghing l : k =
2
2 1
k k +
58
+

F
P
Fms
H
l
H
Hnh 1.48.
I
x
Trong trng hp ny, trng lc v lc ma st sinh cng cn, v vy cng cn
thc hin phi l cng dng bng ln ca cng ca trng lc v lc ma st.

sin
. cos
H
kmg mgH A +

) ( 10 . 5 , 4 cot
2
1 (
3 2 1
J
k k
mgH A
+
+
1.87. Lm vic vi cng sut khng i, u my xe la c th ko on tu ln dc
c gc nghing
1
= 5.10
-3
rad vi vn tc v
1
= 50km/h. Vi gc nghing

2
=2,5.10
-3
rad th cng trong iu kin on tu chuyn ng vi vn tc v
2
= 60km/h. Xc nh h s ma st, coi n l nh nhau trong c hai trng hp.
Hng dn gii
Do cng sut khng i Fv = const =>
2 2 1 1
v F v F
M do xe chuyn ng u nn:
1 1 1
cos sin kmg mg F +
2 2 2
cos sin kmg mg F +

( ) ) cos (sin cos sin
2 2 2 1 1 1
k mgv k mgv + +

( ) ) cos (sin cos sin
2 2 2 1 1 1
k v k v + +
k =
01 , 0
cos cos
sin sin
1 1 2 2
2 2 1 1

v v
v v
.
1 2
;
l nhng gc nh nn
01 , 0
v v
v v
k
1 2
2 2 1 1

1.88. Mt t c khi lng m = 1000kg tt ng c khi xung dc c gc nghing

vi phng ngang = 6
0
th tng tc n vn tc cc i v =72 km/h ri sau
th chuyn ng u. Tm cng sut ca t n i ln dc ny vi vn tc
?
Hng dn gii
Theo bi, xe tt ng c ri xung dc vi v = 72km/h = const.
+ Lc ma st trn dc
cos kmg F
ms

cn bng vi thnh phn lc ko
sin mg F
K


sin cos mg kmg
59
P
Fms

+ Khi ln dc th lc ko c ng c
sin 2 cos sin mg kmg mg F +
Cng sut ca t n ln dc vi vn tc v = 72km/h = 20m/s l:
) ( 10 . 40 sin 2 .
3
W mgv v F P
1.89. Mt chic xe con khi lng M = 1000 kg chuyn ng u trn mt qung
ng nghing, c mi kilmt th ln cao thm h =10 m. Tm lng xng cn
tn nhiu hn so vi khi chuyn ng vi cng vn tc trn ng nm ngang?
Lng xng c tnh i vi qung ng di L = 100km. Cho nng sut ta
nhit ca xng l q = 4,6.10
7
J/kg. Hiu sut ng c = 10%.
Hng dn gii
Gi m
1
l khi lng xng cn i trong trng hp c tng cao, m
2
l khi
lng xng cn dng trong trng hp khng tng cao. k l h s ma st
trong mi trng hp.
Ta c: L

= 100km = 10
5
m, H

= h.L=10
3
m
TH1: Xe chy trn ng nghing.
Do chuyn ng u nn cng cn thc hin xe chuyn ng trn qung
ng L
1
l:
mgH Lkmg A A A
P ms
+ + cos
1
Do
01 , 0 sin
L
H

rt nh cos 1

mgH kmgL A +
1
Ta c:

+

q m
mgH mgkL
Q
A
1 1
1

q
mgH mgkL
m

+

1
TH2: Xe chy trn ng thng
Do chuyn ng u nn cng cn thc hin chnh bng cng ca lc ma st:
kmgL A A
ms

2 2
Ta c:

q m
mgkL
Q
A
2 2
2

q
mgkL
m

2
2

60
H
L

) ( 2 , 2
10 . 6 , 4 . 1 , 0
10 . 10 . 1000
7
3
2 1
kg
q
mgH
q
mgkL mgH mgkL
m m m
+


1.90. Tnh lc cn ca nc ln tu ang chuyn ng, bit rng khi n chy vi vn
tc v = 10km/h trong 3 ngy th cn dng ht M = 6,5 tn than? Hiu sut ng
c = 0,1. Cho nng sut ta nhit ca than l q = 33,5.10
6
J/kg.
Hng dn gii
Gi lc cn ca nc ln tu l F
c
.
Qung ng tu i trong 3 ngy l : S = 10.3.24 = 720 km = 720000 m
Do tu chuyn ng u nn F
ko
= F
c

S F A
C i
.
M: Q=Mq
Ta c:
i C
A F S
Q Mq


4
3.10 ( )
C
Mq
F N
S

1.91. Khi i trong cc thnh ph ln, xe t thng phi dng li ti cc ni c h
thng n hiu. V d, mt chic taxi ti Matxcva trung bnh c chy 100 km
phi dng li 100 ln. Gi s, sau mi ln dng xe li tng tc ti vn tc v =
60 km/h. Lc cn li chuyn ng ca t F = 300N v t ph thuc vo vn
tc. Lng xng m xe dng khi chy trong thnh ph tn hn khi chy
ng ngoi (ni hu nh khng phi dng li) l bao nhiu ln? Khi lng
ca taxi M = 1,5 tn. Hiu sut ng c khng ph thuc vo vn tc.
Hng dn gii
K hiu:
H l hiu sut c ng c ; v = 50/3 (m/s)
M
1
l khi lng xng chy trong tp
M
2
l khi lng xng chy ngoi ngoi
Ai
1
l cng c ch trong TH chy trong tp
Ai
2
l cng c ch trong TH chy trong tp
L = 100km=100000m, V = 60km/h = 50/3 m/s, M = 1500kg
Ta c:
A
i1
= A
c
+ nAtng tc =F
c
.L + Mv
2
/2. (n = 100)
A
tp1
= m
1
.q ; A
i2
= A
c
= F
c
.L ; A
tp2
= m
2
.q
61
7 , 1
100000 . 300 . 2
3
50
. 1500 . 100
1
2Fc.L
Mv . 2
.
2
.
2
2
2
1
2 1
2
2
2
1
1

,
_

+
+

n L Fc
m
m
q m
L Fc
q m
nMv
L Fc
A
A
A
A
H
tp
i
tp
i
1.92. on tu i vi vn tc v = 72 km/h trn ng st nm ngang. u tu cn
tng cng sut thm bao nhiu tu gi nguyn vn tc khi c ma ln?
Coi rng, trong mt n v thi gian c mt lng nc ma l m
t
= 100 kg/s
ri xung tu ri chy t thnh toa tu xung t. B qua s thay i lc ma st
khi tri ma.
Hng dn gii
i: v = 20m/s
Ta c: P
t
= Mv ; P
s
= (M+m)v
p dng nh l bin thin ng lng:
F
nl
.t = P
s
P
t
=(M+m)v Mv = mv
Ly t = 1s
Lc m u tu cn tng ln / n v thi gian l F = mv/ t, v m = m
t
=
100kg
Cn tng cng sut ln
2
40( W)
t
N Fv mv k
1.93. Chic ba ca my ng cc nng m = 500 kg c th ri t do t cao no
p vo cc v ng n su xung t l = 1 cm. Xc nh lc cn ca t F
(coi l khng i), nu ngay trc khi va chm, ba c vn tc l v = 10 m/s.
B qua khi lng ca cc.
Hng dn gii
T nh l v ng nng =>
2
1
0
2
mv mg F l l
=>
( ) N 10 . 5 , 2 g
l 2
v
m F
6
2

,
_

+
1.94. Chic xe trt ang trt trn mt bng vi vn tc v = 6m/s th bt u trt
vo phn ng nha. Chiu di ca vn trt l L = 2m, ma st gia vn trt
vi mt ng nha l k = 1. Tm qung ng xe trt i c trn ng
nha cho n khi dng li hon ton?
62
Hng dn gii
ng nng ban u: W

=
2
1
2
mv
=18m
0 x L < :
ms
x
F kmg
L

Gi s xe trt i c qung ng vo ng nha th

cng ca lc ma st c ln:
A
ms1
= dt tam gic = (1/2)kmgL = 9,8m
A
ms1
< W

=> ton b chiu di xe trt vo c ng nha, sau xe cn trt

thm qung ng c chiu di d na th phn ng nng cn li mi tit tiu hon
ton.
W

= A
ms1
+ kmgd => 18m-9,8m=9,8md => d=0,84(m)
Tng qunq ng xe trt c trn ng nha:
l =L+d=2,84(m)
1.95. Tm lc cn thit nh mt chic inh di L = 80 mm khi tm bng, nu n
c ng bi su nht ba c khi lng m = 0,5 kg v vn tc ba trc khi
va chm v = 2m/s? B qua khi lng inh.
Hng dn gii
Cng rt chic inh ln khi mt bng bng ng nng c 6 nht ba.
L F
mv
tb
.
2
6
2

L
mv
F
tb
2
3

Ta c:
2
max
F
F
tb
(v lc rt inh gim tuyn tnh t F
max
n 0)
Lc cn thit l lc ln nht. Fmax = 2 Ftb =
L
mv
F F
tb
2
max
6
2
Vy lc cn thit nh chic inh l: F =
L
mv
2
6
1.96. Tm cng cn thc hin, quay mt chic tm vn nm trn mt t quanh
mt u ca n i mt gc ? Tm vn c chiu di L, khi lng M, h s ma
st gia n v mt t l k.
Hng dn gii
Cng cn thc hin c ln
bng cng c lc ma st thc
hin trn cung GG.
di cung GG l:
2
L
R x
63
L
G
G

F
ms
kmg
L
x O

2
L kMg
A

1.97. Thng nc c ko t di ging su H=20 m. Ban u thng y nc. Do

c mt l thng nh di y nn khi ko ln nc bt u chy ra khi
thng. Coi rng qu trnh ko thng ln u n, lu lng nc chy khi
thng khng i. Tm cng ko thng nc, nu khi ko thng ln, trong thng
cn li 2/3 lng nc ban u. Thng rng c khi lng m=2kg, th tch
thng V=15l.
Hng dn gii
V qu trnh ko thng nc ln u n nn
lc cn ko thng nc bng trng lng ca thng
cng trng lng ca nc.
V lng nc trong thng gim u t th tch V
xung 2/3V nn lc ko thng nc cng gim t
gV mg F +
0
n
gV mg F
3
2
+
Cng cn thc hin ko thng nc chnh bng
din tch ca hnh thang.

1
]
1

+ + + ) ( )
3
2
(
2
1
mg gV mg gV H A

2
) 2
3
5
(
gH
m
V
A +

Thay s A = 2,9kJ
1.98. Mt xylanh t thng ng, u di chm trong nc.
Trong xylanh c mt pittng t nm trn mt nc.
Ko chm pittng ln cao H = 15m (Hnh 1.49). Tm
cng ko pittng? Din tch tit din ca pittng l S =
1dm
2
, p sut kh quyn P
0
=10
5
Pa. B qua khi lng
pittng.
Hng dn gii
+ Khi ko pittng ln, nc trong pittng dng ln theo. n
khi p sut ct nc bng p sut kh quyn th ct nc khng
dng ln na. Khi trong xi lanh tn ti mi trng chn khng.
+ Nu tip tc ko pittng ln th cn phi tc dng vo pittng 1 lc thng c p
lc ca kh quyn tc dng ln pittng.
+ Chiu cao ti a ca ct nc c th dng ln trong xilanh:

0
p gh
64
h
O
H
mg
2/3+mg
F
mg gV +
Hnh 1. 49.
H
=>
m
g
p
h 10
10 . 10
10
3
5
0

H <
Vy cng cn thc hin c tnh bng th nng ca ct nc c chiu cao h v cng
ko pittng t cao h n cao (H - h)
) (
2
0
2
h H S p
gSh
A +


Thay s ta c: A = 10
4
J
1.99. Mt con lc ton hc khi lng m, chiu di l c lm dao ng bng cch
mi ln n i qua v tr cn bng th li tc ng mt lc F trong khong thi
gian ngn t theo phng song song vi vn tc. Sau bao nhiu chu k con lc
t ti gc 90
0
?
Hng dn gii
bin thin ng lng ca con lc sau mi ln i qua v tr cn bng l:
Ft p
Sau n ln qua v tr cn bng:
mv p nFt

con lc t n gc 90
0
th vn tc cn c ( v tr cn bng) ca con lc l:
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng: mgl
mv

2
2
=> gl v 2
S ln con lc cn phi i qua v tr cn bng l:
Ft
gl m
Ft
mv
n
2

S chu k cn tm:
Ft
gl m n
N
2
2
2

1.100. Hai tn la ging nhau, mt ci ang chuyn ng cn ci kia ng yn, c
cho ng c hot ng trong mt thi gian ngn. Trong thi gian , chng
pht ra khi lng kh t nh nhau (nh so vi khi lng tn la) vi vn tc
tng i so vi tn la nh nhau. ng nng ban u ca tn la chuyn ng
l K, sau khi ng c hot ng th tng thm 4%. Tm ng nng ca tn la
cn li?
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
2
2
Mv
K => v Mv K =>
v
v
Mv
v Mv
K
K

2 2
2
+ i vi tn la ang chuyn ng:
04 , 0

K
K
=>
02 , 0

v
v
Gi v, v
1
, u ln lt l vn tc ca tn la trc khi pht kh, vn tc ca tn la sau
khi pht kh, vn tc ca kh so vi tn la.
M v m ln lt l khi lng ca tn la v kh.
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng ta c:
v m M Mv u v m ) ( ) (
1
+ +
65
=>
u
M
m
v v v
1
=>
02 , 0

v
u
M
m
v
v
+ i vi tn la ang ng yn:
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng ta c:
2
Mv mu
=>
u
M
m
v
2
Ta c:
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
1
2 2
u
M
m
u
M
m M Mv
K =>
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
10 . 4

,
_

v
v
v
u
M
m
K
K
=> K K
4
2
10 . 4

Ch 2: LC HP DN. V TINH
Trng THPT Chuyn tnh Lo Cai
1.101. Mt v tinh nhn to dng trong h thng vin thng, phng ln t xch o ca
Tri t, v trong sut thi gian chuyn ng sau lun nm pha trn mt
im c nh trn mt t (v tinh a tnh). Hi bn knh qu o ca v tinh
ln hn bn knh Tri t R
E
= 6400 km bao nhiu ln? Bit gia tc ri t do
trn b mt t l g = 9,8 m/s
2
.
1.102. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t c phng ln t xch o v chuyn ng trn
qu o trn trong mt phng xch o theo chiu quay ca Tri t. Tm t s
gia bn knh qu o ca v tinh v bn knh Tri t nu thi gian gia hai
ln lin tip n i qua pha trn ca im phng l hai ngy?
1.103. V tinh nhn to ca Tri t c phng ln t xch o v chuyn ng trn
qu o trn trong mt phng xch o theo chiu quay ca Tri t. Bn knh
qu o ca v tinh R = 3R
E
vi R
E
= 6400 km l bn knh Tri t. Thi gian
gia hai ln lin tip v tinh i qua nh u ti im phng bng bao nhiu?
1.104. Coi qu o ca Tri t v Mt Trng l trn, tm t s khi lng Tri t v
Mt Tri. Bit Mt Trng i c 13 vng quanh Tri t trong mt nm v
khong cch t Tri t n Mt Tri ln hn 390 ln khong cch t Tri t
n Mt Trng.
1.105. Xc nh t s khi lng Tri t v Sao Ha theo cc tham s qu o ca
trm t ng Sao Ha 2: khong cch ln nht n mt t (vin im) a =
25000 km, nh nht (cn im) l p = 1380 km, chu k quay T = 18 h. Bn knh
Sao Ha R
M
= 3400 km, bn knh Tri t R
E
= 6400 km.
1.106. Mt trong cc v tinh Sao Mc chuyn ng trn qu o trn bn knh R
1
=
4,22.10
5
km v chu k quay T
1
= 1,77 ngy. Khi lng Sao Mc ln hn khi
lng Tri t bao nhiu ln? Bit rng Mt Trng chuyn ng trn qu o
bn knh R
2
= 3,8.10
5
km vi chu k T
2
= 27,3 ngy.
66
1.107. Tnh vn tc v tr cp I khi phng t b mt Sao Mc, s dng cc thng s
qu o v tinh Hanimet ca Sao Mc: qu o trn bn knh R = 1.10
6
km v
chu k T = 7,15 ngy. Bn knh Sao Mc R
J
= 70000 km.
1.108. Tm khong cch xa nht t tm Mt Tri n sao chi Harley, bit chu k
quay quanh Mt Tri ca n l T = 76 nm, khong cch nh nht t sao chi
n Mt Tri l R
min
= 1,8.10
8
km. Bn knh qu o Tri t R
0
= 1,5.10
8
km.
1.109. V tinh chuyn ng xung quanh Tri t trn qu o trn vi bn knh R =
3R
E
vi R
E
= 6400 km l bn knh Tri t. V tinh khi ng b phn hm
trong thi gian ngn lm cho vn tc ca n
gim i v chuyn sang qu o elip tip
tuyn vi mt t (Hnh 1.79). Hi sau
bao lu th v tinh h cnh xung mt t?
1.110. Hai ngi sao ht ln nhau v cng chuyn
ng theo qu o trn quay xung quanh
khi tm ca chng vi chu k T = 2 nm
(h sao i). Tng khi lng ca cc ngi
sao m
1
+ m
2
= 2M
S
vi M
S
l khi lng Mt
Tri. Tm khong cch gia cc ngi sao nu
bit khong cch t Tri t n Mt Tri R
0
= 1,5.10
8
km. Khi lng Tri
t nh hn khi lng Mt Tri rt nhiu ln.
1.111. to ra trng lng nhn to trn khoang hnh khch, hai phn ca tu v tr
(c t l khi lng l 1:2) c a ra cch nhau mt khong L v nh ng c
lm cho chng quay quanh khi tm chung ca chng. Tm chu k quay, nu
bit ng h qu lc t trn phn tu nng hn chy chm hn hai ln so vi
khi n t trn Tri t?
1.112. Do chuyn ng t quay ca hnh tinh, trng lng ti xch o nh hn ti cc
cc. Tm cao h so vi b mt hnh tinh ti cc cc sao cho trng lc ti
bng trng lc trn b mt hnh tinh ti xch o? Coi rng hnh tinh c dng
cu bn knh R. Chu k t quay ca hnh tinh l T, khi lng ring trung bnh
ca vt cht cu thnh n l .
1.113. Mt tiu hnh tinh c dng hnh cu bn knh l R
0
= 5 km. Gi s khi lng
ring ca tiu hnh tinh l
0
= 5,5 g/cm
3
, tm gia tc ri t do g
0
trn b mt
ca n. cao m mt ngi ng trn b mt tiu hnh tinh nhy ln c,
nu vi cng mt sc bt nhy nh vy th ngi ch nhy ln n cao 5
cm trn Tri t.
1.114. Tm gia tc ri t do trn b mt Mt Tri nu bn knh Mt Tri ln hn bn
knh Tri t 108 ln v t l khi lng ring ca Mt Tri v Tri t l 1:4.
67
Hnh 1. 79.
1.115. Tnh gia tc ri t do trn b mt Mt Tri nu bit bn knh qu o Tri t
l R
0
= 1,5.10
8
km, bn knh Mt Tri R
S
= 7.10
5
km v chu k quay ca Tri
t quanh Mt Tri l T = 1 nm.
1.116. Xc nh chu k quay nh nht ca v tinh sao ntron. Khi lng ring ca n
l = 10
17
kg/m
3
.
1.117. V tinh c khi lng M = 200 kg chuyn ng trn qu o trn quanh Tri
t. Khong cch t mt t n v tinh l nh so vi bn knh Tri t. C th
thay i bn knh qu o bao nhiu nu bn mt pht n t v tinh? Khi
lng vin n m = 5g, vn tc n l u = 1 km/s theo phng ngc chiu vn
tc v tinh.
1.118. Tng th ba ca tn la bao gm phn khoang mang nhin liu c khi lng
M = 50 kg v phn u bo v hnh nn c khi lng m =10 kg. Phn u c
th bt v pha trc nh mt l xo nn. Khi th trn Tri t, khi tn la c
gi c nh th l xo y phn u khi tn la vi vn tc v
0
= 5,1 m/s. Tm
vn tc tng i ca phn u so vi tn la khi n ri ra trong khi bay trn
qu o?
1.119. V tinh c phng ln qu o trn ti cao H = 500 km so vi b mt Tri
t b cn bi cc lp kh quyn Tri t trn cao. Gia tc gc ca v tinh
= 3.10
-13
rad/s
2
. Tm cao ca v tinh sau mt thng? Bn knh Tri t R
E
=
6400 km.
1.120. Bit rng ti thi im hin ti, Mt Trng ri xa khi Tri t vi tc v =
3,3 cm/nm. Tm gia tc gc ca Mt Trng. Khong cch trung bnh t Tri
t n Mt Trng R = 3,84.10
5
km, vn tc gc ca Mt Trng quanh Tri t
= 2,56.10
-6
rad/s.
1.121. Tn la phng ln t b mt Tri t theo phng thng ng vi vn tc v
tr cp I v ri tr li Tri t cch khng xa im bn. Tm thi gian bay ca
tn la? Bn knh Tri t l R
E
= 6400 km.
1.122. Cc nh du hnh v tr h cnh xung b mt Mt Trng, cn quay tr v
trm v tr ang chuyn ng trn qu o trn ti cao bng bn knh Mt
Trng R
M
= 1700 km. Tm vn tc u v ca cabin ti b mt Mt Trng, cho
khi tip ni vi trm khng cn iu chnh vn tc ca cabin? Gia tc ri t do
ti b mt Mt Trng l g
M
= 1,7 m/s
2
.
1.123. Tu v tr khi lng M = 12 tn chuyn ng quanh Mt Trng trn qu o
trn ti cao h = 100 km. chuyn sang qu o h cnh xung Mt Trng,
ngi ta cho ng c phn lc hot ng trong thi gian ngn. Vn tc kh pht
ra khi ng l u = 10
4
m/s. Bn knh Mt Trng R
M
= 1700 km, gia tc ri t do
trn b mt Mt Trng l g
M
= 1,7 m/s
2
.
68
a) Tm khi lng nhin liu cn dng ng c hot ng ti im A lm
tu p xung Mt Trng ti im B (Hnh 1.80 a)?
b) Tm khi lng nhin liu cn dng truyn cho tu mt xung lng theo
phng ni tm Mt Trng tu chuyn sang qu o elip tip xc vi b mt
Mt Trng ti im C (Hnh 1.80 b)?
LI GII
Bi 1.180 .
Theo nh lut Kepler ta c
(1 )
T, T
1
: Chu k quay ca v tinh trn qu o trn v Elip
a: Bn knh quay trn qu o trn a = 3R
E
a
1
: Bn knh ln trn qu o Elip a
1
= 2R
E
Xt c ca v tinh trn qu o trn
=> (2)
C =>
(3)
T (1), (2), (3) ta suy ra
Thi gian h cnh xung mt t: t = T/2 = 7191,6s 2 gi.
Bi 1.181
69
A

B
a)
C
A

90
0

b)
Hnh 1. 80.
Vi chuyn ng ca hai ngi sao hay tri t th lc hp dn ng vai tr l lc
hng tm
Vi tri t
0
2
2
0
R
v
m
R
GMm

(1)
Vi hai ngi sao:
( )
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
2 1
2 1
R
v
m
R
v
m
R R
m Gm

+
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:

,
_

0
2
0
2
T
R
v
R
GM
(3)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
1
2
1
2 1
2
2 1
2 2

,
_

+ + +
+
T
R R R R
R
v
R R
R R
M G

(4)
T (3) v (4) bin i c
( )
Km R R R T
T
R
R
R R
8
2 1
2
2
0
2
3
2 1
10 . 0 , 3 2
2
+
+
Bi 1.182.
T

= 2T

=
4
l
g

Mt khc, lc gy ra dao ng trn tu l lc qun tnh:

2 2
2 2
3 3
l l
T
BG L



=>
2
1 3 1 2
2 4 2 2
3
3
l l L
T
L
g L g g

<> >
Bi 1.183
V trng lng bng tng hp ca lc hp dn v lc qun tnh li tm nn theo u bi
th lc hp dn ca tri t tc dng ln vt cao h trn a cc bng tng hp ca
lc hp dn ca lc hp dn v lc qun tnh li tm tc dng ln vt ti xch o
( )

,
_

,
_

+
1
3
2
2
2
2 2 2

T G
G
T R h
T
mR
R
GMm
ma
R
GMm
h R
GMm
ht
Bi 1.184.
Gia tc ri t do trn tiu hnh tinh : g = GM/R
2
M: kh lng hnh tinh; R: Bn knh hnh tinh.
M =
0
.V =
0
..R
3
.
70
vy g = G.
0
..R 7,68.10
-3
m/s
2
.
Khi cng mt ngi nhy th bin thin th nng l nh nhau nn ta c:
Mgh = mgh v h = gh/g 64m.
Bi 1.185
Biu thc tnh gia tc ri t do trn b mt mt vt hnh cu
R
R
GM
g
3
4
2

T s gia tc ri t do trn b mt Mt Tri v Tri t
( )
2
/ 265 108 .
4
1
s m g
R
R
g
g
MT
TD TD
MT MT
TD
MT

Bi 1.186.
Lc hp dn ca Tri t v Mt Tri ng vai tr l lc hng tm. Coi khi tm h
Tri t v Mt Tri trng Mt Tri.
2
2 2 3 3
0 0 0 2 2
0
. 4
S
S
M M
G M R GM R R
R T

<>
Mt khc:
2 3
0
2 2 2
4
S
S
S S
GM R
g
R T R

Bi 1.187
Trong vic quay ca v tinh quanh hnh tinh th lc hp dn ng vai tr l lc
hng tm nn xy dng c biu thc tnh chu k nh sau
2
3
2
2
2
2 2

,
_

,
_

T R
GM
T
mR mR
R
GMm

Vy chu k nh nht khi bn knh qu o nh nht tng ng vi bn knh ca sao R

0
) ( 10 . 2 , 1
3 2 3
4
3
min
2
3
3
s
G
T
T R
R G

,
_

,
_

Bi 1.189
- Xt trong h quy chiu khi tm ca h gm khoang mang nhin liu v u bo v
p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng: m
d
v
d
= m
t
v
t
- Khi th trn tri t ta tnh c th nng n hi ca l xo
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:
2
W
2
0
v m
d

- Trn qu o th th nng ny cng chuyn ht thnh ng nng ca hai khoang v

u bo v khi hai phn tch nhau ra
71
d t
t
t
d
t
d d
t
d t
t
d d
t
d
t
d
d d d d
t t d d
m m
m
v
m
m
m
v m
v
m m
m
v v v
m
m
v
m
v
m v m v m
v m v m
+

+

,
_

+ + +
0
0
2 2
0
2
2 2 2
0
2 2
1
2 2
W
- Vn tc tng i ca u bo v v tn la
) / ( 6 , 5 1
0 0 0
s m
m
m
v
m m
m
v
m
m
m m
m
v v v
t
d
d t
t
t
d
d t
t
t d
+
+
+
+
+
72
Ch 3: CC NH LUT BO TON
Trng THPT chuyn tnh Tuyn Quang
1.124. Mt thng xe c khi lng m
2
= 160 kg, chiu di L = 3 m nm trn mt
ng ray nhn. Mt ngi c khi lng m
1
= 60 kg i t u ny n u kia
ca thng xe. Tm dch chuyn ca thng xe?
1.125. Tm vn khi lng m trt t do trn mt bng nm ngang vi vn tc v
1
. Mt
ngi khi lng m
2
nhy ln tm vn vi vn tc v
2
theo phng vung gc
vi vn tc tm vn. Tm vn tc v ca h vn v ngi. B qua lc ma st gia
vn v mt bng.
1.126. Mt toa ch tc nc c th chuyn ng khng ma st dc theo ng ray.
Khi lng tc l M, khi lng nc trong b l m. Mt vt khi lng m
0
c th ri thng ng vo b ti v tr cch tm b mt on l. Tm phng
v dch chuyn ca b nc khi chuyn ng ca nc tt hn v vt ni?
Gii thch c ch hin tng.
1.127. Vin n c bn ra t khu sng t trn mt t, n thnh hai mnh ging
nhau khi ln n im cao nht ca qu o cch sng theo phng ngang mt
on l a. Mt trong hai mnh bay theo phng ngc li vi vn tc bng vn
tc ca vin n ngay trc khi n. Tm khong cch t sng n im ri ca
mnh n th hai? B qua sc cn ca khng kh.
1.128. Mt vin n khi lng m bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc v gm vo khi
g khi lng M ang ng yn treo vo si dy c chiu di l. Tm gc lch
ca dy khi phng thng ng.
1.129. Dng sng hi bn vo mt hp dim t trn bn, cch mp bn mt khong l
= 30cm. Vin n c khi lng m = 1g, bay theo phng ngang vi vn tc v
0
= 150 m/s, xuyn qua hp dim v bay tip vi vn tc v
0
/2. Khi lng hp
dim l M = 50 g. H s ma st k gia hp dim v mt bn phi nh th no
n ri khi bn?
1.130. Hai ht c khi lng m v 2m, c ng lng p v p/2, chuyn ng theo cc
phng vung gc vi nhau n va chm vi nhau. Sau va chm, hai ht trao
i ng lng cho nhau. Tm c nng mt i do va chm.
1.131. Vt khi lng m
1
chuyn ng vi vn
tc v n va chm n hi vi mt vt
ng yn. Sau va chm, n chuyn ng
theo phng hp vi phng chuyn ng
ban u mt gc 90
0
vi vn tc v/2. Tm
khi lng vt th hai.
73
m v
m/2
m
m/2

Trc va chm
Sau va chm
Hnh 1. 57.
1.132. Ht khi lng m chuyn ng vi vn tc v n va chm vi mt ht ng yn
khi lng m/2 v sau va chm n hi th bay ra theo phng hp vi phng
chuyn ng ban u mt gc = 30
0
(Hnh 1.57). Tm vn tc chuyn ng
ca ht th hai?
1.133. Hai qu cu cao su c buc vo cc si dy mnh v t cnh nhau sao cho
chng c cng cao v tip xc vi nhau. Chiu di cc si dy l l
1
= 10 cm
v l
2
= 6 cm. Khi lng cc qu cu tng ng l m
1
= 8g v m
2
= 20 g. Qu
cu khi lng m
1
c ko lch khi phng
thng ng mt gc = 60
0
v th ra. Xc nh
gc lch cc i ca cc qu cu so vi phng
thng ng sau va chm. Va chm coi l hon
ton n hi.
1.134. Ba qu cu c cng bn knh, c khi lng
khc nhau, c buc vo cc si dy c chiu
di ging nhau v tip xc vi nhau. Qu cu
m
1
c ko lch ln n cao H ri th ra
(Hnh 1.58). Cc khi lng m
2
v m
3
phi nh
th no sau cc va chm gia qu th nht
vi qu th hai v gia qu th hai vi qu th
ba th c ba qu c cng ng lng? Chng
ln n cao no? Cc va chm l hon ton n hi.
1.135. Hai qu cu mt bng st khi lng m v mt bng ch khi lng m/4
treo vo cng mt im bng cc si dy mnh. Ko lch qu cu bng ch ln
n cao H ri th ra. Sau va chm n ln c n cao h. Va chm l
xuyn tm. Tm phn ng nng chuyn thnh nhit.
1.136. Gia hai qu cu khi lng m
1
v m
2
c mt l xo ang nn. Nu gi nguyn
mt qu cu (qu c khi lng m
2
) v th t do qu kia th n s bay i vi
vn tc v
0
. Tm vn tc ca qu cu khi lng m
1
nu th ng thi hai qu
cu? S bin dng ca l xo trong hai trng hp l nh nhau.
1.137. Vt khi lng M ni vi mt l xo ang dao ng vi bin A
0
trn mt bn
nm ngang nhn. Ti thi im vt i qua v tr cn bng th n c mt ming
cht do khi lng m ri thng t trn xung v dnh vo vt. Bin dao
ng ca h thay i nh th no?
1.138. Hai qu cu c cng khi lng m, ni vi
nhau bng l xo khng khi lng c chiu
di l v cng k ang nm yn trn mt
bn nm ngang nhn. Mt qu cu th ba
74
m m m
3 2 1
l
Hnh 1. 59.
m
1
m
3
m
2
Hnh 1. 58.
khi lng m chuyn ng vi vn tc v
0
theo phng ni tm hai qu cu, va
chm n hi vi qu cu bn phi (Hnh 1.59). Xc nh khong cch ln nht
v nh nht gia cc qu cu ni nhau bi l xo, bit rng ti cc thi im ,
cc qu cu c cng vn tc.
LI GII
Bi 1.116
Gi l l qung ng thng xe i c, v
1
l vn tc ca ngi so vi ng
ray, v
2
l vn tc ca thng xe so vi ng ray th v
1
= v
12
- v
2
.
nh lut bo ton ng lng: m
1
v
1
= m
2
v
2
m
1
(v
12
- v
2
) = m
2
v
2

L
m m
m
l L m ) m m ( l
t
l
m
t
l
t
L
m
2 1
1
1 2 1 2 1
+
+

,
_

Thay s: l = 0,82(m)
Bi 1.117
nh lut bo ton ng lng cho h ngi vn:
v m v m v m
2 2 1 1

+ vi m = m
1
+m
2
T hnh v ta c (mv)
2
= (m
1
v
1
)
2
+(m
2
v
2
)
2

( ) ( )
2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
m m
v m v m
v
+
+

Bi 1.118
Gi x l khong cch t trng tm mi ca h n trng tm G ca tc nc.
Theo quy tc hp lc song song ta c:
( )
( )
( )
' '
o o
o o
o
P m M m g P m M m g
m g x m l
x
l x m M g m M m
+ + + +

' '


+ + + +

Trng tm ca h dch chuyn mt on:
( )
o
o
m l
x
m M m

+ +
Vy l c s dch chuyn tng i ca trng tm i vi bnh. V vy,
gi nguyn v tr ca trng tm th bnh phi dch chuyn sang pha th vt
m
o
mt khong ng bng
( )
o
o
m l
x
m M m

+ +
C ch hin tng: Vt ri xung b to sng nc gy nn lc tc dng
theo phng ngang lm cho toa xe dao ng, thit lp li v tr cn bng mi
cho xe khi dao ng ca nc tt hn.
Bi 1.119
75
m
1
v
1

mv
m
2
v
2
v 0
l
h
O
A
H
O '

nh lut bo ton ng lng cho h theo phng ngang ti v tr cao nht:

' v
2
m
v
2
m
mv +
v=3v.
V khng c lc tc dng theo phng ngang nn
theo phng ngy cc mnh chuyn ng thng u
vi thi gian bng thi gian vin n bay ln ti v
tr cao nht : t = a/v
Qung ng mnh 2 bay c x=vt = 3v.a/v = 3a.
khong cch t sng n im ri ca mnh n th
hai: L = x+a = 4a.
Bi 1.120
nh lut bo ton ng lng cho h n + khi g theo phng ngang ti
im O: mv = (m+M)v

v
M m
m
' v
+

(1)
nh lut bo ton c nng cho h ti O v A (im cao nht):
) cos 1 ( gl ) M m ( gh ) M m ( ' v ) M m (
2
1
2
+ +
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
( ) gl 2 . m M
v m
1 cos
2
2 2
+

Bi 1.121
mv
0
=mv+MV V=mv
0
/(2M)
MV
2
/2 kMgl
gl M 8
mv
Mgl 2
MV
k
2
2
0
2

Bi 1.222
Gi v l vn tc vt m trc va chm p=mv.
p
2
=2mv
2
= p/2 = mv/2 v
2
=v/4
Sau khi va chm:
o p
1
= p
2
mv=2mv/4 v
1
=v/2
o p
2
= p
1
2mv
2
= mv v
2
= v/2
ng nng trc v sau va chm:
o W
t
= mv
2
/2 + mv
2
/16 = 9mv
2
/16
o W
s
= mv
2
/2 + mv
2
/4 = 3mv
2
/8
C nng mt: W

= 3mv
2
/16
Bi 1.123:
76
Cng thc lin h ng nng v ng lng: p
2
= 2mK
Theo u bi:
1 1 2 2
2
1 2
1
2
2
K m
4
5
K m
4
p
p p + (1)
Bo ton c nng:
K
1
=K
2
+K
1
/4 K
2
=3K
1
/4 (2)
T (1) v (2) m
2
=5m
1
/3.
Bi 1.124:
Bo ton ng lng:
'
2
m
mv mv u +
r ur r
T hnh v suy ra:
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2 2
' 2 ' os30
2
' 2 ' os30 ' 3 ' 1
4
o
mu
mv mv m vv c
u
v v v v c v v vv
_
+

,
+ +
Bo ton c nng:
( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
' ' 2
2 2 2 2 2
m u
mv mv u v v + +
T (1) v (2) ta c h phng trnh
2
2 2
2
2 2
'
' 3 '
3
4
2
'
3 2
v
u
v
v v vv
v
u
u
v v

' '





Bi 1.125:
Vn tc ca vt m
1
ngay trc va chm:
( ) ( )
2
2 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 os 2 1 os
2
mv
m g l c v g l c
v g l


Vn tc cc qu cu ngay sau va chm:
( ) ( )
( )
1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 '
1
1 2 1 2
2 m m v m v m m g l
v
m m m m
+ +

+ +
( )
( )
2 1 2 1 1 1 1 '
2
1 2 1 2
2 2 m m v mv m g l
v
m m m m
+

+ +
Bo ton c nng cho cc qu cu sau va chm:
77
mv
mv
mu/2

( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2 1 ' 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
1 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1
1 os 1 os
2
2.
2
2 1 89
os 0, 91
2 98
2
m m g l
mv m g l c g l c
m m
m m m m
m m
c
m m m m

+
+
+
+ +
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
' 2 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2
2
1 1
2 2
2 1 2
4 1 1
1 os 1 os
2 2
2 107
os 1 0, 727
147
m g l
m v m g l c g l c
m m
m l
c
l m m

+

+
Bi 1.126:
Xt va chm qu cu 1 v 2: sau va chm qu cu 1 c vn tc v/3, qu cu 2 c
vn tc v
2
o Bo ton ng lng: m
1
v =m
1
v/3 + m
2
v
2
(1)
o Bo ton c nng: m
1
v
2
=m
1
v
2
/9 + m
2
v
2
2
(2)
v
2
= 4v/3; m
2
=m
1
/2
Xt va chm qu cu 2 v 3: sau va chm qu cu 2 c vn tc v
2
/2, qu cu 3
c vn tc v
3
.
o Bo ton ng lng: m
2
v
2
=m
2
v
2
/2 + m
3
v
3
(3)
o Bo ton c nng: m
2
v
2

2

= m
2
v
2

2
/4 + m
3
v
2
3
(2)
v
3
= 1,5v
2
; m
3
= m
2
/3 = m
1
/6
D dng tnh c H
1
=H/9; H
2
=4H/9; H
3
=4H
Bi 1.127:
Gi v
0
v v l vn tc bi ch ngay trc v sau va chm th v
0
2
=2gH v v
2
=2gh.
Bo ton ng lng: mv
0
/4 = mv/4 + mv (v l vn tc bi st ngay sau va
chm).
v = (v
0
v )/4
C nng trc va chm: W = mgH/4
C nng sau va chm: W = mgh/4 + mv
2
/2 = mgh/4 + mg (H - hH +h)/16
Phn ng nng chuyn thnh nhit: Q= W - W

( ) Hh 2 h 5 H 3 mg
16
1
Q +
Bi 1.128:
Gi qu cu m
2
:
2
kx
2
v m
2 2
0 1
(1)
Th ng thi 2 qu:
2
kx
2
v m
2
v m
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
+ (2)
78
Mt khc: m
1
v
1
=m
2
v
2
v
2
=m
1
v
1
/m
2
(3)
Thay (1) v (3) vo (2) ta c
( )
2 1 2
2
1
0 2
2 1
2
0 1
m m m
m
v v ;
m m
m
v v
+

Bi 1.129:
Cha ri vt xung:
k
Mv
A
2
kA
2
Mv
W
2
0 2
0
2
0
2
0
(1).
Vt ri xung:
k
v ) m M (
A
2
kA
2
v ) m M (
' W
2
2
2 2
+

+
(2).
Mt khc: (M+m)v = Mv
0
0
v
m M
M
v
+

(3).
T (1), (2) v (3):
m M
M
A A
0
+

Bi 1.130:
Xt va chm gia m
3
v m
2
:
' v m v m v m
3 2 0 3
+
(1)
2 '
3
2
2
2
0 3
v m
2
1
v m
2
1
v m
2
1
+
(2)
Gii (1) v (2) ta c v = v
0
v v=0 (qu cu 3 trao i vn tc vi qu cu 2).
Bo ton ng lng cho 2 qu cu 1 v 2: mv
0
= mv
1
+mv
2
v
0
=v
1
+v
2
=const
Khi tm G ca h 2 qu cu 1 v 2 nm trung im ca l xo v chuyn
ng vi vn tc v
G
=v
0
/2. Nu xt trong h quy chiu gn vi G th G ng yn,
2 qu cu dao ng quanh G vi vn tc cc i v
0
/2. Khi c th coi nh mi
qu cu gn vi mt l xo c chiu di l/2, cng 2k.
Khi hai qu cu c cng vn tc th v
1
=v
2
=v
0
/2 trong h quy chiu khi tm
khi ny hai qu cu ng yn (ch c th nng, khng c ng nng). bin
dng cc l xo khi ny c tnh theo nh lut bo ton c nng:
k 8
m
v A A ) k 2 (
2
1
2
v
m
2
1
0
2
2
0

,
_

L xo ngn nht khi b nn 2A:

k 2
m
v l A 2 l l
0 min

L xo di nht khi gin 2A:
k 2
m
v l A 2 l l
0 max
+ +
79
Chuyn 4: TNH HC
Trng THPT Chuyn tnh Bc Giang
1.139. Mt hnh cu c buc vo mt si
dy v ta vo tng nh hnh v 1.9.
Tm hnh cu C nm trn cng ng
thng ng i qua im treo O; gc gia
dy v phng thng ng l , gia
bn knh i qua im ni vi dy A v
phng thng ng l . Tm iu kin
ca h s ma st gia qu cu v tng
h c th cn bng? Bit: + =
/2.
1.140. Mt chic thang c khi lng m =15kg v chiu di l = 3m c t ta u
trn ( c mi trn) vo tng, u di t trn sn nh. Gc nghing ca
thang so vi phng nm ngang l = 60
0
. Trn thang c mt ngi khi
lng M = 60 kg ng ti v tr cch u trn ca thang mt khong a = 1m.
Tm ln v phng ca lc m sn tc dng ln thang khi cn bng?
1.141. Mt thanh c khi lng m v chiu di l c gn u di vo mt bn l
(Hnh 1.10). Treo mt rng rc nm trn trc thng ng i qua bn l v cch
bn l mt on l H. Buc u trn ca thanh vo mt si dy v vt qua rng
rc. Tm khi lng nh nht cn buc vo u kia ca dy cho thanh nm
cn bng bn trong mt phng thng ng?
1.142. Hai vt c khi lng l m v M
c ni vi nhau bng mt l xo.
Khi h c treo nh Hnh 1.11a,
di ca l xo l l
1
. Khi h c
t trn gi nh Hnh 1.11, b,
di ca l xo l l
2
. Tm di
t nhin ca l xo?
1.143. Ta phi ko si dy thng nh
di gc nh th no ko vt
nng chuyn ng khng gia tc
trn mt phng nm ngang (Hnh
1.12, a)? Bit rng vt bt u t trt khi t trn mt phng nghing c gc
nghing (Hnh 1.12, b).
80
O
C
A

Hnh 1.9.
Hnh 1.10.
H
l
1
m
M
l
2
m
M
Hnh 1.11.
a)
b)
1.144. Tm lc nh nht F tc dng theo phng nm ngang vo vt c khi lng m
= 1kg, ang nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing = 30
0
cho n
ng yn (Hnh 1.13)? H s ma st gia vt v mt phng nghing l k = 0,2.
1.145. Tm lc nh nht F tc dng theo phng nm ngang vo vt c khi lng m
= 2kg, ang nm trn mt phng nghing c gc nghing = 30
0
cho n
chuyn ng u ln trn mt phng nghing (Hnh 1.13)? H s ma st gia
vt v mt phng nghing l k = 0,3.
1.146. Mt khi hnh hp ch nht c tit din thng ab (Hnh 1.14) c ko trt
u trn mt phng ngang bng mt chic dy thng vi gc ko c th thay
i c. H s ma st gia vt v mt phng ngang l k. Tm gc khi vt bt
u b nhc ln?
1.147. Vt khi lng m c kch thc ab (Hnh 1.15) nm trn mt phng nghing
c gc nghing . Bt u tc dng lc F song song vi mt phng nghing.
Vi lc F nh th no th vt b lt ? Bit rng khi vt khng b trt
xung mt phng nghing.
1.148. Mt khi lp phng nh khi lng m = 100g t trn mt phng nhm
nghing vi phng nm ngang mt gc = 30
0
(Hnh 1.16). H s ma st gia
khi lp phng v mt nhm l k = 0,8. Tm lc nh nht F tc dng vo khi
81

a)

b)
Hnh 1.12.

m
F
Hnh 1.13.
b
a

a/2
Hnh 1.14.

F
Hnh 1.15.
a
b

F
Hnh 1.16.
lp phng theo phng ngang cho n bt u chuyn ng? Lc nm trn
mt phng nghing.
1.149. Mt chic bt ch c tit din hnh lc gic b y dc theo mt phng ngang
(Hnh 1.17). Tm h s ma st gia bt ch v mt phng ngang n trt trn
mt phng ngang m khng quay?
1.150. Mt chic t khi lng M = 1 tn chuyn ng ln trn mt phng nghing
c gc nghing = 12
0
. Tm hiu cc p lc ca bnh trc v bnh sau ca xe
xung mt ng? Bit rng, khong cch gia cc trc l L=2,5m, khi tm
ca xe cch u cc trc v nm cao H = 0,75m so vi mt ng.
1.151. Xe ti c khi lng M = 8 tn ang vt dc (Hnh 1.18). Xe ti ko theo mt
moc c khi lng m = 4 tn. Dy ni nm cao h = 1m. Khi tm G ca
xe ti nm cao H = 2m; khong cch gia cc trc bnh xe l L = 4m. Khi
i trn ng nm ngang th cc bnh sau p ln mt ng mt lc bng 3/4
ton b trng lng ca xe. Vi gc nghing ca dc nh th no th xe b
v sau? Thc t c nguy him hay khng, nu cng sut ca ng c ch
vt dc c gc nghing khng vt qu 10
0
?
1.152. Tm s thay i p lc ln bnh trc ca mt t khi lng m = 1500 kg
ang chuyn ng trn mt ng nm ngang (c h s ma st k = 0,4), khi
hm bnh sau mt cch ti a m khng lm xy ra s trt? Khi tm t
nm cch u cc trc xe v nm cao l h = 60 cm so vi mt t; khong
cch gia trc trc v trc sau ca xe l d = 3,5 m.
82
G
L

Hnh 1.18.
F
Hnh 1.17.

a
Hnh 1.19. Hnh 1.20.
Hnh 1.21.
a
r
R
1.153. Mt chic nm c gc nghing chuyn ng vi gia tc a trn mt bn nm
ngang phng (Hnh 1.19). Vi gia tc a nh th no th vt nm trn mt nm
bt u trt ln trn? H s ma st gia vt v nm l k.
1.154. Mt a trn mng ng nht bn knh R, b ct mt mt ming hnh trn c
bn knh nh hn 2 ln v tip xc vi vnh a (Hnh 1.20). Khi tm ca phn
cn li nm u?
1.155. Ko si ch buc quanh cun ch t trn mt bn nh trong Hnh 1.21, sao cho
gia tc ca cun ch gi khng i v bng a. H s ma st gia bn v vnh
cun ch phi nh th no cun ch trt m khng quay? Bn knh vnh v
li cun ch ln lt l R v r.
1.156. Cun ch s ln v pha no, nu ta ko si ch
di cc gc nghing khc nhau (Hnh 1.22)? Xt
cc trng hp sau: a) phng dy i qua im O
(im tip xc gia vnh cun ch v mt bn); b)
gc ko dy nh hn trong trng hp a; c) gc
ko dy ln hn trong trng hp a. Trong c ba
trng hp cun ch khng trt.
1.157. Trn mt hnh tr bn knh R, ti v tr cch trc
mt khong 2R/3, ngi ta khoan mt l hnh tr
c bn knh R/4, trc ca l v ca hnh tr song
song vi nhau (Hnh 1.23). vo trong l mt
cht c khi lng ring ln gp 11 ln khi lng
ring ca cht lm hnh tr. Hnh tr c t nm
trn mt tm vn nh. Nhc chm mt u ca tm
vn ln. Tm gc nghing cc i ca tm vn
vi phng ngang cho hnh tr cn nm cn
bng? H s ma st gia tm vn v hnh tr l k =
0,3.
1.158. Trc quay 1 truyn chuyn ng quay cho trc 2 nh ma st gia hai hnh nn
ging nhau, p u ln nhau dc theo ng sinh ca chng (Hnh 1.24). Tm
vn tc gc
2
ca trc 2 khng ti, nu vn tc gc ca trc 1 l
1
.
83
Hnh 1.22.
a
b
c
Hnh 1.23.
84
Hnh 1.24.
Trc 2

2
Trc 1

1
LI GII
Bi 1.18
- Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
- Phn tch lc: ; ; ;
ms
P N T F
ur uur ur uuuur
.
* iu kin cn bng : 0
ms
P N T F + + +
ur uur ur uuuur r
- Chiu ln 0xy :
N = Tsin (1)
F
ms

= P Tcos

k.N (2)
* iu kin cn bng mmen vi trc quay B :
T.R( 1 + cos) = P.R
Suy ra :
sin
1 c s 1 c s
P P
T N
o o

+ +
(3)
Thay (3) vo (2) rt ra :
1
sin
k

Bi 1.19
- Cc lc tc dng vo thang c phn tch
nh hnh v.
* iu kin cn bng mmen vi trc quay A :
N
2
.lsin = P
1
.
2
cos ( ) cos
2
l
P l a +
trong a = l/3; P
1
= mg; P
2
= Mg.
suy ra :
2
2
( ) . tan
2 3
m M
N g c + (1)
* iu kin cn bng lc :
N
1
= (M + m)g (2)
N
2
= F
ms
(3)
T (1), (3) : F
ms
=
2
( ) . tan
2 3
m M
g c + (4)
Vy lc m sn tc dng ln thang l :
2 2
1
F N F
ms
+
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
800
2 3
m M
g ctg M m N
_
+ + +

,
Gc hp bi
F
ur
so vi phng thng ng : tan =
1
3 4
. tan
6( )
ms
F m M
c
N M m

+

+
0
3 4
20
6 6
m M
arctg ctg
M m

+
_


+
,
85
D
C
A

Hnh 1.9.
T
ur
P
ur
N
uur
ms
F
uuur
x
B
y

1
N
uur
ms
F
uuur
1
P
ur
2
P
uur
2
N
uur
A
B
O
y
x
Bi 1.20.
Chn mc th nng ti bn l.
- Th nng ca h : U = mg.
2
l
sin + Mg(H a
2
)
Trong a
2
l chiu di on dy bn tri rng rc
Chiu di on dy bn phi rng rc bng :
a
1
=
2 2
2 sin H l Hl + (b qua kch thc rng rc)
Gi a = a
1
+ a
2
l chiu di dy th
2 2
1
sin ( 2 sin )
2
U mgl Mg H a H l Hl + + +
V ti v tr cn bng bn nn o hm U theo sin phi
bng 0, ta c :
2 2
2
2 2
dU
. 0
d(sin ) 2
2 sin
2
sin 1
2
.
2
mgl Hl
Mg
H l Hl
MH
H l
m
HL
H l
M m
H

+
_
+

,

Bi 1.21
+ Xt hnh 1.11 a: lc tc dng ln vt M gm hai lc
- Trng lc
P
r
, lc n hi
dh
F
r

- M trng thi cn bng: 0
dh
P F +
r r r
dh
P F
r r
- Trng lc hng xung => l xo b dn
1 0
( )
dh
P F Mg k l l
(1)
+ Xt hnh 21.a: lc tc dng ln vt m gm hai lc
- Trng lc
p
r
, lc n hi
dh
f
r
- m trng thi cn bng: 0
dh dh
p f p f +
r r r
r r
- Trng lc hng xung => l xo b nn
0 2
( )
dh
p f mg k l l
(2)
+ T (1) v (2) =>
1 0 1 2
0
0 2
( )
( )
k l l ml Ml Mg
l
mg k l l M m
+

+
Bi 1.22:
+ Xt hnh 1.12 a lc tc dng ln vt
nng gm
86
M
Hnh 1.10.
H
a
2
a
1
m
l

m
M
P
f
dh
m
M
P
F
dh
- Trng lc
P
r
, lc ko
F
r
, phn lc
N
r
v lc ma st
ms
F
r
.
- V vt chuyn ng khng
gia tc nn ta c phng trnh
sau: 0
ms
P F N F + + +
r r r r r
(1)
Chn h trc oxy nh hnh v.
+ Chiu phng trnh (1) ln
hai trc ox v oy ta c:
+ Trc ox: Fcos

- F
ms
= 0 (2)
+ Trc oy: Fsin

+ N - P = 0
(3) => N = P - Fsin

thay vo
phng trnh (2) ta c:
=> Fcos

(P - Fsin

) = 0
os + sin
mg
F
c



( 4 )
+ Bit rng vt bt u trt khi t vt trn mt phng nghing c nghing

nn
Ta c: tan

thay vo phng trnh (4)
=>
. tan
os +tan .sin
mg
F
c

do mg.tan

= cost nn t
( )
f os +tan .sin c

=> ( )
sin tan . os f c

+
vy f
(

)
t gia tr cc tr khi
( )
0 sin tan . os 0 tan tan f c

+
Vy ta phi ko vt di gc

th vt trt khng gia
tc.
Bi 1.23:
+ Vt tc dng ln m gm c: Trng lc
P
r
, phn lc N
r
,
lc ma st
ms
F
r
v lc
F
r
. Vt ng cn bng ln lc ma
st y l lc ma st ngh.
+ Xt trng hp th nht: vt c xu hng i xung
Phng chiu cc lc tc dng ln m nh hnh v:
Ta c phng trnh: 0
ms
P N F F + + +
r r r r r
( 1)
chiu ln cc trc to ox v oy ta c:
+ Trc ox:
ms
sin os F 0 P Fc
(2)
+ Trc oy:
os Fsin = 0 N Pc
(3)
=>
os +Fsin N Pc

Thay vo phng trnh ( 2)
87

a)

b)
Hnh
1.12.
o
x
y
P
F
ms
F
N

m
F
Hnh
1.13.
P
F
ms
N
y
x
0

m
F
Hnh
1.13.
F
ms
P
N x
y
o
=>
Psin os ( os sin ) 0 Fc k Pc F +
(sin os ) (tan )
cos +ksin 1 . tan
mg kc mg k
F
k




+
=3,3 (N).
+ Xt trng hp th nht: vt c xu hng i ln
Phng chiu cc lc tc dng ln m nh hnh v:
Ta c phng trnh: 0
ms
P N F F + + +
r r r r r
( 4)
chiu ln cc trc to ox v oy ta c
chiu ln cc trc to ox v oy ta c:
+ Trc ox:
ms
sin os F 0 P Fc +
(5)
+ Trc oy:
os Fsin = 0 N Pc
(6) =>
os +Fsin N Pc

Thay vo phng trnh ( 5 )
=>
Psin os ( os sin ) 0 Fc k Pc F + +
(sin os ) (tan )
cos ksin 1 . tan
mg kc mg k
F
k


+ +


= 8.8 >3,3
Vy lc nh nht tc dng vo vt m n ng yn l:
(tan )
1 . tan
mg k
F
k

+
= 3,3 (N).
Bi 1.24.
+ Cc lc tc dng ln vt gm c: P, N, F v F
ms
.
+ S dng nh lut II Newton ta c:
F F N P a m
ms

+ + +
+ ma = Fcos - Psin - F
ms
= Fcos - Psin - kN = 0
( V chuyn ng thng u)
+ 0 = - Pcos - Fsin + N suy ra N = Pcos + Fsin :
Thay vo phng trnh trn ta thu c:
Fcos - Psin - k(Pcos + Fsin ) = 0 rt ra:
( ) N mg
tg k
k tg
F 4 , 21
. 1

Bi 1.25.
+ D dng c c iu kin vt chuyn ng
thng u l: Fcos = k(P Fsin )
=> F =
sin cos k
kP
+
(1)
+ iu kin vt b nng ln: Momen ca F i
vi trc quay qua J phi ln hn hoc bng
momen ca P
Ta c: P.
) cos .
2
sin (
2

a
b F
b

(2)
88
F
ms

F
b
a


a/2
J
N
P
Thay (1) vo (2) ta c: b.cos + kb.sin = 2kb.sin - k.a.cos
Bin i ta thu c kt qu :
k
1
b
a
tg +
(3)
V nng c vt ln ta cn tc dng vo vt mt lc F vi gc ti thiu l tha
mn (3)
Bi 1.26.
c th lt c khi hp th momen ti thiu
ca lc F phi ln hn momen cn li ca P.

) tan .
2 2
( cos . .
b a
P b F
hay
) sin cos . (
2

b
a mg
F

Bi 1.27
- Chon h trc ta Oxyz nh hnh v.
- Phn tch lc: ; ; ;
ms
P N F F
ur uur ur uuuur
.
- Khi vt bt u chuyn ng trn sn th lc
ma st tc dng ln vt l lc ma st trt, ta c:
F
mst
= k.N (1)
- Khi tc dng lc nh nht vo vt lm vt
bt u chuyn ng, th vt chuyn ng u, ta
c: 0
ms
P N F F + + +
ur uur ur uuuur r
(2)
Chiu (2) ln cc trc ta ta c:
+ Trn Ox: F
msx
= P
x
= mg.sin (3)
+ Trn Oy: N = P
y
= mg.cos (4)
+ Trn Oz:
2 2
min msz ms msx
F F F F (5)
Thay (1, 3, 4) vo (5) ta c:
( )
2
2
min
. . os sin F mg k c (6)
Thay s: m = 100g = 0,1kg; g = 9,8m/s
2
; k = 0,8;
= 30
o
vo (6) ta c: F
min
= 0,47 (N)
89

F
a
b
x
O
y
P
y
P
x
P
ur
N
uur
msx
F
uuuuur
Hnh chiu trn (Oxy)
P
x
msx
F
uuuuur
msz
F
uuuuur
ms
F
uuuur
min
F
uuuuur
x
z
O
Hnh chiu trn (Oxz)
Bi 1.28
- Phn tch lc: ; ; ;
ms
P N F F
ur uur ur uuuur
(trong : gi ca phn lc N
uur
c phng thng
ng ct mt chn ca chic bt ch)
- Khi chic bt ch bt u b quay th phn lc N
uur

c gi i qua im ta B, khi :
/ /
0; 0
ms
N B F B
M M
uur uuuur
, ta c:
/ / F B P B
M M
ur ur
3
. .
2 2 3
a a mg
F mg F
chic bt ch khng b quay quanh im B th:
3
mg
F
(1)
- chic bt ch b trt th theo phng ngang:
( )
msn
max
F F . . F k N k mg (2)
- T (1, 2) ta c:
1
. 0, 58
3 3
mg
k mg k
Bi 1.29
- Phn tch lc:
1 2 1 2
; ; ; ;
msn msn
P N N F F
ur uur uuur uuuuuur uuuuuur
(Xe chuyn ng ln trn mt phng nghing
nn cc lc ma st tc dng ln cc bnh xe l
ma st ngh, ng vai tr lc pht ng trong
chuyn ng ca xe)
- V xe chuyn ng ln trn mt phng
nghing (khng b lt), p dng quy tc
mmen:
+ i vi trc quay qua A:
1 1 2
/ / /
0; 0; 0
msn msn
N A F A F A
M M M
uur uuuuuur uuuuuur
, ta c:
2
/ /
2
. os . .sin . .
2
P A N A
M M
L
Mg c Mg H N L

ur uuur
2
1
. os . .sin
2
H
N Mg c Mg
L

(1)
+ i vi trc quay qua B:
2 2 1
/ / /
0; 0; 0
msn msn
N B F B F B
M M M
uuur uuuuuur uuuuuur
, ta c:
90
A B
P
ur
N
uur
F
ur
ms
F
uuuur
H
A
B
G
1
N
uur
2
N
uuur
P
ur
1 ms
F
uuuur
2 ms
F
uuuuur
1
/ /
1
. os . .sin . .
2
P B N B
M M
L
Mg c Mg H N L

+
ur uur
1
1
. os . .sin
2
H
N Mg c Mg
L
+
(2)
- T (1, 2) ta c:
1 2
2 . .sin
H
N N N Mg
L

Thay s: M = 1 tn = 1000kg; g = 9,8m/s
2
; H = 0,75m; L = 2,5m; = 12
o
ta c:
N = 1,2.10
3
(N)
Bi 1.30
- Phn tch lc nh hnh v:
+ Xe ti: ; ; ;
ms
P T N F
ur ur uur uuuur
(phn lc ca xe c th phn b trn c bnh trc v bnh sau)
+ Xe mooc: '; '; '; '
ms
P T N F
uur uur uur uuuuur
- Khi xe bt u b v pha sau th:
+ ton b trng lc ca xe dn ht cho bnh sau, khi phn lc N
uur
c gi i qua A,
ngha l:
/
0
N A
M
uur
;
+ i vi trc quay qua A, ta c:
/ / T A P A
M M
ur ur
(1)
- Xe mooc ang c ko ln dc, nn:
.sin T mg
/
.sin .
T A
M mg h
ur
(2)
- i vi xe ti khi i trn mt ng nm ngang, 3/4 trng lng ca xe p ln cc
bnh sau nn trng tm G ca xe b lch v pha bnh sau v cch trc bnh sau theo
phng song song vi mt dc mt on L/4, ta c:
/ /
/ y x
P A P A
P A
M M M
ur
91
G
L

P
ur
N
uur
msn
F
uuuuur
H
T
ur
' T
uur
h
P
x
P
y
A
/
L
. os . .sin .
4
P A
M Mg c Mg H
ur
(3)
- Thay (2, 3) vo (1) ta c:
( )
L
.sin . . os . .sin .
4
.
. . .sin . os
4
mg h Mg c Mg H
M L
mh M H c

+
ML/4
tan
m.h+M.H

(4)
Thay s: M = 8 tn, m = 4 tn, L = 4m, H = 2m, h = 1m, ta c: tan 0,4.
Cng sut ca ng c ch nh hng n s chuyn ng tnh tin ca xe ti, do
khng gy nguy him g khi xe ti ln dc.
Bi 1.31.
Khi cha phanh p lc tc dng ln bnh trc l
2
mg
N
20

Khi phanh bnh sau, bnh sau chu tc dng lc ma st 1 ms
kN F
, ta c
phng trnh cn bng momen quanh khi tm ca xe:
h F
2
d
N
2
d
N
ms 1 2
+
(1)
Ta c: N
1
+ N
2
mg = 0 (2)
T (1) v (2), suy ra:
kh d
kh 2 d
2
mg
N
2
+
+

bin thin p lc ln bnh xe trc:

480
kh d
kh
2
mg
N N N
20 2

+

(N)
Bi 1.32.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt m:
a m F N P
ms
+ +

'

ma cos F sin N
0 sin F cos N mg
ms
ms
Suy ra:

'

+
) cos a sin g ( m F
) sin a cos g ( m N
ms
Bit:
kN F
ms

Nn:
) sin a cos g ( k cos a sin g +
Vt bt u trt ln trn khi:

+

ktg 1
tg k
. g a
, vi iu kin ktg

< 1.
92

a
N
ms
F
P
2
N
1
N
ms
F
P
Bi 1.33.
Chn tm O lm gc to , ta c:
x
0
= 0, x
1
= -
2
R
Khi tm G trn trc Ox:
2
R
.
m m
m
m m
x m mx
x
1
1
1
1 1 0
G

(1)
Mt khc
4
1
R
r
S
S
m
m
2
2
1 1 1
(2)
T (1) v (2), suy ra:
6
R
x
G

Vy, khi tm G ngoi OO
1
v pha O, cch O mt khong
6
R
.
Bi 1.34.
(Hnh 1.21G)
V cun ch khng quay ta c phng trnh cn bng
momen quanh trc i qua tm cun ch:

. .
ms
F R F r
(1)
Cun ch trt vi gia tc a ta c phng trnh
chuyn ng tnh tin:

ms
F F ma
(2)
T phng trnh (2) suy ra
ms
F ma F +
thay vo phng trnh (1):

. ( ).
ms ms
F R ma F r +
vi
ms
F kmg

Suy ra
( )
ra
k
R r g

Bi 1.35.
(Hnh 1.22G)
Phng trnh chuyn ng tnh tin:
cos
msn
F F ma
(1)
Phng trnh chuyn ng quay quanh trc 0:
0
. .
msn
F R F r I
(2)
Ta c:
a
R
;
2
0
I mR
vi
0 >
l h s
T phng trnh (1) v (2), suy ra:
93
O
O
1
x
G
Hnh 1.21G
a
r
R
F
r
ms
F
r
Hnh 1.22G.

0
K
a
r
r
R
F
r
+
msn
F
r
( cos )
(1 )
F R r
a
mR

+
(3)
( cos )
0
(1 )
msn
F R r
F
R

+
>
+
(4)
Theo (4) th lc ma st lun hng v bn tri.
Theo (3) th:
a, Khi cos 0
r
a
R
Lc
F
r
c gi i qua im tip xc K. Do khng gy
ra momen i vi K,
0
. Cun ch ng cn bng.
b, Khi cos 0
r
a
R
> > cun ch chuyn ng sang phi
c, Khi cos 0
r
a
R
< < cun ch chuyn ng sang tri.
Bi 1.36.
(Hnh 1.23G)
* Gi: m l khi lng ca hnh tr ng cht
khng b khot, m
1
l khi lng d ca vt
em t vo l trng.
Ta c:
2
1
2
.
5
4
.10
. 8
R
h
m
m m
R h

_

,


* Khi gc

tng th hnh tr c th trt hoc

ln.
- Gi
1

l gc m k t hnh tr bt u
trt, ta c phng trnh chuyn ng tnh tin ca hnh tr:
( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
sin cos m m g k m m g + +

1
tan 0,3 k
- Gi
2

l gc m k t hnh tr bt u ln khng trt:

Mun vy:
+ V hnh tr khng trt do m lc ma st phi nh hn gi tr ln nht ca n
v bng
1 2
( ) sin m m g +
.
+ hnh tr khng quay th momen ca lc ma st i vi trc quay i qua 0
khng vt qu gi tr ln nht c th ca momen trng lc
1
m g
, tng ng vi
trng hp ng thng
1
00
song song vi phng ngang.
94
Hnh 1.23G.
0
0
1
N
r
ms
F
r

1
m g
r
mg
r
V vy vi
2

ta c phng trnh cn bng momen i vi trc quay i qua 0:

1 2 1
2
( ) sin
3
R
R m m g m g +
Thay
1
5
8
m
m vo phng trnh trn ta tm c
2
10
sin
39

* Ta thy
2 1
tan 0, 26 tan <
v vy khi ta tng gc

th s cn bng momen
quay b ph v trc s cn bng trt.
Vy gc nghing

cc i ca tm vn vi phng ngang cho hnh tr vn nm

cn bng l
10
sin
39
.
Bi 1.37.
(Hnh 1.24G)
Cc hnh nn chuyn ng tng i vi nhau km theo s trt tr mt im ti
cc vn tc di ca hai hnh nn bng nhau. K hiu to ca im tnh t nh
ca nn th 2 l
0
x
. Ti im lc ma st trt tc ng ln nn th 2 i du ( hnh
1.24a). Bi v trc im th nn th nht c vn
tc ln hn nn th 2, cn sau im th nh hn.
Hnh nn th 2 s quay vi vn tc gc khng i
nu tng momen ca cc lc ma st tc ng ln n
bng khng. V lc ma st tc dng ln n v di
ca nn l khng i nn momen ca n tng theo hm
bc nht tnh t nh nn n y nn (V cnh tay n
tng). Ti im
0
x
momen cng nh lc ma st s i
du (hnh 1.24b).
Gi H l chiu cao, R l bn knh y ca nn,
0
r
l
bn knh ti im
0
x
. Tng momen ca lc ma st
95
Hnh 1.24.
Truc 2

2
Truc 1

1
x
ms
F
r
x
0
-F
+F
0
a)
x
M
x
0
A
B
0
b)
x
0
A
1
B
1
Hnh 1.24
bng khng c ngha l din tch ca tam gic v din tch hnh thang c gch cho
trn hnh 1.24b bng nhau.
Ta c:
0 0
2 4
x r HR
(1)
Tam gic OAB ng dng vi tam gic OA
1
B
1
ta c:

0
0
x H
r R

(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
0
2
R
r
Cc vn tc di ca 2 nn bng nhau ti im
0
x
nn ta c:
1 0 2 0
( ) R r r
vi
0
2
R
r
ta c:

2 1 1
( 2 1) 0, 41
96
Phn 3: THI DO CC TRNG NGH
1: TRNG THPT CHUYN TNH H GIANG
Bi 1 . Mt t ca ch ang leo thng ln mt qu i vi vn tc khng i l
2,5m/s. i c sn dc l mt mt phng nghing hp vi phng ngang mt gc
bng 30
0
. Trong mt phng thng ng c cha t, ngi ta bn qu n pho t
chn dc vi gc bn 60
0
so vi phng ngang . Lc bn th t cch pho 500m.
Mun n bn trng t th vn tc ca n phi l bao nhiu? Cho g = 10 m/s
2
.
Bi 2. Cho h thng nh hnh v, c mt rng rc c nh A, mt rng
rc ng B v hai vt c khi lng m
1
v m
2
. B qua khi lng ca
dy v ma st.
1) Khi lng ca c hai rng rc khng ng k. Th cho h thng
chuyn ng t trng thi ngh. Tnh gia tc a
2
ca vt m
2
v lc Q tc
dng ln trc ca rng rc A. So snh Q vi trng lc Q ca h.
p dng bng s: m
1
= 0,2 kg ; m
2
= 0,5kg; g =10m/s
2
. Tnh a
2
v Q ?
2) Khi lng rng rc B khng ng k nhng rng rc A c khi
lng ng k; bn knh ca A l r. Th cho h thng chuyn ng t trng thi ngh,
ngi ta thy m
2
c gia tc a = g/n, g l gia tc ri t do, n l mt s dng hoc m
(ly chiu dng i xung). Tnh khi lng ca rng rc A theo m
1
, m
2
v n.
p dng s: r = 0,1m.
a) m
1
= 0,2 kg ; m
2
= 0,5kg; g =10m/s
2
; n = 5. Tnh m, mmen qun tnh v lc Q tc
dng ln trc ca rng rc A? So snh Q v Q do trng lc ca h tc dng.
b) m
1
= 1kg; m c gi tr va tm c trn. Tnh m
2
c n = - 5( m
2
i ln).
Bi 3. Con ch khi lng m
1
ngi trn u mt tm vn khi lng m
2
, chiu di
l
;
tm vn ni trn mt h. ch nhy ln theo phng hp vi phng ngang mt gc

dc theo tm vn. Tm vn tc ban u v
0
ca con ch n nhy trng u kia ca
tm vn. B qua mi ma st.
Bi 4. Mt lng kh bin i theo chu trnh
c biu din trn th hnh bn. Bit :
p
1
= p
3
; V
1
=1m
3
, V
2
= 4m
3
;
T
1
= 100K v T
4
= 300K.
Tnh V
3
= ?

97
m
1

m
2

A


B
(2)




(1)




(3)




(4)




V




T




0


V
2



V
1



T
1



T
2



P N
Cu 1
Chn h trc ta : gc O trng vi ni t pho, Oy theo phng thng ng hng
ln, Ox theo phng nm ngang. Gc thi gian l t = = l lc vin n c bn ra vi
vn tc v.
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca n theo cc trc ta l:
x
1
= (vcos60
0
).t = 0,5vt (1)
v y
1
= (vsin60
0
).t 5t
2
=
3
2
.v.t- 5t
2
(2)
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca t theo cc trc ta l:
x
2
= 500 cos30
0
+ (2,5.cos30
0
).t = 250 3 + 1,25 3 .t (3)
y
2
= 500.sin30
0
+(2,5sin30
0
).t = 250 + 1,25.t (4)
Khi n bn trng t th: x
1
= x
2
v y
1
= y
2
.
Suy ra: 5t
2
2,5.t 500 = 0 (5)
Gii pjng trnh (5) ta c: t
1
= 10,25312451
hoc t
2
= -9,753124512 < 0 loi
Vy vn tc ca n pho l: t x
1
= x
2

Suy ra: 0,5vt
1
=250 3 + 1,25 3 .t
1
ta c v = 88,9747m/s.
Cu 2
1) Khi lng ca hai rng rc khng ng k th lc cng
dy c gi tr T sut dc dy. Ta c cc phng trnh chuyn ng ca m
1
v m
2
(chiu
dng i xung ).
- T + m
2
g = m
2
.a
2
-2T + m
1
g

= m
1
a
1
= -m
1
1
2
a
2
Gii ra ta c: a
2
= -2a
1
= g
2 1
2 1
4 2
4
m m
m m

+
V T = m
2
( g a
2
) = g
2 1
2 1
3
4
m m
m m +
Q = 3T = g
2 1
2 1
9
4
m m
m m +
; Q = ( m
1
+m
2
)g
Q Q =g
( )
2
1 2
2 1
2
4
m m
m m

+
> 0 . Vy Q > Q
p dng s: a
2
= 7,27m/s
2
, Q = 4,1N < Q = 7 N.
2) Rng rc A c khi lng ng k th cc lc cng T bn m
2
v T bn m
1
khc
nhau. Ta c phng trnh:
- T + m
2
g = m
2
.a
2
98
m
1

m
2

A


B
-2T + m
1
g

= m
1
a
1
= -m
1
1
2
a
2
( T T)r = I

=
1
2
mra
2
Gii h phng trnh trn ta c:
a
2
= g
( )
2 1
2 1
4 2
1
4 2
m m
m m m

+ +
T = m
2
( g a
2
)
T =
1
2
m
1
( g +
1
2
a
2
)
Theo u bi a
2
= g/n , ta tm c:
m = 2m
2
(n 1) m
1
(n +
1
2
)
p dng s:
a) m = 2,9kg ; I = 0,0145 kgm
2
;
Q = 35,2 N; Q = 36 N.
b) a
2
= - 2m/s
2
; m
2
= 0,133 kg ; T = 1,6N, T = 4,5N;
Q = mg + T + 2T = 39,6N < Q = (m
1
+m
2
+ m)g = 40,3N
Cu 3
- B qua mi ma st, theo phng ngang ng lng ca h ch v vn c bo ton.
m
1
v
0
cos

+ m
2
v
v
= 0. ( vi v
v
l vn tc ca tm vn.), suy ra ln vn tc ca vn:
v
v
=
1
2
m
m
v
0
cos

.
- Gi qung ng ch nhy ti l s
1
; qung ng tm vn chuyn ng lui l s
2
.
- Thi gian ch nhy qung ng s
1
, cng l thi gian tm vn di chuyn qung
ng s
2
bng hai ln thi gian ch ln cao cc i. Thi gian l:
t
1
=
0
sin v
g

t =
0
2 sin v
g

ch nhy trng vn th ta c: s
1
+ s
2
=
l
Vi s
1
= v
0
cos

.t v s
2
= v
v
.t

v
0
cos

.
0
2 sin v
g

+
1
2
m
m
v
0
cos

.
0
2 sin v
g

=
l

0
1
2
.
1 sin 2
g
v
m
m

_
+

,
l
Cu 4
V p
1
= p
3
nn ta c:
99
( )
3 3
3 3
1 1
100 1
V T
T V
V T

on 2- 4 c dng mt on thng nn c dng:
V = a.T + b vi a,b l cc hng s
+ Khi V = V
2
, T =100 th
V
2
= a.100 + b (2)
+ Khi V = V
4
, T = 300 th : V
4
= a.300 + b (3)
+ T (2) v (3) ta c: a = - 3/200 v b = 5,5
+ Khi T = T
3
; V = V
3
th V
3
=
3
3
.100. 5, 5
200
V +
Vy V
3
= 2,2m
3

100
(2)




(1)




(3)




(4)




V




T




0


V
2



V
1


T
1



T
2



2: TRNG THPT CHUYN TNH LNG SN
Cu 1. Hai xi lanh cch nhit ging ht nhau c ni vi nhau bng mt ng cch
nhit c kch thc nh, trn ng ni c lp mt van K.
Lc u K ng. Trong xi lanh 1, di pit-tng khi lng
M, cha mt lng kh l tng n nguyn t c khi
lng mol , nhit T
0
. Trong xi lanh 2 c pit-tng khi
lng m = M/2 v khng cha kh. Phn trn ca pit-tng
trong hai xi lanh l chn khng. Sau van K c m
kh t xilanh 1 trn qua xi lanh 2. Xc nh nhit ca
kh sau khi kh cn bng, bit rng khi phn trn ca
pit-tng trong xi lanh 2 vn cn khong trng. Cho /M = 0,1, vi l s mol kh; ma
st gia pit-tng v xi lanh l rt nh.
u 2. Mt xi lanh cch nhit nm ngang c chia thnh hai phn nh mt pit-tng
mng dn nhit. Pit-tng c ni vi mt thnh u xi
lanh bng mt l xo nh. hai bn ca pit-tng u c
mol kh l tng n nguyn t. Xi lanh c chiu di 2,
chiu di ca l xo lc cha dn l /2. trng thi ban
u l xo b dn mt on l X v nhit ca kh trong
hai phn ca xi lanh l T. Sau , ngi ta c mt l nh
qua thnh ca pit-tng. Xc nh bin thin nhit ca
kh trong xi lanh T sau khi kh trong xi lanh cn bng.
B qua nhit lng hp th bi xilanh, pit-tng, l xo v
ma st gia pit-tng v xi lanh.
Cu 3. Mt chic nm khi lng M, mt nm nhn nm trn mt phng nhn, nm
ngang. Gc hp bi mt phng nghing v mt phng
ngang ca nm l (Hnh 3). Mt vin bi khi lng m
bay vi vn tc v
0
theo phng ngang n va chm n
hi vi nm. Xc nh t s m/M, bit rng sau va
chm mt thi gian no vin bi ri tr li nm ng
vo im m n va chm vi nm trc .
Cu 4: Mt ng ch khi lng M c t nm ngang trn
mt chic bn v da vo 2 chic inh cm thng ng trn
bn. Si ch di, mnh, mt u qun vo ng ch, cn u
kia c lun qua mt khe mt bn v ni vi mt vt nng
khi lng m (Hnh 4). Vi gi tr no ca m th h cn bng?
Bit ng ch (phn qun ch) c bn knh r, phn g hai u ng ch c bn knh R,
h s ma st gia ng ch v inh l
1
v gia ng ch vi mt bn l
2
.
101
1 2
K
Hnh 1
Hnh 4
Hnh 2
m

Hnh 3
M
P N
Cu 1.
Khi K m, ton b lng kh chuyn qua xi lanh 2.
K hiu: H
0
cao ct kh trong bnh 1 khi K cha m;
H v T cao v nhit ct kh trong xi lanh 2 khi K m v kh
cn bng.
p dng nguyn l th nht nhit ng lc hc c:

0 0 0
3
( ) ( )
2 2
g
R T T MgH mgH H H

+
Trc khi K m, xi lanh 1:
0 0 0
;
Mg
P V H S
S

MgH
0
= RT
0

0 0
gH RT
M

Sau khi K m v kh cn bng, xi lanh 2:

gH RT
m

Vy:
0 0 0
3
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
R T T R T T RT RT
M m

+
Hay:
0 0
1
5
0, 98
2
1
5
M
T T T
M

+

+
Cu 2.
trng thi u, lc n hi ca l so cn bng vi lc tc ng ln pit-tng
gy ra bi chnh lch v p sut hai bn ca pit-tng.

3
( ) ( )
2 2
RT RT
kx
l l
x x


+

1 1
3
2 2
RT
k
l l
x
x x

_



+
,
Sau khi pit-tng thng, p sut hai bn pit-tng cn bng, dn ca l xo bng
khng. Ton b nng lng t th nng n hi d tr trong l xo bin thnh ni nng
ca kh, nn:
2
3
2
2 2
kx
vR T
Vy:
2
1 1 2 2
3
6 6 3 ( 2 )(3 2 )
2 2
kx x x l x
T T T
l l
R l x l x
x x

_




+
+
,
Cu 3.
Gi v
x
v v
y
l thnh phn nm ngang v thnh phn thng ng ca vn tc
ca bi sau va chm. Xt h bi nm, do ngoi lc trit tiu theo phng ngang nn
ng lng ca h bo ton theo phng ny. Mt khc, v sau va chm, bi ri tr li
v tr n va chm vi nm trc nn:
102
m v
0
= (m + M) v
x (1)
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng c:

2
2 2 0
(2)
2 2 2
x y
mv m M m
v v
+
+
Gi F l lc tng tc gia bi v nm khi va chm ln th nht v thi gian va
chm l t. V khng c ma st nn lc ny c phng vung gc vi mt nm.
p dng nh lut 2 Niu tn c:
m v
y
= F.t cos
M v
x
= F.t sin
Hay:
os
(3)
sin
y
x
mv
c
Mv

T (2) v (3) c:
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
0 2
sin sin os
(4)
sin
x
m mM M c
m v v

+ +

T (1) v (4) c
2 2
2
2
os sin
cot 1
sin
m c
M

Cu 4.
Gi s tm c gi tri m
0,
vi m > m
0
th ng ch
bt u quay. Khi m = m
0,
h cn bng:
F
ms1
=
1
N
1
; F
ms2
=
2
N
2
(1)
p dng nh lut 2 Niu tn cho cc trc 0x, 0y c:
F
ms2
N
1
= 0 (2)
F
ms1
+ N
2
P
2
T = 0 (3)
T = T = m
0
g; P
2
= Mg (4)
Xt trc quay tm thi qua O, c:
T.r F
ms1
.r F
ms2
.R = 0 (5)
Gii h 5 phng trnh trn ta c nghim:
2 1
0
2
(1 )
r
R
m M
r
R

- Vi
2
r
R
<
, h cn bng vi m < m
0
. Khi m > m
0
ng ch quay.
- Nu
2
c gi tr tin gn n r/R, th m
0
c gi tr rt ln. Khi
2 =
r/R th h
cn bng vi mi gi tr ca m.
- Cn nu
2
r
R
>
th cn bng khng th b ph v vi mi gi tr ca m.
103
1 ms
F
r
2 ms
F
r
T
r
' T
r
1
N
r
2
P
r
1
P
r
2
N
r
y
x
0
0
Hnh 5
3: TRNG THPT CHUYN TNH SN LA
Cu 1:
Mt bnh xe c bn knh R, t cch mt t mt
on h, quay u vi vn tc gc

. T im A trn
bnh xe bn ra mt git nc v n ri chm t ti im
B, ngay di tm ca bnh xe. Xc nh v tr im A v
thi gian ri ca git nc.
Cu 2:
Mt ngi khi lng m ng u xe trt c
khi lng M chiu di L. Ngi phi nhy vi vn tc nh nht bng bao nhiu v
theo hng no n u kia ca xe trt nu:
a) Xe trt c gi cht
b) Xe trt c th t do trn mt bng
Cu 3:
Mt thanh AB ng cht khi lng m = 20kg da vo tng trn nhn di gc
nghing

. H s ma st gia thang v sn l
0, 6
a) Thang ng yn cn bng, tm cc lc tc
dng ln thanh khi 45
b) Tm cc gi tr

thang ng yn khng
trt trn sn
c) Mt ngi c khi lng m = 40kg leo ln
thang khi 45 . Hi ngi ny ln ti v tr M no
trn thang th thang s b trt. Bit rng thang di l = 2m. Ly g = 10m/s
2
.
Cu 4:
Mt bnh hnh tr kn t thng ng, c mt pittng nng cch nhit chia bnh
thnh hai phn. Phn trn cha 1mol v phn di cha 2mol ca cng mt cht kh.
Khi nhit hai phn l T
0
= 300K th p sut ca kh phn di bng ba ln p sut
kh phn trn. Tm nhit T ca kh phn
di pitng nm ngay chnh gia bnh khi
nhit phn trn khng i
Cu 5:
Cho n mol kh l tng bin i trng thi c
biu din nh hnh v. Cc qu trnh 1

2 v
2 3 biu th bng cc on thng. Qu trnh
3 1 biu th bng cng thc:
104
m
M
A
B
A
T
0 V
2T
1
T
1
2
3
1
O
B
h
( )
1
3
2
T
T bV bV .
Trong T
1
= 77C, b l hng s cha bit.
Tm cng ca khi kh thc hin trong mt chu trnh.
P N:
Cu 1:
git nc ri chm t ti B th n phi bn ra t im A thuc na di v bn
tri ca bnh xe
Gi

AOB
, chn h trc to Oxy nh hnh v, ta c phng trnh to ca git
nc:
( )
2
.cos .
1
.sin .
2
x v t v R
y v t gt

+
Khi git nc chm t ti B ta c:
( )
2
2 2 2
4 2 2 2
2 4 2 2 2
2
2 4 2 2 2
2
2
sin ; cos
sin tan
(1) (3)
cos
tan 1 tan
(2), (3) sin cos
2
2 cos 2 cos 0
' 2 0
2
cos
2
2
sin 1 cos 1
2
x R y h R
R
t
R
R g h R
g h R g
R gh g
R R gh g
g h
R R gh g
g h

_
+

,
+
+ + >
+ + +

+

+ + +

+
( )
2
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
2
2 2 2

2
h gh R R R gh g
g h

_


,
+ + +

+
Thi gian ri:
( )
2 2 2 2 4 2 2 2
2 4 2 2 2
2 2 2
tan
2
h gh R R R gh g
t
R R gh g

+ + +

+ + +
105
O
B
h
A
y
x
Cu 2:
a) Chn h trc to nh hnh v, gc to ti v tr ban u ca ngi nhy
Phng trnh chuyn ng ca ngi theo cc trc ta l:
2
0 0
1
cos . ; sin .
2
x v t y v t gt
0
1 2
2v sin
y = 0 t = 0; t = Khi
g

ngi nhy n cui xe trt th:

0 2 0
0 min
cos .
sin2
: sin2 1 45
gL
x v t L v
Hay v v gL

Vy ngi phi nhy vi vn tc nh nht l gL v vi gc nhy hp vi xe
trt gc 45
0 min
0 min
cos45
2
sin45
2
x
y
gL
v v
gL
v v


(1)
b) ng lng ca h theo phng ngang c bo ton khi xe trt c th t do,
v vy vn tc theo phng ngang ca ngi l v
1
, ca xe v
2
phi tho mn:
1 2 2 1
0
m
mv Mv v v
M
+
Trong h quy chiu gn vi xe, vn tc ca ngi theo phng ngang ca ngi l:
1 2 1

x x
m M
v v v hay v v
M
+
(2)
Trong h quy chiu ny, cc hnh chiu vn tc ca ngi tho mn iu kin (1) nh
cu a.
Thay (1) vo (2):
1
2
M gL
v
M m

+
Vy vn tc cc tiu ca ngi i vi h quy chiu gn vi t:
( )
2
2 2
min 1 2
1
2
y
gL M
v v v
M m
+ +
+
Gc nhy

ca ngi tho mn:

1
tan
y
v
m M
v M

+

106
Cu 3:
a) Thang cn bng:
1 2
0 msn P N N F + + +
ur uur uur ur r
Chiu ln Ox, Oy (hnh v):
2
1
200
msn
F N
N P N

'

Mt khc:
2
/ / P A N A
M M
ur uuur
2
2
. .cos . .sin
2
100
msn
AB
mg N AB
N N F


b) Tnh

thang khng trt trn sn:

Ta c:
2 2
. .cos . .sin
2 2tan
AB P
P N AB N

V
2
2tan
msn msn
P
N F F

Mt khc:
1 msn
F N P
2tan
1 1
tan
2 1, 2
40
P
P

c) t AM = x
Ta c:
1 1 2
0 msn P P N N F + + + +
ur ur uur uur ur r
Chiu ln Ox, Oy (hnh v):
2
1 1
msn
F N
N P P

'
+

Mt khc:
1 2
/ / / P A P A N A
M M M +
ur uur uuur
1 2
1
2
. .cos cos . .sin
2
(1)
2
msn
AB
mg Px N AB
P Px
N F
AB
+
+
Thang bt u trt khi: ( )
1 1 msn
F N P P +
(2)
T (1) v (2): x = 1,3m
107
A
B
A
P
ur
msn F
ur
1
N
uur
2
N
uur
O
y
x
A
B
A
P
ur
msn F
ur
1 N
uur
2 N
uur
O
y
x
1 P
ur
M
Cu 4:
Gi p
1
, V
1
v p
2
, V
2
; p
1
, V
1
v p
2
, V
2
tng ng l th tch v p sut ca phn trn
v phn di trc v sau khi thay i nhit
Khi cha thay i nhit :
1 1 2 2
0
1 2 2 1 2 1 1
2 1 2 1
2 5
3 3
3 ; 2
pV p V
RT
V V V V V V
p p

+
;

Mt khc:
1 2 1 1
3 2
P P
p p p p
S S
+ (P,S : trng lng v tit din ca pittng)
Sau khi thay i nhit phn di, pittng chnh gia:
' '
1 2 1
5
2 6
V
V V V
+ Phn trn nhit khng i:
' ' '
1
1 1 1 1 1 1
'
1
6
5
pV
pV pV p p
V

+ Phn di nhit thay i t T
0
n T:
' '
'
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1
'
0 2 0 0 0
12 12
.
15 5
p V p V p V T T T
p p p
T T V T T T

Ta vn c:
' '
1 2
P
p p
S
+
1 1 1
0
0
6 12
2
5 5
16
400
12
T
p p p
T
T T K
+

Cu 5:
T phng trnh :
( )
( )
1
1
2
1
1
3
3
2
2
3

2 2
T
T bV bV T
P bV b R
pV RT
T
Hay p Tb R b RV

Ta thy P l hm bc nht ca V vi h s a < 0.
th ca n c biu din trong h trc (P,V)
c dng on thng 3 1 (hnh v)
T phng trnh trng thi ng vi cc ng qu
108
p
0 V
p
1
p
3
2
3
1
trnh ta xc nh c:
2 1 2 1 1 2
3 1 3 2 1 2 3
T = 2T , V = 2V, p = p
T = T , V = V = 2V, p = 3p
Chuyn sang h to (P,V) nh hnh v
( ) ( )
12 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
0 A p V p V V R T T RT <
: Kh sinh cng
23
0 A
( ) ( )
31 1 3 2 1 1
1 3
0
2 4
A p p V V RT + > : Kh nhn cng
Vy cng do kh thc hin c trong mt chu trnh:
12 23 31 1 1 1
3 1
4 4
A A A A RT RT RT + + +
109
4: TRNG THPT CHUYN TNH VNH PHC
Cu 1: Mt vt nh trt khng vn tc u v khng ma st
t im cao nht ca mt qu cu c bn knh R b gi cht
trn b mt nm ngang ca mt ci bn (Hnh 1). Khi vt ri
n bn th hng ri to vi b mt bn mt gc bng bao
nhiu?
Cu 2: Ba vng m nh ging nhau A, B, C nm yn trn
mt mt phng ngang, nhn. Ngi ta truyn cho vng A
vn tc v
o
v n n va chm ng thi vi c hai vng B,
C (Hnh 2). Khong cch gia hai tm ca cc vng B, C
trc khi va chm bng N ln ng knh mi vng. Cc
va chm c coi l hon ton n hi. Xc nh vn tc
ca vng A sau va chm. Bin lun theo N vng A: bt
ngc li, dng li, tip tc tin ln.
Cu 3: Mt thanh nh c gn hai vt nh A v B hai u c khi lng l m
A
=
1kg v m
B
. Thanh c t trong lng mng trn c bn knh R (Hnh 3), bit AB = R
2 . H cn bng khi thanh AB to vi phng ngang mt gc =15
o
, b qua ma st,
ly g = 10m/s
2
.
a) Xc nh khi lng m
B
?
b) Tm p lc m cc vt A v B tc dng ln mng khi thanh
cn bng.
Cu 4: Cho hai ming g khi lng m
1
v m
2
t chng ln
nhau trt trn mt phng nghing gc . H s ma st gia
chng l k, gia m
1
v mt phng nghing l k
1
. Hi trong
qu trnh trt, ming g ny c th trt nhanh hn ming
g kia khng? Tm iu kin hai vt trt nh mt vt
trt.
Cu 5: Trong mt xilanh cch nhit kh di nm
ngang c nht 1 mol kh l tng n nguyn t c
khi lng m nh hai pittng cch nhit c khi
lng bng nhau v bng M c th chuyn ng
khng ma st trong xilanh (Hnh 4). Lc u hai pittng ng yn, nhit ca kh
trong xilanh l T
o
. Truyn cho hai pittng cc vn tc v
1
, v
2
cng chiu (v
1
=3v
o
, v
2
=v
o
).
Tm nhit cc i m kh trong xilanh t c, bit bn ngoi l chn khng.
Cu 6: Trnh by phng n th nghim xc nh h s ma st gia mt mu g vi
mt phng nghing, bit rng nghing ca mt phng l khng i v khng ln
110
Hnh 1
M M
m
V
1
V
2
Hnh 4
A
B

R
Hnh 3
A B
C
Hnh 2
v
o
cho mu g t trt xung. Dng c cho: Lc k, mu g, mt phng nghing, si
ch di.
P N
Cu 1
- Trc khi ri khi qu cu th chuyn ng ca vt l chuyn ng trn khng u,
trc ht ta tm gc v vn tc v ca vt thi im
n ri qu cu.
- Phng trnh ng lc hc cho phng xuyn tm:
mgcos - N = ma
n
= mv
2
/R
thi im vt ri qu cu th N = 0 nn:
v
2
= gRcos (1)
- p dng nh lut bo ton c nng ta c: mv
2
/2 = mgR(1-cos) (2)
- T (1) v (2) ta c: cos =2/3,
3
2gR
v .
- Theo nh lut bo ton c nng ta c, vn tc ca vt khi chm bn l v
1
tho mn:
gR v mgR
mv
2 2
2
1
2
1
.
- Sau khi ri qu cu, vt tham gia chuyn ng nm xin xung nn thnh phn vn
tc theo phng ngang l khng i. Do : vcos=v
1
cos
o
74
9
6
cos .
Cu 2
- V h c tnh i xng nn A ch chuyn ng trn ng thng c nh, B v C c
qu o i xng nhau qua qu o ca A. Gi v v v
o
l vn tc ca A v B (C) sau
va chm (B v C c cng ln vn tc l v
o
)
- p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng ta c: mv=mv+2mv
o
cos (1)
(Vi l gc gia phng chuyn ng ca A vi phng chuyn ng ca B (C))
- Do h c tnh i xng nn ta c:
) 2 (
2
4
2
) ( ) 2 (
cos
2 2 2
N
R
NR R

- Thay (2) vo (1) ta c: v = v+v
o
2
4 N

(3)
- Do va chm l hon ton n hi nn ta c:
2
2
2
'
2
2 2 2
o
mv mv mv
+ (4)
- T (3) v (4) ta c: v = v hoc v
N
N
v
2
2
6
2
'

- Nu v=v th v
o
=0 loi.
111
mg
v
N

v
1
* A bt ngc li th v<0 2 < N (do A va chm ng thi vo B, C th N<2
nn 6-N
2
>0).
* A ng yn th v=0 2 N .
* A tip tc tin ln th v>0 2 2 < < N .
Cu 3
a) Gi G l khi tm ca h hai vt, theo iu kin cn bng th cc lc N
A
, N
B
, P phi
ng quy ti O nn G nm trn ng thng ng OH
- Tam gic AOB vung cn nn gc OAB = gc OBA=45
o
, gc AOH=90-
(45+15)=30
o
.
AH=R/2, AG=AH/cos15
o
=0,52R
BG=(1,41-0,52)R=0,89R.
- V G l khi tm nn AG.m
A
=BG.m
B
m
B
=0,58kg.
b) Xt iu kin cn bng i vi trc quay i qua A:
A N A P
B
M M
/ /

N g m m N R N AH g m m
B A B B B A
9 , 7 2 / ) ( . ) ( + +
Xt iu kin cn bng i vi trc quay qua B ta c:
B N B P
A
M M
/ /

R N BK g m m
A B A
+ . ) (
, vi BK=GB.cos15
o
=0,86R
N
A
=13,6N.
Cu 4
- Gi a
1
, a
2
l gia tc ca cc vt 1 v 2
* Gi s vt 1 trt nhanh hn vt 2, cc lc
tc dng ln cc vt c chiu nh hnh v.
- Phng trnh chuyn ng ca hai vt l:
- Vt 1:
1 1 1 1 1
' a m F F N N P
ms ms
+ + + +
- Vt 2:
2 2 2 2
a m F N P
ms
+ +
- Chiu hai phng trnh trn xung mt phng nghing ta c:
1
1
1 1 1 1 1
'
sin ' sin
m
F F
g a a m F F P
ms ms
ms ms
+

2
2 2 2 2
sin sin
m
F
g a a m F P
ms
ms
+ +
- Ta thy a
2
>a
1
, vy ming g di khng th trt nhanh hn ming g trn.
* Gi s vt 2 trt nhanh hn vt 1, cc lc F
ms
v F
ms
c chiu ngc li. Tng t
trn ta c:
2
2
1
1
1
sin ,
'
sin
m
F
g a
m
F F
g a
ms ms ms

112
m
A
m
B

R
N
B
N
A
K
G
H
P
m
2
P
2
N
2
F
ms
P
1
N
1
N
F
ms
F
ms1
a
2
>a
1
th k
1
>k. (Ch : F
ms1
=k
1
(m
1
+m
2
)gcos, F
ms
=km
2
gcos)
Tm li: Nu k
1
>k th vt 2 trt nhanh hn vt 1. Nu k
1
k th hai vt cng trt nh
mt vt.
Cu 5
- i vi pittng (1): lc tc dng vo pittng theo phng ngang l lc y F
1
ngc
chiu v
1
nn pittng (1) chuyn ng chm dn u.
- i vi pittng (2): tng t, lc y F
2
cng chiu v
2
nn pittng (2) chuyn ng
nhanh dn u.
- Trong qu trnh hai pittng chuyn ng, khi
kh nht trong xi lanh chuyn ng theo.
- Chn h quy chiu gn vi pittng (2), vn tc
ca pittng (1) i vi pittng (2) l:
2 1 12
v v v pittng (1) chuyn ng v pha
pittng (2) chm dn ri dng li lc t
o
, sau t>t
o
th pittng (1) chuyn ng xa dn
vi pittng (2) v kh li gin n.
- Gi G l khi tm ca khi kh trong xi lanh lc t<t
o
: kh b nn, G chuyn ng v
pha pittng (2).
- Lc t>t
o
: kh b gin, G chuyn ng ra xa dn pittng (2). Vy nhit t
o
th v
G
=0
c hai pittng cng khi kh chuyn ng cng vn tc v.
- nh lut bo ton ng lng ta c:
M3v
o
+Mv
o
=(2M+m)v v=4Mv
o
/(2M+m).
- ng nng ca h lc u: W
1
=
2 2
2
2
1
5 ) (
2
1
o
Mv v v M +
.
- ng nng ca h lc t
o
l: W
2
=
2
) 2 (
2
1
v m M +
.
bin thin ng nng: W=W
2
-W
1
=
m M
m M Mv
o
+
+
2
) 5 2 (
2
.
- Ni nng ca kh:
) (
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
max o
T T nR T nR U nRT nRT
i
U
.
- V U=W nn
m M
m M Mv
R
T T
o
o
+
+
+
2
) 5 2 (
3
2
2
max
(do n=1)
Cu 6
- Mc lc k vo mu g v ko n trt u i ln mt phng nghing, khi ta c:
F
1
= kPcos + Psin (1), (F
1
l s ch ca lc k khi ).
- Tng t, ko vt chuyn ng u i xung ta c: F
2
= kPcos - Psin (2).
- Tr v vi v ca (1) cho (2) ta c: F
1
-F
2
=2Psin
P
F F
2
sin
2 1


(3).
113
M M
m
V
1
F
2
(1)
(2)
V
2
F
1
- Cng v vi v phng trnh (1) v (2) ta c:
P
F F
2
cos
2 1
+

(4).
- Do sin
2
+cos
2
= 1 nn ta c:
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
2
2 1
) ( 4
)
2
( )
2
( 1
F F P
F F
k
kP
F F
P
F F

+

+
+

- Cc lc u c o bng lc k, nn k hon ton o c.

114
5: TRNG THPT CHUYN TNH CAO BNG
Cu 1:
Thang da vo tng hp vi sn gc

. Bit h s ma st gia thang vi

tng l: k
1
= 0,3, vi sn l k
2
= 0,4. Khi tm gia thang. Tm gi tr nh nht ca

m thang khng trt.

Cu 2:
Hai qu cu ging nhau, treo canh nhau bng hai dy song song bng nhau. Ko
hai qu cu khi phng thng ng v hai pha vi cng gc

ri th ra cng lc.
Coi va chm gia hai qu cu l hon ton n hi. Tnh lc tc dng ln gi treo.
a. Ti lc bt u th cc qu cu.
b. Ti cc thi im u, cui ca qu trnh va chm gia cc qu cu.
c. Ti cc thi im cc qu cu b bin dng nhiu nht.
Cu 3:
Mt vt khi lng m c nm xin t mt mt phng ngang. N t cao
cc i l H v tm xa l S. Tnh cng ca lc nm.
Cu 4:
Mt vin n c khi lng 100g ang bay ngang vi vn tc 500,4 m/s th
xuyn qua mt qu cu c khi lng 2kg t yn trn gi cao 5,1m so vi
mt t. Qu cu chuyn ng v ri xung t ti im cch gi mt khong 20m
tnh theo phng nm ngang.
Hy xc nh im chm t ca n v t l % c nng chuyn ho thnh nhit
nng trong qu trnh n xuyn qua qu cu. Cho g = 10m/s
2
.
Cu 5:
Mt bnh cha kh 0
2
nn p sut Pa P
7
1
10 5 , 1 v nhit C t
0
1
37 c
khi lng (bnh v kh)
kg M 50
1

. Dng kh mt thi gian, p k ch
Pa P
6
2
10 5 nhit C t
0
2
7 . Khi lng ca bnh v kh:
kg M 49
2

.
Hi cn bao nhiu kg kh trong bnh? Tnh th tch ca bnh?
(Cho O = 16, R = 8,31J/mol.K)
115
P N
Cu 1
* V hnh, y cc lc tc dng vo thang
* Nu iu kin cn bng ca thang l tng cc lc bng khng
0
2 1

+ + + +
ms ms B A
F F N N P
* Chn h trc to 0x; 0y v xc nh cc lc theo h trc F
ms1
= N
A
;
F
ms2
= P - N
B
* F
ms1
= K
1
N
A
; F
ms2
= K
2
N
B
* N
B
=
2 1
1 K K
P
+
*Xt trc quay i qua u A ca thang: M
p
+ F
ms2
=
P
N
M
* Xc nh ln mmen ca cc lc kt qu: tg

=
2
2 1
2
1
K
K K

* tg
1 , 1
gi tr nh nht ca
0
4 , 47
Cu 2
* v hnh, nu y cc lc tc dng ln vt, ln gi treo
*
1 2 1
T F T T F +

cos
2
T +
cos

vi T
1
= T
2
a. Ti thi im bt u th 2 qu cu cc lc tc dng vo qu cu v gi treo c
xc nh theo phng ca dy treo
p
2
cos

= p
1
cos

= pcos

vi P = mg
Kt qu : F= 2mgcos
2

b. Ti thi im trc lc va trm xc nh lc vt qua v tr cn bng
v
1
= v
2
= v =
) cos 1 ( 2 gl
Lc cng tc dng vo dy treo : T = mg(3 2Cos

)
* Vy, lc tc dng ln gi treo : F = T
1
+ T
2
= 2mg(3 2Cos

)
c. Ti thi im cc qu cu b bin dng nhiu nht
T
1
+ T
2
= mg vy lc n hi tc dng ln gi treo l : F = T
1
+ T
2
= 2mg
Cu 3
* Vt nm xin - vt tham gia ng thi vo 2 chuyn ng
Chuyn ng u theo phng 0x vi x = v
ox
t
Chuyn ng bin i u theo phng 0y vi y = -
y
v gt
0
2
2
1
+
t
* Ti v tr H vt c cao cc i v
y
= 0
* p dng 2 biu thc : v
oy
- gt = 0

gh v
oy
2
2

* t =
g
h 2
l thi gian t lc nm ti cao cc i
116
* t t 2
,
l thi gian t lc nm ti lc vt chm t
g
h
t
2
2
,

* Theo phng 0x :
h
g S
v
t
S
v t v s
x x x
2 2
0
,
0
,
0

* Vn tc nm ca vt g
h
h s
v v v v
y x o
8
16
2 2
2
0
2
0
2
0
2
+
+
* Cng ca lc nm: mg
h
h s mv
A
16
16
2
2 2 2
0
+

Cu 4
* p dng nh lut bo ton ng lng :
MV mv mv +
0
* Sau tng tc qu cu v n l chuyn ng nm ngang. Thi gian ri l :
s
g
h
t 01 , 1
2

* Theo phng ngang vt chuyn ng u :
s m
t
s
v / 8 , 19
* Vn tc ca n sau tng tc : s m
m
MV mv
v / 3 , 104
0

* Tm xa ca n :
m vt S 105 01 , 1 . 3 , 104
* ng nng ca n trc tng tc
2
0 0
2
1
mv K
ng nng ca n sau tng tc :
2
1
2
1
mv K
.
ng nng ca qu cu sau va chm :
2
2
2
1
MV K
* Phn ng nng ca n chuyn ha thnh nhit nng :
J K K K K 17 , 11587 ) (
2 1 0
+
* T l phn trm ng nng ca n chuyn ho thnh nhit nng :
% 93
0

K
K
H
Cu 5
* Gi m l khi lng bnh rng th khi lng khng kh trong bnh trc v sau l :
m M m m M m
2 2 1 1
;
* p dng phng trnh trng thi :
T
PV
=
R
m

. Ta c :
V
R
m T
P
m T
P

2 2
2
1 1
1
* Bin i ton hc t cc biu thc trn. Kt qu l :
1 2 2 1
2 1 1 2
2
) (
T P T P
M M T P
m

thay s
kg m 585 , 0
2

* Khi lng khng kh trc khi dng :
kg M M m m 585 , 1 1 585 , 0 ) (
2 1 2 1
+ +
117
* Th tch ca bnh :

2
2 2
1
1 1
P
m RT
P
m RT
V
* Thay s :
3
7
0085 , 0
032 , 0 10 5 , 1
585 , 1 310 31 , 8
m V

118
Phn 4: OLYMPIAD TRI H HNG VNG PH TH 2009
MN VT L
(Thi gian lm bi 180 pht)
( gm 02 trang)
Cu 1:
C 1 g kh Heli (coi l kh l tng n nguyn t) thc hin mt chu trnh 1
2 3 4 1 c biu din trn gin P-T nh hnh
1. Cho P
0
= 10
5
Pa; T
0
= 300K.
1) Tm th tch ca kh trng thi 4.
2) Hy ni r chu trnh ny gm cc ng qu
trnh no. V li chu trnh ny trn gin P-V
v trn gin V-T (cn ghi r gi tr bng s
v chiu bin i ca chu trnh).
3) Tnh cng m kh thc hin trong tng giai
on ca chu trnh.
Cu 2:
Hai vt c cng khi lng m ni nhau bi mt l xo t trn mt bn nm
ngang. H s ma st gia cc vt vi mt bn l . Ban u l xo khng bin dng. Vt
1 nm st tng.
1) Tc dng mt lc khng i F hng theo phng ngang t vo vt 2 v hng
dc theo trc l xo ra xa tng (hnh 2a). S
dng nh lut bo ton nntg lng, tm iu
kin v ln ca lc F vt 1 di chuyn
c?
2) Khng tc dng lc nh trn m truyn
cho vt 2 vn tc v
0
hng v pha tng (hnh 2b).
cng ca l xo l k.
a) Tm nn cc i x
1
ca l xo.
b) Sau khi t nn cc i, vt 2 chuyn ng
ngc li lm l xo b gin ra. Bit rng vt 1
khng chuyn ng. Tnh gin cc i x
2
ca
l xo.
c) Hi phi truyn cho vt 2 vn tc v
0
ti thiu l bao nhiu vt 1 b l xo ko
ra khi tng?
Cu 3:
Mt thanh ng cht c khi lng m c th quay t do xung quanh mt trc
nm ngang i qua mt u ca thanh. Nng thanh n c phng thng ng ri th
119
1 2
k
v
0
Hnh 2b
1 2
k
F
Hnh 2a
P
T
0
T
0
2P
0
1 2
3
4
2T
0
P
0
Hnh 1
nh th thanh xung v quay quanh trc. Cho momen qun tnh ca thanh ng cht
c khi lng m, chiu di L i vi mt trc i qua mt u ca thanh v vung gc
vi thanh l I = mL
2
/3. Ti thi im khi thanh c phng ngang, hy tm:
1) Tc gc v gia tc gc ca thanh.
2) Cc thnh phn lc theo phng ngang v theo phng thng ng m trc
quay tc dng ln thanh.
Cu 4:
Mt xylanh t thng ng, bt kn hai u, c chia lm hai phn bi mt
pittng nng cch nhit. C hai bn pittng u cha cng mt lng kh l tng.
Ban u khi nhit kh ca hai phn nh nhau th th tch phn kh trn pittng gp
n = 2 ln th tch kh phn di pittng. Hi nu nhit ca kh phn trn pittng
c gi khng i th cn phi tng nhit kh phn di pittng ln bao nhiu
ln th tch kh phn di pittng s gp n = 2 ln th tch kh phn trn
pittng ? B qua ma st gia pittng v xylanh.
HT
120
P N
Cu 1:
a) Qu trnh 1 4 c P t l thun vi T nn l qu trnh ng tch, vy th tch
trng thi 1 v 4 l bng nhau: V
1
= V
4
. S dng phng trnh C-M trng thi
1 ta c:
1 1 1
m
PV RT

, suy ra:
1
1
1
RT m
V
P

Thay s: m = 1g; = 4g/mol; R = 8,31 J/(mol.K); T

1
= 300K v P
1
= 2.10
5
Pa ta
c:
3 3
1 5
18,31.300
3,12.10
4 2.10
V m

b) T hnh v ta xc nh c chu trnh ny gm cc ng qu trnh sau:
1 2 l ng p; 2 3 l ng nhit;
3 4 l ng p; 4 1 l ng tch.
V th c th v li chu trnh ny trn gin P-V (hnh a) v trn gin V-T
(hnh b) nh sau:
c) tnh cng, trc ht s dng phng trnh trng thi ta tnh c cc th
tch: V
2
= 2V
1
= 6,24.10
3
m
3
; V
3
= 2V
2
= 12,48.10
3
m
3
.
Cng m kh thc hin trong tng giai on:
5 3 3 2
12 1 2 1
( ) 2.10 (6,24.10 3,12.10 ) 6,24.10 A p V V J


5 3 2
3
23 2 2
2
ln 2.10.6,24.10 ln2 8,65.10
V
A p V J
V


5 3 3 2
34 3 4 3
( ) 10 (3,12.10 12,48.10 ) 9,36.10 A p V V J


121
P(10
5
Pa)
Hnh a
V(l)
0
3,12
2
1 2
3
4
12,48
1
6,24
V(l)
Hnh b
T(K)
0
3,12
1
2
3
4
12,48
6,24
300 600 150
41
0 A
v y l qu trnh ng p.
Cu 2:
1. vt 1 dch chuyn th l xo cn gin ra mt on l:
mg
x
k

.
Lc F nh nht cn tm ng vi trng hp khi l xo gin ra mt on l x th
vn tc vt 2 gim v 0. Cng ca lc F trong qu trnh ny c th vit bng tng cng
mt i do ma st v th nng ca l xo:
2
. .
2
kx
F x mgx +
Vy:
3
2
F mg .
2. Truyn cho vt 2 vn tc v
0
v pha tng.
a, Bo ton c nng:

1
2
1
2
0
mgx
2
kx
2
mv
+
0 v
k
m
x
k
mg 2
x
2
0 1
2
1

+
Nghim dng ca phng trnh ny l:
2
2
0
1
mv mg mg
x
k k k
_
+ +

,
b, Gi x
2
l gin cc i ca l xo:

2
kx
) x x ( mg
2
kx
2
2
2 1
2
1
+ +
2
2
0
2 1
2 3 mv mg mg mg
x x
k k k k
_
+

,
c, vt 1 b ko khi tng th l xo phi gin ra 1 on x
3
sao cho:

mg kx
3

(1)
Vn tc v
0
nh nht l ng vi trng hp khi l xo b gin x
3
nh trn th vt 2 dng
li. Phng trnh bo ton nng lng:
- Cho qu trnh l xo b nn x
1
:

1
2
1
2
0
mgx
2
kx
2
mv
+ (2)
- Cho qu trnh l xo chuyn t nn x
1
sang gin x
3
:

2
kx
) x x ( mg
2
kx
2
3
3 1
2
1
+ + (3)
T (3)

k
mg 2
x x
3 1


122
Kt hp vi (1), ta c:
k
mg 3
x
1

. Thay vo (2), ta c:
0
15m
v g
k
.
Cu 3:
1) Theo nh lut bo ton c nng:
2
2
1
2
I
L
mg
. Thay
2
3
1
mL I
ta thu c tc gc ca thanh:
L
g 3
.
Cc lc tc dng ln thanh gm trng lc P v lc N m lc m trc quay tc dng
ln thanh. Mmen ca lc N i vi trc quay bng 0
nn nh lut II Niutn cho chuyn ng quay ca
thanh quanh trc O c dng:
I M
P

. Thay
2
3
1
mL I
v
2
L
mg M
P

ta c gia
tc gc ca thanh:
L
g
2
3

.
2) Theo nh II Niutn cho chuyn ng tnh tin:
a m N P


+ (1)
Chiu phng trnh (1) ln phng ngang:
2
2
L
m ma ma N
n x x


Thay gi tr tc gc tm c phn 1 vo ta tm c thnh phn nm
ngang ca lc m trc quay tc dng ln thanh:
3 / 2
x
N mg
.
Chiu phng trnh (1) ln phng thng ng:
2
L
m ma ma N P
t y y

Thay gi tr gia tc gc tm c phn 1 vo ta tm c thnh phn thng
ng ca lc m trc quay tc dng ln thanh:
/ 4
y
N mg
.
Cu 4:
Lng kh 2 phn xylanh l nh
nhau nn:
2
'
2
'
2
1
'
1
'
1
1
2 2
1
1 1
T
V P
T
V P
T
V P
T
V P
R .
m

V
1 2
V nV
nn
2 1
P nP

Theo gi thit:
' '
1 2
/ V V n , suy ra:
123
P
N
N
x
N
y
O
V
1
, P
1

V
2
, P
2

V
1
, P
1
V
2
, P
2
'
2 2
'
1 1
T P
n
T P

(1)
tnh
'
'
1
2
P
P
ta da vo cc nhn xt sau:
1. Hiu p lc hai phn kh ln pittng bng trng lng Mg ca pittng:
S ) P P ( Mg S ) P P (
1 2
'
1
'
2

' '
2 1 2 1 1
( 1) P P P P n P
' '
2 1 1
( 1) P P n P + (2)
2. T phng trnh trng thi ca kh l tng phn trn ca pittng:
P
1
V
1
= P
1

V
1

1
'
1
'
1 1
V
V
. P P
Thay vo (2), ta suy ra:

' '
2 1
'
1 1
1 ( 1)
P V
n
P V
+
(3)
3. tm
1
'
1
V
V
ta ch l tng th tch 2 phn kh l khng i:
V
1
+V
2
= V
1

+V
2

' '
1
1 1 1
V
V V nV
n
+ +
'
1
1
1 V
V n

Thay vo (3) ta c:
'
2
'
1
1 2 1
1 ( 1)
P n
n
P n n

+
Thay vo (1) ta c kt qu:
'
2 2
'
1 1
2 1 3
T P
n n
T P

.
HT
124